What we have is Montpellier Police. This is the 16th annual. This is the 16th year that Montpellier are alive. Really? 16th? 16th in Montpellier. So the first thing we have up here is Montpellier Police. They begin and end the parade. Montpellier Police is working. Guys in blue. And this is followed by the Civil Air Patrol? The Civil Air Patrol. I think so. Yep. We're proud to have the parade led by the Color Guard units. There's the Civil Air Patrol there. The Capital Project Squadron of the Vermont. The Civil Air Patrol. And the American Legion. Right? Post number three. And VFW Post number 792. There's the Stars and Stripes. Civil Air Patrol. All right. Well, we're here for the parade. And we just want to let everybody know that if you're going to be downtown Montpellier tonight, about 9.30 the fireworks are going to be happening. I think one of the better places to watch is right on the take-off line. I'm not sure I watched it in there. There's food vendors down there. You can get some sorts of foreign rewards. Post 792 is a veteran service organization with a vision to help veterans by providing financial support, fighting for benefits and helping. Tech people are asking that we go right into the mic, Tony. Right into the mic. Yep. This is the Duke of Fests. Yeah, National Life. When did Duke of Fests happen? National Life in July 16th. July 16th. It's hard. The monsters. The friend Dennis is going to be there. He's played at the Opera House. He ties wonderful acts. Big Red Todd is always a good show. Big Red Todd is always a good show. Yep. Coming up right behind... Miss Francis. You guys seem to have our audio problems fixed. Yeah. This year's parade is coordinated by Rochelle and Murphy. You've done a great job here getting us all the information. Who are these kids on bikes? I don't know, but they're all, you know... What are we listening to? They're wearing, you know, the colors. The impressive display of cyclists. They snuck in. They do the same thing at the Heritage Festival. Is this under River Sports? Under River Sports? Okay. They come in the wrong way. Hence all the bikes. Are we out of order here? They were on the second page here. I know this is the fastest parade. This parade is going to be great. Have you ever been able to do a unit cycle? I have never been able to do a unit cycle. I can't do that. Can you do it? No. It's just not physically possible. It is possible. We didn't see it on TV here. This is just because we can't do it. We're getting the word that we have to talk right into the mics. I am talking right into the mic. I can go a little closer. As told us, these microphones need to be eaten. Eatin'.  You know what? We use over at CBTVs, you've got those little headsets. Yeah. That way you can eat those. We should try that.  That's what we do at Public Access. Showing us some bike lists. Let's talk a little bit about... Let you know that later today at the State House lawn, Dave Kellerman will be playing before the fireworks, until the fireworks start. Great band. Have you ever heard Dave Kellerman? Yeah. Tony Kemp. I have. This is Rob Chapman, my co-host here. He's the Executive Director of Orca Media. To my right is Tony Campos, the Executive Director of Central Vermont Television. As well as many of their hats that he wears. This is the Steppin' Timeline Dancers of Vermont. Giving us a little display of some of the choreography that they do. They are certainly stepping in time. County Senator Ann Cummings. Don't think that's Ann driving. I don't see Ann in the car. What's that? I don't see Ann in the car. But that is a car. Oh, there she is behind. I think she's in the car. Senator Cummings walking behind. And Senator Polina. I think we're still on Anthony. There you go. There's the Senator. Senator Anthony Polina of Washington County. Riding a nice car. What, you like the Miata? The folks are getting riled. People riled here. Senator Polina. He's like Bernie Sanders spent over 30 years organizing. That's the party of Washington. Vermont waited his third party. What's that Teddy Roosevelt at the Bull Moose? He was the original progressive party. Yeah. Yeah. I just watched a great documentary on him. I'd forget which election it was, but it was progressive party. Before my time. Before both of our times. He spoke in bearing. Teddy Roosevelt. Yep. Here's David Zuckerman for Lieutenant Governor. Senator from Chinden County, who is running for Lieutenant Governor. I think it's a progressive anti-democrat. Covering the bases. David is in the tractor, on the tractor. So you'll see him in just one second. Driving, it looks to be a good tractor. I think David is a farmer in Heinzburg. David Zuckerman, a candidate for the Vermont Lieutenant Governor. And here comes the Unitarian Church of Maupir. They're carrying rainbow flags and signs that say standing on the side of love. To indicate that this congregation welcomes all. Yep. Open and welcoming. This lovingly maintained beautiful church is located at the corner of school and Main Street in Montpelier. And it recently celebrated 150 years. Now doesn't Mr. Zorn play there? Arthur. Arthur Zorn. I'm sure he does. I think he does. Yeah. Here in Montpelier for this grade. I think it's going to be a spectacular line for the fireworks later too. I know. 75 degrees. We're in the shade. I think that's a great spot. Hey, do you know what they served at the 1800s, Fourth of July? I don't. What did they serve at the 18th? Well, was it hot dogs? It might have been. That's a very popular steak or turkey. Turtle. Turtle. Just because it's there, I'm going to go with turtle. It was turtle. Seems odd. It was turtle. It was turtle. Or turtle soup. It was turtle soup. Trash. Tramp volunteers. Trash. Tramp volunteers. Yeah. It's a group of folks that go around picking up trash. Playing. We are family. That's not Rob Chapman. Oh, this is Senator Doyle.  Running the switcher today, we have John Jose. John, thanks for running the switcher course. Rainbow umbrella? Yeah. You're looking at it. Yeah. It's a group of adults who are members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community in central Vermont. Yeah, but I think we have Senator Doyle on now. Senator Doyle in the car. In the car. Hey, Senator Doyle. Just celebrated his 90th birthday. And still going strong. And then we have a candidate for governor, Peter Gallabras. Running for governor on the Democratic ticket. Very interesting primary happening here in about a month, a little over a month, for the Democratic gubernatorial candidate. I think we have all the candidates here in the parade today. We're being the first one I think we've seen. And right now we have the Montpelier Kiwanis Club. They meet every Tuesday at 6.15 at the, was it, Steakhouse? Where do they meet? I'll go to their website. Here's a replica of the state house. That Kiwanis. That's great. This replica of the state house. It's not, yeah, I know. Little really, really, really small people live there. Pediatric trauma institute. Well, again, what the coordinator tries to do is put them in order. And sometimes they happen to bury. They don't stay in order. I've told the crew that things will change. Lower thirds will be slow. We do our best. Right. And in bury it's not carved in granite, I tell them. It changes. They're great berry jokes. Especially from up there. We get to make berry jokes all the time. Oh yeah, well you know what? You get the biggest joke of all. What's that? The politicians. The Gary home. What do we know about the Gary home? Where are we? I think we're on page three or four. Oh, there goes the Gary home. Westview Meadows. Yes, Westview Meadows. The quirky pet coming up here. Isn't that beautiful? Do you know what breed of dogs those are, Tony? What's that? Do you know what the breed of that dog is? No, I do not. But I would hate to brush it. Bone. Oh, he was texting. Probably texting with our content manager. All right, so we're on the Pipe and Drum, all right? It sounds like a Pipe and Drum. Is this Seth Warner? This looks like the Seth Warner. Seth Warner, Mount Independent Pipe and Drum Corps. A longtime Montpelier parade favorite. I love the Pipe and Drum. They're really good. This is the Hannaford's. Really? Yes. It says Hannaford's. Yep. This is the Green Mountain Self-Advocates. It's a disability rights group. A wonderful organization. Sticks and stones may break my bones, but words can last forever. Green Mountain Self-Advocates. A wonderful group. They came to spoke to Rotary last month. The Japan American Society of Vermont. Look at those outfits. Beautiful colors. It's a non-political, nonprofit, volunteer organization. The membership is open to anyone seeking better understanding and interaction between Japanese and Americans. Here comes the Vermont Mountaineers. Great castle baseball up there. Great hot dogs. Evening. Evening. Great venue. You guys do a great job. When we were in Portland, Maine, we went to the Sea Dogs. And that's a farm team for the Red Sox. Oh, yeah? B level. So... Do they play the Mountaineers? I don't think they do. I think they're... These are collegiate. Yeah. New England Collegiate Baseball League. I always take a field of dreams when I go down to that ballpark and watch the Mountaineers. And what's the cost again? About $2? Yeah, so much. Yeah, $2 that you can bring your whole family to. Great parking. Great venue. Yeah, it's great. There isn't a bad seat. Which is essential. Now Dexter. Dexter's up next. Running for, uh, watching the Illinois Republicans. So what are you going to be on the ballot? They're pointing because they see the cameras. Yep. There's the camera. Yeah. Oh. Oh. My other favorite restaurant in Montpilier is Sartucci's. Sartucci's. Consistently good. On Main Street in Montpilier, it takes pride in friendly service and sensational Italian fare. Riverside seating. They've been on the show. They do a great job. They've been on the show. New England... Yeah. Wonderful, wonderful. We always tried to find restaurants that are consistently good as well as fare price. Yeah. Using local products. And there's the owner. And there's, you know, uh, Venice. Should be singing. Sartucci's. And now it's, uh, you know about this, uh, school that's coming up next? Montessori's school of such a Vermont provides a leaning, a learning environment, as I was supposed to say, employing the philosophy and methods of Dr. Maria Montessori. And it's, uh, children's ages, what? 15 months to 12? Age 12, yeah. Wow, start them young. 