Hello and welcome, thank you for joining us for our intro to the OSF or OSF 101 supporting solutions across the open research life cycle. My name is Daniel Stieger, I'm the engagement lead for our OSF product team. Now this webinar will have a little bit of a unique format. We're going to start with the presentation section in a series of short videos for roughly about 25 minutes followed by a Q&A session. Because this is an introductory webinar, we will expect a lot of questions. So the OSF product team is standing by in the chat to answer any questions that come in. So please send your questions to the Q&A section for this webinar. I will also help demonstrate any outstanding questions at the end of this presentation in the Q&A session. The goal of this webinar is to provide new and experienced users a chance to understand the OSF and all of the tools of the OSF. Now traditionally an introduction to the OSF starts with us explaining each of the tools and services that the OSF provides. But for this webinar, we're going to take a little bit of a different perspective. Yours. In front of us is a diagram depicting the research life cycle or a series of steps that researchers follow from the conception of an idea to publication. Our intention with this webinar is to start with almost universal problems that all researchers face throughout the research life cycle and demonstrate how the OSF is designed to support you in facing them. To help explain these problems, we'll be telling the story through a fictitious researcher named Sophia. At each stage, we'll talk about these common problems before watching a short video from Sophia's perspective. Along with myself, other members of our product team have narrated these short videos to help you understand the ways in which the OSF can help Sophia and yourself follow open science practices at each step of your research journey. So let's start where all stories begin. An introduction to Sophia. Well, let's watch how she begins her open science research journey using the OSF. Meet Sophia. She's an early career researcher who's well versed in her field. Sophia believes that all aspects of scientific research should be transparent and reproducible. That all steps in the research life cycle are valuable. That a well crafted hypothesis, protocol, or data collection is still important even when an experiment didn't go as planned. Upon exploring these ideals, she came across the term open science, but is unsure how she can put these concepts into practice. Through conversations with her colleagues, she learns about a research management tool called open science framework or OSF. Admittedly, Sophia was excited but a bit nervous. Following open science guidelines feels like an intimidating undertaking and she has many questions about where to begin. The OSF is an online platform that enables researchers to transparently plan, collect, analyze, and share their work throughout the entire research life cycle. Each tool on the OSF is specifically designed to promote the integrity of research while supporting a researcher's individual comfort levels related to sharing and collaboration. Because of its focus on research integrity, the OSF has caught the attention of institutions with open access policies, publication journals, and even funding agencies, both private or government. Let's follow Sophia as she explores and learns how some of her very common problems in research can be addressed by the tools available to her for free on the OSF. So now that we've met Sophia, let's follow her to her first story. Sophia, like most researchers do, begins in the discovery phase of the research life cycle. This is normally filled with research and long hours of reading lots of new literature. Starting with a new study can be an uncertain time for researchers. Common questions that they often ask themselves are, how do I know if my idea is new? Where should I look? Where should I look? Has someone already done my research idea? And if yes, can I build off of their findings? So let's see what happens when Sophia has access to not only published articles, but all of the material that shared on the OSF. Sophia, like most researchers, is always brainstorming new ideas for studies that can contribute to her field in exciting ways. Before a new idea takes shape, she evaluates the research landscape to see what is being investigated recently. Traditionally, she has always used reference platforms or specific journals, but many publications can have out-of-date results and often only provide information regarding successful studies. What if another researcher had tried her new idea, but it didn't produce the expected outcome? How can the scientific community learn from their mistakes if they only share perfect, expected results? Sophia heard about the Open Science framework again, or OSF, recently at a presentation hosted by her university's library research services. Curiosity peaked, Sophia decides to take a look through the OSF to see what others in her field are working on. Her goal? To verify that an idea she has for a new study is not being done elsewhere, or if it is, to learn from their results. Through her search on the OSF, Sophia is surprised not only to find pre-publication manuscripts, but also countless cutting-edge research protocols, collected data and analyses related to her research interest. Since these other researchers have shared their work on the OSF, she is now able to build off of their study ideas from all stages of research. Sophia has reassured that her research idea is unique and untested. All materials shared on the OSF open the door for new potential collaborations on future projects. So Sophia was able to take all the materials available to her on the OSF, and develop a new and unique study plan. So once a researcher has a study plan, they're faced with a daunting question, especially if they're looking to follow open science practices. How do they document and share their research plan while remaining transparent to the research community? It's at this phase that you may also come across common terms like registration or pre-registration. What is that? How can it promote transparency? I'm going to actually pass the mic to one of our product owners, Gretchen, who will help explain how Sophia was able to answer these questions about her research plan in this short video. Now that Sophia has a good idea for a research project, she wants to begin to design a study and start collecting any materials she might need. While searching for an idea, she was able to see firsthand how valuable it is to share your research plan for not only the credibility of the researcher, but the benefit of the scientific community. She's excited to take her first step in open science practices and recognizes that the research plans she found are called pre-registrations. In order to be as transparent as possible and to document her idea for future reference, Sophia decides to start to put together a pre-registration in the OSF. In her pre-registration, Sophia tells the story of her study, including her research questions, protocols, and data collection plans, as well as adding any materials or collaborators. Once Sophia finalizes her plan and creates a pre-registration, it's time stamped with a permanent digital object identifier, or DOI, for future reference, and it's archived for permanent storage. The registration is therefore a centralized point of reference for anyone interested in finding out about Sophia's study and can even link to the study's files and other resources. Creating a registration before she begins the project helps Sophia if she decides to seek funding from funding agencies that require open science practices. Sophia has heard many stories about research ideas being stolen or scooped. If Sophia is worried about sharing her work or registration while it's still in progress, she can also embargo access or temporarily make her registration private for up to four years. While embargoed, Sophia can create an anonymized view-only link for sharing with potential reviewers or funders. Sophia is confident in her registered study plan, but things can change. If she does need to make an amendment to her study plan, she can create an update to her registration. Any changes are recorded with a descriptive summary of each. This allows Sophia to create a clear story for other researchers to follow her registration from original concept to current version. So now that Sophia has developed an initial plan and created and submitted her pre-registration, let's continue on to the next story to see how she can use the OSF to better work with her research team. Researchers, while conducting a study, often don't complete the study all by themselves. More times than not, they're working in teams. Now these teams can be interdepartmental with a primary investigator and their graduate students, or they can be collaborators across universities or institutions. Regardless, common problems often come up. How can I collect my data and share it with my collaborators making sure that everyone has access to the most recent version of our findings? Blaine, another one of our product owners, will explain how Sophia was able to create a centralized workspace that will help benefit her and her research team as she implements her research plan. Sophia has explored the landscape within her field and come up with a great research idea and registered it on the OSF. She has been working with a few of her colleagues throughout the process, but in the past she's had problems with collaborations outside her institution. There always seems to be difficulties associated with access to the study's current data and any changes to methods or protocols that occur during the project. Research institutions often provide different storage options to their researchers, making it difficult to collect all of the data from collaborators in one place. Sophia envisioned setting up a hub where she and her collaborators and any other research lab partners can easily upload and share the data generated during the study. To facilitate this transition to an open, transparent base, OSF automatically created a project space for her when she created her preregistration. Sophia uses her OSF project as a central collaborative space that allows her team to store and share materials and manage their study throughout the entire research lifecycle. Sophia notices that projects can be made public or private at any time and access to the project can be given to her external stakeholders or restricted to just her team. In contrast to the preregistration Sophia created, which is more like a snapshot of her study frozen in time, her OSF project is like a sandbox where work is constantly ongoing. Materials are easily stored, findable, and editable, and recent activity can be tracked by all team members. Sophia is able to integrate her OSF project space into a variety of common external storage providers for uploading data, code, images, or even videos associated with her research project. This means that all files from Sophia and her team on their preferred storage providers can be aggregated together on her OSF project without having to reupload each file. Each of these files from external storage providers can still be rendered on her OSF project. Sophia uses the wiki section on her project as a bulletin board. She's able to coordinate with her team members leaving messages about objectives, plans, and making sure everyone is on the same page throughout the entire project. All of Sophia and her team's activities on the project are included in an activity log, tracking the various changes to files and organization. Any changes to her project space do not affect her initial pre-registration. As Sophia's study grows, she creates