All right, happy success Saturday. I hope you guys are having an incredible incredible Saturday Man, I got some big news coming for you guys next week. I want you to stay tuned for that I'm talking some massive massive massive news this next week Something that I've been putting together behind the scenes something. I've been building prepping for you For our team for the industry It's gonna be some really really really big news And I'm pretty excited about it. I know you guys will be too. So I want you to stay tuned to what we have going on We will be releasing that This next I got you guys sitting on the edge here. We'll be releasing this big crazy news Possibly as early as a Monday, so only a couple days away about 48 hours or so 48 to 72 hours will release it, but I'm super super super excited and I know that our audience Insurance agents that want to succeed will also Want to know what the big news is is Tommy max texting me from Virginia saying hey, dude What's the big news man? I can't share it yet, but man I can promise you this I want you guys to think about what you think it is put it in comments below Go ahead and start guessing, but I want you to know that whatever you think it is You're probably not thinking big enough. You guys know me. I'm a big believer in thinking big Striving for excellence putting my best foot forward and whenever I'm thinking big Dude, I'm still thinking too small and I can promise you whatever you think the new the big news is you're probably thinking too small There's only a handful of people in my life that actually know at all What I've what we've been the whole team really and what I've been putting together behind the scenes Man I'm super super super excited. Also.  So I got some big crazy news coming up very very soon I want you guys to I appreciate your patience. I'm Extremely sorry that I cannot release it yet, but hit literally within the next 48 to 72 hours is the plan We've been building something behind them scenes for a while.   It's a it's success Saturday. You guys know I'm a big believer in success Saturday I may be in Florida. I may be on a little vacation, but you guys know that I'm still thinking about you I'm still thinking about me. I'm thinking about my business. I'm still thinking about Expansion and growing and helping agents. I write down my goals every morning every night One of my goals are right down every morning You guys will believe me, but you know what the rest of the industry probably won't is that I Want to help every insurance agent in the world at some point in the future and I can't do that without getting attention So the big news has something to do with getting a lot of attention That I know a lot of agents will be super super jacked for I've not seen another I Don't want to get too specific because I'll give it away. I haven't seen another Offering like this Ever in this business and we're gonna release it on Monday or Tuesday. We're building some finishing some final buildouts behind the scenes I'm super super super excited super jacked. I know that you guys will be excited because at the end of the day I Know that for me to hit my goals, whatever they may be and for you to hit your goals, whatever they may be You've got to number one. You got to think big You got to get attention you got to take action, but you also got to provide the value So anytime I do anything I'm always thinking about bringing value to you guys in some way And so this is the biggest value add that I have ever been able to accomplish With this crazy little new new new big news. I May not even make a dime focused on helping insurance agents all over the country all over the world It's kind of funny the more we grow we start to get agents from Australia Canada Puerto Rico Cuba you know London China Korea The Philippines we've had agents a lot. I mean Alaska still part of the US but way up there We've had a lot of agents respond looking for different types of help I didn't either guy I've had a couple agents already reach out this morning on Facebook Messenger That's a one good way to just chat directly with me. My team may get upset for me saying that but that's just part of it that hey Agents are looking for help agents know that 92% of agents and that may have something to do with that number this this big news 92% of agents fail man. It's hot. It's hot in Marko Island, Florida 92% of agents fail. I Want to help that I want to be remembered as the dude that helped that statistic in this business and the big news will Direct it will it will address just that Specifically I've never brought more value to the industry than I will in this way I've never helped agents in a bigger way than this big news will help I've never tried to bring something really cool to you That's been bigger or better than this and so we're gonna try to do that as well So Are there any questions or guesses on what the big news is I know that I can't release it yet But I know that I am extremely excited and that I want to release it so I appreciate you guys being here I appreciate the thumbs up. I appreciate all the support at the end of the day everything we do is for you So I do appreciate the support very much I'm excited about releasing this big news very very soon. I've been thinking about it for I've been thinking about this for a lot longer than people realize Maybe you guys are like this You've got something that you know, you want to do something that you know You need to do and you think about it behind the scenes for a long time Broski, what's up Tommy Mack something that I've something that I've changed in my life And I feel like it can directly help you guys is what reason I'm gonna mention it when I think something's a good idea We release it In a matter of minutes hours days No matter how big it is maybe weeks, but we don't let we don't let time We don't add time to any decisions that we make so I'm a big believer in that no matter how big the decision is If it's if it's the right move Then let's just let's just do it Dave ourselves manager has been on vacay. He was on vacation in Florida for a week before I left and He said he I just told him about the the news that we're actually releasing my idea And he was super super super surprised because he's like dude You act faster on ideas than anyone I've ever met and so in your business in your life You need to know what is going on. You need to think big as Tommy Mack asked on video right now. What did I miss? Did you ain't miss nothing yet, ma'am? But you're about to if you don't tune in early early early next week You're gonna be you're gonna miss one of the biggest news to ever hit the insurance industry in the insurance world And I'm not I'm not I'm not being click baity. I'm not being you know over promise and under deliver I'm not trying to like get you guys to Figure it out. I'm not trying to get you guys to Maybe I'm trying to get you super jacked about it.  How do you make 12 grand in one week with no pants? I just shot that a few days ago and It's got some attention. We've had several people several people text or message about it and you know or comment about it Yeah, it's a funny way of getting attention, but Tell us tells is a real deal and what we're gonna do will also help that, you know a small way Tommy Mack's a good dude that's been following us for a couple years now from Virginia, I think I think security mentor has been around for two and a half years almost Right around there time that's been following us for a couple years year and a half two years He's a good dude. This is gonna help him as well Do you guys have any questions about? Maybe about the big news Maybe about tell us else maybe about Legion maybe about the schedule of an agent maybe about being successful Maybe about making a hundred K 100 K and 12 months eight months at 19 Maybe about making a quarter-million dollars. Maybe maybe there's people watching this dude They make a half-main-buck's man, but they're not they're not they're not satisfied They know they can do more and it may not all be about all be about money But at the end of the day you make more and you can help more people you can help your family more You can take your family on a on a much-needed desired vacation you can You can you can you can you can help others because it frees up your time a little bit So I'm a big believer in you know pants or no pants. I'm a big believer in Bringing some value and helping others one thing that One thing that I want you guys to know that I don't want to happen is I Don't want to be the guy that just teases you with big news doesn't bring any value lets People are messaging our team and our team growing in a following increasing Affecting our ego my ego in any way. I promise dude, that's not gonna happen I'm a I'm a I'm a small-time dude from Arkansas now in Missouri I got a great team. It makes me look better than I am I got a bunch of awesome agents that ask a lot of cool questions and at the end of the day I believe that My mission is to help as many agencies I can in whatever