Tom here from Warren systems and this is a super micro ultra super server 120 you dash TNR Which is a bit of a mouthful to say but as you're about to learn it really does pack a lot of punch into a 1u server This system is here on loan from super micro So thanks to them for providing this unit for review, but unfortunately I have to send it back I don't get to keep it But let's jump right in the specification This unit supports dual third gen Intel Xeon scalable CPUs has 32 dim slots And can support up to 12 terabytes of memory at the front There are 12 2 and a half inch hot swapable bays that can be configured as SATA or MVME and are connected via PCIe 4.0 by 4 the drive bays are configured in a way that six go to each processor Covering the four total drives then we have four PCIe gen 4 16 slots Two of them are full height and one is a low-profile slot the 8-pin power connectors located on the motherboard Are what powers things and devices such as GPUs? So yes, you can pack some good GPUs into this powers provided by redundant 80 plus titanium powers Supplies that operate at 96% efficiency and the system is set up cool by eight dual four centimeter fans 16 of them in total that are heavy-duty and able to move a really high volume of air But that comes at the expense of making a lot of noise So this thing's not going to be quiet not at idle and of course not at all at full speed But it does do a good job of keeping the system cool And when you're dealing with something as dense as this having 16 fans is going to be really good Now the fans are configured in a redundant array So you have a fan at the front and a fan at the back So you only see the eight here, but actually there's two fans in each one of these modules on here Now this system was designed for high density applications. Like I said, you can put a few GPUs in here And this makes me worried taking this out But I will carefully do so because I'm sure the people at Supermicro are watching But to get this level of density means we have this kind of tight bit for this riser card There we go I mean it comes out But it's really in there good. It's kind of a dual riser card as you can see I have and this was not shipped with it. This is a separate 25 gig card I put in here for some of the testing we're about to do Well, I've been doing and now I'm going to share with you on this device And the other than just being a little bit nervous when I pull them out It's not that bad overall to get this in and out and the high density having the dual PCIe right here and another one over here in the back Does allow you to put quite a few cards in here and the airflow should be adequate For keeping this thing cool, even with the high density applications in there Now there is an option to get this with no networking at all Currently it does have on-board network card But I thought it was interesting they had that as an option So if you wanted no networking except for the IPMI network That is a way you can order the server if you wanted to be air gapped offline only for Processing whatever you want it on there But I do have the 10 gig card installed as shipped from Supermicro But I wanted to try a 25 gig card in here for some of the connectivity Now the good news is this goes in Way easier than it comes up Just give it a quick push goes right in flip these little levers down And it's locked in we're good to go no problem So other than a little bit of struggle getting it out because it's just a nice snug fit But I think that's what you're looking for no real worries overall about it Like so that's the only really complaint on there Now I do have the plenums off on this kind of to make it look a little bit more presentable and less shiny in the lights But the two plenums plastic plenums that redirect the air We'll go ahead and put these back on the system So we can get this thing fired up and jump into the real fun, which is the software testing on it Now before we put this in the rack. I wanted to show the drive base. These are a nice toolless design So easy has these little pins down at the bottom here So you can just set a drive right in and tension from the sides here Just holds drive in place making it really easy to swap out a drive There's all as I said earlier hot swap base easy enough to take them out put them back in and currently these Are loaded up on this side here with these kiauxia NVMe drives these perform really well. We're going to see that in a testing we're about to do now as far as locking the drives I will show the locking mechanism is pretty basic on these. It's just a tiny little Put a flat head in there and turn it Keeps it from popping open Not real secure but enough to keep people from just touching and popping a drive out without having to get in there And it's recessed just enough that this little screwdriver works But your fingernail may not get in there to do that Now taking a quick look at the back. You can see the two hot swap power supplies The little lever to side that slide them out Then you have the two 10 gig ports as provided by super micro with their onboard card that I believe there's another option one that you can get that has sfp ports here instead This is the dedicated motherboard ipmi that we got the usb 3 right over here And then we have the 25 gig card that I installed and because we aren't really going to be using anything for the vga I didn't bother plugging it in but I do like that we have vga and serial And a lot of you are going to be going well tom, isn't it 2021 and we shouldn't have those This is how a lot of enterprise systems are managed with Still the old style connectors and honestly when you have ipmi, you're rarely ever plugging into those type of connectors Anyways, they're kind of just there for now and a lot of the older systems that I said in the data center type Stuff still have if they have any type of connectors for a monitor are still more common to be vga But that's not really anything I would worry about. I haven't seen that many servers yet that have hdmi I think we're going to see this for a little bit longer for those of you wondering But ipmi is the way we are going to manage this and actually that's the next thing to do is go stick this in the rack Plug it in fire up the new ipmi interface because they did some cool revamping on that I kind of like the more modern look it has All right, so we're logged into the super micro interface here One of the things I want to point out is that yes, I'm reusing firefox and yes, it works fine There's a comment a few people had about whether or not it will work in firefox and it will accept You will get this message if you try to launch the console for the html 5 It works fine, but you'll get your current browser doesn't support the capability of video recording Please use chrome for that So you do need to use google chrome for the video recording feature But functionality wise virtual keyboard and everything else. I didn't find anything else that didn't work in firefox So for those of you wondering if it works in other browsers I works except for the video recording feature now We're going to use this in google chrome, but I also want to point out a weird problem I ran into and that is ublock origin I had to disable ublock origin for this site because when it first loads It just kind of spins and not all the elements will load I assume it doesn't like some of the scripting that it's using but turning it off solve the problem A little bit of head scratching at first opening up in firefox I realized it worked at first I thought it didn't support chrome Which led to probably some of the people thinking it didn't because so many people do use this plugin So hopefully that helps someone solve some of those problems Now this is a more modern look of the interface and I do like the new layout I like the you know kind of friendly I am currently power off that we have over here to see that the system's in a power off state I did a power cycle that had it on and turned it back off So you have the power consumption which as this page refreshes it'll go back down to zero We have all the component info cpu info a little green checkbox is to tell us what's good. What's bad All the system information serial numbers part numbers and they give you a great amount of detail in here Now with the system in a power state off, we're not going to have much of the health status Let's actually go ahead and hit power on Hit apply it does this little flashy Retrying a couple times thought that was a little odd I guess it just does that until it gets confirmation if we go back over to the dashboard We'll get a preview again And I can actually hear it don't know the the noise cancellation Probably filters out, but I hear it on the other side in the other room and now it's thinking about the power on cycle You get a couple more of these retries. I just want to do this. This is real time on this part It it does have this like pause when you first power it out But once it's on the interface goes back to working perfectly fine The request configuration has been completed successfully and now it's going through the boot process Back over to the component info everything's green And in the second these will turn green as well. So it's going to get updated readings now that it's powered on So I didn't have any errors in the health status But it does show them red if it's powered off but after it goes to the full boot cycle everything turned green again No problem Curl including once it boots up It'll have the temperature of not only the onboard network card But I thought it was interesting that the add-on 25 gig card Which granted? Yes, it is a super micro card the aoc s 25 g dash m2 s model And that does also give me a temperature reading once it boots up So we'll go ahead and let it boot a little further and get these readings refreshed But while we're waiting we can go through the configuration and account services notifications All the usual things that you have with the previous ipmi are all in this one So you have the ability to push things even to assist log server, which is I really nice the way to have all this set up It's an easy to use interface. I didn't really have any problems The only thing I had overlooked originally was actually over on the component info info Was the fan speed is under advanced here And I if you leave it collapsed you may not notice that you click the three dots to bring it out So you can change a couple different fan speeds Hey here, we can come back to seeing the network temperature on there We don't have any gpu so it doesn't display anything here but I like that it has all these sensor readings and Among the interesting features is when you go to the full sensor reading right here You can export these out to excel, which I think is just kind of novel being able to throw all your sensor readings