Section 1 of Grey's Anatomy, Part 2. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recorded by Laurie Ann Walden. Anatomy of the Human Body, Part 2, by Henry Gray. Sin Dismology, Introduction. The bones of the skeleton are joined to one another at different parts of their surfaces, and such connections are termed joints or articulations. Where the joints are immovable, as in the articulations between practically all the bones of the skull, the adjacent margins of the bones are almost in contact, being separated merely by a thin layer of fibrous membrane named the sutral ligament. In certain regions at the base of the skull, this fibrous membrane is replaced by a layer of cartilage. Where slight movement combined with great strength is required, the osseous surfaces are united by tough and elastic fibrocartilages, as in the joints between the vertebral bodies and in the inter pubic articulation. In the freely movable joints, the surfaces are completely separated. The bones forming the articulation are expanded for greater convenience of mutual connection, covered by cartilage and enveloped by capsules of fibrous tissue. The cells lining the interior of the fibrous capsule form an imperfect membrane, the synovial membrane, which secretes a lubricating fluid. The joints are strengthened by strong fibrous bands called ligaments, which extend between the bones forming the joint. Bone. Bone constitutes the fundamental element of all the joints. In the long bones, the extremities are the parts which form the articulations. They are generally somewhat enlarged and consist of spongy, cancelous tissue with a thin coating of compact substance. In the flat bones, the articulations usually take place at the edges, and in the short bones at various parts of their surfaces. The layer of compact bone which forms the joint surface and to which the articular cartilage is attached is called the articular lamella. It differs from ordinary bone tissue in that it contains no heversian canals and its lacunae are larger and have no canaliculi. The vessels of the cancelous tissue as they approach the articular lamella turn back in loops and do not perforate it. This layer is consequently denser and firmer than ordinary bone and is evidently designed to form an unyielding support for the articular cartilage. Cartilage. Cartilage is a non-vascular structure which is found in various parts of the body. In adult life, chiefly in the joints, in the parietes of the thorax, and in various tubes such as the trachea and bronchi, nose and ears. All complete. Ready to continue?


car by means of a manila rope. So manila is that fiber rope that we're all so used to. The rope itself is about 1,200 feet long, so it was a big rope way up on the hillside. As the rope typically only lasted 75 days, Hality thought, hmm, I know how to make rope that will last longer than that. So he proposed to the owners that he make a rope out of wire. The offer was accepted, and so Hality, who was clearly the MacGyver of his day, was able to just construct some machinery seemingly out of thin air. And he sent to San Francisco for the only kind of wire that one could buy back then, which was iron wire, the kind used for fencing. So in order to render it fit for wire rope making, he first had to build a charcoal pit, start a fire, and basically carbonize the wire itself so that it was flexible enough to make into rope. He would make three ropes and then splice them together, so ultimately it was 1,200 feet. And this first rope made in California would last 27 months, so approximately the lifespan of 10 manila ropes. So with this success, he realized that there was a market for his family's signature product. And so a few months later, made the trek down to San Francisco, bringing with him the machinery that he'd made and his business partner, Mr. Thomas Bradford. And together, they commenced making wire rope in North Beach in a small workshop on Taylor Street under the name of AS Hality and Company. Business was very slow at first. But Hality made a point of displaying his wire rope at the State Fair in 1859 and at the Mechanics Institute Fair of 1860. And of course, he would display his wire rope ever after that with us, at least. Things picked up, and by 1861, Hality was advertising in over 30 newspapers up and down the West and also in British Columbia. Meanwhile, people didn't really know what to do with his rope, so he started making suspension bridges. And he learned how to do this at his father's knee. His father had patented his own suspension bridge some 20 years earlier. So Hality's first known suspension bridge was a suspension flume, actually, for a mining company on the American River, which he finished in 1857. And this mini bridge was 140 feet long and about 24 feet above the American River. His next bridge would be over the Klamath, and the next one was over Deer Creek in Nevada City. And he would go on to build at least seven bridges within the next three years, most of them in the Sierra