Let the last couple of stragglers come in. Yeah, if you could maybe not leave random empty seats on the side so that latecomers can find seats. I'm sorry that we're behind a podium. I wish that we could sit at the table and do this, but they have to record audio. So I know that this isn't ideal. And maybe for the conversation part and the question and answer part will all kind of come forward a little bit. Hello, welcome. This is the talk about the Drupal Diversity and Inclusion Group. This is our official title. We wanted to pick something catchy, but also long. So this is what we picked. Before we have to figure out how to make the slides go forward. No, it is. Oh, man. OK, that's fine. Everything's fine. Before we even tell you who we are, I want to talk about the goal of why we're here. And it's not to talk about what the intricacies of diversity are. It's not to talk about all the ways that we can include people. It's to talk specifically about what our group has done over the last year and to give you just enough context so that we can have a conversation about that. Just as a little bit of level setting. So I'll not speak for Ruby. I'm Nikki. I've been in Drupal for about nine years. I don't know how old my D.do account is, but I've been a programmer back in Dev for about 19 years. And I started this whole thing after New Orleans. And we'll talk about that in a minute. Hey, I'm Ruby Sennreich. I've been making websites mostly for nonprofit organizations since the mid 1990s. And I mean, it says it up there already. Usually when I'm doing a slide, I like to tell people like other stuff, like that I'm a human being. I'm a mom. I live in Durham, North Carolina. And I love music and stuff like that. Like we're regular people. And obviously you can find us there. I'm also a human being. So just a little bit of background then on how the Drupal Diversity and Inclusion Group started. Didi and I for short. This is my little kind of rah-rah background. I am here in Drupal. And I started this group because primarily I believe in open source. I believe in the values that it stands for. I believe in doing work and giving it away. And I believe that that benefits all of us. And I also believe related to open source and the power of community. So I believe in doing open source work by yourself. And I believe in doing open source work with other people who also believe in open source. I believe in the power of individuals to change the communities that they're a part of. And we see this all the time with local neighborhood boards. And we see this on large scale with voting, right? Individuals as discrete units have the power to effect change. And individuals and collectives have even greater power to effect change. We all have heard that Drupal is a democracy. So when I looked at the Drupal community and I thought, well, I wish someone were doing this. Man, jeez. If only someone would do this. And I thought about that honestly for a couple of years. Wow, we really need this. Why hasn't someone done this yet? Finally, I was like, well, damn it. Cool, OK. If I want this badly enough, I will just do it myself. And I have not done it myself. I started it and have done it with a ton of other wonderful people. But out of this philosophy came the Drupal diversity and inclusion group. And we are, and these are probably the most important things to know about us, we are volunteers and we work totally in the open. So all of the work that we do happens on GitHub because I'm a developer and I want to start something and so I just go put it on GitHub. In retrospect, I could have maybe made a different choice to make it more accessible for everybody. But that's where we are. We might change that moving forward. I have a slide about that. It's that important. That's right. People have said that we work in secret. Whatever work it is that people think that we do. But we don't. Literally everything that we do is on GitHub. Everything is accessible. All of our meeting notes are there. All of the things that we're going to be working on exist in our issue queue. And our meetings are in Slack, which is also open. Some important things that we are not. We are not, you're laughing because affiliation with the DA is funny. I think, I'm sure that you, I'm sure that that's why you're laughing. We're not affiliated with the Drupal association, although like Ruby said, they gave us booth space very generously and they helped us. They printed the banner that Scott designed. But we're not affiliated with the DA. We're not affiliated with the community working group. We're not affiliated with Drees. He mentioned us this morning, but I didn't even know that he knew about us until a couple of weeks ago.  We are not funded. We had a couple of people, generous donors, donate to the photo booth that we're doing. A company paid for our stickers, but in no way are we funded. We don't report to anybody, accept ourselves and our own sense of right and wrong. And we in general don't let people boss us around to the best of our ability. So Ruby's gonna tell you about the things that we actually do. One of the things that I've been telling people a lot who visit our table is that because we're just a group of volunteers and members, what we do is based on the interests of the members of our group. So for one thing, we're advocating for a more inclusive and more diverse Drupal community. Oh, I have to drive. See, it's tricky right? You're right, it's trickier than I thought. She's right. So when we say a more diverse community, anytime, as you probably know, anytime you try to list these kinds of things, it's extremely problematic. But we thought it'd be helpful to give some examples of what kind of thing we're talking about so that you can also understand what kind of thing we're not talking about. And there's been many different issues that have even come onto our radar in terms of different types of diversity that we might not have even thought about. Like I wasn't really thinking about ableism six months ago in the Drupal community, but now it's on my radar. So we are pretty broad, but not everything. The next thing we do is advocate for more inclusive events. There's a couple of ways we've done that. What does that mean?  There's a lot of interesting language around this, and I recommend Googling it because there's some great articles actually. But specifically, some of the things we've done are helping the DA with organizing DrupalCon when they wanted to measure the diversity of the group here. They added some demographic questions to the registration form this year, which I'm sure you all saw, and we helped advise them about how to do that because again, those things are very fraught and there's no perfect way, but we tried to get the questions framed in a useful and productive way. Also, some folks in our group are working on a packet for camp organizers about how to make more inclusive events at the local level as well. Feel free to jump in if I'm forgetting anything. So, I don't know how much to say about this. This is something that comes up. You know, diversity doesn't mean universalism. And for example, and we have another slide that mentions this later, but the thing that I think explains it the best is if you make it a point to include every single person, that actually inherently excludes certain people because just to use the ridiculous example of Nazis, right, like, oh, well, we can't exclude them just because they're Nazis. Well, if you include those people, then some other people may feel not so welcome, right? So there are some limits. When we wanna include people, it doesn't actually mean universal. It means making the space an inclusive one for people who wanna be in there and be a part of it. Is that making sense? So here's the resource packet for organizers and this is all living on GitHub right now too, so anybody can contribute and help us out. Did we talk about our meetings? Yeah, okay. I'm sorry, but hey, that's us. That's our photo booth. So yeah, look, we're wearing the same clothes. No trickery here. So another awesome idea that one of our group members had was to have a photo booth here at DrupalCon to take pictures to highlight the diversity of the Drupal community. Many of you all have already had your pictures taken. If you haven't, you should come by and we're taking little tiny Polaroids that you can see on the back there and we're posting those on Instagram as well and we're using the hashtag which I love, I'm partial, humans of Drupal. Hashtag, so if you like humans of New York, it's kind of awesome. So that's another example of making this event more diverse and inclusive for people because it's highlighting something. Yeah, you're Drupal and you're Drupal too and you're Drupal and all these people. Creating safe spaces such as our Slack, right? So as you all, there's no official Drupal Slack but one of the contributors to Drupal decided, hey, we ought to have a Slack. And we have one and there's just a few volunteer moderators. It's totally free. It functions a lot like IRC, always has, except that it's usable. It's a slight improvement there. I know, sorry, I know some people love their IRC and much respect but I turn it on and then I never go back there. But Slack, I leave it open all day and I'm there. So we started a channel there and in addition to our meetings weekly in Slack, we're hanging out there all the time. So that is a really great space especially if people are having issues where they can come and talk about them and we can figure out what might be needed. We can help back them up and say, no, you're not crazy. That was inappropriate or whatever it might be. We can rally the troops if needed and it's been a really great space. Is that our current number, 363 members? I saw about two weeks ago. Yeah, I think it's 400 now, right? We used to have about 100 or so. What was it before? But there's been some greater interest. But to be honest, not that many people are actually participating in the group, they're just hanging out in our Slack channel. But maybe I think because they feel like they can learn from us and they can. A lot of people have come to our channel, frankly, just to sort of learn and get different perspectives. Again, especially recently when things have been really confusing and very complicated. We've had a space where people can safely talk about stuff and it has been very, very helpful. Possibly too helpful? No. Another great idea one of our members had was to have this flag of approachability because Drupalcon can be kind of intimidating and it's also just hard to talk to strangers always. So you can come to our table, I've got a couple right here and get these smiley-faced pins to put on your badge to show that strangers can come up and talk to you. And lots of you already have them. They're really awesome. I think it's perfect because I hate talking to strangers so it's a really great opening. And then building capacity of our allies. A lot of people want to be allies in the Drupal community. People want this to be a more inclusive space but they don't always know how. And nobody's an expert but it's another thing that we can do by even having the space where we have the conversations and where we talk to each other and when we share resources and new perspectives with each other. So this is sort of showing on the right going from active opposition all the way over to being active allies. And I have definitely seen some people and even I on certain issues have moved across the spectrum on different issues. People, we have a really great group in there and we have really been able to help each other a lot and learn a lot from each other. And hearing each other's perspectives is fascinating. For example, as you can see, I've been involved with Drupal for a long time but I don't really know how those inner workings and stuff go. But there's some people in our channel who are core contributors and they have some different perspectives that I've never been exposed to and I learned a lot from that. They also didn't realize what it looks like to be someone like me who's like, what the hell is going on here? Why is trees like what?  