Hi, hi Tom. Hi everyone. I'm glad to be here tonight. Yeah, I've already been pruning and it's hopefully going to be a great year in the orchard, we will see. And yeah, we're going to talk about apples tonight. I'm not going to tell you anything specifically really about diseases because I have to say we don't have any diseases in our apples at the research center, so I'm not really up on them. So we'll have to depend on someone else for our answers. Someone else like Tom Kolb. So this is where Carrington is, most of you will probably know. We are in the center area of North Dakota East Central. We're in some very nice property there, nice loam soil, not many rocks and not too salty, which is really nice. This is a picture of our orchard. The orchard area is an enclosed area. It's about six acres in total, but three acres are what the orchard encompasses. We've got lots of different stuff like Tom said. We've got grapes and plums and apples. Those were some of the early crops that were put in in 2006. And then the next year in 2007, we got a lot more things. Hascaps, currants, june berries. We have cherries, hardy cherries from Canada, hazelnuts, aronia berries. We've had a few elderberries over the years and pears. We put the pears in in 2015. They're kind of new for us, so we're seeing how they're doing. So this is our apple planting. They're spaced about 15 feet by 20 feet. All of our apples are standard-sized apples. I have to ask someone, does this text look weird? It looks smooshed on my screen. I'm not sure how it looks for you guys. Yeah, Kathy, it didn't convert quite right. Shoot. Well, I think we can read it. The most important part is the picture, I would say. So I would probably suggest the apple planting of a standard-sized tree, maybe being on that 20-foot by 20-foot spacing. We were trying to save a little room because we had some permanent trees that our director wanted to keep and I kind of had to get them fit in there. So some of them touch already, from side to side. They do touch, but a 20 by 20-foot would probably give you more room for them to grow. So we have the hazelnut apple, we have herald red, honey crisp, sweet 16, and zestar as our choices. We have 22 trees altogether. We have four trees each of five varieties. And then we have two extra honey crisps. The person who was buying them couldn't resist a few extra honey crisps. And I already said they're standard trees. And in this picture on the right, this is how they looked in 2006, just nice tiny little trees. Probably about two years old, maybe three years old when they came from the nursery. They were bare root. We really suggest a bare root tree, they will just do well in your landscape. They can put their own, their roots can find their own way in the soil and they'll be pretty happy. So I just want to comment on this, that all trees kind of, they have their own way of growing just like every different person does. This is a hazelnut tree and it's a natural semi-dwarf tree. And look at how it grows, it's kind of funny. It'll grow upward and then it grows and curves over, curves downward. You know, this was the most vigorous tree we had in the spring. And then about the fifth year, all of a sudden the leaders just started tipping over on this variety. So they kind of limited themselves and we've just been managing them ever since. And all of them kind of look like this. And then I want to show you the next extreme. Hazelnut is very nice to take care of because it doesn't get very tall. Here's the other extreme. This is Sweet 16. I see it makes me nuts. It looks so upright, it's growing. I might talk about that later, but it grows so vigorously and so upright. It's very, very hard to keep it under control. It doesn't want to produce a lot of fruit because vertical shoots don't like to produce fruit. It's the horizontal shoots that like to produce fruit. So yeah, some of these trees were 10 years old or 9 years old before they actually started to produce fruit. And I've heard this from several people who also have Sweet 16s, just people in North Dakota that their trees also took 10 years to bear fruit. So we can talk about how to fix that, I think. So the main portion of my work with the apples is really the pruning. I start pruning. I've already started pruning for the year, but I start pruning as soon as possible. I will start when there's still snow out. Like, the year this picture was taken, I think I just put my snow shoes on and went out there. Because you know, spring all of a sudden comes along quite quickly in North Dakota. It can be cold and then all of a sudden it's 65 or 70, especially when spring drags on like it is this year. So I start pruning as soon as I can stand out there on the snow and then as soon as the snow melts, then I'll bring out the ladder. So sometimes I prune these trees about, you know, about halfway from whatever I can reach on the ground and then later I'll bring the ladders out and prune the upper parts of them. And then I just wanted to show you that, you know, it doesn't always take a lot to keep the trees growing nicely. This is a herald red tree when it was probably maybe seven years old or so, five years old. On the left hand side is the unpruned condition and on the right hand side is the pruned condition.  So I wasn't pruning it really heavily, just mainly removing the branches that grow upward, the branches that go downward and things that point toward the middle. Just trying to let it, you know, keep on its path. Make sure it stays strong and get strong branches. So in the middle there, that's all the branches I took out of it that year. And, you know, if you really look between the two of them, you can see all those upright branches that I took out. So it was pretty easy that year. They've gotten a lot bigger now, but it's still pretty. So just to kind of get a little further into the pruning, just to help everybody, everybody's afraid to prune or they seem to be afraid to prune. And just want to remind you that the energy for a perennial plant is really in the roots of the plant. So whatever you cut off the top, then that energy is used in the remaining wood. So if you remove stuff that you don't think the plant should have, then the plant can be more vigorous. And I like to think of what Tom Kalb says when I'm pruning, and that is show them who's boss. That's my favorite saying, show them who's boss. It's nice. There's no arguing when you're out there. You can just do what you want with those apple trees. So on the left hand side of this picture, there's a pretty good diagram that I just found this year. You can see how the branch is coming out of that tree trunk. And there is quite the projection of it. That area is the branch collar where the tree suddenly comes down to the branch diameter. That's the collar. And in the middle of that picture, that's a proper cut. On the left hand side, you've left too much. On the right hand side, you've taken it off too far. You can see that that cut that's made, it's too wide. It's going to take more years to heal up, more chances for disease to get in there, for the tree to dry out. And that area, that raised area. So look on the right hand side where those arrows are pointing. That raised area is the branch collar. And that has cells and hormones to help heal up a wound. And it'll do it pretty quickly. And so if you don't wreck that branch collar, it can heal it up quite nicely. So every time you're caught, you're really, you're not cutting right to the original branch or the main branch. You're kind of going to leave a bit of a knob. It's just going to be maybe an eighth of an inch or so. But you're not cutting right to the branch or the trunk. You're cutting at the branch collar. So here's a picture of larger branches, of a larger branch. I'm using my saw on the left hand side. And you can see distinctly where the branch collar is and where the where the branch is, the side branch, the lateral branch. And let's see, will this, oh yeah, there it is. So if you leave, if you cut the, if you cut the branch far away from the main trunk, you're going to get a stub. And stubs are like the bane of my existence. Now that I know about them, I see them everywhere I go.  And, and they can just dry out. They don't heal properly. They could rot. They could let a rot go back down into like the main branch or the main trunk of your tree. It happens all the time. On the right hand side here, I just wanted to show you that little right hand picture is of a dogwood. So it doesn't have a branch collar. It's a shrub. It doesn't really have a branch collar where those side branches come out of the main area. But it is smart enough to know where it should have been pruned between the red wood and the gray wood. That is where the hormones were able to reach out and seal off that branch. So that is exactly that, that dividing line between the gray dead wood and the red live wood on there is the exact right place to have pruned that. So that is also a stub. It is, it's kind of dead and it's just not a good thing for your tree or your shrub. So no stubs. Don't let, don't let any stubs hang around in your, in your yard. After pruning, there's always training when trees are young. This is the best time to prune them. These were our trees in 2006. I made these little spacers out of the little stakes that we use out in the field. I just took them to our bandsaw that we have, and I cut little Vs in them. And I have to say, I didn't know at first exactly what I was doing. And I did cut those Vs in, but every time it was windy, then the stakes fell out of the tree, the spacers, they fell out of the tree. So then ever since then, I've been cutting them quite a bit deeper. This is almost like a piece of laugh, and I do use laugh when I do spacing on larger trees. And I cut that V quite deep. It's probably close to three inches deep. And then it can last all through a whole bunch of storms without falling out of the tree. So here's a picture of one of our pear trees. The pear trees grow very upright, and they do need a lot of spacing and a lot of help. And I have to say, I'm doing these more than I did those young apple trees. So hopefully they'll turn out all right. But my husband thinks they're artwork. Now that they're quite big, this is a couple years ago, now that they're quite big, I could maybe have 15 of those darn spacers in a tree. So pretty soon, I hope to be able to stop using those. All right. And then back to pruning, what is pruning good for? Mainly to let sunlight into your tree. It helps with the color of the apples. It can prevent funguses in your trees, in the leaves, and on the fruit. So, but I have just a couple examples here for the sunlight. This, I don't know if it's a zesar or a honeycrisp apple, but you can distinctly see that this leaf was against the apple all season long. And then see how the sunlight affects the color of your apples. In this picture, these are two honeycrisps. They're both exactly the same ripeness. They're both really nice. On the left hand side, this apple was growing on the interior of the tree, on the north side, I believe. And on the right hand side was an apple that was growing on the south side of the tree and the sun. But there, yeah, they're exactly the same ripeness. It's just the sunlight did not get to that on the left hand side. So it's just more yellow. And that is the appropriate background color for a honeycrisp. Their background color is yellow, and you can see that in your, in your tree. As you look around at the fruit, watching them, seeing how they're ripening, you can see that background color turning yellow eventually. So this shows the little sooty blotch or sooty mold that can get on apples. This happened this last year. Boy, we had a lot of rain here in Carrington after, after July. And I've never sprayed for sooty mold, but commercial orchards do.  