I'm truly grateful for the opportunity to visit with you again in this place of peace. You've always said that the power of love for our fellow man is stronger than the evils that befall mankind or humankind. And one feels the power of that strong moral force here in this holy city of St. Peter. Just as we see it in your courageous and compassionate leadership. Your Holiness, on my last visit here, I urge you to carry your ministry to the southern and western sections of the United States. And you graciously agreed. And I know that all America looks forward to your arrival in September. You'll find in our country a deeply religious people, a people devoted to the same ideals and values you so eloquently champion. A striving for peace and justice, human rights, and above all, our duty as fellow creatures of God to love one another. Not long ago, Your Holiness, you visited Canada where you spoke passionately of the moral obligation of the wealthier nations to share with those less fortunate. Recently, I also traveled to Canada and said it's time that we take up that challenge to share our prosperity with the underdeveloped nations, with generous aid, yes, but also in the most effective way we know, by sharing the conditions that promote prosperity. You have spoken eloquently of the moral causes of prosperity, among them hard work, honesty, initiative, thrift, spirit of service, and daring. In many countries today, we see economic revolutions founded on this basic tenet that the sources of prosperity are moral ones, that the spirit and imagination of man, freed of status shackles, is a revolutionary force for growth and human betterment. In your travels, you've inspired millions, people of all races and all faiths, who have felt the intensity of your desire for peace and brotherhood among men. As you embark on a pastoral visit to the land of your birth, Poland, be assured that the hearts of the American people are with you. Our prayers will go with you in profound hope that soon the hand of God will lighten the terrible burden of brave people everywhere who yearn for freedom, even as all men and women yearn for the freedom that God gave us all when he gave us a free will. We see the power of the spiritual force in that troubled land, uniting a people in hope, just as we see the powerful stirrings to the east of a belief that will not die, despite generations of oppression. Perhaps it's not too much to hope that true change will come to all countries that now deny or hinder the freedom to worship God. And perhaps we'll see that change comes through the reemergence of faith, through the irresistible power of religious renewal. But despite all the attempts to extinguish it, the people's faith burns with a passionate heat. Once allowed to breathe free, that faith will burn so brightly it will light the world. Your Holiness, when I last visited you, our representative in Vatican City was a personal envoy. Now I'm happy to say America is represented here by a full-fledged diplomatic mission at the ambassadorial level. The consequence of our efforts deserves nothing less, for we join with the Holy See in our concern for a world of peace, where armaments are reduced and human rights respected, a world of justice and hope, where each of God's creatures has the means and opportunity to develop to his or her full potential. Your Holiness, I'm reminded of the passage from the Bible of St. Peter walking out on the water after Christ. We know that as long as he kept his eyes on our Savior, as long as his faith was strong, he was held up. But as soon as his faith faltered, he began to sink. Your Holiness, with gentle chidings and powerful exhortations, you have continually directed our thoughts to the spiritual source of all true goodness and happiness. At the opening of the Second Vatican Council, in which you played such an important role, Pope John the 23rd spoke of the duty of every Christian to tend always toward heaven. In your great courage and compassion, in your piety and the boundless energy with which you carry out your mission, you have set an example for the world. It's an example that challenges us all to live a life of charity, to live a life of prayer, to work for peace, and in that beautiful phrase of John the 23rd, to tend always toward heaven. I know that today marks the beginning of a very important time for you personally and for the people of your faith. For it's this day that you begin the observance of a year of prayer and devotion to the Virgin Mary with a worldwide prayer for peace. I wish you great joy, happiness, and fulfillment in the coming months. And I thank you, Your Holiness, and may God bless you. Mr. President, this is the second time that I have the pleasure of welcoming you to the Vatican. Although this visit is somewhat brief, I am grateful for the opportunity to assure you again of my greatest team for all the people of the United States of America. On the occasion of your previous visit, I spoke of the importance of building society on the strong foundation of moral and spiritual values. And I expressed the hope that world peace might be fostered through greater trust between peoples and nations, a trust that is manifested and proved through constructive negotiations aimed at ending the arms race and at liberating immense resources that can be used to alleviate misery and feed millions of hungry human beings. I am confident, Mr. President, that you share my continued concern about these issues. Whenever moral and spiritual values are rejected or even given mere lip service and not truly integrated into daily life, then we, as individuals groups, as communities or nations, fall short of what we were intended to be as men and women created in the image of God. At the same time, the absence of trust and unwillingness to work together for the good of all. Breed division in the world and become a great stumbling block to the pursuit of true justice and peace in order to secure a brighter future and to overcome the obstacles to peaceful coexistence in the world. We must keep in mind a fundamental truth about human life, namely that together we make up a single human family. We are sons and daughters of one and the same God, brothers and sisters in a common humanity. As I stated in my message for the 1987 World Day of Peace, by simply being born into this world, we are of one inheritance and one stock with every other human being. This oneness expresses itself in all the richness and diversity of the human family in different races, cultures, languages, and histories. And we are called to recognize the basic solidarity of the human family as the fundamental condition of our life together in this earth. The consequences of this important truth are many and profound. If taken to heart, this truth will shape the attitudes of mind and spirit which make it possible for peoples and nations to collaborate effectively for the good of all. To overcome strife and conflict, to promote authentic integral development, and to assist refugees and victims of natural disasters. The oneness of humanity must have an impact on the policies and practices of governments, providing a solid foundation for international cooperation which reaches beyond political, racial, geographical, and ideological boundaries and forest new bounds of trust and mutual service. Even those who have previously been labeled as enemies can be seen in a new perspective as brothers and sisters in the human family. Not long ago, it became possible to establish full diplomatic relations between the Holy See and the United States. You view such relations as an important way of furthering mutual understanding and constructive collaboration. The Holy See has no political ambitions, but it does consider it part of its mission in the world to be widely concerned about human rights and the dignity of all, especially for the poor and suffering. Drawing its inspiration and guidance from the gospel of Jesus Christ, we came to bring glad tidings to the pool. The Holy See seeks to promote the highest spiritual values and ethical principles. In this regard, diplomatic relations are meant to facilitate a more fruitful dialogue on the basic questions facing the international community in sharing these thoughts with you today. I also wish to say how much I look forward to my forthcoming visit to the United States. Memories of my previous visit remained for me a source of joy. I'm grateful for this fathered opportunity to travel to a number of cities in your country and ask to be once again in the midst of the American people so as to join my heart and voice with theirs in praise of the living God. May the Lord assist you, Mr. President, in all your love to responsibilities and may his blessings be upon you and all the people of the United States of America. Thank you very much.


