Beginning at verse 5, Jesus said this, He said, When you pray, you shall not be like the hypocrites, for they love to pray standing in the synagogues and on the corners of the streets that they may be seen by men.    But when you pray, do not use vain repetitions as they heathen do, for they think that they will be heard for their many words. Therefore, do not be like them. For your father knows the things you have need of before you ask him. In this manner, therefore, pray. Our Father in heaven, hallowed be your name. Your kingdom come, your will be done on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread. Forgive us our debts as we forgive our debtors. Do not lead us into temptation, but deliver us from the evil one. For yours is the kingdom and the power and the glory forever, amen. For if you forgive men their trespasses, your heavenly Father will also forgive you. But if you do not forgive men their trespasses, neither will your Father forgive your trespasses. Now Jesus is teaching concerning three disciplines, three basic disciplines that actually were recognized at his time as the disciplines of a religious person. And so Jesus at this point is speaking about charitable deeds, he's speaking about prayer, and he's speaking about fasting. Now last time we were together and we began to look at chapter six, I shared with you out of verses one through four concerning Jesus is teaching on alms or the giving of charitable gifts or charitable deeds. And I mentioned to you that the performance of acts of charity were simply part of the traits of a person who actually has a relationship with God. I was mentioning to you that believers are to be known for doing good and we're to be known for doing good and not evil because in doing good we actually are giving evidence of a God who is good and we're bringing glory to this God. I mentioned to you out of chapter five verse 16 how Jesus had said, Let your light so shine before men that they may see your good works and glorify your Father who is in heaven. And so part of being a Christian would be being a person who does good things, a person who's known for good works. And doing good is not exclusively for those whom we agree with or are even spiritually aligned with. Doing good is simply what believers do because it reveals that we are children of God and this is a God who actually gives. In Galatians chapter six verse 10 the apostle Paul said, Therefore as we have opportunity let us do good to all especially to those who are of the household of faith. But I want you to note he said let us do good to all. Especially those who are believers but it ought to be the trait of our life that we do good. Why? Because the God that we serve and worship is a God who is good. And we're charitable because the God we serve and worship is one who gave to us. We love him because he first loved us. We give to him because he first gave to us. It's just a principle that you find in Scripture. Doing good but doing good to all. Recently I was in a place called Kurdistan and I went with a team. I was invited to go with a team to this particular region in northern Iraq. And we went with a desire to find ways to do good. To do good especially to the refugees who are pouring into northern Iraq. They have been displaced from their homelands, from the home through the terrorism of ISIS. And so we went into a particular region that is becoming a place where many of the refugees are finding refuge, finding security in some sort. And while we were there, we went with the intent of doing good to those in need. We met with a woman for example, actually several women. There was what we would call the matriarch, the mama. And then women who were married to her sons and all. And we met with her in a little place. And it's hard to describe. I didn't take my phone, I didn't take any pictures because it really isn't wise to do that, even a bit dangerous to do that. Because if you take pictures and all, there's a geolocator and the people who are monitoring our movements there are going to be able to find out exactly where we are at. And one of the guys that we went with was saying to me as we were driving into this particular area up in Kurdistan, he said to me, we are presently driving into the mouth of Satan. So we were very close to where ISIS is. As a matter of fact, we could look within a few miles and we could see where they are. And so as we went into this particular place, we went in knowing that we were driving into a place that should the Lord desire not to protect us was a very dangerous place to be. And so as we were there, we went into this particular village, an area where, and it's difficult again to describe, it's very hot, it was like 116 degrees in the shade. And so I stayed out of the shade, it was too hot. But we went into this area that was very, very, very hot and there was a, what I would refer to as a triplex just to give you an idea of a triplex. It's like we'll say motel rooms, three motel rooms that are hooked together. And you have to get out of your mind an image of a city and you have to get more into a rural kind of thing where there's a lot of dirt and no asphalt or anything like that. And then you have these three dwelling places that are hooked together like three motel rooms and each one of those rooms probably are about 200 to 250 square feet, rectangular in shape and all. And so you have a total of anywhere from 6 to 750 square feet and in the 650 to 700 or whatever square feet, you have 23 people living. And so we met with the matriarch and daughters or daughters-in-law really. And she had fled from ISIS, she and her daughters-in-law and we were asking her, what can we do for you? How could we be of help? What do you need? And she said, amongst other things, but it riveted me when she said, what I want is my husband and my son's back. Because ISIS took them, the last thing she saw was them taking her sons and her husband and putting them in cars and driving away.  She has one son who is a young teenager who has survived. He's the one who will carry on their lineage, carry on the family name just as one young boy who was there in the meeting with us also. And so we saw these kinds of things, these kinds of needs. And as we were there, I had brought some money from what we call our Church Emergency Fund because I wanted to use it to help some of those who are in need, even as the Bible says, let us do good to all, especially to those who are the household of faith. And I wanted to make sure that we, as a ministry, did something tangible. And so I had brought some money to use in that way. And what we did is we helped a young burn victim to receive corrective surgery. There was this young girl, she's 16 years old. And she lives with seven, there's actually eight in total, six brothers and sisters, five brothers and sisters and her mom and her dad. And they live in a tent, in a tent city with refugees of multiple thousands there. And they have a tent that they live in, but they don't have, well, it's a tent. So they have outside of the tent in a small kind of, just a small enclosure. They have a single burner kerosene stove and she was making a meal for the family. I have a picture of the young lady right here.  And she went out to begin to make a meal for the family and she was lighting the kerosene stove and it exploded and this is what took place.  She's laying on a mat. And they have another picture. And this little one here is shooing the flies off of her. It's about 95 degrees in there. They have a fan that's trying to keep her cool. She's in such a state. And so what we did is I had brought emergency funds and we asked what is it going to cost to do some final repair work on her and amongst the guys, all of us contributing and you did, you did. We were able to collect enough money for her to finish her surgeries to repair her injured skin and that's called doing good in the name of Jesus Christ. She was so touched and so moved by that. I met a courageous pastor. He's been ministering in an area that is extremely hostile to the gospel of Jesus Christ. One of his members, a taxi driver, would share with people about Jesus Christ and you need to know that you have different groups there. You have the Kurds. Some of the Kurds are Christians. A majority are Muslim. You have the Yassides who have their own religion and then you have a portion of the people up there in that area who are Christians. And so there are some very radical, radical Muslims and so this taxi driver, whenever somebody would get in the cab, would share the gospel with the people and this radical Muslim, a radical Muslim approached him and said, you need to stop speaking about Jesus Christ. You need to stop. And the Christian said, no, Jesus gave me salvation and it is my responsibility to share with people the good news of the gospel. And the Muslim said to him, this pastor was sharing with us about this.  And the Christian man said, I'm going to continue speaking about Jesus and the Muslim pulled out a weapon and shot him 29 times and killed him on the spot, killed him on the spot for speaking about the Lord Jesus Christ. That is not an uncommon thing. He is not the only person in this pastor's church who's been killed for proclaiming his faith. The pastor was telling us about how he's an evangelical pastor and he's preaching the gospel and he said that he was building an addition to a structure, a second floor so that he could use it as a church meeting hall so that people in the village could come and hear the gospel. He was warned that he needs to stop building this structure even though it's legal for him to do it. He was warned by radical Muslims against doing it and they told him, you need to stop building it. He said, and I didn't. I need a place to meet with my church. So what the radicals did is they came and they with dynamite blew up the structure but he said, that can't stop me and he built one anyway and he meets with his church in this particular place and while we were there speaking he said, what needs do you have in your church? He said, well we have five families in our church that have no means of support of any sort. They're refugees who've come in and they don't have any food. He says, and we're trying to find ways to be able to supply because the government is supposed to be helping them but isn't able or hasn't done what needs to be done. He said, and I just was meeting with five of them and so we asked, what will it cost to feed them? And he said it would cost X amount of dollars and so what we did again amongst ourselves is we put money together and we gave them enough to feed five families for a year and so this family is going to be taken care of. When we're about to leave we all were we had the pastor seated in a chair and there was a team of several pastors and we laid hands on this man and he had said he goes, I want to preach the gospel I want to expand I want to reach the lost and as he was saying that prayers were being lifted for him but my heart was moved and in this way because even as my friends were praying Father expand the borders of this man's ministry use him mightily for Jesus Christ he wants to be used by you the Holy Spirit was prompting my heart and my prayer and I said something about Father this man just asked to be crucified because in that area they will take you and they will crucify you if you're a follower of Jesus Christ and this