way I can So we got some big crazy news coming up. I want you guys to know about I want you guys to be excited about it to be a little Sneak peek of the resort Marco Island is beautiful man. It is awesome It is really really cool. So I'm I used to something I used to struggle with just just to be transparent you guys something I used to struggle with was taking time off or Leaving and not working well I still have trouble with that But I used I used to think and it was because I was young and naive that hey I Don't deserve a vacation because I'm reached my goal. I take a little vacation or I or I think about stuff on the weekend I actually think bigger that's that's one secret to our business is When I get a chance to sit and ponder and think I start thinking bigger and start thinking about things that we can do things that we should do things It'll help the industry. I start talking to agents. I start meeting agents in different parts of the country And it allows me to think what can I do to think bigger? You guys know I preach it all the time or at least I should if I don't that I've started setting goals these last these last Even the last year. I've actually started setting goals that are bigger than my mind thinks they are and A little secret every goal I've ever written down Has eventually come true So if that's something that you guys can learn from that you guys can start to do is that hey If you think a little bigger if you write down bigger goals than you think you can even achieve and then you work your butt off And that's not gonna be easy and you and you you take some action and you put some effort forth You know what hey you may be able to You may be able to do more than than we think so thank you John I appreciate the comment buddy look we're looking forward to Monday as well Thank you for the kind words buddy. I appreciate it Dude, there's just such a such a cool Cuz the insurance industry is such a cool place There's a lot of competitors. There's a lot people to hate each other. There's a lot people that bash each other You'll never hear me do that. I promise. That's just it's not me. It's not becoming of anyone to do that Hope the big news puts more casual in agents pocket Dude if they if they take part in it and I'm gonna release some some special stuff to to our to our channel here that other people won't get and I mean in a big way but dude if This happened in the big news has to do something with some I had something happen in my life that I was a part of that affected me in a massive massive way and because I took part in that It has changed me. It's got me thinking bigger. It's got me thinking more on helping people and less on helping Cody Dude, I'm a 27 year old kid and I've got an ego. I'm very I've got a pride, you know, I've got a There's times where I'm arrogant self-centered But I'm trying I'm trying not to be and I think right that's one of the reasons that I've got I've added a new goal recently over the last week. I've got four goals that are right down every morning every night and the fourth one Has to do with helping every interest agent in the world and so that goal Just by writing down that goal has got me thinking differently bigger. It's got me focused on you rather than me and So helping agents rather myself. It's easy to get wrapped up in yourself It's easy to talk about yourself. It's easy to you know promote yourself It's easy to try to just make money like Tommy Mack just said. It's easy to try to just make money for yourself But I can promise you the big news Whether you guys believe it or not We'll have nothing to do with me making a dime And may get me some attention and it may help a lot of agents And a brain may bring a ton of value to you and you know what down the road five or ten years from now Maybe it'll help me financially, but right now. I'm not worried about that I'm worried about Like I said, I'm I'm planning on spending a quarter of a million dollars to half a million dollars over the next few months to make this big news secret happen and If that's the case, I'm not planning on making any money in the short term I'm just planning on the fact that it's gonna bring a lot of value to agents It's gonna get a lot of attention And so I appreciate all the comments. I appreciate all the kind words. I want you guys to stay tuned because It's success Saturday. You guys I'm a big believer in Saturday. I can't To let you guys in on a little secret last Saturday last Saturday, I didn't have a There was the first Saturday where I didn't have as much to do on a Saturday as I normally do work-wise and so I Told my wife. I'm like I told her babe. I got to go the office. I feel weird. I always work a few hours on Saturday mornings I feel out of place and so I Probably worked less last Saturday than ever before but I still had to drive to the office Go into the office and get a few things done Because I was gonna feel bad. I wasn't gonna go through the rest of my day thinking. Hey, I preached to you guys to Get a little bit done on a Saturday morning.  I Went in the office last Saturday. I had less to do than ever, but hey, I still went because I never want to Not practice what I preach Working on Saturday as an agent helped me a lot. I had a lot of agents Most of you guys don't know this back when I was 19 in a mutual Omaha office If I wouldn't have because I was in I was 19 because I was in college because I was playing basketball I didn't have as much time as any other agent in that office and we had an agent agents agents an office about 20 agents I Was the top agent almost every single week for about eight months And the reason why that was is because I managed my time and I always always ask 10 people to buy every single week That's it. That's not rocket science. That's what I did And by working on Saturdays, I would be the only one What's funny is I started out as one of the only ones there and then once the other agents in the office picked up On what I was doing how I was doing it the fact that I was always making calls on Saturday Before you know it half the office was there on a Saturday and they didn't used to be That's not a testament to me That's a testament to the fact that it works it pays off You want to do something now that's gonna pay off in the near to long-term future and so Calling working on Saturdays was that for me? You guys don't realize it, but I Was offered a Sales manager position with mutual law hall in a different state when I was 21 years old I took it. I turned it down because Number one. I enjoyed being an agent. I was a young agent I would knew I always wanted to help agents in the future because I had a good story But I couldn't help agents if I had a you know a little bit of success here and there and then just Went into management and corporate America and that's just not for me. It's just not me for me at all I tell my wife all the time.  I don't care if they're watching an offer now It just wouldn't happen But back then I had a lot of managers from different offices around the US They were a part of mutual law that would actually call and say hey, dude What the freak are you doing man? There's weeks where you're out producing our entire office Of 10 agents, you know, what are you doing? And you know what? I told them every single time that I would tell you guys the exact same thing I Ask at least 10 people to buy every single week and when I thought when I got to work 10 was easy I Asked 15 people to buy every single week and when I got to work 15 was easy I asked 20 people to buy every single week and so This isn't a hard business But for whatever reason most agents struggle with prospecting most agents struggle with leads Most agents struggle with getting in front of people most agents struggle with Yeah, there's the product knowledge. Yeah, there's the sales training.  I've had and so I Wasn't special dude, and I'm still not special.    