You can rub it off. And so it's a little fungus that grows in the waxy coating of the fruit and it won't affect you. It can get so bad that the apple just looks kind of gray and terrible, but it won't hurt you and it won't hurt the fruit. But it's just not very good to look at. So the more air movement and less moisture you have inside the tree, then the less you'll see this. This is the most we've ever seen this past year. So we also do work with thinning our apples. This helps the apples to get big. It prevents little insects from feeding on them or from moisture sticking between the fruits and causing problems. The best time to thin your apples is when they are dined to nickel size. This can be a lot of work if you have a lot of trees. We have, what I say, 22 trees. I do have help from our summer students, but if you have one tree that you can manage and it's not too big, you can definitely remove some of these little fruits when they're, like I said, small, like dime to nickel size.  It's really pretty easy, easier than when they get bigger. And if you pick them off when they're quite little like this, it will affect how your tree bears fruit the next year. So if your tree is bearing fruit like every other year, sometimes you can influence that by thinning the apples at this stage. Some trees are really dedicated to every other bearing and you can't influence it, but it can only help to reduce stress on the tree. Your apples will be bigger. They're going to ripen sooner. They're going to be sweeter if they don't have all that competition from other apples. So remember, whatever you leave is what the apple puts its energy into. Yeah, this is a cluster that was not thinned. I believe this is Honeycrisp. Just look at that. Look at the number of those apples. It's just amazing. Every time we have apples together like that, even if it's only two apples where they touch, there's some kind of a little insect or a little worm. There's something that we'll eat and they chew on both of the apples that are touching each other, not just one. And it's just a little two, but then they just most store as well for the winter. And if you want to give them away or sell them, whatever your object is, nobody really wants that. Those are the ones I take home and my husband complains because we never have good apples in our house. I always take home the apples I feel sorry for. So along with thinning the apples, this is kind of how it looks. This is how the apples are spaced when we've thinned them at the research center. And then here's a large branch. We are still getting around 50 or 60 pounds of apples per tree. Maybe we could get more than that. This is kind of how it ends up. We end up with about 200 pounds of apples from four trees at the research center. And oh, this is interesting too. On the left hand side is a Zestar apple I had just picked at the research center that day. And then we went to our friend's house and they have these, I believe they're Zestars, but they are falling on the ground. They're ripe. The ones on the ground are ripe. Then they have these green ones on the tree. Plus you can see there's a little apple there in kind of the center area. So it's just not, it's just not ripening all at once. It's under a lot of stress. There were hundreds and hundreds of apples on this tree. So, and this is how our apples look. They're very large. Maybe you think they're too big and you could leave more apples on your tree. You could also let the grass grow closer to your tree. We keep the whole underside of the apple trees bare. We mulch underneath there, keeps the moisture nice, keeps the roots cool, keeps the weeds out. But if we maybe had a little more competition from grass, we could maybe get those apples to be a little smaller. But I kind of like them big because it's good to make pies with big apples. So I'll just touch on Blackrod. At our field day this year, Jim Walla was visiting and asked about these, this black stuff on the trees. And I said, oh, that's just like a sooty mole that grows from where a little bit of sap leaks down from pruning. Well, I hadn't looked myself and sure enough this branch was infected with Blackrod. Probably this branch had winter injury. It cracked open probably in March or sometime when it froze. And then the fungus got in there and caused some problems. So I cut that whole branch out in August last year. And I have not seen these, but this is a fog-eye leaf spot. You can see there's concentric rings inside those brown spots. And they do have like a little eye inside them. And then this is the disease on apples, which we have not seen either. And that those are concentric brown spots and rings on those apples. Pretty devastating if you have a lot of it. And you can see this. And I have seen clients that have had this in trees because they aren't pruned. They're very thick. And the apples are really moist inside, moist and shaded inside that tree. So Juniper apple rust, it can be quite a problem. On the left-hand side is like one pustule from the top side of a leaf that we saw this last year when it was quite moist. On the right-hand side, that's a great shot of the rust. It's actually on a Juneberry leaf, though. I've never seen anything like this on the apples. But that's how it could look. It's kind of like an alien. It's kind of cool. And then fire blight. We saw fire blight in the third year on one variety of apples. And we have not seen it since. And this year we saw it on sweet 16, quite a bit of it on sweet 16, which is normally resistant to fire blight. So not sure what happened. But yeah, it was kind of icky.  You get the shepherd's crook look with all the leaves dead at once. And then you can see some, there's like some scabs. I'm trying to think of the right word for it. But you can see the bark all kind of curled up on there. On the right-hand side is if it gets into the fruit. There's actually little liquid droplets on that fruit. And then the dead leaves around it. And then this is some of the last thing I'll talk about here is the eastern tent caterpillar. We hear a lot about this. People say, what are these insects? What are these insects? What is this web on my tree? Well, on the left-hand side, that's the egg mass that I saw last year. I saw a lot of them last year. It's a really hard, shiny mass. And it looks like little dried foam. And then on the right-hand side, those are the little worms hatching out. The little caterpillars are kind of cool. And then this is how, you know, this is your standard tent caterpillar, your web that you see in a tree. This is in a plum tree actually. So these are eastern tent caterpillars. They kind of hatch out right around Budburg. And then they'll feed on the tree leaves for like six to eight weeks. They do and they don't do damage. The trees are tough. You know, they've got a second set of buds, a third set of buds even. But to get rid of them, really, I heard that this was the biological control of a 10-year-old boy is like your best control.  And then that hopefully will let the birds in there and have the caterpillars crawl off somewhere. But if you can just break down that nest, break down that web and pull it to the ground, stomp on them or put them in a bucket of soapy water, that's your nicest control. Otherwise, you can use a pesticide on them. Most of our standard pesticides will kill these caterpillars. They're not tough, but you have to get it inside the web and onto the caterpillars. You can use an easy pesticide like pyrethrums or pyrethrin. And then you could use BT. That is an organic pesticide where little spores of bacteria are sprayed on the tree. Caterpillars eat them and then they don't like them.  And then there's also fall webworms. You don't see it too much on apple trees, but in some places it really gets on the choked cherries. In fall, your leaves are mostly done. They're mostly done with all their function for the year. And it's not really a problem. But as Tom called, let me quote him again as he says, the people who seek caterpillars in trees are suffering from more stress than the trees are. And this is true. In the fall, there's just not really a lot going on and not a problem. So there's my short spiel. Like I said, I don't really get a lot of disease in our apple trees. So I'm not really your best expert. But in the chat, we can talk about my favorite apples. We can talk more about pruning if you want and anything else you can think to ask me. So let's hear some questions. Okay. Thank you, Cathy. The first question has to do with apple variety called First Kiss from Minnesota. Have you heard about that one? I have heard about it, but I have to say I don't know anything about it. It's one of the University of Minnesota now is to help pay for their breeding program, they're licensing their apples, and this is their latest one, First Kiss. And this person wants to know when or where they can get one. And home gardeners cannot get one until the pet is over 2034. I talked to Dr. Lubie at the Minnesota Fruit and Vegetable Growers, and that's what he said. Yep, they is contracted out to a company in Washington. And then it's going to be called one thing coming out of Washington and it's going to be called another thing if it's grown in Minnesota. But yeah, no home gardeners till 2034. So there's a lot of other apple trees out there though. There's several thousand. That's right. Cathy, do you irrigate your apple trees? In general, we do not irrigate the apple trees. We water them very well the first year and after that, we had about three or four inches of mulch around them and never watered them after that. But a couple years ago, it was so dry in the fall, maybe that was 2018. The ground was cracked, the apples were just starting to swell, and the earliest ones I barely watered because they were getting very close to being ready to pick. But the ones that were a month later, I did water those. I gave them like 25 gallons of water each, something like that. So but in general, we don't water. We just have a tank that we bring water around with if we need it. We do mulch, we use wood chips, try to get it on there about three or four inches deep if we can, and renew it about every three to four years. It doesn't rot very much in North Dakota because it's so dry. How about your pruning? Do you have the best time to prune? Is spring a better time or is fall a better time? Spring is the best time to prune because in the fall then you might wake up the tree as it's trying to go to sleep. It can't growl at you, but it might cause a little loss of dormancy if the buds are near where you pruned. So the best time is spring when it's kind of almost getting ready to grow. I have read that if you have black rot problems in your orchard or in your tree, you should prune as close to bud break as possible because then it will start to heal as soon as possible. But otherwise just when the temperatures moderate, you know now when it's in the 20s and 30s is a good time to start pruning. Right, like tomorrow, that type of thing. Tomorrow, yeah. I'm going to go out there tomorrow. It's going to be great. My apples are almost done, actually. I'm working on other stuff now. You are so on top of it. That's why everybody should go to see this orchard in Charrington. It is really, I don't know what to say. It is a, I want to say a museum. It's a lot of work. It's a wonderful place to get lost and see all those amazing fruits. How about that? When you select a branch, do you want to take out the vertical ones or the horizontal ones? Do you have any comments about branch angle? Oh, branch angle. Well, your branch angle should be about somewhere between 45 and maybe 60 degrees from what, from horizontal, I guess. The straight horizontal branch will give you the most fruit, but it's going to droop down the most. And then the most vertical branch gives you the least