What's up everybody Jason here for jazby's case breaks calm. We just sold out 2022 fanatics under wraps 2.0 autograph baseballs This is a 18 box case break random ball number one and again guys We have a total of 18 spots. We had a little early bird promo. So if you bought one of the first 13 You got entered a win a free spot And a pretty insane checklist guys this chance of multi-sign 21 karat gold baseballs game used inscribed and more The checklist is right here when you click on cardboard connection. You guys want to see the checklist, of course So the way it's gonna work is I'm gonna do the early bird promo first. I'm gonna randomize the names See who gets the early bird promo that won't paste your guys's name in there or the customer name in there I don't make it a full 18 with this list of customer names Right early bird will go right there And then what we're gonna do is I'm gonna showcase the boxes We're gonna showcase all the autograph baseballs Right and then we will put them in a list Randomize the customer names and the list of autograph baseballs Whatever you match up with is which baseball you get. So that's how we'll do it So first we'll do the early bird dice roll here click roll And it was a five and a one six times you're the customer names number one after six time gets the Free baseball spot right there get a little extra spot five and a one six one two three four five and Sixth and final time here. We go Boom six Jeff. Oh Jeff out at the top. Congratulations So you're the early bird winner There you go right there. I'm gonna add your name there And then we'll just get a new dice roller for this since it'll be a whole different break right here We'll do that And then we'll paste it in the names so Right here, but just to show you guys Show you guys the case Do not open see a case The baseball should be right here. It's gonna just I want you to go into there and then just So I'm gonna randomize them later. Yeah, just type in the names as I go through No, they're not but it doesn't matter All right, here we go that's we're gonna showcase all 18 baseballs There you go. Here we go first one So as they come out, they'll be put in the list one by one I think they're gonna be fired too and just cuz this is gonna be such a long break already with 18 of them I'll probably skip the who am I just cuz you know, I want to try to fill up more promo breaks, but just Try to get through this because it's probably take like a 45 minute break. Anyways First one Actually put in here very nicely. How about that? That is Ozzie Smith Autograph Hall of Fame baseball inscription These baseballs are nice and tight in your name Hold on one second. It's like I kind of didn't even want to take it out of this But kind of have to show you the baseball too All right, there we go. It's very nice. Whoo First one right there little inscription You just put Ozzie Smith Hall of Fame baseball Just just in case there's multiple You feel like jahadi Smith Hall of Fame inscribed You know inscription or because they might there might be duplicates, but they all might be different All right next one. I have my wife help me out with the list All right next one here guys. I want to get like a game use baseball. Honestly Take this out. Wow. What do we got here? 09 World Series champs That is CC Sabathia Inscribed champs 09 World Series and that's a World Series logo autographed baseball If you're a big Yankees fan, I'm sure you're gonna love that That is pretty sweet 09 World Series champs inscribed baseball CC Sabathia There's a fanatic CoA. I'll take a couple CoA's right there. It's pretty awesome So usually when they're like this they always go for a lot more especially for someone's collection It's a nice CC Sabathia right there Honestly, these baseballs ain't gonna move the way they're packed. I should packed very nicely All right, next one So it's a World Series inscription World Series baseball CC Sabathia. All right next one These balls flip backwards Oh Mariana Rivera Hall of Fame 2019 inscription Back to back Yankee pitchers right there Right on the sweet spot. That's a pretty sweet one right there Mariana Rivera, I think this is just a normal Major League baseball That is pretty sweet. That's a nice third baseball right there. Next one we got here It looks like a Freddie Freeman. That's a World Series baseball from 2021 and you have 21 World Series logo Freddie Freeman Which I guys this is some good stuff. I mean, this is the one thing Don't let me wrong those other mystery baseballs from like leaf and you know the repack products are great You know because they do put some nice stuff in there and they're probably a little bit more affordable in the sense but The fact is that these are all officially, you know from fanatics and yeah, their checklist is probably a little bit better Right because they're putting special balls are putting potentially multi-signed. They're putting game used So I think those fall in every so it basically says single signer one in every two boxes inscribes one in every three The specialty balls which would be black gold featured a logo anything like that could be one in 18 So there should be at least one of those in every case, but of course every case is different So there could be multiple But this stuff is pretty nice and looks like we've got another World Series baseball coming up 2016 World Series MVP who was MVP in 2016 guys Anybody remember 2016? It looks like a B and looks like Ben Zobrist 2016 World Series MVP. That's a nice World Series baseball. Nice. Yeah, I think Rex would like that, right? Yuck, but I like the ball itself. Yeah All right next one guys. I want like a multi-signed baseball Just like marinating, you know Just like been marinating for so long JD Martinez autographed baseball So it's JD Martinez autographed baseball nothing fancy about this baseball just an autographed baseball JD Martinez So pretty nice Right there. Okay next one. Let's get a showtime or something like that One of the bigger names like that. It looks like wow look at that. Joe Torrey Holofame logo baseball Where's the autograph up? There you go Joe Torrey Holofame baseball logo. It's pretty awesome. I don't know it's a 1 in 18 shot I'm gonna say no, you're not gonna get it Just just for Just for bragging rights. I'm gonna say no, you're not gonna get that. Ooh, Chris Bryant. There you go, Chris Bryant So Chris Bryant, just a normal MLB logo baseball. Just normal Chris Bryant. All right, we still have a lot to go guys. Don't worry some good names so far We still have plenty to go. I think that was what barely or what? Eighth one. I think we're like halfway there It's an 18. So yeah, almost halfway there This would make it halfway Whoa That's an official ball from the 1999 World Series and wow, that's a Joe Torrey Multi 99 what is this? Oh, wow. He actually inscribed a lot. Look at this October 26 Yankees Atlanta 6-5 October 7th Yankees is at 9 to 1 5-6 And over here on this side October 23 Yankees 4-1 October 24 Yankees 7-2 And then 1999 World Series champs that is pretty sweet Wow, let's just show you guys right there again. That is pretty awesome Just inscribed all around the baseball I guess the series win In 1999 That's a that's an awesome one for a Yankee fan right there. Yeah, that's for sure That is pretty sweet. So There you go very nice so Another Joe Torrey, but this one is a multi 1999 World Series All right. Well, that was halfway through guys. Oh That means he made six of those right Mike. That's what I was wondering with five of six man I guess that is the fifth ball that he wrote right Noah Cindergarde inscribed Thor Autograph baseball So there's no one Cindergar There you go next one and it looks like Cody Bellinger. Yep Cody Bellinger Autograph baseball. Okay, here we go. Let's continue on. We still have seven more baseballs to go guys We have a Mike. Yes, Stremski Autograph baseball. Yes, Stremski right there. Yeah, why? Me can look it up if you need to. I'm pausing to like show the name. Yeah, I was just right on a baseball Doc. Whoa. Whoa. Whoa. Actually. This is a duel Dwight Gooden and Daryl Strawberry dual autograph baseball. Look at that. It's a little dual auto. I think it's So this way I think it's this way, right? That's a dual autograph baseball right there Of course Rob. I mean, I'm just waiting on that pack filler to sell out Rob But once we sell out how we can break that If it's sold out right now Well, then we'll just have to wait until I finish this break and we finish another break because we have a little bit of a list But yeah, once we fill up that pack filler, we're done So we can't break that until we sell this out Robert Just remember there's always a filler next to a bigger break like that All right, so there you go All right, we got a Ronald Acuna Jr. Autograph Baseball I think it's just a normal autograph baseball of Acuna Ronald Acuna Jr. All right, four more baseballs to go the Anthony Rizzo Anthony Rizzo autograph baseball a one-on-one with that. Yeah, it will go nice with it All right, a lot of old ex-cubbies, right? Like Rex's dream right here if you was in this break I guess if you're a cuss I'm you got to love these guys, right? Actually, I think I think you're more right more Yankees. I think another one's coming up right now We got Luke Voyet or at least former and then he inscribed slam Diego Luke Voyet auto baseball inscribed slam Diego. Is he not? That's funny All right, two more to go guys So we have had a like a multi-sign baseball. We had a dual auto, right? We had that Joe Torrey that was just inscribed all around the baseball had a couple of inscriptions See what else we can get out of here. We got a Hall of Fame baseball coming up And it's Mike Messina So that's a Hall of Fame baseball Or actually he just described Hall of Fame Hall of Fame 2019. Alrighty last Baseball guys. Here we go. Good luck. Last one. Whoa. That's like Baltimore Orville's. Oh Wow, look at that Cal Ripken Jr. Autograph Baseball 1993 All-Star Game Baseball It's pretty cool. They must have hosted it, right? That's what I'm assuming. That's pretty awesome It's like even that's pretty sick actually Official ball from the All-Star Game You know the fact that they actually have some still like this this one's actually really really cool, right? I mean, it's just like almost what 30 years old right here. That is pretty sweet