15 months. Well, you know how important that early childhood is. I don't know. They kicked me out of sight. I was never there. Now it's a very important development of time in people's lives. Hey, you think about when I grew up in the 60s. They had none of this. No. You know? I'm glad to see that there's at least some reggae mission for just how important those early years are for our kids. I think we got Froggy coming up here next. That's the FM radio? Home for today's country music. It says 10 in a row every hour here on my sheet. Yeah, really? Like country music? Music Coney? You know, I listened to, uh, country's road, uh, Willy's Roadhouse. On Froggy? No. It's a... Where's that? I'm serious. Uh, are you serious? I'm serious about serious. River Rock School. Progressive, independent, state-recognized day school for ages 5 to 14 a month here. And crafted education in a multi-age setting creating a caring learning environment based on respect for each individual. Some great private schools here in Central Vermont. I know. And River Rock is one of them. Any candidates for governor yet? Peter Galbraith. Next up we have Sue Minter. He's running for governor. She's a Democrat, correct? She is a Democrat from Waterbury. Can you spot the candidate? She must be in the car. You think she's in the car? Some great supporters out here for Sue. That must be her running with the white slacks on the other side of the road. Wonderful parade put on here by Montpelier Alive. Some great staff here. Carolyn Gretzky, who's the vendor coordinator. Jessica Ball, who's the volunteer coordinator. Marietta DeFelici, state house lawn coordinator. And Lyndon DeSalvo, recycling and zero waste coordinator. Little fact, Lynn Sizz, who's the Montpelier Alive board member, is not here today because she's representing Vermont at the senior Olympics in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Wow, Tony, have you seen this list of sponsors? I have. I mean, what do we got? The Mont State Employees Credit Union National Life Group. Community National Bank is the first time underwriter this year. Berlin Optical Expressions, Union Mutual of Vermont, Montpelier Pharmacy. What do we got? We got... Kim Swayze. Yes. Kim Swayze is a candidate for something. What's Kim running for? The Washington Five. There's a lot of the Washington Five. It's an open seat this year. So, many candidates for the Washington Five, including right now, Kim Swayze. You retired from the Army? Yes. Served. Some Miss Vermont. Some pageant winners. They do some scholarship programs for these young women. Riley Field is Miss Vermont this year. The cars were supplied by Cody Chevrolet, I believe. Yeah, some younger ones. They have a bunch of them. They have Miss Vermont High School, Miss Vermont Junior High School, Miss Vermont Collegiate, Miss Northeast International, and Miss Vermont International. That's a lot of pageants. I know. Holy cow. All right. We were getting through some of our sponsors here, time. Let's see. Well, no.  Salon. Salon. Now, we're not spelling die, D-I-E. No, of course not.  Right. Very creative. And not D-Y-I.  Do or die. And they're what? Located right here in downtown Berry? Yup. On River Street. Downtown Berry? No, I'm sorry. Downtown. I'm sorry, folks. I thought it was in Berry for a sec. I thought it was in Oz. Here they are waving. Beautiful hair. Yeah, so when Rob, Rob, when you called me, I thought you were looking for my co-host. Oh, wait, wait, wait, wait. National Coalition of Unstoppable Moms. They are arching, marching. With supporters from around the country to say thank you, Vermont, for labeling GMOs. Obviously very interested in what goes into their kids' mouths. Will Miller? Yes, the Green Mountain Veterans for Peace. Actually, I used to, Will's passed away, but I met him when he was doing a show at Channel 15 in Burlington when I was working there at VKM. And they do a show at the Green Mountain Veterans for Peace. When Will passed away, they decided to name that after Will. A wonderful man, served his country. A great organization. Watching out for our veterans. Anything they might need. I think you can go to their website, which is committed to the cause for peace. Dot org. I think it's a dot org. Their website? Yeah, I believe so. Yeah. Welcomes all peace-minded veterans of Vermont. Would like to abolish empire and war. Now, is this the Midnight Capers coming up next? He might be into something. Shab Smith. Running for Lieutenant Governor. Knows Shab as the leader of the House of Representatives. He's passed a few sessions, but he's now attempting to move up to Lieutenant Governor. Now, this next group is Let's Grow Kids. Yes. It's a great organization. It says that every child deserves a strong start and equal chance in life. Let's Grow Kids is a public awareness and engagement campaign about the important role of high quality child care. Now, All together now, Puppet Troop. This is the Puppet Troop. Oh, this is great. We all together now, Puppet Troop. Celebrating our independence with all of life. Our theme this year is Carnival of the Animals. Look at those puppets. Yeah. So what I was saying earlier was, Rob, when you called me, I thought you said, I thought you wanted cables to borrow. Oh, yes. I was saying, yeah, I got some cables for you for the broadcast. I wanted your mouth. No, no, you said I wanted some talent. So I immediately thought you wanted my co-host, Carol Day. It was very talented. Very, very talented. That one we can talk. You can talk too, Tony. No, but she is... Can you read us the sponsors? Oh, no, I think we have another politician coming up the road. We've got the Green Mountain Sound & Entertainment as a sponsor on In River Sports. Cody Chevrolet, Dennis Ricker, and Brown. Four comedians on the list. Linger Mountain Co-op. Downs Racklin and Martin. Cassella Waste Management. Williams Cantina. Vermont Compost. Bear Pond Books. Gossens Bachman. Architecture & Design. Betsy's Bed & Breakfast. And Bob Sinoco. Bruce Lisman's out there. Yeah, Bruce Lisman is coming up. He's running for governor. Republican. Yep, Republican candidate for governor. He's coming to spoke to a couple of rotary groups. Yes. Looks like he's got some water for the folks. He's coming up on the truck. Oh, he's got to look at this. This is Bruce's truck. A new direction. Pointing up. Yep. Oh, yeah. Now, here comes the center of Vermont. Don't forget to get out there. You know when the primary vote is? Yeah. Second week of August. I think it's August 11th or 12th. Center of Vermont. Allstate. Little Ligars. Oh, yes. Nice job, guys. And it looks like another Cody vehicle. They're all excited. Center of Vermont. There's the dads. There's the dads. Hurry, it looks like. And then right behind him is John Mayer, who's driving his antique 1931 Model A forward. With a rumble seat. Which one got better gas mileage? Chance to drive one. Now, I think we have Matt Dunn coming down the road now. We do want to do a shout out to the Montpelier Fire Department for putting up all the funding in downtown Montpelier for this parade. Great job. There's Matt Dunn running for governor. Democrat. As we mentioned earlier, Governor Shumlin stepping down. So there's an open election now for to replace it. So it's a very exciting parade where we get a lot of candidates here. You know who gets a lot of candidates? Northfield. Do they? Northfield. Northfield, their parade. They're a Labor Day parade. Oh, they're a Labor Day parade. They get more than a Montpelier Independent Day parade. I think so. No, they don't. I think so. No, they don't. I think so. Richard, could you do one microphone now? What's that? They said take the second microphone away from Tony. Why? Do you hear me double? I don't know. I'm just doing what the crew tells me to do. Jessup? Jessup is running for that House of Representatives in Washington County Five. That's that open seat. Tony Klein stepped down. And now we have six or seven candidates for that open seat in the State House. And that was Kimberly Jessup. And this is Keisha Ram. Keisha Ram, another candidate for Lieutenant Governor. Folks trying to run for Lieutenant Governor. Now how are you pronouncing? Shadiah. African culture project. Shadiah? Shadiah? Shadiah. Great drumming. Shadiah. I love drums. I love particularly African drums. And these guys have got some rhythm going down and some dancing going on. Zero promoting was it? West Africa culture? Yep. Drumming, dance, fabric, printing, drum making, beating, and cooking. Baguitos. Do you know what kind of car that is, Tony? What's that? Do you know what kind of car that is? Is that a karma gear? You think? I think it is. It's got butterfly wings. Always parked out in front of baguitos here in downtown Montpelier. Great place to get burritos or bagels. And here's Buddy the Clown. 2013 Buddy created the one-of-a-kind bubble car that he's equipped with. Music, air horns, underglow, and more. Buddy the Clown. Now this is car-share Vermont? Boy, you're fast. I can't even get it out. Organization where you share cars so we can reduce our carbon footprint. If you haven't checked them out, do a Google search, car-share. Of course, we've done such a great job here in Vermont about car-sharing, car-pulling that they had to raise the gas tax. Did they? Because there was less revenue. Good job, folks. Yeah. We're at Energy Independent Vermont. It's a growing coalition of environmental organizations from off-businesses and business associations. Academic leaders, low-income advocates in town energy committees. Followed by... Dedicated to energy independent... And right behind them is... Gene Burley. I'll be waiting for you! Running for, guess what? Washington 5. Okay. How's the representatives? Etsy's Montpelier and Middlesex. Do we have any info on Ginny? I just read the sign. Oh, and here comes Scott Milne. Ah. Right up at the center. Yeah, he almost... He almost won. Yeah. That was a nail-biter for Peter. Scott Milne, who is now setting his sights on United States senator. Yep. Is that Lacy? Yeah, he's going after Lacy. And he's not going to spend a lot of money. He's just... He's going, you know... Scott Milne. It's not about the money. It's not about, you know... Mr. Milne is Charlie O's. World-famous Charlie O's in here in downtown Montpelier. It's still a dive... for nice people. Is that what it says? Yeah, I'm just reading the script. Is it okay to call a place to dive, Mark? Well, they gave us a dildo. They told us it's still a dive for nice people. Yes. But we're off-camera. I'll tell you my Charlie O story. Back in 1980. Why off-camera? Well, he's... I think it's still prosecuted. The folks at home want to hear this story. I think it's still prosecuted. Just as much as I want to hear. That was a dark July evening at Charlie O's. And everything was going smoothly. Until... Oh, here's