man has asked to be crucified he has asked in two ways one is I am crucified with Christ nevertheless I live so yes in the ministry sense he wants to be totally sold out to you but there's a very real cost for preaching the gospel of Jesus Christ and we need to understand that so we prayed for his safety and so as we're doing things and ministering there I need to be careful to stay in line and as the scripture teaches Jesus made it very clear to do a charitable deed notice in verse 2 but he said do not sound a trumpet before you as the hypocrites do and so I'm not sounding a trumpet that we might be seeing I'm rejoicing that we as believers can be of help the Bible tells us in Proverbs 3 27 do not withhold good from those to whom it is due when it is in the power of your hand to do so we need to do some very practical things as we are there and to minister in a very practical way and that's what it's all about isn't it and so Jesus is teaching the earmarks of somebody who loves God include charitable deeds but it also includes prayer and so we're going to look at an outline of prayer right now as we go through our study and I want to show you a few things here because Jesus is teaching some things related to prayer that I just lightly touch on as we go through this portion of scripture now I want you to notice something here in verse 5 because Jesus said it like this he said when you pray you shall not be like the hypocrites for they love to pray standing in the synagogues and on the corners of the streets that they may be seen by men and he goes on to say assuredly I say to you they have their reward the attention that they garner from doing things outwardly the attention they get from men is their reward because they're doing it to be seen by men Jesus' point is that they've received exactly what they want they're being honored by men now when Jesus is speaking here I want to begin by saying that he assumes that believers pray we need to remember that prayer was very much a part of Jewish daily life as a matter of fact during the time of Christ devout Jews would pray three times a day they would pray at 9am at noon and then a third time at 3 o'clock in the afternoon the Psalmist in Psalm 55 verse 17 says it like this evening and morning and at noon I will pray and cry out loud and he shall hear my voice and so at that time they had prayers that would normally be for the devout Jew normally be exercised three times a day they had what they called morning and they had evening prayers also and that would be part of what I just was sharing with you and what they would do there they would repeat first what was called the Shema now the Shema is the most important and ancient statement of faith that the Jews had it's found in Deuteronomy 6 verse 4 where it simply says hero Israel the Lord our God is one Lord so they would recite the Shema they would say that but they also might pray a series of 18 prayers that were basically exercised or prayed for various occasions 18 prayers and so faithful Jews would pray all 18 prayers three times a day but they did it in an abbreviated version wherever there was a faithful Jew when it was time for prayer they would stop and they would pray they were celebrating at first their ability to call on their God but as happened so very often they eventually began to formalize ways to pray now in the formalization of prayers in the writing down of prayers and the memorization and the reciting of these particular prayers those things on one hand are actually very useful because it teaches the young as well as the old the value of prayer as well as the content of prayer and so it can be used almost like a catechism in a sense to teach you these are the things of prayer and this is how we pray there's nothing in and of itself by itself wrong with that but what happened as very often is the case even to this day what was intended for good became corrupted over time there were problems that began to creep into their prayer lives prayer for example began to be a religious ritual they began to recite these prayers that they had memorized and they simply repeated words and the words became meaningless they were just speaking without faith with no expectation they were just reciting words also prayers for every occasion began to evolve so they began to have certain prayers that were written down prayer for rain prayer for a new moon traveling good news bad news they began to recite these kinds of prayers well in doing so that replaced the fellowship you're supposed to have with God a fellowship that is built on on a longing and a desire for Him they began to pray at certain times of the day and when they began to ritualize that it actually corrupted the fact that we should have a prayer life that is a continuation it's like when you pray now it's almost like you may be praying when you're driving I pray when I'm driving all the time Father please get that guy off the road I'm in hurry all the time but the Bible tells us that we should according to 1 Thessalonians 5 17 that we should pray without ceasing it's supposed to be a habit of prayer a communication with God not a set time I'll pray just these three times and these certain ritual prayers but no it's a conversation that you have with the Lord that shows that you have communion with Him Paul in Romans 12 verse 12 said we're to be rejoicing in hope for the salvation continuing steadfast he says steadfastly in prayer as all of this is going on long prayers came into fashion and you had what were called the scribes who were the religious experts the experts of the law of Moses and the Pharisees which were a particular denomination of Jewish faith and the scribes and the Pharisees began to be well known for their long prayers and they began to actually actually sell their prayers and if you wanted a prayer the more you paid the longer the prayer there's a guy by the name of Josephus he was a Jewish historian and Josephus said they were known for their long prayers which they continued sometimes three hours they might have sold them they probably had a job devout widows by the gifts or salaries they expected from them so the more you give the more he'll pray well Jesus said it like this in Matthew 23 verse 14 he said woe unto you scribes and Pharisees hypocrites for you devour widows houses and for a pretense make long prayers and so they began to actually sell prayers and they prayed long and then with all of this they began to pray in such a way as to gain attention from other people Jesus addresses this notice he says they loved to be seen while praying they'd stand on corners praying synagogues so this was their way of gaining attention for religious practices and Jesus addresses this he speaks concerning a few things three things I want you to notice this notice first he says they loved to pray standing they loved to pray standing many rabbis during the time of Christ taught that the proper way to pray was to pray while standing so Jesus is addressing that he said also they loved to pray in a synagogue well during that time there were rabbis who said that the most proper place to pray would be a synagogue but they also Jesus said loved to pray in the streets when they loved to pray in the streets is that the certain time of the day if they weren't near a synagogue they would stop in a street but the thing is apparently during that time they were finding the most congested streets in order to be seen by the most people so it just so happened at the hour of prayer they happened to be in a very busy intersection and then they would stop and they would do their prayers and Jesus Christ is saying that's hypocritical they did it where people would congregate that gave room for the sin of hypocrisy because Jesus said they loved to be seen while praying they prayed Jesus says in this way in order to be seen by men now their audiences did not detect the hypocrisy the audience has a tendency of saying what a holy and religious and righteous person because they're not ashamed to take their petitions up before God and they'll do so not only in a synagogue but at the hour of prayer they're there doing it in a proper way and all that and so they would see their actions but the thing is that man sees the outside but God sees the heart 1 Samuel 16 7 the Lord does not see as man sees man looks at the outward appearance but the Lord looks at the heart and so he saw the hypocrisy that was taking place there now Jesus of course I should add this is not forbidding us to pray out loud in a prayer meeting or to pray out loud over a meal he's teaching us to pray to God with sincere hearts he's not saying that you cannot pray in a prayer meeting he's not saying make sure that your heart is right before God and that's why he says in verse 6 when you pray go into your room and when you have shut your door pray to your father who's in the secret place and your father who sees in secret will reward you openly so the solution to the sin of hypocrisy he says go into a room and have time in a prayer meeting with God that encourages me to have pure motive he's not teaching me to ritualize my prayer habit but he's saying to me the father hears me as I go into the secret place notice how he says our father who is in the secret place will hear us when he says the secret place that speaks of what we would call intimate communion someone once said the secret place is our hearts and those praying faithfully will be heard so God he says will answer the prayer of those who pray sincerely and faithfully Psalm 3415 says the eyes of the Lord are on the righteous his ears are open and to their cry so he says go in the secret place of your heart even if it's a physical room that you call your prayer closet or whatever it may be and take your petitions to the Lord doing that and don't be doing it to be seen by men notice how he says in verse 7 when you pray do not use vain repetitions as the heathen do for they think that they will be heard for their many words vain repetitions are prayers that are patterned after pagan religions the words of these kinds of prayers are used like magic spells and they're not acceptable to God the fact is vain repetition reflects a lack of intimacy and communion with God and so he says don't pray like that do not use vain repetitious prayers God doesn't need you to badger him so when you speak to him just be sincere there are times in your prayer life and I'm certain that I'm speaking to some who have practically understood this what's going on that you're taken to the Lord but you really don't know exactly what to say and so you don't go into this prayer closet kind of atmosphere just with a lot of words just rattling from your mouth there have been times when I have had prayers time with the Lord that was very powerful in the sense of me sensing his presence when I've simply said to the Lord these words I've said you know you know I can't put into words what I'm concerned with Lord you know now it's not as if we don't make our petitions known to him but there are times that the sincerity of your prayer you're just letting him know you're just saying God I'm communing with you in a very personal intimate way and you know the situation and I'm not going to give you a lot of words I'm just telling you Lord you understand and you know Ecclesiastes 5 2 says it like this do not be quick in your mouth do not be hasty in your heart to utter anything before