All right. Well, there you go hit some nice names here, you know, obviously I think every case will be a little different But pretty nice names right there. So my wife was helping me out with the list. So here's the list right here No, it should be good. I will don't tell you though, but yeah We had an Aussie Smith Hall of Fame Baseball had a CeCe Zabathia Champions Inscription Mariano Rivera Hall of Fame one Freddy Freeman Ben Zobrist JD Martinez Joe Torrey Chris Bryant Joe Torrey the 1999 World Series series win. That's the multi-signed one right like that Noah Cindergart Thor Cody Bellinger Micah Stromsky dual auto Dwight Gooden and Darryl strawberry We got a Ronald Acunha Anthony Rizzo Luke Voey with Slam Diego inscription Mike Macina Hall of Fame 19 and then the Cal Ripken jr. 1983 All-Star Game Baseball. So let's copy that list And we're gonna paste it here So saves me like 10 minutes of typing right there all right, and Here's the dice roller. Here's the customer names there. Good luck guys. Here we go Let's click the dice roll and we got ourselves a three to four seven times. Good luck 347 Here we go one two three four five six and Seventh and final time All right, so Nick at the top Down to Timothy Schwartz at the bottom. All right seven times now on the 18 baseballs one Whoa, hold on. It's a 16 Copy that wrong. Jesus. Hold on one second guys It should be Oh Sorry, hold on. Oh And how am I missing the top? Oh, there it is Thank you, I missed the top two right there. So that should be 18. This is just a test. Okay. This is a quick test There you go, that should be 18. All right, perfect. Sorry about that guys All right, so let me paste back in these names after seven times So that was a seven names there or 18 names seven times and then this would be seven times one Two three four five six seven Boom seven times. So this is seven. We got a seven on the list seven on the names here Chris Brian at the top down a Mike Messina and Let's see what you guys matched up with Nick with Chris Brian Jeff you have the Mariano Rivera Hall of Fame baseball Carl with the dual autograph Dwight Gooden and Darryl strawberry Brian with the JD Martinez Silvano with the Anthony Rizzle Carl with the Cal Ripken Jr. 1993 all-star game baseball, which is pretty nice Jeff with the Ronald Acuna Ryan Redmond with the Noah Cinnagard James Port you got the Freddie Freeman World Series Carl with the Aussie Smith Brian with the Luke Voyeth Slam Diego Adam with the Cody Ballinger Silvano with the Joe Torrey 1999 World Series when baseball Jeff with Joe Torra Hall of Fame and Adam damn it Why'd you have to call it for I mean that is not the words Oliver is right though There's really not too many of those out there, but there you go Ben Zauber's 2016 World Series MVP I'm sure you can sell it to a coach friend though Michael Stremski-McCarl, Brian with CeCe Sabatheon and Timothy with the Mike Messina Hall of Fame 19 baseball And so there you go so there you go guys appreciate everybody that was the break here Coming up next is a pack filler to sell out the collegiate football break. Thank you guys


I'm doing a talk called devopsreadme.md. People always ask me, hey, how do I get into devops? Well, you're kind of probably already there. So chances are if you're working on open source software, you're there. But if you want to adopt better practices around infrastructure and devops, apparently I'm somebody that gets asked that question. So what do I do? I'm a manager of devops at Bankrate. We do financial services marketing. What does a manager of devops do? I'm still figuring that out, but you'll get an idea after the slides hopefully. I also contribute to opensource.com. That might be why I'm here today. No comment on that. Anyway, so let's get started. The Phoenix Project, the book that kind of launched devops books, right? So great book. It's like a novel. It's very easy to read. Highly recommend it. You can give it to your corporate executives and they'll read it and they'll be like, hey, we need to do this. And in that book there's a character named Brent and Brent does all the work and Brent is constantly backlogged and has too much work in progress and founders. You know a Brent. Go help Brent. Give Brent the book too. The DevOps Handbook is the follow-on to the Phoenix Project. And one thing I like to say is that if you're quoting this book, chances are you are devopsing. But it's more of a use case kind of thing where the novel kind of goes through how the process goes. This kind of tells you how to actually do it. Who has read the 12-factor app? It's literally a website. There are so many people in ops that have never read it. So they don't understand, like, what do you mean, no state in my application? What do you mean, like serverless? What's that? So 12-factor app will tell you exactly how to do, like, DevOps style deployments and coding. This one's kind of funny because it's like in-between editions. It's by Michael Nagard. Great book, but it's not released yet. Coming later this year, the book called Release is Not Out. But great book on kind of being very technical software deployments, software development life cycles. Continuous delivery by Jez Humble, a fairly awesome book. You can give it to your CTO and explain that continuous delivery will help them with the acronyms they care about, ROI, EBITDA, all that fun stuff. The site reliability engineering, I love this book. It's great on, like, a per-chapter basis. When you consume the whole thing, you go to sleep. It's better than unisom. What it'll tell you is if you have a big pile of money and you set it on fire by giving it to engineers, they can solve lots of problems. Like Kelsey said yesterday, Google has a lot of problems. They don't have all the answers. So remember, you're not Google. Don't try and implement everything in this book, but you can learn so much from this book. And it's free. It's online. Google gives you something for free every day. And you're not the product. You don't have to sign in to get it. It's great. So the Enterprise DevOps Playbook, shorter book, shows that traditional IT enterprises can work in a DevOps model. You can't use ITIL as a handbook, sorry. But you can do DevOps things to keep your developers and your operations people happy. They do work together somehow. The open organization guide to IT culture change.  If you're not embracing the culture, you're not doing anything to help yourself. So this book, kind of like the SRE book, is a series of essays put together by various authors from the open org to help people with transitions into more open cultures. Lean Enterprise, this is not a weight loss book. This will actually teach you things about being faster in your organization. Give it a read. Beyond blame, who likes to be blamed when things break? I mean, I'm an ops guy. I break stuff all the time. I'll admit it. It's nice not to be blamed for it. So read the book. It'll teach you how to not to get blamed for stuff. This one is Earth Shatteringly Scary. It's done by Dr. Robert Cook. Basically, he talks about how complex systems fail. And you're the human. You're the problem. So address that. Search of certainty. The only things that are certain, death, taxes, and pager duty, you will get paged. This helps you deal with that. And like 15 seconds left on the clock, the upside of stress is if you teach yourself stress is good, you're going to be OK. And the art of war, if you're in business, chances are the business people you're around have read it. You should read it too. And last a quote from Andrew Clay Shaffer. Thank you very much.


Today being Diwali for those of you who are not familiar, Diwali essentially means festival of lights. Light is very important for us because our visual apparatus are made in such a way that without light we are quite helpless. If we were made like an owl, we wouldn't care for light. But we are made like this that without light we are helpless. So at this time of the year, towards the solstice, which is twenty-second of December, the planet gets positioned in such a way that particularly the northern hemisphere where we live, where at one time we believed that land exists only in the northern hemisphere. In the northern hemisphere the earth in position, in relationship with the sun is in such a way that everything slows down, life gets into a state of inertia. This is something that we have observed for a long time. India being one nation or culture where there is over twelve thousand years of agricultural history, probably the only place on the planet with over twelve thousand years where they've been ploughing the same land. So in this experience they noticed that during this time, from here onwards till fifteenth of January, a seed will not sprout at the same speed as it would in other times of the year. Not just because of sunlight, simply because of the gravitational forces, the way they work, the sun's gravity, how it works upon the planet brings a certain level of denseness and inertia to the entire northern hemisphere. So this is a time when our own system slows down, mind can feel a little low and depressed easily, people can go into more depressed states during this time than any other time. So normally you may be lighting, we're talking about a time when people were using oil lamps. Maybe you lit one or two lamps in the house for your practical reasons. So once this season comes, next one, one-and-a-half months or forty days plus, you light up the entire house. As many lamps as you can afford, you light it up because otherwise it becomes depressive. So the festival of lights has its origin in this understanding. There are also other aspects attached to it, historical events which happened at that time which are connected to the making of the festival. So if you're not living a cracker of a life, at least burst some crackers. So today being Diwali made this period of slowdown of life that normally happens on this planet lead to contemplation, meditation rather than depression. Slowdown is fine if it's a positive slowdown. Slowdown is bad if it's a compelled slowdown, controlled slowdown from elsewhere. But if we consciously slowdown and make use of it to recoup and rejuvenate ourselves, slowdown is fine. So may this period become a period of meditation, not of depression. It's wonderful that all of you are here today on a Diwali day.