quickly into excel Uh, pretty neat that it's got that feature Back on just to finish the remote configuration the virtual media So if you would like to completely manage this remotely, which is a very likely scenario So you don't have access to the machine and you may not have access to the necessarily put any USB that has different boot options on there So you can load different things to the system It does have the option to do a shared host and a path to the image So you can essentially load up a ISO server some type of storage server Maybe you have in your rack that could feed this and be able to completely reload it remotely So they have this on here or old school floppy images that can be uploaded to the system itself The last things we have on this part are the network control to set this however you want to manage your lights out management with the certificate ports access limitations Whether you want it to be DHCP or specify the IP address For maintenance, they do have license activation a reset firmware management that can all be done right here So if you want to update the firmware that can pretty easily be done for the BMC the BIOS Or the motherboard cpld. So this is nice that they have all this Right easy thing at your fingertips for remote management. Now, let's see if this thing is booted up We're going to go ahead and launch the Controller. Yes, it is. That's a nice feature is this html5 with the virtual keyboard Made this really easy to manage and the recording feature that does claim not to be there when you use firefox It doesn't work is available though, and you can record what's going on on a screen This is really good for being able to do tech support as soon as you stop it. It has a little Webm file that it creates and can play back for you if needed. So a really simple methodology for doing that I like this feature on there for being able to do the capture or even just do a screenshot And you have your power control set power on power off reset Options hotkeys fullscreen mode How a keyboard mouse hop plug it does have mouse support but the os I have on here is not Support mouse. So nothing I can do there We're going to close this though is let's get to the testing in xcp ng Now i'm running the latest version of xcp ng 8.2 fully patched as of October of 2021 I did try true nas scale on this device because when I was doing some testing and some previous videos I can link to with true nas scale for performance. I was a little disappointed in performance So I tried it on this system and it still didn't perform really well But xcp ng no problem And I figure a lot of people probably want to look at this from a virtualization standpoint And I do plenty of virtualization testing and that's what this server has been doing for the Last 30 days that it's been here of note the kioxia NVMe drives the five of them are set up in a zfs raid z Just raid z1 so not too much redone. See I wanted to see what kind of reforms we get out of there And we're running all these vms local to the system So we're going to run a series of tests and just going to show you the performance I was able to get with this basic load on this So here's seven virtual machines and we'll go ahead and start them all at once Are you sure you want to start seven vms? I feel confident this system can handle seven vms starting simultaneously We have windows server 2019 a windows lab a windows lab attached to the server 2019 domain Just another a bunch of server and a bunch of server here now the bunch of servers I have 64 processors assigned to each of them that way when we do some of the testing We're going to test both of those simultaneously and see how they perform and then over here on the windows server We've got 8x here and then we're not going to do much with this matter of fact Let's have a little fun. So here's windows. That's probably it's already booted We're going to head and shut this windows down and we're going to clone it So we have a couple windows servers running here and each of these will have 32 cores as well So go ahead and stop and clone We'll make three more of them. We'll go ahead and fire up all three of these windows servers here There we go. Now. We should see a little more usage. We look at the host We're using about half of the 256 gigs of memory in this right here But I'm sure it's going to have no problem running all these windows servers or windows 10 labs at the same time and we'll just call them all windows 10 base clone Actually, you probably give them a little better names here clone one So we have all those up and running now. So there's our windows clones and our two one one two lab servers Let's kick these off and I'm just going to run some random pharaonics tests on them But we're going to ssh into each of these so I'll get the IP addresses We're on the pharaonics fio And kick off some io tests here. We don't need to save these results Let's go ahead and get the ip address of the other lab server here So we can run at the same time All right, so both of these are doing a bunch of heavy io operations right now with that Let's see how the disks are holding up. We'll let this run in the background. We'll look at some stats on here They're just getting started right now at about 27 000 iops on the mvme But after they start running, we'll see a little more But why not stop there in why stop there? I should say and let's go ahead and go to the council on here and Let's also go run some tests. We should run at least nine tests all And that's on the windows lab base. Let's go ahead on clone one and run it over here And uh, let's keep going clone two. Let's just see how many of these we can Get the system Only loaded on i o how much i o can it handle and still give us some type of performance numbers out of there So this one's running and that's that one that finally let's go back to three Someone will probably point out. There's a lot of easier ways to do this I know but i'm having fun clicking through all these windows turning this on All right now. Let's go ahead and see how that mvme is holding up Go to our storage All right, we've hit We're at the 175 thousand uh read i ops here It'll once we get to the right side of the test. We're gonna see a little bit Different side. I don't know if it's going to write quite as fast, but that's not bad That kind of iops performance out of these so not bad at all here And is it usable? I guess it's going to be the next question So right here's my kelly linux install and can we do stuff on kelly? kelly seems to load perfectly fine. So let's go ahead and run an update on there. Why not? It's very responsive. I can probably open up Uh different applications Set up a few things get stuff going on here. It's very responsive even while at the same time We go over here to the disc. They're all running on this same local mvme And oh now we're in a 300 thousand in the read iops on here a couple notes though One of the things you're going to get some advantage on is having Zfs and its ability to Read and find common caching and be able to Provide even better results when you're asking for some of the same things And some people say caching may skew the benchmarks But there are a lot of times when caching will actually help your overall performance Well should be all the time it helps whenever there's repetitive file operations So it may skew the performance in some ways But in other ways it is actually providing a pretty real world knowing that it's turned on You know understanding of what's going on of note and for those you that aren't familiar with xcp and g when you set up the Zfs on there you do want to dedicate a little bit of extra memory to the control domain and I've got that set at 32 gigs This allows the zfs caching to Be a little bit more effective now. I do have net data installed on here. So let's actually see what we're doing for zfs And if I go here to zfs file system Here's our arc size and about 16 gigs of arc arc on this the adaptive read cache is caching on there But we're not seeing or seeing some good hits on here So here's where we have the misses and now we're seeing a lot of hits So it's kind of given us some really high numbers for The iops now when a few minutes will speed ahead and go to where we have the read side of these tests going Because when the read side test obviously Versus the right side test you're going to see some different results So once we speed past the read test and we see the right test, let's see how fast it can do there Probably not bad even on the right where I hit in 282,000 Uh iops here. This was our read at 6.2 And our 4.99 wow or 4. Yeah 4.89 for the right throughput So that's that's some pretty impressive numbers we've seen on iow here And we did see a little bit of latency but not anything terrible because as I said, you know We can go back over here like my cali linux, which it looks like that's some updates. We'll go ahead and say yes Everything's still very responsive working perfectly fine. I'm not really seeing any issues with The systems all of them are running fine on here I could probably go through and even do a few things in the windows server lab as well And uh, you can see they'll see Right. Yeah, we logged into this it's completely responsive and working fine while all this other stuff's going on in the background We'll jump back over to the disc And they're running some of the smaller writes which don't need is quite as many doesn't really push it to a higher level of Iops on here Now the last thing we want to test and this is going to be a little bit trickier to test But I'm sure we can pull it off here is let's go ahead and run some stress testing And what we're going to do is log in here And we'll kick off stress And what this is going to do is tell it to consume 64 processors load them up a gibberish for the next 300 seconds So I'll kick that off which will send the server into some angry Pretty sure that I can hear it. I know the staff in the other room are probably wondering what all that noise is We'll run a performance test simultaneously with this virtual machine here And by the way, the other benchmarks the pharaonics ones Are still running in the background here. So we're still doing disk iot tests. We'll continue and we're going to go ahead and run All the cpu tests. So it's now running cpu tests on this particular system here Let's go ahead and do it on clone 2 Do the same thing again and you're seeing the performance numbers are so reasonable. This thing is still very responsive. It's still working Kick off passmark again Continue Run Yes, yes So we're running a couple dual cpu tests while also running stress. We'll go back over here to the host And it's just a wall of processor running right now and it's kicked up the fans I can hear in in the other room bleeding through a little bit and uh, but the system is running