God God is in heaven you are on earth so let your words be few now notice how he says he knows what we need before we even ask him he knows I'm not informing him of something he doesn't know you know Lord I realize that you're looking over an entire world of several billions of people and many of them are lifting up prayer simultaneously but in the event that you might have a moment for me I'd like to inform you concerning my condition and what's going on and by the way just to save you a hassle I want you to know the solution I've already come up with and all I'm going to do is ask you to do that which you and I both understand is the right thing for this moment none of us have ever done that I used to I'd read the Bible in the Bible it said I was a brand new Christian and it said whatever you ask ask in my name and I will do it and I had to learn how to pray according to the will of God and how to share my heart with him and all and but the Bible says whatever and then I asked and I was a brand new believer and I was a single man at that time and a little Christian girl would come into the Bible study and I'd say well you said anything in Jesus name I claim her to your glory hallelujah praise you Lord no we learned to pray according to the will of God in the intimacy of communion and he knows what you need before you even ask when I was a little boy seven eight years of age I was going to catechism at that time and our catechism teacher said that God is omniscient a nice big word that simply means he's all knowing God knows everything and he knows past present future simultaneously and I thought man and I'm a seven eight year old little guy and I'm thinking that's amazing that the God of this universe knows everything everything Jesus just made that very clear he said to us that God knows what we need before we even ask and so I would go to bed and I did this for quite some time and I can still remember saying something like this God my teacher told me that you know everything even before I ask that means that you know what I would ask for if I were to ask it and seeing that you already know what I would ask for before I ask it then I'm going to say to you good night I did that for months because I was taught he already knows so why should I ask the Bible says to us in Isaiah 65 24 it shall come to pass that before they call I will answer while they are still speaking I will hear well you see by praying when we pray in reality we're really instructing ourselves not informing him prayer evidences a sincere faith prayer reveals communion it reveals relationship with God when you're having a conversation with God it reveals prayer reveals your love for God and your awareness of the love that he has for you prayer reveals humility that you even come to him prayer also reveals a child like faith and trust that God is able to provide now when Jesus is speaking here he's not giving to us a prayer to ritualize memorize and repeat mindlessly though sometimes unfortunately that happens but he's actually giving to us a model that's why he says in this manner therefore pray in this manner is another way of saying along these lines so he's not replacing ritual prayer with another prayer intended to be repeated what he's doing is he's giving us insight into who we are actually speaking to when we do pray and notice what he says and I want to take this apart I can't give you as thorough a study I was telling my wife earlier that I could actually make this into probably a 10 week series I'm just going to touch on some things very quickly here so forgive me if it's brief but let me give you some basic things so he says again in verse 9 in this manner therefore pray our father in heaven hallowed be your name our father our father he's my heavenly father he loves me I trust him he's my father many in this room many in this world cannot say that they had a father that loved him that provided for them and protected them it seems to be a growing number as a matter of fact it is a growing number of fatherless children God bless the single mamas they can it's just a sad situation for the children because daddy doesn't love him daddy's not there for him I prayed for a little boy he couldn't have been more than 6 years old 7 years old many years ago now he's a young man now but he was a little boy then when a mama came walking up with him beautiful little guy still remember a little blonde guy little guy and I still remember a mama bringing him up and of course what can I pray for and the little boys looking at his feet and mama says his father yesterday his father told him I don't love you and when she said that repeated those words I'll never forget this little boy's shoulders slumping and his little head going down and I took him in my arms and I pulled him to me and I held him and I was staying my heart breaks for that little boy I was at a men's breakfast many years ago now when a music minister was sharing his songs and leading us in worship I was teaching at another fellowship and the music ministers stopped and kind of shared a little bit from his heart with the men and he said I was 6 years old my dad was walking through the front room and as he was about to walk out the front door I asked of daddy where are you going my father says oh I've got to go out for a little while he said I said to my dad can I go with you daddy and my father says no son no I'll be back in a little while and he walked out the door closed the door behind him and he said I never saw my father again he left the family and left this little boy when he said that some of the men in the room began to laugh they laughed and I'll never forget this music minister as he looked at us and he shook his head and he said I guess you're right I wasn't worth coming home to and it touched my heart how many how many people could say the same kind of thing my father didn't love me but you know what I have a heavenly father and when my father and my mother forsake me the psalmist said you will pick me up I have a heavenly father and that's what Jesus is teaching me he says our father the word father our father speaks of intimacy it speaks of relationship throughout the Bible when you read your Bible God has identified various titles descriptions his name and if you do even a basic reading of how God is described or identifies himself you'll see that there are certain words that are translated for us by the word God or something similar for example from the very beginning in Scripture from Genesis chapter 1 verse 1 the Bible says in the beginning God created the heaven and the earth and the word God there is the Hebrew word Elohim and that's a word that is used about 2500 times in the Bible referring to God as a creator and the judge he's also referred to as Adonai the word Adonai speaks of the Lord or a master the word Jehovah though there is a discrepancy as to how to actually pronounce this word because the Hebrew does not have vowels and vowels are supplied in the reading and this is the forbidden name you're not to use that name and all so they really don't know whether the name is Jehovah or what it actually really is but we translated Jehovah 3321 times then you have what are called composite names Jehovah Elohim which speaks of the Lord God you have Jehovah Jireh which means the Lord will provide you have Jehovah Rafa the Lord my healer Jehovah Nisi the Lord my banner Jehovah Shalom the Lord my peace Jehovah Raah Jehovah Sidgenu the Lord our righteousness Jehovah Shama the Lord is there Jehovah Sabaot the Lord of hosts he's called Al Shaddai the Almighty God Al Elion the Most High God Al Olam the Everlasting God but the most precious name that he ever gave to us his father he's my father Jesus is teaching me that God is my father our father now that's a relationship that those who have been born again can have with him those who have not been born again cannot refer to him in that way you're not part of his family but when you've been born again you are brought into the family of God and thus he is your father as many as received him to them gave he the power to become sons of God and on his name John 1.12 so you are brought into you are adopted into the family of God and that's why you can now refer to him as our father and he says who are in heaven our heavenly father, Hollywood holy is your name he is to be holy he is to be reverenced and his name hallowed be thy name your character is revealed reverenced because God you are holy and we acknowledge that you are holy and when you acknowledge the holiness of God this is something that's really important for us as Christians when you acknowledge the holiness of God it results in us realizing that without him we are nothing and it actually leads us to confessing our sins which results in purity of a life and that produces in us a heart for worship in 1 Peter 1 verses 15 and 16 as he who called you is holy so also be holy in all your conduct because it is written be holy for I am holy so your life is not to be lived loosely you don't go out on Saturday sleeping around or bar hopping and then come and worship him on Sunday you know that was what many of us did that's what I would do church for me was a place that I would go to for weddings but especially for the reception afterwards so you could drink baptism same thing you have the baptism and of the child and then you go to your friend's house and you drink so it was more of an excuse and all and yet if you'd have spoken to me I'd have said to you oh yeah I'm a Christian of course I'm a Christian I just went to a wedding I just went to a funeral I just went to a baptism of course I'm a Christian but I didn't live a life that was set apart the word holy means to be set apart my life was not set apart because I did not belong to God he was not my father I was not part of his family and therefore his character was not being revealed in me I have a grandson I have two beautiful grandsons let me boast for a moment forgive me my Josiah who is the apple of my eye all of my babies I love and I don't want to give one more attention than the other but I will say this I have a newest addition my my grandson David Aaron and he looks like his dad but when you when I'm holding him my son and my daughter-in-law will say this they say he really looks like you and he does and I like it I like it I do if you're a Facebook friend go to my Facebook page I have a picture of my Zoe and my David on it I posted it and they're seeing their very first fireworks display and it's just beautiful but you'll see my little David baby David I mean he looks like me and all in there is a family resemblance there's a family resemblance and so you are to have a resemblance to God and so his character is revealed in you as believers I hope that makes sense your God is holy undefiled separate from sin and that's what you and I are in him so our lives are to show that so that when people look at us there is enough evidence that we belong to God simply by the way we live and then when we share why we live this way it connects and people say so that's why you're that way because you've got a relationship with God you're different and so our father who art in heaven be thy name your kingdom come our desire should be for his rule on planet earth and our desire in our prayer should be that that would take place soon may Jesus Christ rule and reign may he destroy forever the works of Satan that's the