Coming up on DTNS, Apple and Google face more App Store antitrust claims, Samsung wants your old Galaxy devices to have more purpose, and is the netbook dead or alive? This is the Daily Tech News for Thursday, April 22, 2021. From Studio Redwood, I'm Sarah Lane. From Lovely Cleveland, I'm Rich Trafalino. From Austin, Texas, I'm Justin Robert Young. I'm from Mexico City. This is Datten Campos. And I'm Roger Chang, the show's producer. So good to have Dan Campos on the show with us today, the host and producer of Noticius Day Technolohia Express. Dan, I hope I did the accent some sort of service just then. But yes, Dan has been working with us for some time now. We're so delighted to have him on DTNS. So thanks for being with us, Dan. It's a real pleasure. Thank you for the invitation. I'm sorry, Roger, for overstepping in there. It's okay. Hey, it's all, you know, it's okay. One love. One team. Before the show, Dan and Justin, who know a lot more about Lucha Libre than you might even ever imagine, were giving us a little bit of schooling, complete with masks. That's what you get for watching the video version of GDI. If you'd like that wider conversation and all the fun in our expanded show, Good Day Internet, do so by becoming a member, becoming a member at patreon.com. Let's start with a few tech things you should know. Dish plans to launch. A 5G network in Las Vegas in Q3 with the deal to run its entire network on AWS servers. Dish would be the first telco to run an entire network from a public cloud. Twitter users using iOS and Android can now tweet and view images in 4K. That's up from 2048 by 2048 resolution. Users will need to enable high quality images and high quality image uploads in settings to take advantage of the new resolution. Sony confirmed it's testing the PlayStation Plus video pass in Poland, a limited streaming service for existing PlayStation Plus subscribers. Users currently have access to 15 movies and 6 TV series and Sony says it's committed to rotating content every three months, although they cautioned that they were only committed to testing the service in Poland for a year. Windows 10 Insider preview build 21364 features the first preview of GUI support for the Windows subsystem for Linux. A feature first announced at Microsoft's build 2020 conference. This will include support for audio and 3D acceleration and full integration with the start menu, task bar, and shortcuts like Alt-Tab. And the US Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the Federal Trade Commission does not have the power to demand monetary restitution from companies engaged in deceptive practices, ruling section 13B of the Federal Trade Commission Act gives the FTC the power to grant injunctive, not monetary relief. In the decision, Justice Stephen Breyer wrote that the FTC retains its other mechanisms for consumer restitution and suggested the FTC ask Congress for further remedial authority if it believes its current authority is inadequate. All right, Justin. What happened at this subcommittee hearing on Wednesday, which is spilling over news into today? Well, I'm happy to ask Sarah. On Wednesday, a Senate Judiciary Subcommittee hearing called Antitrust Applied Examining Competition in App Stores focused on Apple and Google's control over their app stores and several companies weighed in. Bluetooth tracker maker Tile said Apple copied its products with AirTags. Tile also claimed that even though Apple opened up its Find My app to third parties earlier this month, it acts as a hostage program. As if a third party builds Find My support into a product, customers can't use the third party app to control the feature. Spotify repeated its complaint that Apple won't let Spotify tell its customers that they could pay less for Spotify outside the iOS app, from which Apple takes a 30% commission of sales, by the way. And Match Group testified that app store fees are the company's single largest expense, now paying nearly $500 million a year to Apple and Google. Meanwhile, representatives from Apple and Google defended their company's practices at the hearing, claiming they don't copy competitors and that the commissions that they take help fund the security of their app stores. But it's something that they're probably going to be hearing a lot more about because the federal and state lawmakers are holding hearings considering legislation to weaken Apple and Google's app store controls and the Justice Department is also investigating the issue. Don't forget, next month, Apple versus Epic Games trial begins with Epic accusing Apple of violating the law by forcing it to use Apple's payment system in the iPhone app. Oh boy. So, wow, where do I start? I feel like Tile has a pretty good argument here. Probably of Apple copying its product with AirTags. Now it's not as if a company has never created a clone of another product, whether it be software or hardware, a combination of both that works well. But it does seem somewhat antitrusty of Apple to say, yeah, we're going to create something that you do, Tile, but we're going to make it a lot easier for a customer who decides to use Tile rather than an AirTag to use Tile. Well, I think the biggest thing here and what we're going to see become a continuing point of contention is what happens when you run the store and you sell the products. Like, this is what Amazon, I think, is going to ultimately get dinged for with anti-competitive practices and for Apple and Google who both make hardware and both make apps that are meant to compete with other solutions that are offered within the app store, there is a fine line. I don't think that they are ever going to give up on those commissions, which is ultimately what I think a lot of people bristle at. It's not the fact that they don't like the fact that the app store is there. They depend on those app stores being there.  They love that. Their businesses are built on top of that. It's that 30%, 15%, those figures add up and they only add up more when you get more successful. And I think that is going to feed the Sturm and Drong from these companies because, quite frankly, they've got nothing else to lose. I think what's interesting about this is that we see, you know, a lot of these conversations, I think it's very specifically like Tile has a very unique case. And it's interesting that they were at the table literally just as AirTags was coming out, right, to just kind of prove this kind of writ large with the whole kind of find my network that's also launching, putting them in what I think is a fairly unique position of Apple seemingly engineering a feature. Yes, they're building out an SDK that people can build into, but also having a solution that's out there that's well-known in the marketplace, maybe certainly not successful in the way that most or a lot of Apple products are with that kind of market share. It seems unique as opposed to something like a software service where, yes, like Spotify has an argument that, yes, Apple doesn't pay the same commission to themselves. They're not subject to that kind of stuff themselves. I think Tile has a very specific case here that is fairly unique to them. But just into your point of the commission's kind of being the whole ball game, I think that is it's interesting that they're at the table to kind of maybe open that door to have, you know, these are very substantive conversations, right? This isn't the typical thing that we see for these kind of hearings where it's mostly about hitting your talking points. We're getting some pretty substantial stuff here. So I wonder if this will open the door for actual regulation. Dan, do you have any do you have any thoughts on whether or not Apple and Google are going to get a little slap on the wrist or if there's something bigger brewing here? Actually, well, the most important thing in here is that it will set a huge precedent for future cases in this occasion. And as you mentioned, Amazon has this kind of practices, too. And for you, if you are working in that store, in this case, in a digital store, well, you want to get to more people and obviously get more of the money going for you. So let's let's wait to see what comes from this. All right. Well, over the weekend, the Verges Nilei Patel published a look back at the netbook trend that dominated the laptop market from 2007 through 2011. Pretty interesting read. This was kicked off by the launch of the original ASUS EPC. I'm not sure if you remember that, but it ran a custom Linux distro and used a single core Intel Celeron processor with a seven inch screen that had some beefy bezels. This was then quickly iterated on by with a standard package from Intel and Microsoft with an Intel atom processor running Windows 7 starter edition. It was all kind of an integrated platform required a small mechanical hard drive and ASUS alone introduced at least 20 different EPC models in 2008 alone, kind of exploded on the various different skews from there until the peak kind of ended. The category did peak in 2009, accounting for 20 percent of laptop ship. Patel points out that though, while no one network had the right combination of price, portability and power, it seemed the idea of netbooks has won, despite the twenty eight tens, windtel platform kind of falling from favor. The iPad came out in 2010, the Chromebooks hit the market in 2011 and with that same kind of low cost portability appeal, while things like the MacBook Air and Intel's ultrabook specification showed the appeal of that small, thin and light form factor that basically every laptop maker is kind of doing now. So I guess, Sarah, I'll start with you. If netbooks themselves aren't a thing anymore, isn't everything also kind of a netbook? Well, sure. Now it's just a feature, not a standalone device. It's a netbook, but it's also lots of other things. I'm for anybody who's watching the video version. I've got an old, an old Dell netbook. I know. And that fun is even green. Pretty cool. This was something that I was a product review when I worked at, I guess it was G4, you know, many years ago.  And we would call this somewhat heavy by today's standards. But at the time it was like, oh, my gosh, this is extremely portable. And sure, it wasn't the most robust computer laptop that I could buy, not even close. But it was one of these things where it's like, oh, if you have internet, then there's a lot of stuff you can do without it becoming this big, complicated setup. And that was the promise of netbooks, right? It was like, oh, for a lot of people day to day, even if you have to do something that requires more processing power once in a while, a lot of people just want something like this at the ready. So sure, you would not call them an iPad, a netbook.  