Foothills. Here's another bridge at Rattlesnake Bar. And you know, Hality's bridges all look the same. Not saying anything, but anything negative. But there they are. His fame reached as far as Victoria, British Columbia. And in February 1863, he would be commissioned by Sir Joseph Trutch to build an enormous suspension bridge over the Frasier River just outside of Fort Yale. The bridge was along the Caribou Wagon Road, which was a new road digging deep into the wilds of British Columbia. And despite some problems getting the materials from San Francisco to the bridge site, because there weren't very many roads, the bridge was completed within six months and was finished in September 1863. And this bridge was 268 feet long and some 90 feet over the river. I shouldn't say this was his last bridge, but the Alexandria Bridge made him think, I'm not sure I want to build bridges anymore because of long days outside, getting exposed to the weather and just the craziness of building a bridge. Shortly after, he would abandon that and move on to selling wire rope. Meanwhile, Hality's elder brother, Archibald, who had taken over their father's wire works in London, was busy innovating both rope and the machines to make them, make it. Building upon their father's designs, Archibald Smith would take out patents for a new kind of flat wire rope and a machine to make it, which he displayed at the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts in 1858. At the same time in Nevada, a load of silver ore was found known as the Comstock. And the thing that was special about the Comstock was to get to the silver, one had to tunnel underground, which was different from how gold was typically mined. And the Comstock environment required elevators to move the ore and miners up and out of the mine. And elevators work best when they use flat wire rope because round rope kinks and snaps sometimes, disastrously, when it's rolled onto a spool. So, Halody took his brother's ideas and thoughts on flat wire and developed his own cable and debuted it in his catalog of 1863. And it quickly became the industry standard throughout the Comstock and the West. And as you can see in this map that outlines the Comstock and the number of claims, there was a huge market for wire rope. This map was drawn by a friend of the Mechanics Institute, the renowned African American lithographer, Grafton Tyler Brown. And here's an example of the flat wire rope in use. And as you can see, the wire, the cable's on the right and it's nearly as wide as that man's head. So throughout the 1860s, Halody would experiment with using his cables for transport and he began experimenting with suspended carriageways, again riffing off of breaking technology in the mining world, in the mining industry worldwide. Ultimately, his endless wire ropeway, which you can see in this picture, would revolutionize the transport of ore throughout the West and this ropeway would allow the transport of ore across all kinds of terrain, up and down mountains, over deep valleys, and it operates very similarly to a ski lift.


and this is a famous 35 sector market as you will see all the stores are here everything that you heart can desire


Hi, I'm Zor. Welcome to Unizor Education. Today we're continuing talking about limits, sequence limits. That's a preparation for limits for functions, and that is a preparation for derivatives. So basically it's all gearing towards derivatives. This lecture and the whole course actually is presented on Unizor.com. I do recommend you to take the whole course and for these lectures go straight to the website because any lecture contains on this website very detailed notes and they're very useful actually to examine before or after the lecture. In addition registered students can take exams on the website. The website is free so it's very useful tool for education. Alright, back to limits. Now before we didn't really concern ourselves too much about difficulties of identifying what is the limit. Our simple examples were really trivial like what's the limit of, I don't know, a sequence something like 1 over n. I mean obviously it's infinitesimal as n goes to infinity goes to zero. Today I would like to talk about cases which are not obvious and in limit theories they usually called indeterminate. So there are many problems where limits are not so obvious as this one and they require certain preparation job from you to determine what exactly is the limit. And what's very important and probably the most important when we will talk about derivatives, all the derivatives are based on taking the limits where it's not obvious basically. For instance in this case we have a constant divided by infinitely growing variable so that's obvious. But if you have one let's say infinitesimal divided by another infinitesimal the result is not so obvious or you subtract one infinitely growing variable from another. Again the answer is supposed to be somehow derived based on certain transformations which you have