the next car coming down the road. What do we have? I think it's TD Bank. Yeah. Well, I just got to say the Charlie O outfits are very nice for the ladies to be wearing it. Is there a polka dot? Polka dot? Polka dot? I love my little... Bitsy bitsy polka dot. Yeah. All right, here's TD Bank fan. TD Bank fan. And a mascot. What is that mascot? I was just going to ask you the same question, Tony. I don't know. I would think it's a cheese wedge. I think it's a logo that's been transformed into a mascot. Do you think it works? Cheese wedge works for me as well. Yeah. And she's also carrying a hool hoop. Now it was immediately followed by a car with a canoe on it. With a teddy bear in the front of the car. I think they're part of the TD Bank group. I don't know. What does the canoe stand for? I think it stands for community and nature, getting out and see wonderful recreational venues and lakes and rivers that we have here in Vermont. Could be, or are you just snucking? Pure speculation on my part. Yeah, it could have just snuck right in. Or it could be just somebody trying to make a left turn. Hey, couldn't make a left turn. I think they're part of the TD Bank. They have to be. You know? Because there's more TD Bank and they're throwing candy. Oh, candy. Which you ate the only prize we had. We had a piece again. You won the prize, you took the prize. I did. Montpelier Elks? What do we know about the Montpelier Elks, Tony? Well, the Silver Tower Camp is for people with disability. And I think they're having their national conference out west this week. But Elks would do a lot for the communities. You know, we have one in every community has an Elks Club. And Silver Towers is a great organization. Because Elks care. And there goes Robbycat. And there the kids are throwing out candy. We're followed by Lieutenant Governor Scott Milne. No, it's Phil Scott. I mean, Phil Scott, excuse me. I turned it around. I had that thing. Phil Scott is our Lieutenant Governor. He is also a candidate for governor. So he's going to be hoping to get your vote for governor. Local boys right around from around here.   He is. And you know, when the governor's out of state, he's... He runs the state, doesn't he? Yeah, so Phil can't race. Ah, that's true. He can't race. And riding in the car is Riley Halbert. She's two and a half from Williamstown. What? Where's Riley? She's right in the truck where she was. Look at these vehicles. Or she might be in one of the other vehicles. Well, she might... She's in the cow. She's in the cow, which is mark number 14. That's Phil's number? That's Phil's number at Thunder Road. How come he's not taking the race car into the... Too loud. Yes. But he's got a number of vehicles with him. I mean, we've got one, two, three to count the cow. Four, five, six vehicles. Some wonderful, wonderful vehicles. It's from this classic 1929 Model A4 to this... That's an F-350 truck. Well, you know, I think he has a larger entourage than Bernie Sanders had. Well, look at the motorcycle that's on the truck. A World War II replica. Dedicated to the United States Army in World War II. Look at that classic motorcycle. And then the big truck. CC's truck service pulling some musicians. Literally, he has a larger entourage than Bernie Sanders. Bernie was just walking by himself with the secret service. That was it. Yes. Well, Bernie's running for president of the United States. Oh, yeah. I think the governor of Vermont gets one state trooper. Another vehicle. I don't think I counted that. Is that a bus? We have a... Oh, it's a mobile campaign office with Lieutenant Governor Phil Scott. Randy Brock. A candidate for Lieutenant Governor. Randy's a decorated veteran. Served in the Vermont senator and a state auditor. Looking for your vote for Lieutenant Governor. Oh, Rob, this has been interesting. Yeah, it's not over yet, Tony.  So now we have what? Ben Kaplan. Ben Kaplan running for state representative. Washington County Five, I believe. Young man, I think. Just graduated high school. Wanted to get into politics, looking for your vote. So you're saying this is interesting, Tony? I love this little live stuff. Yeah.   We can't yell cut. Oh, I see.  The capital of Vermont. The capital of the state of Vermont. Which has no McDonald's. And proud of it. And proud of it. You have to go to Berlin for that. Barry Montpelier Road. Barry Montpelier Road. Not too far. It's kind of a neutral country from Barry and Montpelier. Now the private school here in Central Vermont. I believe this is the Waldorf School. Yes, Orchard Valley Waldorf. Did you find out where we are on the list, Tony? No, I don't. Oh, we're on the last page. Look at that. Child's Garden and Farm and Forest School, Orchard Valley. Doing some nice puppet work. The kids. And it looks like we have some street hockey. For the school, we have the Central Vermont Skating Association. Providing instruction and coaching for the Central Vermont youth. Are you good on skates, Tony? No. I used to be when I was in second grade. But I don't want to do it now. I know. I need a lot of padding. Now followed by the Mount Sinai Motor Corpse. Another. Yeah, the Shriners. Supporting the Mount Sinai Hospital. Which is free for all children. Do you have a go-kart when you were a kid? No, but I dreamt about it. I dreamt about it. I would get the Sears catalog. You'd look at those. See how much you could buy them for. Think about how much fun you'd have driving that go-kart. Exactly. Sears catalog. Turn to that page. I would rip it and have it underneath my pillow. It's too bad kids don't see the Sears catalog anymore. I know. Now it's all amazon.com. Certainly missing out. So these guys are actually running up and down over the original motor core vehicle. Do you think we could do that, Rob? I'd like a chance to try. Put it on your bucket list. It's on my bucket list. And they support the Shriners Children's Hospital. Which is, I believe, free for all children. Yeah, I think so. I can never be a Shriner. It's funny. I mean, not all I know about the Shriners is the little go-karts. Yeah, but they also have a marching unit. They have a motorcycle, Harley-Davidson, and they have hospitals for children. Right, that's what they do. That is a very commendable organization. Coming up on some of our last floats here, Tony, it's been a wonderful parade. How long? I'm going to say this is probably about 25 minutes. 30 minutes. 35 minutes. Probably about that. Maybe 40 minutes total. 40 minutes? Yeah. With our banter? Our banter. Because we're going to have to talk a little bit at the end and say thank you. Why? We have to thank the crew and the sponsors. I have to thank you again. We have to thank the Resurrection Baptist Church here. They have volunteered to help remove the trash from the parade route. And they're doing it right now? Yep. They come up at the end and they collect the trash. I think they just grabbed one of your cameraman. Bagged him, bagged him. We need him. We're not done with him yet. I know. On camera with this evening, we have Matt Svensson, who's been running the camera for Tony and I, and special guest star cameraman from California, Meryl Whitham, back for a few weeks, helping out at Orchimedia. So he's going back to California? We've tried hard to convince him not to, but his drum set's there, so he has to go. Okay. So ends another exciting parade. It was an exciting parade. So festivities are going to continue in front of the State House. Dave Kellerman is going to be playing as well as the fireworks, which is a great show to catch. So it's not over yet, folks. It's a wonderful Independence Day celebration put on by Montpelier Alive. But if you're watching this on Tuesday, it's over. It's over. So, yes, if you're watching on Tuesday, you've missed it. You've missed it. Okay. I had to point that out to, you know, the... True. That's the thing about live television. Yeah, I know. It's only live when it's happening. And who put together this list? Rochelle Murphy. And you already thank her? We can thank her again. And all the volunteers. All the volunteers. There's a lot of work to go to put on a parade of this size. A lot of volunteers. The police department, the fire department, the staff. And the people who are making the floats, obviously. It's a fantastic night. A beautiful night for a parade here in Montpelier. And anybody else we have to thank? We did the sponsors, right? We talked about the people who were on the staff. We talked about the police. We talked about Montpelier Alive. The 16th year that Montpelier Alive has coordinated these festivities here in Montpelier. Downtown Montpelier, so. All right, can I do one more trivia? We have one more trivia question. Give it to me. All right, I'm going to close my eyes because I haven't looked at the list. All right, America's fourth of July celebration is also celebrated in the following. A, England. B, Canada. C, Mexico before we build the wall. Or D, Denmark. I'm going to go with my strategy of picking the odd one out, so it's Denmark. This guy is good. I am good. Gosh. You cannot beat me in trivia pursuit. All right, Benjamin Franklin, the turkey. Darn. Which president died on Independence Day? Two of them did. Thomas Jefferson. John Adams. Which one was born on Independence Day? It's not on your sheet. No. Jefferson. No. You. No. One U.S. president was born on the fourth of July. Bob? I'll give you a hint. He was from Vermont. Taft? Taft is not from Vermont. He's not? No. Oh, he used to think I could have fit in the bathtub. That's right. Hey, you don't know the two presidents from Vermont? I forget. Oh, this is embarrassing. I'll tell you the one that's not born on the fourth of July and that nobody remembers. Okay. Chester A. Arthur. No one liked him. No one liked him. Well, he's forgotten historically. But in the 20th century, I was totally drawing a blank from Plymouth, Vermont. I could never do a family feud or any of those. Bob? Calvin Coolidge. Calvin! Oh, yeah, Calvin Coolidge. Born on the fourth of July. Everyone liked him. Don't even think so much for helping me out. Rob, thank you. This was fun. Anybody has seen Ashley. We're looking for her. She was going to help us. So, Ashley. Whitsenberger. This is probably busy. I'm calling Ashley Whitsenberger. My thanks to the crew for helping set up Meryl and Matt and John and Adam's there. And Jackie's been giving us notes from her sick bed at home. Oh, she's sick? She's been tangling with pneumonia. Oh, dear. That's serious. So go to bed, Jackie. The show's over. I'll take care of rescheduling the thing. Thanks, everybody. Good night and have a happy fourth of July. Good night. Happy fourth.