perfectly fine It's still handling it and we'll see what the processor results come back to so all that's running and simultaneously How the super micro handles The storage, so let's go over here at the storage stats Yep, still no problems. We're still relatively low IO wait time For the particular runs it's running. Of course now only have the linux VMs really doing the IO I just have cpu tests running out a couple of those windows machines And of course, we still have my cali linux. It's probably still loading a few updates. Yep See if there's any more But overall as you can see this is some very responsive and that was kind of the goal is to Make sure that it doesn't have any problems handling all this It was kind of no doubt that it would but I thought this was kind of a fun way to demonstrate some of that in the video here So this one's completed. Here's my cpu versus the world On clone one. I think we ran it again on clone two That's still almost done almost in here kicked off a few seconds later This one's even better because it finished after that was done And let's go back and see if this is still running over here We'll go ahead and stop stress from running So the system will go back down to normal But even with that running sucking up 64 cores had no problem multitasking all of them And I know some of you that play around with this stuff all the time or use a lot of enterprise hardware Probably aren't surprised at all about the performance of the machine But I wanted to demonstrate, you know, running xcp and g my hypervisor of choice Which by the way, I'll leave a link to all my xcp and g tutorials on here Everything I was running here at the zen orchestra the xcp g is fully open source So you can run all these same tests on whatever hardware you may have But overall, I want to thank super micro for sending us out for review We used it for a handful of little projects we had around here We wanted to do a series of testing and it's just impressive how fast we were able to get some of these things set up on there From loading things some of the operating system testing we did so overall, I do like the server I'll leave links to the super micro website where you can check it out. I have no affiliate codes This was not sponsored by them. This was just a review unit that I do have to send back. All right, and thanks And thank you for making it to the end of this video If you enjoyed this content, please give it a thumbs up If you'd like to see more content from this channel, hit the subscribe button and the bell icon To hire a server project head over to laurancesystems.com and click on the hires button right at the top To help this channel out in other ways, there's a join button here for youtube and a patreon page where your support is greatly appreciated For deals discounts and offers check out our affiliate links in the descriptions of all of our videos Including a link to our shirt store where we have a wide variety of shirts and new designs come out well randomly So check back frequently And finally our forums forums.laurancesystems.com is where you can have a more in-depth discussion about this video and other tech topics covered on this channel Thank you again, and we look forward to hearing from you in the meantime check out some of our other videos So i'm here from laurancesystems, and this is a super micro But let's jump right into the specific haythens


Hello, I'm Andrea here with the Whitening Pro Academy. So are you on the fence about starting your own teeth whitening business? This is very normal. I think starting your own business of any kind, you're going to be thinking about it. There's so many things to think about. You're going to be on the fence. You're going to be nervous and excited at the same time. So what I wanna talk to you guys about is why now is a really good time to start your own teeth whitening business. Of course everybody says, well, am I going to make money? Because if you started business and you're not making money, what's the point? But teeth whitening is in the cosmetics industry. So it's a cosmetic thing. You don't need teeth whitening, but people want it. So think about lashes, nails, getting your hair done, all of that. I don't wanna say it's a luxury, but people get it to feel good about themselves. They want to look good and they want to feel good. I've been a dental professional for about 18 years. I had my own mobile teeth whitening business as well in Ontario. I have since moved to Manitoba. So I'm going to be starting from scratch in Manitoba. My own teeth whitening business as well. So this is perfect. So I'm going to share my journey with you guys in this group on Facebook. So stay tuned. And of course, if you are a student in the whitening pro-academy, you're going to see even more. So I'm literally going to walk you guys step by step from me ordering products, how I'm booking patients, all of that. You do have all of that inside your course now, but I'm taking it a step further of showing you guys exactly what I'm doing. If I was a successful teeth whitening technician in Ontario, I can absolutely be one here in Manitoba and I'm very excited to get started. I had to wait for my car. I had to wait for all of my supplies to be shipped because apparently when you're moving provinces, you don't get everything the next day. It's literally a month later. So I finally have everything and I can get started. But you might be wondering, well, Andrea, everybody else can have their own teeth whitening business, but I can't, it's just not going to work for me. Well, it's going to. The holidays are here, Christmas is here or Christmas is coming and the new year, right? The new year. So there you guys, look, I have something on my tongue but it's just really bad lighting. Anyways, these videos obviously aren't edited. Anyway, you're probably all laughing at me. But Christmas is coming. So what does that mean? People are looking for gifts. They are looking for gifts for other people. They are looking for things that they want other people to buy for them. Teeth whitening is something that someone is going to get it as a gift.  They're going to say, wow, this is actually really exciting. I would love to get my teeth whitened. So now is the time to do it. And people are going to want to get their own teeth whitened. So not only to give as gifts but they're going to want their own teeth whitened for Christmas parties. Their family's coming. You want to look better.  So why not get your makeup, your makeup lashes, whatever but also teeth lighting, get that as part of it. Now is the time to do it, you guys. Christmas, New Year's, think of all of that. People want to look better for Christmas, New Year's. So now is the time more than ever to sign up for the course. The course can take you as little as two weeks. I've had students take the course, finish the course in two weeks, even a little bit less because it's learned at your own pace. So you can take it as quickly or slowly as you want or you can take three months or longer. It's totally up to you. And in fact, I have had a couple students where life happens and seven to 12 months later they're now doing their clinical testing, but that's okay. They're allowed to do that. It's learn at your own pace. You have full support with me for life. It's pretty awesome, you guys, okay? Let me know if any questions, comment below. And as I mentioned earlier, yes, I'm going to be sharing my startup teeth-winding business all from how I'm going to post on social media, creating my own Instagram account, how I'm doing the website, all of that. So that will be inside the Whiting Pro Academy course. Step by step, I'm going to share it on Facebook too, but you'll get a lot more inside the Whiting Pro Academy course. So comment below, you guys, if any questions and I look forward to teaching everybody soon and have a great day.


Hello and welcome back to the craft box. My name is brenton today We are discussing what my favorite school is now I've answered this question a lot of times before but I thought you know what I'll just um Tell you outright what it is and why so I don't think I've generally given a good Like reason behind it. So yeah, we're gonna be doing secret tunnel tunnel in the background just because I got to get That flying squid inks. What is my favorite world? Fivert school. Good job. I can't even don't even know what I'm talking about to start with my favorite school Obviously for very obvious reasons as death Obviously the only school that I've maxed only school that I've like Played through the whole game with only school that I feel proud of playing. I'm gonna turn this down. This is way too loud It may not be loud for you, but it'd be loud for me Only school that I'm really proud of so Yeah, I my favorite school is death. I think it's a very versatile and Usable class you can use it and no matter what No matter what you're trying to do. There's always a use for Death if you're hitting Very good for hitting if you're jading very very good for jading if you're healing pretty good for Killing as well if you get the right gear So yeah, it's just takes a It's also really good for soloing. So solo play is fantastic Really really good. You can easily solo Basically the whole game. I've kind of done that except the main bosses, of course some of the like higher bosses that cheat a lot do get a bit a bit rocky But otherwise basically the whole game is so low of all which is fantastic Yeah, and obviously as you can see here in this in these clips here We just hitting so like even if you're just farming for things is really useful if you have day and night If you don't have day night, then no, it's not useful. But if you're death, you should have day night My second favorite school I would probably say I know this is about my favorite school, but I would say my second favorite school would probably be I Don't really know about that one. That's a really hard decision. It's either gonna be Because I haven't really played many other schools I quite like the concept of storm So I'd probably say either storm or fire because I kind of I do like dealing damage as much as I love Jading and stuff, which is what I do on my death a lot of the times I really really really love doing a lot of damage. So that's all so fun as well Just kind of like carrying the whole team. I like that idea. So yeah, that's probably Storm or fire would be kind of my second equal schools again I haven't really played much of them and it could change later in the future, but at the moment death number one second is The storm fire. It doesn't really matter. Um, it's not really what the fuck's the part But since I like to keep these videos really short My question for you today is what is your favorite school and why? Why why do you choose that school over other schools? Like if you had if you had to choose that one school over every other school, why would you choose that one school? So for example, if I had to choose death Overall the other schools and that was the only school I could pick I would choose it because Of the solo ability because I I do like to play solo a lot. So it's very useful for me to be able to play solo and then also the whole Jading and and tanking and whatever you need to do you can kind of do on death very versatile That's the reason why I would choose death as if I could only choose one school. I would choose death But yeah, let me know down in the comments what you would choose if you only could choose one school Basically, what is your favorite school and why is essentially what the question is? Yeah, follow me on twitch. I stream a lot of the times This week I'll be streaming Not too much, but a decent amount of time I'm actually going away. So these videos that you're gonna be seeing over the next couple of weeks all pre-recorded. So Yeah, if you don't get like a lot of Like comments back from me if you like Leave a comment. That's why I'm actually away. So yeah, thank you for watching Remember to leave a like and subscribe and if you subscribe press the wee little bell So you know exactly when I post another video and remember craft outside the box