We all just assume that everything is internet connected. Well, also netbooks were cheap, right? And so it filled a need that people wanted, where they didn't want to buy a full laptop. They, the phones really were not there. Pre-app store, we were still on the edge network. It wasn't even 4G. So the idea of your phone being something that was robust enough even to connect to the internet was something that hadn't happened. But I think you're right. You can't call an iPad a netbook, but you can call an iPad a netbook killer because I do think that that's what happened when you were looking at taking that space, that sub-laptop price point, but making it functional enough for you to interact with email and a few social networks, a post-app store tablet experience, be it on an iPad or any of the other tablets that came out just kind of dominated where the netbooks initially had their day in the sun. I do think it's really interesting that that first EPC, it ran Linux, had a super low power processor, flash storage, looks a lot like like a real early Chromebook just didn't, you know, the software wasn't there. I mean, you could argue that the first Chromebooks are basically just re-skinned netbooks. But I think it's, yeah, an interesting idea. Like, again, like the end result is we want cheap. We want things to connect to the internet. Just the netbook package, I guess, wasn't there. Well, Samsung's Galaxy upcycling program's been around for a few years. You might have heard it. You might have participated in it. The company recently announced two new programs under that same umbrella. So for consumers, there's a Galaxy upcycling at home beta, which uses the lab feature of the SmartThings app to turn an old device you might have laying around, not using it into a light or a sound sensor, letting you get notifications and record when a sound is heard or perhaps talk with the lights on and off in a room could be pretty handy. The feature also optimizes the battery for low power usage. Earlier this month, the company also announced the program will use old smartphones as eye care devices in underserved communities. The phones will be attached to a handheld fundus camera, handheld fundus cameras called the I Like to take images of the rear of an eye and use on-device AI to make a diagnosis. Very cool. Yeah, it kind of takes something that I think all of us, I don't know of all of us, but I think a lot of us have, electronics, old iPads or old phones sitting around. And I know I've used mine to play white noise for my kids, like when they're falling asleep or use it as kind of a makeshift kitchen PC. And I like that Samsung isn't, I mean, it's great that they had this program already as kind of basically a, you know, a nice way to call a recycling program, but to actually like give people more functionality in their homes, very basic usage, what they're rolling out right now. What I would, what I would kind of like to see is, you know, no one talks about upcycling like a raspberry pie, because you can kind of do anything with it. And I realize that's like a, you know, that's a enthusiast device, but it would be nice, especially on older devices where there's not a lot of value there, maybe open up that, like provide a path to open up that hardware to really explore. Those are still incredibly powerful devices that just happen to not run Android great anymore. And one of the interesting things in here, I believe. Well, when you can repurpose an old phone, for example, or all the screen and old camera, it sounds great, but also we have to take into account the updating cycle that Samsung has, because internationally is not really good. So you can still have like at least six months to one year until you get an update to actually use some of these functions. But I love the fact that you can use, in this case, the cameras from old phones and perhaps do some medical revisions with that. That sounds great. That's, yeah, that is a great way to use old tech. Well, Dan, why don't you tell us a little bit more about a show they might want to listen to? Exactly what Dan said. In fact, I'll even say it again in English. Give us five minutes and we'll give you the most important news in the world of technology, or you get your money back. Listen to Technology Express News, which is available in Espanol. All right, the laptop, ODM and Apple supplier, Quanta, confirmed its servers were breached by operators of the Revol ransomware, saying the attack had no material impact on the company's business operations and refusing to pay a $50 million ransom. The operators, I guess not being discouraged, are now targeting Apple for the ransom, as Apple has recently announced iMacs and MacBook Airs, as well as images of an unreleased MacBook obtained in the breach and promising to publish new leaks daily until paid. Apple has not publicly commented. According to the schematic seen by Mac rumors, the current generation or the next generation MacBook includes an HDMI port, Thunderbolt port and SD card reader on the right side with two additional Thunderbolt ports and a MagSafe charging slot on the left, or what appears to be one. This largely corroborates previous reports from Analyst Ming-Chi Quo and Bloomberg's Mark Gurman sources. We kind of had this discussion before during GDI and kind of in the prep for this of, you know, this ransomware is out there. They can't possibly think that Apple is going to pony up for this, right? I mean, you hear all the advice of the advice is, don't pay the ransomware, right? I guess it seems like an odd move. I guess leakers really like this because we get some pictures a little early, despite the nefarious activity. But, you know, what's, I guess, what's the thought? Not this version of Apple. Maybe another version of Apple when secrecy and mystique was very much core to their brand would something be worked out. But who knows? I mean, I think the larger story here is a turns out Ming-Chi Quo and Mark Gurman. Congratulations. You are the part of the stars. But beyond that, it's the fact that we continue to see ransomware make its way into all facets of our society. This is a massive problem and it doesn't seem to matter what sector it infects. There is viable ransomware plays everywhere, including this. And we've seen that with the DOJ just this week announcing a specific task force to kind of coordinate better on this, link up nation state actors with kind of ransomware operators and just kind of provide better intelligence sharing just within different federal agencies, kind of identifying this as a major threat. And keep in mind, like an organization like Reval, they're a ransomware as a service provider. This is a service you can go on certain websites and you can pay for access. They have front ends and they will operate the whole thing for you and they actually take less than Apple. It seems like they take 20% to 30% in terms of ransomware. Ransom's taken. So this is a business for them. And according to them, they took in over 100 million in the past year. So clearly, even if Apple doesn't pay, pretty successful. That's a weird thing for a criminal conspiracy to be reporting their yearly, their annual earnings. A grain of salt should be taken. If you had just hired us, we wouldn't have done this to you, Apple and Quanta. It's totally ridiculous that Apple would be expected to pay any ransom companies not going to do that. Apple hasn't publicly commented.  Like, no, we're not doing that. I think Apple, as you mentioned, Justin, Apple has gotten used to the, you know, people aren't going to wait overnight in line for the new iPhone anymore. We're past that stage. You know, the no one knows what Apple's one more thing is going to be at their latest event. We're not doing that anymore. And so it's not as if the company wants these sorts of schematics to get out. I mean, this was definitely something that was stolen not was given away. But I don't, I don't think it really changes. You know, it's all supply chain stuff for the company, you know, they're going to announce something when they're ready to ship it and they think people are going to buy it. It's, it's, I don't think Reville is as powerful as, as they would like to think. But it does make a great advertisement when every tech site in the world is going to carry this near the top of their headline. I'm just saying that. Indeed. Yeah. Aspiring near-dwells, you know where to go. The most striking thing about this, this piece of news for me is that, okay. So next models are going to have ports for me. That was like really important because for portable devices from Mac, they usually have been reducing the ports and maybe this will take the hacking touch building to a next level. Yeah. You were fewer dongles. I have so many though. I've already, I've already come up with weird third party solutions. Apple's just going to give me everything.  By the way, before we move on the sources, they do keep coming. Mark German sources also say looking forward upcoming features for iOS 15 and iPad OS 15 include letting users set notification preferences based on their status like driving or working or sleeping and adding auto message reply options when in do not disturb or sleep mode with iPad OS getting more home screen widget support. Apple may also be working on expanding iMessage with more social integrations. Although these features are reportedly still in early stages. And that's something that Facebook should be biting their nails about. What about, what about a watch Justin? We got a watch. I'll tell you what as, as the time ticks down on this show, we can hope that our watch or our risks are adorned by the new garments that they just announced fitness focus venue to and the smaller venue to S smart watches with both models offering sleep scores based on monitoring REM sleep, ambient light, blood, blood oxidization and breathing as well as new activity profiles for high intensity training and a health snapshot mode to log, record and share health stats. Battery life is rated at 11 days with GPS on the venue to and 10 days, seven hours on the two S both are shipping now in Europe for 400 euros. Well, listen, I, I'm a GPS fan because I like to have that data recorded. I, I'm using a Fitbit not, not a Garmin product, but the exercise stuff is something I really do go back and look at those stats later. And without GPS, I'm not going to get a nice handy map, but boy 11 days, if you're not using GPS and just kind of using the smartwatch features is a really long time. That is great battery life.  But sorry, go ahead. Well, I was just going to say the sleep stats. You know, it was just yesterday, I think was Scott Johnson that we were talking about because Scott and I are both Fitbit people talking about, oh yeah, sleep data. It's so great. You learn so much about yourself. And I read this and I'm like, are we getting too much data on sleep? What is all this ambient light stuff?  I'm so glad that you brought that up because that to me is where we're watching the smart watch market kind of splinter. And specifically in terms of like, you know, the Apple Watch is something that has led the market for a long time, but it's not for people who really rely on sleep tracking because you got to charge the thing pretty much once a day. And a lot of these competitors that have multi-day battery life, you sacrifice some of the bells and whistles of what it's going to look like and how it's going to alert you to stuff, but you get what you want, which is the quantifiable self and trust me, nothing will motivate people more than sleep data because sleep is the bedrock of our entire existence. And if you can get sleep really easily, that is a great thing for you. For me, I can do without it, but I know my friends who cannot get to sleep very easily. They relish every little shred of data because it can hopefully get them to sleep better going forward.  And if so, what are you using? I am using a very old MyBand from Xiaomi. It is actually the Model 4. And I was looking actually to get something new. The Garmin is an excellent option. And I love the way that they have been expanding the battery capabilities, but if we look last week, the OnePlus Watch was released and it has battery for a couple of weeks. So they are having better battery time. And it is not just something that you have to charge every night. So I love that. Very cool. Well, something that Polaroid hopes you like is a new camera that they have. In fact, a new camera system. It is 2.4 inches tall, 3.3 inches wide and 4.1 inches long. It might not seem that small in the world of smartphones, but an instant photography positively minute. It is called the Polaroid Go. And it produces images that are 1.8 inches square. It is a lot smaller. The standard Polaroid is like 3.2 inches square. It is also about 20 percent smaller, just for some context, from something like the Instax Mini. It is basically as wide and just a square instead of a rectangle. It comes with a rechargeable 750 milliamp hour battery, selfie mirror, timer and supports double exposures. All the bells and whistles you could hope for an instant camera. Available April 27th for $99.99. Sarah, you are picking up a go and starting to snap. Well, I don't know. I have got an old Polaroid around where I'm a big nostalgic fan of all things Polaroid. The selfie mirror is pretty clever. You still just got the one camera, but at least you can see what you kind of look like before you pull the trigger. And it's not too expensive. Fun party trick, right? Rich, I know you're a Polaroid fan, so is this something that... I was just using my SX-70, yes. But here's the thing. They're going after Instax. Polaroid, this will be a money maker. Instax makes an insane amount of money for Fuji. Like, compared to their digital cameras, it's like five times the revenue. I was just looking at their revenue figures. Comes from Instax specifically, whether it's film or the cameras or the printers that they have for it. I think Polaroid definitely wants to get in on that market and it proves they've had some manufacturing issues and literally figuring out the chemistry since the company came back from the dead. So it seems like they're confident enough that they can do this at scale in any kind of goodness there. All right, Rich, let's check out the mailbag. Yeah, all right. Well, another Dan weighed in on the new Apple TV remote design. I'm assuming it's not Dan on the show. Correct me if I'm wrong, Dan. This Dan says, I'm afraid the new design may only fix part of the problem with Apple TV, speaking of the remote.  