Everybody forced here ripping a box of 2022 top Star Wars chrome sapphire for Alex D. Good luck Alex Let's see what you got bud. Nice Harrison Ford is Han Solo Ben with a lightsaber very nice to 75 Lord Vader threatens Princess Leia That's awesome great start for you Alex this is going in a mag for sure Remember this thing.  I don't know if it serves it here if that was the big thing they had when she was in the cell Heroes at the spaceport. Nice may the force be with you there stormtroopers attack Star troopers blast the rebels and the stormtroopers on Tatooine stormtroopers again control room R2-D2 and A droid shred rescue Luke. Yeah, it's pretty much the original set just done in sapphire. I think Millennium Falcon Droids wait for Luke Aqua. Come on now. Nice Luke and Han in the refuse room to 99 Millennium Falcon R2-D2 with the Jawas Grand Moff Tarkin Uncle Owen on Peru Hala Guinness nice meeting at the Cantina Leia Rebels there Han Solo card number four nice Han Grand Moff Tarkin solid card there to 3PO and R2-D2 Rebels and Ben Kenobi. Yeah, that's how a lot of people did it Jonathan It's just a fun thing. You know trouble pilots prepares for the raid Ben, let's see something nice here number to 75 is Blast of the laser rifle the 75 and on the back is 3PO searches for R2-D2 That's gonna do it Alex. Thanks again. We will get these cards right out to you


broad story in the West very broad is it was squeezed and raised and then it fell apart. Do the twist. Every high spot shall be made long. See that the the food is way cool. This rack fell off. This rack fell off. Tritar and I teach a class at Penn State that reaches about 700 students per year. We're working to build an online version of our course to do that. We have this wonderful group of students who are traveling around the West with us learning filmmaking. They will put together materials that then go online so the thousands of students will be able to share in what this small group of students has done. We got to understand the world if we're gonna get along with it and understanding the world is climate and it's living things and ecosystems and its water and its oceans and its ice and its geology. We have taken the really great pieces of geology and set them aside for us to enjoy and us to study. For the public our goal as professors is to have a discourse with everyone because we really do believe it's important we really do believe it matters to real people. Big processes in geology are physics chemistry and biology acting over deep time. Deep time is this notion of the earth being billions of years old. All these different canyons we've seen have been carved by rivers and they've been carved at rates that are remarkably low. A sheet of paper a year and a few million years and you have a canyon. It is an extraordinary notion that water and wind can modify a landscape like this and the only way you can believe it is if you believe that the earth is billions of years old. Charles Darwin came along he came up with this wonderful elegant theory called evolution and his theory needed time and the geologists are the ones that came along and said you got all the time in the world because the earth is old. Your theory can work because we got all the time in the world for you and it's recorded in the rocks. Notice and by itself doesn't stick together at all it's very loose and it bounces around and it's very easy to blow and I just made a little sand dune you'll notice that I eroded on this side and I deposited on this side. Well that's a conglomerate isn't it? It is. Look at that babe that's the conglomerate we were looking for. That's beautiful. Before the hooters formed it was one solid rock layer and when rain came from above... Okay so what this is and again I think I told most of you this already this is an old fiddle tune called Red Wing. It exists in a whole bunch of different forms over the years including a song by Woody Guthrie who set words to it that are completely different but it's got a catchy tune. To break the film so rain begins to sculpt the arching show on Mesa Verde's crown Caves ring it all around Ancestral Pueblo people live till dryness force him down And the rivers are carving through the deeper timetaps Garving ever deeper through the red rocks May they keep carving forevermore This is spectacular look at that look at that oh my god oh my god look at that we sat there last night in the Green River overlook and watched the sunset over the green and canyon lands and it was just breathtaking and I've occasionally heard this bizarre fiction that somehow being interested in this understanding this knowing the research of it in the depth of it takes away the beauty and all you see is a subject for experimentation and it was gloriously beautiful I do love what I do I do love geology and I'm not sure why it's beautiful the patterns are sweet I like what I see I like getting under the skin of the earth and understanding why it is where it is I believe it's useful I believe that we're doing things that will help people I know we're doing things that are fun


The bulk is just a hair short. That's fine. Sit down there, Louisa. Let's lock it in. Let's get this locked in first. Shoot it between 8 and 11. Are you? Yes, I am. Lock that sucker down. No, don't lock it down because, you know, they move forward and backward. Well, that's true. You're all right. Probably get a different one. She thought those would be good. Good to see you. You look great. Good to see you, sir. Nice to see you. Nice to see you. Nice to see you at a really big site. Thank you. Good to see you at a really good site. Good. Incidentally, Mr. President, I'm wondering if you're out of sexuality, if you've had the people rather than something invested in you, if it's just something for her speech? I'm going down here. I'm not here to ask you. You wouldn't think of me or even following the arrow, would you get it? Right. I used to think about that sometime. I've all the time I've been the new president. How many times do I go down there and just ask him, good for the country, not something that's good for me or for my best and interest in Louisiana or the people down there, or our section or our industry or something like that. Every time we go ahead and present, there's something good for the country, all the country. Alright, Gary, what it is that you have, I know it has to do with the tax issue. Yes, sir. I got a couple of things. I want to, for my act, I've got a couple of copies. I want to give you a copy and I thought the Secretary of the Treasury was going to give you that and a couple more copies if I know you'll have it. Okay, I'll give it to you. First, let me call my salesman, Mr. Bill Simon, who's a good Secretary of the Treasury, and then I just want to put what he said about employees that go on and just put you right down there. I don't hear you, President. He said here about studies about employees' ownership. He said, without exception, these days it shows employee-owned firms show a higher growth in productivity, better ability to weather the recession, greater return on investments, and the creation of more jobs in similar firms that are not employee-owned. The reasons are not always clear, but from personal experience I can test by the employee-owned firms typically have fewer problems with inventory control, absenteeism and labor relations. They realize the opportunity for workers to become owners has a powerful, positive effect on the quality of productivity, enthusiasm, commitment and pride in their company. That's the best witness I could call the best salesman except the one that follows. They just turn the page at him. I've got my best salesman. Oh, wait a minute. This one is a key for employees owning an entity. In that state, 40% interest in a big plantation down there and less and more, they bought the economies out of it and they're keeping up. Now, to assume a best salesman, here is a way of that. Now, the next page is his best salesman. The best page is my best salesman. That's a statement that you wrote, Mr. President, back in 1975, which encouraged me to do what I've been trying to do to move forward. Nothing missing. Thank you so much. Welcome back. Thank you, Donald. How are you feeling? I'm fine. Good to see you. Good to see you. Nice to see you back. Good morning. In six days on this trip, I did something that I don't usually do. It's Premier Zhao, Rajesh Gandhi, and Burma Shah in the six-day period. I'd like to just bring you up today on those meetings and begin with the Chinese and the Indian because they have some similarities. We're looking at over 40% of the world's population. It has tremendous geopolitical significance. Mr. Reagan, on behalf of the competitors and all your guests, I'd just like to thank you for all the time and energy that you've voted for the advancing economies, Mr. Worthy, and the very necessary policies. And I personally want to just congratulate you on the giant steps you've made and I wish you continued success in the future. And this is for you. Thank you very much. I'd also like to say that it's a pleasure to be here. Thank you very much. I wanted to thank you very much for all the wonderful work that you've done in the area of drug abuse prevention. And I believe what the sport indicated here at this wonderful event today is indicative of the growing awareness that we have of the problem of drug abuse and the idea that we really can't ignore it anymore. And in addition, we also can't ignore the very good-looking gentleman that's sitting in the stands over there that I, to whom I wish, we all wish to give this Prince Racket, I think the Prince Racket, two of Prince so that you don't have to play any longer. Well, for being here today and making this such a success, I'm really, I'm so grateful to you. I guess I'll have to start practicing a little bit, won't we? Absolutely. Thrilled to be able to... Okay. Thrilled to be able to tell you that because of all the energy that you've expended here today and all the hard work and everything, we've raised over $450,000 for the drug abuse.  So now, I'd like to present a portion of these monies. On behalf of the Nancy Reagan Drug Abuse Fund, the two organizations which have been helping in this battle for many years. First, Dr. Michelle Rosenthal and his young friends from Phoenix House in New York and California that come up here. And this, I hope that this check for $50,000 will help you with all the good work that you've been doing all over the country with all these wonderful young people. Thank you very, very much. Thank you on behalf of Phoenix House and thank you on behalf of all of the young people who have helped to regain their strength and their dignity and become reunited with their families. Thank you very much. And secondly, I'd like to call up Ron Clark from RAP Incorporated Register in Washington and his friends from $50,000 will also help you in your work, which has been so wonderful. Thank you. The treatment centers couldn't exist without funds but money isn't going to solve the drug problem alone. It takes our dedication and our commitment and most of all, it takes our letting the young people know that we care for them and we love them. That's amazing. And with your help, which we've demonstrated today, we can all do that. So again, I thank you again from the bottom of my heart and you just, you don't know, you've really made so many people so happy. And now I know that you must be tired and hungry and so my new tennis partner and I would love to ask you if you'd like to come inside and have a little buffet and we'll have something to drink and cool you off and eat. Thank you again and God bless. All the participants in today's clinic, players, umpires, swans, please come to Center Corp with Mrs. Regan for a picture please.


