What's up? How are you guys this weekend? We are making a high quality organic beef udon recipe So if you guys are going out to Halloween picking up some little Asian thotties boys or girls whatever you're into and now you can tell them No, you're like cultured, you know, you're into the weeb stuff So as with most of my recipes guys, this isn't exactly using classic classic ingredients You can switch some things up here and there This is the healthiest highest quality least inflammatory version possible And let me show you guys how we're going to do that with the ingredient selection The star of the show is our organic udon noodles, which I got these on Amazon I think they're three or four dollars per package But super super high quality really one of the best types of wheat that you can eat in general And you should feel good eating these even if you're gluten intolerant, even if you don't usually eat it So this brand is really good. I think I'll put it on my Amazon store later I've really been enjoying this and eating it every single day for the most part for a few weeks now And then the most important flavor component of this recipe is our reinforced beef stock So I have several videos now of me making different types of bone broth Soups stocks, you know, we take the collagen broth from Frankie's syringe meat We put more meat in that we pressure cook it overnight And then we have a very flavorful very nutritious beef stock You could add onions garlic, whatever you want to this, but it's important that the base tastes good and In the udon just for our vegetable choice I have some onions here and some shiitake mushrooms both organic of course to reduce the agrochemical content I like the flavor and it's adding minerals as well as a good amount of gut motility. We're not going to use all of this just portion for one serving size and For the meat, I'm using hanger steak from Frankie's syringe meat really one of my favorite cuts of steak It's very flavorful. It's pretty tender and For the other flavoring components, we have some white wine. I believe the traditional recipe just uses rice wine We have some coconut aminos as an alternative to soy sauce And we have some cane sugar which is actually typical to use in the recipe and the main other significant difference is Udon is almost always topped with scallions or green onions I actually don't really like those that much. So we're just using the white onion and the mushrooms So we got our pan nice and hot over here guys I'm just going to put a little bit of oil in it and then we're just going to saute the mushrooms in the onions Nice pinch of salt to season it if you want this to look Instagram or Pinterest worthy You might want to cut your mushrooms and onions a little nicer You can cook them separately so that you can play arts and crafts with your food in the wooden bowl that you bought at home goods Few you guys in the commentary thinking your recipes never look as good as the guys If I wanted to if you want to spend three times as long making this and make it look really really good Yeah, you could do that, but I mean this is maybe going to take 10-15 minutes total to make from start to finish It's going to be delicious. It's going to be healthy Presentation wise we're not exactly doing the recipe book yet. So now we're going to get our Udon broth ready with two to three cups of our high quality stock and traditionally they'll also add Like dashi or seaweed or different things the reason I'm not doing that here is because those are typically full of chemicals Pollutants from the ocean not really that healthy for you and then we're going to lightly season this broth So a pinch of salt about a tablespoon of the coconut aminos a tablespoon of white wine And then a teaspoon of sugar So we're just going to warm this up on the back of the stove until everything is ready So now we're going to slice up the hanger steak And you could really use anything for this Skirt steak filet mignon ribeye New York strip. That's all we're doing is just slicing it nice and thin So I'm just going to trim this up a little bit We're making about two servings worth of udon. So We need about half a pound of meat here and you can slice this however you want to have it in the soup Traditionally it's it's about as thin as possible We're just going to season it with some salt So just get a little bit of water to the mushrooms and onions to kind of deglaze the pan Steam them cook them through a little more and then we're going to boil some water for the udon noodles So in the water for the udon just a nice pinch of salt and a little bit of oil So the mushrooms and onions have plenty of color on them coats completely through these are finished And if you want you can cook the steak in this pan as well But I prefer to be able to portion out each of the ingredients when I'm making the udon just to like customize it So we're going to use a separate pan for the meat hands nice and hot. So just a tiny bit of oil And then we put our steak in Now you want this pan super super hot because we want to get nice browning on this without cooking it that much as The meat is very thin and all you really want is about 30 seconds because even though this meat still looks a little red And raw the residual heat in the pan is going to cook it through So we're going to turn off the heat in the pan and finish it with some coconut aminos and a little bit of sugar So maybe a tablespoon or two of coconut aminos half a teaspoon of sugar So we're just going to boil off the aminos and that's going to concentrate the sweetness and more flavor in the meat and just in time the water is boiling for the udon noodles and Just be ready when you do this because these cook very very quickly only four minutes So make sure all the other components of the recipe are finished. All right, so after about five minutes the udon noodles are done And when you ask me if you could reuse the water to make them again I mean, there's a lot of starch in it maybe once or twice But so you don't want to let the noodles sit because they'll start sticking together So we'll get them in our final serving bowl Then we have our seasoned udon broth And I don't really like udon with the traditional amount of broth which this is, you know, it's a lot of soup I prefer a much smaller amount. So, you know, even half a cup to a cup of Beef broth is going to be plenty to flavor the noodles. Now. We just add the mushroom onions as well as the beef There we have it guys mushroom beef udon delicious broth. All right guys, let's see how this compares to the regular quick easy udon I've been making all week Yeah, adding the wine the coconut aminos just those slight seasonings to the the beef stock do make a pretty big difference I like the hanger steak adding the coconut aminos and a little bit of sugar at the end there Kind of gives it that like asian flair. That's typical to So when you go to these restaurants Now the way you're supposed to eat this is with like Asian soup spoon, which I don't have but you know, you would take, you know The broth with the noodles and the meat or whatever and then have it together Very very good guys. So I'm going to enjoy my lunch and as with all of the recipes and all the things I've been eating over these past two years now Everything is really designed to be as minimal inflammatory as possible and you should feel excellent eating this But you guys can go to frank-safon.com If you'd like to support me through all of my businesses and help me continue to provide you guys with My understanding of the best health information Frankie's Surangymete.com guys. We have the hanger steak. We have bolivian rose salt and I think that's everything we used in this recipe, but I'll put the noodles on my amazon shop for you guys later As usual, please drop a like on the video. Leave a comment down below Subscribe so that youtube can unsubscribe you next week and be sure to check that notification bell So they don't notify you of my videos. Thanks again for joining guys, and I'll see you for the next video Maybe we'll do a live stream tomorrow Instead of a critique or a review, but we'll see