fruit, but more vegetative growth. So the compromise is to kind of have that 45 degree angle. And as the fruit gets heavier and heavier that year, it will bring the branch downward. And then the more a branch leans downward, the more the sugars will accumulate in there is the theory. And then, because if you have a tree that is getting kind of old and it hasn't bloomed for you yet, they say you can take a branch and bend it at an angle toward the ground, further than horizontal angle to the ground. And then during the summer, the sugars should accumulate in there and hopefully then set buds for the next year. So, but for the just general fruiting, you kind of want around that 45 degree angle in the air. How about what's your favorite? My favorite early season is zestar. It is such a delicious apple. I'm going to go back and show that, show those zestars. It's very white inside. It is a, well, it's kind of a tender apple as far as on the left hand side is zestar. Kind of tender as far as it's easy to bite, but it's very crispy. It's flavorful and zesty. I guess zesty, right? What is the word? Oh, Spritely. Spritely is my favorite word. Macintosh is Spritely and a zestar is Spritely. Okay, that's good. That's good. I like it. Hey, how about the way you thin your apple fruits? Is that the same for other fruit trees too? Do you thin those? You would probably want to, you could thin those too at the same. I would, I would guess at the same time when they're small like that, but I'm not sure. Maybe, maybe you mean plums or maybe plums or maybe pears, but yeah, you could, I would thin them right around the same time. I'm just guessing at that though. Again the same way, right? How about for, how long should it take for an apple tree that you bite a nursery to start producing? How long should a new apple grow? I would hope that tree would be in the ground at least three years before it makes an apple because the branches are so wiggly, they're weak, and for sure do not let apples grow on the tips of those branches. If you're, if you see the tree is going to produce apples, try to keep them back toward the trunk, but I mean personally on these standard size trees, I was happy that I started making fruit in their fifth year. That's normally what they say for a full-size tree. If it's a, if it's a dwarf tree, semi-dwarf tree, you might get apples sooner, maybe around that three years old or so, but I would just make sure your tree seems sturdy before you start having a lot of apples on it. Otherwise you can break off a branch, you can just bend a branch, and it'll stay that way permanently after a whole season of all that weight. So just let your tree get hardy. You're going to have it for a very long time. So just, you know, let it grow up a little bit before it has apples. Okay, speaking of a long time, how long does an apple tree live? Oh boy. I think they can live for over a hundred years, but how long will it produce fruit? That's the question. I think, I think Tom might have the answer to this more than I do, but I'm going to say around 20 to 25 years, and after that your tree is probably pretty tired. I think it's just like people. I think once you hit about 35 or 40, you start. Commercial orchards usually start pulling them when they hit 35.  Oh boy. I got them from St. Lawrence Nursery. So you can look in their catalog, St. Lawrence Nursery out of New York. They have a lot of great northern hardy plants. We have Schrader hardy ND. We had Ayers, A-Y-E-R-S. We have Patton and Stacey, and one from Ely. Oh, it's called Ely. So we have about five kinds. I will say the Ayers, A-Y-E-R-S, was not hardy. I thought it had a little firelight the first year, and then it seemed to have some winter injury and last spring when we had that really cold weather last year. I thought, oh boy, trouble, and sure enough, most of it was dead last year. I just cut it off at the ground, and we'll just maybe put something else there. I have not had fruit yet. They've been in the ground since 2015. They have grown like weeds. Pairs will require a lot of effort from you because they grow really upright. You've got to really space those branches out and keep. You don't want to prune them a lot when they're young because that encourages more growth, but on the other hand, you also have to kind of keep them in shape. So they're going to be an effort, probably for someone who likes pruning. Okay, so now we're going to go through some rapid. We've got lots of interest, and we're going to get some rapid questions here. How about, Kathy, what variety did shiny apple seed grow? He did not grow a variety. Here's seedlings for making cider. Okay, how about that? If I plant some seeds out of an apple, will it set fruit? Well, it will set fruit, but will you like the fruit? That's the question. Apples have crazy genetics, and if you plant the seed from a honeycrisp, you will never get an apple back that looks like a honeycrisp. They have really crazy genetics. They're partying in those seeds, mixing it all up. So you'll get something, but it's not going to be anything. You'll be lucky if you get something that you like by a lottery ticket. Yeah, it can't be a honeycrisp because honeycrisp won't pollinate honeycrisp. Well, that's true, too. How about, okay, so many, how about, here's one about a fruit is dimpled, and on the inside, there's thin brown streaks inside. Oh, I would say, help me, Tom. Is that codling moth, or is that the other one? If it's dimpled, it's apple maggot with those thin brown streaks. Apple maggot, that's it. So, how do you stop that? You should email me, but you can just Google also. But I have read some like more organic type methods, and you can do trapping, I think, for apple maggot, the yellow board with the red center, I think that works actually pretty well. It's a great tool to use. They don't attack till late. Yeah, and something about putting cardboard around the stem of your tree, and they'll crawl from the ground up into that cardboard. So, I haven't had to use this information, but I have it somewhere, so. Wait till it comes. You're lucky they haven't found you yet, because it's a fly, and so it's... So, it's... I like your idea of monitoring for it, and then you can use insecticides. Speaking of insecticides, seven, should you recommend using seven to thin your trees, or do you do all the thinning by hand? Weeds thin by hand, Mr. Tom Cobb has also told me, and I've heard from my friends that he'll grow. Mr. Tom Cobb, it's very touchy to thin by hand. It's very, very touchy. You could just put a few...  You could put a few extra milliliters in and lose your whole crop. So, I would thin by hand if you're a home apple grower. Yeah, of using chemicals. You have to be careful with those thinners. Yeah, get the kids on it. Yeah, seven is recommended for thinning, but make sure you got to be careful about seven, because seven is a different chemical now. There's two different chemicals. Oh, that's right, that's right. Seven carbaryl will do the thinning, but the seven that's a pyrethroid will not, so that the new seven will not thin the apple tree. Read the label carefully. How about the galas grow well in North Dakota? Oh, no, I think they're from Japan or something like that. They're not hard enough here. Right, they grow great until the first winter, then it's a problem. I'll just say one thing about that. The latest apple you should grow is your honeycrisp. So, if Minnesota has lists of apples, some orchards, there's... On the handout, I think I have Gilbys orchard. They have a really cool handout at their website of when their apples ripen. I would not go later than honeycrisp, because we pick ours the first week of October. I know people in Fargo maybe pick it a week or so earlier, but we cannot get it off the tree really until that first week of October. Okay, it's good to know. Do you have to be careful planting apples near relatives like the mountain ash tree? I don't think so. Mountain ash do get fire blight, so maybe you would want to keep it away. I think they might... I don't know if they get it easier or not than apples do. That's got to be at fire blight. There is a question. And then there's also the Juniper apple rust too, probably. Right, yeah, great. But it would have to the apple and the mountain ash. The mountain ash would not send it over to the apple tree, but the fire blight might be a problem. So many problems. How about do crab apples pollinate standard apples? Yes, they do if they bloom at the same time. So if your neighbor has a crab apple, then you can just plant an apple tree. Great. And how many apple varieties do you need for the pollination and fertilization? Well, you just need two. There are some cases where some won't pollinate each other, but I think that's super rare. And you just have to see that they will bloom around the same time as each other. You know, if it's an early apple or a mid-season apple, there's some sources that will help you with that. Can't eat. I know you've never done this, but do apple trees forgive you if you prune them the wrong way? Well, eventually something else will cover it over. Say compensation.  Yeah, they're forgiving. Questions about fire blight. Do you have any recommendations about how you control it? You know, I've been reading about it just recently. It's really to prune it out. You can prune it out as soon as you see it, as long as you are pruning, I think it's at least a foot away from that area. In the spring, now when the tree is dormant, you can leave a little less room, little less space between where the canker is, where the dead branch is, and where you prune. But you do have to watch it as far as controlling it otherwise. You know, it comes in on insects and then it gets on the flower. Moisture like rain or dew moves it down the flower and into the branch of the tree. So keeping your tree as dry as you can with more pruning. But they do say that there are some biological controls as far as, well, I know of something called actinovate, which is an actinomyces or a soil bacterium. You can maybe spray some of these biologicals on your tree and those bacteria will out-compete the bacteria that causes fire blight. I have to say I don't know if they're available to the public in a small amount, you know. There also are antibiotics you can spray on your tree, which is, I really don't like the idea of it personally, but they do do that in commercial situations and it is available to the public. It's a streptomycin, but I would, you know, I feel like I would replace the tree with something, a different tree if I was getting so much fire blight that the tree was going to die or I just couldn't get any fruit off of it. I think I would just try a different variety. All right, and how about one last question about have you ever grown any apples for cider? Do you have any recommended varieties? I do not have recommended cider varieties. Minnesota has had a, not as fair, a specialty crop block grant that they have been trying different varieties of cider. And if you really want to know some varieties, give me a call. I think I have some notes in my book and there was a presentation online, which may still be available and maybe I can direct you to that. But no, most of the varieties that people consider to be cider varieties were grown out east. They were grown in England, especially in France. And man, a lot of them are zone five and zone six. So there are apples here that we can grow well for cider, but do they make a classic cider? That's the question. Okay. Well, I think it, I want to think that we had almost all the questions in and we need to move on to the next talk. Thank you, Kathy. This is really interesting. Love the photos. Love the information. And you really generated a lot of interest in that. Thank you, Kathy. Thank you, everyone. Good luck with your spring. Bye bye. Thank you.