11th lecture on wave shaping circuits and if time permits we shall introduce the topic of natural response of circuits. As I had talked about yesterday we were considering a different wave shaping circuit C and R and if this is VI this is V0 then V0 is approximately equal to RC the VI DT provided provided the product RC is much less than capital T where capital T denotes the time period of VI the input voltage. And I have said that if the input voltage is a rectangular wave like this if this is VI then V0 will be the differentiated form and if it was ideal differentiation if it was ideal differentiation then the slope should have been infinity alright so there should have been an impulse here and infinitely large amplitude 0 duration and there would have been a negative impulse at this point where the wave where the amplitude goes down alright. In practice what happens is as soon as this wave form is fed here the capacitor which was uncharged cannot change its charge instantaneously the capacitor acts as a short and the total voltage is dropped across the resistance R and therefore the voltage rises the voltage across the output rises from 0 instantaneously to the value VI then what happens then the capacitor gradually charges so this voltage decreases you see by KVL VI should be equal to VC plus V0 so when VC increases due to charging of C the voltage V0 decreases and this is what happens it rises to VI then gradually diminishes it diminishes exponentially alright and diminishes to approximately 0 till the voltage comes here at this point at this point the voltage goes in the negative direction and therefore I am sorry I made a mistake I wanted to take the general case of a voltage which goes positive as well as negative general case so by 0 level let us say is somewhere here this is the 0 level then what happens is the voltage goes up like this it diminishes like this then when it comes here the voltage goes down like this because the charge is approximately 0 here once again as soon as the input voltage changes to the negative level it goes to the negative level then again it the negative charge decays which means that the voltage rises towards 0 remains there then again it goes up it comes down and so on it repeats and these waveforms which are very sharp decay the duration of the waveform is very small are called spikes so what you would observe in the oscilloscope would be these spikes that the spike here a negative spike here positive spike here a negative spike here and so on and so forth alright this is the differentiating circuit now if you recall in the differentiating circuit the condition under which the circuit differentiates is that V 0 should be much less compared to V C alright V 0 should be much less compared to V C or the product R C should be much less than capital T question is can we obviate this constraint can we can we design a circuit in which this constraint is not needed in other words you see if V 0 is much less than V C what it means that the output voltage is a very reduced form of the input voltage reduced replica not replica reduced differentiated form can we do something to obviate this difficulty well this is offered by the op amp if you take an op amp in which the non inverting terminal is grounded the capacitor is connected here C and the resistor is here resistor is in the feedback part this is V 0 and this is V I suppose I consider this particular circuit it is the op amp is assumed to be ideal now if the op amp is ideal then you know this if this is ground this point shall be virtual ground this point should be virtual ground which means that the current through C would be simply C D V I D T and the current through R the current through R should be equal to V 0 by R agreed and by KCL the sum of the two currents should be equal to 0 because the op amp does not take any current infinite impedance and therefore you notice that V 0 is simply equal to minus R C D V I D T and this does not involve any assumptions whatsoever it does not involve any assumption about the product R C or that the output voltage is much smaller compared to V I know no assumptions are involved so this is a better differentiator this is what the op amp does it improves if you use the same elements a capacitor and a resistor that in between we use an op amp to improve the differentiation and this this relation if the op amp is ideal is exact there is no simplifying assumption involved here this is what the op amp does this is the op amp differentiator in a similar manner we can get an integrator an integrator is a series resistance and a shunt capacitance this is V I this is V 0 this is the passive circuit this is R and this is C and you see that V 0 yes previous case means what this case is in this case yes in this case if you make capital R very large yes okay C R will increase fine so say it may magnify the output voltage you see magnification or amplification the term is used when the waveforms are preserved that is if the output waveform was of the same shape as the input wave then the term amplification or magnification makes sense otherwise if you are changing the wave shape what is it that you compare the two shapes are different and that we don't say magnification what I am saying is that the R C product now is arbitrary it is no relation to the frequency of the time period of the input waveform all right okay in this case in the case of the R C circuit capacitor shunt capacitor as a shunt at the series resistor R which is exactly the the different heating circuit with C and R into change while V I is equal to V R plus V sub C and if V sub C that is the capacitor voltage is much less than V R then V I is equal to V R which is equal to if the current in the circuit is I it is simply equal to I times R and therefore the current in the circuit is given by V I divided by R all right if V C is much less compared to V R and this shall be valid if R C is much greater than capital T if R C is much greater than capital T which we will see later on but you see that the current in the circuit is is is determined by resistance only and therefore the output voltage that is V 0 output voltage V 0 which is the same as the voltage across the capacitor shall be given by Q by C that is 1 by C and Q is integral I dT but I is V I by R and therefore this is 1 by R C integral V I dT which means that the output voltage is proportional to the integral of the input voltage all right therefore this is an integrating circuit the constraint is that the output voltage must be very small compared to input voltage. Now to take an example if I have a square root once again like this like this then what happens is due to integration well physically you can see what is happening let us not go into the mathematics first physically what happens you can see that when V I is applied if it is a square wave suddenly V I rises from 0 to a value let us say capital V the capacitor cannot change its charge instantaneously so the capacitor starts from 0 charge and then gradually gets charged all right if sufficient time was allowed the capacitor would have charged to the maximum of V I all right when the the square wave goes negative when the square wave goes negative well the capacitor naturally charges like this suppose it it comes from starts from here the capacitor charges like this when it goes negative the capacitor gets charged in the opposite direction which means that it gets discharged so it it discharges like this and once again from here from here when the voltage goes positive the capacitor charges like this and so on ideally ideally this should be straight lines if we are really integrating then what we show as violet lines which are carved or parabolas not parabolas their exponential rises ideally they should be straight lines they would be approximately straight lines if the time of charging and discharging is small isn't that right for an exponential curve like this if you consider a small portion well it can be considered as line as a straight line and therefore it would be approximately an integrator if RC is far far greater than T that is the time available for charging on and discharging is much less compared to the time constant of the RC circuit this is the physical explanation of a passive integrating circuit now the the relation V0 equal to 1 by RC integral Vi dt is valid if RC is much greater than T and this restriction exactly like the differentiating circuit can be removed can be removed if you use an op-end let us see how this is done we have an op-end once again the inverting terminal is grounded to the non-inverting terminal now you apply a resistor and in the feedback path you insert the capacitor C this is V0 inverting terminal that is correct we applied the inverting terminal not to the non-inverting terminal no now you notice that if this is R and this is Vi then this current is Vi by R and this current would be C d V0 dt that is it being that this point is virtual ground VG and therefore this current is Vi divided by R and this current is C d V0 dt that is the potential difference between these two points is V0 and therefore the current is C d V0 dt and the sum of the two should be equal to 0 which means that V0 would be equal to minus 1 by RC integral Vi dt and there is no assumption about the RC product here there is no assumption and therefore this is a much better integrating circuit as compared to the passive integrating circuit an example now suppose I have a resistor R1 voltage V1 voltage V2 there are 2 2 voltages all right and let us say we have the