So we're all benefiting by sharing those perspectives and making better allies within the Drupal community so that folks can be more effective advocates. We're all on a non... just in a technical ecosystem. It's been really good for me personally to remember that people are not everybody's a developer. Just like I started my thing and I put it on GitHub. Everybody will be fine. And so talking to people who are site builders and project managers and content strategists and designers and all of those things has been really helpful. Oh yeah, here's how we got here. Yeah, on a calendar. I'm not a designer. Yeah, y'all know. Anyways, we started in New Orleans. We met at IRC in June. We migrated over to Slack in June. The wonderful folks at Drupal Camp Costa Rica highly recommended it. They had me down and I key noted about diversity down there which kicked off some more stuff.  I was on Twitter. So I had a lot of help with that. And then we did a diversity of the web survey which is still going on. We still need people to take that survey. And then in January around that time we helped the DA with some Baltimore stuff. Up next is a meme. Ready? We made it, yeah. We didn't find it online. So I'm I think Obviously this is all to be taken with a gigantic frame of thought, right? We love everybody. Most people. I love most people. I'm not trying to speak as a global we. And for our organization there is no global we. We as an organization are just a group of people. If anyone says we as DD and I do X and we believe X we don't have any positions on anything officially, right? We have some guidelines within which we work. We have a strategy meeting tomorrow at which point we may decide that we have an official spokesperson or we have an official position on something. But right now we don't. We're just an organization that's doing things and we're just here to talk about the things that we do and to get more people involved and to answer questions that you have. Do you want to talk about the things that we do in the weeks? Sure. Also, one of the things I was worried about a lot just in making this meme in general and all this stuff is to avoid the perception that we're a bunch of white women doing this stuff is actually a much more diverse group than that. And a lot of you are in the room. So anybody who's been active in our Slack channel please stand up right now. Look at our awesome posse. And there's more. So, the recent unpleasantness so what happened is you all know about the situation with Larry Garfield, right? This is going to be the first time. You should give for sure. Okay, so I've had some practice at this. Hopefully I'll, you know. This is why Ruby is doing this part. Okay, so as I mentioned, recently a contributor, a very involved core contributor was asked to leave the community and was also relieved of his position as a track chair for Drupalcon. And a lot of people have strong feelings about it. It's a very complicated issue. Some people in my opinion have looked at it as sort of black and white. But there are many, many shades of gray. It's very complicated. I'll tell you what happened to me. The morning I woke up and found in the Slack channel, someone who's in Europe had already posted a link to a blog post by Larry who had been asked to leave. And I read that and I was like, what the fuck? This is unfair.  Burn it down. This isn't right. And so I start, you know, we're all in there posting and we're going what? But because of the benefit of the many perspectives that we have in our channel we learned much more about the various complexities of the situation, the history. I never even worked with this person, which most of the people who have opinions about it don't as a matter of fact, right? I've never worked with this person. I didn't know what they were like. I learned about the history of their relationship. I learned about the process because I didn't understand what the community working group was doing and what it wasn't. And I think we all agree. One thing that I think everybody agrees on is that we have discovered if you didn't already know that there are some real problems in our community structure. We're lacking the infrastructure to handle issues like this. But through participating in the channel I learned about how things went and that it did follow the process that it's supposed to follow. And throughout the day more and more people were going through that same process I was going what? And in our channel we just kept talking to each other we kept processing things. But I'm still concerned about this. Endless concerns. Yeah. We're thank goodness for the adorable dogs in our channel. Because that's what I look like. What? And all day long people keep coming in and actually not all day long, but then actually for weeks. And frankly we're pretty active about moderating our channel. We've had a lot of experience running online communities locally and in various places. Actually not just locally. But we stayed on top of it. Everyone in our channel who we had already been there and this is important that we had been there working with each other for months and months at that point. So we trusted each other.  You're just being able to have a good conversation there. And so because we had these great conversations and were able to be rational about it which there wasn't that much going on at the time. More and more people were referred to us and when people had concerns folks from the Drupal Board and others were just saying go talk to the diversity and inclusion group because they I don't know understand it or something. Which was interesting because it meant that we were very busy acting as therapists for several weeks of all the angry people coming in there. Now some people were just like your therapist would say right. Some people were ready to change. Some people not so much. And people who came in with their guns blazing and not listening usually left really angrily after a little while because we didn't really tolerate that foolishness. It's our space. We're going to have them coming in there crapping all over us and over things that we care about. So that has caused our group profile to be raised a lot much more than we intended or anticipated. But the silver lining obviously is that now people know what we're doing and a lot of people did listen a lot of people joined our group since then and became participants and a lot of people are seeing the needs for improvements in the community partially related to the situation with Larry and partially related to the broader perspective. Is that good? So what's cool about this is you're all here. All of a sudden all of these people whether they had thought about it or not are like we need to think about how people experience our communities. Whichever side you're on if you believe in taking sides even there are already sides. I'm just being diplomatic. But still people are now thinking well how do I feel as a member of this community? Do I feel safe in this community? Does the person next to me feel safe in this community? And those are things that are important. Those are questions we should always be asking. Is this person who I'm passing in the hallway having an okay experience? Are they feeling threatened? Are they feeling safe? Which means it's time to get involved. One of the common pieces of feedback that I got before recent events was people would say oh well I'm you know I'm just me. I shouldn't get involved. Whatever dimension of identity they thought they needed to have in order to be an ally. They felt like they were missing. Does that make sense? People would say you know what I'm just a white guy. I can't be. I can't help. And I'm here to say that that's not true. If you didn't receive one in the mail this is your official invitation to join us to get on the ally spectrum and to let us help you figure out ways that you can be an ally that's sustainable for you.  There are literally 100. There are more. I'm only sharing 100 of them with you in 30 minutes ways that you can be an ally and in there you'll find ways that are sustainable for you to be a part of this. But specifically you can get involved in our GitHub repo and if you have GitHub phobia or other GitHub challenges come talk to me we'll figure it out. We have weekly meetings in our Slack channel you can follow us on Twitter Ruby runs our social media which is a Herculean task especially lately and you can come to our booth and we'll start the questions. Thank you very much. Oh yes Kathy just made a great point of reminding me to explain how this works core conversations is where we talk for 30 minutes and then we do Q&A for 30 minutes so that's the track that we're in so we have done our 24 and a half minutes of talking and now we have about 30 minutes if you want to talk about what we're doing you have questions about diversity or inclusion or the Drupal community or anything that you want and if you don't have any you can leave. Hi my name is Bladwin. I'm a human as well. Welcome human. Thank you. It wasn't hard I was born this way. So you mentioned tolerance and you Ruby specifically mentioned you can't tolerate the intolerance it's like you can't rationalize with the irrational which is a really good point to make right so where do we draw a line both actively but not to make that a hard line that is discriminatory right I think that's where this makes this becomes complicated like how do we set a guideline to be inclusive and have certain tolerances without objectifying other people based on those tolerances and those values because if we create a box or a white list or a black list that's immediately discriminatory right so that's I think why this group exists can flow with the community at large and kind of define our diversity by our actions right so not exactly a question I did this wrong you did okay you did great thank you it's hard to go first right but I think that's kind of the impetus for this right like why we're having this bop now at this event you know and why we're getting a lot of people involved in this group even more now because it's really in the light we all see this as a big issue and just like when we went from archaic PHP to new PHP we now have to go from old governance to new governance it's a hard transition well we're not going to talk about governance sure sure so I will draw one line there but diversity plays a role in that it does so I will just address this last part and then I'll let Ruby talk about tolerance I'll tolerate Ruby talking about tolerance governance conversations are happening community governance conversations are happening for those of you who don't know they're in an office a couple of sky bridges away we have pamphlets on our DNA table if you want to figure out how to get there and what they're about and they're specifically for people who have concerns about the governance model about how the working group made the choices that they made how Dries made the choice that he made and whether or not those