to do with the sequences in question before it becomes obvious what's the limit actually, what the limit actually is. So today we will talk about these cases and let me just repeat that for derivatives it's exactly these indeterminate cases which occur. All right so here is what we are going to do right now. I'll just give you a few examples of the types of indeterminate forms these sequences might actually take and in each case I will just explain as an example what can be done about this particular case to resolve the limit. And there is no like general approach how to take limits like for any cases but we will discover certain commonalities between whatever the examples I have. All right so let's do it one by one. The first not so simple limit I would like to take is the following. I have a sequence which is a product of infinitesimal and some kind of infinitely growing. So one thing is decreasing as n goes to infinity and another thing is increasing as n goes to infinity. Question is how can I take this limit how do I know what actually is the result of the limit of this particular sequence. Well this is a very very simple case of indeterminate limit because what actually this is it's 2n plus 3 divided by n which is sequence of let's divide it 2 plus 3 over n right. So now we have a constant plus infinitesimal and we know that limit of sum is equal to sum of limits. Now this is the constant so it limit its limit is 2. This has a limit 0 because n is in denominator so the result will be 2. So this particular sequence converges to 2 and as you see we needed to do some very very simple transformation to obtain this. It's not obvious just looking from looking at the original segments what exactly the result is. Now as from the type of indeterminate limit which we are talking about you see this is infinitesimal and this is infinitely growing. So there is some kind of a symbolic determination if you wish or certain label which we can put on the whole class of limits of that type. It's 0 times infinity. 0 signifies infinitesimal and infinity signifies the infinitely growing. So we are resolving in this particular case this type of indeterminism. Now can all limits of this type can be resolved so easily absolutely not and sometimes we might actually have the situation when there is no limit but in this case it's simple. So for each particular case I will present an example of 2 and just to give you a flavor that there is some work which needs to be done to determine what exactly is the limit. Another example is basically based on this one which we have already just considered. Example of which can be symbolically designated this type of symbol infinity divided by infinity. What actually it means I have infinitely growing divided by another let's say infinitely growing sequence. We cannot apply some theorems that the limit of a ratio is equal to ratio of the limits because in this case both numerator and denominator do not have a concrete limit. Both are infinitely growing but at the same time we can make certain modifications transformations of this without basically equivalent transformation without changing anything.  Now and this obviously is converging to 2 because it's 2 plus infinitesimal. So that's just another infinity over infinity. Again it's just a symbol it doesn't really mean the division or anything like that. Just a symbolical designation. So the first one was zero times infinity this one divided by infinity. Okay I think these symbols like infinity over infinity again it's only symbols do not take them as a real operation. Okay what's next? Next is the following. I have sine n divided by n square. Now same thing we cannot apply limit of the ratio is equal to ratio of limit because the top doesn't have a limit at all because it's just a sine it goes from plus 1 to minus 1 so it doesn't have any limits. The bottom is infinitely growing. However we can resolve this limit. How can we do it? Well if you remember and if you don't you can always refer to there was one of the previous lectures where I have actually proven that if you have certain sequence and you know that this sequence that each element of this sequence is between other sequences and you know that both boundaries are going to the same limit then this one also goes to the same limit. So we are basically squeezing this sequence from left and from right and as n goes to infinity if these two converged one in the same number this must actually also converge this number. Now so we can also use it here it's 1 over n square and minus 1 over n square right because the sine is always between minus 1 and 1. Now this one is infinitesimal and this one is infinitesimal because it's a constant divided by n square and then square goes to infinity right. So both of them are converging to zero and that's why this one also converges to zero. So we have the situation here when we have a no non-convergent in the numerator and infinitely growing in the denominator. So that's another case which I