If you've ever used resin, this is info you can't live without, literally. Hi internet friends, it's Rebecca from Art Resin with a PSA for anyone who has ever worked with epoxy resin or is thinking about using it in the future. Here it is, the honest truth. Most epoxy resins are really bad for you. It's scary. Do you actually know if the resin you're using can cause cancer, respiratory distress, reproductive harm? Do you know for sure if it's corrosive or not? So many resins are. How can you tell which is safe and which is dangerous and just how dangerous? The SDS holds the key. It's the one document that gives an honest expose into the chemical you're working with. It's kind of like, you know, when you get a new prescription and it comes with that little leaflet that describes what the drug is, how to take it, what ingredients are in it, and what can go wrong if you take too much of it. And SDS is like that, but for the chemical that you're working with. In this video, I'm going to teach you how to be a smart resin consumer. I'm going to teach you how to interpret an SDS, also called a safety data sheet, and how to spot the red flags. Ultimately, I want you to know that not all resin brands are created equal. And as you might expect, you get what you pay for. So let's get started. And not to be dramatic, but this can save your life.  An SDS, which used to be called an MSDS, is an internationally standardized document that every chemical must have to make consumers aware of what the product is all about, how it performs, and what risks may be associated with it. It exists to educate people and keep them safe. The SDS is templated so that all the safety information is organized the same way for every product. The onus is on the business that sells the chemical to write the SDS and provide accurate information. So let's look at an SDS section by section and we'll see what we notice and what you can't afford to not be aware of. I'll just do a quick overview at first and then I'll kind of come back and hit some of the more important sections in detail. So section one of 16 is identification. What is this product called? Where is it made? Easy enough. And as you can see, this is the art resin SDS we're looking at right now. It's available at art resin dot com slash SDS. And by the way, if you want an SDS from any other company, you can ask them for it and they have to provide it to you. Section two, and we're right into it. Hazards identification. Here's where you'll find standardized language and pictograms to identify any potential health risk. This section is so important they put it right after the product's name and manufacturer. I'm coming back to this section in a bit. Section three gives information on ingredients. What is this product composed of? In many cases, chemicals have a generic cast number or a chemical abstract service number assigned to them to more easily identify and distinguish them from one another. And you'll see ours here. Section four is first aid. What do you do if this is inhaled and gested if it's on your skin or if it's in your eyes? Section five, what do you do if this product lives on fire? Section six, what do you do if this product spills? Section seven, how do you handle and store this product? Section eight, PPE. We all know by now there's a wide range of personal protective equipment available for the different levels of risk. So what is the PPE that's required for this product? You'll find that out in this section and I'm coming back to this section in a bit. Section nine, what does this product look like? What are its physical properties? Section 10, is this product stable or reactive? Section 11, is this product toxic? If so, how and to which part of the body? Section 12, offers some info as to how this product may affect ecology. Section 13, tells you how to dispose of this product properly.  Section 15 talks about regulatory information and section 16, it just offers a space to mention anything that wasn't already covered. So lots of information for sure, but what you really want to hone in on for your average everyday normal use are sections two, eight and eleven. So the hazards, the PPE and the toxicity. And these are the sections that spell out in no uncertain terms what this chemical is capable of in terms of harming you and what you need to do to protect yourself given that chemical composition. If a resident produces toxic gins and VSCs, I would want to know so that I can at least suit up in some big industrial respirator in my kids and my cat and my dog. And if it's going to give me cancer or melt my skin off or poison me, I would want to know so that I can throw it out. So Q section two once again, the hazard section. If this product is carcinogenic or for causes respiratory distress or if there's anything that can happen to you from using this product, this is where it has to be listed. And the language you'll find here is all standardized from OSHA, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Now, one thing to note is that every epoxy resin is classified as an irritant. That means that it can irritate your skin if it gets on your skin, which is why you always have to wear protective gloves when you're working with any brand of resin. So any product classified as an irritant carries the signal word warning or caution and it must show this pictogram. It's an exclamation in a red diamond. And then you have statements that go along with that and the business is responsible for recording all the applicable statements from a huge list of possibilities. And it's their liability on the line. So for art resin, we have statements like keep out of reach of children, wear protective gloves, if skin irritation and rash occurs, get medical attention, all things that make sense with the irritant classification. But when I look at other resin SDSs, I see a lot of other pictograms. I see skull and crossbones, corrosion, talp hazard, flammable, harmful to the environment. I see those pictograms a lot in other resins. And what concerns me is I see them in the SDS, but nowhere on the label as required. So it appears that other manufacturers are hiding the toxicity of their product. And I see hazard statements such as causes serious eye damage, suspected of damaging fertility in the unborn child, very toxic. In no uncertain terms, the SDS lets you know what you're dealing with and why you may want to choose something that doesn't make you fearful for your safety and well-being. Here's the National Fire Protection Association rating and the Hazardous Material Identification System rating. These diamond shaped pictograms follow a chemical rating system on a scale of 0 to 4 to show at a glance how flammable and hazardous the product is respectively. Here's a quick overview of these safety rating systems. A rating of 0 indicates a low hazard, whereas a 4 would indicate high hazard. They're sometimes color coded, blue for health hazard, red for flammability, yellow or orange for physical hazard or chemical reactivity, and white for personal protection or another special hazard. As a reference, here's art resins, diamond pictograms, and here are examples of other resin brands. Section 8 once again talks about the protective equipment that you need based on the hazards identified in Section 2. So, are we putting on just a pair of disposable gloves, like in the case of art resin? Or are we sitting up in a hazmat suit, donning a full-on gas mask, and bespectling ourselves with goggles? You may be surprised that with a lot of these resins, the latter is the norm. The big question you might have at this point is, why are resins so different?  And other resins are totally safe to use. The real differentiator in resins is filler. The resins with deleterious effects almost always have filler in them to drive down the cost, but that also makes the product toxic. Filler is almost always a solvent, which doesn't bond in the chemical reaction of the epoxy resin, and that produces fumes and VOCs. There are so many fillers that leach out over time, which can never be used for food contact or skin contact. And for the more, anything with filler, which is almost every resin, to be honest, is going to have respiratory warnings in Section 2 and 8. So unless you're donning one of these, you and the kids, and the cat, and the dog, you're doing damage. Sometimes irreversible damage. I'm here to tell you that art resin contains no solvents. There is no filler in our product that can cause these unwanted toxic effects. So everything bonds together chemically, and that means no VOCs, no fumes, no respiratory distress. Legitimately. And to back that up, we have the certifications. They're posted on our website. The bottom line is the resin you're using shouldn't hurt you. And to be honest, it costs a lot to produce a product like ours. But if you're uncompromising in quality and safety, then things cost more. As with most things in life, you get what you pay for. You can have a triple-A wagyu steak for dinner, or you could have cat food. And one of these will make you very sick.  So while I certainly believe that art resin's the best, and I'd love to convince you of that too, what I really want you to be aware of is what it is that you're purchasing, whatever it is, so that you know at a bare minimum what you're dealing with. Ask for the SDS of every resin you're working with. Look for the pictograms, look for the hazard statements, and put on your PPE accordingly. So that's all. I hope you found this video insightful. If you have any questions, please feel free to leave those in the comments. I'll get back to you. And thank you for watching, and stay safe.