a directory of materials in her OSF project by creating sub-projects or components. Sophia is now able to create as many components or new OSF projects as she needs for her study. With her centralized OSF project workspace, Sophia completes her research project and starts writing a manuscript. Going back to the research lifecycle, she now faces a common problem that researchers have encountered. How and where can I share my findings? Sometimes researchers have no shortage of publisher options, but would like to quickly share their findings without having to wait through the long publication process. On the other hand, maybe there's a lack of interest from traditional publishers. Regardless, Sophia, let's follow Sophia as Eric, our product manager, explains how Sophia could use the OSF pre-print to share her work. Now that Sophia and her team have completed the analysis for their study, she's excited to share her fresh new manuscript with others in her community. Sophia's pre-print receives its own permanent DOI and is indexed by other discovery services on the web. She can update her pre-print at any time to include new information and all versions are available for readers. Following open science practices, she makes the entirety of the study's lifecycle clear. Sophia add links to her OSF project and her pre-registration, as well as links to any subsequent publications, making all of the steps of her research project available together. The pre-print, as with the other resources she has developed on the OSF, reveals the relationship between her paper, her team, her analysis, her research plan, her institution, and herself. Sophia has completed her research project and shared it using the OSF pre-prints. Now, you may be in the audience thinking, we've reached the end of the research lifecycle, what else is there to talk about? Well, most researchers work through some sort of university or research institution. Researchers often also require funding from public or private funding agencies. Because of this, researchers face reporting requirements. So common questions include, how does my institution or funder know that I've actually published my study, along with common questions that occur at the end of the research lifecycle, like, what do I do next? So let's have Mark, a product owner on our team, talk us through how Sophia was able to address these requirements and questions I'm reporting about the OSF. With the closing of her study, Sophia is in an interesting position in the research life cycle. She is promoting the discoverability of her concluded study while keeping an eye out for her next idea. She is also looking to comply with any requirements from her funder and institution open source reporting requirements. The agency that provided the funding for the study requires that Sophia report back on her project and show that the appropriate data and findings are openly available. From the funder's perspective, the goal is to make sure that a completed study is accessible and persistently available to the scientific community. In addition to Sophia's funding requirements, the institution that employs Sophia asks for reports of her annual research activity. Both of these common problems can be easily solved because Sophia used OSF to manage her study and publicize her results. Sophia can share the permanent DOI to her preprint directly stored on the OSF. Alternatively, she can search through the preprint repository or Google Scholar if she doesn't have the DOI readily available. She is also able to provide the DOIs for her public registration and project. The OSF provides her with analytics, including the numbers of downloads and views on her preprint registration and project to be able to report as required. Sophia's registration and materials in her OSF project are linked from the preprint and vice versa, helping make the full story of her research study available online. Her institution can find the preprint on the OSF preprint repository or through Google Scholar. Sophia's institution also has an OSF institution's membership, so all public material, including Sophia's study, is aggregated and shared on their dashboard. Because of this, Sophia's work is getting noticed even at her own institution as her colleagues down the hall congratulate her on her new publication. Now that Sophia has successfully finished, she is eager to go back and get started on her next study, which was inspired by some of her findings. She starts her new project as she did the previous one with a search of OSF to see what other researchers in her field are up to. So taking one final step, this time a little bit away from the research life cycle, most members of this audience are either new to the OSF or looking to learn more. In these situations, you're likely to have questions. So let's check in with Sophia one last time to see how she's able to answer her questions using the OSF. Sophia can now use the OSF to support her research goals. But like anyone who's trying something new, she has more questions. If she ever has a question or experiences a problem, she can go to our OSF support center. Here she finds an extensive set of help guides and resources to help answer her questions. Sections of the support center correspond to sections of the OSF, including help guides on registrations, preprints, projects, and even information for her account. Additionally, she finds a getting started section for new users, frequently asked questions, and even translated resources in other languages. Sophia has a specific question, but isn't sure what section of the support center it would fall under. She decides to utilize the search bar at the top, which aggregates the help guide results based on key words from the question. Normally, this helps her find her answer, but no luck this time. If she can't find an answer to her question, Sophia knows that she can always ask customer support for help, where she will receive a message from a dedicated staff member trained in all aspects of the OSF. The help center is a valuable resource, and Sophia returns regularly as she continues to learn about the OSF. Now as we close the presentation portion of this webinar, we return to look at a research lifecycle. Regardless of what step of the research lifecycle you're currently on, the OSF has tools designed specifically to support you as a researcher. You ever have any questions about how to improve, you ever have any questions or even ideas to improve the OSF, please contact myself or any member of the product team. We're always looking for ways to better fit the OSF to your needs. Thank you for coming with us on this exciting journey and watch Sophia learn about the OSF and open science. We hope this encourages you to think about open and transparent practices and how scientific community at large can benefit from these ideas. At this time, we're going to transition over to our Q&A session. Now I've seen quite a few questions come in through our Q&A chat and our product team has been working through them, but another thing that I want to suggest is that we ran through a lot of these features on the OSF pretty quickly. If you do have a feature that you would like to see, me demonstrate a little bit more on, please put that in the chat as well and I can talk through some of those things. So I'm going to start with some of the questions that I've seen come in and I'm going to transition over to some of our pre-made things from Sophia's projects. Now scrolling through, I'm going to look at some of the questions. First one to see, can you say more about the resources feature? The resources feature is actually a really interesting feature on registrations. Now if you've missed this one, no worries, it actually came out last night. If you go on to any of your registrations or existing registrations, you'll see this little pop up here. It says resources. Resources is a really interesting thing that we've added where you can now add files or data or any sort of analytics that actually occur after a registration has been made. So if you've collected data or anything that's actually after the registration has been archived and planned and you actually conduct your study, you have a way of linking those DOIs back to our resources. Now these DOIs that are actually here, remember DOI is a persistent link that's protected so that it doesn't actually break long term down the line. These DOIs can be found in multiple different places. If you have any questions on that, you can look at our registrations files help guide. That'll definitely help you figure out exactly how you can link back some of your resources. Looking through, does OSF store all file types? That's a good one. I'm going to go over to here. OSF does store most file types and you can see a lot of them quickly as we scan through here. We have a GitHub repository, a GitHub add-on that's actually connected to the OSF. So you do see quite a few different file types that can render on the OSF. If you do have a file type that doesn't end up rendering on the OSF, there's a potential bug or it might not actually render and we can actually take that in as a feature request, something that we can use to improve the OSF in the future. You can scan through some of these as we go through as well. Looking through, sometimes I need to do an anonymous review for peer review process. That is a really, really good question. We touched on it pretty quickly in the video, but specifically, if you have, say, a private project, like this one actually is on the OSF, I can make this project public or private at any time. Currently, this one is public, but I'm actually, I shipped it over to private because I want to. Changing it over to private now hides this from anyone that's not a contributor on this project. Now, what I can do is say I do have to send my information, my project or my registration out to a funder or a peer review process. One of the things I can do is I can go to the contributor section here and I can do what is called a view only link. Now, this is a link that I can create that is very specific to just our project. So it doesn't open up the project to everyone in the world, but anyone that has that link has a chance to look at it. We also have the option of anonymizing this link, which means that on the registration template or the project template, it will take away anything that will identify me or my contributors as being the people who are actually working on this project. All I would need to do is click anonymize and then create this link. Now I could take this test link and send it to anyone that I want. And that's something similar that can be done with registrations as well. The only links. Okay, scrolling through. Lately funders are requiring compliance. How does the OSF help me with that? The OSF helps you with compliance in a few different ways. You may have also seen a recent news, especially if you're in the United States, public funders now require persistent identifiers, persistent information for your data that you're collecting as part of a government grant. Now, one of the things that the OSF does is you can, if it is a public project or a public registration or a preprint, it has a DOI. These are persistent identifiers that can help you share and maintain your data. We also have a data management section, which can help you organize your data in a more persistent way. That is also in our help section. So you can check out some of those resources whenever you get the chance. Scrolling through here, we have some more questions. Got some in the actors Q&A, Daniel, that we can talk. Awesome. Awesome. Thank you, Eric. I'm guessing the ones that you have, Eric Olson is going to answer this question live. You mean me? Okay. Are these slides, are the slides available on