Home screen or menu screen. I can never figure out which is which or where I want to be. I also get frustrated that we can't see what we're playing. For example, if I'm watching a bunch of the morning show episodes and I want to see which one is currently playing, if I see an actor and want to know their name, I can't figure out a way. Or if there is a way to see if that info or if they see that info is out there about what's currently playing. And if there's no way, then I'm shocked that Apple left out something so simple. You know, Dan, I wonder if you are doing the swipe down off of the screen because that will give you a lot of information about what's currently playing. It's not as seamless as it should be. I would like it to, you know, you pause, right?  Really all you get at this point is how many minutes are left for, you know, if you're in the middle of a show or a movie.  Like that minimalist approach will always define it. And I do agree with you, Sarah. I think that there should be an easier, more intuitive way to do it. And I think Apple really leaned into gestures and stuff like that with the old remote in a way that frustrated those who could not master it. Yeah. But Dan, you may say, no, the swipe down from the top isn't what I'm looking for. And that is valid. But if for any reason you're not doing that, pause, do a little swipe down, and then you get all sorts of stuff. I occasionally have to drop down my resolution of something just, I've got some sort of a weird file, you know, on Plex or whatever. So I'm in those menus all the time. So maybe I'm just used to it, but it is kind of clunky. So that would be where you set your closed captioning and stuff like that as well. Exactly. Yeah, yeah. Kind of just, it's just sort of the settings when you're in the middle of something. Hey, shout out to patrons at our master and grandmaster levels. Today they include Tim Deputy, Linnell Lane, who may or may not be related to me, but I think you know the answer to that, and Dr. X-17. Also thanks to our brand new boss, Nicholas Spiker. Just started backing us on Patreon. Thank you, Nicholas. You are our new boss. And of course, thank you to Justin Robert Young. He's in the fantastic new studio. Justin, where could people find more of your great stuff? Well, you can get my political podcast, Politics, Politics, Politics, and I think DTNS listeners are going to love our episode that will come out on Friday where we discuss the politics of space. Yes, SpaceX, Blue Origin, the United Launch Alliance, the incoming NASA chief, former Senator Bill Nelson, all dissected and explained for you on Politics, Politics, Politics, wherever you find your podcast. And also a big thank you to Dan Campos for being on the show for the first time. Dan, I've been... Oh, Dan's been on the show before. Oh, has he? Okay, never mind. The first time with me, Sarah, I left the ellipses in there. Sorry, you're right. Thank you for correcting that. But Dan, where could people... What are you working on and where can people check you out? The easiest way is to look for Noticias, the Technology Express, that you can find. It's a weekly podcast in Spanish where you can not only learn about the most important events, the most important news in the tech world, but also learn Spanish. And from time to time, I actually come here to the show with this kind of video extracts that you can get where you learn the world of the day. So they will keep coming. Excellent. Thanks, Dan. And thanks, Justin, for being here. We are live Monday through Friday for 30 p.m. Eastern. That's 2030 UTC. If you could join us live, please do so dailytechnewshow.com. You can find out more information. And we'll be back here doing it all again with Patrick Boden and Glenn Peralta. Talk to you then. This show is part of the Frog Pants Network. Frog Pants Network. Get more shows like this at frogpants.com. The Diamond Club hopes you have enjoyed this program.


We had started discussing the concept of four vectors and in our last lecture, we started talking about the velocity four vector. We realized that if you take the first three components of standard velocity vector which we call as ux, ui and uz, these do not form the first three components of velocity four vector. The reason for that is that in order to evaluate velocity, we have to divide the displacement by time or other time interval. Now, though the displacement does form components of the four vector, the time does not because delta t is a frame dependent quantity. So, we agreed that in order that we want to construct a velocity four vector, we should not divide by delta t, but should divide by delta tau the proper time interval between the displacement between the two events of the displacement of the particle. Once we do that, then the standard values of velocity components ux, ui, un and uz get multiplied by gamma u. They form the first three components of velocity four vector. And then we also took one example and showed that how to construct a velocity four vector and also showed that once the same particle is looked by another observer in a different frame, then how this velocity four vector will transform using the standard transformation equation. So, this is the recapitulation of what we had done. We described velocity four vector, then eventually we also derived velocity transformation using velocity four vector. And as I have mentioned, then we gave an example. Let us recall that our idea, the way we started looking about the four vectors was eventually to define a momentum four vector. So, now, let us start looking at a new definition of momentum. We have talked about displacement, then we talked about the velocity, then let us talk about the momentum. So, we now start talking about the momentum four vector and try to see the way we have to look for a new definition of momentum. Now, in order that we look into a new definition of momentum, I have to multiply this particular thing by something which has a dimension of mass or we have to multiply a velocity four vector with something which has a dimension of mass. And this particular mass should be frame independent. We do not normally bother about in the classical mechanics about mass which we always take this to be frame independent. But let us be specific and in order to convert from velocity four vector to momentum four vector, let us define another quantity which we call as a rest mass of the particle. So, in view of the fact that there is some universality associated with the concept of four vectors, the idea is that if we define, we define this particular four vector from the momentum point of view, then it would be easier to see that its conservation is obeyed universally, it means in all the rational frame of reference. So, as I said, let us define a proper or what we call as a rest mass which we call as M naught. And to be specific, let us say that this mass is the mass of the particle which is determined in a frame of reference in which this particle is at rest. So, that is the reason popularly this is always called rest mass of the particle. And because this is something which is always measured in a frame in which the particle is at rest, this is a four scalar. So, even if I change, go to different frame of reference, M naught, the rest mass of the particle should not change or does not change. So, we define a four scalar which is a frame independent quantity called rest mass of the particle calling this as M naught. Once I multiply this M naught by the velocity four vector, I am expected to get something which has dimension of momentum and let us start calling that as momentum four vector. We will eventually see how to physically interpret and how to see that conservation of momentum becomes a universal principle. So, what I do?   This entire thing I have multiplied by M naught and called this as a momentum four vector. Again I repeat this M naught is supposed to be frame independent quantity called the rest mass or the proper mass of the particle. So, let us assume at the moment that the first three components of this particular momentum four vector the way we have defined are the new definitions of momentum. If we assume that let us see whether the conservation law really becomes universal because that is what is our idea. That is what we are aiming at that the conservation of momentum principle becomes a universal principle. It means if it is obeyed in one frame of reference it must be obeyed in all other frames of references. So, let us try to look whether this definition can yield me that particular universality. Before we do that let us write these components.  I have multiplied this by M naught.  As we had agreed that the first three components of this are the first three components of momentum, the new definition of momentum as per special theory of relativity. It would mean that I would call this quantity here S p x which is the x component of the momentum. This quantity I will call S p y, this quantity I will call S p z and this fourth quantity at the moment we have to find out what it is. Let us suppose this fourth component I am just writing this as A 4. We will look at this particular A 4 little more clearly in the later part of this particular lecture.  These three I will call as the x, y and z components of the momentum of the particle. So, if we assume this particular thing let us see whether conservation of momentum would be universally accepted phenomenon. It means all the observers in all different frames will find the conservation of momentum law to be holding with these new definitions of momentum. What is conservation of momentum? The conservation of momentum tells that if you have a system of particles and if they interact and if there is no external force on the system of the particle. In fact, we differentiate between internal forces and the external forces. So, if we have a system of n particles and each are interactive with each other and therefore, each is influencing applying a force on other particle. So, long the force is being applied on a particle by another particle of the system that particular force I will call as an internal force. But any force which is being applied on any of the particle by something which is not a part of the system we call that as an external force. So, if you have a large number of particles interacting something like gas molecule you have one particle here you have one particle here one particle here one particle here they keep on coming somewhat collides here something collides here this could be for example, that matter even charged particles. So, there could be electrostatic force between these two electrostatic force between these two between these these. So, they are all interacting, but if I call this as my system any force which is caused by particle within the system that is what we will call as internal force. But assume that this whole thing is kept under gravitational field and there is an earth here which is attracting all these particles and this earth is not a part of the system then that particular force will be external force to the system. So, conservation law conservation of momentum law says that if external force is zero then the net vector momentum of all the particles must always remain constant that is what is called conservation