are the right choices in the right way those concerns are real and valid and also outside of our initial scope so just there's that as for tolerance well I wanted to say if you think about the that little diagram of the ally spectrum one of the things that I think is useful to think about is if you're thinking about a person who seems intolerant they're a person just like us and personally I believe there's potential for good in every single person that's just like a personal belief that I have and so I would think that spectrum started with active opposition that's what's on that there's no big line between it there's a gradual little process so if there's a way to work with someone to help convert them from opposition to neutral and possibly on to ally ideally then I think it's productive to make that space and to be open to people who want to who are open to that and who have the potential for that but on the flip side is we do want to have a safe space and so if people's behavior is a problem that is disruptive to others that is threatening to others that is making people just not feel welcome in the space because that's a real problem not just women have imposter syndrome last year I went to the little imposter syndrome talk and I was like there's men here men have that it's true because really all of us struggle with like do I belong here and so that's why I think it's important not to make space for people who are going to make others not feel welcome so there's never going to be one single line and our group doesn't have any official positions about that so we don't have like a talking point this is okay and this isn't okay but it's a spectrum so the people who are actively intolerant there has to be a willingness on or actively opposed active intolerance I meant actively opposed sorry on the spectrum there has to be a willingness in those individuals to want to change their behavior so how do we as a group as a community as other humans kind of facilitate that change how do we do it in a way that is not discriminatory or defamatory or negative that I think is really hard I think you do it with things like codes of conduct where you basically say if you want to be a part of this community here are some of the baselines that the community agrees are needed and if people can't deal with that then they've made the choice to opt themselves out of it basically so I mean I think it's by defining what your norms are going to be and so that by that way you can say well this action this isn't conforming this is not okay of course that is very hard to write those so you kind of already answered my question so maybe I shouldn't even ask it but it was on a similar vein to that like where to draw the line for not being tolerant of intolerance like the ideas of course that you don't want to include people who make other people feel uncomfortable and the Nazi example is so easy I know because it's lazy I know well yeah because Nazis actively want the genocide of certain people much gray area like for example and I don't want anyone to take offense to this but to say like a Trump voter they don't actively want to kill someone or someone else might assume that they have opinions about for example Mexican so if you have Mexican heritage maybe if there's a Trump person there you would feel unincluded so then how do you make those well again that's why it comes back to the sort of saying this is a community that respects people and doesn't tolerate racist speech so that if you know we have to you can't police people's thoughts only their behavior one of the problem is that a lot of behavior isn't recognized as being problematic when it actually is so I think that's something that we need to work on more if you think about the history of people I don't know if I should go into this but the famous thread about the gender form on Drupal.org like people can all be very polite and they're not breaking any rules of civility but they can still be doing things that are hostile and make other people not feel welcome by literally not recognizing their own gender identity for example so I think it should still be focused on actions and not thoughts but that we have to recognize a lot more actions as problematic than we do right now and I will add that as a developer I want to write everything down I want things to be explicit and I want to factor for edge cases I want to have a flow chart for everything and I want to be prepared for everything and not even that that always works in engineering but that's the instinct and I think what I have found over the last year and before is that this is so much on a case by case basis and so much conversation and empathy and back and forth and listening and clarification is needed that it really is it's like okay well in this case but it's actually okay someone two people in good faith misunderstand each other in this case it seemed okay but it was actually very problematic and that's really frustrating so kind of in response to Eric's question slash problem statement and in response to a couple of things I think Ruby said during the dialogue I think it's important to remind ourselves that intolerance is not a trait of a person people have the capacity to change and it's important to remember that people have a variety of different motivations or exposure to like how to not be exclusive right so it's I just want to encourage us to be careful to not assume that there is a binary thing just if someone does something once and the first time you call them out on doing something that was maybe said this horribly offensive thing their first reaction the first time I hear it might be just to get defensive and put up a wall and not listen and then maybe the second time I hear it maybe they hear it and like oh someone told this to me before why are they saying this maybe I'll listen for a little bit before I get angry or I'll get angry and then I'll listen the second time and I think that we like it's important to remember that when someone like we're all going to screw up at some point and do things that are wrong so I just have the courage to not say this person is intolerant because people have the capacity to become better and learn from others so that's all that's my comment which is not a question oh I'm just I'm also human sorry I didn't follow the rules sorry Kathy she only cares about the mic and that's exactly what we saw over those weeks after the Larry Garfield situation happened we saw people come in with guns blazing being very oppositional staying oppositional things and then being exposed exposed exposed and kind of being really chiller about it even if their beliefs hadn't changed they were able to engage in constructive conversation that helped people and it went from like no you're dumb to like oh okay we disagree but I still respect you as a person right and that's the goal I mean ultimately that's the goal is like but I still respect you and I'm we're still physically safe with each other hi Angie I just wanted to say on that note that I really appreciate what you guys sorry what you folks have been doing no seriously because it's been a really shitty couple of weeks and I think having somebody disconnected from the different organizations and power structures that you are doing the important work that you're doing has been insanely valuable because I've witnessed that I'm sorry I'm not very active in your channel I didn't stand at the time but but I observe and I observe that literally anyone is welcome in that room even if they're hot headed even if they're mouthing off at first they'll be treated like a person they'll be saying I understand you're upset you know talk to me about what's going on they're able to have a sounding board that is neutral and encourages dialogue and I've seen you change hearts and minds by treating people like people and I think that is really important because this issue has been so incredibly divisive and it's required all these people to choose sides and get pitchforks and stuff and it's like no we don't need any of that we need to remember that we're all here because we love being here like these people are like my people you know it's like and I just wanted to say thank you because I've been on the back end of this kind of you know talking I don't say that this is what I do but but you know I'm just trying to manage that whole situation and so having folks on the front lines who are really genuinely interested in in actual diversity and inclusion of all broad spectrums of ideas and trying to get everyone to a common understanding in a place where we can like talk to each other thank you I just wanted to say thank you thank you so I'm Kathy and I have some experience working in open source and I hear some words that people use like Angie like we value the work that you do and in the keynote you know like things are really important and what are we gonna do about this and it reminds me that it upsets me because I see people who it's difficult for them to do this work and they're being asked sometimes to do it without assistance support that could be useful to accomplish that important work that we're really thankful for so I think it's frustrating to be like when something happens in the community like hey go talk to those diversity and inclusion people like they have all the time in the world and their lives aren't hard so let's add some more work to them so I find that upsetting in a similar way that I have wanted the way that we fund development on open source to change and I feel like if something is really important to us then we need to make it really important and not burden people who may not have the resources or the power to be accomplishing the work or make changes so it's just there's like an element to this that it's worrisome so also not a question it's a core question it's core conversation I agree with that I will say personally I couldn't have done it this year without canopy without working for canopy and letting them be flexible with me to work later hours because I'm running meetings or just even being here so I've been very lucky but I do think that canopy shouldn't be subsidizing the work for the community we need to figure out a way to do it we have a strategy meeting tomorrow we're looking into it but to Angie's point we exist outside existing power structures and it's also part of what's so valuable and so it's how can we be sustainable and how can we prevent burnout and how can we care for the people doing this work myself included right how can we care for everybody who's doing this and also not make them beholden to someone's bank account and I have to believe like any new engineering challenge there is a solution to this we'll probably get it wrong maybe we'll get it right the first time who knows but it's something that because if we were just if the next year were like the last two months we wouldn't make it the next year so something has to shift a little bit yeah and I really appreciate you saying that because there has been a lot of that and you can't really see it we had people come into the community who were just like really angry and talking about everything and governance and we were just like look can you go to the governance channel or something and they're like well I was told to come talk to you it really happened and then I was like who told you that so that's been happening and so I do appreciate the recognition I think that's getting better though I think people were just everyone was freaking out just going yeah I was going to say something pretty similar to Kathy I guess