My name is Mallory Yongwei. I'm originally Jackson Anderson from Saddle Lake Well, I got to meet Erica. She's a lovely student came to My house in Edmonton and we drove together here to Saddle Lake Mallory's father hunted a moose and he's bringing it back now and we're going to see it prepared and Skinned and Cooked I think yeah And yeah, I'm really excited to show you guys what's gonna happen tonight, and I guess in the next little while here Well, we went we went hunting and We shot a moose We knew where they where they were we had hunted there before and they just so happened He was in that same area I've never even been this close to a living moose before it's a little bit surreal I guess Interesting to see how it's done and how it's done, right I guess Helping a little bit holding his hands making sure he's Comforted Improvised tenderloin moose meat and fresh bannock Yeah, there's a little bit. Yeah So we're right in the middle of Saddle Lake and I essentially kind of grew up You know at my parents house on the north side, but my my grandmother my cocom She lived just on the corner of the town site There wasn't a lot to do. There was a lot of the same people that did the same things and the same Bad things and and so growing up as a teenager I obviously got involved in a lot of that and Some of the drugs and the drinking that there's nothing else to do for for us out here I was fortunate enough to grow up in on the very north side where my parents live now and And that was the good thing for me It was that I got to you know be a free-range child and run around in the fields and ride horses and Be really grounded in that sense and always have sort of that safe home base to always go to I Left to know 16 So I was you know, I still a teenager. Um, I had to get a job I had to go to school every day and having to take the bus and be just a complete Nobody in the sea of just different kinds of people Was just super life changing for me. I didn't like it at first I um my my dad would actually have to like you know My mom dad would actually have to leave me crying in the city because they knew that it was good for me To be there and not here. It's different in the city now because I I love it But I've also feel this really disconnect to my community It's pretty humbling. I keep telling our young people, you know, we are not Indians We're not we're kind I were so tonight, you know, they heal and Denison lonely and and all the different Ethnicities relative to this Turtle Island now Something similar to Europe. They have Germans. They have French.  Well, I I love to enjoy my life or what the way it is now. I Love my grandkids a lot Hunting teaches me a lot of patience And it gives me physically active if my mind occupied all kinds of things Like traditional values Every time I hunt we take a real good portion of it to the elders Hey, and that's a Cree custom That's their papa Hi girl Come on give me a big hug. Come on Come on Nobody else is doing it and it's we're gonna lose it. It's part of our culture It's part of Like the language we're almost lost our language Not too many people speak our language anymore This is a really Sacred place for me here. I grew up right here. This is all our land here This was my grandfather's land. He had lots of horses here We had a really big farm here What would you like to teach us? Well, I would have liked to teach you more Cree But you guys when you were growing up you were learning Cree actually you understand really good Cree But you were used to laugh at each other's Cree. Oh, of course because You did you both you all sounded funny Of course The way of life that I knew is pretty much gone Nobody hunts and traps anymore Not very much they do it for pleasure We used to do it for a living This business of being Indian Aboriginal and Native kind of concerned me, you know So I went out and asked the elders so what kind of a people are we? You know what he told me he said we are people of the land We belong to the land The land does not belong to us At the universities, you know, they they say that we surrendered the land succeeded the land and There is no such word in Cree to translate that You are treaty you're hearing that understand by virtue of treaty But you are benefiting from being a treaty much more so than me and my people


Hello and welcome to the session in which we will discuss cash and cash equivalents. This topic is covered in the typical intermediate accounting course as well as the CPA exam. Cash is one of the most important asset on the balance sheet. It's the most liquid for sure and with cash you can do anything. Specifically we're going to be focusing on three issues when it comes to cash. We have to talk a little bit more about what's cash equivalent. We'll talk about cash but it's easy to define cash, restricted cash and overdraft. So this topic is covered on the CPA exam as well as your intermediate accounting courses. Whether you are a student or a CPA candidate, I strongly suggest you take a look at my website farhatlectures.com. I don't replace your CPA review course. I'm a useful addition. I explain the material differently. I provide you alternative explanation, which in turn will help you with your CPA review course, which in turn will help you pass the exam. Your risk is one month of subscription. You give it a try. You like it. It's helping you. You keep it. You don't. You cancel. Your potential gain is passing the exam. If not for anything, take a look at my website to find out how well or not well your university doing on the CPA exam. I do have resources for other accounting courses. Here's my course catalog, taxation, governmental accounting, auditing, intermediate accounting, of course. My supplemental CPA resources are aligned with your Becker, Glyme, Wiley, Roger, any course that you are taking. I do give you access to all of the AI CPA previously released questions, approximately 1,500, in addition to all these CPA questions that I have within my courses. If you have not connected with me on LinkedIn, please do so. Take a look at my LinkedIn recommendation, like this recording, share it with other, subscribe to my YouTube connect with me on Instagram, Facebook, Twitter and Reddit. So the three issues we have to deal with are cash equivalent, restricted cash and overdraft. But the first thing is what's included in cash itself. Well, cash would include coin currency, petty cash. If you have foreign currency, check an account, savings account, change funds. And if you don't know what petty cash is, we're going to talk about petty cash in this chapter later on. Petty cash is the amount that the company keeps on hand for emergencies, such as buying the pizza for the employee of their working overtime, factoring, buying a pizza, or maybe you rent out of supplies for your computer, so on and so forth. Change fund, is it basically a change fund because you need to get money from customers, you need to give them some money back. You should all know what a savings account, check an account, so on and so forth. It also includes negotiable instruments. What are all negotiable instruments? We're talking about money, order, certified checks, cashier checks, personal checks. Negotiable means you can sell them. You can endorse them. For example, if you have a check from someone, you can endorse it and sell that check. That's considered also cash equivalent. The CPA exam tests you on what is not considered cash. So it's very important to know what's not included in cash. What's not included in cash are post-dated checks. So if you have a check, but that check is post-dated, it means that today's date is 11 November the 5th. It's not November the 5th, but let's assume November the 5th. And somebody gave you a check, but you cannot cash it till December the 10th. Well, this is a post-dated check. I remember my father used to receive all these checks when he used to sell his agricultural product in Lebanon. So those are very common in third-world countries, post-dated checks. But these are technically receivables. Basically, they promise you, but they gave you the check, but you have to hold it. IOUs, if somebody gave you a promise, it's an IOU. It's a promise. The post-dated check is technically a promise. It's a receivable. Supplies is if you have posted stamps. Postage stamps, they have an amount written on them, but they're not considered cash. They are supplies. Travel advances. Travel advances are receivable because you give your employee travel advances. They have to pay you back. It's not cash. It is receivable. So what is considered cash equivalent? So the definition for cash equivalent are short-term, highly liquid investment. It's some sort of an investment you purchase. That investment will have an original maturity of three months or less, talking about 90 days here. Those investments, they can be converted really quick into a known amount of cash. So the value of them is well known, and they're not subject to interest rate risk. In other words, because they have a short-term maturity. If interest rate changes, it doesn't affect their value. Basically, one and two are related to each other because you have to know the amount of cash that they are equivalent to. Some examples of cash equivalent are treasury bills. What are treasury bills? It's when you lend the government money on a short-term basis. They give you a treasury bill. That treasury bill, it's a short term. If the original maturity is less than three months, you can easily sell it and get your money for a known amount of cash. It's not subject to the interest rate risk because it's so short and it's highly liquid and the credit is very high. Commercial paper, basically the same thing, but rather than lending money to the government, you can buy commercial papers, basically lending money to corporations. So certain corporations, they have a good credit rating. They can issue commercial paper. They can borrow money by issuing those commercial papers. And money market funds are also considered cash equivalents. If any of these investments, like treasury bill, not the money market fund, but the treasury bill or the commercial paper, is more than three months, but less than one year, then it's considered temporary investment. So it has to be less than three months for something to be considered cash equivalent. Restricted cash is the third item that we have to deal with. What is restricted cash? Well, hopefully, you know from the term restricted is a cash set aside for a particular purpose. Now, we can do that for many reasons. We could have a petty cash fund, which we'll talk about later, cash put to the side for certain purposes, actual cash. We could have some money, payroll, to pay our employees. We want to put that money aside so we can make our payroll. Dividend funds, we could have cash restricted for future expansion of the company. We could have cash restricted for the retirement of long-term debt. Notice all these conditions are internally. In other words, we put those conditions on ourselves. Now, if those amounts are material, they're listed separately. Material means it's a large amount and they could be considered current or long-term. For example, your payroll, if it's restricted, it's going to be part of your current assets. But maybe the future expansion, money restricted for future expansion, you want to buy a new building, expand your warehouse system, those will be considered long-term because you're going to have them for a period of time. Same thing with long-term debt. They could be long-term or short-term. Obviously, you have to disclose this information. Any restricted cash, you have to disclose it. And this is a restricted cash disclosure for Tesla so they can tell you why they have the cash restricted. It means restricted as to withdraw or use. It's very important because investors want to know how much cash do you have, but what's important is how much can you use of it. If certain cash is restricted, I need to know as an investor. So here Tesla, they'll tell you why it's restricted. They'll have to disclose this information. Then we have something called compensating balances. Compensating balances is basically maintaining a minimum required balance at your bank, at your financial institution. Now, why would you do that? Well, you would do that because the bank kind of asks you to do that. They can either ask you through orally or through illegal documents. So basically part of the borrowing arrangement or having an open line of credit. For example, if you want to have a relationship with the bank and you want to borrow 10 million from them, that's fine. They will tell you you have to keep at least in your account $400,000 that is considered compensating balances. So your balance should not drop below $400,000. Now, that's your money, but usually you cannot use it. It's basically compensated balances. Why? Because they want to make sure you don't spend all your money. There's some money basically in quote restricted, but it's called compensating balances. You have to disclose those separately because they are legally restricted, legally restricted by a third party. So you have to disclose them separately. If the compensating balances are for short-term borrowing, then those compensated balances will be considered, will be part of the current assets. If these compensated balances are for long-term borrowing, because you have them, because you have a long-term debt, you could either list them as investments because the cash is restricted or you could list them on the other section. And we talked about those two sections when we discussed the balance sheet, when we broke down the balance sheet. And usually the