Where do I see the 21 convention in five years time? Well, that depends on a number of things firstly whether the world ends at the end of this year Which I really hope it doesn't because I'm starting up a really great time And I'd like to have at least five more years to complete my plans This is also going to depend largely on Anthony Johnson in terms of his commitment in terms of his ability to grow and evolve as a man Because he's a guy who has got a lot of passion a lot of willpower who's very disciplined and Well beyond his years in terms of what he's achieving but at the same time I think For this convention to continue to evolve and a grow and grow that's going to be led primarily by his growth and evolution and so I look forward to him taking the feedback the the responses from the audiences both online and live and In terms of him internalizing the learnings that he's gathering through all the speakers that he pulls together Because as his as he grows as his understanding of the world of life of women of exercise of you know philosophy and all that stuff grows So too will the convention grow it will be limited by how much he's willing to to grow and I see in him Pretty much unlimited Potential for growth so as long as he's evolving and I'm evolving and everyone else in the the crew is evolving I see it jumping from strength to strength over the years to come.  Yeah, I would like to go to one of these events or I'd like to do coaching Or you know, I want to engage with this information, but I feel like that makes me a loser Please understand it doesn't it makes you a warrior on a path to personal growth to To actualization to becoming what you could actually be Let people criticize let people may say let people whinge and whine That's their prerogative. That's their life, but don't let them drag you down So come to places like this because these are think tanks of progress of progressive and positive thinkers these are men who are skilled in their areas and Are here not to make money off you they're here to pass on information They're here to pass on their wisdom because that gives them validation Of course they get paid for it But the reason that all of us as coaches are here is not for the money It's not easy to be a dating coach or a health expert or somebody who thinks outside the box and make a million bucks It's quite difficult But because we believe in what we do because Anthony believes in what he does We are here to deliver this and we will continue to do it as long as men are willing to stand up and go Yes, I want to change


Okay, so, feel free to oo and awe, I will enjoy that. Clap, if you do something you like, that's fine. That would be fun. So I'm gonna talk about typographic and printing renegades. It's a small exploration of the artistic printing movement and the type designers that were a part of this wild and rebellious landscape, from the mid-19th century to the early 20th century. I use the term renegade because many artists and purists during and after this time period felt that the designs produced were over the top or garish and used more specifically that type was used incorrectly. So to add to the fussiness of the designs were ornamental borders and motifs designed along with the typefaces. And these represented popular culture patterns with Asian, Egyptian, botanical and architectural flair. I'll talk about and show examples of the work created by these rebels. Herman Eilenberg is the type designer I'll focus on the most. His work that I'm gonna show you is from his personal papers collection that is housed at the Kerry Collection at RIT in Rochester, New York. His work was meticulous, it was detailed and I think it was beautiful. I see these early renegades as having greatly influenced the type and design landscape of today, which speaks to the beauty of the work and the longevity of a style that was looked upon at times with disdain. Yet still it persists within our typographic and visual canon of today. So just a little background, a little historic background. So the Victorian time period was considered modern due to its many different inventions of steam power printing technology and photography. Steam power enabled the growth of factories in production of goods. More goods meant designing advertisements for the goods as well as packaging and new ways to print the packaging. Another aspect of this time was the creation also of or what became middle class, which was made up of managers of factories for these packaged products, bankers and lawyers and more disposable money to purchase goods. The middle class were also influencing the landscape in terms of building Victorian homes with a lot of decorative trim and ironwork and interiors that showed off their stuff and moving out of the cities into what was considered suburbs. So as well, women's clothing was also accentuated with busts and bustles, lace and ribbons and it also showed off their stuff more. So things during this time were being designed with a universal theme of over accentuation. So it makes sense that we begin to see this in the advertisements of ephemera of the time. Colors were being introduced, bright pops of color to direct grab attention. Swash ornaments were used and designed and paired up with type and also would add another level of interest. Architectural details were also added to the page. So you'd see a lot more type on a curve encapsulated type within a pattern square. Borders were added and like the women's clothing of the time, type faces were pushed and pulled and tightened and inflated. So all of the type and ornaments were hand drawn before being cast in metal. So adding many different type faces to one ad was becoming the norm and it was used in such a way to designate the importance of each chunk of text and clearly all of the text was important. Sometimes the swashes of type were used to enhance imagery or direct the eye, point things out or enhance meaning and emulate movement. Type was becoming stylized to fit with themes and to add interest to a product. Perhaps it's something that seemed mundane. To make everyday objects more interesting. So you would try and make an automatic pencil more interesting or thinking about smoking tobacco and making that more interesting. Any ooze yet? This is a drawing from Herman Islandberg's scrapbook and sketchbooks. He was born in Berlin, Germany in 1843. He was trained in painting and drawing and was extremely grounded and proficient in these skills. Here, was there a wow? So he apprenticed as a punch cutter for type foundries in Berlin first, Frankfurt, Prague, and then Paris. Within his work, the attention to detail is phenomenal. His work in tonal quality emulates ornate architectural stonework like these examples. And this is all done. The example on the left is in pen, ink and the example on the right is pencil. Thank you. In 1866, he immigrated to the United States and he worked for McKellar, Smiths and Jordan which later became American type foundry or part of American type foundry, where he designed type borders and ornaments. By 1898, he had drawn and cut approximately 80 alphabets of more than 3,000 sizes and 31 borders. He's best known for his type faces being extremely ornamental, as you can see here. And he admired the work of lithographers and preferred drawn type designs and followed more of a lithographic style with his drawings. Not all of his type faces were cast in metal, but there are hundreds of drawings and these are just three pages from chunks of sketchbooks that he has or had. Many of his type face designs that were patented used aspects from these drawings so I was able to see the patented designs and then kind of pull characteristics or little traits from these that he was using. So I, for instance, Phylum, which is, I think it's Phylum, on the top left, was, did become filigree or aspects of Phylum became a patented type face which is called filigree. I hear a couple. Okay, so Eilenberg kept sketchbooks or scrapbooks where he would cut out interesting labels and ads, and this is actually an example from that. This is one of his scrapbook pages. So he would cut out ads and he would use these to help keep up with what was going on at the time, the current trends, if you will. He would draw his type in ornaments based off of what was popular in printed work and he excelled at creating these borders, which you see here. They weren't very popular at first, the borders, because people didn't know really how to use them and once they were shown by printers how to be used, then they became much more popular. Eilenberg created the most famous and best-selling ornamental styles of type, borders, and ornaments of the time. Here is a couple examples of the patented type faces. So we have filigree and italic copper plate. This was put out by McKellar, Smith, and Jordan and they produced some of the most original type faces of the time period. Here's patents for Nymphic and Zinco. Another thing that shows up in Eilenberg's work is that he favored decorative swashes and encapsulated letters. They're similar styles to the 15th and 16th eliminated manuscript letters. He was also very fond of three-dimensional letters that appeared to be kind of popping out of the page. So with McKellar, McKellar, Smith, and Jordan, they were considered distinctly an American school of design. Their type was considered that. So some of the commentary that was being said at the time about it was that it was liberty run mad and this was being said a lot of times in Europe, liberty run mad or it was a style that had no style. So many of the type designers of this time had immigrated to the US from Germany and Scotland where the tradition of fine craftsmanship and faithfulness to detail was very important. So as well as a knowledge of fine hand lettering, Henry Bremmer was a peer of Eilenberg's and he was from Germany as well. These are some examples of his work. It's Edith, Kleptomania, and Alma, which is also Crayonet. He had designed Crayonet for another type foundry and then designed Alma, which is the exact same typeface for a different type foundry. So he designed typefaces for James Conner's sons, George Bruce's sons and company, and Lindsay type foundry. Lindsay type foundry