Good morning everyone. The talk is as follows. Brief introduction to Sylab. We are going to do some calculations, going to solve some problems and then I will point out some of the features, some of the facilities that are available on the web and some guidelines on installation and so on. What is Sylab? By the way, if you have any questions, please raise your hand so I know that there are some questions to answer. Okay, let me ask a question, you don't have to answer some of my questions immediately. How many of you know Sylab? How many of you know MATLAB? Sylab is a software for numerical competitions. It provides extremely reliable results. A large number of libraries are there. So there is a question from Indore. Okay, let's see what it is. Yeah, go ahead. It is not Skylab, it is Sy, like science, Sylab. I am very sorry for that. Yeah, no problem. Good, I am glad to see people at Indore. Yeah, so at this time I would like to show a webpage. You can see this Sylab, first Sylab users conference. Let me just make my, let me make my mouse slightly larger so you can actually see that. All right, see this first Sylab users conference and there were lots of talks here and you can see that, in fact, I gave the keynote address. I talked about National Mission on Education through ICT, but I want you to refer to, I want you to see this talk, use of Sylab for space mission analysis. This was presented by Dr. Martin of CNES, which is equivalent of our ISRO. Okay, now if you click here, you can see that he actually talks about what is Sylab. Okay, of course, I can make it slightly bigger. He says that it has been used successfully for several years in their space agency. Now if you just go up here, just come over on the left hand side of the same page. If you see the second line, you see presentations and the PDF files given are given here. PDF files used by these presenters are given here. Okay, use of Sylab. So, if you click this, you will get the PDF file that he had used, the slides that he had used. The point that I want to make is this person, Dr. Martin, made a summary of in what always Sylab is used in the space mission CNES equivalent of our ISRO. His conclusion is that Sylab is used for almost every activity. Obviously, a very successful space agency that France has cannot depend on some software package that is not reliable. I would like to point out that Sylab uses extremely reliable mathematical routines. Another important thing is it uses a high level language. It has a built-in high level language, can express your ideas in a few lines. For example, if you would take 100 lines to write a program in assembly language, maybe you will need only 10 lines to write it in C and you can express the same thing in one tenth of that, namely one line in Sylab. So, that is why I say that Sylab is to C is about 1 is to 10 and you can also write additional functions using interpreted language. So, there are two types of routines available. One is using C or Fortran for high speed calculations. These are available as built-in libraries. So, you can just pass your arguments and get the results. It also has a high level language using for loops, while loops, break and so on and so forth. You can express, you can write functions. So, it is possible for you to use the interpreted language to write your own program using Sylab. So, you can use either the built-in libraries written in C or Fortran or the functions created using the high level language available in Sylab. So, this high level language is what I call as the interpreted language. Now, Sylab is created for mathematicians. Matrices and vectors can be created easily. No typing, don't have to define, storage etc. So, let me just go to Sylab environment. I have just opened it. At present I am using a Mac OSX operating system. Sylab runs also on Linux machines and also on Windows. So, I said that it is very easy to create matrices. Let us create a 3 by 3 matrix. A equals 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 0. So, it has created the matrix. Not only that it has what I did was I typed this and entered a carriage return here and it echoes the results. For example, if I just say what is A, it will come and say that A is a 3 by 3 matrix. So, there is no need to type. I don't have to create storage allocation. You can also carry out matrix vector products just like the mathematicians do. For example, when somebody is explaining a matrix vector multiplication. For example, somebody is talking about a linear system. Let us say A x equals b. So, the mathematician will just write A times x equals b. He is not going to say for i equals 1, 3 and then j equals 1, 3 and so on and so forth. He will not be expanding it. He will just write it as A x equals b. For example, let us create a vector called 1. So, you can also go to the next row by entering semicolon. In the previous example, what I did here was I just did a carriage return. It went to the next row. One thing is this results in three lines being used. Instead, I can just say 1 semicolon, 2 semicolon, 3. So, if I do that, it says x is vector of size 1, 2, 3. Of course, I could have written like I had done before 1, 2, 3. I could have done that way also. Both give the same result. All right. I have two things, 3 by 3 matrix A and a vector of dimension 3. So, if I want to multiply these two matrices, the mathematician would just say A times x. I do the same thing. It has computed. It has given the result. So, I did not say for loop. I did not say do loop. I just said multiply. It multiplied. So, this was this environment, the Sylab environment belongs to Matlab family. This environment was originally created by Professor Cleo Mohler, who was a computer science professor at the New Mexico State University. And he was teaching mathematics. He was teaching numerical analysis. He had to deal with matrices. He found that he was spending a lot of time. When they went to coding, they had to do lots of things, keeping track of functions, for loops, do loops, dimensioning, typing and things like that. So, he said that in a class, the mathematicians write as if these were just you know scalars A times x, finding the eigenvalues, finding the determinants, all just done by just one command. Why can't I generate a language that will allow me to do the same thing? So, he came up with this highly successful environment. He had worked on Matlab and that Matlab, the one initially created by Professor Cleo Mohler was created with government grants, American government grants. So, it was available as open source. So, a lot of companies used that open source Matlab and built upon. So, the commercial version of Matlab uses that old open source version of Matlab. In a similar way, Sylab also uses the same old version of Matlab. Of course, all of these packages have improved enormously. Many of them have rewritten the whole thing in C, Fortran and things like that. But nevertheless, the basic ideas for which the original Matlab was created by Professor Cleo Mohler are still maintained in all these platforms. That is the reason why you would see that Sylab is about 95 percent compatible with Matlab because they all come from the same source. Of course, Professor Cleo Mohler worked on linpack and icepack projects. These later on resulted in Lopak and these are the ones that are used for computing eigenvalues and linear equations in a numerically stable way and these are used in all these platforms. That is the reason why I said that these are highly reliable numerical computing platforms. See, these are meant for computations and not only that, these are also created in such a way that the computations can be done extremely fast without you are having to write lots of lines of code. That is the reason why I said that in C, if you need 10 lines, you need only one line in Sylab. So, these are the features that I talked about earlier. The important thing to realize is Sylab is free. Sylab has a lot of mathematical libraries, special functions, polynomials, matrix condition number, matrix functions, decomposition and factorization, signal processing. I told you that Sylab has an inbuilt language. I also called it as the interpreted language. It is like C. It has lots of control flows. It has procedures. What I will do is I will start describing the usage of Sylab. The way I have written my code is that the way I have written the code is that my entries will be in black and the answers given by Sylab will be in blue. So, what I will do is initially I will compute all of this, some of this at least I will hopefully convince you that the answers given here will be given here also. For example, 4 plus 6 plus 12 get a carriage return. So, the answer is 22. So, this is used for computation. Can somebody tell me, so here I typed a equals 4, b equals 6, c equals 12. Let me do the same thing, a equals 4, b equals 6, c equals 12 exactly like I have written and it equals a equals 4, c equals 12. Is this expected? How come b is not echoed? Does anyone have an answer? So, you think about it. Let us continue with this. Anybody has an answer? Yeah, let us go to Nirma. Because sir b is equal to 6, any column is given. Okay, thank you. So, the answer b is not shown. Okay, great. That answer is correct. So, the answer is b has a semicolon. So, that is why it is not echoed. So, it is a very important and useful thing in Sylab just like in MATLAB. If you do not want to display any intermediate result, just put a semicolon. It is extremely useful. Of course, here it does not matter. It is extremely useful in a for loop where you may compute lots of things. You do not want it to echo the results, intermediate results every time. So, for example, suppose you have a 10 by 10 matrix inside a for loop and you are computing every element inside a for loop. In one loop, just go through once. Next time you will compute the second one and so on. Now, if you do not put the semicolon, what will happen is it will display the whole matrix for every loop supposing you do 1000 times, then it will come 1000 times. Okay. So, I hope that you can just follow this. Now, I just say a plus b plus c. Say the answer is 22. Okay. I do some more of these a is 4, b is 6, c is 12. I put a semicolon. It does not echo anything. Then I say d equals a plus b plus c and d is 22. Okay. So, here I said 4 plus 6 plus 12. Okay. I did not say where the answer should go. Sylab automatically puts it in a variable called a n s. Okay.  I didn't say where it is going. It puts it in default variable called a n s. Same thing here. I just compute the answer. It goes to a n s. Here I created a b c. Then I say d equals a plus b plus c and d is 22. Okay. d is a plus b plus c semicolon. It doesn't echo. Then I say d and it says d is 22. Okay. Then there are format statements in Sylab built in functions built in numbers are represented by percent sign. For example, pi is denoted as percent pi.  So, here I have done a very simple calculation. I define x to be square root of 2 by 2, 1 by root 2 and then y is sin inverse of x. So, a stands for arc. So, a sin x is already defined in Sylab and it gives the result in radiance. It is given in radiance. So, I multiply by 180 degrees divided by pi to get 45 degrees. So, let's do this calculation. x is equal to square root of 2 by 2, which is 0.707. And then y is a sin a stands for arc. So, let me do that. So, it has given the same thing. Then I say that y underscore degree equals y multiplied by 180 degrees divided by percent pi. It is 45 degrees. Yeah, let's take the question. Okay. Let's take the question from Amruta. Hello, sir. Are you able to hear me? Yes. Yeah. Okay. My question is, you have specified that C code can be interfaced with Sylab. Will you be able to give more light on that or some material regarding that one? And the second thing is, we have so many toolboxes related to Sylab and we could download that from the web, but we are not able to get any helping material regarding that toolbox. If we are able to get that toolbox or some books regarding that, it will be very useful to us. And the third one is, if you are so friendly as Sylab and Sylab, so there are three questions I wanted to ask you. Thank you. Okay. So, good. There are three questions from Amruta. The first one is how to interface with C. I can, we can make this available. What I will do is, the best thing is to first do a Google search. So, let's say Sylab C interface. Okay. So, you get this interfacing C or Fortran programs. Okay. Here it is. So, what I would do is, the very first thing that I would do is, so this is one of the answers. So, in 6.2.1, they have given up this example also, building an interface program. Okay. So, there is some help available on the web. So, there is some help available on the web, but better help is required. We don't mind actually coming to any other places and conducting a Sylab workshop if required. That is the first question. We are also in the process of establishing moodle-based interaction forums through which we