caption that goes with this is cash on deposit maintained as a compensating balance. And this is what the company will list them as. So this is the restricted cash. The third and last component is bank overdraft. And what is bank overdraft? It's when you write a check for more than the available balance. And this could happen to anyone, but you have to be careful. If that happened, the company would list those bank overdraft as a liability and they would add them to account spable, assuming they are not material. If they are material, which they should not be, they'll be listed separately. You don't offset cash accounts unless it's against an account in the same bank. So if you have a two bank account at Wells Fargo, one is positive and the other one is the bank overdraft. It's negative. You can net them out, but you cannot net out one account at Wells Fargo and the other account at Bank of America. If the Bank of America is a bank overdraft, it's listed separately. It's listed separately. Now, let me show you how the CPA exam or how you will be tested on this information on the exam day. So for example, all the following are part of cash and cash equivalent except be careful about except. Money market fund. Money market fund, we said it's cash equivalent, therefore it's out. So there's going to be one right answer. Demand deposit. Demand deposit is basically a savings account. It means you can get it on demand. You have to let us know. Savings account, it is considered cash. US Treasury bill with the original maturity of 60 days. That's fine. The original maturity is 60 days less than 90 days. It's out. Now, by process of elimination, D is the answer, but you got to read D and C make sure it's D. D is the answer. Restricted cash, legally restricted deposit held as compensating balance against borrowing arrangement with the bank. They're legally restricted. They are listed separately. Why are they legally restricted? Because the bank asks you if you want to have a relationship with us, if you want us to give you that loan, you have to keep a balance with us. You have to keep a balance with us. It's called and you will talk, you would learn about this legally restricted balance or minimum balance required in your BEC exam for the CPA exam, because that's going to increase your interest cost. But that's a topic for a different conversation. At the end of this recording, once again, I'm going to remind you whether you are an accounting student or a CPA candidate to take a look at my material, farhatlectures.com. I can help you pass the CPA exam in addition along your CPA review course. Don't shortchange yourself. All what I'm asking you is to make an investment. Try it. Give it a try. You feel it's helping your accounting courses. You feel it's helping your CPA preparation. You keep it. You feel it's not cancelled. That's the maximum you lost. You invest one month to try it. If it doesn't help, well, I'm sure it will help. Anyhow, good luck. Study hard. The CPA is worth it.


Hello people of the internet! My name is Johnny and Happy St. Patrick's Day! Today we are celebrating with a brand new event in FNAF AR and this looks amazing! Shea Marks skinned lower right there. Oh my god! This legitimately looks awesome! Anything in the shop? That freaking icon at the top. Oh my god! He's here! He's straight up here. His lower is only 400. Oh we're gonna get this done in one video. I promise. All right so it has not been that long since we last hopped into FNAF AR but quite a bit has changed and while I do that I am actually going to get this character because I'm pretty sure Shea Mark Freddy. I'm just gonna call him Shea Mark Freddy or Shea Me. I'm gonna call him Shea Me. So I'm pretty sure that Shea Me spawns in naturally or at least that's what happened last night when he got leaked early and some people were able to get him but he's here now. He's here. Actually no no we can buy lowers. We don't we don't need to do this but this is amazing. So as far as I'm aware Shea Mark Freddy or Shea Me. Shea Me that's that's his nickname Shea Me. I'm pretty sure Shea Me is literally just like Freddy mixed with baby. That's what people are saying. It's basically just a tougher faster version of Freddy and as far as I'm aware he only has a suit right? Yeah he's right there right in the middle. I don't think he has a mod or a CPU sorry. Yeah no he doesn't so it's literally just his suit. Now I gotta explain a couple more things while we wait for our, did I use the lure? Yeah while we wait for our lure to go into effect I need to explain basically oh no he's already on his way. Okay so you may have noticed that first off my streak is 18 now and yes I was on the leaderboard. I think the craziest part was that I was actually number 87. Oh look I'm right there 89. Yeah I was 87 I actually recorded I'll put a video up of it now. Yeah I was number 87 and I finally my dream of making it onto the FNAF AL leaderboards came true that night. So yeah there's that also you may have noticed but my lack of characters in the workshop that is because this is a different account because as some of you may know I actually lost my old account and I did make a few posts saying that I'm pretty sure I'm just gonna have to start off from scratch and that is what this new account is but I am in talks with the Lumix to try and get my old account back so hopefully they can help me out with that but right now we are on a entirely different account. All right Shammy's here he's just dying to see me so you're gonna come inside the luckiest time to be alive it's a lucky time to be alive Johnny box. Freddie Fazbear has gone into the spirit of St. Patrick's Day and is on his way dressed in a green in green to celebrate the holiday. Freddie might be getting especially horrid into the spirit but don't worry he still wants to be your friend as much as ever Fazbear entertainment yeah so that is confirming what I said earlier it is Freddie but just a little bit tougher. I have seen a few clips over on the reddit over on youtube by the way thanks for everyone that refriended me on this new account if you would like to friend me my code is right on screen right now man I really wish I could get the the new icon for the players but I don't really know how to do that but um oh what was I saying what was I saying yeah I have seen a few clips of Shammy and he basically is just a normal Freddie but a little bit tougher we should be able to get him this video I really hope we can I'm really happy that the um the event is 11 days I'm pretty sure it said um oh I need to collect a bit more remnant for my challenges but I'm really happy that a that this event is longer because Mangle only being in the game for a week like that's nothing I'm super glad that this is a um that this event is going on for a long time and my god this just looks this looks amazing especially the shop that looks unbelievably creepy Shammy right there but um yeah I love this event so far already Shammy doesn't know doesn't have any new voice lines unfortunately but we should still have a good time with him that is if he wants to come inside my house come on Shammy everyone's waiting for you man look at that Freddy Fazbear Shamrock skin has arrived now that that I did not get when I first logged on I did reset it reset the app just because I got a minute long ad and I can't afford to wait a minute and risk you know missing out on my chance to fight Shammy but boy oh boy is it taking him a quite a long time to get into my house man come on I might just go ahead and buy just more lows because even if we get him the first try you know I don't just want to fight him once you know I want to fight him at least a couple of times I also doubt that we're going to get his suit the very first try so I'm just going to activate another lure and go away my god they still have not fixed it so that when you lure someone they're not the first person to come inside your house hi oh my oh here we go I bet you didn't expect me to show up did you now oh boy here we go what's it like all right faster definitely oh awkward come back towards you guys looks creepy definitely very green static seems pretty easy not mine maybe not he's over here George seems forgiving it doesn't seem that bad I don't want to call it too soon though no creepy oh by the way I fetch now have I mentioned how much I love going this whole fight is just me saying his lines static is very like static I have to shake off his over here hello hello there we go first try look at that it looks creepy track Freddy confirmed did we get a suit first try let's see nope just a mod all right well we do still have one right here and we do still have two more lures that we can use let's just use both of them right now okay well I'm really happy that we're gonna first try that is ready for a birthday surprise oh you betcha I was not expecting to get Shammy first try man he is tough with a question mark at the end of that if you're not good with I see what people are saying you know he's similar to baby you know just a mix of baby and Freddy and that is basically entirely true um his haywire seems decent it does seem similar to babies so um I think that's what people mean uh you do have quite a bit of time to avoid the haywire so um yeah he's not that bad he definitely is a step up from Freddy but definitely not as bad as baby like people saying just a mix of the two of them all right here we go again I prepared a special happy fun time just for you oh crap it's a camera glitch now don't man don't do this you wake up just remember friends are forever wow okay um I take that back about his haywire that was like no time at all and get out of here and know I really don't want you wow that was like no then again I was slow I was um really slow I should probably take that into consideration but damn Shammy what a shame green Freddy over here is it I've got out seven delivery just for you all right let's focus this time concentrate so here hello welcome here and hopefully you get into the game sometime like that gotta be quick whoa he was inside of me for a moment green character on a green screen I'm just gonna use the flashlight to locate him so cute hello oh I was really slow on that suit suit suit please man come on Shammy come on Shammy we're friends no not a mod a different green item come on man all right all right this is our final try of the night might return and try to get them again in another video I don't know but right now this is the final one make it count hello oh man I wanted to invite you oh wait here it's still hey hey yeah Twitter go away Shammy what are you doing yeah damn it better luck next time kind of want to do it again is that bad I kind of want to do it again just be still okay hopefully I get my account back anyway so maybe this doesn't even matter I think this is Shammy I actually wasn't paying attention so yikes it might just be normal Freddy oh no it's Shammy yeah it's Shammy good old Sham Sham I called that one I called that one going the other way I'm gonna hang out with you green screen go away green there on the green screen phenomenal did we get the suit probably not all right hopefully though oh no we got Freddy's CPU though we got something out of it I'm happy about that but not really the thing I want you enjoy my visit I'm planning on making it extra special for you are you man behind me Shammy you were so sneaky oh spilling around so much in my chair George you won't ah he won't I knew he wouldn't is he going he was going back he's choking me this one's a sneaky boy this one's a toughie it's not being so nice oh hey you got him I'm here you can see me all right come on I'm gonna hit little battery mode that was stupid please please please not quite still a green item not the right one though final boy here we go it's been so long just waiting for this guy that'll be worth it where are we going it's back here oh no nobody knows troop troop troop where are you going man oh it's not this way open your breath hey hey hey is he going back this way oh my god you different you might be too bad that's this man right now round and round we go Oh, no, no, no. Moxie, please start barking. Hey, look, it's my board. Seven, two. Oh, that unit there, are you helping either of us? True. Got no scope though. That was actually insane. If I get a suit because of that, that is going to be the best play of my entire FNAF AR career. Come on, don't let me down. You let me down. All right, so I'm done. I could go on four, let's see. What do you get? Three? Six more rounds, but maybe we'll do another episode trying to get his suit again. We do still have just under two weeks to get him, so I think we can definitely do it.  I'm not gonna push myself too hard to try and get it because this isn't my main account. So hopefully I can get my main account back and then I can get a shammy on that account. But for right now, I am very satisfied with this update.  Whenever they do events like this, like the Christmas event or the Valentine's event, I love it. I just love the fact that they change the overworld, they bring back gift boxes, and it's just, oh no, it's always a nice feeling. Shammy, my thoughts on him, he's a good addition. It is another Freddy though, so right now we have like four Freddy's in the game, which is quite a lot, but it's fine because it is, you know, he's the main guy. This image right here is terrifying, but I love it at the same time. But that is going to be it for this update on FNAF AR. Again, maybe we'll atone for a second video on this update. I'm not entirely sure much right now. That is it. So thank you everyone so much for watching. Now I'll see you all on the flip side. Goodbye.