what's your name? my name is Matt and yes I'm a human yeah this is an amazing initiative that you and a few other people are doing I'm assuming you can only be the unpaid therapist of the Drupal community for like it's probably already too long yeah and then on top of that there's the burden that like this is people who have less privilege in the community for the most part who are stepping up because they're the ones who see this as a problem there's even though they're probably already doing more work than other folks just to like tread water and stay in the community there's the fact that I see often in mostly male communities that like a small number of women are responsible for the like emotional tone and maintenance of that because that work is just invisible to everyone else despite the fact that it's obviously necessary so yeah I guess my question was like how long do you think you can keep this up slash what's your strategy going forward because like other than like just handing out stickers and getting lots of people to join this channel and get excited like I'm assuming you're thinking about at least some of the time so and how can so and you're talking about how you said you're going to give another talk about how people can be allies which I guess maybe this is a segue into that but like how like yeah where do you see this going how can people help specifically with this issue is if you are someone who is business minded or human network minded come give suggestions if you're someone who has organized large groups of people in sustainable ways let's talk and brainstorm how we can apply that and the other challenge though is that a lot of this work is one-on-one work and it's hard to scale one-on-one work up right so getting more people in the channel is not always it's more work because now there's more people so one thing that I've personally been thinking about is how to make a network for men to do this work with each other because a lot of the problems and this don't take this the wrong way men are making these problems and the problems are trickling down right so how can we have men on the front line supporting other men to do this work with each other and that would take a huge burden off of so many people who are already marginalized and so if anyone wants to lead that male initiative come at me that would be amazing yes come at us bro there are some white male long-time contributors who've been really active with this and have been incredible allies and advocates and it helps us so much when they are visibly on our sort of team or whatever you want to call it that's been very helpful so there's a great role for allies to play there for sure hi I'm Molly I'm a human maybe part alien so you know I just wanted to thank you both for your work I recently actually had an incident and I had to sort of come to the channel and look for some guidance and some support and it was just really really amazing and I really appreciated that so I wanted to say that and I also wanted to sort of ask a question sort of pause it sort of a comment around the work you guys are doing a lot of it is online right it's communication in a tech space format online and I was just wondering is there been any strategies you guys had around like this week are there things that one-on-one in person can be achieved that maybe you've been building up to with certain interactions or are there things that we can do while we're here this week to really help forward that I know you're going to talk about stuff in your allies talk or something maybe potentially but so I was just wondering sort of we have an opportunity here we're all in person we're not necessarily in a chat room but when we do this week to really foster inclusion and to gatherness and unity and look at everyone like the beautiful humans that we are and the work that we're doing and open source and free software that's a great question I'll start we don't have like a specific do this one thing but we do have a table again generously hosted by the Drupal Association which is a very low bar ask of anybody but really want you all to come there I'll tell you all a funny story I think this is funny when we were planning this somebody hit me if not when we were planning the photo booth the humans of Drupal and the woman who's the mastermind of that is not even in the room but I really want to give a shout out to Alana Alana Burke amazing amazing work we were like so we're going to do these pictures and we're going to post them online and it's we are Drupal and humans of Drupal and we were like what if a bunch of white men come and take their picture and it's like that's a Drupal a bunch of white guys and we're like well that is Drupal in a certain way so we're like well I guess and as a matter of fact that has not been a problem at the table we've had so many different kinds of people that I actually have been actively reaching out to white people white men who walk by because I'm like please come take your picture but so I'm telling you that to tell you that all of you please come take your pictures and especially if you're like oh I'm a white guy I'm not who they're talking about you are who we're talking about we want your pictures in there too because again the whole point is this is important for all of us there's you know all those articles that are like diversity is good for your bottom line it helps you think better and stuff like that diversity is not a women's problem or people color or queer or you know whatever problem it's everybody's problem and you can show that you're an ally by coming to our booth and having your picture taken and saying yeah this is what I'm down with also and then you can retweet it when we post your picture and stuff like that and definitely do come to the ally talk because again that's really what's been so helpful with people being allies so far and there's tons more everybody can do I think something else just if you say okay well I can't do anything for the rest of the year I can be an ally while I'm at Drupalcon I don't know why that would be true but if that's true make direct eye contact with people when you see them in the hallway and smile at them especially if they look like people you don't see all the time whatever that means to you literally just say hey how's your morning good morning and that's really hard if you're introverted or have social anxiety but that's one way that you can just make the space feel friendlier yeah thank you for that and I think that's a great idea just if you see someone alone who looks like they're a little bit lost or feels out of place just reaching out to them so thanks for that alright thank you guys thank you so much for your work thank you for all you do and everybody in this room for being a part of this conversation I think that's really huge to be proponents for more diversity and inclusion in Drupal I'm Justin as a white-ish male I'm interested in not being part of a problem anymore is there any resources that you could actively suggest or recommend for folks, literature oh we also have a resources page on our website www.drupaldiversity.com www.drupaldiversity.com www.drupaldiversity.com www.drupaldiversity.com and there's a resources section there where we've collected links and if anybody has great links about this stuff that they want to share of like videos, talks, articles that help explain these things because we do get a lot of requests from people just to like they're like okay I think you have a pretty good point to understand this stuff like that so come check out the resources page and send us other good ones yeah gender is over if you want it I also think coming to the Slack meetings and even just observing I see so many good constructive behaviors modeled there every week well actually 24-7 right now but I just think it's a great way to get into the conversation and to hear what people are concerned about dip your toes in also if you want to help but are feeling weird and you are someone who feels really comfortable contributing code and doing patches and that kind of stuff one way that you can contribute is just to help us gather information put it out in a way that makes sense that like organizational stuff I'm really bad at hey I'm Chris my organization's digital bridge solutions sort of interested in improving the diversity of the Drupal community here we are actually doing an event tomorrow with Palantir we are bringing six students from an organization called N-Power they represent disadvantaged or under-representing groups and we're going to bring them out to DrupalCon and we sponsored their tickets I think that's really cool I would encourage other folks to do the same at camps we would love to make this bigger next year instead of do six do like 60 so if you're interested in being part of that I would love to talk to you about increasing representation of under-representing groups at Drupal and to his point if there are ways you want to get involved but none of our ways work for you we can figure out ways that will work for you so that is another way that you can get involved I'm Michael I'm a cisgendered white male but I'm here ready to go it's not a but it's an and whatever you are my question first of all thanks again so much for everything you guys are doing it's so it's unfortunately we're talking about that it's coming down to I guess you consider the minority groups having to do most of the work so I think that's why we do need to encourage involvement I think just having this conversation is so helpful in that this will be some kind of standing thing at Drupal with the booth but my question such a conversation point would be going forward hopefully there's silver lining to this controversy similar to the Trump election how that has spurred a lot of political activity across the country a lot of engagement I think this similarly seems to be a great thing I think this would be such a full room people involved right now and I'm thinking especially at Drupal being so much more integrated with the larger community now we're tied into so much more of the PHP community and beyond now that Drupal is opening up itself it seems like we can actually be a beacon to the rest of the kind of tech community in general as we open up our own APIs and everything and so I'm curious if there's been conversations around that or like any kind of plans ahead of that how can we then even reach out beyond to further communities and try to kind of spread this message encourage these kinds of conversations going forward in communities even beyond Drupal yeah that's a great question I think for me personally again not speaking for the group for me personally I always feel like you should make sure your own house is clean before you go clean someone else's you know we do have this wonderful opportunity to affect change in governance in community culture and so it's like well let's give it a year let's make some changes give it a year and if we make great changes I think other communities will pay attention we have 10 minutes left thank you but if you want to start talking about how do we do outreach now let's go come to the come to the meetings Hi Damien human, alien bunny bunny yes have you heard any positive results yet of people who said like I was considering leaving but because there's so much theoretically the whole momentum behind inclusion that they've decided to stick around longer only like one honestly they might not be reporting to us yeah they might not be reporting to us I've talked specifically with people who like I said were