can start interacting. We will inform all of you the moment this is done. This is the second answer to the first question. The second question that came from Amruta is toolboxes. How good are these toolboxes? The third question is, so maybe I didn't understand the second question exactly. So, it has to do with the toolboxes. The third question is the GUI. Is the GUI as good in Sylab? So, there is a trade-off between commercial software packages and free software packages in commercial software packages. It's very expensive, but then because they employ a lot of people, they can make the GUI documentation and so on a lot better. The only problem is if you use commercial software packages, once our students go to the industry, they just can't use them. So, what is the point in using something that is 1000 times more expensive even if it is extraordinary if you can't use it? So, there is a question from Pune. So, we can answer that also. The question from COEP is, are there variables typing called float double and so on? In Sylab, everything is double. That was the question from COEP Pune. Now, I want to do this example. Suppose I want to create a vector. Let's say that I want to create a vector called x equals 1 through 5. What will it create? It says that it breaks it into, so let me see if I can make it bigger. What will happen? Essentially, it says that now it comes in the same column. x equals 1 is to 3. It says 1, 2, 3. So, let me just do 4. It says 1, 2, 3, 4. When I say 5, it cannot put it in the same row. It puts it in the second row. But the values are all there. It is just the display is different. Now, I can say x is equal to 1 through 4 multiplied by percent pi. So, what it will do is it will say 1 times pi, 2 times pi, 3 times pi, 4 times pi, because 1 is to 4 is a vector. So, as I mentioned, you can multiply a vector by a scalar just like mathematicians do. So, when I hit a carriage return, it will say pi, 2 pi, 3 pi, 4 pi. So, you can do that. You can also do it like this. x equals percent pi, 2 times percent pi, 3 times percent pi, 4 times percent pi. You can also, of course, you know, write the whole thing manually. It gives the same answer. You can also use a command called lint space. For example, here I am dividing into the interval 0 to pi into 11 intervals starting from 0, 0.1 pi, 0.2 pi, all the way up to pi. Or I can say 0 to 1 in increments of 0.1. See, I did not mention this here. So, for example, if I say x equals 1 is to 4, it will do this. But if I say x equals 1 is to 2 is to 4, what will it give? So, it will give 1. And then the increment, yeah, there is Amruta-Kaim-Bhutur. Yeah, what will happen? Sir, it is not related to the question, but it was related to the manual that we spoke earlier, sir. Actually, we were downloading the toolbox related to image processing. Yeah. And we are working in digital image processing, and we have a group formed over here. And we were actually trying for the PsyLab toolbox equivalent. And we were able to get the toolbox for that. But we didn't have a supporting material, something similar to the manual, where, which specifies what sort of command has to be used for which purpose. So, since that documentation is not clear, we were not able to proceed ahead using PsyLab.  Okay. All right. So, I will just repeat this question shortly from Amruta. All right. So, the answer here is, yes, one more question from Amruta. Yeah, okay. Will you be able to give us some demo session or workshops regarding this PsyLab, especially for the image processing? We will see if it can be done. So, I will repeat that question later shortly. They just reminded me of the second question. All right. Let's come back to one is to two is to four. This two, like you would do in programming languages, is the increment number. So, it will do one, three. The next one will be five. But then we are writing the limit up to four only. So, it shows up to three only. So, for example, if I do five, you'll say one is to three is to five and so on. Okay. So, here what I'm saying is zero in increments of 0.1 up to one. So, there are 11 points multiplied by pi. So, now I can just repeat the question that Amruta asked manuals are not available for toolboxes. They had a question about signal processing toolbox, image processing toolbox, whether some workshop can be organized. So, let's see whether we can do that. We will certainly try to provide all the help. In fact, we want to take up the use of PsyLab in a big way in the country. So, in fact, your input and your participation is extremely important required to make that happen. Okay, vector operation. So, just like I created this vector, I can find sign of this vector. For example, I can say x equals, let me just do zero increments of 0.1 to 1 multiplied by percent pi. Note that I have to put a semicolon so that it doesn't echo the result. Then I say y equals sign of x, put a semicolon so that it doesn't echo the result. Then I say plot 2d x comma y. It is computed. So, let me just do this it is not very smooth because there are not many points. So, let us just do this for not 1 pi. Let's do this for, I can recall the previous commands by not 1 pi. Let me do this for 3 pi sin x plot 2d. So, you can see that now I have done it for up to 3 pi. So, plotting is extremely easy. And then of course, here what I have done is I have taken sign of this vector. And then if I want to extract any component, I just have to say 5. For example, you have to remember unlike c, the indexing starts from 1. So, y1, y2, y3, y4, y5. So, it comes here. Alright, now let me see whether I can do this. So, I have created these two vectors a is 1 through 5, b is 1 is to 2 is to 9. So, it goes up to 9.  Let me just repeat that b equals 1 is to 2 is to 9. So, the answer is 1, 3, 5, 7, 9. Now, what I want to ask is in fact, I have the question here. I want to ask you this question. What will happen to b of 1 is to 2 is to 5? What will be the answer? b is 1 is to 2 is to 9. It has given me this vector. Now, I am asking this question b of 1 is to 2 is to 5. What will be the answer? Can anybody guess the answer? So, let us, we have not got the answer. Let us first find what 1 is to 2 is to 5 does. 1 is to 2 is to 5 will be Periyar University in Periyar Mariamayi University. Please go ahead. Hello, sir. Good afternoon sir. We are from Periyar Mariamayi College. We are, we form a good team in a neural network. So, we are working on that in our MATLAB. Can we do the same work on the silencer? Same toolbox. Can we use the same toolbox, the same commands or something and the, you know, the silencer? The answer is that, yes, it is possible. Of course, I do not know about all the toolboxes and so on. One has to, we need to discuss. We will set up the website. We will inform you. Then we can start discussing through that. So, I do not have a specific answer to this question at this point. All right. Thanks. So, the question I had was, what is 1 is to 2 is to 5? In fact, I wanted B of 1 is to 2 is to 5. The answer is not given in this question. So, let us do this. So, if I do 1 is to 2 is to 5, it gives 1, 3, 5. So, you can say, if I say B of 1 is to 2 is to 5. So, what will it give? Let us see whether this works. It will give the first element of B and then the third element of B. What is the third element? It is 5. What is the fifth element of B? It is 9. So, it is 159. So, it is possible. So, what we have done is, just recall this, what we did. I said B is this, B 1 is to 2 is to 5. It just extracts the way that we want. Just imagine doing this in C. How many lines of code you would have written to do this? We have taken a lot of lines. So, that is what it does. I have created a variable called D, which is B is 1 is to 2 is to 5 and then 101. It attaches these. Before I go on, I see that there is a big difference in the type of audience. There are some people who have no clue of what Sylab is about and in fact, this talk is meant for people, even for people who do not use Sylab. There are also people who have been using Sylab, who are stuck in neural network processing or neural networks or image processing. So, you have advanced questions and in fact, those questions, I may not be in a position to answer them because I may not be familiar with some of those toolboxes that you might have downloaded. So, all that I can say is that we should be in a position to help you all. What we should do is we can have one more session later on in this, during this program itself, where we can meet once more and see if we can address some specific questions. Here in this talk, what I would like to do is, I would like to stay with the talk that I am giving and I have some questions so that you can think and participate, you would interact with me on the questions that I pose. Your advanced questions can be answered some other time. So, if we, maybe I should have mentioned this right in the beginning. So, at least now I can say that. Is that okay? I said that Sylab has a built-in language, it has functions, it has for loops, do loops and so on. So, for all of these, you need a comparison operator equal to less than, greater than, less than or equal to and so on. So, let us see some usage of this. For example, I create this A equals 1 through 9, B is 9 minus A. So, this is going to create A a vector of 1 through 9 and then B also will be a vector of 9 elements, only thing is 9 minus A.  So, I have created these two. Now, what I want to do is, I want to ask this question. In fact, let us see whether you can do this. A equals, let me just say 1 through 4, B is 4 minus A. Now, I want to ask this question, is A equal equal B? What will be the answer? There is a question from Amrita Puri. Now, my question is, I do not want you to ask another question as I mentioned earlier. Now, please do not connect me. The question I have is, I have a specific question. If you have a question, we will answer it later. The question is, because otherwise we will not get anywhere. You have hundreds of questions from people who have used sila for something or other. There are also lots of people who do not even know sila. So, as I mentioned earlier, this is a general purpose talk. Does anyone have an answer to this question, what is A equals B? Yeah, VNIT Nakur has an answer. Yeah, go ahead. The answer is A equals B. Sorry, this is not equal. See, for example, here I said, so the answer is A equals B. Here, I am saying, see, you have to understand the operator. Here, A equals 1 is to 4. Here, I am saying equal equal. That means, I am comparing the two things. So, Velour Institute of Technology Tamil Nadu, let us go there. They say that it is false. Here, I am asking the question is A equal to B. That is the question mark. The moment I say equal equal, I am questioning. Yeah, Velour, yeah, go ahead. Please answer. No, the answer is, it is false. That is not the, that is not completely correct. If I type, if I give the carriage return now, what will sila give? Let us see if anybody else has the answer. Let us see somebody new. Anna University has given the answer. Let Chennai, last one. Yeah, the answer they have given is 0, 0, 0, 0. So, that is the correct answer, because it is going to compare these two. Is 1 is to 3? 1 equal to 3? It will say, so it is not equal. 2 is equal to 2? It will say not equal. 3 equals 1? Not equal. 4 equals 0? Not equal. The only thing is it is not going to give 0, 0, 0, 0. It is going to give false, false, false, false. So, Matlab may give it as 0, 0, 0, 0, but sila will give it this way. Let us see the carriage return. Hey, this, yeah, I made a mistake. In fact, somebody had answered that. I think Amrita Puri has answered it correctly and also Government Engineering College Trissur also answered it correct. So, the answer from Anna University is not okay. You had given all of them 0. You have probably also made the same mistake that I made. Notice that this 2 is equal to this 2. So, it is, the answer is false, true, false, false. And of course, I can ask questions like is A, so let us recall what A is, what B is. I can ask is A greater than B. So, it will be false here. What will happen here? This 2 is not greater than B, not greater than 2. So, this will be also false, false, false, true, true. Okay. All right. So, this is extremely useful. This is extremely useful in applications such as signal processing, image processing. You want to detect an edge and you want to locate in a big matrix entries that are one for example. So, you can just say find all those entries and tell me where they are. I suppose to writing a for loop, this can be done using matrices. Okay. What I will do is, I will give that example and then maybe I will stop here. I want to go to this. Let us go to, of course you can do lots of these things. Let us do a transpose. So, for example, here I have created C equals 1 semicolon 2 semicolon 3. So, it creates a column vector. If I say 1 is to 3, 1, 2, 3 and then B is A transpose, then transpose is obtained by colon, then you get this, sorry, single code, you get 1, 2, 3 and then you can extract sub matrices. Okay. So, here for example, I am saying A is a 3 by 3 matrix and the second column of A is taken out and put it in B. Right. So, for example, let us look at this 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 0. I have created this, then I say B is equal to A of, supposing I want to extract only the second row. I will say second row all columns. All columns are done by this colon. It will give me 4, 5, 6. If on the other hand, I say A equals B equals A of second row. Okay. Except that I do not want the columns come in the same manner. Suppose I want to say, let it start from third column, decrements of minus, decrements of 1, all the way up to 1. Just think about it. The second row, but in the column, I am saying start with the third, which means 6 should come first and then the second index is 2, 3 to 1, it will be 6, 5, 4. See that 6, 5, 4. Of course, I can do some more operations. A is this. B, let me just say B is 2 is to 3, which means take the second and third. So, it is 6, 5, 4 and then 0, 8, 7. Of course, I can do if I want only 1 and 3. So, I can say 1 is to 2 is to 3, which means skip the second one. So, now I got 3, 2, 1, 0, 8, 7 and so on.  