I don't care if you're Doesn't matter If you're in a life in health space You sit with 10 people you say well, okay, well Cody whiff what if I'm selling Medicare and I'm only making you know 300 bucks a pop and Fact-fined those people own life insurance or have a life insurance to some point in the past They also have investments. They also have a need for long-term care. I used to do this four-step money bag presentation and fact-fined it every Medicare appointment I ever ran and I Went over four areas. I went over Health insurance. I went over legacy planning. I went over You know Nursing home cost and I went over Income protection and so I went over those four areas and you can call whenever you want But those allowed me to fact-fined in four different areas So that when either even when I was a will allow me to go walk through those areas Even when I was selling Medicare, I still sold a lot of life a lot of long-term care the occasional annuity And it was all because I just Asked dude. It wouldn't because I knew anything more than anybody else. In fact little secret between me and you I knew less I knew less about the products. I had less excelsic experience. I Had sold less of any of those products than anybody else in the industry but I Figured out the way to get in front of 10 people. I had a process. I asked them to buy. I actually asked that was big Yeah, yeah, you can get in front of 10 people if you don't ask them to buy everybody's gonna tell you I'm not interested or they want to think about it or they're not sure or they want to call you back Or they want to talk it over to their spouse their wife There's been very few another little secret. There's been very few cells that I've made that That I couldn't have made on the first sale the first appointment Sounds foreign to a lot of people sounds impossible sounds unrealistic If there was a chance for me to close it at some point in the future or in a second appointment Or a third appointment or call them back or the them call me back or reschedule another appointment or whatever About I would say over over 90% of the time when I actually made cells From following up. I could have made the cell on the very first call Dallas in my Medicare call center. He says it all the time. He says hey man He said the calling people back and following up and setting a future call back and all that He's selling meds ups over the phone. He says dude That's not easy. That's hard. He said I do I could have getting people back on the phone It's the toughest part Obviously He says dude, I gotta start closing more on the first call You know like you do and he started to he started to put more emphasis on hey This is my one and only shot burn the bridge behind you. That was my thinking as an agent Being unsure about whether you should close or whether you shouldn't close so when I started putting emphasis on hey I'm closing now I'm getting the cell right now or I never Or by calling people back or by following up or by listening to all their objections or listening to talk to their spouse Or listening that they can't afford it listen that they're not sure they need to talk to their wife And they call you back, you know, they need to think about it all those things you'll make more cells on The first cell and you'll make more cells in general and on the first call whether it's tell a cell or infield if you burn the bridge and Never thinking of and make it a personal rule of yours personal policy of yours I do not do business with anyone outside of the very first time Will you miss out on a few cells every now and then? Yes, but I promise you You'll make more total cells by doing that then you ever will by closing some and then getting a small sum later By calling them back That was something I learned from Brian Tracy. There's an audio book. I think it's in our members area for free It's the art of closing the cell. I Listen to that all day every day on the way to every appointment on the way to school on the way to practice on the way to games I listened to that at 19 a lot 1920 21 years old I listen that CD I freaking I listen at CD so much it broke I had to get another one.  Well sub-zack appreciate you being on buddy preach the comment you've got it dude Everyone's got a focus on learning something If I didn't try to learn anything I wouldn't constantly be trying to improve myself. We're getting better anything. I've learned I either Picked up from doing or I picked up from somebody else the Brian Tracy's the zig-zigglers the Grant Cardone's the anybody I'm a big believer in learning from people in putting focus on Constantly growing You guys know that I preach us all the time Poletier cheesy or not. I don't care. It's the truth Some people will think it is my biggest fear is that I'm gonna get complacent That we're gonna grow and then I'm gonna get satisfied or complacent or stop growing or stop working as hard or stop going into the office on Saturday mornings or Stop responding to emails or messages or stop putting my value and focus on helping agents and start putting emphasis in that focus on helping Cody which is never the goal so I'm assuming I'm hoping you guys are the same way You don't want to get complacent You don't want to forget that Hey, there's a chance to always learn. There's a chance to always grow There's a chance to always improve What's some of your guys's favorite sales books? I'd love to I'd love to hear what your guys's favorite sales books are And I'll pick them up and read them and listen to them this weekend. I promise I'm always listening to stuff. I even listen to the crush and crushing it by Gary V. I even listen to all of Grant Cardone's audiobooks I even listen to Brian Tracy's articles and sales the Xiggler thinking go rich Just listen to one of the day. I've been listening to some podcast I just listen to a book to the day Well, what are you guys listening to that you feel like I need to listen to a lot of people watch TV shows? Yeah, I'm human. I watch TV every once in a while But dude, I don't I don't learn anything from watching TV. So what's what's the point? You know, yeah I'll wind down chill out watch some TV. I'm human But I don't learn something from watching TV. I don't get better by watching TV I don't hit my goals sooner by watching TV I don't get that desire doesn't come out of me when I'm watching TV when I'm hanging, you know So that's the reason I'm doing this on Saturday morning is I'm on vacation I'm in Marco Island, Florida. If you're here hit me up and let me know I Was gonna feel bad the rest of the day This is just the way I'm wired I was gonna feel horrible the rest of the day if I didn't do something work related on Saturday morning. I Have to every single Saturday every least in the morning for a few hours and if I don't I Just I won't sit well with me. You just really won't so I Appreciate all the thumbs up. I appreciate you guys being here What do what do you guys? Is there any questions that I can help answer Before I get back to my Saturday before I check some emails before I end up going down to the pool in a little bit Do anything else that I can answer help again We got some crazy big news coming up I can't give you guys specifics, but I've heard I promise you'll be one of the first people to know Thank you Zach Steven Covey's seven habits of highly effective salespeople dude. I love that. Thank you, buddy Seven habits of highly effective effective salespeople. Dude. I'm picking that up as soon as we get off I got an audible account.  What's up, Dave? Appreciate it, buddy Yeah, Zach, I would say if it's a question leads related Okay, there's one of two schools of thought and that's the only reason we that's the only reason we create leads is because I just was ticked off by all the And this is not being me me me being negative in any way. This is me being transparent honest.  Probably a majority of the time I could and yes, I could but I got so tired of Everyone else talking to the leads The fact that and I know how they do it now those big internet vendors, dude They're putting they're they're just getting leads everywhere. They're storing them You'll get some leads that are actual real-time. You'll get some leads that responded three and six months ago You'll get some leads where they sent it to nine people over the last month I mean, that's just that's just no way to do business. That's not no way that we will ever do business That's a that's a recipe for disaster if you're investing in those companies I challenge you to try secure agent mentor.com. That's my company We generate all types of insurance leads for agents the only I know I told myself I would never get in the lead business and I still don't feel like I am as much as it crazy as that is and yeah A lot of my revenue comes from helping agents with leads, but at the end of the day I do leads because I Couldn't find and I trust myself at generating good leads for me and my team and for you guys Then I do some person in big place. I don't even know so The success system that never fails Nice nice nice nice appreciate that appreciate that Dave print. I've never seen it in audio. Okay, cool W. Clements down the success system that ever fails. Awesome. This this live chat will be on replay So I'll be able to remember these. Thank you so much, buddy. I'm a big believer in in learning listening and You know what this little big news coming up in a couple days may be related to maybe very related to helping agents Teaching learning training motivating giving them a little inside type of scoop on Things that happen and things that they they they can learn from so John. Hey, that's a good point. Uh Mmm Gosh, I wish I could give a specific answer that question. I feel bad not what time on Monday I'm Pulling for I would say probably the best chance is probably afternoon as much as I want to say It's gonna be Monday morning. We've got a lot of stuff to finish over the weekend I got my team working on some stuff over the weekend. I've got a working stuff for the weekend So we're probably looking at Monday afternoon I would love to release it Monday morning and I may if it's all done So I just don't you only get one chance