is a type foundry that he created Alma for and Edith. He did a lot of female named typefaces for Lindsay. Bremmer's type designs were more condensed and they had much more thinner strokes. They were less decorative. They used a bit more, they were used a little bit more in copy than they were in just a couple of words. And he also was very prolific with his orders and ornaments as well. So again, like I said, but for a lot of people didn't understand how these ornament or these typefaces worked together until they were put together on a page. So a lot of times in specimen books, you would see the ornaments making, creating the actual border on the page so you could see how it could be utilized. Julius Harriet Sr. was another peer of Eilenberg's and he created type that, or I think some of the type designers at the time created typefaces that emulated a little bit of a nationalistic feel. So you'll find that the German type designers at the time used a lot of black letter and so added decorative kind of swashes and motifs and small ornamental designs to those. So like Eilenberg, Harriet also designed letters that were encapsulated but also used thinner lines and swashes as part of his type design. Harriet's most popular designs were his word logotypes, which are all the way on the right, which he designed as abbreviations of words or condensed the words together to make some one unit. So when they were laid out on the page, it wouldn't take up as much space. And here's some more work from Harriet. So Julius Harriet also designed utility ornaments, but these were more of an illustrative kind of ornament rather than a decorative ornament. They actually were a picture of something. So here's an example of Eilenberg's work in print. So this is also a listing of the different typefaces that are shown in some of these ads, but I wanted to show this, I don't know if I can, all the way on the left, there are those little corner pieces. That's from Eilenberg's sketchbook, which I thought was kind of cool because he shows a lot of the, I guess it's crib lay, is it crib lay? Yeah, so he shows a little bit of the crib lay, which I didn't know that term, so thank you. And it looks like it's being used then in this ad next to it. So again, just some more ads that were used at the time with some of Eilenberg's work as well. And then also this was, these works were being produced by the American printer specimen exchange. So it was produced by Edward McClure, which allowed, this is where the printers could be a little more renegade and rebellious. It allowed printers to print, like throw everything onto the page and show off what they could do. So they could use all of their typefaces and they could use all of the inks and the technology that they had at the time and show people what could be done. So these are examples from that page. Eilenberg's in memoriam, that's one of his typefaces at the bottom. We have black condense or black ornamented number 523, which is the steam press printer typeface up at the top, this Eilenberg. Printers is filigree. So again, you can kind of see that reference to the Illuminati manuscript typefaces from the 15th and 16th century. But what I really like about this are the metallic, like that blue metallicy. Ooh. I didn't hear any ooze on that one. It's might be harder to say. So it's kind of fun to see these bright pops of color metallic inks. So the example in the middle for the Turner Levisay, Levisay the writing inks copying and the example on the bottom improved favorite and the example on the right, the board of education are actually Julius Harriet's typefaces. And that typeface, the board of education is called Nero. Does it look like something like familiar to you guys, does anybody know? There's a prize to be had if somebody answers this. Yeah, so I noticed that right away and I was like, that's so weird. Except that they seem to, I'll give you a prize, you can pick it out. Find me later. I have a little prize for you. So it just seems like they kind of snipped off the little serifs a little bit from the original and made it a little bit, just tweaked it, stylized it for the movie, but definitely based off of Nero. So what's happening now? So I wanted to talk just a little bit about 21st century renegades or how this is being used in the 21st century with graphic designers, with type designers and with printers. So the first example, and it's just a small sampling.  So I'm kind of condensing it into 20 minutes. But the first example is from Star Shaped Press. They're out of Chicago, Illinois. Again, using ornaments and highly decorative types for her projects. A lot of her work I see, especially at the bottom right, you know, reminds me of the example on the left where she builds everything out of type ornaments. Or the example on the left here, which is an Eilenberg example. Hammer Press Studio, which is out of Kansas City. Was there a woohoo? Nice, nice. Which is, again, the same thing of the Eilenberg references of building the page out of type ornaments. Using the type ornaments to build the page. Thinking about why this is all, why this is coming back or hasn't totally gone away. It's kind of interesting to me too. What is it about this that people are attracted to? I think when this first started coming back, Letter Press, it was more precious. It was used as invitation design, right? That sort of thing, like special events. But now it feels like it's being used in more everyday things, in our packaging, our labels. I think we see it more in the landscape. Studio and Fire is one of my favorite studios. They're out of Minneapolis. Okay, nice. Many. So the top row are projects that they printed for designers, for design companies, studios. And the bottom are projects that they have done in-house and then printed in-house as well. So again, I think these print shops and design studios are doing really cool things with playing with different types of printing technology, different types of inks, metallics, die cuts, shapes, that sort of thing. And the next two are Kevin Cantrell and Yield Studio. They do some nice work as well. This is Kevin Cantrell's I like, because we start seeing this in the ads that were the way it was being used in the late 19th century. So maybe, I think in some ways, ephemera is more important now than it used to be. I mean, ephemera at the time of the late 19th century that was meant to just be put up and then just disappear. It wasn't meant to last. And I don't know about you all, but I collect a lot of ephemera to the point where it reminds me of how much I drink because I have all these wine bottles and beer bottles and I'm like, whoa, this might be a problem. But I collect a lot of this stuff because I think it's beautiful. I think some of it's really, really quite fantastic. And I think there is something about design and visuals and type that stays with us. And we keep these things that weren't meant to. I mean, I have coasters in the bombs of my bags that are now all crappy, but I still have them. TPD Design House and also has done some interesting things with taking ornamental swashes and adding them to their designs. And also Mama Sauce, which is more of a print studio. I like that, a little shimmery. Whoa, that was a good, oh, yeah. Do you want me to play it again?  So anyway, we'll move on. But anyway, Mama Sauce, they're out of Orlando and they do a lot of crazy technical print stuff as well. Oh no, did I just mess it up? I know, okay. All right, Doretta Rinaldi. Again, you know, it's interesting for me because I'm really getting interested in the fourth dimension and motion and how type can start playing within that realm. So again, adding these ornamental swashes and details into the work. So I guess one thing I wanna just leave with is just like, well, what's next? Like, what's gonna be the next thing? Is this gonna go away? Is it gonna stay? I think there's something beautiful about all of it. And just in the details. And I hope it does stay. I'm really curious as to where it'll go next. So thank you.


Hello, and thank you for joining me in this webinar. My name is John Tran, and I am SD application engineer supporting RFID and NFC products. Today, we'll learn about SD-NFC product portfolio and what it can do to help you with adding NFC technology into your existing or future products. We will focus mainly on the application approach with modulation using our NFC Dynamic Tag IC. What is NFC? NFC stands for Near Field Communication. It is a wireless technology that utilizes magnetic instead of electromagnetic field. While this limits the range, which is around 1 meter for ISO 15693, and the range is a function of the reader field strain, so in most of the mobile phone on the market today, NFC range is around 4 to 5 centimeters. NFC inductive nature allow the unpowered devices or products to have contactless configuration at assembly line. Mobile payment is another popular use of this technology, and close proximity improves security. In many cases, NFC complements all the wireless technology, such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. It allows seamless pairing and provisioning. The SD-25 product families include NFC tag ICs, which can be used in ticketing, gaming, or medical. These chips can be integrated into antenna inlays with adhesive backing. SD only makes the silicon, so the inlays would have to be done by a third party. The dynamic tag ICs, on the other hand, have I2C interface, which allows hard-wide connectivity to microcontrollers or application processors. Such features enables zero-power wireless configuration at the assembly line. NFC dynamic tags are packaged components, so they can be soldered onto PCBs. Our SD-25R product families serve its application, such as point-of-sale terminals, physical access control, and reader and tag embedded solutions. Parks, like electronic toothbrush, is an example of reader and tag system, where the disposable end is identified and configured wirelessly. Here is a more complete view of our SD-25NFC portfolio. As you can see, SD is a one-stop shop for tags and reader. When you look at a tag IC, you see that we produce the SD-25TA, the SD-25TB, and SD-25TV. The TA is ISO 14443A, tag type 4, and the