longing of my heart and I think it's the longing of ours may God rule and may the evil end I mean a refugee camp there's no pavement it's all dirt it's very organized it looks like a neighborhood 10 by 12 square foot tents and all it's very organized but there's no streets there's no green belt of any sort there's nothing to cool you down you're just in a tent city and as I'm standing children are coming around and being communicated with and all my eye falls upon a little girl between two and three years of age and she's standing wearing a little sun type dress and it's 116 like I was saying it's very hot she's got some flip-flops and a little sun dress her hair is brownish and her skin is light because she's a Euclidean you see these actually are very many of them have green eyes or hazel eyes and light skin they're very much my coloring and I see this little this little girl standing by herself on a street where all the kids are somewhere else but this little girl two or three she could be one of my granddaughters age standing in the middle of a dirt path that's a street and I'm looking at her and from behind it could very easily she could pass for my Stella and the Lord touches my heart these children they're out there with nothing with nothing and so the reason that baby is there is because of the evil of this world it's because people have displaced her in her family and she is now and has been in this camp since she was probably just an infant they're in this camp probably up to a year living in that way in a 10 by 12 foot tent little girl no place to play, no parks no pool even a small pool that you could put her in so she could cool her little body down if that doesn't anger you about what the enemy has done I don't know what will if that doesn't bother you I don't know what will to see these children without anything and it's all because of the enemy and sin may Christ rule thy will be done, your kingdom come thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven your will be done may your will be performed in us may your will one day be done in all the world and may our will be submitted to yours especially that we might not ask is that what you do not desire us to have well in northern Iraq following the news supreme court makes a ruling several of them that were very questionable obviously and americans get upset a couple of things I'll say very briefly I know you got a great you had a great teaching last week and I know that that's I don't have to add to that I'm coming from me to you just because the supreme court refers to something as marriage doesn't make it marriage I don't answer to the supreme court I answer to God I'm under the law of the land and I'm certainly not going to go out of habitual felon but in issues of such as that that's a question of conscience and so of course I don't agree with that I was secondly I was say are you going to perform marriages will this church continue to do so and the answer is I'm called by God to do what God calls me to do and should I be asked and should I be able of course I'm going to perform marriages and of course we're going to make sure that they're biblical marriages will you marry a homosexual couple and the answer is if they're repentant and as a male and female yes but they're unrepentant males or unrepentant females the answer as a church no of course not why you bigot because God said that it's a male and a female and that is what scripture teaches and that's what I do and so no I'm not going to perform homosexual marriages and but I also will I also want everybody who's hearing this and this will go out over the air so I want it to be very clear that I don't hate sinners I don't hate homosexuals I don't even know why they're being separated in the way that they are as a class God hates all sin he hates gossip he hates gluttony he hates it when we're drunk all kinds of sin so I don't see that as a special class I just see it as people who need Jesus Christ so the gospel goes out to everyone that's what it does and it's not with hatred in my heart at all it's love because I actually believe in eternity I believe that there is a God I believe that there is a heaven and I believe there is a hell and I want people to go to heaven that's why I preach the gospel of Jesus Christ so that the sinner can be set free from gluttony from gossip from lying from murder from all those sins you can be set free and so that's a bottom line one of the things and I don't know if this will make sense to you as I say this but we're not trying to make America into a Christian nation and you might say wait a minute I'll say it again we're not trying to make America into a Christian nation we're trying to make Americans into Christians and there's a difference there's a difference we want all men to be saved and when people come to faith in Christ that's the answer the answer isn't going to be found in a new president you see I don't worship a president I have a king and I worship the king Jesus Christ and so I look to him for my leadership and so we need to understand that thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven may God's rule be in our hearts so that this nation changes to follow Jesus Christ listen and remember this that when the gospel was birthed during that day it was birthed in some areas that were very very sinful and perhaps we forget I'd remind you read the book of Ephesians read the book of 1st and 2nd Corinthians read Romans especially chapters 1 2 and 3 and you're going to see the environment look in Acts chapter 17 where the apostle Paul is there in the city of Athens and his heart is grieved because he sees that the entire city is wholly given over to idolatry and the spirit of God begins to move in him and he begins to proclaim the gospel of Jesus Christ you see that that's what the church was birthed into we need the power of the Holy Spirit and we need the word of God working together to cause lives to be transformed so we can be the salt so that we can be the light in a tasteless and darkened world and the gospel of Jesus Christ will be quenched the light of God will go forward because God gives us power to do that we need to understand that we need to understand that hold fast to him the best is yet to come God wants to do a work and so yes they will be done on earth as it is in heaven give us this day our daily bread teach us day by day dependence on you because God you're the only one that we truly need day by day may we learn the secret of contentedness keep us from materialism and keep us from fear that we don't have enough teach us what you taught Paul where Paul said I've learned in whatever state I am to be content teach us the secret of contentedness day by day dependence on you and forgive us our debts as we forgive our debtors now that means simply that I'm a sinner and I need humility forgive me my debt because I owe you a debt forgive me that cuts out all opportunity for prideful self-righteousness making demands on God I am a debtor to God I'm a sinner in need of forgiveness and God needs to forgive me of my sin debt and sometimes we can demand from God what we think he owes us and we get angry with them when he denies us but no he owes me nothing but judgment but he gives me his grace but notice he says even as we forgive our debtors we are sinners not deserving his provision but we do receive his grace and if I have received his grace I extend it to others I'll show you something in just a moment do not lead us into temptation deliver us from the evil one for yours is the kingdom and the power and the glory forever amen deliver us from the evil one Lord and by the way Father help me to not be presumptuous thinking I'm being led by you and to enter into an arena that will stumble me where I think you led me there when in reality you were saying I ought not to go there there are guys for example how do I illustrate that there are guys who had drinking problems they get saved and then they say well God has called me to go back to the bars I used to go to and win them if you were an alcoholic and you were always in there drinking and getting drunk with your friends that is not a place for you under normal circumstances that is not a place for you and if you say well God is leading me there it can also be a place where you are stumbled and can fall so help me to know when you are actually leading me somewhere Lord and not to presume that you're leading me simply because I came from a certain background or know a certain thing help me not to enter into temptation thinking I'm following your spirit now he says again and we'll conclude with this in verses 14 and 15 if you forgive men their trespasses your heavenly father will forgive you but if you do not forgive men their trespasses neither will your father forgive your trespasses this is his final instruction here on forgiveness you see an unforgiving heart reflects a heart not acquainted with forgiveness if you truly have received God's grace then truly give it to others it's been said no prayers can be heard which do not come from a forgiving heart when you understand when we understand what great sinners we have been and still can be it produces humility be very careful never to fall into the trap of saying things like I don't understand how they could do that I do understand how you can do certain things I do because I've done them because I've done them so I'm not here to judge anyone my mom taught me something a long time ago she said David always remember when you point your finger at somebody you got three pointing back at yourself and that's true that's why I always just point my thumb at people with my hand never forget that who am I who are you sinners saved by God God is gracious and he's loving and he's forgiving he restores us strengthens us and powers us transforms us he has forgiven us I was just sharing that with Marie we're talking about forgiveness and I was saying to her honey you've got so much for me to forgive you of you're fortunate that I'm so forgiving I was saying to her you know may God make us, may God fashion us into people who remember who we are may he always remind me not with condemnation because there is no condemnation those who are born again who are in Christ there's no condemnation but may I never forget where I came from may I never forget what it's like what my life was like without Jesus Christ may I never forget that may I never get to the point where I say I don't understand how you did that I remember what it's like to wake up in a pool of vomit that I poured on myself I remember what it's like to be so hung over I didn't even know where I was to do things that I won't repeat I haven't forgotten I haven't forgotten the hatred that I had in my heart I haven't forgotten what I did to my parents and how I treated them and how I treated my sisters and how I embarrassed my family with the things that I did and the way that I was I haven't forgotten, I never will never let me think that I'm something because I'm not all I am is a sinner saved by grace and may I always remember that and may I love the people that Jesus died for help me Lord to be forgiving because I can hold a grudge oh I forgive it never forget well you're not forgiving then are you because God doesn't remind me of my failures God has made me new in Jesus Christ old things have passed away behold all things have become new I once was lost but now I've found I once was blind but now I see I was that but I'm not that now but I never want to forget what I was nobody who's where I used to be and I can be a beacon of light I can say look what God can do in a life if you give your heart to Jesus Christ again just yesterday Marina we're talking about and I was driving with her and I said God has been so good to us he is so good what a God we worship what a loving father we have praise you Jesus for your goodness to me praise you Jesus