op-amp and the capacitor C here what do you think the voltage would be the output voltage it can be obtained by superposition and can be written down by inspection it can be written down by inspection it would be minus 1 upon C all right the resistors are different and therefore we get integral V1 upon R1 plus V2 upon R2 this will be the total current multiplied by dt all right we have written this down by inspection consider a couple of more interesting examples is this okay suppose we have 2 voltages V a and V b connected through 2 diodes this is the end of the wave shaping and therefore we are working out a couple of examples and this is connected to ground through a 5k resistance and this is the output V0 this is V a let us say and this is V b the stipulation is this is given circuit all right 2 diodes 2 voltage resources 1 resistor and your output is V0 all right it is specified that V a and V b can have only 1 of 2 possible values V a b can be either belongs to the set 0 volt or 5 volt all right V a can be either 0 volt or 5 volt no just 2 to discrete levels either 0 volt or 5 volt that means I have a 5 volt battery which either connect to disconnect if I disconnect the voltage is 0 if I connect the voltage is 5 all right both of them could be plus 5 volt both of them could be 0 you are required to tabulate the possible combinations of V a and V b and the corresponding outputs you see V a V b and V 0 suppose V a is 0 V b is also 0 then V 0 shall be equal to 0 if V a is 5 volt and V b is 0 then 5 volt the resistance does not affect the voltage you see if V a is 5 volt then this diode conducts if the diode conducts the drop is 0 therefore this voltage must be 5 volt is that okay similarly if V a is 0 and V b is 5 once again this is 5 in volts if both of them are 5 it will still be 5 what will happen to the current through 5k look suppose I find the current I find the current under all these conditions just a minute suppose I find the current under all these conditions that is the current I here it would be 0 here it would be that means 1 milliampere here 1 milliampere here no it has to be 1 milliampere because the voltage is 5 volt the current is still 1 milliampere half of which is delivered from V a and half from V b that is basically we have 2 batteries now each battery will now give 0.5 milliampere alright now this is the this is the rudiments of logic or digital circuit alright you see if 0 volt is considered as 0 level logic 0 level logic then 0 0 leads to 0 and if 5 volt is considered as 1 level in digital in terms of digital circuits 5 volt is considered as the logic level 1 then 1 and 0 gives you 1 0 and 1 gives you 1 and 1 and 1 gives you 1 no this is an OR gate this is therefore an OR gate that is either of the 2 input levels are high so another terminology is high and low 0 is called low and 1 is called high so if either of the 2 terminals is high then the output is high if both of them are high output is high if both of them are low then the output is low and the traditional symbol for this is this there are 2 inputs a and b which are basically voltages V a and V b there are 2 inputs if and the output is let us say c then c is low if a and b both are low if either a or b or both are high then the output is high and this is the function of the OR gate or OR logic and this is one demonstration this is a demonstration of yet another application of the diode in logic gates a very simple logic why do we need diodes all right suppose we do not have the diode then you cannot make a gate without a diode without a non-linear unilateral circuit that is a circuit which passes current in one direction only you can try other combinations you will never get an OR gate what is the use of the 5k resistor what is the use of the 5k the current has to flow the current has to flow because you see suppose the 5k resistance is not there and I simply connect 5 volt battery here what does this 5 volt battery do it does not do anything these voltages will still be 0 unless the diode is shorted for the diode to be shorted a current must pass all right you might connect a 1 kilo volt here nothing will happen here till you provide a path for flow of current then the diode will drop 0 and you get the total voltage here is that okay let us take another example slightly tougher the question is I will read the question the output of a flow meter a flow meter is an instrument to measure flow that is the rate of flow or the total flow of typically let us say a liquid a flow meter typically may consist of a fan shaped mechanical gadget which when put in the path of flow in the path of flow rotates it rotates in a magnetic field and generates an emf which is typically measured to be able to indicate the amount of flow or the rate of flow all right this is called a flow meter so flow meter basically develops a voltage across it all right the flow meter the output of a flow meter is given by a voltage V which is equal to K times Q where capital Q is the rate of flow that is capital Q is let us say in centimeter cubed per second cc per second this is the rate of flow and capital K if V is in volts then capital K would be in second per volt second per centimeter cube capital K is given as 20 millivolt second per centimeter this is what is given all right a flow meter which is characterized by this relation small v equal to K Q K is given like this the effective output resistance of the flow meter flow meter has a resistance because it consists of coils rotating in a magnetic field the coils have a resistance and this resistance is 2000 ohms 2 K if the flow meter is represented by a voltage generator voltage generator then the voltage generator is K Q and its internal resistance is 2000 ohms all right the effective output resistance of the flow meter is 2000 ohms design a circuit that will develop an output voltage of 10 volt you have to design a circuit that will develop an output voltage of 10 volt 10 volt when 200 cc has passed through the metering point that is the total flow when the total flow is 200 cc 200 centimeter cube is the question clear you have a flow meter which develops a voltage V equal to K Q Q is the rate of flow and this voltage is not simply acts like a voltage generator it is a voltage generator with an internal resistance of 2000 ohms what you have to do is to design a circuit connect the circuit such that when the total flow is 200 cc the voltage developed should be 10 volts now what does this mean integrating circuit all right let us see if we can do that what we have to do is V equal to K Q I am not indicating a polarity right away we shall see this 2000 ohm for this resistance is already there so why don't you use an op-amp let this be grounded we have to use a capital C here capital C and this is V 0 so why do we use only the inverting terminal of the why do you use why don't we can use the non-inverting also so that we get the voltage in place now there is a reason the non-inverting terminal anything connected from the non-inverting terminal to the output causes positive feedback positive feedback is like if a half insane person is on a sagging bridge and you remind him that the bridge is sagging well he will make sure that the bridge goes down is this known to you no okay positive feedback encourages oscillations and once oscillation start the circuit will produce nonsense it will not act in the manner that you like for operation of an operational amplifier negative feedback is a mass and therefore we are we make a preferential treatment of the inverting and non-inverting terminals in most of the applications you will see the inverting term non-inverting terminal is not touched preferably it is connected to ground we do all operations with the non-inverting terminal because anything we collect from the non-inverting terminal to the output causes negative feedback and therefore it stabilizes the game you could not do this with the positive feedback this is a practical point and you must remember this all right now the point is that v0 is the result of an integration you notice that in this circuit v0 is equal to minus 1 over RC 2000 multiplied by C integral v dt all right integral v dt which is equal to minus 1 over 2000 C or v is K Q so K integral Q dt provided provided our polarities are like this now we do not want a negative voltage we want a positive voltage and therefore what we do is instead of collecting like this we want the plus sign here so instead of connecting the flow meter like this we connect it in the opposite direction then this sign shall be this is okay this sign shall be positive is that okay and integral Q dt what is given is that 10 v0 should be equal to plus 10 volts when integral Q dt that is the total flow is 200 centimeter cube therefore all that is required to find out is the value of C the capacitance and if I clear this out of the fractions we get 10 as equal to K divided by 200 C 2000 C multiplied by 200 and K is therefore C is well take this 200 out left with 10 so C should be equal to K divided by 100 and K is 12 millivolts that is 10 to the minus 3 centimeter per second cube divided by 100 so it is 2 times 10 to the 2 times 10 to the minus 4 farad which is equal to 200 micro farad and the solution is complete sir could we use a resistance in case of a capacitance could use a resistance in place of a capacitance then it will not integrate it will be simply inverting amplifier which is not what we want we want a voltage to be developed in a certain amount of liquid has flown and this voltage is required to be 10 volt we cannot use a resistance here no sir for integrating and differentiating circuits yes can we devise circuit in which we use inductor instead of a capacitor quite so we can do that we can do that for example your differentiating circuit is this all right you can use a R and L this is equivalent to this this performs the function of a differentiator and you can show this very easily all right similarly if you use series L and shanta this will act as an integrator this will be left to you as an exercise now we talk about we talk about natural response of a circuit all right your behaviour in the hostel is natural response when you are not when you are not monitored by your hostel superintendent it is your natural response on the other hand your behaviour in the exam hall is a forced response all right and if you are in between the exam hall and the hostel it is a combination of both because you are afraid that somebody is watching it similarly for circuits a given circuit or a system when excited by voltage sources and current sources it behaves it behaves in a manner which reflects the nature of the input and therefore that response is called a forced response all right for example to a rectifying circuit to a half wave rectifier if you apply a sinusoidal wave then you get half rectified signs all