SD-25TB is the ISO 15693, tag type 5. The TB is not NFC-formed compliant and is used mostly for mass transit. Then we also have the dynamic tag. These are tags that have both RF interface and I2C interface. The M24SR, the M25R, and SD-25DV I2C all have I2C interfaces. The SD-25DV PWM does not have an I2C interface, but it's considered dynamic tag IC because the PWM signal is changeable. The M24R is an older ISO 15693 dynamic tag, and it's superseded by the SD-25DV I2C. For the NFC reader or transceivers, we start with the SD-25R95. This is an entry-level low-power NFC reader. Then we have the 3911B with automatic antenna tuning capability and higher power output. In some variants, like the 3914 or 3915, we have automotive temperatures. We also have the 3916, the 3917, and these readers can go up to 1.7 watt. Finally, we also have the UHF reader, these for the 900MHz band, long-range RFID. Now let's turn our attention to today's feature device, the SD-25DV PWM. As I have mentioned earlier, the dynamic tag IC differs from static tag in the ability to change characteristics via NFC technology. From our I2C base device, the SD-25DV I2C, the dynamic nature is centric to the changing memory content. At times, you could use it as an NFC bridge. For the SD-25DV PWM, it is the analog output in the form of PWM signals. The PWM output can have up to 15-bit resolution, which is equivalent to 62.5 nanosecond resolution step. In addition to this capability, the SD-25DV PWM device comes with factory-encoded visual signature and special memory protection scheme using 32-bit or 64-bit passwords. When operating in PWM mode, the device requires a voltage supply that can be between 1.8 volt and 5.5 volt. So we have seen earlier that the SD-25DV PWM device complies to NFC forum tag type 5 ISO 15693. To communicate, it meets an antenna with inductance that will work with the 28.5 picofarad chip capacitors to produce a resonant frequency around 13.56 megahertz. It is also important to note that the same antenna can work with SDR dynamic tag ICs, such as the M24SR and M24LR. Please review the application note 3249 if you need additional information regarding internal or chip's capacitance and how that is critical in antenna tuning. Due to relatively small memory size, there's no support for extended RF commands and there is no fast command. At the protocol level of ISO 15693, the SD-25DV PWM utilizes the 13.56 megahertz carrier frequency. Standard ISO 15693 dictates that reader frequency modulation can be set at 10% or 100% ASC, which stands for Amplitude Chip Keying. For the tag load modulation, it uses Manchester coding with single dual subcarrier. The NFC forum tag type 5. However, requires 100% ASC modulation single carrier at 26 k-bit per second as a base. So here's the list of all the standard commands and four custom commands with support PWM configuration and memory protection. The highly used standard commands are inventory where you can get the chip UID, read and write single block. Lock block command allows the user to permanently lock a block of memory. Select and stay quiet command allow the reader to access multiple tags in the RF field. Let's look over the technical specification of the PWM outputs. There are two versions, one port and two ports. The PWM frequency is adjustable from 489 hertz to 31.25 kilohertz. The signal duty cycle can also be changed from 0 to 100%. There is a 15-bit register which is dedicated for PWM frequency output. At full 15-bit, it is amount to a period of 489 hertz, while full 9-bit is used when the frequency gets up to 31.25 kilohertz. The PWM output is bush cold, and it can sing a source up to 4 milliamps. The PWM start of time is three millisecond or less. As you can see here, the device, both devices, the one PWM output version and two PWM output versions, are pin-comparables. Each device can be identified by reading the IC reference registers, 38-hacks for one port and 39-hacks for two ports. The two K-bit or 256-bytes user memory can be configured as one area or two areas. If the memory is split into two areas, each area can only be protected by a 32-bit password. Otherwise, a single area can be protected by 64-bit passwords. Splitting the memory into two areas allow one area to store publicly accessible information like URL and warranty data. The second area is reserved to store specific data that is pertain to usage and error codes. Other protected memory locations are for PWM controls and system EE prom memory. Each can be protected by a 32-bit password. Finally, there are dedicated locations for the 64-bit UID and digital signature. The PWM signal register is 32-bit wide. The first 15-bit is dedicated for the signal pulse width. Then the period will take 15-bit. Finally, the last bit is being used to enable and disable the PWM. When the enable bit is programmed with zero, the output will be disabled, and its state will be high V. The value for the period could range between 5 and 12 and 32,767. This corresponds to frequency of 489 hertz and 31.25 kilohertz. The 32-bit pulse width can be between 0 and 32,767. So by changing these 15-bit values, the period and the pulse width, you effectively change the PWM frequency and duty cycle. Here's what the PWM waveform looks like at different duty cycle. Notice that the period T for a given signal can be changed from 2 millisecond to 32 microsecond. The formula shows that duty cycle is simply a percentage of pulse width with respect to the period of the safe node. Notice that when the duty cycle is zero, the output is equivalent to logical zero. And when the duty cycle is 100%, the output is logical one. Another feature of the SE25 DV PWM device is its ability to change the output drive level. There is a resistor inside the SE25 DV, which makes this possible. By changing the PWM output drive level, you can choose to increase and improve output impedance, or you can reduce commutation noise and the power consumption as seen in the table here. So here are two examples using the same R load of 10 kiloohms in 3.3 volts as VCC. You can see that by changing the output drive from 4 million to 1 million, a change in voltage offset can be achieved. And there are applications such as lighting where changing the offset can be very useful. We have seen from the specification that the SE25 DV PWM device contains a digital signature. What is true SE25 digital signature? It is SE solution for product authenticity verification. It is like the holographic sticker that you have seen in the past on different type of software products back in the day when all these were deployed via CD-ROMs. The interesting about adding digital signatures to an SE tag is that it can be used like those holographic stickers. And you can also have additional information like URL and email addresses just in case the customer wants to get more information. So by combining NFC and digital signature, we create a mean to protect the brand and improve user experience. To understand how true SD25 works, let's talk about Diffie-Helman KX Change. This method was first invented so that cryptographic key, which is used for data encryption, can be exchanged securely over a public channel like the internet. The beauty of this method is that it works between two people or parties that have no prior knowledge of each other. In this diagram, Alice and Bob agree on a public key algorithm. Bob sends Alice his public key. Alice encrypts her message with Bob's public key and sends it to Bob. Bob decrypts Alice's message with his private key. The message can be data encryption key, which allows Alice and Bob to communicate securely. In the real world, encrypting an actual message with a private key is very inefficient. Sometimes the message or document can be quite large. Instead, we use the document's hash. The hash of a document is its fingerprint. In the context of the true SD25, the message is the UID or the chip unique identifier, which is quite small. SD encrypts the hash of the UID with our private key. The encrypted hash becomes SD digital signature. SD sends the signature to you as it's stored in the SD25 device. You decrypt the hash with SD public key, thereby verifying the signature. The one-way cryptographic hash is used to make sure that the UID was not tampered with. This is a block diagram of the entire process. From the left, the UID and SD private key are fed into the cryptographic algorithm. The result is a digital signature. SD also produces a digital certificate. A digital certificate, also known as a public key certificate, is used to cryptographic the link ownership of a public key with the entity that owns it. Digital certificates are for sharing public keys to be used for encryption and authentication. Digital certificates include the public key being certified, identifying information about the entity that owns the public key, metadata relating to the digital certificate, and a digital signature of the public key created by the issue of the certificate. During the verification steps, the UID and digital signatures are fed into an algorithm to determine if the product is genuine or not. In today's world, more things are being connected to the cloud. True SD25 methodology takes advantage of this reality. The methodology is comprised of three major steps. The digital signature encoding is then secured at the site. As SD is a major manufacturer of bank grade smart card ICs, we employ a similar metric in the industrialization process and tools. We use SSM, or hardware secure module, that is FIPS 140-2 compliant. The verification step is done at the product level when it's being deployed. As a customer, you will need to sign an NDA to get dedicated application note and example source codes. These items are not available publicly on sd.com. Public key and certificates are not available publicly as well. This step is necessary to implementation of the solution. During the encoding step, we use FIPS 140-2 compliant hardware security modules and SD private key to create the digital signature out of the UID base. At EWS, or electronic wafer sorting, we program the content into a die. When you receive the SD25 DVPWM device, you will find first the UID and then the digital signature as read only memory locations