the OSF? I'm guessing that means the slides from our presentation. Well, the goal of this webinar is to actually take that presentation section and make it available for all places. We're planning on posting that in a couple of different places like our welcome email. So when you create a new account, you would have that video. But we're also going to make that available in our help center, because hopefully it's a good resource, especially for new users and really for established users, if you want to convince someone to join the OSF. What are recommendations that you have for uploading a preprint, then sending the manuscript to a peer review journal? Is it possible to upload an anonymized version of a preprint? Unfortunately, no, preprints as they go up are public. That's ideally what happens. As soon as you post a preprint, it's actually public. So especially if you're going to be submitting to a peer review journal, I would check in with your journal's requirements. Some journals do allow you to post a preprint version of that manuscript as it goes up, especially saying that it does allow you to be a little bit more flexible, especially with manuscript requirements. They often are constraining in character limits and different templates and things like that. Whereas an OSF preprint, you can upload any file type you want. It can be as long as you want. So you can really tell your narrative in your story. But that doesn't necessarily mean that every journal and every publisher allows you to do that. So I would go back, make sure that you're checking in with their requirements, because as you said here, there actually is not a way to make a preprint private prior to making it released. Scrolling through, how does institutional membership on the OSF work? Is it different from institutional repositories? Is there an institutional membership fee? institutional OSF institution is actually a paid service on the OSF. It's a really useful service, but it's something that an institution or a university will work with us on. And we'll actually create a way for these institutions to aggregate all of their public material in one place. These institutions, as the video said, get a lot of metrics on this, a lot of analytics that show how often are people actually using and publishing on the OSF. But as we also said in the video, it's a really great way for coordinating between departments, which is invaluable at a time right now when a lot of people are working remotely. You're able to see what public things have been posted by your colleagues down the hall. So not only are you getting to collaborate and work and network, but you're also showing what you're doing. So there may not be repeated level of work, especially in departments that have similar types of research. There is a fee associated with OSF institutions. If you have any questions on that, you can contact myself or Eric who popped on every once in a while. But we'll have a meeting and we could talk a little bit more about what those fees entail. Can you talk about writing in the wiki, some key formats in the markdown languages? So we mentioned this quickly in the video. Again, I have it actually up here. Here's one of the wikis for Sophia's work. Wikis are pretty open-ended, especially in the way that they are able to be worked. It's essentially a giant text file where you can go through and you can create versions of a wiki. Now, anytime someone makes an edit to a wiki, it actually creates a version. So you can see going back in time, say I make a change here to Sophia's wiki, I will save this and we can actually see the current version versus Sophia's original version that does not have my changes to it. Make changes here. These are extremely flexible. Now I've seen users who are teaching their university course through the OSF and teaching people how to use the institution. They will use this wiki section as almost a syllabus or a message board that says, homework stew on Friday. Or make sure that you have this project done and here's the timetable of when it needs to be done. It's a really great flexible way for you to coordinate between team members. It's also an invaluable tool if you are a researcher working with universities or collaborators that are across the world, across the country. This is a great way to say, hey, I was working on this. This is what we're doing today. This is the goal of today. Here's where we got. It's just a very quick way of making sure everything is in one place and you're not coordinating between either emails or anything along those lines. Keep scrolling through. Is there any support for, looks like Eric's answering that question. Can also look at some of the answered ones, Daniel. Yeah, that's a good idea. I didn't get to see many of these come in. Eric, did you have one in mind that may be good for a demonstration? Ooh, we could talk more about the add-ons. I saw that. Now, this isn't a direct question. My institution works with FixShare. I can find a documentation on how OSF and FixShare can and cannot interact. That's a great question. FixShare would be considered one of our add-ons. Add-ons are a way for the OSF to not have to do everything and repeat everything. If your institution has a FixShare subscription or a Google Drive subscription or a box subscription, any storage provider, you can actually connect that directly to your OSF project. One of the things that you can do, say here is FixShare, you will see the FixShare logo, FixShare, whatever, and you can actually enable this interaction. Along with different storage providers, we have providers for different citation software. We have all sorts of different things. This is a really great place for you to go through and explore, especially if you're worried about storage requirements or storage cap limits. This is a really great place to get around those things, but also not really have to change your file structure that you've already been working on for years. This just gives you a way of creating that centralized workspace that Sophia showed us how to do. I'm not going to get into what each individual add-on will allow you to do versus not allow you to do, but we do put up a function and a status idea here where you're able to go through and kind of see exactly how these add-ons interact within the OSF. The good thing is that if I go, I believe we have GitHub set up here, but if you have a GitHub repository, I'm able to look at some of these files directly on the OSF without actually having to go back into GitHub every single time I need to use it. Now, a lot of times you're not able to edit these things directly in here, but you can go into GitHub, make your changes, and that'll reflect directly in the centralized workspace, meaning that if your collaborator, you're working with a collaborator and they make a change on their file, you'll be able to see it on the OSF without actually having to go into their GitHub file to actually make that change. Scrolling back in, does OSF provide a possible GDPR-compliant storage research data on local servers, including EU? This is a great one. This actually comes into play when you're creating a new project, but also you have the right to be forgotten, which is GDPR. As far as when you're creating a project on the OSF, you have the option to choose a storage location. I'm a little worried on creating a project right now because it may take a little bit of work and our site's a little bit slow when it comes to test site. But when you're creating a project, you have the option of choosing a storage location. Now, we give four different storage locations that offer the broad needs that you would need to do. Especially for the EU, you would select the country or region that is within the EU. That helps with the GDPR compliance as far as storing your data, but you also have the right to be forgotten. Say five, 10 years down the road, you want to completely rework and you want to say, I want to lower my visibility online. You have the right to be forgotten. What you could do is you can write in to the OSF support saying, I would like to delete my information using the GDPR compliance. We will go through and we will GDPR delete your account, which will remove you from our system as far as the GDPR compliance. Keep scrolling through. After the pre-registration phase, is there a formal registration phase to complete? Now, Eric marked it a pretty good job of answering this. A pre-registration is a really great start for when you are creating a registration, but it's a great way of showing what your plan is. The difference between a pre-registration and a registration really occurs when you're doing it. A pre-registration in broad terms happens before you even collected any data at all. Whereas a registration, it really happens before you've actually analyzed any of the data at all. That line gets a little bit blurred depending on where you are or who's defining these different terms. But as far as pre-registration or a registration, depending on where you are and what your requirements are, you're going to either go with a pre-registration or a registration. Typically, you don't have to go back and create a registration if you've already created a pre-registration. What recommendations do you have for uploading a pre-print, then sending the manuscript for a peer-reviewed journal? Is it possible to upload a non- ... Oh, we are talking about that one. We actually have quite a few questions here. Will you be sharing the recording with us? Yes. That is hopefully the goal of this webinar. Make sure that everybody has the information that we need. We do have a future question here. I see someone says, does OSF support connection with Google Earth engines? As Eric said here, we don't currently have a connection with Google Earth. This is the point of interacting with audiences like this. We get new ideas. If Google Earth Engine is something that your research team finds invaluable and you use it every day and you need it, let us know. We're always looking for new features. We're always looking for new ideas to help support and make the OSF really help you as researchers. How is this free? What about the cloud storage? Doesn't that cost someone? Yes. The OSF is free. We are predominantly funded through grants and some of our paid services, but it's free, especially for researchers like yourself. The idea is that we want to be able to provide and lower the barriers for people to share their research easily and openly and transparently and follow these practices. OSF is also supported by some of our great partners like OSF institution members, some of our community oriented registries, all sorts of different people who are really looking to make sure that open and transparent practices become a commonplace within the entire research life cycle and scientific community. Can view-only links be restricted in time? Not necessarily, but they can be removed. Going back to our view-only link that we created, I could get rid of this view-only link at any time. That would make this link that I have sent out no longer work. If, say, I only wanted to give these people reviewing my project a certain amount of time, you can actually go through and remove this link. If you have removed this, it will be taking you back to what this project page normally would be. If I remove that view-only link, that link will still work, but it will take it to a private page, something that they can't see. Or if it's a public link, it will actually take it to the full public link where it won't be anonymized anymore. They'll be able to see that this is a project created by Sophia and myself. Scrolling through. And if you go back to the first couple at the top. Yeah, the first two questions were pretty good. Is that the one on the coverage of