My proudest moment, I get chills just thinking about it, it's giving me a little bit of anger. The entire 13 weeks is not for me, it's for building them up to make the Marine.  I love it because this is what I'm here for. I'm here to give you a product. I'm here to make a Marine. And that's, you know, that's what I put into the fleet. I don't know, it's just, I was a really big loner. My father raised me that way, like, you don't need anybody in this life to help you with anything. Sometimes you do need people, you know. Sometimes you do need somebody to, hey, good job. You know what I mean? Sometimes you do need somebody to help you through something. You know what I'm saying? So that, when I met my recruiter, when I went to that first pulley function, it was just a click. Oh, this is what I need right here, this is what I've been looking for right here, you know. How's that, Major? Oh, you look at me! It was a Saturday pull function. Sometimes we'll go have a yearly one, so we'll have the yearly female pull functions.  Scream for your life! That first moment is when you speak to them once they get them up and they get them online. We're just making corrections, blasting them, and they just shout, they don't know what to do. Eyes wide on a bushy tail, you know. So they're just like, they're scared. It's fierce. You've got three different women, three to four different strong female, you know, Marines screaming at them. They don't know what to do. They're scared. They're, you know, they just start saying things just to say them, like... You want to keep moving? I promise you keep moving. A drill instructor prepares you for everything. Life obstacles. They make sure that things you're stressing about now you don't have to stress about in the future.  I'm pushing this one. They're about to throw up. They're about to pass out. Do I really want to? Yeah, I keep pushing. Your mind is going to give up before your body does. Am I really pushing them past the limits or are they about to pass out? But then once I see that and I just feed off of it, like, okay, let's go. Let's take it to the next level. Let's get out of that comfort zone. Let's really see what you're about. Let's really see if you can't handle this. If you can deal with a combat environment. If you can deal with fog of war.  The whole entire time I was just like, I can't break. I have to keep pushing myself, not only for myself, but to show all the other pulleys there that they can do it. There was actually one point where I was with my group and two of my females were falling back and she just kept yelling, I mean, she goes, don't leave me behind. Make sure you get them, like, you're slacking on them. Right on. I'm in. I'm in. So I don't hear you. I'm in. I'm in. Let's go. Ready? So it just showed me that I can't only focus on myself, but I have to focus on others. And that's what teamwork is. And she just showed me that she was like, you need to make sure that you're on top of them. Don't leave them behind. Don't be selfish. I love this, like, for the moment, my senior drill sergeant gave me her speech. Well, not necessarily me, but the platoon. You know what I mean? Like, that clique that I already knew. I'm gonna do this. That, it helped. I'll give it some time. I'm gonna be there. And I just set goals for myself. I need to be a sergeant before this time. I need to do this, I need to do that I need to get all my ducks in a row. And I'm here now. Doing what I love to do.


From New York, it's theCUBE, covering Blockchain Week. Now, here's John Furrier. Hello everyone, welcome back. I'm John Furrier with theCUBE. I'm your host here in New York City for Blockchain Week, Consensus 2018 as well. We're here with Colin Pape, founder of presearch.org. It's got a search engine trying to replace Google, decentralized Google, decentralized search. Love this project, very ambitious. Colin, thanks for joining me. Great, thanks for having us, John. So, I love the ambition of the project. Obviously, you love the search engine, but I've been ranting on theCUBE. Everyone who knows me knows what I've been saying. Search is broken, Google's the only open search, at least they use their open. Facebook's closed, Amazon's closed, LinkedIn, Twitter, they're all closed platforms. Plus, the DNS needs to be modernized for the network effect. Doesn't exist. So you can't actually have an effective search engine in the new networks. It's silos, yeah. There's no network search. You can't say, hey, what Colin said on theCUBE, can you search that for me? Like, I like what he said, so give me some stuff. That's right. There's no keywords for that. Right, that's right. Search is dead, dying. Dying, yeah. You think you agree? Yeah, there's been a lack of innovation. I mean, it's a service that a lot of people don't recognize needs to be improved, but I think those who are really thinking about it from an innovative standpoint realize there's still a ton of upside, a ton of opportunity, and some really original takes still to be had, so. What's your approach, all seriousness, love search, we think it's got to change, you agree. Check, check. What's different? What's your approach? What's your strategy? How do you see it playing out? Sure, so we've got basically a short term and then a long term. So long term is actually building a framework that different members of the community will be able to participate in. So teams of data scientists creating algorithms, feeding them into the system, getting traffic, testing if it's working, being able to share in the monetization, subject matter experts being able to assist with the curation of community content. And so that's kind of an actual search engine. Right now what we're doing is more of a search tool, enabling different partners to come together to work against the search monopoly and to have their content discovered through the interfaces that they actually create with us providing an incentivization and a reward layer to get people to actually switch off of the Google search field. What I like about your idea and I think why I like it so much is that both search, besides the search, because I love search stories, is that open source has shown us a path. Open source software has proven the model. That's right. Upstream projects work by the community, downstream productization. You're essentially applying open source principles to solving the search problem by getting everyone in on the creation and then the ability to productize it on their own. Is that the way you're thinking about it? Yeah, very much. And that's really kind of what the framework will facilitate so that reward and the sharing of the monetization enabling people to have standards that they can build upon and have active personalization. So people who are utilizing the engine will be able to specify, not just have everything kind of driven by their behavior, but what they want to see and who they actually want to support. So you saw our little video search engine, I gave you a demo of that. What'd you think? Amazing, amazing. That is really innovative, really exciting and I'm hoping that that can be one of the options within pre-search to start. And I think what you guys are doing with that is going to be phenomenal. Great. So how would we take that? So we have technology, you've got a collaborative mindset? Yes. Open door? Yes. Where do you live, Toronto? I'm living in Palo Alto. Is it a decentralized team? What's going on with the organization? How do you engage with people that want to work with you? Yeah, so we do have a decentralized team. We're kind of all over the world in various capacities. Main headquarters is in Toronto area. And then we have our tech team actually in Palo Alto. Rich Screnta, Greg Lindel, some guys that you probably know. I've interviewed them, great guys. They know search. Definitely. Working with them on the technology side of things. But yeah, basically anybody can go to pre-search.org. Sign up for an account, top right corner is to send feedback. Did you raise any money, token? We did, yeah. We did do a token sale last year, brought in 16 million. 16? Yeah. Great, congratulations. Thank you. Security or utility token? Yeah, it's a utility or a consumptive token. And you do that out of Toronto or the US? We did it out of Toronto, yeah. Okay, cool. Can I get tokens now or how does it work? So, we ended our token sale. You can earn tokens if you just go on to pre-search.org and start searching. So we're paying basically up to eight tokens per day for people who run their searches through us. And we are working on a model where advertisers basically, people who have the need for the token will be able to come into the platform again and buy it. Got it, cool. Great, awesome. Colin, what else is new? What else are you working on? What's next? What's next? Yeah, I think there's a lot of innovation obviously coming into the blockchain space. We want to basically just collaborate with any of these different projects that really, I think there's a mindset in blockchain.  The kind of capital structure of a lot of these projects is really unique. It's not just about the exit, which is fantastic. More of a long-term mindset. And so we're just looking for, yeah, anybody who's got a project that we can partner up with create a more compelling offering than some of the centralized services. And where can they find information? Website, URL? Yeah, presearch.org, P-R-E-S-E-A-R-C-H.org. Awesome, Colin, thanks for joining me. Search engines are being disrupted. Everything's disrupted. Crypto, blockchain, token economics, changes the nature of the people involved and also the data that can be used. This is the phenomenon called token economics. We're covering it here at Blockchain. We come John Furrier, stay with us for more coverage from New York City after this break.