I would like to introduce to you Mrs. Katarina Montagnoli. She is a young midwifery leader from Italy and she works in Switzerland. Katarina is focused on reproductive health among migrants and she balances her clinical work with research. And she is a midwifery educator. Katarina, go ahead. Thank you very much, Yuri, for this presentation. And welcome everybody to this session. I am very excited and also quite nervous to be here. And well, first of all, happy International Day of the Midwife, everyone. So I'm glad that you tuned in for my presentation and this presentation actually is the result of my master thesis. And just before starting, let me... Yuri, can you please put me a presenter? Thank you. Let's start with... Let's start with a little quiz that I created and we will see the results of this little poll at the end of the presentation. So just to present you the outline of the whole presentation I will start by talking about life in Geneva and Switzerland. Why interdisciplinarity is the key process to conduct such a research. My materials and methods results. So these three parts. What is the stakes? So all the limitations and future studies. So just before starting back, I will show you again the QR codes so that you can take the time to take the picture and arrive to the poll. Okay, very well. Okay. So what are... What we're and what are my motivation? Why I am so interested in this topic? So being myself a migrant because I come from Italy and I live in France and I work in Switzerland. I felt myself how migration is a pre-scient issue of our time. Economic migration but as well why not climate change migration and all the different types of migration. We've been talking about migration internationally and global compact on safe and orderly migration which was approved in Marrakesh in December 2018 but one more time we failed to include irregular migrants and as we can see international migration is a phenomenon that continues to grow and very rapidly and just to tell you the very last data of our time in the first trimester of 2021 there has been the biggest number ever of people dying in the Mediterranean Sea just to let you know that the pandemic doesn't stop actually migration. So why migration in Geneva? So Geneva is a global magnet for migrants. There are full of international organization among other set of UN agencies the International Center for Migration, Health and Development where I did my stage and many many other international organization. They are CRC and many other. But unfortunately this magnet is not just represented by the multitude of international organizations present in the area but as well from the lack of formal network for families because families that move in Geneva most of the times don't manage to find a kindergarten for their children and other facilities that would allow them to just exploit regional services. And this is the other reason why Geneva is a global magnet for migrants because apart from the economic migrants or migrants coming with a direct contract with international organization there are many many other coming for like filling the gap of the lack of a formal network for families, for sustaining families. And this was really very much let's say recognized by the state of Geneva when in 2016 it launched the Papyrus operation which was a massive operation to globalize irregular migrants who were living in the area for more than 10 years in an irregular situation but who somehow also met a certain type of criteria. And the University of Geneva at the same time launched the parchment study where I also had the opportunity to work in to analyze from an economic and health care and social point of view how regularization actually impact on the life of irregular migrants. So I did this internship experience and I also worked as an activist in the past five years. And most of the times I was at the Kansko unit which is a primary health care unit financed by the Kenternal hospital which is a health care unit dedicated to people without health care insurance. And as you might well guess this Kansko unit takes care most of the times of irregular migrants. So for going next I decided to really reply to this question of mine with an interdisciplinary scoping review to see what are the results in literature with regards to social science, anthropology and health care in general about irregular migrants access to reproductive health and their clinical maternal and reproductive outcomes. Overall I found 92 studies which I included in this scoping review and there are some additional data which I gathered personally during my hospital activity and internship as an activist at the Kansko unit. So to go forward these are the very first results in the sense that I really wanted to start as a health care professional from the health care point of view and in the literature I found that doesn't matter really the acidity of anti-Natal care attendance when it comes to pregnancy outcomes for irregular migrants. So and this is a result of a research done by Hans Wolf and his team in 2008 and performed in Geneva. So this paradox in the literature was very surprising to me because of all the rest of the literature I've been reading so much in these years which states exactly the opposite. So irregular migrants as people without legal status actually are more prone according to the WHO and to other international organizations, the RCRC and so on and are more prone to have worse health care outcomes, medical outcomes but especially because they are more vulnerable population but when it comes to Geneva this is not true. So the acidity of access to anti-Natal care and regularity to such anti-Natal care services it does not impact upon pregnancy outcomes. And looking a bit further in the literature I found that there were some other studies that were prospecting and presenting such data and which took into consideration other variables than the simple access to anti-Natal care but as well for example in the case of Canada and Kalano in 2017 the ethnic course for populations of interest. For example Ethiopian people living in Canada or when it comes to the US Mexican migrants living in New York and for what concerns the US this phenomenon since it was very much linked with the birth weight of the infant of the newborn was described as the birth weight paradox. And I asked myself why is there such a paradox in the literature why acidity of access to anti-Natal care does not correspond to the better outcome better pregnancy outcome. So I responded myself by saying that there is an historical process and it is also current in Western country and this historical process has this trend has set itself to medicalize pregnancy. So pregnancy is very much assumed for the general public as a condition as a condition which might which should be cared for by specialist gynecologist or an obstetrician. In Italy for example the first question you would ask not myself but the first question you would ask to a pregnant mother is so who is your gynecologist and who has taken care of you during this pregnancy. And I responded myself that is a very cultural mother very much cultural mother rooted in our cultural Western in our Western culture and this is also one way to justify the lack of benefits arising from the assiduous medicalization by anti-Natal care access for undocumented migrants. And of course adding to the ethnic specific curves that the migrants effect and the effect that we are considering pregnancy at the very basis as a physiological state of being. But let's go a bit further and like put it in prospect with the current the current pandemic we are living in. So the paradox can also be explained somehow in this Covid period through the fact that we had to we were forced to during lockdowns all over the world to re-understand access to reproductive health and maternal health care and to reorganize it restructure it according to the needs of every person. So in the US it was at least very easy to have up to 22 visits in person visits during pre-Covid pregnancy while in a very recent study which tried to understand the benefits of telemedicine these visits were able to be reduced and compacted to eight visits in the whole pregnancy. And if we think about WHO guidelines on access to anti-Natal care services they also rather propose a minimum of eight anti-Natal care visits. So we have experienced as midwife has professionals as students why not how telemedicine can be a good substitute for lowering in present contacts and how restructuring anti-Natal care services is important to comply with the clinical distancing need and somehow how useless how little of use were like the over-medicalization of pregnancy proposed in this pre-Covid area. To go next I wanted to state these four points that go a bit out of the topic and like outline the fact that clinical distancing and referral to primary health care centers has been a very primary step to comply with the lockdown and with the general measures due to COVID that women became real partners