literature? Yeah, coverage of the literature. And then another one about sharing ideas with collaborators who aren't registered on Glowsoft. We have an hour time. Okay. So what is the OSF coverage on literature? Well, that's also part of our... I think this is the way that you guys took it. Yes. So something that we didn't really talk about very much in the videos is our client base or how many users we actually have on the OSF. So when I'm searching through the OSF here, I'm actually going to be looking through the work and the public work of our users and our user base recently, and we'll send out an announcement soon, has hit 500,000 users, depositing hundreds and thousands of registrations, preprints, and files. All that material that's publicly available is available to you. So when you're searching through, I'm going to type in bacteria. Again, when I'm searching through bacteria on the OSF, I'm looking through all of the results from those public projects. I'm looking at all the files that have bacteria as a keyword. I'm having all the projects, all the preprints, all the registrations, and all the components that come in. Now, it's different depending on what you're actually searching for. And if your key terms actually hit these things as I'll search and discovery phases work, but you're able to search through quite a few different projects. Now, we're able to go through, say, our preprint service, and this actually connects to our share database where you're actually able to search through quite a few different preprint providers as well. So if you are going through and say you want to look through, does BioArchive have anything on this particular topic? I'm able to actually search through that as well using Share, which is a shared platform between all these preprint providers. I think that kind of covered share aggregates results of the preprint services. Love this platform and I want to know if it's possible to share ideas with collaborators who are not registered members on the OSF. This is a fantastic question. So somebody who's on the OSF that doesn't, or this was a really easy demonstration for, especially for Sophia, when she's trying to add a collaborator, she's adding me. I'm on the OSF. I work for the OSF. But I can also add collaborators to a project who may not actually be on the OSF. Those people are called unregistered contributors. So say I add, this is not a person in our group and they're not on our test site. What I'm going to do is I can add this person, Courtney Smith, as an unregistered contributor. What that does is I am able to, one, I could invite them by sending an email address to them. I'm just going to put this as my other email address or whatever. And what this will do is it will send an email to this person. Now, this person has the choice of joining the OSF or they could not, but their name will still be associated with this project. Gmail, I can click add. Choose the permission level. I read and write. So if I go back to this project here, Courtney Smith is on here. But you'll also notice that she is not hyperlinked. So if I click on my name, you would take it to my personal OSF profile, whereas Courtney Smith hasn't claimed that profile. Now they have the option of claiming that profile via the email that was sent to them, or they can go to this project, click on this link and say, is this you? And they can claim that profile that way. But they will be cited both in the citation section for the project, but also in the contributor section. Now this can be done, especially, this could also be done when you are creating a registration. So this registration has been submitted, it's archived. So I can't add a contributor right now. But when I was creating this registration, you can add a unregistered contributor to a registration. I think we're getting to the end here of our questions. I'm not seeing anything else come in. Product team, did you see anything else for questions that might need to be addressed or talked about? I didn't see anything else. Okay. Well, I will end our webinar kind of the same way that we began. This was a webinar designed for you. This was a webinar designed with researchers in mind. And that's essentially how the OSF is designed. Every change that we make as researchers and researchers intent in mind. So if you do ever have any ideas or ways that we can make the OSF better, even questions on how to actually go through these things, our door is always open. So feel free to email OSF support if you have any questions, which will be taken to one of our very trained staff who can help you out with these questions. But also feel free to reach out. We're always interested in chatting and talking about the OSF and how to make it better for you. With that, thank you guys. Let me know if you have any questions or anything comes up. All right. Thank you.


Hey what's up, welcome to the show, I'm going to teach you guys how to get started, are you ready to go? I'm going to teach you how to get started. Hi what's up my name is Ty and I like to talk to anyone about anything and so can you! So, one of the things that I get as a question is Tyrone, how do I get started in Essie? How can I start doing this myself? It's not as hard as you might think, it's actually pretty easy. In fact, a lot of you guys have already been doing Essie already, if you've been having conversations with people where you just ask a question like, oh how did you figure that out? Or how do I test that? Or oh, what makes you think that that's a good idea, Brandon, Brandon, classic Brandon. If you have ever had questions like that targeted at somebody, you've already been doing something kind of close to Essie already. In my opinion, Essie is just a way to ask questions about deeply held beliefs that doesn't make you sound like a jerk. And there's a lot of good ways that you're doing that right now that can count as Essie. If you want to try to do it Essie style sort of similar to how I do it on my YouTube channel or how Anthony Mandibasco does his or how Reed Nice Wonder does his, you name the YouTube personality and they got a style. It should be enough of a sign then that there are a lot of different kinds of styles of Essie that are catered to the person that's doing it, which means you don't have to pick a style that's similar to mine or someone else that's, you know, does Essie as a hobby on YouTube. You can find your own style and you can find your own way to do it. But how do you get started? I guess you came to this channel, enough, enough rainbows and butterflies Tyrone. Give them, give them the good stuff. Here's my top three rules for how you can get started in Essie. First rule, first rule, yo, you're probably already doing it already. So why not just inject a little bit more of it into your casual, casual conversations? For example, say someone likes, I don't know, Game of Thrones. Is that popular right now? Is that how I get my hashtags up? Game of Thrones. Someone says they like Game of Thrones. So you ask them, why do you like Game of Thrones so much? They say, well, I just really like four minute long intro sequences because it's ridiculous. And you ask them, oh, okay. So if the intro sequence was longer or shorter, would that make you like it any more or less? And you say, no, it's got to be four minutes. It's got to be four minutes. No one's ever going to have that conversation. But basically you get a list of the things that they like about something. And then you see if you, if you take away aspects of that list, starting with the most important things, if they'd still like it just as much, if they like it just as much, those items in that list are important because they aren't resting what they love. They're not resting their love on those things. And you can actually help them figure out why they like the show so much. Maybe it's not that four minute long intro sequence. Maybe it's just because of the actors in the show or the fight scenes or a lot of other good reasons and helping them have that conversation and help them realize, oh, maybe this is the reason why I like the show and not these other reasons that were on my list. Number two, I didn't really think this list out, but I would say the second best way to start with SE is engage in conversations that you feel comfortable having that you also feel incredibly passionate about. So the weird thing about SE is you can, it's all about trying to stay calm and generally neutral in a conversation about someone's deeply held belief where you're not making them feel defensive by the energy you're bringing to the situation. So if you can practice on something that you're particularly passionate about, ideally not like the religion stuff yet. More like, I don't know, if you really think Metal Gear Solid is the best stealth game and there's somebody else out there that thinks it's like Tom Clancy Splinter Cell, go ahead and have that conversation, but practice being calm. Practice being cool. Okay, so you think Charmander is the best starter Pokemon of all time? Charmander. As wrong as they are, it's up to you to figure out why they're wrong. Open up your mind and let them realize the truth that is water type starters. Oh, third tip. Just do it. Just go outside and do it. Listen, you don't need a folding table, a chair. You don't need a YouTube account. You don't need a camera. You don't need a microphone. You don't need a table. You don't need chairs. You just need the attitude of wanting to be talking to people outside. And you'll be surprised how many people outside will be willing to talk to you once you show that you're willing to talk to them. That's literally it. Just a good attitude. Try it out. Go outside and just talk to somebody. Even if it's not about a deeply held belief or something that you're passionate about or something that you feel like you can interject questions into, just going outside and striking up a conversation with somebody. As scary as that might sound, at first, when you're doing it, it's not bad at all. And I found that all you need is a really good attitude. A good positive attitude is something that people gravitate to. And if you are, for example, willing to put some investment into it, I don't know. What's a good way to get people to talk to you? Have a sign that says, hey, you want to talk to me? Hey, it worked. I have a sign. My first sign that I had said, let's chat about anything you want or five-minute interviews or something like that. And I set it up in Lettington's Arboretum. And it was a fun purchase spree because I got to make my own sign. So I was going through Walmart getting gold stickers and all that stuff. And it was fun. But when I first set up in the park, it was a cold day in March and windy too.  And I'd just be embarrassing myself out in the open. But once I set up, I'm sitting there and I realize, you know what? I'm outside. I'm having a good time. This is the weekend. Let's just have some fun. Let's go through what can happen. And I had like maybe six conversations that day. Just by people passing by who were curious, well, then I asked me some questions about like, okay, what's going on here? And I told them the whole idea of what I was trying to do. And they were really happy to oblige and sit down with me.  So don't give up before you even started. Go outside and have a conversation with somebody. Go and talk to someone about something you're passionate about. And try to inject some SC into your regular conversations. If you do all three of those things, I guarantee you, you'll be started in no time. So that's my three tips. Check it out. Do the best you can and enjoy it. I am a person that just believes that he can talk to anyone about anything. And I believe you can too. So go on and try it out. See you guys. I'll see you next time.