momentum momentum will be conserved. So, if no external force exist on the system then the total momentum the vector sum of all the moment momentum of all the particles must remain identical it should not change. So, this is what I have shown in this particular picture in which I have shown only two particles. So, let us suppose this is one particle there is another particle these two particles interact and in this particular case I have assumed that they just collide collision is actually one of the form of interactions. So, once they collide this particular particles velocity may change which I have not shown it is not important for our argument here. Similarly, the velocity of this particular particle is also likely to change after the collision we have normally seen the collisions of particles collisions of billiard balls. So, many collisions these are very natural things collision is a very standard classical mechanic phenomenon. Now, what conservation of momentum would mean that if I take the initial momentum of the first particle which I am writing as p 1 i and the initial momentum of the second particle which I am writing as p 2 i even though their momentum would change after collision I must have p 1 f if p 1 f is the final momentum of the first particle plus p 2 f where p 2 f is the final momentum of the second particle because there is no external force to the system therefore momentum must be conserved therefore according to conservation of momentum law this initial momentum must be equal to the final momentum. Now, what is our requirement? Our requirement is that if the same collision is being seen by some other observer in some different frame he may find different value of initial momentum of the two particles but whatever he finds he or she finds immediately after the collision the final momentum in his frame or her frame should also be the same. So, though they may disagree on the value of the momentum like they disagree on the value of the velocity but they should not disagree on conservation of momentum initial momentum must be final momentum whatever is that value of initial momentum may be that is what is conservation of momentum and that is what I wanted. To happen with this new definition of momentum we have realized earlier that if we just use Lorentz transformation and do not change any other definition of momentum then this will not be the case we had given an example earlier. So, this is what I have written here. Universality of conservation of momentum implies that in any other frame even though individual momentum may be different but still we must have p 1 i in fact I have put a prime here to show that this is a different frame plus p 2 i prime this could be different from p 1 i could be different from p 2 i because they are primed. So, the momentum individual momentum value may be different in different frame in fact even this sum may be different in different frame but whatever might be this value immediately after the collision that particular observer sitting in this particular frame of reference must also conclude that the final momentum of the first particle plus final momentum of the second particle must be equal to the initial momentum of the first particle plus initial momentum of the second particle. This is what he should also conclude he or she should also conclude that conservation of momentum is valid in his or her frame also. Now as per new definition of momentum in fact we have given a definition of new definition of momentum and we want to see whether this obeys this universality condition. Then as per the new definition of the momentum the first three components of the vector four vector r x y and z component of momentum vector that is what we have discussed. Hence the sum of the three components of individual momentum would transform as follows and now I make it general instead of talking two particles I talk of n particles. And remember when I am talking of conservation of momentum as a vector quantity it means all the individual x y and z components must also be conserved. A vector does not necessarily mean that its only magnitude should be same it also means its direction should be same. It means its x y and z components individually must be conserved. So even the summation of x value of momentum summation of y component of momentum summation of z component of momentum should also conserved. Now let us look at the transformation equation because we have started with the four vector momentum concept. Let us see whether this universality of conservation law will hold good with this new definition of momentum or not. So this looks a somewhat a complicated equation on this transparency but let us try to spend a little bit of time to understand it. So I have assumed that my first three components of the momentum are p x p y and p z component utilizing the new definition of momentum. Now I assume that they are n particles and initially at a time when I start observing I find that the x component of the first particle is p x 1 of the second particle is p x 2 for the third particle is p x 3 and this i signifies that these are the initial values at the time when you started looking at the observation. So if I take for all the n particles I have to sum at all those values so I will get summation of k over 1 to n p x k i where k would vary from 1 to n because they are n particles. So this will give me the sum of the x component of momentum for all the particles. Similarly this will give me the sum of the y component of the momentum of all the particle. This will give me the sum of the z component of all the particles, z component of momentum of all the particles. A4 as of now I do not know what it is. So I will just say A4 k i of course I know the value of A4 in terms of gamma u I am not I c that is a different question but the physical as of now we do not know what does physically it represent and what is its role as far as conservation of momentum is concerned. Now we had earlier agreed that if p x, p y, p z and A4 are the components of a four vector if I take two four vector and add them they will also be the components of the four vector. It means these summations must also transform by the same transformation equation that we have written earlier. It means if I go to a different frame of reference which I call as s frame of reference look again at all those particles and find that in s frame of reference the summation of x component of momentum is given by this y by this z by this and A4 by this then if I open up this equation that should give me this value sum of the x component of the momentum in s frame of reference in terms of this particular initial values of some momentum in s frame of reference. This is the transformation equation which is has to be used to transform the initial value of momentum to the initial value of momentum in s frame of reference using the transformation equation. Let me just expand this matrix it is rather easy to expand we have done some examples earlier so let us not spend too much of time here what I will do here I will just expand this particular thing here this should be equal to gamma times this particular expression plus 0 times this plus 0 times this plus i beta gamma times this this is equal to this as we have seen it earlier number of times this is equal to this again as we have seen number of times now as far as the fourth component is concerned this will be minus i beta gamma times this plus 0 times this plus 0 times this plus gamma times this. So, I am just expanding it in the next transparency to write these things into four different equations this is what it is. So, some of the x component of the momentum of all the particles in s frame of reference would be given by this particular expression which is here summation of k from 1 to n p prime because this s frame of reference x k i k varies from 1 to n should be equal to gamma times whatever was the value of this corresponding quantity in s frame of reference plus i beta gamma times summation of k is equal to 1 to n a 4 k i whatever this a 4 b these were state forward equation now we also see the transformation of a 4 prime this is equal to minus i beta gamma times the first component plus gamma times the fourth component. So, these are the equations that we get after expanding that particular matrix or expanding that particular matrix equation. Now, as far as these two things are concerned these are straightforward let us look little more closely at this what is conservation momentum imply that in s frame of let us assume that in s frame the momentum is conserved. If s frame the momentum is conserved it means after the interaction you know they are all colliding with each other hitting each other and after some time you will find that the individual value of momentum of all of them have changed, but because there is no external force to the system which we are assuming then the sum of the final value of the momentum the x component must be same as the initial value similarly for y similarly for z. Now, I want this conservation I assume that this conservation law is holding good in s frame now I want that when I transform these things to s frame of reference there also the conservation of momentum must be holding good. So, this is given to me that this is equal to this the initial value is equal to final value which will be the case if there is no external force to the system similarly this is equal to this this is equal to this and I want to have a case where in s frame of reference also equivalent equations hold good with p b replaced by p prime. Now, out of this as I have said x equation is much more this is what we have written as we want that this also to be true in a different frame we must have p prime x i should be equal to p prime should be p prime should be equal to p prime y component p prime z component should be equal to p prime z component this is what I have been saying. Let us look at the first equation which is much more critical because for the y components they are equal anyway. So, this is the first equation which I have picked up from the transformation equation which tells me what is the sum of the x component of the momentum in s frame frame of reference where I transform this when I know these values how they will transform to s frame frame of reference and as we can see very easily that this summation would be equal to gamma times this summation plus i beta gamma times summation of this a 4 whatever this a 4 b. Now, we have said that after collision or after interaction the particles have all collided with each other and after some time we are observing then conservation of momentum is obeyed good in s frame it means the final value must be the same as this particular value. So, once interaction has taken place I have been given that this remains unchanged after collision this does not change after multiple collision there could be multiple collisions with individual particles but this does not change. Now, using this particular value I have obtained that this will be the value of the sum of the momentum in s frame of reference and I want that after the interaction because this has not changed this should also not be changed but I realize that this quantity does not solely depend on this but it also depends on a 4. If it so happens that after interaction this does not change this summation does not change but this summation changes then I will not be assured of conservation of x component because p prime would then change summation of p prime would change it means after the interaction the value of p prime x summation of x component of p prime would be different from the initial value and that is what we do not want it means if I want that this particular conservation should be holding on in s frame of reference I must look much more carefully at this particular value here. If this value also does not change after the interaction then only it is possible that this particular value will also not change after the interaction hence it is extremely critical to know what is this particular a 4 component and only if this particular a 4 component is conserved then only I am guaranteed that the momentum will be conserved in all