of the health care providers especially in case of complication during the pregnancy let's think about like diabetes, gestational diabetes where mother had to are still taking their glycemia and referring to their general practitioner or medical doctors and how midwives really led this transition to over-medicalization to physiology why not also through telemedicine through the mean of telemedicine and this is where I also talk about how much it matters interdisciplinarity so access to reproductive health in general is just not a matter of health it does not include only health care professionals as we just stated it includes first of all women that are their partners and it includes as well a set of determinants of health such as for example in the case of telemedicine all the administrative procedures and why not all the IT procedures all the IT help to set it up these telemedicine options and this other set of determinants of health include among others of course migration the state of the person, the knowledge of the language spoken in the welcoming country the social and legal status, the culture of variables, personal visions, personal experience and economic possibilities so now I pass to the social science point of view because we just realized how social determinants of health can be important in accessing health in accessing antinatal care and I wanted to understand as a student and also as a scholar where can we locate the pregnant body of irregular migrant socially so I've been looking in the literature and the very first obstacle to access antinatal care was the cost, the expansiveness of antinatal care in Switzerland and it is also a reason why irregular migrants often lack healthcare insurance even though it is a compulsory thing for a regular person living in Switzerland and then still looking in the literature I found the description of these deservingness and entitlements situations where a person becomes a biological citizen because of his or her needs in this case it's rather her needs but in the Petrina book published in 2013 the author describes this process of deservingness and performing illness to access health but also legal rights in the case of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster and I really found a sort of parallelism between what happened at the time actually 26 years ago and what is happening now not only in Switzerland but also in the whole of Europe where we only provide rights to the person in need when we realize that they are really need when they perform what they allow us to understand their biological need and their biological citizenship and there's also actually all over Europe a law that entitles people to access free of cost care in general emergency care and this is also the reason why I particularly liked this parallelism between biological citizens and health rights and then another social determinants are the lack of knowledge the lack of networks so the fact that recently arrived people doesn't know where to go where to look for care for free of cost care and it was the case of course in the health care center where I worked and as well the fact that as a person without legal status you don't have any social protection because you're working as we say in French you have a black contract in a sense that you don't have any rights just to continue with the fact that people most of the times recently arrived people don't have a network the Cannesco health care center is one of the points of reference for people without health care insurance and it really works via the snowball techniques of the mouth of words words of mouth sorry and over there there is very much discussed the problem of for especially in the case of pregnancy of how to balance access to health and the fact that you are relying only on you don't have any social security system behind you that covers all your needs all your health care needs and the fact that you're relying only on the entries on the salaries that you are perceiving as a person without a normal contract without a white contract if we want to call it that way and to continue this is the very last part of my presentation I also analyzed this aspect in an anthropological way this picture is very important to me because it represents the way Ticuna people understand their health in relation to the world so the social and personal and anthropological actually let's say anthropological understanding of health and the Ticuna are a population living in the Aboriginal population living in the Colombian Amazon and over there I had 21 days of ethnographic experience let's say living with them and thanks to these I really understood somehow the cultural self does not always reflect the cultural of the place you're living in so in non-western countries pregnancy is more a social than a biological event whereas as we said at the very beginning of the presentation in western country pregnancy is a biological event so you're pregnant and there are a set of visits that you have to do, the international care so it's very an event, a condition that follows a biomedical model but as I understood through thanks to this ethnographic experience and to reading thanks to the read of the literature the reproduction itself involves both physical so the physical self and also behavioural change and when associated with changes that migration imposes it is important to consider also the results going back to the study of a Mexican migrant mother in the US it is described how Mexican migrant mothers accessed somehow international care not regularly, not as seriously as the western model wanted but to complement, let's say to complement to fill the gaps of the western models they also referred to their cultural roots and they're solved little problems also with a different approach than the biomedical model and another aspect that could be a great obstacle to access international care in these western countries in our western countries is the fact that the person, the migrant, the regular migrant doesn't have a familiarity with the concept of self in the receiving society what are the dues and dons of cultural dues and dons of a pregnant woman in a western country so to describe this phenomenon of reproduction and anthropological self as Mitoka in one of her articles defined this state of being their reproductive habitus so the reproductive habitus as we can read are the modes of living the reproductive body the bodily practice and the creation of new subjects through interaction between people and structures as intended as institutions and I asked myself what are these interactions between people and institutions here in Geneva when it comes down to reproduction so as described in a later article published in 2018 by Fognoli people, irregular migrants have this problem in accessing reproductive healthcare because they have fear because they are blamed for their irregular access because they are stigmatized because of the little compliance with the western rules because they are blamed because they have a greater realization of an unplanned pregnancy that people want to continue rather than go to an IVG and because they have what is called inadequate access to antenatal care but at the end of this presentation I want to ask myself and yourself from which perspective can we say that access to antenatal care is inadequate so before going to the conclusions I would like to talk about all the limitations of this research as a real scholar so first of all the data published by Wolf are kind of limited in the sense that we don't have a lot of participants and data anywhere are quite old with respect to some more recent literature another important limitation is the fact that the migrant population is a very heterogeneous population and we can't really say that one thing fits all so people might come from western countries people as me people might come from other countries which don't have this western culture in medicine and then another limitation that I wanted to highlight is the fact that yes western countries I believe the most of the times pregnancy physiological pregnancy is somehow over-medicalised but anyway standardized model of care we have seen it our lives saving and work exceptionally well when biological equivalents in medicine are needed let's think about transplants and the COVID vaccine what are the future directions so myself I am looking for funds for doing maybe another study taking into account the different determinants of access to material care in a participative way and I would like to continue with this topic and merge