I was starting to collect images probably from the early 70s, late 60s onwards and I did do collages at that point but I count this as a turning point, a new beginning because it was just nothing but the original and so it's difficult to date it because I in fact I didn't find it myself, my ex-wife Rosetta Brooks who found the image and she gave it she thought that I would be interested and she must have handed it to me that way up because I instantly saw the potential for inversion and what this meant and it it took me but I think it was 1972 that she did this and I dated it from 1977 five years later and all that time it actually went on her piano she was a pianist and it stayed where the music was on the music stand of the piano for five years and I was just musing about it can I do something as simple as that just can that be art just turning a picture upside down and so it took a long time to finally think yes I can nothing else just that and the inversion I think was really prophetic about my activity in general because in a sense I saw her as the muse in a classical sense and him like a sleeping former and somehow by this inversion I mean you see it the right way up and it's obviously what is about is the man playing a tune he's lost in the tune his eyes are closed but this way up the news becomes the thing in control and by the news it means the inspiration you and for me that's what I was doing in my work from then onwards I was prioritizing what was already there rather than my contribution so it became about the consumer she's the consumer so the consumer becomes more important through the inversion than the producer all these thoughts were in my mind about this and it became more and more important as a piece and it then started me collecting film stills so that I had a small group infant and in fact there were some over there that were from the same source as this one but gradually I started collecting more and more film stills and I began to think well we live in a culture of images and it seems unrealistic as an artist to think you can produce something completely new without that that field of images I wanted to develop a practice for myself which was in some ways true to the the existence in a culture of images I suppose I mean film stills used to be quite plentiful he used to be in the 1970s in the mid 1970s you'd find them everywhere in junk shops because their function as foyer stills they used to call them foyer stills in cinemas in the foyer you'd get a line of images which represented the main attraction of the week or even outside the cinema sometimes in special windows but but in the 19 in the mid 1970s as a result of tv and a number of things people stopped going to the cinema in that same way and so the big cinemas got split up into multiplexes many screen cinemas and all these images started to come into the junk shops secondhand book shops you'd find them everywhere so I just started collecting they're very cheap pretty easy to get get hold of they were a very easy source of material gradually over time of course it became more difficult because they became more they weren't being produced anymore they belong to a particular period really about five years ago there was only one shop left in London there are many in Los Angeles I've discovered all over the world you can find them but in London there was only one left and I do like the British film stills particularly and I had just made a bit of money out of my work and so they were in crisis as well and they were going to close down and so I bought the entire stock of the shop so I now have this huge library of film stills but that's quite recent but now I don't use those the paradox is now I feel it's such an important resource I'm still buying from elsewhere and I keep this intact so I don't know it's a paradox I mean I'll often buy blind I go to image collections commercial image collections and I say do you have any images that are damaged or in any way use useless and they send the boxes full of views and that's magical I love buying blind and sometimes I don't know what it is I see an image and it just rivets me I can't explain I'm fascinated by but I'm not quite sure what it is and it takes me a while to discover and I and often I need to remove the ostensive function of the image in order to become to really receive fully that fascination so it often means blocking out identity or the central figure within it most of my theories have been going for about 30 years the mask started 30 years ago and I still do masks so I quite honestly do want to complete things completion is a very important thing for me but it there's always something new happens you know I think I've completed it and then something else happens and I find something it's usually a new find a new set of images that inspires me to and I realize oh I'm carrying on with that old series again the film still collages started in the late 70s as I told you but the ones using portraits started a little bit later at the beginning of the 80s because in the junk shops where all these photographs arrived portraits were still regarded as valuable whereas the film stills were not really so valuable because they were bromide black and white photographs of famous people so they had a value until people realized how many were produced and then they came down and so by the beginning of the 80s I could afford to use them and this was the first which I called the mask and then it was also kind of the first real acknowledgement of surrealism because it was kind of surrealism in the in the 70s was probably the most debased movement imaginable it was you you know surrealism had become the thing that was used for cigarette advertising or whatever it was the kind of images Salvador Dali on you know on your bedroom wall in the post that kind of thing it was kind of really low level there was very difficult there was a taboo about it but I became I had become very fascinated by surrealism because it represented an alternative relationship with the found image from either new image art or pop art or any of those things in a way the postcard over the face it's a mask it's an obliteration of the identity for no longer do you recognize Gregory Peck for example I can tell you this only I know but it's no longer important who these people are all that is important is that it's the framework of a portrait really and these each of these different postcards were kind of metaphors for interiority for the idea of an interior state of mind I guess and you know caves and so on are the spaces that are inside in a way the viennese philosopher um as Ayas Kaneti says that the mask um reveals much but it conceals much more and I like this idea of concealment of um a concealment that also reveals somehow so you can see through but yeah well the face isn't open when you look at somebody in the face you're looking behind behind the objective features because you believe there is something behind I'm Warhol famously said there's nothing behind my face I'm just a mask you see which is interesting um so yeah it's about it's very much about the idea um the relationship between the face the mask um the mask is a kind of fixity in a way superimposed upon facial flux so there's a kind of sense of stillness that's arrived at I find with me but it can be that process of stilling can also be quite horrific so there's a horror too


So after going through the process of trying to get something onto the Unreal Marketplace for almost two weeks now, I have decided that there really needs to be a tutorial series to help walk you through this process. Because I swear, there are requirements here that there's no way you would know unless someone told you. So I'm gonna tell you. Here you can see the PDF file of all the things they said I needed to fix before my stuff goes onto the market. And over the next three or four videos, I will be showing you exactly how to solve most of these problems. But for this video, we are just gonna cover the easy one. And assume that you have submitted a basic Unreal Character asset. They checked it and said either declined or changes are needed. Usually they'll send you an email with a PDF of all your problems. Now this PDF will be a little different depending on what you are uploading. This is specifically if you were trying to upload a 3D character like I am, but if you're trying to upload an environment or a material or weapons, then your PDF will probably look a little bit different. Feel free to leave a comment if you've done this before and if your checklist looks a little bit different. Anyway, let's go ahead and start going through it. So first we have the words beautiful should be removed because subjective language is not allowed. Never mind the fact that there are lots of assets on the market right now that have the word beautiful in their title, but whatever, I don't make the rules. Next should be an asset pack. See I thought this was considered a complete project because you're giving them a complete project file, but I guess that's something else. So we're just gonna change this to asset pack. Next there must be a pack folder in the content folder. Okay, so this was a bit tricky. I had to go back and forth with them on this and they later explained that this is the correct file path that you should have. So if you go to documents, unreal, unreal projects, click your projects, then under content you should have a single folder with all of your stuff in it. Then inside will be your character's rig, your materials, your textures, whatever, and next to it you should have a file called demo, which contains all the default unreal stuff that comes with this software. So for example, the environment that I'm using comes from the default unreal package. So all the maps and materials for it I've put inside the demo folder, but everything that is mine goes outside the demo folder. Next we need to use the official naming conventions, which is actually a great idea. I actually love this point and all of you watching this video should start naming your stuff like this from now on. So all of our materials should start with M underscore and all of our textures should start with T underscore and all the skeletal meshes should be named SK underscore. Cool. Now what? Unused plugins should not be included. I don't remember adding any plugins, but I guess the modeling tools editor is not allowed. So just go up here in the file menu and remove it. All right. No visual defects. Seems. Really? Oh, there are seams. Get rid of all your seams, people. That's unprofessional and professionalism is important. Okay. This part we will cover in its own video. Next they're just saying that all the default stuff should be in the demo folder, which we already did. Man, if you join me in the next video, I'll show you how to fix these last few steps. Hope that helps and as always, hope you have a fantastic day and I'll see you around.