to make a first impression yet. Nothing's perfect And you want to just do it you want to get it out there but You know, you only get one chance to make a good first impression. So I don't want to I want it to be right So that's that's a great question. I'll be John. Thank you, buddy What other questions can help answer success Saturday? We got some big news coming up in a couple days I challenge you haven't been to our website Danny our web a part of our web team just built a He's revamped her whole website this over the last few months this year And that dude's done an incredible job big give a thumbs up for Danny And our web team or marketing team or sales team or service team If you guys have noticed the teams growing a lot We've got I don't know 15 20 people back there Since and I didn't hire I didn't have anyone this past August at all And I only had like three people at the start of this year And so yeah, we've I we've hired at least a dozen plus people 12 15 people this year alone Why is that? I want to grow I want to help agents. I can't do it alone neither can you It's really hard to scale and grow and when when I write down big goals and part of those meeting those be go big goals Involves that's one of the reasons I write about every every day is because by writing down my goals every day I start to think Number one, I think clear I stay focused But I also meet goals quicker because it happens all the time to me where a day a week a month Will go by and I'll be like holy crap. What did I get accomplished today? What did I get accomplished this week and a lot of times it's it's nothing Be sure to add me guys on Facebook as well Cody ask and be sure to like our Facebook page security mentor I'd love to have you guys interacting with our posts and comments. I'd love to help answer questions in any way by doing that I Stay focused. I get a lot more done those Listen to this real quick because when I when I set a goal if I don't have a goal Then I can I can achieve what I want to achieve, but it may happen six months from now but if I've got a If I've got a goal and I actually write it down Every single morning and every night. I'm more conscious to hit it quicker because I'm thinking about it all day If it involves hiring people a higher room quicker if it involves spending more money quicker I spend it quicker if it involves taking action and doing something quicker than I do it quicker writing down my goals every morning every night I stay focused but I get so much more done because It's happened to me I had a lull for a few years before search courage a mentor or at least in the early parts of courage mentor where I Wasn't I didn't have a clear vision on where I wanted this to go and by doing that 30 days 60 days 90 days would go by and I'd be like holy crap. Did I get anything done? Did I get the accomplished that I'm you know anything at all? and A lot of times I didn't because I wasn't writing my goals down which means it wasn't conscious It wasn't on the forefront of my brain all the time when it's on the forefront of your brain You think about it more you take action more you spend more money and you do whatever it takes to accomplish it Because you're tired of writing down and not fulfilling what you're wanting to fulfill So all right any other questions anything else I can leave you guys with I want to leave you guys with a little thing On on goals. I'm a big believer in goals right down your goals think about goals We'll try to get wrap all this wrapped up for the big news to release on Monday Probably afternoon. Don't hold me to it. I can't give a specific time. I apologize John. I appreciate everybody Liking and commenting and asking questions and watching. We wish you guys an incredible rest of your weekend I'm down in Marko Island, Florida. If you're here hit me up. Add me on Facebook Cody askings on Facebook. I appreciate everything you guys do and again I am here to help you and if I ever slip up if I ever get egotistical if I ever get prideful if I ever get Annoying if I ever get selfish I want you guys to call me out Because I promise I write down every morning. I'd stop following me too. So stay away from the alligators Tommy Mack, dude Especially if I'm not wearing any pants while I'm tele-selling, huh? All right. See you guys appreciate you. Stay tuned for Monday.  I promise It's way more for you than this for me hundred percent promise. Appreciate you guys being here. Have a happy success Saturday


Yeah, no, the service here was really good. The team staff, I think I met five of the members, and the prices couldn't be beat anywhere else that I've been to, so good service and good prices.


Would you rather pay $650 or $66 for a smart phone? Simple.  Better service, bigger savings. That's today's Appalachian Wireless. Today, officials and members of the Eastern Kentucky community gathered for a ribbon-cutting ceremony to honor the opening of the Hal Rogers Advanced Technology Center at Big Sandy Community and Technical College. Well, we're dedicating this new branch of the community college, the Big Sandy School. This new Advanced Technology Center building behind me here is the wave of the future. This is where we're going to train the workers of this new age in which we found ourselves in. It's heartwarming to see all of us unite around the simple theme of thinking our new future. We're still going to be mining coal in the region, but not with many employees as we've had before. So we've got to think about new ways to make a living and train for that. And this school will help us train for this future that we have with this new high-capacity, high-speed cable that Kentucky Wired will bring to us starting tomorrow. Officers included Kentucky State Senator Ray Jones, President and CEO of Big Sandy Community and Technical College Dr. Sherry Zilka, and U.S. Congressman Hal Rogers. They each touched on how important the Advanced Technology Center will be to our community and how it will provide more career paths for Eastern Kentuckians. The fact that we could all come together and realize what we need to do and then do it, and Big Sandy is leading the way from this mindful campus.


This time on Partners, it's protecting the homeland. From Eden, the Extension Disaster Education Network distributing vital information in times of catastrophe. To Louisiana House offering storm and flood solutions for the Hurricane Ravage Gulf Coast. To Avian Influenza, where scientists are in a race for answers to this threatening disease. These land-grant universities are meeting the challenges of the 21st century in their pursuit to protect the homeland. Welcome to Partners. In the next half hour, we'll travel the nation and see breakthrough work in research, education and extension. That's what CSR EES is all about. Helping universities generate valuable knowledge for those who need it. And educating our next generation of Americans. And now, it's time for Partners. Since the dawn of the new millennium, the United States has experienced extraordinary events within its borders. Terrorist attacks have led to a vigilance unprecedented in modern times. Natural disasters, especially hurricanes, have significantly increased in number, leaving devastation in their wake. And new diseases threaten plants and animals across the continent. The Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service of the USDA is doing its part in meeting the challenges of this new American landscape. We're awarding grants to universities and others for research, education and extension efforts throughout the country. These are uncertain times, and it's our goal to be proactive to have solutions in place before the unexpected occurs. In the next half hour, you'll hear from these problem solvers, from scientists in a quest to unlock the secrets of avian influenza to extension staff helping residents of the storm-torn Gulf Coast. And now, Partners Video Magazine presents Protecting the Homeland. It is August 29th, 2005. A Category 4 hurricane called Katrina is bearing down on the Mississippi Gulf Coast with winds in excess of 120 miles per hour. It traveled north and northeast eventually and got approximately 50 to 60 of our 82 counties. At 7 a.m., Katrina hits. The power of the storm is beyond what many had ever expected. NOAA calls it the most destructive hurricane to ever hit the U.S. There were 179 tornadoes inside of Katrina when it hit land, and those created as much damage as anything else related to the storm. With Katrina, probably the largest natural disaster in the history of the United States, or of 250,000 homes uninhabitable. Those first 48 hours before and after the storm were fairly intense. While much of Louisiana dodges a direct hit, Katrina still does its damage. Hours after the storm passes, the levees of New Orleans begin to collapse. Much of the city is underwater for weeks. When you've got 600,000 people in need, resources are spread so thin that you've got to have a backup. You've got to have auxiliary health. And Eden provided that. Eden, the