really really really angry and they felt very personally slighted by what had happened come into the channel and say okay well now I'm back to neutral not hopeful but I'm back to zero and maybe I can get to hopeful in the future but I haven't heard of anyone who's like I'm out and then totally change their mind I feel like people are cautiously optimistic Hi I'm Eric I'm a human at his first Drupalcon and I think it's a great time to be at my first Drupalcon and that is because of this idea of crisis is opportunity and I got to experience this in a couple of ways one very personal but one very public in the form of I work at like a college in last in 2015 we had a diversity crisis and at the time it seemed to shake the foundations of our community what is a diversity crisis there were there was a lot of racially charged issues I don't want to characterize that specifically because what I think it is important is that the community felt threatened by division that were around these kinds of issues and the response is what I want to point out because you know these things are very hard and they are long work and one of the most amazing things to me out of that process the process that has that emerged from that is the people coming together to have conversations and doing this over time not just like okay we're going to have the public meeting we're going to have a conversation today but coming back week after week after week and I hear you talk about a Slack meeting that you have those kinds of conversations are the kinds of events that I have found in the process that we experienced are the most transformative you know showing up and starting to get other perspectives that take a lot of time to get through so I want to applaud you all for being in the thick of this and yeah I'm going to check out the weekly Slack meeting it sounds like it exists and would say people please be engaged in those kind of things at Drupal Meetups finding the ways to have these hard conversations to do it in person and be vulnerable and be open to connecting with people that I think that's where you get it thank you we are basically out of time so just a quick call out Ruby has a pretty tight name on Twitter so not hard to find I'm Dr. Nicky we're on Twitter as Drupal Diversity Contribution sprints are happening on Friday if you can be a Drupal mentor be one it's so good mentoring is so amazing if you can do it or come to mentored sprints the diversity group might be sprinting on some other stuff also if that's how you want to get involved there's a survey somewhere oh it's right there please fill out a survey about our talk and that's it thank you so much for coming come to our booth


Welcome to the weather forecast for the week beginning Wednesday, November 11th. I'm Chief Meteorologist John Ensworth for Longmont Public Media. We have a new moon this week, or a couple weeks now after Halloween. It rises with the sun and sets with the sun, so nothing to see, nothing exciting here. So let's look at drought. Of course we've had a little bit of precipitation in the state, so looking back to last week we had pretty severe drought conditions on the western slope, not so bad. They were on Colorado Springs and the northern plains. Going to today, we have a little relief in the south, touch up here, and worse on the western slope.  Well, we'll see. We've got some more precipitation that has come, and probably some more in the long range. So out in the west we have long-term drought throughout the entire Rockies, and then out to the west coast, east coast is looking just fine. Precipitation over this last week will show up better in the next drought report, but we had some along I-25, about a tenth to a quarter of an inch. The mountains, some of the fire areas, got some more significant amounts with up to one to two inches in just a few spots. Fantastic. Specific details with the rainfall. We had, again, about two-tenths to one-tenth of an inch across town. Looking at snow, though, that turned into about 1.8, 1.6, a little over two inches over there. So we had a nice coating. That was good. If you happen to get your fertilizer down with the winter, this would be the perfect thing to have washed that into the grass. So as we came into this new week, this is back on Monday, just a couple of days before this video goes out, we had that big trough giving us the big storm hitting the mountains. Mainly we had this airflow up from the southwest, so coming across the state. And the water vapor satellite, you can see the moisture coming in. And we're slowly transitioning to more of a western flow. So you'll see the precipitation has stopped Tuesday, Wednesday, and into the week here, but we were remaining cold with the trough in place, and Pacific moisture continued to stream across. So take a look to the west, look on the mountains, they look about twice as tall as they have because of that cloud deck and the snow that is continuing to fall on the mountains. For smoke, we've been watching terrible smoke for months. And right now, everything is quiet. Even the California fires are down. Everything in Colorado is at minimum. We are breathing easy. This is just fantastic news. Taking back to Monday to Tuesday, it's kind of fun to watch this front hit. It really was a Pacific system that sent cold air all the way down to Mexico. In the northern plains, you can see this really sharp line of the cold front pushing down in the low pressure center right over Colorado at that time. Moving into Tuesday, you can see it went out into the Great Plains with cold air kind of filling in throughout the west. So the pattern Wednesday is this big broad trough. It's just exactly opposite of what we've had for months. The ridge that we did have is out here off the east coast. And this thing has other little troughs traveling through it. If there was some moisture in place, we'd be seeing repeated doses of snow or rain. But it scoured everything in the lower atmosphere out. All we get is that Pacific moisture lifting over the mountains and giving the mountains showers at times. Going out to Saturday, we have another trough come by. The little cold front will come in, it'll cool us down a little bit for Sunday. Again, we're missing the moisture component. So the mountains will get something, but the lower elevations in the plains will miss out. Then we get this ridge right behind it that'll warm us up to close to normal. We're not getting the big ridge yet. It's sitting over here, sneaking through the gulf. Taking a look at the next 10 days, we are really seeing the normal's drop here. We're 55 down to 50. For our normal high temperature, 27 down to 22. We begin with temperatures bouncing around well below normal throughout the work week. And then into the weekend and next week, we just kind of settle into normal temperatures. Things, again, that we have not seen for months. No precipitation really at all, looking out 10 days. But on the longer range models, there are some big trough changes coming in. We should get some moisture maybe beyond that. So let's look at the next 10 days in animation. Watch how this trough just kind of stays here. At times, it gets a little reinforcing trough dig in. Original ripple through as another trough pushes in. Each one of these could be a snowstorm in a different situation, but we just don't have that moisture. There's that trough coming through the north. Here comes Monday ridge giving us just a little warmth. You can see the ridge is trying to sneak back to the west, but then another trough starts pushing into the west to shove it back out to the east. Good riddance for now. I'm tired of that big ridge. We do have a tropical storm aided in the gulf, moving very slowly. As one meteorologist site, and you'd like to say you get a ridge, so the big high-pressure ridge over troubled water, so song reference. So with that ridge in place, the tropical system will drift slowly up towards the Florida Panhandle. It has the possibility of striking this part of the coast of Florida, but that's an unusual location for a tropical system to make it in. Over the next 10 days, the snowfall again is confined to the mountains, and the northern mountains at that, but this is getting some of the burn locations, so not all the fires are 100% contained yet. This is good. Just keep it coming. Lower elevations get nothing at all in snow, but there's our good foot or more up here in the northern Rockies of Colorado. For precipitation, oh, that should be green, but there's very light precipitation except in these blue areas here, that has a strange phenomenon there, and then out on the northeast plains you get some very light rain, but along I-25 dry conditions. So looking out, for the next week we have 40s just getting up into the 50s at the end of the week, and then that cold front comes in Saturday, dry, knocks us back just into the 40s, and then we recover to the 60s for the beginning of next week with really no chance of rain, except maybe Saturday night, not much. So for more frequent weather updates and local news, take a look at the Longmont Leader, LongmontLeader.com. I've been Chief Muralgist, John Isworth for Longmont Public Media. Keep looking up.


Hello everyone, welcome to the third session of the Geometrical Transformation. In the third session we will discuss the concatenation method which is very important regarding the Geometrical Transformation. Myself, Professor Prithish Chitte, working as an Assistant Professor in Mechanical Engineering Department, Valchin Institute of Technology, Solapur, Learning Outcomes. The students will be able to explain the concept of concatenation method in 2D Geometrical Transformation. Also, they can solve the numerical based on the concatenation method. These are the contents. First, we will discuss the homogeneous 2D transformation. After that we will see the concatenation method in geometrical transformation and after that we will see the numerical based on the concatenation method. Now, the first point, homogeneous coordinates, two-dimensional homogeneous coordinate system. Why it is required? Why it is required the homogeneous coordinate for the concatenation method? This will be the prerequisite for the concatenation method. If you are not knowing the homogeneous coordinates, you can't understood any concatenation method in the geometrical transformation. Homogeneous coordinates are the 3 by 3 or 3 dimensional matrices. Now here, when it is required the homogeneous transformation or homogeneous coordinate transformation, whenever we are providing the multiple transformations, why multiple transformation? Because there will be the necessity of providing the multiple transformations like the combination of translation and scaling or maybe the combination of translation and rotation. Only with the help of translation, that is moving the object from one coordinate to the another coordinate, we are not getting the required result. But whenever we are combining the geometrical transformation like the translation and after that the rotation, we are acquiring the result. So it is necessary to have the homogeneous coordinate in the concatenation method and which will provide the cumulative effect. So first we will discuss the translation matrix in the homogeneous coordinates. The same equation, in general equation, the P dash is equal to P into t. This is the translation matrix but the translation matrix is different here. This is the 3 by 3 matrix. In the in general geometrical transformation, that is the translation that will be only the 2 by 2 matrix. But here this will be the 3 by 3 matrix where T x and T y are the translation factors or the distances. So here x dash, y dash are the modified coordinates, x y are the original coordinates and T x and T y are the translation distances along x and y axis respectively. Rotational homogeneous coordinates. So P dash is equal to P into r in general equation where r is the rotational matrix. So this will be our 3 by 3 rotational matrix cos theta sin theta minus sin theta cos theta plus here the identity matrix. We are adding the identity matrix here. So cos theta sin theta 0 minus sin theta cos theta 0 0 0 1 which will be our rotational matrix. This will be our 2 dimensional geometrical transformation for the rotational matrix. So x dash, y dash are the modified coordinates, x y will be our original coordinates and this will be our rotational matrix where theta is our angle of rotation. Scaling matrix in the homogeneous coordinates. 