above the user memory. During the verification process, a phone equipped with an app can access a cloud-based application to verify the signature. If you are designing an embedded reader and tag solution, the firmware of the microcontroller application processor will have the algorithm to perform that verification process. The concept of cloud management goes beyond the execution of the algorithm as a web application. The cloud itself can store all the UID of that particular product. So if two or more copies are seen, the system can take steps to mitigate the problems. As a customer, it is important that you work closely with SD to implement true SD25. Once NDA is signed, application notes are available for the SD25 DVPWM devices. Remember that standard datasheet does not include information relating to the verification of the digital signatures. Similarly, we have special apps under NDA for Android and iOS mobile phone that are available so that you can demonstrate digital verification. Also, there are source code samples available for SCM32. And of course, since they are all C code, can be implemented on other type of microcontrollers as well. In terms of temperature, the SD25 DVPWM device can operate up to 105 degrees Celsius. However, if the RF interface is active, the maximum operating temperature is only 85 degrees Celsius. The SD25 DVPWM device complies to ISO 15693 standard. And it is certified as NFC forum type 5 tag. However, it is important to note that the device does not come pre-formatted. This means that a step of writing the CC file information is needed before writing any NDEF message. Please refer to application note 5151 for more information regarding NDEF. You can start evaluating the SD25 DVPWM device by procuring this evaluation board. It comes with a 22x38 millimeter antenna, which can give a RF range of around 3 to 4 centimeters, if correctly used with an NFC-enabled phone. Powered by a micro USB port, the LED range illustrates change in duty cycles. It has four output pins so that PWM6 node can be fed out externally. Use the schematic of the evaluation board. As you can see, the 5 volt coming in from the USB port powers the board. An analog integrator converts the PWM output to voltages, which then go to a comparator to light up different segments of the LED. This is done to visually illustrate the duty cycle of the PWM output. The four pins connector can also be used so that you can connect PWM signal along with the voltage out to control all the boards. To work with the board, there are two solutions. First, it is the PC software, the SD25 PC NFC for reader control. This software, as you can see, can be downloaded from st.com under this hyperlink. It can support multiple boards evaluation reader boards from ST, boards such as the SD25R95HF demo board, the SD25R3911B disco board. This also can work with FEDG readers, such as the CPR30LR1002 and the MR102. These refer to user manual 2444, available on st.com, for further information. Perhaps the easiest approach will be the use of your phone because very often you might not need anything except for the board itself and a micro USB cable to connect to a voltage source. The Android app can be downloaded or installed from Google Play Store. As you can see the screenshot, it allows you to graphically control the output of the PWM. You can also use the iOS app on Apple App Store. Be aware that you need an iPhone 8 or higher that is installed with the latest version of iOS. And I believe that is anything above iOS 12 should do the work. The visual interface is slightly different than the Android. But it more or less allows you to execute the features of the PWM output. For ordering, the SD25DV PWM comes in standard S08 and TSOP 8 pin packages. These are the part number if you need to order the one that has one PWM output and the one that has two PWM outputs. And the part number for the evaluation board is SD25DV PWM ESET. So we have been discussing about all the features of the SD25DV PWM. We talk about the 2K bit memory size, digital signatures, passwords. We also talk about PWM output and all the RF protocol support. So you might have wondered, what are we going to use this device for? What can it do to improve what I have today? Smart industry and smart city employs LED for lighting. We are starting to phase out our incandescent bulbs with warm LED and fluorescent bulbs with daylight LED. These steps are necessary to reduce our carbon footprint and chemicals that we introduce into the environment. LED lighting also allows color temperature, which is not possible with all the other lighting technology. But all that saving and capability does come at a cost. The difficult in LED lighting is LED drivers adjustment. Traditionally, jumpers and resistors are used to configure LED drivers at the manufacturing line. The manual process requires human labor. It is expensive and error-prone. Sometimes this process is done just before the light is being installed. So we need a flexibility in configuration. We need a methodology where we can do it wirelessly. This is where NFC comes in. A phone or a dedicated NFC reader can be used to set the temperature of the LED driver. Sometimes this process can be done with the driver being inside a box if the RF reader is powerful enough. Here's a more detailed view of what is happening inside an LED driver. In the high-end segment of LED driver, microcontrollers can be found to generate the necessary PWM signals. The connector and resistor can be replaced by the NFC dynamic tag IC, like the SC25DVI2C. In the fact that the labor-intensive process of changing resistor and dip switch can be replaced by programming, the NFC is a significant cost-saving. Now, if you shift that to a low-end segment where the microcontroller is not needed, the SC25DVI PWM can truly bring simplicity to life. Here, the PWM output can go to a RC and amplifier, and that goes directly to the LED driver. Skylander and Disney Infinity were very popular game platforms a few years ago. It is a gaming platform that incorporates reader and tag solutions. There are usually three reader antennas, which multiplex three pads where figurines can be placed. There is an RFID tag in each figure. The idea involved these characters that could store game data and that game pieces can carry around and play on friends' gaming unit. It uses a regular RFID tag, and if we can use the SC25DVI PWM device, they along with off antenna energy harvest circuit, like the one you see here, PWM output can drive by color LED so that different color can show mode of game pieces. Wouldn't that be cool? Just in case you wonder, I include the schematic of an off antenna energy harvesting circuit. The general idea is that we will rectify an AC voltage across AC0 and AC1 input of the SC25DVI PWM device. The circuit shows a simple halfway rectifier. You can also implement a full wave rectifier if you wish. The current limiting resistor leaves some energy left for the tag. Otherwise, you wish starving the tag as a circuit would pull as much current as possible from the coil. The resulting voltage would light the LED and also supply the PWM section of the SC25DVI device. I do want you to be aware that there's a limit to what you can harvest NFC power. The certainly range of distance between tag reader and antenna can have huge difference. Antenna size is also critical. Small tag antenna reduces power delivery. Reader RFU strength is also another important factor. Besides the ability to add lighting, audio generation is another possibility. Inside the gaming platform, you could possibly use a high-power NFC reader like the SC25R3911B so that maximum energy harvesting can be utilized to power all the components. The PWM output can directly drive a piezo transducer to produce different tones. However, if speech synthesis is desired, a low-pass filter and dag might be used. The sound is pretty awesome, right? Beyond the application of light and sound, the SC25DVI PWM can be used to enable power modules and batteries. Looking at this schematic above, the SC25DVI PWM output is connected to a FET switch. Changing the duty cycle from 0 to 100% duty cycle via the short cell or open the FET switch and thus enabling device to use this power module. Lithium and lipo batteries have been found in so many devices we use today. Their popularity and cost lead to a growing issue of thefts. Another important issue is quality assurance. Using a clone battery can have serious fire safety consequences. Embedded, the SC25DVI PWM into the battery or power module would allow the code at the checkout to enable the battery after the cell has been completed. You can also do this over the phone if you buy these devices online. I have nothing against Bluetooth and Wi-Fi enabled locks, but they sure are very popular today. However, there's something more secure about an NFC-enabled lock. One thing for sure is not feasible for someone to remotely hack it. There is different level of NFC-enabled lock, of course. At the highest level, a read and tag solution is implemented which allows better security and capability. In such an application, the reader would be embedded into the door itself. And you would open with a card-emulated phone or just a simple card. However, the SC25DVI PWM can do the task for less demanding locking application, an application where you don't really need a reader inside the lock. You can simply put the SC25DVI inside the lock with some circuitry to allow it to move a servo motor, DC motor, or some kind of linear solenoid. And in some cases, if the power footprint is small enough, the lock in the door might not need battery to operate. It can simply harness the power from the reader. The SC25DVI PWM device can be used to change speed of tiny DC motors to produce different vibrations. That can drive small toys in medical devices. The toy you see here moves when the bristle starts to vibrate. PWM frequency can change to produce different level of vibrations. The simplicity is controlling using NFC technology without any knobs and switches. I'd like to thank you again for being here. I hope that you find this webinar interesting and that you will be able to use the SC25DVI PWM in your existing and future applications.