Dream of brighter days? Uh-huh. Uh-huh. Just watching by the morning, the latest breakfast show in this hair town. You can find us on Facebook, Y254Channel on Twitter. Hashtag is WCW or Y in the money. So today is a Queens Wednesday and we're talking about a bit of a heavy situation and it is GBV, which I have also learned that there's another version of S-GBE. So that's sexually gender-based violence and there is gender-based violence. But let's focus on what we started with in the beginning and that is GBV. And I'd like to believe that we are going to reach out to both genders. That is male and female. My name is Valentine. But I'd like to introduce you to my panel of two. Good morning. Good morning. How are you? Fine. Do you want to say hello to the ladies? Of course. You are fantastic. What is your name? Faith Mzoli. How can we find you on social media? You can find me on social media at Faith Mzoli on Twitter, Mzoli Faith on Facebook. I'd like a smiley audience here. Just give them a smiley. So that they know what's up. All right. You can find me on Facebook, at Faith Mzoli, on Twitter, at Faith Mzoli. I like that. I think I'm a sanguine. Sanguine, since we are told, talk fast, then think again. What advice is it? Like now, I'm remembering that they have not told me to check my... It means I'm talking a lot. You have talked. We have checked, by the way. We checked and finished. Okay. My name is Uda Prada. It's a character. The old abnormal, new normal. And I'm happy to be here today. Yes. Today we're talking about gender-based violence. And previously, just before we went on air for this particular segment, I was trying to explain a situation where, should you encounter someone or a couple of people, having domestic violence type of situation, maybe when you're a woman, maybe you're going to be beaten, you're going to be scared, or maybe you're going to be scared. But you tell yourself, it's none of your business. Is that something that we should continue to talk about? I have an experience. Where somebody commits suicide. What? And then, you regret that. I wish I could get her or him before committing suicide, so that I tell her what to do. Have a casino committed suicide. Up to now, I'm regretting, why couldn't I get my brother and my wife to tell him, why didn't he just come and tell me his problem? They had fracas with mom who committed suicide after having... fracas was sometime with mom. Like he used to go, was a young boy, a man from... one from two. He used to go places, mother didn't want. So every time she comes back, it's a war. War, mother was also a worsome man. So one day, he just decided he was sleeping in a separate room, kitchen. So when people woke up, he was hanging. So I'm always regretting that. I wish I could get him just before he was at home and was in Nairobi. This is what can get into your mind if some people do fight. And then you're just there, you say it's not my business. Yeah, but Kaya, so someone who is going back to the same thing, Okay, you know, like in such a situation, like these people are fighting, let's take an example of a wife, husband. So, like there is this stereotypic way of thinking, like Buanangua kini piga, he loves me so much. In fact, asponi piga. Asponi piga and pen bing. We're not giving you ideas. Yes, we're not giving you ideas, we're just projecting a school of thought. Yes, so if he doesn't beat me, he doesn't love me. And if he beats me up, then he loves me. So such people, it's this stereotype they are holding on, but it is just lack of knowledge and lack of, okay, for a woman from a woman's perspective, like a woman will take it from this point, like if a man beats me, it's a right that he beats me. Why? Because I yelled at him. So a woman should not yell at a man, but it's right for a man to beat a woman when she yells at him. So it is just a way of enlightening such people to know that the two, okay, it's her vice to beat a woman when she yells at you. But in the same sense, it's not her vice for a woman to yell at her man. She might have just been trying to convey a certain message. Yes, and then she feels like, this is the way I should pass my message. Like I have to yell for him to get whatever message I'm trying to pass. Otherwise asking. Otherwise asking. I know how this started. During those, during those nocturnal games, People beat each other and they take it to be normal. Kai sungoja. In this particular season, That's how it is. Kai sungoja, that's how it is. That's how it is. This I should have started with this disclaimer. These are abnormal times. So that means there are a lot of people at home and some of them are very impressionable. So as we are giving advice, let's make sure to give proper advice. Sometimes to not joke. So just know the difference. Because this one can be very unserious for a very long period of time. So you need to understand when he's joking and when he's being serious. But let me take her point and ask you a question. Actually the panel that has just come here before, the two guests that were here before, they talked about the same thing, gender-based violence. But we didn't really zoom in. I know I have that power. That's why as I've grown up in this life, as I'm living it and I'm becoming older, I'd rather even just go off-grid than say what I am saying. But is that a reason for someone to beat another person? Somebody says there's a policy process and in computer, what you key in is what counts out.   And especially when you are hitting some in gun games, if you are hitting a wall that is so hard, the bullet will come back to you. Yes. So if you know you have me at home, just learn the song that says... If we did say kunya maza, how do you know? I don't know. I don't know how to say it. I don't know about it. It was talked about by a woman. You knew clearly. It was talked about by a woman. Oh my God, if we did say kunya maza, so it's like kunya maza should be a lesson. A lesson that people can learn. But kunya maza can be a lesson on its own. Yes. But there is that person who gets relieved when he yells out. This is the way you can be relieved. Yes. This is the way you can be relieved. I've seen angry women that end up saying... That is good. Anagifunza kunya maza. Anagifunza kunya maza like things come out. Something wants to come out and it's... It's clear to me. But what if, for example, one of your faiths named Rembosa, and you can see she's not a faith to express herself. So when you are cutting her, her back talk was sexy. Do you know that Katapena was once... Or will be a butterfly? You answer without answering me, but Nisao. Yes. That butterfly was once a Katapena. And there's a complete metamorphosis, but the gene will change. Katapena can fly. Butterflies do fly. Katapenas are ugly, they are not beautiful. But butterflies are super beautiful. So when you change from a situation like we are lovers, then we become wife and husband. You should be from Katapena to a butterfly. But should the same person who will tell the wife that now that you've changed, now that you've born my children, now that you're timid, ah, the romance is gone. Let me start looking for someone else who will give me the offers of it all. But before you get to that, Kairi, that's not why we're here. We're talking about GBV. What happens? Sasa, who are you? Maybe I've not even seen you for two weeks, but you see me and you want just all the force of whatever has been happening in your own life. You now want to project it to me. It can never be so. It can never be so. Does that make it right? Does that make it right? Because now if we translate it to maybe husband and wife or girlfriend and boyfriend, or however it is in a home where we have been told to isolate ourselves. So that means because COVID-19 has decided that people are going to be unemployed, now you come and beat me. Okay, listen, like right now, in a situation we are in, COVID-19, so much gender-based violence is happening in our homes. And you tend to find, like for example, people have lost jobs, husband and wife in this situation. My husband has been working and then because of COVID-19, he has lost his job. So he has to depend on me who is going to work each and every morning. Now I'm the breadwinner. He comes back. Okay, I come back home. He's now a stay home dad. So he has to make sure everything is done. But the moment I reach that door, I find like like everything, the baby diapers are all over. Then I'm like, okay, so I'm talking, I'm eating, I'm going to sleep. I don't want everything until now. I have to come home. I have to start from, pick from where I left. So you see like this man will be like, I've been doing it all this time and I never complained. But now you're doing it. You feel like I have to also do something. I don't know if it's written in stone. I don't know if it's because we're African. I am not too sure. But Hasidah Apple, I don't understand why Hasidah in Pakai Kueh reflected on the person who is basically catering for you. Like why?  All humans are. We are all prone to violence. That's true. Not man, not woman. We're all prone to violence. So my personal principle of violence is that I should only hit my wife or my spouse when she hurts. If she can also hit me when I hurt. Yes. So it should be. If I'm like I absolutely can't do a mistake, that's when I should beat you. But when if I can also do a mistake, then when I do mistake, I should also allow you to be really beating me.  So I really detest violence.  Now that if we it's like now you are abusing your strength, you are strong, you have muscles, and you're abusing it. You're misusing it.  