This is one of the triest places on Earth. Sometimes it feels like being on a moon or a mass. During the day is a fantastic place, but during the night is absolutely astonishing. Hi everybody, welcome back to the journey through the extreme universe. Today we are here to celebrate the dark matter day, which actually is happening on Sunday, but we couldn't wait to talk about this mysterious component of the universe. So in this webinar, we are going to learn what we know so far about dark matter and something that we don't know is its nature. A way to disentangle this mystery is upsetting gamma rays. So we are going to learn also, thanks to our speakers, how CTA is going to try to unravel the nature of dark matter. And as I said, we have today speakers. In plural, we don't have just one mission commander. Today we have with us three mission commanders that I'm going to introduce in just one minute. But as usual, I always give you this reminder. If you have any comments, questions, if you want to say hi to us, you can do it already in the comments on Facebook and YouTube. At the end, we always have this question and answer session. So if you have a question about dark matter and you never knew who should ask, this is your moment. Don't be shy. Send your question to the speakers. We'll answer it at the end. So with that, let me introduce, let me welcome the speakers. We have today here Javier, Mabel, and Judith. Hi, guys. How are you? Hi, everybody. Hi. So first of all, thank you for joining us today in this special webinar, actually, because it's the first time, as I said, that we have several people, several speakers. Today, Javier is going to give these historical, scientific contexts on dark matter. Then Mabel will talk about the dark matter sources we have in our own galaxy. And then Judith will talk about the dark matter sources that are far away in the extragalactic universe. Actually, the universe we discussed in the previous webinar. Before starting, I would like to introduce you to the audience. I'm going to do it in order. Let's start with Javier. Javier is an astrophysicist. He's working at the Institute for Theoretical Physics in Madrid, who actually recently defended successfully his PhD on searches for dark matters of halos with gamma rays using the satellite thermal lab and the observatory CTO. Then we have Mabel. She's also a doctor in astrophysics, currently working as a postdoc at the University of Padua, here in Italy. Her work has been centered in the development of software for the analysis of the data from the CTO's large-sized telescope. And she also worked in the studies of prospects for the detection of dark matter with CTO. And finally, we have Judith. She's a PhD in her final, in her last year, also at the Institute for Theoretical Physics in Madrid. And most of her time has been devoted to model the dark matter content with CTO, mostly for these extragalactic objects she will talk about. So again, thanks for joining us. And let's start today with Javier. Javier, whenever you want. Thank you very much, Alba. And thanks to the audience for being here in this very exciting webinar. So today, we're going to talk a bit about dark matter and how can CTA say something, maybe, about this mysterious component. So the first thing to talk about here is the evidence we have for dark matter. We don't know, actually, what dark matter is. It's ultimate nature. But we have a lot of evidence of its existence. Actually, this is a long-standing mystery in modern physics because we have evidence since the early 1930s. So we are approaching dangerously its centenary. So yeah, it's a very long-standing mystery here. And we have evidence for an invisible matter component in the universe that it's five times more abundant than ordinary matter. We understand by ordinary matter everything we know, basically. And some of these evidence can be found in the galactic rotation curves, the galaxy cluster dynamics, and, very famously, the cosmic microwave background anisotrophic, which is the rightmost graphic here. You will, for sure, know. So now we have the evidence. It's interesting to talk about what do we know, actually, about dark matter in this next slide. And what we know about dark matter is these three things. We know a lot of things, but mainly this mysterious component is electrically neutral. And this means that it doesn't emit or reflect light. So it's very difficult to detect. We cannot just look at it in principle. It's extremely weakly interacting at most. Maybe it's not interacting at all with ordinary matter. This is also a problem because we know ordinary matter. We don't know dark matter. And, finally, it's collisionless. This means that dark matter is almost unperturbed. It's very difficult to see its effect on itself. So this makes its detection very, very difficult because, main points, it is invisible and it only interacts gravitationally with its surroundings. It is very useful to obtain evidence of its existence but doesn't tell us anything or practically anything about its ultimate nature. Now, in these last, say, 100 years, more or less, physicists have been very, very, very busy developing models for dark matter. We don't know what it is, but we have a lot of nice ideas. In this graphic here in this plot, we can see some of the just most popular models for dark matter. I don't know the number. It's, I don't know, 100, 1000, whatever you want, models for dark matter. And we are a bit lost, actually, because they expand more than 60 orders of magnitude in mass. Just to have a taste of what does this mean, we have particles in these models, as light as actions, which have masses of a billion of the electron, so extremely, extremely light, up to very microscopic candidates, such as primordial black holes, which cannot be considered just an elementary particle, but a macroscopic object. And they can be as heavy as hundreds of time the mass of the sun. So we are talking here about extremely heavy objects. So we have a huge range from the billions of the mass of the electron to hundreds of time the mass of the sun. And everything is permitted in principle. Dark matter, it's very flexible in this sense. So you may ask now, okay, why are we talking about dark matter if it's invisible? If we cannot see it, actually, with a telescope? Well, fortunately, there are some models, some very, very interesting models, in which dark matter can interact very weakly. Remember, I said at most, it can interact very, very weakly with ordinary matter. But this interaction is enough for our purposes. Why? Because in these interactions, as you can see in this plot at the right-hand side, you have two dark matter particles. Okay, these blue balls. And they interact, they collide, producing in this process a standard model of particles. So ordinary matter, particles we all know and love, such as quarks, bosons, etc. And as a by-product, as a bonus, you get a lot of particles from these ones. Namely, you get, as you can see, there are positrons, electrons, neutrinos, etc. And also photons. Photons are light, of course. And you have low and medium gamma ray photons. They can also be high-energy gamma ray photons. So if we are dealing with gamma rays, we have CTAO. So we have the best instrument possible to take a look. Now, how do we take a look at this dark matter annihilation? Let's say this dark matter processes which produce actually this gamma ray. Well, each gamma ray source, each astrophysical source, actually, regardless of the wavelength, is characterized by its spectrum. The spectrum, just to have a taste, is like a unique fingerprint for each source. Okay, we have our fingerprints, and they tell us, I am Javier, you are whoever you are. Okay, by your fingerprint, a source is exactly the same. Each source has its unique spectrum, its unique fingerprint. As you can see in this plot here on the right-hand side, a typical gamma ray source is a straight line. Okay, this red line here. And the other lines you can see that are very curved, the blue one, green one, black one, of course, are dark matter annihilation spectrum. So dark matter annihilating into gamma rays. And they produce this very, very curved spectra that, as you can see by eye, they don't resemble any bit the typical gamma ray source, which is, by the way, active galactic nuclear IGN. If you take a look at the other webinars, you will see this term a lot. So it's very interesting because here, nature is telling us you can actually distinguish between a well-known gamma ray source, a typical gamma ray source, and dark matter annihilation. They are very, very different. And you can see now in the next slide, by changing the interaction type and the mass of the particle, this spectrum changes a lot in the bottom part of this plot. You can see something that puts M equal to 10 GeV, M equal to 100 GeV. This is just barring the mass of the dark matter particle. I told you that the mass is a huge, they have a huge possibility in this particular model. Of course, the freedom is reduced a little bit, but you can have, of course, some freedom for the mass. And as you can, you barrow the mass, the spectrum, the fingerprint, also bar rise. So this is very interesting because, depending on the fingerprint spectrum, you detect with CTAO, you can see something about the specific nature of dark matter. You can say, I know that dark matter is this model with this mass. So you can obtain a lot of information. This is absolutely brilliant. And now in the next slide, you can also see that here, we are just changing the interaction type. We have a lot of interactions. If you change the interaction type, you see that the numbers are the same, 10 GeV, 100 GeV, et cetera. But the spectrum, the shape change a little bit. So again, depending on the shape and where does it, where do we found actually this spectrum, we can say, this is dark matter. This is the interaction type of the dark matter. And this is the mass of the dark matter particle. So everything basically. And this is marvelous. This is brilliant. So we have basically everything. We know that dark matter exists. We know some models for it. And we know that in some models, we can have gamma rays and how to distinguish them from a typical dark matter, a gamma ray source. So the question is now, where do we look for dark matter? The thing is that a gamma ray signal in dark matter annihilation is proportional to the square density of dark matter. So the density we have, we need more precisely a very concentrated object, very dark matter dominated systems. And as we want to maximize the gamma ray flux, of course, we need them to be as close as possible. So in this sense, we have galactic and extra-galactic targets, targets in our own galaxy and targets far away from our galaxy. So this is the gamma ray sky, seen by the Fermilat satellite in eight years of operations. Okay. You can see, as you may see in other webinars, the prominent central feature there, the red and yellow band, is our own galaxy. And then you have a lot of sources in the sky, a lot of different things floating around. Now, we can ask ourselves, okay, this is the actual gamma ray sky we are seeing, but if we have only gamma dark matter, how would the sky look? So the answer is here in the next slide. This is a simulation, of course. We don't know if we have detected dark matter yet. And you can see that the picture is very different from what we saw in the previous slide, because now we have a spherical feature there, which is the galactic center, and we will hear about it in one minute. And then we have a lot of point sources around, but we don't have this feature of our own galaxy. So it's very different. By comparing these two maps, we can actually say a lot of things about dark matter and hopefully find it. And now, specifically, we can distinguish between many targets. We have the galactic center, the Milky Way halo, nearby galaxies, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera. So many different targets. I will stop here now, and I will leave my colleague, Mabel, to speak about the galactic center and our interesting galactic targets. Thank you, Javier. Yes, so the first source that we can think about when we try to search for dark matter is very close by to us, and it's probably the galactic center, meaning the center of our own galaxy. And this place, the galactic center, actually it's the place where we can expect the largest dark matter signal in case of that we can detect it. So this region happens also to be a very active region full of all kinds of types of sources. And of course, a lot of gamma ray sources, a lot of diffuse gamma ray emission. And so for this reason, the galactic center is one of the most important targets for CTAOs to be observed. So for this reason, CTA is preparing a survey of this region that we can see in the next slide, the distribution of this survey, meaning that because