I will do my best, though, just to go where I can. I'm very glad. I think the first thing to be said is if you want to know what students have to think about this, it's probably a good idea to ask them and have them on panels like this. I'm glad that Charlie was added at the, I'm glad that Charlie, you know what, I'd be so grateful if people don't applaud because I'm nervous to begin with, and also I've got a lot to say. I'm not going to go quite as long as Mark, but I might go just a minute over what I was supposed to say. I'm very glad that Charlie was added at the last minute, and I'm very glad that he brought us that news about what students here think, because if you listen to the numbers, it's an absolute landslide. Eric Davis or Matt Dickerson could correct me, but I don't think any American presidential election's ever been decided by as large a margin as 60 to 15, and I'm pretty sure that that same set of numbers holds that the other colleges that are joining us on live stream tonight because they're investor colleges, a real shout out to people at Barnard and Dickinson and Trinity and Smith and Tulsa, and also to the 205 other campuses around the country where their active divestment movements underway now. The request we make tonight is a sober and conservative one that's already been agreed to by two colleges and by the government of the city of Seattle that we pledge in the course of the spring semester not to invest new money in the 200 biggest fossil fuel companies and that we spend the next five years winding down those positions. Because of Middlebury's long standing commitment to international relations, students here have asked for divestment on the same terms from arms manufacturers. We've been asked to stay away from moral arguments tonight, but let me just say that moral considerations are at the base of this fight, and they have been from the very beginning, and one is reminded with David's excellent introduction that this is a thread that runs through this whole conversation. It's a good thing to quote Thomas Jefferson, and it's a really good thing to remember that he was a morally compromised individual in all kind of ways, and that there were colleges that invested in slavery at that time because it was perfectly legal and have spent the last few decades apologizing for that work. One understands that slavery and climate change are not the same thing, but one also might guess that a hundred years from now people will look back on our time with some of the same disbelief that people were not taking action against what was a clear and present danger. In this case, it makes no moral or practical sense to pay for the education of Middlebury students by investing in companies whose business plan guarantees they will not have a planet to enact that education on. I was very grateful to Patrick for talking about the intergenerational equity that an endowment represents. Part of that intergenerational equity is making sure that a hundred years from now in Middlebury, we not only have money here, we have a Vermont here that works for people to come to, that we have some way to deal with it. And if it is wrong to wreck the climate, it is wrong to profit from that wreckage. At this point, by the way, Mr. Earl's comments notwithstanding, gas will do just as efficient a job or almost as that of coal. The latest NOAA evidence released last week shows horrifying rates of methane leakage from fracking fields that make it, if anything, worse than coal if those numbers hold up. The latest international energy agency study shows that a world that converted entirely to gas entirely would still see its temperature rise six degrees Fahrenheit. As to arms, we reach tipping points there, too. In fact, tipping points was precisely the term used by the California State Teachers Retirement Fund when the day after the Newtown Massacre, they divested their holdings. Maybe for us, it's the news today that yet another gunman has shot up a school, college, this time in Texas. Maybe it's the reflection given the demographics of Middlebury that one or two of those Connecticut kindergartners could easily have grown up to be member of our class of 2028, okay? No more, I won't go on in this vein though I could. Let me make my second point. Divestment should, I agree, be a rarely used option. In most cases, the kind of shareholder pressure on companies that Mr. Earl recommends can win real change. If Apple pays low wages to Chinese workers, it does not mean that we have to get rid of Apple. It doesn't mean that we hate iPhones. It means that we pass a shareholder resolution asking them to pay fair wages. But these industries are different. There's not a fixable flaw in the fossil fuel industry's business plan. The flaw is the business plan, which involves burning five times more carbon than even the most conservative government on earth says is safe. Those were my figures last summer borrowed from financial analysts in the UK. But in the course of the fall, there are figures that have been validated by the World Bank and the International Energy Agency. The carbon bubble that we're now experiencing will be by far the greatest bubble that we have ever faced unless we are able to remove the social license of those industries and prevent them from burning that carbon. Third, morality must be joined by effectiveness. Our hope is not, and I want to make this clear, that we can bankrupt companies like Exxon. We can't. We're completely unconcerned with the day-to-day movement of stock prices. We do think history shows that the attention generated by divestment can change the course of events. No guarantees, of course. Mr. Earl's correct that there's no silver bullet and that maybe two of the three divestment things didn't entirely work out. Given the fix that we're in with climate change, I'd take one in three odds as pretty good, frankly. Still, the one in three chance, he cites the South Africa one where things did work out is tremendously important. And as John Elder demonstrated last Sunday in Mead Chapel and in the beautiful essay that he has handed out to you tonight, divestment played a very key role in that fight. In fact, those of you who are in Mead Chapel heard Desmond Tutu remind us what a key role divestment had played in the liberation of South Africa and ask us to repeat this exercise in part because of the tremendous unearned suffering that people in Africa are now undergoing from climate change. But would it work in this case? Would it still work? Here's the testimony last week of former Utah Governor John Huntsman, a Republican from the reddest state in the Union, a newspaper story. Huntsman applauded the growing student-led movement for divestment. I think it's a good thing and I can tell you from serving on some big corporate boards that when things like that happen, it's taken seriously. You can move the need from a policy standpoint by taking action, leave it up to kids on campuses to do what they think is right, and in many cases you'll find you're ahead of the curve in terms of policy quote unquote. Remember also that effectiveness needs to be measured against what we're doing at the moment. So Mr. Earl gives us, for instance, a set of policies that people have been following for a long time. Let's try to use less carbon in our lives, drive better cars, make personal commitments. Those are all important things to do. My car gets even more than 50 miles to the gallon. And the Arctic melted last summer. We have to up our game and do a lot more than what we have done in the past. The old generation has failed us, so it is time now to do the next. Fourth, nothing comes for free and we're well aware of and grateful for the college's endowment. If, as Mr. Christmas says, we put a few stocks off limit to our endowment managers that add some risk. It says if you had a herd of wildebeest with 20 watering holes to choose from and one dried up. The question is how much risk will be added? He gave you one forward looking method. In fact, there's actually only been one study that I know of that looks at this field in particular. It was released in December by the Apurio Group. It quantified the risk for excluding the entire fossil fuels, metal and mining, electric utility, and independent power producers sector, a much larger sector than we've asked for. It found that it would increase absolute portfolio risk by 0.0133% with a theoretical return penalty of 0.0044% or less than one half of basis point. So, not nothing, but pretty close to nothing, a small risk. Even, well, five. Endowment return is not the only financial indicator to worry about. Colleges depend on a steady flow of donations and hence of goodwill. Here we have some evidence to offer. The president of Unity College in Maine, the first college in the country to divest, reported last week that donations to the college had increased substantially in the wake of their divestment announcement and that there had been a significant uptick in inquiries and applications, the basis of the 67% of our finances that Patrick described. In fact, we've already heard from a number of excellent high schools around the country where students are organizing to ask their potential college choices whether or not they have divested going forward. So this is an important thing to think about as we continue to try to attract the best students that we possibly can. Six, consistency, logical consistency, intellectual consistency, which is of course a part of our thinking here, demands that we take such a move. President Liebowitz correctly asked for decorum and civility at this forum and in all our campus life and that's what we should definitely aim for and it doesn't correspond with, say, manufacturing assault rifles that as we've seen can turn classrooms into horror shows. We've been leaders from the start in sustainability. One of the earliest signers on the President's pledge of carbon neutrality, which makes me incredibly proud and I have sung the praises of this campus from one end of this country to the other over and over and over again. It makes no sense to green the campus without also greening the portfolio. It would be like saying we're going to build energy efficient buildings north of Route 125 and build the old fashioned kind south of Route 125. Consistency is an important part of what it means to have any kind of witness. Seven and finally, let me say that though I am no investment pro, okay, I know people who are and I want to bring one person's testimony in particular to bear here. This is a statement that arrived to Saftor Noon from Tom Steyer, who was able to join us on campus over the weekend. Tom is a more successful investor than anybody else here. How do I know this? Because this is one thing we actually can measure quite easily. He made more money than anybody else, okay? In fact, his personal fortune is half again as large as the Middlebury Endowment. And he earned it as the founder of a hedge fund to which others have entrusted $20 billion of their money. Anyone can talk about hitting home runs, but when you really want to get the story, go ask Ted Williams, okay? He's also extraordinarily generous, one of the first American billionaires to pledge to give away half his wealth, and he's given much of it to institutions like Stanford where he sits on the board. Before my friends in the development office get too mad at me, let me just say I did my level best to set up meetings between him and our senior administrators while he was here, but people had tight schedules. Yes, Ron, and it did not work. He did however, he did however meet with the grooming staff at Breadloaf, and he had such a good time there that I hope he will be back, okay, in the future. Anyway, his eloquent letter, which John Isham will distribute copies of when I'm done talking, makes three points, three points. The first is, this can be done, even though we have co-mingled funds, even though we have many managers, as he put it, five years is plenty of time to wind down positions. I can tell you from my experience building one of the country's larger hedge funds that this is entirely possible and well within the skills of your expert advisors who I know and respect. The second thing he said, it is a good investment strategy. The research he points out makes clear that any return penalty would be small, but as he adds, in any event, good investors rarely look backwards. As others come to realize, as Middlebury's science departments long ago did, that climate change is a profound risk, fossil fuel stocks have come under increasing pressure. Knowing this in advance gives you an edge relative to those investors. The same kind of edge, it must be said, that was supplied by our environmental studies department when it urged this transition from oil to biomass in our burners. At the time, oil was $40 a barrel and we made the case that it made some sense, but we predicted that the price of oil would go up to $80 or $100 a barrel, which it has. And Patrick, yes, this has saved us considerable sums of money over time. The point is we have skill here and it makes sense to use it. For Tom Steyer, and this is important and significant and new, and this is no idle talk, he said today, I have directed my financial team to divest my holdings of fossil fuel investments so that I will have a fossil fuel free portfolio myself, in part because I am convinced that it will outperform the market. The third question, third statement from Tom, it does matter what we do. The kind of proxy voting that Mr. Earl recommends, Steyer says, will have, as he describes it, de minimis value. Divestment is the way to make yourselves heard, to make a statement about values far beyond the money involved. In particular, he says, it's a move that Middlebury needs to make. This is a college known worldwide for its leadership on environmental issues from the country's first ES department to the birth of 350.org. A strong, as he says, a strong and well-defined mission is an incredibly valuable thing for a college or any institution as my wife, CEO of a Community Development Bank, often says, your mission is your advantage. I agree with Tom and I am grateful for his boldness. For Middlebury, divestment is not a problem to be, Middlebury divestment is not a problem. It is an opportunity, one that we should seize now. I am very confident that we will. You will find in your packets there as you came in, a letter drafted by students with great responsibility, not demanding immediate anything, but asking to meet with the Board of Trustees at its February meeting and asking for action to be taken as soon as possible in the semester to come. This is slower than other colleges, slower than the city of Seattle, slower than the California State Retirement Fund, but it is still at some kind of pace that might help us deal with the speed with which these problems are encroaching upon us. I am confident, I think I'm confident that we will do it. It's hard to imagine how we could live with ourselves otherwise, thank you. Thank you.


So this is a demonstration, a detailed demonstration of the structures which are located in the entire anterior abdominal wall. Let me show you the inguinal canal. The inguinal canal is a canal which is the site which marks a location where the test is descended during embryonic life in males. Theoretically it is present also in females because the round ligament of uterus passes through that, but it is a clinical significance only in males because by virtue of the descent of the test is, it takes a process of peritonium with it called the process as vaginalis which can be a site of inguinal hernia which is much more common in males. So let's take a look at the inguinal canal. The inguinal canal is a one and a half inch canal which is located just about one centimeter above the inguinal ligament and parallel to the medial two thirds of the inguinal ligament. So this is the approximate location of the inguinal canal. If we were to imagine a rectangular box, it has got four sides. Anterior wall is formed by the external oblique aponeurosis and laterally it is formed by the internal oblique. At this juncture I can mention that some of the fibers of the internal oblique, they take origin from the lateral part of the inguinal ligament and we can see those fibers here, these fibers. So these also forms part of the anterior wall. The roof is formed by the conjoined fibers of the internal oblique and the muscle deep to that, that is the transverse abdominis which also takes partly origin from the inguinal ligament and these two sets of fibers which take origin from the inguinal ligament, they curve over the inguinal canal and these curving fibers, the conjoined fibers of the internal oblique and transverse abdominis, they are referred to as the conjoined tendon. They form the roof and we can see that also here. And this same conjoined tendon also forms part of the posterior wall of the inguinal canal. To continue with the roof, the roof is also formed by the inferior free margin of the fascia transversalis which is known as the ileopoeic tract. The posterior wall is formed by the conjoined muscle which I already mentioned. It is formed by the fascia transversalis and on the medial most side, medial one fourth of the posterior wall is formed by a reflection of this inguinal ligament called the reflected inguinal ligament. So these three structures form the posterior wall. The floor is formed by the inferior upturned margin of the inguinal ligament called the poopar ligament and the lacquer ligament. Just above the external iliac artery, this is the location of the ring and we can see that ring here that is known as the internal inguinal ring and it is through that ring that the ductus difference passes and we can see the ductus difference here. This is the ductus difference which we have lifted up and this is one of the most important contents of the inguinal canal. Internal ring is an opening in the fascia transversalis and likewise we have an opening in the aponeurosis of the external oblique and that is this opening here and this is known as the external ring and the external ring has got two crura, a medial crust and a lateral crust and passing through the external ring we have this chromatic cord which we have lifted up and the most important content of this chromatic cord is this structure which is the ductus difference which I mentioned here and if you look closely here when I exert traction here it moves here and when I pull here it moves here. So this is the ductus difference. So this is an important content. Another important content of the inguinal canal is this nerve here. This is the ilio-inguinal nerve which is piercing through the conjoined tendon and it is running and it will supply its structures in the thigh and in the scrotum. Another content is the genital femoral nerve we cannot see and the other muscles that we see here these are derived from the conjoined tendon and muscle and that is referred to as the cremastric muscle which plays a different role in the scrotum. So this is the inguinal canal. This is a site of inguinal hernia and in this particular cadaver he had already undergone a surgery for inguinal hernia and we can see the remnants of the suture material. This blue color that we see here this is non-absorbable suture that we use for inguinal hernia repair and that is proline and I can show you some more remnants of the same structure here also and we can clearly see this blue structure this is non-absorbable proline which is used for inguinal hernia repair especially when we are strengthening the posterior wall of the inguinal canal. So this is about the inguinal canal and its clinical relevance. The inguinal canal is present in the females as I said it gives passage to the round ligament of uterus but because there is no testis inguinal hernia as such is very rare in females. Now let me mention something about incisional and other hernia. The quickest is the midline incision through the linealba. It can be super umbilical inframilical this gives very rapid approach. The thing about incisional the linealba is that when we are closing it because the linealba is relatively avascular we have to close it with non-absorbable material. I personally prefer nylon loop and that gives a very strong repair. I have seen people repairing with absorbable material and the patient comes back with incisional hernia one year later. Incisional hernia can occur anywhere if it has not been repaired properly and if there is a muscle weakness or the nerve has been cut. We can have hernia coming out through the umbilicus and that is not very uncommon in children. That is known as the umbilical hernia. In 93% of cases the umbilical hernia children closes by one year of age so it does not require any surgery. Only 7% of them require surgery and that has to be repaired. In adults the hernia does not come out through the umbilicus. It comes by the side of the umbilicus usually above the umbilicus just above. It is known as parambilical hernia. This difference is very important and umbilical hernia is common in children. Parambilical hernia occurs in adults. In umbilical hernia the umbilicus is at the apex of the hernia sac. In parambilical hernia the umbilicus is at the wall of the umbilical sac. So that occurs only in parambilical occurs only in adults. In many thin walled individuals we can see a gap between the superior rectus above the umbilicus. And especially when you lift up the head from the bed without using their hands you will see a bulge. That is referred to as the dive adication of recti which is usually commonly seen in the upper part of the abdomen. So these are some of the incisional and other ventral hernias that we can get in the abdominal wall depending on what situation it is. So that is all for now. Thank you very much for watching. If you have any questions or comments please put them in the comment section below. Dr. Sanjay Sanyal signing out. Have a nice day.