right half of the positive half of the sign if you apply DC what will happen it will be the DC itself all right the capacity rectifier or the diode will always conduct and you shall get a DC at the output as you saw in the in the OR circuit that we demonstrated so on the other hand if there are no excitations if there are no excitations from outside the circuit is left to itself then it will behave in a manner which is called its natural response now obviously if you have a resistive circuit circuit which contains only resistances no outside interference no outside source all right its response shall be identically equal to 0 everywhere in the circuit potential or current why because this circuit cannot have any initial energy it cannot store energy unless there is energy how can there be any response similarly suppose you have a inductance capacitance resistance circuit which has no initial energy none of the inductors have an initial energy none of the capacitors have a stored charge none of the inductors have a stored flux none of the capacitors have a stored charge then left to itself it shall be completely relaxed in other words all currents and voltages shall be 0 on the other hand suppose you have a capacitance capacitive resistive circuit a CR circuit it is the capacitor has a certain charge all right then left to itself this charge shall decay in a manner which is characteristic on natural of the circuit which is in the nature of the circuit and therefore such a response is called a natural response in the general situation you might apply a voltage or current to a circuit one of the things that you must understand is natural response determining natural response makes sense only when the circuit has one or more energy storage elements all right that is these are two different kinds inductor and capacitor so natural response for a resistive circuit is identically 0 it doesn't make sense to find natural response that if you have at least one energy storage element then natural response means something and you have to determine the natural response all right in the general case in the general case you may have a circuit which has some initial energy and then some voltage sources and current sources are applied to the circuit and therefore the total response of the circuit shall be a combination of forced response and natural response all right and the sum of the two shall be the complete response of the circuit there are two other terms which are used in this context this is called one of them is called the transient response and the other is called the steady state response steady state response of a circuit is the response that occurs after a long time has passed that is all the initial energies have had time to distribute or to decay the forced response has had time to establish itself formally all right then you say it is the steady state response and theoretically it happens at t equal to infinity after you leave the circuit after you excite a circuit and leave it for infinite amount of time if you observe the response later after infinity then you see what you see steady state response and what happens between the instant of application of the energy sources and the attainment of steady state is the transient response it is like Mukti or Nirvana all right before Nirvana before a person attains Nirvana he runs after money he does this he does that he he is in the rat race and so on this is all transient response all right for a circuit this is true till it reaches steady state what behavior it shows is called the transient response it is there is a common tendency amongst people who learn circuits at the first instance to equate natural response to transient response and steady state response to forced response these are not necessarily the same all right these are four different terms natural response forced response transient response and steady state response there are four different terms natural response may or may not be the transient response the steady state response may or may not be the forced they are not necessarily the same. In under certain conditions they may be the same but not in general, alright. Now in finding natural response of a circuit the first thing to determine is the order of the circuit that is how many independent energy stored elements are there in the circuit. If it is a purely resistive circuit the number of independent energy storing elements is 0 and therefore this is called a 0 8 order system. If the circuit is a differentiating circuit for example 1 capacitor 1 resistor or 1 inductor 1 resistor then there is only 1 energy storage element and it is called a first order circuit. The term order the objective order has another connotation which will come to in a minute. Now suppose a circuit has 2 capacitors and let us say 5 resistors. Now would the order of the circuit be necessarily equal to 2? No because the capacitors may be trivially connected for example if 2 capacitors are in series then you know this behaves like a single capacitor of value C1 C2 over C1 plus C2. Similarly if there are 2 capacitors in parallel then they behave as a single capacitor of value C1 plus C2. So you must be careful the number of energy storage elements does not determine the total number of energy storage elements in a circuit does not determine the order of the system. What determines the order of the system is the total number of mark the word independent. If there are 2 capacitors which are not trivially connected then the circuit shall have an order 2, alright. For example let us take a couple of examples. Suppose we have a circuit like this C, there are 2 capacitors C1 C2 a resistance here then a resistance here and a resistance here. The order of this circuit is 1 because C1 and C2 are in parallel they behave like a single capacitor. Number of resistors does not affect the order of the system alright. Number of resistors do not contribute to the order of the system it is the total number of independent energy storage elements. On the other hand if I have a circuit like this alright these 2 capacitors C1 and C2 cannot be combined with each other in any manner because there is a resistance connected here and therefore this order of the circuit is 2 alright. So one thing that we learn is that the number of independent energy storage elements in the circuit independent mind you that is not trivially connected determine the order of the circuit. Let us take another example. Suppose we have 3 capacitors in a loop like this and let us say this is the circuit C1 C2 C3 are these 3 capacitors? These capacitors independent of each other obviously they are not trivially connected you cannot combine C1 and C2 or C2 and C3 right. They are neither connected in series nor in parallel. They are not trivially connected but are they independent? Can anybody answer this question? That means they are not independent since I am asking the question that is the answer is no is not it? No that cannot be that cannot be the logic it must be the logic. Say it again say loud. What are you afraid of? That is correct. You see KVL is true KVL is valid and therefore the potential difference of C1 potential difference of C3 and potential difference of C2 cannot be independently specified. So the voltage across C2 for example if you specify VC1 and VC3 VC2 is automatically specified and therefore they are not independent of each other and the order of this circuit shall be 2 because only 2 capacitor voltages can be independently specified. We will go deeper into this uncomfortable questions a bit later but for the time being for the time being let us be happy with the with the identification of order of a circuit as the total number of independent energy storage elements. Now is it necessary that all the energy storage elements should be capacitors only? No. One could have a combination of inductor and a capacitor alright. You could have 2 inductors and 1 capacitor and still the order could be 2. Is that possible? Yes. Because the inductors could be trivially connected alright. Now how is it how is it that the natural response natural response of a circuit is determined by energy storage elements and not by resistors? Well the this statement has to be taken as a pinch of salt alright. Suppose you have a capacitor an isolated capacitor you charge it to a voltage of V0 and leave it understood leave it alone. Well it will never lose charge its natural response will be V0 whatever V0 you have said it will be V0. So there is no this such things are completely boring to an engineer. If if a signal a voltage or current does not decay with time or increase with time or value with time it does not qualify as a signal alright except for power supply. Power supply is necessary even because you cannot you cannot operate transistor circuits and operating circuits without a power supply. The power supply is a constant DC you require a DC there but in all other cases what you require what you require to be able to perform a given function are voltages and currents which vary with time. Well therefore in order that the natural response becomes interesting to an engineer there must be a resistance somewhere right a purely capacitive circuit totally capacitive circuit left to itself shall conserve all the voltages that is not given to it. A totally inductive circuit shall conserve all the flux which has been generated in it and therefore we do require at least one resistance otherwise the natural response does not make sense alright and you could have for example an inductor in series with a resistor well this is the equivalent circuit of a practical coil. If you wind the coil around the former this is the practical circuit you get an inductor in series with a resistance and suppose suppose you have a switch here alright which which is originally connected here and there is a current source I0 here originally connected here then if sufficient time is passed the inductor current inductor current shall be equal to I0 alright then at t equal to 0 the switch is thrown open to this point which is connected to ground alright at t equal to 0 the switch is thrown to the other contact then the current generated is disconnected and the flux generated in the inductor due to the current I how much flux L times I inductance times the current this flux now finds an easy path through this and therefore therefore the flux gradually decreases or the current in the circuit I which at 0 minus was equal to I0 I of t shall decrease as t increases I of t decreases as t increases and that is the natural response this is what is of interest to us and we shall explore this point further on Friday. So we say in natural response we can have a charge energy storing device which energy stored but we cannot have external voltage. So initially this charge then it is left the sources are removed.