this region is extended, CTA will perform a series of different observations to cover all the area. And it will dedicate more than 500 hours of observations of this place, meaning that we will have plenty of data, plenty of observation time from this region to try to search for dark matter. Another very interesting source that it's really close by, it's not exactly in our galaxy, but it's really, really close will be the Large Magellanic Cloud. The Large Magellanic Clouds are satellites galaxies from the Milky Way. They can be seen from the southern end spheres, and they are one of the closest galaxies in our local group. They are located at about 50 kiloparsecs, and they are seen as extended objects from the Earth. So these galaxies, which are irregular galaxies, they have a lot of activity in a star formation, which means that they also have a lot of gamma ray sources, like supernova rendments, like pulsar wind navel air, like binaries, and stuff like that. But also happens that we know that they have a huge content of dark matter, like a remarkably huge content. And we know that thanks to studies on their rotational curves. So because they are very interesting objects, they allow us to study galactic physics outside our galaxies. It's also one of the most important goals for CTAO. So CTAO will perform also a survey of this region. And we can see in the next slide like a distribution of this survey, like a preliminary distribution, it will dedicate more than 300 hours of observations to cover all this extended area. And of course, again, we will collect a lot of data to do our searches for dark matter. Other nearby sources that we can also study and that are really also close by in our local group will be the galaxies Andromeda M31 and Triangulum M33, which happens to be also very interesting because they are spiral galaxies. Meaning they are the same kind of galaxy as our own, as the Milky Way. And even if they are a little bit more far away than the Magellanic Clouds, they are also close enough to be observed as extended objects. So this allow us also to take advantage of the distribution of the dark matter emission to really try to disentangle the dark matter signal in case there is. Okay, so how do we search for dark matter in this kind of object? So the problem or the challenge that they present is that, as I said, they have huge activity in, let's say, in ordinary astrophysics.  So how do we distinguish the emission of all these sources from the one that comes from the dark matter? As Javier said, dark matter has its own spectrum, it has its own shape, but when we have a very complicated source, a very complicated target, this is not that easy. We have to know very well how the astrophysics of the sources that are present in the target works. And how do we do that? The first thing that we need, as we can see in the next slide, is to build an emission model, an emission model of the gamma ray emission from these sources, meaning the gamma rays from the ordinary astrophysical emission. So for example, in the galactic center, which we can see in the image on the left, these are examples of the different components of the gamma ray emission coming from the galactic center. We can see that there is an extended emission from cosmic rays. There are a lot of small, different gamma ray sources we got seen as puntual sources. There are different kinds of extended emission from cosmic rays interacting from the interstellar medium. So what we need is to put together all these components to predict the gamma ray emission that we expect from this direction of the sky, from this target. And then in the case that we can detect any extra signal that cannot be fit with any of these sources, we can then ask us, is this coming from dark matter? So as we see in the next slide, what we can do then with this extra signal that in the case that we detect an extra signal, of course, we can try to see if any of the many models of dark matter that exist or that we can afford to test, meaning those models that predict that dark matter will produce gamma rays through annihilation, we can try to see if this emission fits to any of these models. So we can say, okay, this emission is compatible with this kind of dark matter model or maybe it's not, right? Maybe it's not compatible with any of the models that we have. So we can say, okay, then the nature of dark matter is not in this direction. So what we can do is to try different annihilation channels. We can try different density profiles, meaning how the dark matter mass is distributed in the target. We can try different dark matter masses, etc. Okay, what happened now? We don't have data yet, right? We have to wait for CTAO to be built and to be working and to take all these hours of data to be able to perform these fits to our emission models. But still, there is a lot of work to do in the meanwhile, right? The first thing will be, of course, to prepare realistic emission models to compare our data with. To do that, we have to understand very well the cosmic reistrophysics of our sources, our camera reistrophysics. So we can work that in meanwhile. We can build our emission models and also what we can do is to perform predictions. We can make simulations of the emission of these targets and how CTAO will observe them and how CTAO will behave observing these objects. So we can see how sensitive CTAO will be to these kind of targets and also which dark matter models will be reachable by CTAO because some of them will not emit enough light for CTAO to detect them or there will be. So we can have an idea of what can we try to search in the data that we will receive. So regarding these prospects and these predictions, what we do is to build sensitivity curves that we can see here in the next slide. This sensitivity curve tells us a hint on the set of different models that CTAO will be able to test, to reach. In these curves what we see is that for different dark matter models, for a different dark matter profile, a different dark matter annihilation channel, a different dark matter mass and the annihilation cross-section, what set of parameters will be reachable by CTAO. For example, in the left you can see different models when CTAO is observing to the galactic center. This is all done with simulations. But these curves mean that all the models that are above these curves are models that somehow CTAO will be able or to detect or to discard in the case that CTAO doesn't detect anything compatible with dark matter. Looking in that direction then we can say okay dark matter it's not in this region. And especially we are very interested in this blue line that you can see in the left plot and it's a dotted red line in the right. This is the thermal cross-section. This cross-section basically defines the set of models inside this weak interactive massive particle theory of dark matter. The set of models that actually would allow to recover the distribution, the density of dark matter that we observed today. So we are very, very interested in CTAO to be able to prove the models that are in this area. And as you can see the galactic center is very promising because a lot of models, a lot of sensitivity curves are below this area. In the large magnetic cloud which is the curves in the right as you see it's more complicated because the large magnetic clouds are farther away. They are complicated objects with a lot of sources and this can difficult our task. So as a summary of this part these close by dark matter targets are very interesting because they have high content of dark matter and because they are very close to us we can expect strong dark matter annihilation signals. The problem is that they also have strong backgrounds strong gamma ray backgrounds from other gamma ray sources that are present there. So what we have to do it's to perform big efforts together with the galactic and cosmic ray science groups inside CTAO and also in collaboration with other experiments with our institutes in order to be able to understand these backgrounds to build proper and very realistic emission models which allow us to really study the dark matter. And now my colleague you did will tell you more about other sources other targets for dark matter farther away. Yes, so Mabel has already told us about some targets that are indeed non-galactic like for example these nearby galaxies but now we are going to talk about other interesting extra galactic sources of gamma ray from dark matter origin which can be in galaxy glasses and also in galaxies for example. So first of all we are going to talk about dark further galaxies indeed Mabel has already introduced them and okay as its name says dark further galaxies are really small galaxies which usually are companion galaxies to other big galaxies class for example in our neighborhood we can find satellite the dark further galaxies which are accompanying like the new well and M31 but however they were discovered until 1938 so how can it be? So according to structure formation history of the universe these dark further galaxies are the first one to be formed so after all these formation history processes these very small galaxies and being cannibalized but the bigger galaxies so the remaining ones are still not a lot of them and they host like a very old population of start which appear to be very faint and also they do not host any kind of hot dust or hot gas so they really appear to be very faint in the sky however from the information that we will get from the future telescopes and the future observation it is expected to be discovering more of these kind of objects another interesting thing from them is that their stars that they host are not in rotation so we cannot provide rotation course from most of these objects and the way we have to measure the mass and their properties is to try to measure these random motions the stars that they host the go through in them so we call that the stars to their galaxies are pressure supported systems and talking about the mass just these objects are of the order of a million times in the lightest of the case the mass of half the mass of the sun and aside from being an astragalactic voltage they are the nearest to us being always less than 1.5 million light years from us however because they are really small they appear as a point sources in the sky okay so having this mind being this small and to this distance in order to account for the mass of these galaxies we need a thousand times more than matter than standard matter meaning that we have one of these best conditions that Javier was mentioning before of having a very strong dominated dark matter objects taking this into account we have more than enough in order to point austere telescopes to large star galaxies but the other thing that it's very good from these objects in contrast to what we have seen from galactic objects is that we do not expect any other kind of gamma ray emission from this object that it's not coming from dark matter so it will be really a smoking on to detect any kind of dark matter emission from a dwarf ferroidal galaxy as Nadel has told us here we have some prospects on sensitivity curves of the planets observation of the observations that are expected to be performed with cta we expect a hundred hours on each different dwarf ferroidal that will be targeted best candidate and even though we wouldn't be able in principle to reach the same level of exclusion that we have with for example the galactic center we still it's important to have this universal and complementarity between different objects now that we know about dwarf ferroidal let's go to the other extreme that is galaxy clusters galaxy clusters are the largest gravitationally bound structures in the universe and one will likely think that they are pretty stable objects however these are the last structures that I've formed in the history formation of the universe so we can get some clusters that are pretty stable like the one we have in the left side which is the perceptive cluster when we can see in color the distribution of the mass with this very pretty spherical symmetrical and then in the right hand side we have the public cluster when we can clearly see these two front shocks in the distribution of the mass that tell us about the history on the cluster and it's telling us that it has gone through some major event really recently now more things about galaxy clusters is that in contrast to dwarf ferroidal they host galaxies which account mostly up to five percent of the galaxy cluster mass they also host a lot of active galaxy nuclei this very well-known source of gamma-ray emission and they also have plenty of hot gas and dust which is usually called the inter-cluster medium and this inter-cluster medium is usually exposed to some very strong magnetic fields through a lot of turbulence that end accelerating these particles that are in the hot gas and