And where if I'm a mistake, it's okay. All you say babe, I'm sorry at it's all. If babe, I'm sorry is enough. Then you should also be allowed to say babe, I'm sorry. And it's get some. Yeah, that's my personal principle. I have a question for you. And I don't think there's any other time I will beat my spouse. Yeah, personally.  Because I don't know how to shout back. And I really feel bad if I can raise my hand on a woman, like hitting a woman for whatever reason. So what I do personally, I walk away if I can. It's only hard when maybe I'm confined in, we are in a matter too, so I can't walk away. If I have extra cash, I can alight and walk away. But if you are maybe in a bedroom, I will take a walk to sitting room and sleep there. Or I will take a walk to. Okay, some people overreact like when I start taking a walk, you'll follow me with a shirt. So that can be embarrassing. But you know what I can do? It's after that I fix and we can separate forever so that I don't get tempted. I can't hit very hard by the way I can. I was born with extra energy. I want to let you do what you can. Yes, yes I was. I'm still feeling a bit away.  So because I don't want to get in that temptation, I tell the devil in you. It's not you now. There's devil in you that is. To let so much to see blinds, I turn and I keep. Ah, me not. Me I blame. I blame Satan. I blame Satan. He could just even be taking a break from life because of COVID also. Yeah, I'm blaming him. If the devil could be like talking and hearing, he could be saying, Get out. But you know, when we talk of like gender-based violence, you know, in most cases, you'll find that it's a woman who is, you think like it's a woman who has been abused in this case, but there are men outside there who are also being abused by women. But now just because of the, the, the societal insubordination of a woman, hey, you thought that baby cannot finish. You see now because of the societal insubordination of a woman, it is taken like it's a man who has to beat a wife. And so if a woman beats the husband, it's news. So such cases, you find that they are rarely reported anywhere because men feel like it's fake pigwa. I read a Facebook post yesterday and it was made yesterday by my friend called Daniela Seymour. She says that she was not profiting men from her childhood. She's a lady. She was known for fighting men. Yes, physical fight. Her mom used to tell her always that be a lady, you are not a man. Be a lady, please. So she says that she tried it even when she was old enough in a relationship. So she caught a man, she was dating a man, not knowing that that man had a wife. So later she learned that the man had a wife. So she texted a man and told him that it's over between us. I didn't know you have a wife, now you have a wife, it is over. So the man came, made it, the man had her next to him. So the man came and opened the door and she was asleep. And she slept, he slept her. In her sleep? Yeah, in her sleep she was woken up by a very heavy slap. That's not nice. So when she woke up, the man in her woke up also. So she dived on that man's neck and strangled that man. And before she knew it, she was bleeding everywhere, everywhere. This man, like now, you know, it's a man. I'll read to you, I left my phone and read for you this post.  So it's softer, softer. But the moment you exchange, like also you slap back and throw the kicks. Say, oh, okay. So it is a fight. It's not me like disciplining you or that. So it's a fight. The next thing, and I will catch you, okay, Boko. So do your best. Pigeon is a second one. Yeah, yeah, yeah. So let's see the best person when this war. She found herself in the hospital, bleeding everywhere. She was not in any period.  Yeah, that's where, and after that, she found herself begging. Like before she passed off begging for mercy. Please, I'm not leaving you. I love you so much. This, it was just a joke. You can't take jokes. You can't take jokes. And she said that after she has received para, para between things, she passed out.  But Aman does not have consequences when he talks to a woman anyhow. Ako to sour. Ako to sour? Okay. Like unezan hitomboa na ni smile jumini dema. And smile back. But it's okay. Okay, we're talking about a Sunday off. I'm not just fighting back. See, I said don't return the edge. You know your weaknesses. You know your strength. So watch your weaknesses.  No, I do. I've just talked to my fellow man. Hit back. Hit a woman. If you allow her also to hit you back when you're back. That is the principle. Yes. But the principle is don't hit each other. Yeah, that is the bottom line. Yes, the bottom line. Because Aman cannot allow like nilani-chinini, chapwets, ginini, iso. So if you cannot allow that, also don't allow yourself to get in. Yes. Say no to violence. All right. So now baby, back to the point about men being abused for lack of a better word. In Juzy 2, Apai Central, we laughed at them. We laughed at them. We laughed at women. In fact, we laughed at women. Women's hospital, they were a sugilipio and I laughed at women. So how are you able to speak out as a man? If it's not like this, you're under the influence. If it's not like this, you're under the influence of women. If it's not like this, you're under the influence of women. So now see. Now see. See, I'm not weakening my strength. So we're not doing weakness and strength. How is someone like that going to speak out and say, Onanani, me ni mo nome na strike people? You can't even report it. You can't even see. See, how do we help them? I had a situation of a man. Of a man who went to report that he was better, he was better. And you can't remember, you can't imagine the situation at the police station. We can help such men through like stopping stigmatization. Like when this man comes, one man comes to report the issue. Like to say, me amenda kwa chief. The chief should just keep it to himself and the man. So that, see at his asa, from there he keeps roaming in the village. Oh, he was beaten yesterday by the wife. You know, such stigmatization will pull other men back when he thinks of, Let me go and say more like the other man the other time. So there is no need for me to go ahead and report the issue. But if we stop the stigmatization thing, then more men can come out and report. Practical is what she's saying. How is practical? It's not practical. It's practical. It's very wonderful in theory. Yes, but even me, even me here, I can't report that our female has beaten me. I didn't even do it in primary school. I know there are female who are older than me. They could do anything. But you can't report. How can you report that a lady has beaten you? It's not, it's not proper. It's not proper. By the end of the day, you'll end up dying. Today, you're not reporting. Tomorrow, you're not reporting. The third time, you're dead. At adolescence, we men could just beat you the way they want to. Because you have some life here. Because it will grow very fast. Christmas is getting very tall before you. Yes, not even that way. I'm speaking of you have an attraction towards a lady. So you are trying to make yourself attractive to her. She may be definitely, she's not ready for you. So she gets slapping you and all that. But you can slap back because you love her. You want her attention and all that. That's where the problem starts. I think everybody, both gender, should be told that it is bad. It is really bad to raise a hand on anybody. Because if we leave it, that's where it turns to shocker, to pucker, to what? There are people who are like that, they're not allowed to go. They're not allowed to go. They're not allowed to go. And travel? So you're traveling? Yes, I'm traveling.  And then in broad daylight? That's where the hardware is. That's where the money is. That's where the shocker is. That's where the grinder is. When you grind that well, that's where you grind that.  But let me just do it for myself. And then the shocker comes. You're not allowed to go. That's where the conduct is. Come and listen to me. You're processing it. I have a question. So how is it? Sorry, let me just interrupt you. How can we, okay, to say me, because as we live this life in Dottuna Jua strength, they do not weakness in Zeto Sindio. So me, the younger version of me did not really understand that my mouth could do a lot of damage. So how is it that I can, okay, I can tell the girls that me, we're too little. Like, I know you can be upset. And I was very impressed. Just to speak with maturity. Sometimes silence, it is even the best. But how do I tell the boy child? How did you get that point? Was it always in you as we conclude at White Five Phone Facebook? No, I learnt. I learnt it. It didn't like start from one set of my life that I used to work out. There are times I used to fight. But I concluded myself, I convinced myself that it is wrong to fight. How did you do it? Auma. Okay, I told you I'm strong, I can't fight.  All the most? So from then, I said to myself that I will no longer fight Auma. Because I, just for my respectful men, I respect women, including my mother and my sisters and all that. And I feel bad, I love my sisters, especially even the cousins and all that. So I feel bad if somebody hit them. In fact, most of the fights I had, even with my fellow men in my primary and secondary school, is because they hit my sisters.  So I convinced myself that if I feel this bad, if somebody beats my sister, that person should also feel the same badness or the same bitterness if I beat their sisters. Because everybody's somebody's sister or somebody's brother. Or somebody's son, yes. And in African communities, especially where I come from, a sister is not only the person you're born with. Even the daughter of the brother, the side brother of your father, that is a sister to you. That is a sister to you. And where I come from, people go to Diskomatanga.  