3 dash is equal to P into s, s is our scaling matrix where x dash, y dash is our modified coordinates, s x y is our original coordinates, s x 0 and 0 s y. These 2 by 2 matrix which is similar to our general scaling matrix in the geometrical transformation that will be 2D but here these are the homogeneous coordinates. So here s x 0 0, 0 s y 0, 0 0 1. So here we are adding the identity matrix here. So s x and s y which will be representing the scaling factors for the s in the direction of x and y axis respectively. Now we have discussed the homogeneous coordinates. Now we are knowing the homogeneous coordinates. Now we can understand the concatenation method in the geometrical transformation. So why the concatenation method is required? Why there is a need of the concatenation method? As we have discussed in the homogeneous coordinates. So whenever we want to provide the multiple transformations, multiple geometrical transformations like the combination of translation or the scaling or the translation and the rotation after that only listen very carefully after that only we can get the a particular required result that is the modified geometrical entity. And here the 2D geometrical transformation we are providing on the particular point now here the concatenation method we can do it on any other point and this process is called as the cumulative effect. Here there is a necessary of the reorientation of the object and this will be only possible with the help of multiple transformations carried out at a one time and this whole process is called as concatenation method in the geometrical transformation. Again I will repeat so concatenation method is providing the multiple transformation at one time so that we can get the required result. Let's think about this question. Can you correlate the two dimensional geometric transformations and the homogeneous transformations? Think about it. Now first we will see the case one that is combination of translation and rotation matrix with the help of concatenation method. Now we are having the original figure that is Pxy. Now first we have to provide the translation transformation now this will be our original image now it will move to the this particular coordinate after that we are not shopping here because we are using the concatenation method that is multiple transformation after translation we are rotating again that translated or the modified triangle now again we are rotating that particular triangle here by a particular degree. So this will be our the required result now we will go through the equation. So equation for the concatenation method for the combination of translation and rotation so P dash that will be our modified coordinates P our original coordinate T will be our translation rotational matrix and the this will be our the transpose of the or may be the inverse of the translation matrix. So this will be our equation so P dash into 1 0 0 0 0 1 minus XR minus YR 0 1 1 where XR and YR are our coordinates here XR and YR our translation coordinates or the distances cos theta sin theta minus cos theta sin theta 0 0 0 0 1 this will be our rotational matrix 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 and XR YR 1 this will be our translation matrix after that so here the combination of translation and scaling here we are translating the image first here this is our original triangle after that we are providing the scaling transformation after the translation we are providing the scaling transformation. So this will be our the required image we will see the equation. So P dash is equal to P into T into S into T inverse so this will be our a particular formula for the concatenation method with the help of the translation and the scaling. So P dash is equal to P into 1 0 0 0 0 1 minus XR minus YR SX 0 0 SY 0 1 and XR YR 1 this will be our equation we will see the example triangle ABC has its vertices 0 0 4 0 and 2 3 for the points PQR and it is to be translated by 4 unit in X direction and it is to be rotated in the counter clockwise about its point through the angle 90 degree we have to find out the new position for the triangle ABC. Now we are knowing the coordinates that is 0 0 4 0 and 2 3 here we have to use a 3 by 3 triangle we are knowing that is TX is equal to 4 and TY is equal to 2 these are the our translation distances now we can get the triangle P dash Q dash and R dash. So this will be our P dash Q dash and R dash after the translation transformation. So P dash into TX TY so P into TX TY so this will be our original triangle coordinates and this will be our translation matrix after that we are getting the P dash X Q dash X and Y dash sorry the R dash XY Z so 4 2 8 2 and 6 5 are the new coordinates of P dash Q dash and R dash respectively after that we have to rotate that triangle P dash Q dash R dash through the angle theta 90 degree through the new point 65 through the new point 65 very important we are knowing the formula. So triangle P dash Q dash R dash is equal to triangle P dash Q dash R dash into T into R into T inverse keeping the values here and we can get the new coordinates that is P double dash 9 3 Q double dash 9 7 and R double dash 65 after solving the different matrices. So 9 3 9 7 and 65 are the new coordinates of P double dash Q double dash and R double dash after the concatenation method these are the references.


In Brainer the Warriors welcomed the Sabres looking for a big win of their own. In the first Joey Sauer drives baseline kicks into Ben Staling who connects on the three pointer that puts the Warriors up 18 to 15. Later in the half Owen Davis goes to works in the paint finishes nicely around the rim to pull the Warriors within three. Just before half Sauer gets the steel takes it right out of his hands turns it into a dunk at the other end right as the buzzer buzzer sounds Warriors tied at 34th at the half they come away with the 74 to 64 win. If you enjoyed this segment of Lakeland news please consider making a tax deductible contribution to Lakeland PBS.


Hello everyone. So, so far we have been discussing the fundamentals of nuclear chemistry, the all-day related topics related to radioactivity, nuclear structure, nuclear models, nuclear reaction, detection and measurement of different types of radiations and also producing different isotopes. Now, the remaining part of this course, the remaining five lectures or 10 modules of my portion, I will be focusing on the applications of what about knowledge we have gained in different branches of science, of course in chemistry as well as other areas. So, before that I would just like to discuss the basic practices in a radiochemical experiment. So, we do radiochemical separations, we do radiochemical analysis, what are the practices that we need to follow that we will try to discuss in this particular lecture. Okay. So, one of the important radiochemical practices is to do separation. Separation of radioactive isotopes will call as radiochemical separations. Now, we can have different radioestopes or even in the case of actinides, the entire, all the isotopes are radioactive. So, we can also call them as radioactive elements. So, we will be separating actinides or we will be separating other elements, but using their radio traces. Now, one of the important advantage of radiochemical separation, we say this is the other methods of physical methods, like in physical methods, we can be using detectors, I explained the other day delta ee telescopes, where you mean you can separate proton, neutron, alpha particles and so on. The moment you go to heavier elements, there is an overlapping of the signal due to different elements, z and a. And so, in physical experiments you will find it is difficult to resolve the different z and a of the products that are formed in a nuclear reaction or even fission. In radiochemical separation, since we are separating the elements radiochemically and then identifying the mass number by following their particular characteristics, like half life or gamma energy. So, the resolution means in terms of neighboring elements is unique. We can unambiguously assign the z and a atomic number and mass number the particular radioisotope produced in a nuclear reaction. That is what I mean by unique resolution in z and a. Now, what is the need for this radiochemical surprise? Where do we come across? So, that is what let me just give you the brief introduction. Need for radiochemical surprise. So, one is to have the requirement of pure radiochemicals. We will as we go along we will see that there are many areas like particularly you know when you want to use a radioisotope in medicine, particularly in diagnosis. You require a pure radiochemical, a particular tracer, a particular technique of 99m bound to a organic molecule and that formulation should not contain any other chemical form. So, that is what we mean by pure radiochemicals for applications. Sometimes even in the research you are emphasizing some particular compound, a labeled compound and you like to have this as pure as possible. Then we use radio tracers in many, many areas like industry, healthcare, agriculture, environmental research and so on. And the requirement of course in most of the cases will be we require the radiochemically pure and also this is called radio nucleotidically pure means only that isotopes will be present, other isotopes should not be present. They may interfere in the experiments. So, to producing this pure radioisotopes and we require radio chemical, radiochemical separations. Then we have the important area of short-lived radioisotopes. Many, many elements if we know the heavy elements, transactinides, whatever the discoveries are happening at the moment in the area of heavy elements, transactinides, half-lives are all in seconds, milliseconds and microseconds. So, you require very nice radiochemical separation, in fact very fast radiochemical separations so that you can identify the Z8A of these isotopes. So, again that same thing I have mentioned also, chemistry of heavy elements. You are studying the chemistry of heavy elements from the time of nuclear reactions, their production and separation involves very fast radiochemical separations. The short-lived isotopes are also many, many applications in there like for example in PET, positon emission tomography to produce F18 or carbon 11 or oxygen 15, they are very short-lived some of them even seconds. And for the positon emission tomography study that stick applications you require after they are produced, you require them to be sent to the hospital as early as possible. So, they require the fast radiochemical separation.  