dust and creating cosmic rays so you also will know about cosmic rays if you check on these past webinars of the series and from these cosmic rays we also expect gamma-ray emission what is uh I was curious about it is that is despite expecting them we haven't detect any kind of gamma-ray emission from galaxy clusters so just the detection of gamma-ray emission from a galaxy cluster will be a very big achievement not only for CTA but for the whole astrophysical community regarding the characteristics galaxy clusters are in the in the lightest case billions times the mass of the sun and well they are not so close to us the closest to us will be the Virgo cluster which is the 49 million light years to us and but they can appear as a really extended object to us for example the Virgo cluster it has a radius of eight degrees in the sky but some of them that are pretty far from us will just appear as a point like however did you remind you that I tell you that galaxies in the galaxy cluster only account to five percent of its mass okay this hot dust and hot gas only accounts for the 15 percent of its mass so the rest this 80 percent rest is in form of the armature so are huge huge armature-dominated objects so this is more than enough to point again our telescopes to galaxy clusters and also are the perfect environment to not test only for example this annihilation scenario model that we've been talking about but also to test other kind of models for example this decayed armature model in which we assume that a dark matter particle can indeed decay into two standard model particles for this case CTA is planning to serve the Perseus Galaxy Cluster for 300 hours and we will perform exactly the same kind of analysis that model was telling to us we were aiming for a detection and in case we do not detect the gamma rays or is not from that matter we were able we are going to be able to reject some models which will be no longer compatible with our observations last but not least I wanted to also talk about this very light components of the dark matter this model that was introduced Javier before which are the axioms the axioms as Javier has told have a mass of a billionth time the one of the electron so they are really really some light particles and we're introduced it in the standard model of particle physics in order to solve some problem related to the strong force however in some models these axioms or axiom like particles are expected to be coupled to the gamma rays are expected to be coupled to the light and in these models we can see that these axioms can be converted into gamma rays and all the way around in the presence of strong magnetic fields and just for you to know our universe is full of the strongest magnetic fields that we have so what we can do with CTA is to point to very well known source of gamma rays like for example these agents which are also trigalactic and to reconstruct the path of a gamma ray that has been emitted from one of these agents through all the magnetic fields and all of the changes that we have gone turning into this process of conversion into an axiom and then try to recover this signal and again in case that we are not able to to detect this gamma ray what we can do again is just to exclude in this plot as we can see on the right hand side the models that are no longer compatible with the observation that CTA is expected to perform so just to wrap up everything that we have talked that matter naturally despite mainly 100 years of standing it's still unknown we have a huge range of different kind of models with different characteristics and properties with different range of masses going to very very light masses like the actions that I just told you to these primordial baffles which are no longer point like particles just massroscopic objects and it's very important to have this complementarity between the different ways we want to detect that matter there is that people that is trying to produce that matter at the Large Hadron Corridor and also other experimenters that are trying to measure that if that matter is able to interact in this weekly sense with the standard matter and then we have our channel which is indirect detection with this detection of that matter through his annihilation and there's still plenty of astrophysical sources to be exploring in gamma rays and a lot to do in order to know for example these backgrounds that we have for galactic sources on even characterised better the objects that are straw-galactic like these radial dwarf galaxies that we know from very recently and for this we will have CTAO which is the future of the gamma ray astronomy so thanks a lot Judith for this super nice and detailed overview I would like to ask Javier Mabel to join us and congratulate you too I have to say I really enjoy the webinar so for the people that is watching us just as a reminder we are going to start the question and answer session so if you have any questions about what they explain or you have a question you have before this is the time send it through the comments on Facebook and YouTube meanwhile I would like to actually ask myself some questions to you I would like actually to start with Javier who was the first one you briefly mentioned a source whose name just popped up for me that it was primordial black holes I don't know if maybe you can delve into that because I'm kind of curious what is that what is the difference between a normal black hole we normally hear about and primordial black holes and why they are a target for that matter yes so thanks for the question because it's really interesting and it's a topic I like to talk about I think we could do like five webinars on primordial black holes because it's a very vast topic but very quickly what we think we know about black holes is that they are produced by the collapse of stars at the end of its life its life cycle and the pressure of the star cannot counteract its own weight and it collapses and if the star is very very very heavy it collapses a big time into a black hole this is what we think we know about black holes but there is another theory there around from the early 70s I think it was proposed that primordial black holes and that these kind of objects can be produced by stellar collapse but also can be produced in the very early universe through fluctuations of density the universe it goes through the so-called inflationary phase which is a very violent phase in which the universe is expanding exponentially crazy and these fluctuations can lead to actually very very very compact objects which are primordial black holes and the thing is that primordial black holes can effectively behave as dark matter under certain conditions and more interestingly they can evaporate through the so-called Hawking radiation due to the late Stephen Hawking and this means that black holes can actually emit some particles in the last steps of their life and can actually emit gamma rays so CTAO in principle could even detect some gamma rays coming from these primordial black holes so these are very very interesting targets very exotic objects but very interesting nevertheless and maybe this question goes to another speaker maybe Mabel how can we be sure that we detect gamma ray 100% from this source or to another source I think have you already kind of explained but the point is it could be possible to misinterpret it the data that would be another source or something yes well the quick answer would be that we can not be 100% sure like in science it's very difficult to reassure that something it's something in the case of dark matter what we have to do it's that we have to relay on other kind of science as you did say there are many ways to try to detect dark matter there is direct way indirect way etc so in the case that by luckily we detect some signal that it's compatible to any of our models for example we did a signal and we see that it's compatible with one of the spectrum of dark matter so we can say okay we think that this might be dark matter okay then we need from the support of the scientific community from other experiments from experiments from the earth from experiments from direct detection for the production of dark matter to really confirm or to really confirm that this model of dark matter is actually possible and that our signal it's really a true signal from dark matter so that that will be the way to go perfect thanks and then actually kind of discussing this part of maybe misinterpreted that it's difficult to detect and so a question to Judith you were talking about the galaxy clusters which are the biggest structures that we have in the universe and you were talking about them like a whole source that you would like to observe and so but shouldn't we consider the things that they are hosting in order to be sure we're detecting dark matter why the whole galaxy cluster that's a very good point and this leads me also to to the fact that galaxy clusters host galaxies and maybe something else right because we know from dark matter simulations that we expect from this history formation of the universe the smallest structure for example this is very large to form space and then by accretion, collapse and really violent processes they form this biggest object so as Javier was mentioned we want to look for sources which are really concentrated because the dependence on the gamma reflux that we expect from dark matter annihilation is dependent with the square of the density so of course in order to make these prospects and also to quantify in a reliable way the amount of gamma rays that we need we need to model also the gamma ray annihilation that we expect from these inner galaxies or what we usually call subhalos and substructures great I just see questions I'm going to do it very fast because sorry we are running late but we have a question a more technical one from Richard I guess he's excited to know when CTAO is likely to have the first light so well maybe I can answer from the perspective of CTAO actually Richard next year we will start the construction phase it would take well once the new entity the European one is established the construction is going to start and it will take around five years but obviously the data it will be taking actually Mabel you're working on the large size telescope prototype maybe you can say something from the first telescope we have already in place well from the first telescope we already have some data that has been analyzed and it's been very successful actually it's been taking data for now maybe a couple of years but in the latest year we have observed many different sources and it's very interesting and I hope and probably for the next telescope it's going to be faster right because always the first ones it's you it's when you have all the problems but then once you know that your telescope works I think the next will be much more quick and by the moment that we have more than one and we can observe in a stereo that will be awesome a lot of data a lot of interesting science that we can start doing even with just even with just some telescope and not all the the array yeah I think we are all exciting to to see the data not only from one but from the from from all the array the sensitivity all the course that you show that is going to be amazing okay we have another question um I would like to do it sorry guys I know it's late but Malvernudet a Scandarch method we compose by antimatter so whoever wants to answer maybe Javier you start also talking about the decays and so yes so short answer unfortunately not we would love to because we will have our our mind much much quieter but it's not um the problem is that antimatter is very very similar to matter actually it comes from the same process let's say if you have a positron which is antimatter it's the antimatter of the electron but you can also see this from the perspective that electron is the anti positron so they are symmetric under this under these things actually that matter interaction as we saw produce cosmic rays and cosmic rays are also antimatter so antimatter is well known since more than 100 years ago since the time some 40 back so it's very well studied and unfortunately cannot be dark matter because it it doesn't fulfill the the things we need for dark matter to behave the way we know but it would be very very nice okay so thanks again guys I think this was the the longest webinar we have I really enjoy I have to say um and we are going to finish already here I would like to thank you again thank also the audience that join us and just remind them that we have next month another stop in this journey through the extreme universe we're going to talk about transience the most powerful sources that we have in our universe so do not forget to subscribe to our facebook youtube twitter all the social medias in order to stay tuned so thanks again and see you next month ta ta