Those, even those side sisters. So they are under your care because at Diskomatanga, people really fight. People, it's people are prone to fighting. If I tell my sister to come and dance and maybe she refuses to come and dance and all that, that is prone to violence. So when somebody beats my sister because she has refused to come and dance, it will be war there. So because I need to protect my sisters, I also need to keep up from hitting people's sisters.   And I like that you said it because you have the capability of beating, but you've chosen not to. Yes, I have capability. I can beat like all the women in the studio, including Miriam and all that. You can come here. Yes, I have the capacity of beating you. I can lock that door and beat you. But I choose... Why don't you tell me it is over? I choose. I choose that I... I will never... Like I now... I... I will never raise my hand on a woman regardless. So help me God. Amen. Amen. Faith to Malaysia. Maybe your last words. I should also say that you will not raise your hand on a woman. Exactly.  Oh, no. Don't say that. Okay. Okay. Charity begins at home. Just like we teach our kids boys and girls to say good morning to us as parents. So should we teach them that violence is bad in whichever way, any form of violence. Because the boy child, the boy, the young boy today is the husband to someone tomorrow. That small girl will be a wife to somebody tomorrow. So discourage it from the grassroots. Like starting from a very younger stage. Like who raise a hand to someone. There is a better way of resolving conflicts. Other than fighting and causing chaos and all that. So when we cultivate that culture in that boy, when he's still down there, he grows up knowing women have to be respected. Men have to be respected in the same way. And when we do that as a society, we create gender parity. So that there is equality between men and women. The Bible says that a man was that human beings were wonderful and fearfully made. So we separated that it is men who were fearfully made. Women were wonderful and made. So women should fear men. No. To cut that down as a man cannot rest on something that was wonderfully made. I don't have very mic dropping type of advice. But I'm learning to live each day as it comes. So let love win. Even if it's not tomorrow, let's just start it today, okay? Maybe just even the rest of the morning. So just stand now. Anyway, once drunk if you do. But your opinion is the one that has more weight. So write by phone Facebook at Wifi4channel on Twitter. Hashtag is white in the morning. We are concluding the latest breakfast show around. But please don't leave Wifi4channel because we have so much more to offer. Present us Nmingi. Entertainment's Nmingi. We are together. I'll see you when I see you. Have a good day.


Normaalinen research study, we cannot study full populations because of practical issues. Therefore, we have to rely on a sample. When we take that sample, there are multiple things that we need to consider and a number of things that can go wrong, that can either produce results that are biased or results that are inefficient. So let's take a look at some issues related to sampling. First, we have a population. That population is the thing that we want to study, so we want to say something about the population. And let's say we are studying that population using a survey that we mail to companies. To send out the invitations to participate, we have to have an address to every company. So we have to have some kind of operational definition of our population. So we call the operational population a sampling frame. So the sampling frame is an actual list of companies or people or whatever things we are studying and the population is the conceptual definition of the thing that we are studying. Then from the sampling frame, it can be if we are studying individuals in Finland, for example, the sampling frame could come from the population register and it could contain millions of people. So then from the sampling frame, we actually take the sample. Typically, we choose people randomly. So a random sample is the most simplest way of taking a sample and it is often the most desirable way as well. Then we send out our survey and some people choose to participate. Some companies choose to participate. Others choose to not participate. So we get an actual data set that we can work with. Now a number of things can go wrong and we have to take those into consideration. So let's take an example of what this framework means. So let's say we are studying the population of young Finnish high technology companies. That is a conceptual definition. Then we need to actually define empirically or have an operational definition of what it means to be a young company and what it means to be a technology firm. So no one is maintaining a list of technology companies. So we have to operationalize that concept to a way that we can actually get data for. So the sampling frame would be, for example, business ideas. So registered corporations, that is not the same thing as a company. So one company, one organization can have multiple business ideas, but we have to have some kind of operational definition that we can actually get data for and we can get data for business ideas or legal entities behind these companies. So let's define young technology companies as companies that are 0 to 3 years old and are on certain industry codes, for example, 62 or 72. Those correspond to information technology industries. So that is our operational definition and that allows us to get a list of actual companies. Then we get a sample. So let's say that we get a thousand firms randomly selected on a list of maybe 10,000 companies or 5,000 companies, whatever the sampling frame is. The reason for taking a sample here that we email is cost. So whenever we email or mail, the address acquisition costs some money or some effort and if we mail physical letters, then they are printing costs. Then we get actual data, for example, 10% of our informants that were invited to participate decide to respond to the survey. So what can go wrong with this kind of thing? And there are multiple things. The relevant question with the sampling frame is that does our operational definition of the population match the conceptual one? So does the frame match the population? Then we have the second question is how large is sample size? Basically this is randomly chosen. Then the only thing that we can decide is how many observations we get. So it's 1,000 enough. And when we plan for sample size, we have to take the expected response rate into consideration. So if we expect a 10% response rate and we need 500 full responses to our analysis, then we should send out the invitation to 5,000 companies. So we would have 5,000 randomly chosen firms instead of this 1,000. Then the most problematic part is that the people who are companies who decide to respond may not be randomly chosen. So if we have out of these 1,000 companies that were invited to participate, if random 10% respond, that only means that we have inefficiency. So increasing the sample size would make our results, our estimates more precise, but that's it. A more problematic condition occurs if these 10% are chosen systematically. And that leads to biased results. For example, if our survey was about innovativeness and those companies that are more innovative are more likely to participate, then any regression analysis involving innovation as a dependent variable would produce biased results. Let's take a look at why that happens. So this is a classic example from Berks paper 1983. And he's demonstrating that there's a relationship between education and income, such that when education increases, then income goes up as well. So it's a linear relationship here. So what will happen if people who get low income either don't provide data or these people who don't have much education simply decide not to work. So let's set a barrier here. So no one about this point actually provides us data or below this point. So if we eliminate that data here, what will happen to our regression estimates? There are two things that will happen. First of all, all the regression results will be biased, because now we are fitting the regression analysis to these data here. And we are cutting these data, these observations that produce negative residuals. These are negative residuals because they are mostly below the regression line. So we have negative residuals here and positive residuals here that are included. Then it pulls the regression line up. So the regression results will be biased. Then we have no idea of what's the effect like in this group with low income people, or low education people here. And also for those people for whom we have the data, then we have biased results. So if our sample is selected systematically based on the variable that we study, then our results will be biased and the magnitude of the bias can be great in some instances. So this is not just an academic concern. I will next demonstrate a couple of our examples. So there is this widely known business book called Good to Create by Jim Collins. And it has sold millions of copies and provided inspiration for lots of managers. Also it received great attention in Finland when it was first translated to Finnish. So many people think this is a valuable book. And how was the book written? Well, there is a slight problem. It's presented as an academic study and it kind of is. But there are methodological problems to this book. So in the book