qualitative and quantitative clinical and personal and from different prospective data to really continue to study the subject and somehow reply to this question of mine but internationally we have seen how there has been a cultural shift in medicine towards the personalized medicine and which is taking steps in 2018 the WHO interpartial recommendations suggested to seriously take into account cultural as much as biomedical models of care and in this way we have seen a sort of transition and in recent period as well the transition to telemedicine is also very much taking steps and I wonder if a mobile health tool would allow a better communication and a better access and a better understanding of the process of access to antenatal care for irregular migrants and very recently the WHO published new guidelines on virtual access to antenatal care and I think that there is some room for research in this domain so finally the first conclusion we have to gain, it's our responsibility to gain a better understanding of this paradox and why people don't access that seriously antenatal care and what can we do to fill the gaps the cultural gaps of antenatal care and by understanding and being open to understanding irregular migrants' behavior towards reproductive and paternal services and this is I really much believe is totally in line with 17 SDGs but most of all with the third SDG that is good health and well-being and finally as a global health professional I want to also highlight the importance of interdisciplinarity of a different multi-level point of view of thinking of systems for the analysis of human rights and access to health as a human right and the fact that solutions must be sustainable and innovative and adapted to people's needs so before thanking you well I finished with my presentation but before thanking you I would like to get back to the quiz results well we have just four responses I'm afraid that I didn't really actually let you have the time to reply to the questions so I would like to go back to the QR code let you maybe reply to the questions and in the meanwhile let Yuri take some questions and continue talking about this very interesting topic with you thank you for that okay thank you Katarina thank you for your eye-opening and inspiring lecture so please colleagues can you fulfill the little quiz via the QR code and if you have any questions you can raise your hand or you can put a question in the chat box it was a very great nuanced discussion appreciated Rona O'Connell hi Rona how are you she mentions the ORAMA program maybe you can you want to share something with us so I was really impressed by your presentation Katarina I was also reflecting when you had a slide about where do we locate irregular immigrants what do you think about or what is the challenge about health literacy because I have the I think but maybe I am wrong I think that maybe health literacy of irregular immigrants is limited and I mean by that do they have enough insight in the structure of healthcare like in Switzerland in Geneva and also do they have access to the internet because if you say I want to consider the transition to telemedicine that's okay but do they have the means that's a reflection so thank you already for this question Yuri you are actually totally right so there is not a lot of literature on the subject and the biggest reason is that irregular migrants since they are somehow persecuted for their irregular status don't want to appear most of the time remain in the shadow and this is also another reason why network is so important to them for accessing antinatal care and care in general so I've been reading a lot about what are the most important obstacles for as well a healthcare worker to provide access and provide quality access, quality of care to people that lack of for example documents let's think about not only legal documents but as well documents of the pregnancy why not and for example lack of birth certificate and how can we better even allow from a legal point of view access for these people so when I was in Paraguay volunteering as a midwife I found well I was in the city of Incarnazion I had this very little experience that I wanted to report to you because it lasted just six months but by the end of the day by the end of the experience I realized how midwife are so central in the process of not only health rights but human rights giving when people don't manage to access regularly antinatal care and why not also pregnancy care and childbirth care and for example deliver alone in their delivery room they don't have access to a birth certificate they don't have access to an identity to a recognized identity for their children and when it comes to a a scolarization period then your child doesn't have access to school doesn't have access to education and so there are a set of processes that start right from the moment we we decide to take care and to fight for this human right access to health for vulnerable people and or not so well thank you for your question thank you Katarina do you have some results because we only have two minutes to go do you have sorry do you have some results yeah sorry so talking about the poll that I asked you to fill so most of the people 85.7% think about one thing about irregular migrants think about asylum seekers and it's very interesting this reply because if we think about asylum seekers they have a very precise profile in all countries and they are somehow more protected than irregular migrants asylum seekers are protected by the law even here in Switzerland they have access to care free of cost they have access to courses to language courses to integrate the culture with the population so this is somehow it's not false but it's very interesting this perspective because actually as a matter of fact asylum seekers and also refugees which were the two most selected answers are the people most followed by the authorities and they have more access to health in general and then for the open question what do you think is important studying why do you think it's important studying migrants access to maternal and health in general so I think is I really like this reply I know who surprised was that but I wanted to read it to you so it has displaced people with fragmented health care and lack of family support it is vital that migrants can access maternal health without fear and this is I think what we can really sum up to by the end of this presentation so as health care professional it is important to let people understand that we are not we are not there at the hospitals to take care about their legal status or anything else but we are there to care about them and to take care about them so really the most important message that we have to pass is that we care for the other person just because it's a person and it doesn't matter their legal status or anything else and then for the last question do you know how your country deals with ensuring access to health for irregular migrants so 75% of people responding to the poll yes but still there is 25% that doesn't know so I really invite you to inform yourself because as a health professional you have not only the right but also the power to allow people to access or not health so I really want to thank you for your attention and this is my email address feel free to connect and I look forward to continue discussing with you about this topic okay thank you so much Katowina thank you Yuri


Walsh, the lovely turn away from his man, and now he threads it through for Dandrumo. He's got Shane along with him. Dandrumo onto his right foot. Brilliant finish! Scored at St Andrews, like Hogan did, and scores now when the Terry's needed something. Terry's first ever on target of the afternoon. Is the level up with 36 minutes gone from on out Dandrumo. And here's Sanchez, just outside the peltier. Turns away from Kelly. Challenge came in from Kelly to win the ball, and now Birmingham have committed man upfield, and Dandrumo tries to exploit it down this near side. Kelly wants it played on. Dandrumo hurdles the challenge of San Jose. Still going, but Red Shirts run away from him. Now here's Brooks. The Terry's got a man over. Here it is, it's Adam Smith. Takes a touch. Dinks it to the back post. Walsh with the header. Into the back! From Jack Walsh! And looping header! And Jack Walsh's first lead goal in the best part of three years has come with a crucial time for the Jerry. He scores many headers in his career, but on 61 minutes it's his lashing it home with his left foot. 23 minutes gone. Billings celebrates his recall.