So, before we go over to the different types of radiochemical separations and the applications, let me try to give you the basic principles. The basic principles that we follow in any radiochemical separation. So, in a way we are doing radiochemistry experiments, we need to take care of certain aspects and certain technologies we use so that you know what is that purpose of that particular. For example, we say carriers. So, in radiochemistry, radiochemical experiments, carrier actually is the stable isotopes of the element of the radioisotope. So, we are using a radioisotope as a tracer for radiochemical separations. So, to want to trace the path of a radioisotope, a radio element or you produce a radioisotope in a chemical reaction maybe fission or a reaction and you have very few atoms of that particular radioisotope. So, if you want to do separation probably you need to carry that few atoms with a bulk material. That bulk material made of the same element but different isotopes stable ones we call as the carrier and this carrier in fact are meant to minimize the loss. If you have let us say 1 million atoms of an isotope like iodine 131 you produce by terrarium. Suppose you have tellurium 130, tellurium 131, tellurium 130, 131 tellurium and this is beta minus 2 131 iodine. I discussed the other day in the radioisotope production. Now this iodine 131 is carrier free that means only 131 iodine isotopes are there. So, if you have a query of 131 iodine you may have about billions or maybe 10 billion. So, 10 for 10, 11 atoms of iodine 130. So, when you do separation in terms of the amount 131 gram will contain Avogadro number. So, 10 for 10 atoms will contain only picogram of quantity.  In fact, when you put them in a container many of them will get absorbed onto the wall of the container. So, minimize the loss due to adsorption or other in the reagents. It is better that you use bulk. So, potassium iodide. So, you use iodide iodine 127 to carry this 131 iodine. So, the losses will be denied. Many a times we require them in a high specific activity. So, you do not add bulk quantity you may add macrogram quantity that power 20 atoms or 20 for 18 atoms like that we try by because of the mass effect. So, you generate large quantity not that large but relatively large to avoid the loss during the chemical surface. Then there is a term called hold back carriers. So, suppose along with the tellurium you have other isotopes for example, in fissure you have 131 iodine you have 132 tellurium they are fission products. Now, both of them are carrier free means only atoms of these reductive isotopes are present and we want to separate 131 iodine and fission product but we do not want to separate 132 tellurium. So, for iodine we may use Ki as a carrier but to prevent some portion of tellurium going into along with the 131 suppose you do precipitation silver iodide. Then there is a possibility that 132 tellurium may get adsorbed onto the precipitate. So, to prevent that adsorption or you may do sovereign extraction of iodine in the current pleuride to prevent the carry forward of tellurium in that extraction we use some stable tellurium telluric acid it can use. So, that this isotopes of tellurium which are radioactive they also remain in the raffinate. So, that is one way of you know. So, these are old bracket they hold the radio isotope in the place where we do not we do not want them to carry along the separation. And the third type of reagents are called scavengers to precipitate unwanted elements before we separate the desired element. So, we use these scavengers are the reagents to separate to precipitate the elements which are not required to be carried forward along the. Like for example, you want to you want to separate barium as barium sulfate or barium nitrate. But along with barium now many rare earths may also go zirconium may go. So, how to prevent that they also they do not go along with barium you can do a ferric hydroxide precipitation. So, you add ferric nitrate or ferric chloride and ammonia to precipitate all the rare earths and zirconium as hydroxides. And so now whatever is that definite you add barium the reagent sulfate or nitrate and you can separate barium in the this form. So, these are called scavenger they scavenge the undesired elements from supposition along with the desired element. So, these are mostly required for precipitation or slower extraction or even ion exchange separation. Now, one of the important parameters for the radiochemical separation is the half-life. Half-life is very important because sometimes the half-life may be short and your time of separation may be long. So, you may lose the whole radioactive isopropyl. Before it is decaying you have to separate. Radiochemical purity is as I the name itself mentioned that what is the form in which the particular isotope is present in the chemical form that is called the radiochemical. And the purity of the radiochemical. So, there not only the isotope but the chemical form. So, if you are present for you want iodine as iodide you want iodine in presence of as in the form of iodide not as iodate. So, iodine present as I minus is the radiochemical if your form desired and iodate is a different radiochemical form which is undesired. So, you would have to produce iodine 131 as I minus not I O 3 minus in a particular application. When you need I O 3 minus then you require pure I O 3 minus I I minus will be input. Radio nucleic purity as the name suggests one third like multiderm 99 is a radio nucleide and you want to separate this one. But any other radio nucleic any other isotope of even multiderm is will be taken as a impurity like multiderm 93, multiderm 101. So, they are present of them in the multiderm 99 fraction will call that a nucleic impurity. So, when you say radio nucleic purity in the fraction of only multiderm 99 in the total multiderm present in that particular consignment. Also this specific activity is a important parameter you require high specific activities in some applications that you define in terms of activity per unit mass, bacterial per gram or curie per gram. So, you depending upon the application you may have to go for high specific activity or you may not be required at times and lastly the radiochemical yield.  So, you started with that say 10 curie of that particular activity and at the end you get 9 curie of present in that form. So, you can say radiochemical yield is 90 percent. So, this is required to be known and for that sometimes radiotesers are also used. In radiochemical separations, radiotesers help in finding out the radiochemical yield. So, you can add a radio isotope which is not present in your sample and finally you see what percentage of this activity has been separated that will give you the yield of radiochemical separation. So, radiochemical separations in their care there are almost two elements you will find there will be a requirement to do radiochemical separation at some point or other. So, you for example, you are producing iron cobalt you radiate some targets of iron cobalt nickel and produce some isotopes of them and you may suppose you have an alloy and you want to separate a particular isotope you need to do radiochemical separations. You may require to like actinides you want to separate from each other or lathenite you want to springs them. The classic example of radiochemical separation when you have a large number of radioisotope then together is fission products. You radiate uranium neutrons, you get hundreds of fission products in half life ranging from seconds to years. So, you have the fission product starting from let us say selenium yield of selenium may be 0.01 percent or so then the yield is going up it reaching maximum around molybdenum and then it is again goes minimum around caramium tin, caramium medium tin 0.01 percent goes up it becomes maximum around cesium barium and then finally goes down again with the tyrants. So, this all these fission products you know and now of course we have the high resolution gamma spectrum it is set up. So, you can directly see the gamma rays of the fission products say large number of fission products you can see together in the gamma spectrum. But earlier when we did not have the high resolution gamma spectrum we used to do the chemistry of each element. So, much so that we remember the chemistry of each element that how to separate for example, you do you do iodine immediately do solvent extraction right. So, convert to iodine to separation you require antimony make the hydride distillate you require ruthenium make a titanium tetra oxide distillate. So, depending upon the chemical property of that element you can find out a chemical separation procedures. Rare earths they form very stable fluorides fluoride followed by hydrocytes two three cycles and you get pure or rare earths in one. So, all across the periodic table depending upon your requirement you will find you will have chemical separations required for these elements. The heavy elements transectinides you see here from here 100, 356 most of them the chemistry is not known and their chemistry with regard to their lighter homologs are studied how they compare like rutherfordium and hafnium. So, you can you can use the lighter homologs as research to study the chemistry of heavy elements. So, let us discuss some of the radical chemical separation procedures for example, you use precipitation precipitation also can be done in different ways one is the direct precipitation you can take an example I was discussing rare earths you want to separate all of them are prevalent except cerium which can be presented as cerium 4 all others are prevalent and so this trivalent rare earths can be separated by a cycle of hydrocyte or by fluoride. So, fluoride precipitates of rare earths are clear so they are very fine low volume only zirconium may interfere and so you can you can do steps of fluoride and hydrocyte precipitation zirconium will be there all around. So, you can do gamma spectrometry you can separate or you have to go for some complexing agents they are called again they can complex one metal ion keep it in the solution pump while others remain in precipitate. So, rare earths can be separated as fluorides. Stonson barium separations are very because Stonson is pure beta emitter Stonson 90 and barium so if you want to separate them you first dissolve then you first make precipitate as nitrates then you do hydrocyte scavenging to precipitate out the rare earths zirconium other things and then you separate barium and Stonsium barium goes as barium chromate and Stonson will not precipitate in Stonson chromate. Similarly, silver can be precipitated silver iodide famous your silver chloride silver iodide. So, there are many more examples I am just taking some of them other than this direct precipitation there are cases like you can adjust the oxidation state of two elements and separate them for example, cerium and zirconium both are turbulent and they precipitate as iodate if you want to separate cerium from zirconium cerium can be reduced to cirrus by a suitable reducing agent and then you can separate zirconium as zirconium remains as iodate cerium comes in the solution. So, by playing with oxidation state you can do chemical separation one of the very innovative idea is to do isotopic exchange with a preformed precipitate. So, you do not have to add the precipitating agent afterwards and this is required when you have there very short-lived example for 138 cesium very short-lived half-life. So, 138 cesium you want to separate you do not have much time maybe within five minutes you have to separate. So, you