The MA in Intelligence and International Security is no different from our long-standing tradition of linking our education research with public policy. There's nothing like it to be found in the United States at present, and the only programs they do have are in the nation's capital. In this program we examine the rule of intelligence and spying the hidden hand in all aspects of war and peace ranging from the contemporary right back into ancient history. The Department of War Studies has had a remarkable performance in the world in terms of the ranking and then I'm like okay, so perfect. Going to the top most echelon of my chosen career, Kings. Our master's degree attracts a lot of students from all over the world including mid-career professionals from both the private and public security sectors. In other words, those doing risk analysis for commercial companies and intelligence officials who are looking to upgrade their career credentials and move up the career ladder. I was an investment consultant for five years before I decided to join Kings, Kings's MA program. The reason I decided to join was I found my path in the analytics of finance and investment banking and I just wanted to apply it in something more relevant and closer to my interest. I have a degree in nursing and I ended up working several projects in Kenya and after that I decided to to get an undergrad degree in international relations and I was looking for my options for a postgraduate degree and heard so many good stories about Kings that I decided that it would be the best path to take. I really like the staff, the diversity of the staff. They come from all over the world and they're very well specialized in all of their backgrounds. I like the diversity particularly of my core module. Each lecture is taught by a different staff member in the entire program who's particularly specialized on one particular topic. There's a wide variety of teaching methods obviously from your traditional lectures and seminars where you get taught by a lot of experts on the field. There's specialists, official government historians, former practitioners, right on to more hands-on things like war games like red teaming reports and so on. Kings has a lot of events almost every week that I attend. You meet a lot of people, you meet people from different areas so there's a lot of networking of possibilities. I'm really happy, I'm really happy I'm doing this. I was spot on about what I like, this is definitely what I would like to do. This is definitely an industry I would like to be in and the faculty have been very very supportive and informative. They're my one class this semester, there's 18 students in it and so far each student is from a different country so that's been really interesting and that's been really neat. I'm excited to see how that will play out in the discussions. Their professors have been very helpful and most of my classroom size have been very small so it becomes very personal, you're able to communicate with your professor on a personal level and and get advice. So to come here it's like a microcosm of the entire world so in some instances it's being home and at some it's like walking down a street, it's like walking into a new country every single day. We have had students obviously go into the intelligence agencies, many also go into journalism and increasingly we're seeing people going into the private security industry. Students graduating our course come away with many different insights and skills into this study of intelligence. Some go on to apply those skills in their professional life, others use it as a springboard for finding jobs in the security sector and others will even go into further research and doctoral work in the field of intelligence studies. If you've got an interest in this topic, if you've got a passion for the subject of international relations you should definitely apply because in this program we can offer resources and personally I like you won't get anywhere else.


Hi everyone Joe for Jasper's case breaks.com. Happy Thursday. We got 2021 Bowman Sterling baseball coming at you Six box half case pick your team number four from Jasper's case breaks.com. Remember I think Sean must have done break three. I think so here are the boxes right here with Four of Mark here, so we know they're all from the same case six boxes, right three boxes there three boxes there Big thanks to everyone here for getting in on the action now. Remember we had that filler That filled up the Bowman and the optic Right and one person was gonna win the 24 teams that were remaining there Which is over $1,700 value and that winner and the randomizer is in a different video, but that winner was Brian Crouch so congrats to him and Thanks to Carlos for getting that last Bob Mojo. There are a few people who got bought some spots here Travis Steven John Thanks to you. Thanks to Pat. Thanks to Darren and Good luck to everybody really and congrats again to Brian. It's pretty awesome All right, so let's start digging into what we can get out of this 2021 Bowman Sterling baseball A lot of mini boxes in here. This Actually would be a much shorter break If it wasn't for the five mini boxes that we have to pop open that's all right. There's a lot of a lot of good prospect hunting in here So good luck everybody Astros and the ALDS game one beat the White Sox six to one the White Sox would would put up a little bit a bigger fight, but But no just that day just didn't go go well for them Yeah, we might be hearing Brian's aim a lot Rex. That's true We've got the autographs in the middle, right? So the bottom two cards are going to be We're gonna slide right to the top Lance Lynn was a little sloppy today too. All right Chris Butler didn't I get the Yankees and twins? Yes, you did in optic number five So if you look at the if you look at the video the top name Gets the 24 teams in Sterling and the rest are in optic number five So I've got you lined up for For Yankees and twins in Donner's optic baseball number five Which is coming up after this? All right, there's Brady singer to 99 and we've got Alexander Vargas For the Yankees that's gonna be for Brian and of course all carship and got a redemption behind CJ Abrams The redemption you are due to receive a prospect autograph card of Los Los Angeles Angels Dodgers, it's Bobby Miller for the Dodgers nice He's supposed to be one of the bigger pitching prospect names in the Dodger organization I'll be for Brian. Most of these are gonna be for Brian The Brady singer goes to John Beck and all cards will ship. There's William Contreras 41 out of 75 and Jose Rodriguez White Sox Brian William Contreras will go to Brian as well in the Braves We've got a Tanner Hawks speckled 97 out of 99 which reveals a Garrett Mitchell 62 out of 150 for the brew crew Both brewers and Red Sox are gonna be for Brian Crouch Big win for him in that filler Got 24 teams in this break and behind Bobby Whit jr. Is Kobe Mayo Carlos last spot mojo with the Orioles 70% of the time last spot mojo hits a hundred percent of the time. Thanks for getting your team straight up. All right next box So after this will be another baseball break If you take a look at the schedule, it says It says what break I'm down to do After the next two otherwise, we're gonna call it a night We should be able to fill that origins break So go get it just these case breaks comm my Alvarez is pretty good, isn't he? Who does everyone have in that White Sox Astros series White Sox at Astros Astros drawing first blood on 6-1 today actually was on I had like a little parlay going I was on the Astros and Red Sox to win Red Sox did not win, but the Astros did win, but I have a little series that Kind of not good at futures plays. So this is It's just for funsies for me, but I'm on the White Sox to win the to win the series if they're starting pitching if that all clicks here's a Heriberto Hernandez for the Rays Brian if they If they clicks You know then then they can win They can win that series and more There's Kate Cavalli for Washington Darren McKenzie with the Nats and we got Antonio Gomez Yankees It's gonna be for Brian There's Austin Hendrick two out of fifty behind him is a Jose Salas For Brian in the Marlins. I got Christian Pache two out of fifty and Tyler Soderstrom Oakland A's and yeah, and I'm rooting for Andrew Vaughn. Did he make the playoff roster? I'm sure he did he definitely did there's Tyler Soderstrom for the A's Brian Crouch right Sean Jaspie is is Has taken a big position As they say I think in the finance world Taking a big position on Andrew Vaughn for the White Sox I mean, there's a lot of youngsters on that White Sox team I mean, you know, there's a guy around the box right there a lot of a lot of youngsters on that White Sox team That could make a name for themselves in the In the playoffs And they've got veteran hitting around that team to Tim Anderson Jose of Ryu I want to say Lance McCuller is matched up really well against that. I think he always seems to have the White Sox number. So maybe Maybe that was that was inevitable, but These five game series can get weird momentum can turn pretty quickly Yeah, Tim Anderson went one for one for four Mkhada went one for three Abraya went two for four grand doll went oh for Luis Robert went two for three Elohimenez was there One for four Gavin sheets and angle went oh for eight The bottom of that order that bottom of that order didn't get too much production at all. He just couldn't score runs. They got They got people on they just couldn't score runs and Lance Lynn just wasn't sharp Yeah, I think Andrew Vaughn is on the is officially on the playoff the DS Division series roster and McCullers went six strong Scattered four hits didn't give up any earned runs. He was really sharp Michael Brantley looked good had a couple RBI's Jordan Alvarez had a couple RBI's And then Bregman with an RBI and Myers with an RBI and there you go There's your six runs right there just like that But I think hopefully the White Sox can make a series of it make it interesting There's Ronnie Maurizio 23 out of 25 for the Mets and Jordan Walker for the Cardinals All of these are gonna be for Brian Crouch who won 80 percent. I think 24 of 30 is 80 percent won 24 of the 30 teams here in this break. So a lot of these are and go for him Congrats again Brian but Orioles Tigers Astros Royals Rangers and nationals Those are the teams that other people bought straight up. So good luck to everybody 64 out of 199 Brady's singer and a ranger after Pat Wolf Got the Rangers straight up And gets the Anderson Tahada speckle autograph 38 out of 99 You got Nick Madrigal former White Sox of 199 and Nick Bitzko for the Tampa Bay Rays Brian There's that stolen. That's that there's that seal of home by Aros Arreña. What a gutsy move Got under the throw Yolke Cespidus 77 out of 99 that's Yolenes is half-brother Goes to Brian Crouch and the White Sox. There's Jermyn Mercedes and Kevin Alcantara One of the bigger bigger names in the Yankees system Brian Crouch Halfway through this half case break how about another 10-15 minutes to go on this one We've got another baseball break coming up. Well speaking of the Rays Rays shut out the Red Sox in game one five nothing I don't know was this the Let's see. Let's see what the Red Sox can do. I I have the Rays. They are the favorites to win So the White Sox are slight underdogs to win the series I think it was like plus 116 or something like that and I think the Rays are definitely Heavier favorites to win the series. I think they're like minus 160 or something to win the series