Everybody for us here rip in 21 22 tops Merlin chrome soccer hobby 3 bucks number 27 random teams Always find the results right here late in sports cards calm. Thanks for joining everybody. Good luck. What's up, Andrew? Let's get started here. We should pull a super fracture. I Don't think we have out of this Hey guys prison basketball choice coming up next our first breaks of prison basketball choice. Let's get those filled random team style We're starting off with a nice color It's an orange I said it's Manuel Locatelli 4 out of 25 orange there for for Juventus Nice look at tell a good start to the day rookie refractor Napoli, Alessandro Zanoli Ageless alchemy is Henrik Larsen for Celtic 123 stars Malik Tillman. Hey guys, it's down to 18 18 to go refractor rookie Dane scarlet spurs Yellow wave Memphis to pie Barcelona 3 of 225 Love the color in this product rookie refractor. Lotsio. Luca Romero Donnaruma prophecy fulfilled for PSG under 23 stars Timothy way Leal oh, I do there's a Pogba refractor for Manu Cisco based rookie there a Harvey Barnes Lester City refractor auto Solid hit for Lester City a Roma rookie speckle every Madarvo 140 of 150 by an refractor Leroy Sané Prophecy fulfilled Giovanni rena for Dortmund 123 stars West Ham Declan Rice and refractor Sadio money Liverpool What are you guys most excited for today prison choice Leaget prism WNBA release today as well. We have those on the site archives baseball So I never something coming up and T wrote to the World Cup next week There's a lot next week actually think spectrum basketball too. There's there's a ton. 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Don't don't do it Blake I know you won't but don't do it Don't wear the haggardy stuff You know, I have not cared about a high school rivalry Yeah, yeah, Blake your boys killing it Alphan he's the closer He's killing it man, I think I'll be rooting for the Phillies in the National League as long as they're in it Because of him and Schwabber Harper's cool too Obito baseball shirt and you should man. You should Green mojo nice Liverpool Virgil van Dijk Number 47 99 refractor Juventus Duzan of La Jovec Ales alchemy Pirlo for AC Milan those are such pretty cards for being like a Not a common answer, but not rare like those are those are so cool Like those could easily be like a case-hit type thing under 23 stars to mom was yellow all the Renaissance Those are pretty cool, too. Maybe we'll see one here. Maybe we'll see a renaissance I'm hoping refractors a pot up at Atlanta refractor Muhammad Salah or Salah Liverpool Liverpool box so far Nico Gonzalez a La Jovec Aqua Juventus 138 of 199 refractor Ryan Cherokee or Ryan Cherokee for Leon some gold Spurs auto Joe Rodan His gold hit spurs. It's six of fifty Welshman a few more packs. We will see a big color here Props you fulfilled Weston McKenney Juventus What exactly happened Kirk? I didn't get to see all I saw was they were up a good amount and then Not when there's a Chua Manny rookie 123 Vinnie jr. 15 to go guys break index. Let's get it filled up Yarsabal Refractor Cameron Carter Vickers for Celtic Speckle Ajax Antony 38 of 150 Hold them Refractor Baranet Shia or Baronet Baron Xia Your associate add name our prophecy fulfilled and under 23 stars Moucoco Yusufa Moucoco Kenny's favorite player All right, quick recap some of the color and in the autos green mojo to 99 Virgil van Dyke Liverpool In the nice orange for Juventus Manuel Locatelli 25 refractor auto Lester City Brennan Rogers and a Harvey Barnes A couple Lester City autos and a gold auto for its spurs Joe Rodan with some sort of signature six of 50 Nice gold there for your spurs. Thanks again, everybody. You got some basketball coming up


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Hi, I'm Alex and this is the abstract presentation for Monsignorilla, Efficient Vactoli and Serial Launch Proofs Overset UK. This is joint work together with Karsten Baum, Dana Braun and Peter Joll. We consider Serial Launch Proofs for circuits, where the prover has a witness W, so when this witness is input into circuit C, the circuit outputs either except the reject. This must satisfy the three security properties called completeness, soundness and serial knowledge. We always consider the circuit as arithmetic over a large ring. We achieve serial knowledge by using the commit and prove paradigm, where the prover commits to the entire witness and then finally you open the W out value to show that it's except the reject. This can be done using only linear and homomorphic commitments, provided the prover proves consistency of the commitments throughout the computations. We always consider computation over C2K rather than finite fields, so this is the ring of the integers modular to decay. This has several advantages, primarily it maps naturally to data types used by CPUs in programming languages, so that it's easier to convert programs to corresponding circuits and in turn leads to more efficient protocol implementations. It has several disadvantages however, C2K is not a field, so you have serial devices meaning that polynomials can have lots of roots as well. This means that common tricks don't work and protocols get more complicated, but also the proofs of security can be quite a bit harder. The way you usually generate these linear and homomorphic commitments is through vectorally. Vectorally is meaning that it's a black box where the sender can input a vector x and then get out a vector m, so that this causes the linear and homomorphic commitments to x, provided that the receiver inputs are so-called global key delta and a local key k. The way you usually generate vectorally however, is through pseudo-random correlation generators. This is where the prover and the verifier, they interact to generate a short seed, but then they can non interactively expand this into a non-correlate string of length n. This is usually done with only sublinear communication in the vector length n. It's based on the variance of learning parity with noise and through this it has been proven actively secure only for fields. In this paper we provide the first actively secure vector, a leaf or rings set to k, with sublinear communication. So first recap LPN. This is where you have a short seed s, you have a long and big public generating matrix a, and then you have a sparse error vector e. If you do this computation you get out a vector x that looks completely uniform. The way we use this is by starting out with m vector least that we call the seed, and then we expand these into s that a vector of length n, so that the vector only correlation still works for each of the indices in n. So we start out with a base vector least of length n, then we generate this error which sparse it has exactly t errors where t is significantly less than n. But this has three main issues though. The way you usually do this is by using a sub protocol called single point vector only which uses a ggm tree. Now overrings establishing consistency is much more tricky than over a field when you use a ggm method. So therefore we create a new consistency check so that neither party can cheat. This new consistency check however leaks the index of a single error with probability a half. So this requires an analysis of the parameters used within the LPN instance to ensure it's still secure. Now finally the noise values within this noise vector must be chosen very carefully so that you cannot break this through a recent attack. Now after all of this is done the proven the verifier simply apply the generating matrix to all to the seed vector least and add the error vector least and out you get a vector x that looks completely uniformly random and then you simply save m and repeat. We also provide a way of verifying multiplications instead to k efficiently. This stems from an observation from quicksilver where you can convert the MAC equations of a multiplication triple a, b and c into a polynomial and delta instead. Now the perks of having this as a polynomial and delta means that you have a linear relationship between multiple of these multiplication triples. So now the prover can simply send a0 and a1 and then we can check the following equation by using a random linear combination. The issue however is that over a ring this is not as straightforward as over a field since many roots may exist so we create a new consistency check and a new analysis to ensure that this is still good. So our results are the following we are the first to provide an efficient vector leaf asset to k which is actively secure. This only requires one bit to 1.3 bits communication perfect to leave a large batches and we can generate up to 50 million of these per second. We also provide the first way of efficiently checking multiplications instead to k. This only requires one ring element communication per multiplication. You can watch the full presentation on august 18th or you can read the full version on e-print if you follow the link. Thank you so much for listening.