what you do not even five minutes actually one or two minutes. So, you can precipitate you can prepare a precipitate or cesium with silico tungstic acid stable element precipitate and you that solution containing cesium like piston product solution you just add shake it for a few seconds and precipitate. So, what will happen there is a stable cesium in the precipitate of cesium silico tungstate 138 cesium will exchange isotopically this one in a few seconds you will find most of the cesium 138 has been precipitated with the cesium silico. So, you can just filter this precipitate and you get most of the cesium 138 in the precipitate. So, that is called isotopic exchange with the preformed precipitate. Similarly, for technician is for the technician you know technician does not have any stable element stable isotope but perchlorate perchlorate iron and TCO4 iron are quite close in similarity in chemistry. So, if you have perchlorate precipitate of tetra phenyl arsonium. So, this is the precipitate. So, instead of technician we use perchloric acid and precipitate this out and again this precipitate you exchange with technician. So, technician of 99 it can be precipitate as a tetra phenyl arsonium perchloric. So, this is like a co-precipitation and very fast you can do radicamical separation. Then you have this orbit extraction it is a very common one of you will you will be knowing that a metal ion let us say in aqueous phase and there is a ligand in an organic phase. So, when you mix aqueous and organic phases both liquid phases together and you shake them vigorously because there is a potential for the metal ion to complex with ligand and which remains in the organic phase that metal will go to the aqueous phase in the interface organic phase in the interface complex with ligand and then metallic and complex state soluble in the organic phase. You can extract the metal ion from aqueous to organic and you can then find out what is the what we call as the distribution coefficient of metal ion into organic phase with respect to aqueous phase. The concentration is organic upon concentration in aqueous is called the distribution coefficient and suppose you are separating two metal ions they will have their own d value. So, the ratio of the d value of A and B is called as the separation factor. So, you can find out separation factor for the separation of metal ions in the solvent extraction. Just to give you an example you want to separate iodine present product iodine. Iodine is formed in present in many oxidation states. So, what you do you first bring all the iodine to I minus using thiosulfate as a reducing agent and now you oxidize I minus to I2. So, all the iodine using bromine. So, now all the iodine is now present in the iodine, molecular iodine which can be solvent extracted into the carbon detector. So, this is how you can do you can do separation by solvent extraction. Similarly, uranium plutonium are you can separate them by a reagent called 30 percent tributyl phosphate in an organic solvent like dodecaene or kerosene. Aqueous phase is three volumetric acid and they have very high distribution coefficient the all of them will go in the organic phase. So, there are many reagents that are used for solvent extraction to diethyl exile phosphoric acid tributyl phosphate phenyl trifluorocacetone tri and octyl phosphate oxide diethyl ether methyl isobetyl putone and so there are many many reagents which are commonly used to do solvent extraction of metal ions from aqueous to organic and later on as a function of different acidity you can strip them back in aqueous form. So, the distribution coefficient depend upon the acidity of the aqueous phase and the concentration in the particular ligand in the organic phase. So, you have to play with the acidity to do the separation. Similarly, ion exchange region ion exchangers are very common reagents for separation of different species. So, again it is based on the partitioning of the solute between a stationary phase that is the resin and a mobile phase the mobile phase is the acid or it can be a base or it can be a containing complex image. You can have resins based on cation exchange or anion exchange. So, like for example, you have a polymeric base styrene or diagonal binge on which you have the anchored the groups functional groups like sulfonate and you have the sulfide group and you have the H plus. So, it is a neutral species, but the S plus is exchangeable. So, the metal ion in the mobile phase can exchange with the H plus and the metal ion will be retained in the resin H plus will be released. In the case of anion exchange resin the this is a quaternary ammonium salts containing chloride as a counter ion are exchanging that. So, you can have the anions exchanging with chloride and you have the anion retained in the column chloride being released. So, you can have this ion exchange from different acidic media HCl HNO3 HClO4 H2O4 and so on. But the important thing is that depending upon the ionic potential metal ions are retained by the resin and then you can do separation. Just for example, you want to separate thorium from uranium. So, you can have anionic cell resin dow X1 cross 8 would keep all uranium thorium in 6 to 8 molar HCl where in uranium forms anionic species but thorium does not form anionic species. So, in the anionic cell resin uranium will be held up whereas thorium will not be held up. So, you can just wash the column all thorium comes in the effluent and you can later on elute uranium by using a dilute acid. Similarly, the individual rarels can be separated using a dow X2 cross 4, anionic cell resin you take all of them in point 1 molar HCl. So, dilute acid in the H plus is not competing all the rarels will be held up in the column and now you want to elute them individually. So, there is a beautiful reagent called alpha hydroxy as a butary acid which will complex this different rarels and since the stability constants are different for different rarels you will find use of the rarels ions having different ionic potential. Hence, different stability constant by eluting with this particular reagent individual rarels will come one by one. The one will be the lowest radio ionic radius lutecium will come first and let lengthen them the last. Another just similar to ionic cell resin you have extraction chromatography. So, here the ligand actually is a on the solid surface. So, you have a solid phase stationary phase solid phase some ligand are jobbed onto an inert support that on the column stationary phase and mobile will phase will contain the metal ions in presence of H plus O H minus and so on. So, you have a solution containing metal ion and you have a ligand jobbed onto the solid support. If you pass the solution or metal ion through this column the metal ion will complex with the ligand and get retained by the column and later on you can elute them. Just to give an example of very careful separation of zirconium hypoenium. Zirconium hypoenium are very chemically very similar because of their similar ionic radii and being in the same group you can separate them using extraction chromatography. This is one example that tri caprilile monomethyl ammonium chloride called eliquid 336 is a extractant absorbed onto this solid support and then you first load it from a dilute acid elute hypoenium with 8 molar SCL and zirconium with 2 molar SCL. So, you can see here this has taken from this paper that zirconium and hypoenium are very well separated. This is hypoenium this is zirconium so well separated that peaks due to two metal ions in the ion exchange in this extraction chromatography system. Now lastly let us discuss the fast radiochemical separations. Many a times you require the hoplites are very short seconds many seconds and so on to even you know less than a minute is a very you require very fast chemistry and so there are techniques like gas jet transport system the gas jet transport system what you do you have a beam so you are doing experiment in accelerator the beam is going here you have a target here now target is thin enough when the beam falls on target the products are found in this chamber and the helium gas is passed through this chamber the helium gas will transport all of them reaction products to the fuel hood in your dump. So, we have a pneumatic system and all the reaction products will go in the fuel hood you can collect the gas the products in a solution to the chemistry. So, the transport time for the reaction products from the reactor or accelerator to the fuel hood becomes a few seconds one or two seconds and then the chemistry also you have very fast chemistry apparatus you can do other one is the pneumatic carrier facility the pneumatic carrier means this is the rabbit you have a rabbit capsule this capsule so target is not in the fixed in the beam but you have the target is fixed in the you irradiate the capsule this is containing the target like in the reactor no so this is a this is a reactor and neutrons are everywhere you have a pneumatic tube through which you take the capsule here irradiate for some time and later on carry it to the fuel hood. So, you have to break open the capsule and the target is present in the capsule you can separate the reaction product from the target. So, here you have only the reaction products in gadget transport system you have here you have the target. So, this is a typical pneumatic carrier facility in the Dravar reactor what colleagues have built where you can carry the rabbit in the fuel hood into the chemistry. So, some of the examples of fast chemistry like antimony, tin, tellurium you can form hydrides within a few seconds you can separate them isotope exchange preformed precipitate, sobrixtaction even you can in accelerators you know for proton means you can accelerate you can radiate in the air. Similarly, for heavy elements you can do rapid chemistry automated rapid chemistry apparatus to have a gadget transport system followed by the high performance liquid converter graphy and one of the elements like you know dubinium 105 was separated by this ARCA system using a gadget system and you can do you can switch between different columns to do separation of different elements. So, atom at a time chemistry means at a time only one atom is formed. So, you do thousands of chemistries to do the separation of large number of times and then that is how you study the chemistry of this element. So, thermodynamic quantities of heavy elements are determined by doing chemistry thousand times where you have at a time only one atom. And lastly, you have the pet positron emission tomography you require a short lived proton emitter like poron 18, carbon 11 and so on. So, you can you have to have very fast and very chemical separations because half lives are very short. So, like for example, FAT from H2O you have H2O you irradiate OH2O with the protein beam proton beam and then you separate FAT from this irradiated water water using a particular precursor and the catalyst. So, this is the reaction given to prepare this FAT in FDG. Then you have to have a half chemical separation where within you know few minutes the whole FAT leveled with diplopous molecule is separated from the irradiated target that is H2O 18. So, the whole module whole system is a very compact form and you do you can supply the radio chemically pure hand sterile sample to the hospitals in a very reasonable frame of time maybe few minutes time you can do the separation. So, I will stop here next I will take the radio electrical techniques and their applications. Thank you very much.