Okay. This is, next one is an extremely important one that Sylab is optimized for vector calculations. So, I want to illustrate this using this. So, let us create a matrix A equals 1s of, let me first show you this command called 1s. 1s of 5, 1 will give me 5 by 1 and then it will have all 1s. Similarly, A equals 1s of 2, 3 will give me 2 by 3 matrix. Alright. So, what I will do is, I will create this A equals 1s of, let me do this 50,000 comma 1. So, what should I do now? Can I put carriage return? If I put a carriage return, it would try to echo all the 50,000 values, do not want to do this. So, I put a semicolon. So, it has created this vector called A. Now, what I want to do is, I want to add A and A and put it in B. So, I will do it as follows. For I equals 1 is to 3, B equals A of I, B of I equals, let me put this, A of I plus A of I and then remember to put this semicolon. One thing is I said I equals, going from 1 to 3, I have to say 50,000, B equals this. Let me do this. Okay, let us see. Let us see whether this will work. Okay, it did not like it. Okay, the usage is, okay let us do it for smaller one, 1s of 5 comma 1, B equals for I equals 1 through 5, B of I equals A of I plus A of, so say it is actually computing every time. So, that is okay. The mistake was I think because B was typed as something else, it is expecting some other thing. So, I did not like this. Okay, so what we will do is, we will do the following. So, this is fine. So, we will do the following, clear. So, A is 1s of 50,000 comma 1 and then B is, it is doing the computation. All right, it has done the computation. So, what I will do is, invoke this function called timer. Okay, I do the calculation once again, timer. So, it says now it took 0.4565. Just remember this number.  So, here I did the same thing except here I went through a loop. Here I did matrix calculation. So, let us do this once again. Timer, C is this timer. You can see that here it took 0.45 when I went through the loop. When I did this A plus A, here I am no longer using the loop. It uses only 0.142 and we can of course ask is C equal equal B. Okay, if I do that, what will happen? Now, C is a vector of size 50,000. B is also a vector of size 50,000. We will compare all of them and it will say that. So, what I will do is, let me just do a max of this. Let us see what happens. Function not defined. Okay, let me see. Size of B is 50,000 by 1. Size of A, C is 50,000 by 1. So, help. Let me just do norm. Okay, there is a norm. Let us see whether this works. Norm of B not defined. Okay, so let us do it this way. Comparison equals B equal equal C. If I went through this, it just keeps saying true. Okay, then max of okay. So, the point is that this is a binary vector and I do not know whether some will work. So, some worked here, some of comparison and it gives 50,000. So, we compared B and C and B and C are identical and it gave 1 for each of them and then we added all of them, we got 50,000. So, this is of course an indirect way to check that. So, what I want you to do is, to the extent possible, use matrix calculation. Don't use for loop. Yeah. All right. Time is over. So, as a result, what I will do is, I will stop here. I hope I was able to give some flavor of Sylab. You know, there were lots of questions. In fact, there were questions from, I could address only about six or seven institutions. One of the reasons is that, one of the reasons why I didn't want to answer many of your questions is that you had questions, lots of questions not directly relevant to my talk and I thought that we could have a separate session to answer some of these high level questions. At that time, I will not answer, I will not give a talk, but maybe we can just field questions. So, with that, I would like to end. Just give me one minute. I will just see if we have. So, I had something on differential equations. There is an interest. I can give a talk later. So, I will just quickly go through this. And then, of course, plots are very nice. One can create nice plots in Sylab. I will upload this file. You can look at it. So, to conclude, Sylab is ideal for educational institutions, including schools. It's built on a sound numerical platform. It's free. It's also suitable for industrial applications. There is, of course, a standard trade-off between free and commercial applications. So, I want to thank you for listening to me. If required, we can meet again for another session on Sylab. Thank you.


Good afternoon, everyone. My name is Michael Collins and I'm the Director General of the IIEA. Very pleased to welcome you all to this IIEA webinar this afternoon. We're particularly delighted to welcome and to be joined by Dr. Jessica Matthews, distinguished fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, who joins us from Virginia near Washington today and Dr. Matthews will speak to us for about 20 minutes. And then we'll go to the usual Q&A with you, our audience, and you'll be able to join the discussion using the Q&A function on Zoom, which you should see on your screen and please feel free to send your questions in throughout the session as they occur to you, and we will come to them once Dr. Matthews has finished her presentation. A reminder that today's presentation and the Q&A are both on the record. And please feel free to join the discussion on Twitter if you'd like to do so using the handle at IIEA. So just by way of introduction, let me just say that Dr. Matthews is a distinguished fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. She served as Carnegie's president for 18 years and before her appointment in 1997, her career included posts in both the executive and the legislative branches of government, in management and research in the nonprofit arena, and in journalism and indeed in science policy. She was director of the Council of Foreign Relations Washington Program and a senior fellow from 1994 to 1997. Here she published her seminal 1997 Foreign Affairs article, Power Shift, chosen by the editors as one of the most influential in the journal's 75-year history. Dr. Matthews has published widely in newspapers and in foreign policy and scientific journals, and has co-authored and co-edited three books. She holds a PhD in molecular biology from the California Institute of Technology and graduated Magna Cum Laude from Radtiv College. Dr. Matthews, Jessica, welcome to the IAA, the floor is yours. Thank you, Michael, and it's a pleasure to be here with you at the outset because although I'm pretty close to Washington, it's quite a rural area and our internet connections are awful, and they may in fact be unstable while we're talking but we can keep our fingers crossed. Anyway, it is, it's an honor and a pleasure to be with you all. Since we're talking about American power after Afghanistan, I'd like to just briefly start there by saying that once the focus in the United States shifts from the last few weeks of the war to the 20 years of drift and shifting missions that preceded it. I think that the shock of losing the longest war in our nation's history may paradoxically open a window for an overdue reappraisal of American foreign policy. And that's what I'd like to talk with you about today. Before we turn to the future, let me just say briefly that I think there are three important lessons from Afghanistan that I think Americans might absorb. One is that that among colonial and post-colonial interveners, the United States has a record of being particularly bad about ignoring the history and the culture and the values of countries in which it intervenes. Generally not the result of not knowing what those are, but because we do have individuals who know them very well, but generally they are not in the room when high level top level policies being made. And secondly, history and culture are treated here as background or context rather than as critical factors that will determine the outcome and success or failure, as they own mistakenly did in Afghanistan. Second, it's important to know that what happened in Afghanistan was not caused by the lack of good intelligence. Thirdly, the commonest form of intelligence failure is the failure of civilian and military leaders to listen to what they don't want to hear. And that happened here. At the outset of his presidency, President Obama commissioned an emergency high level urgent 60 day study to shape US strategy in the war. He writes that the report, and this is his words, made one thing clear, unless Pakistan stopped sheltering the Taliban, our efforts at long term stability in Afghanistan were bound to fail. So US intelligence knew the connections between Pakistan and the Taliban that knew that they were deep and long lasting, and that Pakistan was providing a safe haven for Taliban fighters and leadership. The conclusion was obvious it should have been that the US must either somehow break that bond or cut its losses in nation building in Afghanistan. Instead, policymakers noted the problem tried unsuccessfully to address it and then went ahead anyway. The third lesson is that US policymakers in particular cannot rely on our military to conclude that admission is unachievable. The military's core value is can do its spirit is can do generals can identify difficulties in advance and they but once a mission is underway. They will insist that things are getting better or that they will get better with more money or more time or more troops or more weapons. They will not question the validity of the mission. And this has bedeviled us for this whole era of interventions. It means that a president who recognizes that the country has undertaken something that it cannot achieve has to at some point reject the advice of his general something that commentators and the press will kick him for President Biden didn't have rare moral courage in recognizing that and acting out. And finally and maybe this is the most important for our discussion today. Americans do have the habit of wildly exaggerating the consequences the bad consequences of its failures. In the last few months there's been talk of the end of empire, a return to isolationism and huge gains accruing to Russia and to China, which may instead be saddled with a continuing civil war in Afghanistan, and with the impacts, excuse me of growing opium production and Islamic extremism on their own peoples. Another talk with far greater reason greeted the end of the war in Vietnam, and 15 years later, the US won the Cold War and dominated the world. So I urge you and as well as Americans to discount much of what you hear about these awful consequences. So what might a reappraisal of American foreign policy entail. The first point I think may be the most difficult. And that is the clear need for fresh thinking about our strategies. In the 30 years since the end of the Cold War. There's been an extraordinary period of global change. In the 1990s and outbursts of multilateral diplomacy, we saw the creation of the European Union of the World Trade Organization, the transformation of the non proliferation treaty into a permanent agreement from a temporary one, and many other steps. At one point in the middle of that decade there were more international peacekeeping missions underway, then there had been in the 50 previous years combined. This was a huge period of multilateral action. At the same time globalization rapid change in technology, growing economic interdependence made board borders more porous and security harder to achieve and to maintain. Digital and nuclear technologies gave weak and failing states an unprecedented ability to threaten strong states. The facts of 911 brought the specter of terrorism, certainly to the US, the threat to the homeland for the first time since 1812. Far less of a change for Europe and