Extension Disaster Education Network, is an internet-based source of catastrophe information designed to address both man-made and natural disasters. Started in 1994 with CSREES funding, it now receives major support from land-grant universities. By the time Katrina hit, the network was well established and used by extension agents nationwide. Eden really provided a world of resources that had already been organized for handling a disaster. The biggest problem after the storm, though, was that those in need could not give the information from the internet. There was no electricity. There was no way to deliver those messages. We had to print. Mississippi State University jumped to action. Staff took Eden web-based information and put it into print. Thousands of pamphlets were distributed by the National Guard, especially along the storm-ravaged coast, and Eden information was delivered by MSU Extension experts through radio and TV. You realize from talking to them that the home is probably the only thing that they have left, that they've had a family tragedy beyond comprehension and that the information that we provide to them makes a real difference. Back in Louisiana, entire neighborhoods are ruined by floodwaters in New Orleans and surrounding communities. Eden information is distributed by the LSU AgCenter through delivery systems other than the web. When there's no electricity, no broadband service, and people are just looking for a place to sleep and, you know, temporary housing and whatever, you got to go back to print, and we did. We had to print probably $100,000 worth of materials in about three weeks. We had to. Who else can do that? An office in every parish, you know, known faculty that people trust and good information. The LSU AgCenter also bought full-page ads in major newspapers in the region. They delivered timely recovery information to Katrina victims. But the storm season is not over for the Gulf Coast. Nearly one month later, Hurricane Rita hits Texas and Western Louisiana. It has devastating effects for those living in the low coastal flatlands. When the storm surge came in, it basically ruined the pasture for the beef producers down here in this parish. And they were not able to find hay for their cattle. Hurricane Rita could not have happened at a worse time. Ranchers like Eric Broussard grow grass on these fields in the fall, feed that nourishes his cattle through the winter. Rita, the one that got us. We had a tidal surge come in from the Vermean Bay. We had about 12 to 18 inches of salt water come over the pastures on the hills. In the lowest spot, we probably had about 12 feet of water. This water stayed for about three to four days. It killed all the grass. A lot of us, we run on a budget. We know about what it's going to cost us to feed through the winter. And we prepare for that, and we have our hay. What this did to me was, now I have to start over, because I'm feeding about twice what I'm going to normally feed. This is their livelihood. This is what they do if they can't lose their cattle and keep going. So it really makes a difference between having an operation and not having one. Again, the Eden Network proved invaluable. Farmers, those who deal often with the wrath of nature, took immediate action. Within 48 hours, trucks from around the country were loaded with hay and on the road. The local extension office in Vermean Parish served as the distribution point. Some of the heroes in this thing is the LSU accent. Fellows that work at this office over here really coordinated and made sure that the feed was distributed fairly. And they worked 24-7. Feed and hay came in by the 18 wheelers. It was really amazing to us. I heard people from Oregon sent hay down, from Michigan people that don't even know us. And we'll never get a chance to thank these people. They sent this down to us. I heard a lady from Oregon bought a truckload of hay and sent it down to us. It really makes us feel good. Well, it was only through Eden that I knew that such a thing existed. And that really is what the network is about. It's one extension learning from another extension. Our country is different today than it was months ago. We don't live in fear. We live in preparation of how to deal with catastrophic circumstances. Eden has a very vital role in that and a very necessary one. Citizens have used Eden educational materials on disaster topics related to health, home, agriculture, natural resources and youth development. This is the Winus Point Shooting Club and Marsh Conservancy in Northern Ohio. Some things haven't changed here since the club began over 150 years ago. Hunters still travel by handcrafted wooden prams, custom-made for these waters, and they continue to hunt migratory ducks, the same species that have been returning to the marsh for decades. But at the end of the day, these hunters divert from tradition. They now, on occasion, voluntarily submit their ducks for inspection. We've worked collaboratively with wildlife biologists here in Ohio and our hunters have been very patient in accepting of us. David Slemmons is a professor of veterinary medicine at the Ohio State University. He has tracked avian influenza in wild birds for over 30 years. We need to get our hands on a fair number of birds fairly quickly to conserve time and resources. And the hunters in check stations will come in, bring their birds in. Now with the emergence of the Asian strain of high pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus, we're starting to re-look at what viruses are in wild birds more systematically with a coordinated effort. H5N1 is the Taipei virus causing all the buzz in the news lately and with good reason. It has started to spread to domestic poultry flocks in countries around the world. This could have serious consequences for the U.S. economy. When a highly pathogenic virus hit the poultry industry here in 1983, it lost $60 million to eradicate and an estimated $350 million in increased consumer costs. Over 17 million birds died or were euthanized. But since then, some things had changed before the appearance of H5N1 in Asia. Early isolation and detection will let us isolate the area and eradicate the virus very efficiently. Still, if it gets into our poultry industry, that particular flock or that particular geographic area will be impacted because their market will be lost and they will have to destroy and eradicate the virus. If the virus became widespread in the U.S. poultry industry, it would be devastating to our economy. And there are other concerns. People have died from H5N1 in bird to human contact. But the real fear is that the virus could mutate where infection occurs from person to person. History has shown that this could be disastrous. Analysts showed the virus to be type A, but it was different from any of the previously known type A strains. This Johns Hopkins University film was released in response to the 1950s Asian flu pandemic. 75,000 Americans died from the disease. Earlier in the century, 700,000 lost their lives in the 1918 pandemic. In response to the potential danger of H5N1 and other influenza viruses, the Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service awarded $5 million for the Avian Influenza Coordinated Agricultural Project, better known as the AI CAP Grant. It funds researchers and extension specialists in 25 states. This is the first time we have continent-wide coverage to look at this problem and figure out what's going on in the wild bird population. We don't understand how these viruses are maintained and these populations appear and reappear. And that's what this network will let us do and then try to identify those viruses that will have increased potentials from jumping from wild birds to domestic birds. I think CSRES was ahead of its time in terms of devising this needed network research structure. The scope of the program is wide and varied. Daniel Perez, the AI CAP Grant's director, shows the project's website that features educational outreach in an effort to help train others on avian influenza. It is in land grant universities that students and postdocs and young investigators are becoming prepared to study influenza, to fight influenza, to contain influenza. And it's thanks to this network that we are able to provide the structure that is needed to produce those human resources. Back in Ohio, Richard Slemon's is finishing his field sampling. He dons the purple gloves to avoid cross-contamination of the specimens. Sarah, the far one on the left is a hand-mallard. We basically take fecal samples from these birds once they come in, usually hunter killed, sometimes trapped and banded and released. 