Hi, we will continue our discussion on eco-friendly methods of best management. Coming to again different methods of eco-friendly approach, you know we studied so far many of the tactics. Now we will concentrate more on some of the improved methods of eco-friendly approach. In that you know we have one mulching, another one of recent version is push and pulley polycropping you know in case of mulching what happens I mean we cover the soil with the help of either plastics or sawdust or straw or even simple rice husk mainly to prevent the insect locating the host crop not necessarily the host crop any host plant even it may be a weed. So because of the options of any of the plant the insect population will not get the host to feed thereby the population death is seen. In addition to that you know because of covering of this the temperature below the crop canopy either below the rice husk or below the plastic the temperature increases that increase in temperature also brings down these insect stages mortality. So these are the advantages of mulches which are normally used in poly houses green house situation for bringing down the insect population. Then another new innovative technology is push pull polycropping a simple way of explaining push pull polycropping is just similar to the analogy of push pull train you know one engine will be pulling the train from the front another engine will be pushing from the back. So which we normally call it as push pull train the same analogy has been used as an eco-friendly device in reducing the pest population. If you see the combination of behavior modifying stimuli to manipulate the distribution and abundance of pest are the beneficial insects in pest management with the ultimate goal of pest reduction on the protected host this is the objective of push pull polycropping. This can be better explained with a simple example you know I have a situation here corn which is one of the important crop corn you know is very severely attacked in the early stage by stem borer. So this can be prevented by planting an anti-fident crop like desmodium because it produces some chemical stimuli which will not allow the adult stem borer to come and lay eggs on the corn because of these anti-fident chemical stimuli. So the female goes away from the corn plant and goes nearer to the crop like napier grass which is first of all a trap crop which is highly preferred by the corn stem borer and not only for attack even for egg laying also the female prefers the napier grass. So thereby what happens here the main crop you know there will be pushing of the adult stem borer to go to napier grass for egg laying and also as a trap crop this will be pulling the adult female for attracting the female for egg laying. So thereby the main crop maize is totally prevented by the insect egg laying and ultimately reduces the economic damage. So in such situations have been identified in many ecosystems and this technology is used as a very simple eco-friendly device in reducing the pest population. Then coming back to some of the other methodologies still we have a very simple one you know crop rotation, plant nutrition, water management, sanitation, closed season these are all agronomic practices followed by the farmers in the crop production tactics. But they have a direct bearing on the insect population we will try to understand with classic example for each case. In case of crop rotation you know it is very simple a host crop is alternated with a non host crop for a particular insect species for example sorghum. Sorghum is attacked by sorghum suit fly in almost all the sorghum growing areas. If you alternate with a other non host crop like Bengal gram the suit fly does not go to Bengal gram so thereby the suit fly will not get any other host for complete one season say for about six months. So automatically the survival rate of the sorghum suit fly gets reduced. So this is how the crop rotation comes in the way and then particularly this technology is useful for a narrow host range that means insects having a very limited host. It is not useful for a polyfagus pest like Heliothis like spodoptera no it can feed on any other host crop. It works very well for a narrow host range crops then say in case of cotton and ground net alternation is very well suited for reducing the pest population both on cotton as well as on ground net. And then ground net and any other non leguminous crops is again very well suited in reducing the pest population both on ground net as well as a non leguminous crops that we select. Then moving on to another agronomic practice plant nutrition. You know nutrition status of any plant helps in overcoming the incidence of the insect population gives a strength to the plant to withstand the insect damage that is why nutrition plays a major role. If you see the organic manure rich in essential nutrients induces tolerance because some of the micronutrients which are not available in chemical fertilizers the plant gets that induces a short of strength to the plant so that the plant can withstand the damage caused by the insect therefore there will be a reduction in the population. And then another case is slowly of nitrogen from organic manure again induces resistance to the plant because organic manure produces lot of anti genosis property lot of hairy products develop on the plant which will not allow the egg to deposit on the plant system. So these are all eco friendly devices which can reduce the population considerably. Go to the next one water management water is required for a for almost all the crops for higher yields but the management of using water plays a major role once again in influencing the insect population for example some of the insects they hide during daytime in the soil but the same insect immediately after dusk they come out and then feed on the plant parts on the reproductive parts of the plant for example insects like cutworm insects like army worm insects like root grub they always feed during night time. So in the morning if you flood the field for about 4 to 5 hours with irrigation water all those insect stages will be suffocated and resulting in death of the insect population anyway we need irrigation but making the water to stand in the field for about 4 to 5 hours you will be bringing down some of the population which are hiding in the soil that is the concept and then technique called overhead irrigation you know sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation these are some of the new technologies used in water management but not only saving the water they also have a direct influence on the reduction of pest population I have a classic example in this photograph you know the particularly the sprinkler irrigation has been found to be effective in suppressing major of the foliage feeding insects in case of potato in case of cabbage particularly from diamond back moth attack because overhead irrigation through sprinkler irrigation washes out the egg population which are there on the upper side of the leaf. So that is a very classic example so that is why every some of our ancestors say a good rain washes out majority of the population wherein the dry weather with the cloudy humid nature increases the population the reason is water washes out the insect stages very effectively. So this is one of the eco friendly technology that we have then sanitation or the clean cultivation which is one of the important thing in reducing the pest population if you just see here clean cultivation is old practice of taking out the last year stubbles the main reason is the last season stubbles or last year stubbles contain the hibernating or the resting stages of the insect larvae the over winter there thereby the pest is carried forward to the next season if you destroy these old stubbles you will be killing the over wintering larval population significantly then removal of cotton stalks from the last season they also inhibit lot of pink bullworm. So destruction of this in fact one of the act was passed long back of destroying the cotton stalks mainly to reduce the pink bullworm damage then removal of alternate hose as I already discussed this helicoverpa itself survives in the off season on lagusca weed we may have to reduce by clean cultivation the removal of these alternate hose thereby the population can be reduced and then the removal of stalks and stubbles particularly in case of sorghum you know the suit fly the stem borer stages will inhibit in these stubbles again clean cultivation comes in the way of reducing the pest population closed season this is again an important eco friendly technology closed season is almost a crop holiday if you give a crop holiday for a particular pest say for example paddy in the country paddy is cultivated almost three crops the pest population gets an occasion to multiply on all these crops if you give an holiday if you take out summer paddy crop there will be a breakage of the crop the host will not be available for the insect to multiply and automatically in the next ensuing season there will be reduction in the pest population and particularly in case of sugarcane woolly aphid this is working very well in if you remove the one season sugarcane crop this particular pest can be reduced considerably and particularly in case of monophagus pest this closing of the season works very well because it is a single host the insect attacks these are some of the important eco friendly techniques which play a major role in reducing the pest population.