Hello friends welcome back to module five lesson number one creating a culture to attract the best talent in this lesson You're gonna learn how to create a great culture so then that way you can have staff that take cares of your business like their own To start off we need to define what culture is Culture is how people interact with each another and how they interact with your customers This is all through a shared set of beliefs a shared set of values attitudes purposes and behaviors This would show up in your work environment shows up in your vision mission in the values and the goals that you have for your staff Now what is a great culture and what makes for a great culture a great culture is when your stated culture What your poster boards are saying what basically you're saying on your website and What people really actually do is Aligned when those two things are aligned that's when you have a great culture For example if customer service orientated is part of your company's values That's the state of culture and is aligned with how your front of the house treats your customers And basically they have a lot of attention to detail they make sure that they serve them to the best of the Capability that's what makes for a great culture is when those two things aligned Where can you see company culture on your own website where it displays the values mission on glass door for for example? Testimonials from staff and ex-employees you would see great cultures and not just great but company cultures through Yelp when people are commending on The staff being super nice super happy and super friendly or vice versa when you see negative reviews on Yelp Or Google reviews when they say that their customer service is poor places dirty It's not professional and when you go on that restaurants website when they say that they focus on Cleanliness they focus on professionalism they focus on customers That's a huge disconnect with what people are experiencing and what they preach That they they they're doing You can also see your company the company's culture in person at the shop and how they interact with each other and how you Experience and how you feel when you're in a place a lot of times. It's not what people say, but it's how you feel So definitely be in there to actually understand how that feels and remember one thing your Employees drive your business not your customers. So make sure that you understand that This is through basically multiple interviews with really successful restaurantiers and I asked them What is their greatest asset? What is it that makes their restaurants so popular and so successful? 10 out of 10 they say it is their team it is they say it's because they invested in their team because Their team is an extension of what they believe in is an extension of how they want to serve their customers and In return their customers feel and accept how the cuss how the employees treat them So if you don't treat your employees well If you don't treat them as an asset and you just really focus on your customers while neglecting your in on your employees Then there's no one to help you do that unless you're the only one that serves and faces your customers Which at then a day we all know that's not possible So you might be asking hey Wilson I get kind of culture I get the fact that I want to create a great culture, but why is it essential for? Having great stuff. It is because your employees are much happier if you put the great if you if they're aligned with your culture They feel less stressed and you also on the other hand feel less stress They're much more optimistic about their career career because they're working in line and in flow with what they believe in For example, if your values and your employees values don't align it is okay That means it's just not the right fit just like how you're not going to be the right fit for all the other people out there It's the same example It becomes much more of a collaborative working environment as well Much more engaged with work when they feel that hey, you know what these are the values that I believe in This is how I work and hey just so happens that my boss has the same values great I'm just being myself and that's how they can feel much more engaged with work. They're much more productive They are much more ownership and accountability and at the end of the day They truly care because it feels like they're it this is their own business And this is one of the biggest thing that I always that get asked is hey Wilson how do you create a culture and That actually has staff that cares because at the end of the day, it's really really difficult And people always complain about their staff don't care their staff is just they have no common sense So on and so forth always always criticizing about their staff. This is something that I hear all the time But when you have a great culture when you onboard people with the same values then working with your staff is So easy it becomes an effortless experience because they just have that type of ownership and accountability Which you cannot force upon them, which you cannot add an extra few dollars For them it comes from inner self Okay, it leads and all of this when your your employees are happy all leads to happier customer Which in turn allows them to come back again and again Which in turn allows you have to better reviews and everything just goes into this positive cycle of goodness So stated culture equals actual culture makes for a great culture guys This culture is the foundation of every single Organization believe it or not even if you if you don't have a stated culture Your your team would still feel there is a certain type of way working with you So if you don't define it if you're not purposeful and intentful with this then it becomes a very very Bad experience for your staffs So first off, how do you create your culture knowing the importance of it knowing why you need to do it? How do you create it first? We need to understand it's how people interact with each other That's what culture is and this is all through a shared set of beliefs And what does that mean? That means you must first define Your values to act as a guideline of how people interact and behave with each other you need to start Identifying what is it and how is it that you like things done and then you can actually teach and onboard people with The same shared set of beliefs. So for example, if My values are about empowerment then I need to understand that and have clarity within myself So then that way I can onboard people who see the same values who understands the importance of Empowerment who believes in that as well and then that way we can onboard them and it becomes a really really good mix And that's the reason why your focus in module one was on values and on mission And on your wise because that is the foundation of any types of business and now you get to use that So the stated culture is the values your mission statement your why your vision all these are your stated Culture, what are you gonna do with these stated cultures that you created in module one and module two? You print these you incorporate it into your website your restaurant your training manuals and anywhere else that you see fit It could be simply as a throughout every single conversation you bring this up What is the values and you define that and it becomes an exercise for all your meetings? actual culture Understand and always remind yourself that these are the rules and framework and everything you do So whenever you're having marketing meetings when you're having like a team huddle, this is what you emphasize on It's okay to keep bringing these values up these mission these behaviors the vision that you want to create because people need constant reminder and the more you say it the more it becomes real and You need to lead by this and try your very best to align both what you state and how you live it Always make sure that you put your money where your mouth is always try to preach what do what you preach Okay, because the closer the stated culture what you have on paper what you have on your Wall what you have on your business plan those are your stated culture the closer it is with Actually, what you do the stronger your culture is there's no right or wrong answer But there is something called a great culture and that's when this these two things aligned Two common pitfalls that I see when people are trying to execute culture the first is misalignment not being authentic Misalignment with stated culture and actual culture because it the idea and the sound of customer service might be very Cliche and it might be something that everyone talks about which is the reason why you feel like that Hey, you know what if I'm running a restaurant I need to run and have customer service as one of my core values But in turn when you don't truly believe in that that's not authentic because you won't act on that You won't spend the money to invest with your team so then that way they have better customer service And when that is misaligned This shows up with how your customers feel it and how your employees are able to deliver that So for example company can have posters about quality and care But if the owner is abusive is condescending and treats their employees terribly and promote incompetent people This is misalignment and we don't want to do that Understand yourself really really well and own up and have accountability to your own values And don't be afraid to embrace that because no other business is the same The only difference that sets them apart is the values and how the founders work and this is what makes for a great culture Not necessarily the individual values that sounds great Very common in many places you've got to be genuine desire to create an actual positive culture as you stated Okay, so once again be authentic and own what you truly believe in don't just go for values that sounds great Second up culture is not a one-time thing This is an ongoing and always require intentional nurture and the way you live it Understand this is a forever commitment whenever you've stated your culture Whatever you've stated for your values and the way you do things this becomes an ongoing thing for the duration of your whole Business is not a one-time thing where you said it and you forget it And this is what we see as a big common pitfall with a lot of companies that started off with a great culture But they ended off fading away with these cultures as they grow and as they don't pay attention to it anymore And we see this in a lot of founder stories, right? Because they focus and the lack of effort and maintaining the actual culture. So we see this as being a very very big thing where When the business is growing We don't pay much attention to the culture anymore and that is a big no-no We see that Lululemon does an amazing job with this because they actually have a department focus specifically on Creating and bridging the gap of culture and always living and breathing by that Now it is your turn to go and create your company culture Define your values by completing the seven steps in the link below and if you haven't already done so Defining your why your mission statement in module one Make sure you guys go back to find those because you're gonna be able to use this to create your own very set of Culture in this lesson you've learned how to create a great culture that attracts the best talent who cares for your business If you want your business to run automatically while you have the freedom of Time and freedom of financial to go and travel and take care of and spend quality times with your loved ones Then having the great culture set down in stone is super important So make sure you guys download in the link below and start working on that Next up we're gonna be talking about how do you hire your all-star team who will run your dream restaurant for you? I'll see you guys in the next lesson


But if the narcissist discards you, they worry about this. There comes a point in the relationship where you've had enough of the narcissist. You don't want to deal with them anymore. But despite that, you may still choose to stay in the relationship. But you question and confront them on the things that they do. It irritates them. They don't like it. The last thing any narcissist wants you to do is to question anything. They want to spoon feed their narrative to you. They don't want you to tell them. So naturally at that point, in many cases, the narcissist will discard you. And at that point, they're forced to move things forward with their secondary source of supply. They have to advance that source to the primary position. But they may not want to do that. Maybe they would rather keep you as their current supply. But because you're bringing these things to them, they don't want to deal with you anymore. They want things to be easy. And that is why when you start making it tough for the narcissist, they will start to move the new source to be in their primary source of supply. Because maybe they don't know enough about the new supply. Maybe the new supply isn't suitable for that position. Maybe they haven't groomed them enough. There will be many reasons why. But for whatever reason, they don't really want to do that. It's just left with no choice. They have to put the new source into the primary position. Because they haven't got enough time to go around vetting other people to see if they can fit that position, to see if they are susceptible. They haven't got enough time to do that. Because a narcissist cannot be alone for a long period of time. They can't even be alone for a few days. So it really doesn't leave them much time to go around looking for other people. They have to settle for whatever it is that they've been working on while they're with you. Which is never going to be anything good. Because they're already supposed to be in a relationship with you. It's something that greatly worries them. They also know that they cannot. Once they know that you're no longer susceptible to them in ablation, at that point you're just a lost cause. They know that they have to get rid of you. At that point, anything looks better than you. Which is why it will often seem like the narcissist downgrades. Because although the new source may not be as attractive or as successful as you are, they believe in the narcissist illusion. And to a narcissist, there's nothing more important than that. Which is why you find yourself. You can't compete. It really affects your self-esteem. It makes you chase after the narcissist. And you may look at the new source. And you may feel like you're not as good as them. Even though really, they're just a pick out of desperation. In many cases the narcissist may have only known them for a few days or a few weeks. And maybe they didn't have any other option. Which is why naturally it does worry the narcissist and they discard you. But despite that they still continue to discard you because they have no other choice. They're completely useless to them after that. The quickest way to get rid of a narcissist is to question them. Confront them. Because at that point they're not going to want anything to do with you. Anything is going to look better. But yeah, it does worry the narcissist. It does worry them. Because they wonder sometimes what if this new person is going to exploit them the way they exploited you. That's something the narcissist fears. Anyway, that's all I've got to say for this video. It's very cold up here. But I wanted to get this one in today. Thank you all for joining me. Have a great day.