most of the rest of the world but transformative for us. China in this period grew its GDP by an almost inconceivable 40 fold. It broke out of its posture as a passive recipient of rules and norms made in the West. Russia contending with the after effects of the sudden loss of empire became host to an aggrieved nationalism. At the end of the Cold War fewer than 2% of Russians saw the US as hostile. Today, that figure is about 60%. We saw the need for action to stem rapidly growing threats from a number of transnational issues, climate change, cyber warfare, pandemics, as well as conventional terrorism. This was a period of really unusual change and also of three enormous American missteps. The US invasion of Iraq and the subsequent the consequent destabilization of the Middle East. The global financial crisis hatched in the United States and of course the Afghan war. And I think I would add to that list. Trump's America first populism populist nationalism, which called into question long standing alliances embraced authoritarian rulers denigrated allies and withdrew the United States from an enormous range of international agreements and organizations, many of which it had founded. In the headlines, I should note that there were many moves that made it impossible for organizations such organizations to operate. For example, during the Trump administration the United States vetoed every nominee to the world trade organizations appellate body it's it's body of judges, keeping the number below the required quorum. And thereby depriving all 164 WTO member countries of the means to resolve disputes. Thinking dispassionately, one would expect that from a time of so much change, and several huge mistakes that it would be natural to call for a rethinking of assumptions and an effort to find new strategies. But all there has been so far has been a circular domestic debate among those who believe the US should exercise global leadership, generally unilaterally everywhere and on every issue. And those who favor a more restrained definition of interests, and a more multilateral method of execution. This debate has gone around and around and around basically depending on who's in the White House, without reaching any real conclusions. So, what might a new kind of foreign policy look like. And what might it's what might reasonable hopes for change entail. The first, I think, that is probably likely is that we have seen the end of the era of interventions that began in Bosnia, and has included Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, Libya, and others. I think it will be a while before the US undertakes another such intervention. Secondly, on, I do think it is time and there is perhaps a window for a hard look at the notion of American exceptionalism that has underlay underlayed our foreign policy, certainly for the last three decades. It's, it's no news to you that our domestic situation now is very parlous, really quite ugly. And statistically, we have high income inequality, flat or declining intergenerational mobility. That is whether children can be expected to lead a better life than their parents, which has always been the core of the American dream and which no longer holds. We have deeply polarized politics, racial division, a population that is given to embracing wild conspiracy theories, a diminished sense of civic duty, and even a question mark beside the Senate quantum of democracy, namely the peaceful transition of power through elections. That's the power of our example, which President Biden is fond of mentioning dubious at best. It also means that thinking about policy reaching any kind of agreement on change in a country that seems now to be divided right down the middle, or perhaps 6040 is, is going to be very, very hard. But the, the facts are so hard to blink at that one can in a, in a some paradox of the way be helpful that Americans can reconsider our record of international leadership that also underlays this concept of American exceptionalism is is very questionable and open to rethinking as well. It is at least arguable that since the middle of the 1990s, when the US began to withhold its legally obligated dues first to the United Nations and then to a number of other international agencies. Its foreign policies have unbalanced weakened the world's capacity to, but I'm thinking that a discussion about this is beginning and has already begun. Among the agreements that the United States has rejected since the end of the Cold War. It's an extraordinary list indeed in the in 25 years United States Senate has only ratified one multilateral treaty and treaty which was hugely important. We are certainly aligned with our values. The Kyoto rejected.  So, please go ahead. So, I was just listing all the international treaties and agreements that the Senate has rejected in the period since the end of the Cold War. And then the organizations that the US has left, including during the just the last four years of the Trump presidency, the Trans Pacific partnership on trade. The INF treaty on intermediate range missiles. The UN Human Rights Council UNESCO and more and of course the Paris Accord on climate. We're glad to say we are now back and the Iran nuclear deal where I am hopeful that. Can you hear me now. Yes, we can. You're just again is breaking up every now then maybe you just go to audio Jessica from the time being. Okay, let me. Okay. All right. So, my point in listing all of these is that I said I think very few people recognize the degree to which the United States has in the last two to three decades, withdrawn itself from so many of these international agreements, and that in this case, its history and its culture has evolved so differently from the European Union, which has been involved, which in a unprecedented degree of sharing sovereignty while the US has been walking away from shared sovereignty. I am hopeful that if we can begin a rethink of foreign policy that this is this recognition will be on the table. So, to be more specific. Let me talk about some of these changes that we might that might we might see more quickly. linked to a rethinking of our self self portrayal of exceptionalism would are two long standing practices of which are linked to Americans belief in that exceptionalism which should be in my view, abandoned. One is the belief that shunning other countries that is refusing to formally recognize it, or to talk to its representatives is a useful exercise of American leadership, a gift that is something the US can bestow. To the contrary, there is a pretty clear record from Cuba, from Iran from Afghanistan and elsewhere that this American habit mostly hurts itself, and has crippled diplomacy where it is most needed, draining the modicum of trust that is necessary for successful negotiations, and requiring that the most difficult and important and delicate interactions be turned over to middleman, as the Iran negotiations currently are, where every interaction has to go through European representatives, meaning that so much less can possibly get done and no understanding builds between where it needs to come between the United States and Iran. A related practice is a heavy, I recall this almost a cousin of this practice of non recognition is a heavy over reliance on sanctions, especially unilateral sanctions. Which is equally unhelpful and should be drastically cut back. I don't mean to say that sanctions are not a useful tool foreign policy only that we have gotten into the habit of over using them. Here comes more difficult reconsiderations or rethinking. And that has to do with the reconsideration of the degree to which US foreign policy has come to rely almost entirely on military strikes. In the last 25 years, there have been only a few months when the US military has not been actively engaged somewhere in the world. That has created a world that expects us interventions, and that measures us seriousness by it, and encourages friends and allies to underspend on their own defense. Members, both Democratic and Republican leaders, members of Congress have lavished funding on the Pentagon, tolerating enormous waste in the interest of dollars spent in their own states and districts. At the same time, our foreign operations through the State Department and our embassies, other non defense operations have been chronically underfunded. As the defense budget has swelled, the gap has become truly grotesque. To give you a sense of that, President Trump's budgets proposed budgets for fiscal 1919, sorry, 2019 and 2020 proposed increases for the defense budget that were larger than the entire foreign operations budget and State Department budget. They are proposing massive cuts in the foreign operations budget. Congress rejected those proposals what is extraordinary is that they should even have been made. This disparity in funding translates into huge differences in operational strength. But generally the Pentagon is put in charge of missions for which it really is not suited, generally because it alone has the money and the resources that other agencies don't have to undertake them. And it's including humanitarian and governance duties for which it really is poorly suited. So, whether the US can begin to address that, and in our maybe in our discussion period we could talk about how there has been such enormous focus on the cost of President Biden's economic and social program build back better, where there is no public discussion of the continuing growth in the defense budget which is shortly going to approach $800 billion a year. Finally, we need a thorough reappraisal of Washington's policies on democracy promotion. And particularly in the last 15 years, Washington has acted as though democracy is the default political system. To the contrary, it is the most demanding of political systems that requires a literate relatively cohesive population and a bedrock of institutions that can take a century or more to build. Laying such a foundation can require commitment of many decades, as the British made in India, or the US and South Korea, but countries that would welcome a lengthy foreign occupation are extremely rare these days, if they exist at all. And domestic US support for such a commitment will only be sustained where its core strategic interest is unmistakably obvious to people. Major figures in the US have criticized the end of the war in Afghanistan for a disastrous lack of what they have called strategic patience. But I think that misses the point that the American public had grasped, which is that there was no strategic interest in the war as Washington was was prosecuting it. Finally, of course, it should not need to be said but it does because the US keeps trying that democracy cannot be delivered by force. So those. Well, let me let me just add one, one last thought. The belief that is evidently held by the Biden administration. That democracy is under a generalized attack from authoritarianism also needs to be rethought. Because dividing the world along this line democracies on one side authoritarian on the other greatly reduces the chance that the five major global problems. Such as proliferation, climate change, global health, cyber crime and financial stability that any of these can be successfully tackled, because there are simply too many authoritarian states whose active participation would be necessary. I want to be clear and in closing that the changes that I have advocated do not add up to a new foreign policy doctrine. Given the pace and the scope of recent global change and the depth of American political polarization. It's doubtful whether such an advance is currently possible. Moreover, some of the needed shifts are not within our own power to achieve because it will be some time before others see an American choice, not to intervene in some situation, or to remove a troop presence, or US base as something other than disengagement or retreat. The shifts that I have just sketched would amount, however, they would amount to a dramatic alteration in US practice since the end of the Cold War. And such an America would no longer see itself as as a cop walking the global beat as neoconservatives used to argue for in the 1990s. Or as realists now call for shrinking its interests, simply to threats from China and Russia. They would lead to a policy that is somewhat rebalanced between military and non military instruments. Far more restrained in the launching of military interventions. And why is there and more disciplined in their execution. More cognizant of the need for and the potential of multilateral institutions and agreements to solve problems. Less prone to unilateral and often self defeating behavior and more sensible in its attitudes towards promoting democracy elsewhere. They would mean in effect, an end to the tatters of hegemony to which the US has been clinging, and which a reconsideration of which is, I believe, overdue. Please stop there and I hope we can help I have provoked maybe an interesting discussion.