Today is the International Day of Women and Girls in Science. We take a look at the importance of this day and how women and girls in Africa are faring in this field. Also Nigeria's House of Representatives is waiting into what can now be called fuel gate. We'll go the latest in the bad fuel saga for the guest analyst. We have analysis of the headlines in today's national dailies, these and more ahead of the breakfast. A very good morning to you, it's breakfast on Plus TV Africa. Welcome, my name is Kofi Barjaes. And I am messy vocal as G.D. Johnson will say thank you on this Friday. I promise this would be a fantastic, great time, two hours of amazing conversation right here. And as always we will set off with top trending. Now these are conversations generating a lot of reactions across board in different spaces. Interesting. It's been a whirlwind few days. I cannot wait for the second topic. But also the first one very important because science and technology and women are important. Lots of stories trending in Nigeria yesterday, even up to this morning people talking about them. Let's start with the first one. Yes indeed. The fuel, the bullion van attack. And I don't know if you saw the responses but we're having on social media as well regarding that. The fact that it's not something we're used to. It's been a while since I heard about the bullion van being attacked in this country. Because you expect that there's always security. We're used to seeing the bullion vans that move money from bank to bank or from bank to house. Let's not go into bank to house for now because you know we don't roughly any feathers. But we're used to seeing police and security guarding the bullion vans. But this is what happened in your state. Two policemen and a civilian were confirmed dead. And we told that armed robbers attacked that bullion van. You can see images of cracked windshields and windows and bullet holes in riddled cars. Two armed robbers attacked the bullion van conveying money from a bank in Iwo Road, in the Ede Acperia of Ibadon, your state. This is in the heart of Ibadon. And that's Iwo Road in Ede Acperia of Ibadon, your state. It was one of the hoodlums who was also killed during a shootout with the police. It's really sad that two policemen had to lose their lives in the course of duty, in the line of duty. It was in the afternoon, broad daylight you can see, at about 1.35pm yesterday, where the robbers reportedly were laid. They were laid the bullion van. You can see that security vehicle there. And this looks like a bulletproof car because the shots should have, you know, punched some holes in the windshield or the windshield and the windows. So probably the policemen came out to engage, you know, the attackers. And two policemen died. It's really, really, really sad. The bullion van was heading towards the gate area of Ibadon. When the armed hoodlums who were in a Toyota Sienna overtook the van and opened fire on the occupants and the police escorts. And one of the victims reportedly killed was an Okada rider. Really sad. Who was oblivious of the mission of the occupants of that Sienna. Really sad. The commercial motorist, motorist or motorcyclist was said to be in a hurry and reportedly attempted to overtake the hoodlums vehicle when he was shot dead by the robbers. Really sad. Now the eyewitnesses, those residents who stay around the area, also said that the escorts engaged, this is police escorts now, engaged the robbers in the shootout. So I just said, you know, adding that the hoodlums outnumbered the operatives and killed two of them, you know. So it's unfortunate, I remember the video that was trending online of a South African bullion van heist. And these guys were in the bullion van driving and they refused to come down to the drove, because they knew it was a bulletproof, to the drove to the destination place more secure where they could have backup to attack the robbers. It's really sad, really sad. You know, mostly we have two policemen dying in the course of duty. I know Nigerians always have criticism for the police when they go out of line but I don't think there's any Nigerian who will be happy to hear that a policeman has died. No, but contrary to all of that now, you also have some persons saying that this actually happened very close to a very big, that's the word I would say, close to police station. It was just few meters, that's the argument right now and people are saying that this, you know, robbery incident, the attack on the bullion van happened very close to, you know, police station, a prison that talked about also a testing ground. And so some people are saying, what's going on? Should we begin to question the police? How come we didn't have, you know, efforts? I mean, see efforts from the police station. So you want to expect that if you have a police station that's very around and then you should have police officers who would intervene but another question you want to ask yourself again is where they are armed. It's also another thing, did they have what it takes to attack them? The argument is on, one of the arguments, some people are saying that oh, these are human beings and we should make an excuse for them and others are saying no, they are trained for these and they cannot take cover while you have civilians. I mean, just ordinary civilians taking cover that should actually be, but it's really sad. It just brings us back to the conversation. The main conversation and the right, I mean, the gist here is that security is still top on the list and there's a lot that we need to do. We cannot fold our hands and say, oh, this is not actually happening to me right now at this point in time and therefore let's overlook it. Like we always know, like we know, the top on the list is that security and protection of lives and properties of citizens should be a priority of every government. Now, you have security challenges in Nigeria because if you look at the country in Nigeria, the security challenges are encompassing from the fact that you have almost 10 million out-of-school children and social vices, you cannot take that away to the fact that we need to pay attention. I mean, when you have a police station very close to where this incident is happening then you expect that there would be, you know, that particular attack. But another question is, what is, I mean, the police station is close by are they properly equipped? Do they have what it takes? Were they armed, you know, to attack these armed robbers and all of that? But this is what I am hoping and a lot of Nigerians are also anticipating that the law would actually take its course and those who were responsible, those behind this criminal act would be brought to book without any missing or mighting of words. That's the expectation, you know, and of course we expect that they'll be brought to book but, you know, it's easier said than done. The facilities and the technology and the the competence of our security agencies to flow through with cases, get to the bottom of cases and and fish out corporates, usually is hampered by some of the things that they don't have, you know, and they are overburdened and saddled with the responsibility of so many cases. I mean, if we want to take a look at the unexplained, uninvestigated or incomplete cases that the police have, you know, they are not able to get to the bottom of things because of the limitations that they face.  We don't hope they can get to the bottom of this and that the corporates can be brought to book. I know that the Surgeon of Police is also on top of this as well but it is sad, sad that we have three people being needlessly killed.  