they basically chose a large number of good companies and they followed based on some accounting measures. They followed those performance of those companies for 40 years with the research team. And then they found 11 companies that were initially good companies and then they became great companies according to the definitions that these authors here used. So Jim Collins is the first author but he had a team of researchers helping him writing the book. So they chose 11 companies that performed extremely well and then they studied what made those companies perform that well. Then they asked later on why did these companies perform better than others and then they wrote a book about it. So the problem with that is two things. First of all, if you choose companies that happened to be great in the past then you are sampling on the dependent variable. And if a company happens to be good for a chance reason it will get selected or at least some of these companies could get selected because of chance reasons. And then when some other researchers looked at these companies later on the next 15 year period only one out of the 11 were great. So we can just attribute these, chose of these 11 companies to chance explanation. Also what happens is that when a company is performing well then people start to attribute that performance to something that the companies did. So that's called the halo effect. And when you identify companies that are doing well and then you ask those people to evaluate why are these companies doing well then people answer well they're doing well because of something that they did in the past. And it's also possible that these companies just happen to be lucky and the fact that only 11 out of, only one out of 11 stayed great after the 15 year period under study just underlines the point that that's the likely explanation. So these happen to be great for reasons unknown and then people attribute the greatness to something that the companies did. So this design does not provide evidence of causality. Let's take another example. This is from Morgan and Winshey book on causal inference. And they have this hypothetical college where entry to the college depends on the SAT exam. The American high school exit exam basically and a motivation score that is measured somehow. Motivation score and SAT score are weakly and positively dependent on each other and college entry depends on both of them. So here is the data and the data here is the SAT score and here is the motivation score. And these guys here were not accepted to the college and these circle guys were admitted. So the sum of the SAT score and sum of the motivation score determines who gets to go to this hypothetical college. So there is a weak positive relationship. We can't really see it here but it's around 0.1 correlation. But it's not visible to play in eye. What happens if we measure the correlation only from those people who got admitted to the college? We only observe those students who got to the college. There is a strong negative correlation here. We get a strong negative correlation because we only study those people who got admitted. So if you were the principal of this college, a smart principal would ask that does that reduce the result replicating also those students who didn't get accepted and they find that yes it does. So you will get the same negative result. This negative result has very little to do with the actual relationship between motivation and SAT score. Instead it's a function of how we selected the sample. If we choose the sample so that the sum of motivation and sum of SAT score must be more than a threshold or less than a threshold then you will get this kind of negative correlation just because of the sample of the selection effect. So this is called the selection effect and the outcome is selection bias. So whenever you take a sample unless you are careful that your sample is actually a random sample of the population under study then you risk having a selection bias in your analysis and the bias can be great. Let's take another really, really practical example. So I went to the building fair in Vanta a couple of years ago and there was this construction company presenting an idea called a container home. So it's a small home, the size of a shipping container and these can be built as condominiums. So the idea is that you can increase the density of housing by having these very small apartments and then they wanted to get feedback on the idea. So how was the feedback collected? So they had a polling station where you could indicate whether you agree or disagree with the idea that this container home is a good idea. And how it was actually set up is that you walk along a road here and the container home was on the side of the road. So you could choose to just walk by or you could choose to go in. Then you went in here, you went through the apartment to the balcony and that's where the polling station is. So what is the problem? Why could that produce a selection effect?  So you actually have to show enough interest to go through the container home, walk all the way through the behind and then after you have seen the home then you present an opinion. The counter argument for this selection bias is that you only want to have people who have actually seen what it looks inside. But that's not as important as it's the fact that people who think it's a stupid idea in the first place will just walk by without providing any data. So this is an introduction to issues that are related to sampling and there are multiple different techniques that you can apply. These selection effects can be modeled and also you can do sampling in many different ways to increase your efficiency and to avoid the risk of selection bias. There are other sampling techniques. If you are a Stata user, the Stata has a separate user manual for survey data that discusses different sampling designs and here are some references that you may be interested in. The typical sample in a statistical book is a random sample and that is also what I will be covering on this course assuming that the sample is random simplifies things a lot. The second kind of sample that is very common is a cluster sample. So cluster sample refers to a sample where the observations are no longer equally likely to be selected. So random sample is defined as a sample where each observation in a population is equally likely to be selected. A cluster sample on the other hand refers to a scenario where you for example have to interview people at their homes. So if you do that and you take a sample of let's say all Finnish people, random sample from all Finnish households, then you will have to travel all over Finland to get your data. So in practice we choose a couple of cities and from those cities a couple of streets and we then sample people from those streets or just interview everyone on those streets. So we take samples from clusters. So the observations, if your neighbors are interviewed, then it's more likely that you are interviewed as well. So the probability of being selected is clustered so that if you live close to those people who are more likely to be selected, you are more likely to be selected as well. And that cluster sample causes some problems that we'll talk later. One way that we can deal with cluster sampling is called a stratified sample. A stratified random sample. So stratified random sample are concerned situations where you have for example uneven distribution of people or you have the cluster sample issue. Let's say we have a school with 300 students out of which 30 are minorities. In that kind of scenario taking a random sample of 50 students is going to likely produce you a very small number of minority students. So it makes sense to take a sample separately from the minority students and a sample separately from the other students so that you can get a sample that is better for your study. So stratification refers to first dividing the sampling frame into different strata or different sets and then you take a random sample for each set and stratification improves the distribution of your variables. It produces random samples that can be better in some instances and that's a very commonly used sampling design. So these are the three most commonly used sampling designs. Random sample everybody is equally like to be selected. Cluster sample means you choose people from certain areas which you choose in advance so that people in other areas have a zero chance of being selected. So that's cluster sampling and stratified random sampling means that you divide your sampling frame into different strata based on criteria for example race, education level and so on and then you take a random sample of each of those strata separately and that provides you some statistical benefits. Then we have the fourth type of commonly used sample called the convenience sample and convenience sample is none of that. Convenience sample is something that we just happen to get. In most cases if you do a survey study and you do send out invitations the people or organizations that you choose to invite may be a random sample but in the end those that you get data for is not a random sample of those who got the invitation rather it's a convenience sample just the companies that we happen to get. Convenience samples are debated to some extent so some people argue that they should be avoided some people argue that convenience samples are useful because they allow us to do designs that wouldn't be possible with random samples for example. But you have to understand these different concepts to understand issues that related sampling that I'll cover in later videos.