other frames. So, we thus realize that the universality of conservation of momentum critically depends on the conservation of the fourth component of 4 vector. Now, if we go back to our thinking of our classical mechanics we have two specific conservation laws one is what is called conservation of momentum another is conservation of energy. However, in classical mechanics we have come across situations where what we call as mechanical energy need not be conserved. We have given an earlier example of completely inelastic collision where two particles come and hit each other and then they get stuck. We find in such a situation that mechanical energy is not conserved but momentum is conserved because there is no external force in the system. So, internal forces do cancel out and therefore, there is no there is definitely a conservation of momentum though not of energy. So, once we realize that in this particular case in the new definition in the relativity conservation of momentum critically depends on the conservation of the fourth component. Let us think whether this particular fourth component can be thought of somehow related to another important quantity which is called energy. This was my fourth component A4 was equal to m naught gamma u Ic. So, let us try to look whether this fourth component can be related to energy. That is what was the main role of Einstein to realize this particular component as the fourth component of course, historically that may not be the case of the concept of four vector probably came much later. Einstein had a different probably way of looking into this new definition of energy but now we can talk in this particular term. See energy must have dimension of energy obviously and we will realize that mass into velocity square is the definition is the dimension of energy. So, I write this A4 as m naught gamma u Ic then write E is equal to mc square because that will give me the dimension of energy. If I write this E is equal to mc square divide by c where m of course is defined as m naught gamma u then I can write the fourth component A4 as IE by c. Let me just take little bit of time to explain once more. So, I had A4 which I wrote as m naught gamma u Ic.  Now, I want to call E is equal to mc square because that has the dimension of energy. So, I multiply this by c and divide this by c. So, this becomes I mc square by c and with this new definition this becomes IE by c. So, my fourth component now becomes related to the energy of the particle and is written as IE by c. Remember, we have used E is equal to mc square and m as m naught times gamma u. Remember, it is m naught which is a four scalar not this m because this m is m naught multiplied by gamma u and gamma u will be different in different frames because this depends on the speed of the particle and speed is indeed a frame dependent quantity. And as we have all known that this concept of new definition of energy E is equal to mc square is so popular that people know, people may not know physics, but they know E is equal to mc square. This has created huge impact on society just by the name of Einstein E is equal. We always associate with Einstein E is equal to mc square. It had a huge impact. So, what we said let us repeat now the conservation of momentum will be valid in all frames if energy E the way we have now defined is also conserved in the process. So, you must have both momentum and energy conservation unlike the case in classical mechanics where there are certain phenomenon in which we were not conserving the energy and in certain phenomena we were conserving energy. In fact strictly speaking in those phenomenon also the energy is conserved. Energy is not lost, but it is converted from the standard mechanical energy to some different form of energy, but strictly speaking the energy is not lost. It is always conserved, but now in relativity whether the type of collision is the one which we described earlier where the two particles come and get stuck to each other or whether it is what we traditionally called elastic collision. In all these cases we will conserve both energy and momentum if we want them to be universal phenomena. Now, we also see let us look at the fourth component of the transformation. The fourth component now I have replaced that gamma um with E prime. So, we have new definition of energy here. So, this is the transformation of the fourth component minus i beta gamma times the first component plus gamma times the fourth component. Now, if this is conserved this is conserved this automatically means this is also conserved. So, this ensures that even if energy that even energy E would be conserved in all frames if energy and momentum are conserved in a given frame. So, if momentum is conserved I need energy to be conserved if this momentum conservation has to be universal law, but it also assures that momentum and energy are conserved in one frame of a phrase both momentum and energy will be conserved in any other frame. Now, let us look at this particular energy what is this energy? See, we always think that we have always been telling that if you go to the non-relativistic limit it means if your particle speed is very small in comparison to speed of light then you must get back your classical mechanics that is what we always been telling. So, if my U was 0 for example, my gamma U will be equal to 1 the momentum because U is 0 here will be 0, but this energy will not be 0 because this becomes 1 this will be just m naught c square. Similarly, in the limit let us assume that U is not 0, but very small in comparison to speed of light. So, in the limit U being much smaller than c, gamma U will again 10 to 1 which means p naught will be approximately equal to m naught gamma m naught U because gamma U is more or less close to 1 which gives me back my classical definition of momentum which is mass multiplied by the speed or mass sorry mass multiplied by the velocity but my E will still remain m naught c square. So, we do not have a really classical analog of this particular energy, we had never thought that this if a particle is at rest when you have speed equal to 0 still the particle will have some energy. The classical mechanics we had not thought this is a totally new revolutionary concept of energy where we say that even if there is a particle which is at rest this particular particle has a rest mass energy that is what we call a rest mass energy of m naught c square. Now, the concept of energy is little more general in the eye of Einstein or in the eye of special theory of relativity it contains all the form of energy. If the particle gains speed its energy increases. So, this will be on the top of m naught c square. Similarly, if the particle becomes hot means it is gaining some energy its mass should increase its m naught should increase. So, it contains information about the entire energy of the system whatever might be the energy. For example, if you have two particles and these two particles have their own rest mass energies and they get bound then when they get bound certain amount of energy is released and that release of energy would eventually lead to a decrease in its rest mass because as far as relativity is concerned there is no difference between mass and energy because the two are related by a fundamental constant c square. So, a mass of the particle a rest mass of the particle particle will tell the entire energy contained in it. If you are talking for example, the rest mass of hydrogen atom the rest mass of hydrogen atom will be slightly smaller than the sum of the rest masses of proton and electron because in order to form a hydrogen atom certain amount of energy has been released and therefore the mass must have come down. Similarly, if I take hydrogen atom and release it so that we give it certain amount of energy so hydrogen so that the electron and the proton become separate then we will find that the masses of electron and proton where sum would be slightly larger than the mass of the hydrogen atom and that increase will be just related to the binding energy of the hydrogen atom. So, this is what I have written this new form of energy does not resemble any classically known form of energy it is entirely a new concept of energy. Energy gain in different form would lead to an increase in the mass. So, if we take one particular particle in principle in principle heat it then its mass should go up. Mass can be expressed in the unit of units of energy as the two are related through a fundamental constant. In fact, it is often told many of the physicists especially those who are working in the particle physics area they will always express mass in the units of energy. What is the mass of electron its 0.51 MeV. See MeV mega electron volt is the unit of energy but one says the mass is equal to energy. Similarly, what is the mass of the proton is approximately 940 MeV. Again we are expressing mass in terms of energy effectively means it is the value of m naught c square which is equal to that energy. So, there is no difference in relativity in the mass and energy because the two are related by of course, they are dimensionally different. No doubt they are different dimensionally but as far as the relationship is concerned they are related by a fundamental constant speed of light square. Now, let us talk of kinetic energy. This is something which we know in classical mechanics. So, let us define kinetic energy with this new definition of energy. As we have seen that a particle at rest also has energy which we call as rest mass energy. Now, if this particle particle has started moving then its energy would have gone up then whatever is the increase in the energy that is what we call as kinetic energy. See, if the particular particle has started moving then the energy will be given by gamma u m naught c square. When the particle was at rest this gamma u was equal to 1 and the energy was m naught c square. Once the particle has picked up certain speed the value of gamma u has gone up whatever might be the slight value but it has gone up and therefore, this energy e has increased. Whatever this increase in the energy e this was the final energy, this was the initial energy. This is what we will call kinetic energy as e 2 minus e 1 is equal to gamma u minus 1 m naught c square. We can also write because this is what we have defined as m. So, I can also call this as m c square minus m naught c square. So, kinetic energy in relativity is defined as either gamma u minus 1 m naught c square or as m c square minus m naught c square. We will just now show that this kinetic energy which will reduce to the traditional definition of kinetic energy in the limit of low speeds or low values of u. Let us see how. I have written gamma sorry k as m naught c square and this was the value of gamma u, gamma u is 1 upon under root 1 minus u square by c square. So, this is the value of m c square minus m naught c square. So, I take this particular quantity numerator. If I take this particular quantity numerator, I can write this as m naught c square multiplied by 1 minus u square by c square which is here to the power of minus half. This term remains identical which is minus m naught c square. Now, this particular thing because in the limit u is very small in comparison to c. This can be expanded into a series and you can retain just the first term and neglect higher order terms because u is very small in comparison to c. So, when I expand here, I will get this quantity multiplied by here because there is a minus half. So, this will become plus half. So, this will become approximately m naught c square multiplied by 1 plus. This sign becomes plus because of this negative sign here and there is a half. So, this becomes 1 plus u square by 2 c square under the limit that u is very small in comparison to c. This minus m naught c square is a kinetic energy. If you expand this, you are getting this m naught c square. This will cancel with this m naught c square. This c square in the second term would cancel with this c square and then you will just get half m naught u square which is the standard classical definition of kinetic energy. So, this new value, this new definition of kinetic energy does yield