You know, and then two police officers also went to work expecting to go back home to their family, also have their lives snuffed out like that. But it's clear from the footage that the police vehicle, I don't know which was the bullion van, well, it's the one that has the siren on top but that vehicle looks like it has a bulletproof windscreen. No, it does. Yes, and bulletproof. So it may have been maybe wiser to some are saying to keep going, you know, to keep going and to drive all the way to the point of where they can have, you know, maybe anti-station, for instance, but I'm not aware of the full details because it's a bit sketchy right now. You have the policeman in maybe another van, you know, because sometimes you have another van and looking out and all that. And maybe the police can now look at how to bring about some reform and changes, otherwise to have the policeman scoring these amounts of money in an open pickup truck, basically that's what it is. Or should it also be in a bulletproof vehicle to make sure they're safe because you can just say, okay, four or five policemen, they could be outnumbered at some time.  So it's really sad, really sad. So like you rightly mentioned and like I have also stated and Nigerian terms are speaking that those responsible for this crime will be brought to book and that's what it is. If you want to begin to look at the how this actually happened, even though you're not there, you would definitely tell that there probably would have been an intel and having intel is one thing that we haven't been, I mean, you have a lot of security experts saying that we haven't been very great with intel in terms of security. So yes, I'm sure that there probably would have been an information from within, you know, to get to that particular point, but fingers have really crossed and we'll see how all of this pan out. We're hoping that the police here and every security agency would bring those behind us to book and the law and justice would actually have its place and our heart actually goes out to those who have lost their lives in the course of this, including, you know, the men of the Nigerian police force, our heart really goes out to them and we pray that justice actually be meted out. So we have some more trending stories. Yes, looking at also another trending story is the fact that the central bank of Nigeria has put our deficit money banks on notice that they will not, they will stop selling forex to them by the end of 2022 and this has also generated a lot of controversy. So some people are asking that if you have the CBN saying we're not going to be selling forex to the deposit, I mean all of these banks now, how do you expect them, where do they source from? The question is, so where are they going to be sourcing forex from? So it's a question right now and I really do not know what the CBN governor, I don't know what would be the reason for all of this policy or this policy at this point in time but fingers across and we hope that we get more of the conversation as we proceed. Yeah, it's a lot that is unclear as of now. I mean even if you go through all the sources, we've still not gotten the exact entire information but Nigerians and people in this country, even foreigners, go to the deposit money banks to obtain this forex but not all Nigerians can obtain the foreign exchange or foreign currency or hard currency like they call it from the deposit money banks. The majority of us go to the streets, the black market to get this, you understand and what the CBN has tried to do to protect the Naira because it's been, the Naira has been battered, really seriously battered. What the CBN has tried to do before now was to try different strategies to try and protect the Naira and the first thing I can remember was to chase away some so-called abokis who were selling, hold on, who were selling USD and doing the black market thing in Abuja. What happened? We were told, we were told, I read one of the papers that they had to hack down some trees on the streets of Abuja so that these guys can't stand there to exchange some money but I wouldn't be surprised if the CBN had denied it, I didn't see that. And secondly, the Aboki FX Saga where the website gives information on both parallel and official rates was blamed for the wars of the Naira and the site is normal. Then we had the CBN then said it wasn't going to give money to setting foreign expirues but we'll go ahead and start giving more of the money under US dollars or the foreign exchange to the commercial banks. So Nigerians being urged to go to the banks to transact business, either to get foreign exchange or to whatever they want to do. And also brought about an incentive where they give you I think about 100 Naira or so or 500 Naira for every certain amount of money that you receive into the country and you take from the banks, you know, they'll give you an amount of money as an incentive. So they've been trying to stay Nigerians away from the streets, you know, from the black market to the banks in a bid to protect the Naira. So I do not know what the intention of this policy is and how it's going to affect the Naira. So the big question here is as much as that might be the case you also need to, I mean we need to take into cognizant the fact that the CBN is the nation's, you know, the head of the nation's bank. And so if you're announcing you're not going to be supplying for X, you know, to those banks, the question will now be the CBN, where do you want them to source it from? Because at the end of the day, the pressure is going to be mounted on the battered economy and you will probably might just be looking at the dollar 2000, you know, 2000 Naira to a dollar. So that's a lot of pain for the common man, the average Nigerian. I mean there's a lot that we have to grapple with at this point in time. You look at the fact that the number of persons that are unemployed, unemployment is a big issue, insecurity that have made a lot of investors pull out. As much as we think that this is a joke, I really do not know across the entire country. There are businesses that have crippled because of the insecurity issues that were faced with. And so that's number one. You also have the fact that inflation also it's on the other side. I mean, it's stop on the charts with all of this. Now we were also grappling with the issue of fuel scarcity and, you know, the prices and every other thing going up. So it's a lot of pain right now. I'm also hoping that, you know, the CBN governor, we have a lot of intellectuals in this country. I mean, we're hoping that we would look at policies that would actually at this point reduce the pain of Nigerians and not really increase it as much as it is. Because sometimes you have policies that are very good. I mean, not to say there are some policies that are very, the intentions might be very genuine and it probably will lead us somewhere. But you also need to look at the timing and you begin to ask yourself at what point do you introduce it? Because if you have to introduce it, then you probably would have already put some measures in ground. But we hope that we speak with you. Yeah, I was just about to say that the central bank governor, gone in Mayfield, is saying that, you know, the decision is in line with the commitment of the APEX bank to boost the country's foreign reserves through proceeds from non-oil exports, you know, proceeds from non-oil exports. So sale of foreign exchange to deposit money banks by the end of the year, what is it going to cost? Because we know that from basic economics that prices will rise if you have much of something chasing a few of something. So if Nigerians, where Nigerians are going to go to get the US dollars? I don't think they don't know what they're doing, but I'm curious to know where Nigerians will go to get the US dollars. Sorry, if you have a lot of people going out for a few USD in circulation, then of course you expect that the dollar narrative is going to spike up. You know, so I don't know what the plan is, but I think they have something in mind. So the plan already is this, I mean, without