Which if you do the math is is It's considerable favorite to win the whole thing It looked like it looked like a bit of a I think Adam St. Ange in the chat was saying earlier man. His Red Sox looked a little tired I think that might be true after kind of an emotional win a Big win and an emotional I don't think it was really close, but it was an emotional win for the Red Sox Maybe there was a little bit of a letdown spot there and they're traveling down to Tampa Bay after that So maybe it was a classic letdown spot, but they just they were just really sluggish from the get-go I mean the only guys that were really doing were Kyle Schorber, Xander Bogart's both went two for four Devers Renfro and Verdugo each had a hit. I think they Some of them, but they weren't really together, you know, they weren't really around the same time It was just kind of scattered all over the nine innings Tyler needs that yoelki sesuvitus kid to be a monster. You pulled his bowman first true red on nice well if he's Half as good as yoenis and can say healthier longer I mean he's in for a pretty solid career. All right, we got a Cole Henry wave autograph 20 out of 125 Nationals Darren McKenzie DMACC and we've got Alexander Ramirez for the halos. That's going to go to brian There's micabelle 21 out of 150 For the fight and fills brian crouch with the Phillies There's shame clan ahead to 199 he made the start tonight Went five innings scattered five hits three strikeouts. No earned runs No walks Here's another Cole Henry for Darren and the nationals Shame clan and won that game too And back here. We've got Jared Schuster 37 out of 125 that wave pattern looks really sharp brian crouch with the braves. Good-looking card Clear this breakaway a little bit All right two boxes to go The big story was I mean man, I guess Those randy ars arania rookie cards from last year I think I mean he really made a name for himself last year in the uh In the playoffs And he looked I mean he looked pretty amazing And he had a great and he's probably and he still had his rookie eligibility So I think his rookie cards were last year 2020 product if I'm not mistaken But he still has rookie eligibility for this season So he's probably going to win al rookie of the year And he's on the national stage and he's on nationally broadcasted games in the playoffs So if he keeps doing what he's doing rex was saying earlier That this was the first time In playoff history That someone has hit a home run In a game and stole Home which I guess Then I mentioned I think in the regular season that can't happen too often in general But to do it so to do it in the playoffs Is uh is pretty amazing. So his legend is growing. He went he went one for two Two walks an rbi score three runs And I I can hear like his cards increasing in value right now As we speak So randy ars arania Now I think cardinals fans don't like to hear that name because Because I think the cardinals that traded ars arania to the reyes um For matt liberator, I think who's supposed to be a really good pitcher I think he is. I don't know if he's been pitching in the big leagues, but But he's supposed to be really incredible, but Sort of difficult to see ars arania in the playoffs doing his thing Yeah, first time in the playoffs. Well, I'm wondering ricks. How often has it happened ever? That's what I want to know That speaking of the razors louis patino I wish there was a way to look that up Again, that's for the raise brian And there is robert hassel one of the padres's big first round picks recently Brian with the friars And we've got a nice bowman chrome hosel tuve autograph And that's sort of an older school design astros steven watson with the straws 18 out of 50 sterling recollections Autograph card. That's pretty cool. Nice And we got kasey martin philadelphia fillies brian crouch Yeah, joey's straws looking good They got a good team brian crouch with the fillies with the kasey martin And we have another filly. That's yohan rojas For the fight and fills All right final box coming up Got some al games coming up tomorrow nl games that is coming up tomorrow Braves are in milwaki This is the product joey Braves are milwaki. Who does who does everyone have there? I think the braves are a slight underdogs in this series. I think their series price was was plus 124 I'm on the uh I'm actually on the underdogs here. I think the braves are going to pull this off Apologies to my friends in the uh in the milwaki area. All right next uh rtr in the house with a bobby wood jr Update the minor league player of the year bobby wood jr missed his 30 30 30 year because A game got rained out Is that third? What was the 30 30 30 again? Is it 30 home run 30 stolen bases? 30 doubles It's pretty good in a minor league season That's going to be a big name to be looking for and chasing next year Apologies to the royals fans out there the royals pick your team prices With bobby wood jr. I think we'll officially be a rookie next year because I think he's expected real time is he expected to to uh To be on the big club next year There's reed debtomers for the halos And that'll be for brian This upcoming season or the season after that are you saying? 2022 9 out of 75 nick york boston redsox brian joey saying yo bro. I wouldn't trade wander franco for mookie betz chris taylor walker buhler erison max scherzer Okay, so noted Drew romo 61 s m 5. Yeah wander franco is pretty good But I would probably trade wander franco for those guys. I think the rays would too Drew romo going to the rocks for brian Francisco alvarez is 75 and nick loften For the royals john beck Yeah, okay, so bobby wood jr. And others for 2022 Right, so he should be a rookie. I mean, I'm sure they probably they want to fiddle with the service time stuff Unless that gets solved in the collective bargain agreement at the end here. Maybe if they goof around with service time stuff um Then maybe he'll it'll be a little bit later than that but I think for the most part Wander franco should be a big name to chase next year or uh bobby wood jr. Should be a big name chase here Wander franco is already a big name beyond hunter green the last auto here Is gabriel arias cleveland indians the guardians next year That'll be for brian and the tribe There you go. Congrats to brian. Thanks everybody else for getting in brian won all those teams in that big filler Thanks everybody who got spots in this break as well straight up all card chips and pretty nice stuff Thanks for watching. Thanks for breaking with us. I'm joe For jaskiescasebreaks.com and I'll see you next time for the next break. Bye. Bye


Okay, I can sum this up really quick. The Japs Bomb Bahaba, you were right. They're gonna attack Midway next. My intelligence thinking people say that. My God.  I'm one of them nonsense pilots who chew an excessive amount of gum. My God, you reckless. My intelligence people say we need recklessness right now. My God. This is gonna be a real authentic movie, just like my accent. We won the day at Midway. Yeah, good. Cause of intelligence. Yeah, it's essentially that. Ooh, that's a hot mug, guys. Hey guys, this is my review for Midway, the newest film by Roland Emmerich. I was very excited for this movie. There's only kind of one movie about Midway and was made back in the 70s and it hasn't aged the best, even though some of the footage is actually from the Pacific Theater. They just took some and spliced it in from Ford and other Hollywood directors who are out there shooting their films of propaganda pieces. I remember being a kid at a doctor's office and National Geographic had released a issue about the battle of Midway and I was so into it while reading in the waiting room that I actually took it home with me and then I lost it. Either way, the battle of Midway has always been very interesting to me because of how vital and how much of a big turnaround it was for the US forces against the Japanese forces during the Second World War. And this movie tries to say how important it is. More so, it feels like we're following these people because the script is telling us to. Instead of trying to focus on a singular aspect of it, admittedly, Roland tries to capture a lot of what happened, not just the battle of Midway itself but things leading up to it. He's trying to encapsulate almost a year of all the naval conflicts and aerial battles that happened in the Pacific in one two hour long movie and one, he doesn't have the money that he usually has with a full universal or whichever budget. He has an elevation pictures budget so you can tell through some of the CG that it just, he just has too many characters and so many of these characters are straight up stereotypes. They're just not even characters. I would say they are Mr. One, Mr. Two, Mr. Three, Mr. Four. I know they're supposed to be embodying big pillars of American military history. I just feel like this is just another role in Emmerich movie with his stereotype cliché of characters. It's like watching Independence Day, watching 2012. Sometimes the editing is just so sporadic. It's so boom, boom, boom, boom, boom. It more so feels like they're trying to check off check marks rather than actually tell a story. By the way, if you noticed all that zoom in, all that post zoom crap, there's so much of it in this movie through the conversation pieces. Why are you consistently zooming in and post? It looks so bad. Again, it feels like this movie is a checklist rather than a film. Yep, we got that, we got that, we got that, we got that, we got that, we got that. Whether it's good or bad, it doesn't matter. It's just been checked off. Some of the battle scenes are cool. I'll admit, there are certain dive bomb scenes that are pretty good, but there's parts that they could have focused on more and they could have actually done it in a meaningful storytelling way rather than just checking it off. For instance, Luke Evans is one of the more major characters in this movie. He's supposed to be this no care attitude pilot, but we also see that he loves his family. But it's more so, there's a scene with him and his daughter. He keeps just looking back. It's like, yep, I established that I love my daughter.  And instead of that, we could have focused maybe more so on why he does the things he does. We could have focused on, like, God forbid a piece of dialogue explaining how a dive bomber pilot works better than a torpedo rather than just a joke that torpedoes don't work. Just talk about the battle and we can start establishing with these characters. It's hard to make a World War II movie now that Christopher Nolan has just been like, yo, realism, what up, yaaah. Now everything that's come after it, especially when it's in comparison to a high CGI film, it just doesn't have that weight.  In the end, I'm gonna give Midway a two out of seven. It's unfortunate too, because I really wanted to see a well-done movie about this battle because it is a very interesting battle. And remember, there was a submarine at one point? They don't talk about it again. It just disappears. Anyways, guys, I hope you enjoyed this review. If you did, leave a like, and if you're interested in more, maybe subscribe. Otherwise, I'll see you guys next time. Thanks for watching the video. It's been a while, but I'm happy to say the click is finally getting back together in an all new movie thanks to a successful Kickstarter campaign. But we are still asking for your support. To see any and all updates about the upcoming Undergrads movie, be sure to check out and like the Bring Back Undergrads Facebook page. And with any luck, we'll see you guys soon.