me to the classical expression in the classical limit. That is what we had expected. But let us realize that the e which we now call as total energy or to be more precise, total relativistic energy that does not have classical analog. That will not reduce to half m u square when the speed of particle is low. It is the kinetic energy which will reduce to half m naught u square. So, we should be differentiating the kinetic energy and the total relativistic energy. And remember, it is the total relativistic energy which must be conserved in a process along with the momentum. So, these are the new definitions just to summarize. p is equal to m u, e is equal to m c square, k is equal to m c square minus m naught c square. And m is defined as m naught divided by under root 1 minus u square by c square. Now, looking at these new definitions, let me rewrite my momentum energy four vector. We had earlier agreed that the first three components are p x, p y and p z. We have also discussed that the fourth component is i, e by c. So, what it means that if I find a particular particle in a frame of reference with the new definition of momentum and energy, its value of momentum or x component of momentum is p x, y component of momentum is p y, z component of momentum is p z and its energy is e, then these four components will transform to a different frame of reference as prime frame of reference. It means the new values in a different frame, the values of the x component of the momentum, y component of the momentum, z component of the momentum and the energy would be given by the same transformation equation, which we have used earlier. In fact, because it involves both momentum and energy, we generally call this as momentum energy four vector, not just the momentum four vector. So, if I have to transform the momentum, then all I have to do is to expand this particular matrix. So, I can find out that p x prime, for example, here p x prime will be equal to gamma times p x plus i beta gamma times i e by c, p y prime of course will be p y, p z prime will of course be equal to p z and i e prime by c will be equal to minus i beta gamma times p x plus gamma times i e by c. If I just make them just simplify this equation, this becomes my momentum energy transformation. So, p x prime would be given by gamma times p x minus v e by c square, p y prime becomes equal to p y, p z prime becomes equal to p z and e prime becomes gamma e minus v p x. Probably one would have noticed the symmetry, the arguments symmetry in these transformation equations. See, this type of equation x minus v t was appearing for x component. Here it now appears for the fourth component, which is the energy in the momentum, which was the first component. This equation is gamma p x minus v e by c square. Similar type of equation was for t, t prime was turning out to be equal to gamma t minus v x by c square. It is just to remember, but we realize their thing, which was the fourth component was totally different. Here the fourth component is i e by c. So, that makes a difference. There it was i c t. Here it is i e by c. So, that makes this particular difference. Now, let us look at the length of its energy momentum four vector for a single particle. See, in principle, we can write this particular momentum four vector for a set of n particles. We can add all these momentum. We will work out one or two examples for this particular case later, not in this lecture, but some of the later lectures. But at the moment, let us just assume that there is one single particle. And if it is so, then the length of this particular particle should be a four scalar. It means, even if I change my frame of reference, this should not change. It is true in principle for any four vector. Even if you would have written for the sum, the length should be frame independent quantity. But I am interested in looking at a specific expression, which eventually is obtained by obtaining the length of energy momentum four vector for a single particle. So, let us just evaluate the length of energy momentum four vector for just a single particle, which gives me one expression, which turns out to be a very useful expression for solving the problems. So, if I have to look at the length, what I have to do? I have to take the momentum four vector and take a dot product with its own. This will give me the square of the length of the energy momentum four vector. So, let us evaluate this p dot p, which I am doing in the next transparency. So, this was my p dot p. Remember, the first three components of p are px, py, pz and the fourth component was i, e, yc. Now, if I have to take a dot product, it means we take with its own self. So, I write the same vector, the component wise as i, e, yc. I take the dot product, it means this multiplied by this plus this multiplied by this plus this multiplied by this plus this multiplied by this. That is the way we have defined the dot product between two four vectors. So, if I multiply this by this, I get px square. So, this will turn out to be px square plus py square plus pz square because I have to add all these three. So, this multiplied by this plus this multiplied by this plus this multiplied by this plus this multiplied by this. This gives with px square plus py square plus pz square. When I multiply the two, i square will give me minus 1. So, this will be px square plus p y square plus pz square minus e square by c square. So, this is what I have written here, p dot p is equal to p square minus e square by c square. Now, we have already seen that the value of p is related to m naught gamma u u.  So, this becomes m naught square gamma u square u square and as far as e is concerned, this was also mc square and m was m naught gamma u. So, this becomes m naught square gamma u square c square. I can take this m naught square gamma u square out, common. So, this becomes m naught gamma u square. This becomes equal to u square minus c square. Now, you can very easily see that if I write this gamma u square and expand it, this will be 1 upon undone 1 minus u square by c square. If you just simplify this equation, which we have in one of the cases earlier, this will just become minus c square and this is minus m naught square c square, which indeed is a four scalar, because m naught we had defined as a four scalar. See, I know it is constant in all the frame of reference. So, the length of the four vector is indeed unchanged when I change my frame of reference. But this particular equation gives me something which is interesting. It tells me that for a single particle, p square minus e square by c square must be equal to minus m naught square c to the power 4. This is what I have written. This is obviously same for all the frames. This leads to the following useful relationship. e square is equal to p square c square plus m naught square c to the power 4. Let us just look it here. This was p square. So, what I take? I multiply by c square. Let me write it here. p square minus e square by c square is equal to minus m naught square c square. So, if I multiply the whole thing by c square, p square c square minus e square is equal to minus m naught, sorry there was m naught square here, m naught square c to the power 4. I take this on this side, this on this side. So, this becomes e square is equal to p square c square plus m naught square c to the power 4. This is a very useful equation, because this gives you relationship between energy and momentum. So, if I know the energy of the particle, I can find out what is the momentum of the particle. If I know the momentum of the particle, I can find out what is the energy of this particle. Hence, this particular equation is useful, because it gives me a relationship between energy and momentum. So, this is what is the equation, which we normally use in many of the equations requiring interaction of various particles giving me e square is equal to p square c square plus m naught square c to the power 4. Similarly, I can find out a relationship between kinetic energy and momentum. The kinetic energy has no very special meaning in relativity, but many times now we talk in terms of kinetic energy. So, if you are interested in finding out a relationship between kinetic energy and momentum, that also I can do. So, this becomes p square c square is equal to e square minus m naught square c to the power 4. The same equation I have written in a slightly different fashion. And this energy e, I have written as k plus m naught c square, because we had defined k as m c square minus m naught c square and e was m c square. So, this I can write as k plus m naught square, m naught c square whole square minus m naught square c to the power 4. You just open this up, this becomes k square plus 2 k m naught c square plus m naught square c to the power 4. That m naught square c to the power 4 cancels with this. This equation comes out to be equal to k square plus 2 m naught c square k. So, this is the relationship between kinetic energy and the momentum. Let us just look at the classical limit of this particular equation. The classical limit of this particular equation I just take k out. So, p square c square becomes k multiplied by k plus 2 m naught c square. So, if k is very small in comparison to the rest mass energy of the particle, I can neglect k. And if I neglect k, then I get k is equal to p is the c square cancels here. I get k is equal to p square by 2 m naught, which is the standard energy momentum relationship in classical mechanics or rather kinetic energy momentum relationship in the classical mechanics. p square by 2 m gives me the kinetic energy. This also tells you one more thing. Often people ask, when should we be sure that we should apply special theory of relativity without unless we will make a big mistake. And when we need not apply because we are really in a classical limit, in case of if we are talking about velocities, we always say that gamma should be very close to 1. It means you must be talking much less than 0.1 c of that order. In terms of energy, this always tells so long the kinetic energy of the particle is much smaller in comparison to the rest mass of energy of the particle than I can apply classical mechanics. For example, if I am talking of hydrogen atom where the particle has the energy of the order of 13 electron volt, we realize that it is rest mass energy is half MeV. Then of course, I can apply classical mechanics. The last thing which I would like to describe in today's lecture is a totally new concept which comes out of relativity, which is the presence of a zero rest mass particle. In classical mechanics, we never can imagine a particle which has no mass. But in relativistic mechanics, we can imagine that the particle particle may have zero rest mass. m naught can be 0. Of course, if m naught is equal to 0, using these two expressions for energy and momentum, energy should be 0 and p should be 0 provided this particular quantity is not 0. And this quantity will be 0 only when u becomes equal to c. So, this gives you a possibility that even if m naught is equal to 0, e can be finite non-zero, p can be finite non-zero. But in that case, you must have u equal to c. It means that particular particle must travel with speed of light. So, relativity gives you a possibility of presence of a zero rest mass particle, but that particle must travel with the speed of light. And we know a typical example is light itself, photon is considered as a particle which moves obviously with the speed of light and has zero rest mass. So, this is what I have to say unless u is equal to c. In such cases of course, because rest mass energy is 0. So, total energy is equal to the kinetic energy is equal to p c, because e square is equal to p square c square plus m naught square c to the power 4. That m naught square c to the power 4 term does not exist. So, it just becomes e is equal to p c. So, finally, I will summarize whatever we have discussed. We define energy momentum 4 vector in this particular lecture. Then, ensure that energy momentum conservation becomes indeed universal. And finally, give a totally new concept of zero rest mass particle. Thank you.


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