06590. Those samples are put into what we call a virus transport media. We put the specimen in there, we pull the swab out, break it off, and then we try to freeze that sample as soon as possible in ultra cold. And in that transport media, we have a high concentration of penicillin, and we have to myosin our antibiotics. Slemon's travels over 100 miles south to his labs at the Ohio State University, the Land Grant Institution in Columbus. Here, the tedious process to determine if any of the bird samples contain a highly pathogenic virus begins. In the laboratory, the samples are held at minus 80 degrees until we process them. They're taken out, they're thawed, they're stirred, extensively called vortexing. And then they're centrifuged to clear the debris out of the top. Then the research assistants will take that transport media and inoculate that into an embryo-needed chicken egg. And the virus, the type A influenza virus, replicates in the cell's lining, and the virus is released into the coriolantoic fluid. Then we check that for what we call hemoglobinating activity. In this process, if the blood cells clump together, it's an indication that this sample might be a virus. The rose-colored dots in the left column confirm this. Next step is we take a direct rapid diagnostic test and we determine if type A influenza virus is in that sample. The Purple Heart confirms that this one has type A. We then send those samples to the National Veterinary Service Diagnostic Lab at Ames, Iowa, which is a U.S. Department of Agriculture, AFIS organization. This lab subtyped the Columbus sample and determined it was not H5N1. It is this network of partnerships, however, that empowers the CSREES-funded project from various USDA agencies, including AFIS and the Agricultural Research Service, to refuge managers from land-brent universities to hunters. This diverse team is tackling the problem in a concerted effort. Our funding has been tremendous. It has given us the capability to do something that's been sorely needed for many, many years. And what has happened is it's given us the capability to pull our avian influenza research community together. So this is our network, and this lets us track viruses down each of the flyaways and understand where the virus is going. The earlier we detect it, the quicker we isolate those birds and deal with them appropriately, the less it will cost us in the United States. Avian influenza cap-grant leaders are broadening waterfowl surveillance by partnering internationally with colleagues in Canada, Central America, and South America. Beyond the front lines of avian influenza monitoring, CSREES is funding science that promises to protect domestic chickens from the disease. Ellen Collison of Texas A&M is developing a vaccine that will enhance immunity to a wide range of bird flu viruses. Cellular immunity, that's the immunity that depends on T cells. And the T cells normally are those regulatory cells. They're the cells that are regulating the immune system. We're working very hard, actually, to identify what we can on the chicken so that we can provide the information that's necessary to put together these vaccines that are really going to be not only effective but safe and safe is really important. Collison has joined with the project's other principal investigator, Blanca Lupiani, in their microbiobattles against H5N1 and other viruses. Their focus is on T cells with memory, ones that kill only influenza cells. Beneficial cells of the chicken are left alone. So this way the body has a mechanism to continually remove cells that are infected. The overall end point is that these cells are gone. So all you have left are healthy cells. Nobody has ever looked at this type of immunity in the chicken as far as influenza goes. It's different from the immunity of these other vaccines that induce what we call antibodies. And it may not totally eliminate the virus as the virus comes in, but it will eliminate cells that are infected with the virus. So it has that advantage. The cross-protective nature of this new vaccine could be a big advantage for producers. It has the potential to defend their flocks against the many strains of avian flu, including H5N1. And since the vaccine targets proteins that are less likely to change, it should stay effective even against ever-changing viruses. Next for Collison at her team is to find economic ways to deliver the vaccine to the flock. Inoculation is a costly process, so methods are being considered that would dovetail with existing poultry production practices. This work is the precursor. This is what we need to know before we can use this type of strategy to make those vaccines that we need. The ability to understand this type of immunity allows us to make vaccines that are really recombinant types of vaccines, so we don't have the whole virus in the vaccine. This is the new generation of vaccines. These vaccines are safe. They won't cause influenza. But in addition to being safe, they'll be long-lasting and they'll be very thorough. The Avian Influenza Coordinated Agricultural Project focuses on these four main objectives. Its full name is Louisiana House Home and Landscape Resource Center. It's an educational resource center and a clearinghouse of research-based information. And if you abbreviate Louisiana, that's capital L, little A, put them together, there's La House, and it gives a nice French flavor to our nickname. To be hurricane-resistant, hurricane hardware is used to get a... Claudette Reichel is the project director of Louisiana House and has guided its development from the beginning. This project was funded in a joint effort by CSR EES, HUD, and the EPA. It began in 2000 with the primary goal to showcase solutions for storm and flood-resistant construction. In the aftermath of the 2005 hurricane season, the timing could not have been better. It is estimated that 250,000 homes were destroyed by Katrina alone. In a sense that La House is at this stage right after these double-wammy disasters because it really is at a perfect stage to show the insights, to show what strengthens it. And there's been a lot of interest in coming to see it at this point. You see hurricane straps connecting the second story to the first story to tie them together wherever different materials meet. It is these kinds of building methods that make La House exemplary. Hurricane hardware is used to get a continuous load path of strength from anchor bolts connecting the bottom plate of walls to the foundation to metal straps fastening studs between the first and second floor. A secondary moisture barrier made of high-tech synthetics is used to prevent water from entering the home. Mold is the enemy after the storm, as witnessed by many New Orleans homeowners in the wake of Katrina. And La House has been raised to three feet above the base flood elevation as an added prevention against water entering the home. That alone provides homeowners the lowest flood insurance rate available. Another new way of thinking about residential construction is taking place at Tuskegee University in Alabama. This is the Healthy House, a low-cost alternative home that has piqued the interest of contractors along the battered Gulf Coast. We have a lot of contact from people coming and asking about, especially developers, to build communities based on the Healthy House concept. And these houses can also be constructed quickly and they don't have any stigma like a manufactured home. As you can see here, they are conventional houses and healthy indoor air quality is always a good attribute in any house. Healthy House was built by a grant from the Department of Energy to promote low-income housing for rural areas. CSREES contributed to the project, with its emphasis on healthier indoor air quality for homes. The funds were used to develop educational brochures on residential air quality based on Healthy House data collected by Heshmat Aiglan and his team at Tuskegee. As a result of the promotional materials, more people are learning about Healthy House. This is opportune as the rebuilding of the devastated Gulf Coast moves forward. Back in Baton Rouge, Claudette Reichel and Sandra Skellen are giving tours at the Louisiana House. And while post-storm problems have delayed completion, weekly open houses offer contractors and residents a chance to learn responsible storm and flood-resistant construction. Future plans call for cutaway panels, allowing visitors to see the storm-proof construction behind walls. And the LSU AgCenter is developing media presentations to further educate the public. CSREES funding really helped to spearhead this. It gave us the beginning of funding that we needed in the initiative to get the plants together to get rolling. We're gearing up for a house to be a major player in the educational outreach efforts to rebuilding stronger, safer and smarter homes that can protect us in the future. On the next edition of Partners, North Carolina State University scientists tackle a nasty fungus that threatens our country's food safety. Oklahoma State University researchers experiment with the very latest in precision agriculture. And here the amazing story how the United States avoided an agricultural catastrophe from a devastating plant disease. That's Partners, Feeding America, the next edition. For more information on protecting the homeland and other Partners episodes, log on to this website.