having to get the MF, that's the CBN governor, Gaudwin MF Lee, to speak with us. The issue of revenue generation is very big for us. We haven't been faring very well with generating revenue. And of course every government will want to write down every means and anyhow to generate revenue without thinking would be top on the charts. And it might feel like that's what's going on. Because yes, it probably might just be a way of generating the foreign reserve and ensuring that the foreign reserve is on the high. But the point now is what's the implication of this action of the CBN on the economy. And so at the end of the day, governance is very important. We need to pay attention to the people that we're governing and understand the plight of the people. And that's what Nigerians are actually asking for. But fingers crossed, we see how all of this unfolds and we'll probably speak with an economist. But the foreign reserves have really taken the battering. You know, it dropped by 537. This is in February, this is the same month. It was reported to have dropped by 537.45 million dollars. That's the amount of money that left the nations foreign reserves between January 4th and February 4th, 2022, according to the latest data on the CBN's website. So what you had there, just between the month of January and February, it was a 537.45 million dollar reduction. You know, and it's been reduced or, you know, the reason for this could be that the CBN has been doing everything it can to support the Naira, you know, taking money from the reserves. Nigeria sells oil, makes some money, puts in those foreign reserves. And then it has to take those dollars, put it into the economy so that you can have more Naira in circulation and then probably the hopes are that it would boost the exchange rate, help the Naira rise, you know, if you have more dollars in circulation. But with this action, do you think that... It seems this is a change of strategy because it's been taking USD and giving to banks, taking USD and giving to... Just to make sure you have enough in circulation. And this seems to be a change in policy. But I think another thinking could be that if you have... Because nations, the strength of currency of nations can also be tied to how much the extent of the... the size of your foreign reserves, you understand? If you have a healthy foreign reserve, it can make your currency strong. So I do not know, but the extent of reserves is 2.40.518 billion dollars at the beginning of this year and declined to 39.98 billion dollars as of February 4, 2022. That may be a concern. So the concern here is as much as we want, we need to move away from this. We're talking about, like I rightly mentioned, the overall goal would be that the CBN and of course the Nigerian government thinking about how to regenerate revenue, have, you know, that foreign reserve. Does this particular action help in stabilizing the Naira and increasing a foreign reserve? It's, you know, a question that we have and we hope that we have an economist and a professional actually answer that. Away from that, you also have another top trending conversation. Really sad. I mean, I particularly had to look for this young man and his page. A man who sexualized a 14-year-old neighbor. And I don't know if time would permit. So I'd probably just go through his script even though he's actually put out another write-up. And so he said, oh, so he has a neighbor who's left a 14. So funny how this, our neighbor is trusting me with a 14-year-old, don't say it. And ma'am, with this thing, she's carrying front and back. Oh, ma'am. Oh, ma'am. Oh, ma'am, I don't trust myself. They are traveling to the village for one relative traditional wedding and probably they are going to come back on Sunday or Monday. And he also mentioned that they can't take their daughter along because of school. And me, I'm staying home throughout this weekend and because of some personal reason, it's got not wonderful, really. So this is, and she said, she was smiling up and down, and I just really, oh no. I don't even want to go through all of that because it's really sad. He said she didn't ox-late, ox-late. What does it mean if I shouldn't ox-late this girl? We can't take out the fact that we don't understand what that means. I mean, if you've been following the trend, we recently saw the sex tape of ox-late. I haven't seen the sex tape. He's actually on there. And so this is really pathetic. This is really sad. This is really a pedophile putting out a script. The good thing is that Nigerians actually, I like the fact that social media would have a strength and actually weakness. And he's come out to the bung and said, oh, his deleterity was just a joke. Well, how do you even joke about this? 14-year-old that we're talking about. And so moving forward, you look at this young man. Is it okay for you to entrust a minor around him? It's quite unfortunate that we see a lot of 14-year-olds and below 14 and above who are constantly being taken advantage of to those who should protect them from their teachers to their parents and to their uncles and aunties, family-related teachers, neighbors and what have you. It is really, really sad. But as parents, we have a role to play. I'm saying the family, we constantly cannot say because we're chasing money, we need to make a living. We need to pay the bills and we don't pay attention. We need to pay attention. The times are quite not favorable and you just can entrust your children. And even if you do, there's a lot of work to be done. So yes, I'm hoping that we get to that point. And everyone, you pay attention to the people you leave your kids with, including the teachers in school. I've had my own share of experience, but I'm sure that some of them would get to talk about all of this one. But it's really, really, really sad and that this is what society is about. And so the support system needs to be out there to ensure that we protect these minors. Absolutely. It's really disturbing. And you've said it's not a one-off mercy that even personal experience and all that a lot is happening that is not being addressed by society, the family, the religious circle, the government. We need to look into the welfare of children. You mentioned the Child Rights Act yesterday. And when I hear people talk about the Child Rights Act, I laugh because even for states that have passed it, not in a condescending way, but it's laughable for states that have passed it. It's just on paper. Of course. The things that that paper says, I don't even know if commissioners for women affairs and social welfare. Including the police. And the police and the governor. I don't even know about these words because it's just like the governor of Lagos State seeing three children and picking up their bills and all that. But there are kids everywhere. So the issue of children welfare and the welfare of the child in Africa, it's relegated. In our society, children are taught to keep quiet and taught to just shush and hush. It's unfortunate. Why has the police not said anything about this till now? Why have we not had, I don't know, maybe if they have, I haven't seen it. We don't need women rights groups to come and be saying things like this. It's not going to change anything. Before even the women rights groups come. Even men should say it. It's not even women's rights things. The police by now should have picked up and said, explain what you're saying. We see what's happening in the UK. Someone kicked the cart and is losing his sponsorship deals. We need to be hard on things like this. It has no place in our society. Well, we need to move away and hopefully we have this conversation some of the time and where we would look at issues very extensively. When we return off the press we'll be right in front of us. We'll look at all of the papers being made available by our newspaper vendor. Please stick around.