Enes, welcome to AFC Bournemouth. How are you feeling? Thank you. I feel really good. Perfect first day. The team received me really, really good. Looks like a great group of people. I'm really happy to be here. You talked about your first day. It must be nice to get to meet the group and see the players that you can be playing with. Yeah, it was really nice. Before I came here, I've been talking with some people and they all say it's a family club. The players are really nice and I can see that today.  Yes, I've been talking with Diego and he said all the best things about the club, about the city, about the teammates. So that helped. And it was also a move that came quite late in the window. How did it all come about from your point of view? I mean, everything happened really fast. But I'm grateful for the trust that Club put on me. Mr. Gaffer put on me and I will try to repay this confidence and do my best. And you talk about the manager, as we were talking just before the interview, you said you played Andoni a number of times in Spain and could never beat him. Was he a key factor in you wanting to join OC Bournemouth? Yes, of course, because I knew him and I talked with also players who played for him. Everybody just talked amazing about him. And also when you play against him, you always suffered. We couldn't beat them, never. That's a big point. And for the OC Bournemouth supporters, how would you describe yourself as a player? I mean, I don't like to talk about myself and it's difficult to explain yourself. But I like to score goals as a striker. I like to assist my teammates. But the most important thing for me is to be part of the team, part of the family and keep my best every single day. I have that mentality of never giving up. You can see from my career. And in the pitch I try to play the same way. Every day with a lot of patience, every single game. And I can just promise that I will give my everything, every single minute. There's not going to be shortcuts, stealing things. There's never going to be negotiation. And you talk about scoring goals. Only Karim Benzema scored more goals than you in the last two seasons in the Liga. You're someone that seems to be enjoying an excellent part of your career. You must be excited to bring that to the Premier League. Yeah, of course. I had amazing seasons. And I'm in this flow of the years also, you know, that everything connects as a striker. Because you can see with a lot of strikers in my age, in this years. You know, feeling in the pitch, everything, the feeling for the goal. Yeah, I feel that also. Everything clicks and I feel ready for this great challenge. And talking about strikers who are feeling the goals at the moment. Dominik Solanki, who's going to be your counterpart here. He's one of the best strikers in the Premier League. You must be looking forward to playing up alongside him or trying to take his place. Yeah, you know, with Dominik, I played against him, I don't know, 18 years ago. Or something we played against each other. And eight years ago in the national team. So I always knew him. And he's a great player, I follow this career. He had also struggles like I had. But like what I said, we are from the same generation, same age group. And everything clicks for him also. He's an unbelievable player. And now I'm coming new. And my role is to push him to the limit that he will be even better. And that will make myself better also. And hopefully we can play together or however the coach chooses. You've obviously been in England before. Spent two years at Manchester City. Obviously you didn't spend a lot of time in England. But as someone who's as well-traveled as you are, you must feel ready to adapt quickly. Yeah, of course. I've been part of a lot of clubs. And I played in four different countries. This is going to be the fifth. So that's not a big problem. I can speak a couple of languages. And even there are languages I can't speak, but I know a lot of words. And you know, when the dressing room is good and the feeling is good, it's easy to adapt. I think that's going to be the case here. And it's obviously a very exciting 2024 for you. Obviously coming to the Premier League and then the European Championships in the summer. You must be just looking forward to the adventures ahead. Yes, but I'm not even thinking that far away I'm just here. And like I say, I have this mentality of day by day and every single day. So that's really important for me. So this is going to be my focus.  How are you feeling in terms of being ready to be part of the squad? I feel good. I feel ready to go. Cool. And just finally, what would your message be to AFC Bournemouth supporters? Yeah, I can't wait to meet them. And I just see the stadium. And it feels like when it's full, it's going to be great experience and great atmosphere. Just excited.


I'm CC from PSE. Today I'm sharing some of my developer experience for programming the circuits, ZK circuits. So we know in ZK Snark, well, we allow the prover and the verifier to agree on the algorithm. And then prover can provide a proof, input, and output to the verifier. And then verifier can be convinced that the computation, the output, is correct corresponding to the input without re-computing the algorithm again. So lots of scaling and privacy. We are getting from the Snark. And I'm going to unroll this process more. It's not a full story, but you as a circuit developer, you are on the left-hand side. You define some constraints, and then you send a verifying key and proving key generated from these constraints, and send it to a verifier and the prover. We call this setup time. This is when you finish the circuit development and deploy the project and setup is ready. But at a proving time, whenever you need to send a proof, so prover would run the computation and get the computation traces and fielding to the circuits. And using the proving key to generate a proof and then send the proof to the verifier. Today, we don't care about how sausage is made. We care about how do you turn the computation into circuits. So if you're coming from a normal programming world, for example, if you write Python, C, Rust, anything, your brain works with function, loops, and evals, this kind of good stuff. But when you enter a circuit world, you need to do the algorithmatization. And you need to get the circuit trace. So you're thinking in the computation trace of the whole computation. And you think of to verifying these computations with math and equations. So it's like that. So before we go into introduce some tricks and development tips that talk about the rules of the game, like how does a circuit thing work. So first of all, all computation is represented in finite field arithmetic. So a finite field element is, you can think it as an integer. And it's a positive integer and less than a number p. And let's say if p equals to 3, then if you have two field elements, two and two, you're adding together, you actually got a result of one because we need to do it in module of 3, module of p. And p is usually a very large number. For example, it's 254 bits. So the takeaway is that we need to represent your computation in field numbers instead of bits and bytes. And you need to watch out for the web over and over for all the stuff.  You can fill in the field numbers inside those cells. And if you can expand this grid with more columns, but for every new column you added, it would be more costly. But the rows are basically free, but they are kept up to some limit. Let's say 2 to the 18, like this is 260k, roughly. So ideally, you want to use as much row as possible until maybe you have more computation you need to do. Then you add more columns and add proving calls, coding times, verifying calls, something like that. And we have to distinguish some types of columns. These columns are distinguished by who can see what and when values are assigned. So the pink one is the advice column. It is only visible to prove it. It is determined at a proving time to prove a witness value inside this column. We have a fixed column. A fixed column is assigned at a set up time. So both prover and verifier have a copy. And then the instance column. So the value is visible to verifier. So the prover can fill in the input and output in a proving time so that we can have the scenario in the first slide. That the prover witness some private values and then some public instance values for the input and the output using the proving key to generate a proof. And then verifier can verify the proof and also take the 10 and 100 layer. You can verify it in the country or do other verification, if you may. OK, so now we have the grid. We have the columns. We need to define what values in the cells are correct or valid, like what values are allowed to put in the cells. So these are constraints. And I'm going to introduce two types of constraints in HALO2. The first one is the custom gates. So this defines the constraint in polynomials. So the gate looks like this. We choose the cells from column A, the cells from column B, and the cells from column C. You can choose whatever column you want and you can choose the relative position. For example, I want the next column in relative to the cell. And then you can define a polynomial to constraint like, OK, A must equal to the B plus the next cell of the B. But this gate will be applied to all rows in the column. So sometimes we don't want to do that. So that's why we have a selector here. So this selector will be the 1 or 0 value. So if this selector is 1, then this expression here must equal to 0. Then our constraint is enforced. But if selector is 0, then the whole expression is already 0. So this constraint does not necessarily hold for that particular role. I just want to quote the sentence from Vitalik I heard from his talk. He said, like, everything is a polynomial. I'm a polynomial. So to give an example, a viral example from Intone's Fibonacci circuit example. And we want to prove the nth term of the Fibonacci number. And then we can fill in the value of 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, everything into the grid. And we define the gates that left plus right must equal to a sum. That means that left plus right minus sum equals to 0. And we use the selector Q-Fib to determine like which role we want to enforce this constraint. So here is one way to do it. Like we make this gate looks very straight. They are on the same rows. But you can see that we are using three columns here. So this is the other way you can do it. You can make it like the sum. You can fold it to the next cell. And it uses less columns. And but it works the same way. It still can give you your desired computation result. So it's flexible. You can determine the shape of the gates. Depends on your problem to solve. And the second tool to constraint the grid value is copy constraints. So I have this yellow tab here to glue the values of two cells together. And if they are glued, so the value assigned in the cells must equal. And the glue must be determined at a set of time. There is no way you can change it at a proving time. But it's very cheap and use it as much as possible. The final rule is that the prover can be evil. I like to think prover or everything with a prover, verify a miner, things like that. As a cyborg, they are the human who runs the machine. And the machine runs the algorithm. But the human are attracted by incentives. And they could do all kind of stuff. So if you didn't write your circuit right, prover can witness the wrong values and still convince the verifier to do stuff. So if you are designing a decentralized mixer for this and prove a witness some value, they can withdraw the money out of the air, then your project is hacked. So let's get into tricks. Let's start from the simple one. How do we limit the options in one cell? For example, I want this cell to allow only values 1, or 2, or 3, nothing else. So to do this, we can define a gate that has this expression that's cell value minus 1 times cell value minus 2 times cell value minus 3 equals to 0. If you plug in the 3 into the cell, this expression would be 0. But if you plug in this 100, then this expression would be like 99 times 98 times 97. It won't be 0, so this constraint is not satisfied. If you witness 0, this will not satisfy either. Next, let's convert in if and else. So for example, we have this sample program here. We have input A, input B, and there are like few elements. And happy is like a boolean value. And if happy, then we do A plus B. If we are not happy, we do A times B. And then so for example, we could have a circuit that looks like this. I use the glue to glue the public instance value to the private value. In the left one, we can see that witness A is 5 and B is 6, and happy is 1. So we are doing the addition path. So we got value 11. And the second one, we still have same AB value, but happy is 0. And the design output is 30. We just gave an example here. We haven't constrained them. The way you turn this if else into the gate expression would be happy times A plus B plus 1 minus happy times A multiplied B minus output equals to 0. So that if you're happy is 1, then this expression will be enabled, and this expression will be disabled. The other way is same. If the happy is 0, then this expression is enabled, and this expression is disabled. So basically, we have an example of value witness in here. These are all satisfied, but we kind of forget something here. Like Pruber can witness 3 here, and still got 3 times 5 plus 6 and get the output minus 27 equals to 0. So what's wrong here? It's because that every input is a finite field element, but if we want boolean value here, we need another constraint to make it boolean. So we need this additional constraint here to limit the happy to be 1 or 0. So using the tricks before. Next, we need to convert the loops into the circuit. Let's start with the easy one. This function initiate a variable R as 0, and then it runs the loop five times and add 5 to R and do it five times. And these are our constants. So it will be easy to lay out the value of R, start it with 0, and then plus 5, plus 5, plus 5, all the way to the output. And then we constrain the value 0 to 0, 25 to the output to the output. So we will have this gate expression like this. Easy. But what about this? This looks like exactly the same loop. It said how many times of loops is determined by the prover input here. So this will be a lot trickier because you might have a. So we can imagine that the patient trace looks like this. First, prover inputs the n here and the output 25 here, or input 3 here and input here. And notice that this algorithm, this is basically the very inefficient way to do five times n. And also note that this n could be arbitrary large, but we don't have an arbitrary large circuit. So we cannot do infinite loops. We can only do only after a certain amount of computation. So we need to restrict this. How big this n could be? Let's say we restrict it to five. And then we need another check to make sure the n is actually less than five, but it's out of scope of this talk. We want to focus on how to determine the computation of r inside. So let's first do the copy gate for 0 to 0 and the output to output. But because the copy gate output can only locate it at the same place of the cell, so if the n is free, we need to repeat the result here. All right, so one attempt is to solve this is we add a prover input selector here. So let's put 1, 1, 1 here when we are still in a range of n. And then 0, 0, 0 here to do the repeat. And using the if-else trick we learned before, we can define this gate expression. But then how do you prevent prover doing this?  And if you do the math, you can realize that prover can win a 3 and output to be 10. Then it convince you that 5 times 3 is 10. Then it's a failure. That people say is that blockchain is all about trust. I would say blockchain is all about trust issues. So let's observe different cases of n. Like n is 0, n is 3, n is 5. And we observe that s can only, for the valid case, you can start with 0. But once you are 0, you can only go with 0 of the rest of the row. You can start with 1 and you can turn 1 to 0 any time. But once you turn to 0, there is no way to turn back. So we can identify the state transition like this. So this is a trick Han taught me. So when you start, you can start at the 8th state. That means we need to add 5. And from 8th state, you can go back to 8th state. You can go to the past state, which is a 0, and the r remains the same. But the point here is that once you enter the past state, there is no way to go back to the s state. So we can define the constraint here. And actually, the only thing we need is here. Like if the current cell s is 0, for example, here, then the next cell must be 0. So this constraint can help you achieve that. And also, we need to make sure the selector is binary. Now we have a final touch. Like to make the input accumulate this input value and copy it back to input. This still follows the same rules from the proverbial witness selector. So why are we doing all these tricks? Why we need to do this repeating and state transition thing? Because in CPU, we take instruction one of the time. And if the branch you didn't enter, you can forget it and you don't compute it. But for a circuit, you need to flatten all the computation. All paths, you need to include it in your circuit. And then so you can see here, even though we only witness inputs free here, and these three rules, we still need to need them. And we need some dummy values there. Because we need to consider the case that proverb could witness five here and use all these spaces. The takeaway here is that the challenge for a circuit developer is that we are working with the computation trace instead of the execution itself. So we need to flatten the path and work all possible paths of your computation. The second is that because we are working with field element instead of bits and bytes, so we need to do some math and equations there. And the third is that we need to work with a verification mindset because proverb could be witness malicious values inside your circuits. And the tricks we talk about here are like using a boolean value and one times the true path and the other times the false path. This can convert the evals statement into the circuit expression. And for the complicated rules, you need to identify the state transition of your program logic and then design constraints for them. Yeah, that's my talk. Thank you. Thank you for listening. Do I have time? I thought that in Planck, the copy constraints were expensive. Can you expand on why they are cheap in Hello 2? I think they are the same. I think that they are cheap in terms of when you use once and you use it million times, they are the same cost. So I think that's the idea. Thank you. Great presentation. For somebody that wants to learn more about CK proofs, what path do you recommend to go? Right now, I think the circuit explanation is really good. But I got lost in some bits. So what will you recommend me to read in order to follow you better? I would recommend trying to find a simple circuit project and try to run it, try to tweak it, like removing something and try to study it. I think that would be a good way to learn how a circuit works. You mentioned the key points that you have to prevent the prover from cheating. How often do you see, when you're riding in circuits, that how often do you find bugs because your circuit was under constraint and the prover can cheat? Oh, good question. So the question is that how do we find if there are bugs? Or how often does it happen that you find a bug because it's under constraint and the prover can cheat? Or because if the constraints are wrong, the gates are wrong, or just trying to compare it to usual software development, when you just basically write the logic wrong. How often do you see that the gates that you come up with are doing the wrong thing? So when we are developing the circuit, oftentimes we'll realize, oh, we forgot this constraint and prover could witness the bad values. We found a lot of bugs in development stage. But once you want to go to production, we would do some external audits and try to find as much bugs as possible. And when you really enter the production, you can only cross your fingers. But I heard Vitalik has an idea that they can use two provers for the roll-ups. And if they can create a valid proof for two different outputs, then you can stop the roll-up or stop your application and then do the fix. So when you write the Halo 2 circuits, you're writing and using the Rust lib, right? Do you think that that adds a lot of overhead compared to if you were using a DSL, like Sercom or Zocredes, for example? I definitely feel like Sercom or DSL are more readable, more auditable. But the thing is, when you don't have DSL, you just have to work with it. So you would like to have a DSL for Halo 2? I like what? Would you like to have a DSL for Halo 2? Yeah, yeah, yeah, that would be every desire and great to have a DSL for Halo 2. I thought someone released one some months ago, didn't they? Or maybe I dreamed that. I don't know, anyone up here know? I think it was someone from Darkfight that posted on the ZK Podcast Telegram group. Oh, it sounds great. But maybe I also dreamed that, I don't know. Thank you.