wanted to. Okay few more examples. Okay I have here example zero over zero it means one infinitesimal in the numerator and another infinitesimal in the denominator and I would like actually to tell you that this is probably the most frequently occurring type of indeterminate limits which occurs in derivatives because all derivatives are built around this ratio of one infinitesimal over another infinitesimal. So it's a very important case. So let me just make a concrete example. I have 2 to the power of minus n plus 1 plus 3 to the power of minus n divided by 2 to the power of minus n. Okay on the top I have one infinitesimal right. This is negative which means it's 1 over 2 to the power of n to the power of n plus 1. Obviously as n growing 1 over 2 goes to zero. Same thing here. This is 1 over 3 to the power of n. 3 to the power of n is infinitely growing. 1 over 3 to the power of n is infinitesimal. So this is infinitesimal plus this is infinitesimal. Some is infinitesimal and in the bottom also have infinitesimal. So how can I resolve this? Well in this case it's easy. You just divide this by this. So what do we have? 2. When you divide you know that you have to subtract the exponential part right. So it's minus n minus 1 that's this one and you have to subtract minus n which means plus n. That's division this over this. Now division plus this over this it's 3 over 2 to the power of minus n right. Now what is this minus n plus n? So it's 2 to the power of minus 1 which is 1 half plus 3 seconds to the power of minus n. Now this obviously is infinitesimal so this thing converges to 1 half. Okay next. Sine square of 1 over n divided by 1 minus cosine of 1 over n. Okay how can I determine the limit of this one? Well in this case what I would do well obviously as n goes to infinity 1 over n goes to 0 cosine of 1 over n goes to cosine of 0 which is 1. 1 minus 1 is 0 so here we have infinitesimal. Same thing here. As n goes to infinity 1 over n goes to 0, sine of 0 is 0. So we have one infinitesimal divided another 0 over 0 type of indeterminant. Now how can I get rid of this indeterminism? How can I determine? Well in this particular case and in many other obviously you notice that if you will multiply it by 1 over by 1 plus cosine of 1 n here and here what happens? Well this is 1 minus cosine square which is 1 minus cosine square is a sine square right? And sine square of 1 n will will cancel this one and we will have 1 plus cosine 1 n. Alright? So 1 minus cosine square of 1 n which is sine square it will cancel this one and that's the only thing which will be remaining. And the result is what does it converge to? n goes to infinity 1 n goes to 0 so cosine of 1 n goes to cosine of 0 which is 1 so 1 plus 1 is 2. So the limit of this is 2. Now this is a little trick if you wish and I don't think I can you know teach you all the tricks but the more problems like this you will solve obviously the more tricks you will have in your repertoire. But this is just kind of a thing which is obvious if you look at this 1 minus cosine and then it's kind of obvious you have to multiply by 1 plus cosine to get 1 minus cosine square and it will be cancelled with sine square. Okay? Well I'm saying it's obvious because I have already solved it right? For people who didn't it's not so obvious so you have to really think about this and as a result the whole thing actually the whole course is supposed to just cause people thinking so it's obvious. Now next next I have another example of infinitesimal times infinitely growing. Okay 1 over n plus 1 that's my infinitesimal times n square that's my infinitely growing so this is a sequence. How can I find the limit of this thing? Well the easiest way I believe is to replace it with 1 n plus 1 n square minus 1 plus 1. Now n minus 1 is as n square minus 1 is n minus 1 times n plus 1 n plus 1 right?  Now this is much easier because this is infinitely growing plus infinitesimal. Well obviously if you will add infinitesimal to infinite growing you will get still infinitely growing so this thing is infinitely growing to infinity that's basically the result. Now it's not obvious looking just from this that this is a result. I mean it's obvious for some people but they already have this mentally made these kind of manipulations in mind. Another more I would say typical way in this case is represented differently. It's n square divided by and I will take n outside of this so n plus 1 I will represent this. Now I can cancel one of them. Now this is infinitesimal 1 plus infinitesimal is obviously converging to 1 sequence so there is nothing wrong with this and plane n is obviously infinitely growing. So you have infinitely growing divided by something which is very close to 1 which means it doesn't really change the infinite growth phenomenon. Alright so that's one of them. Another is more interesting. Sine 1 over n times n. Now n goes to infinity 1 over n goes to 0, sine of 0 is 0 so this is infinitely infinitesimal and this one is infinitely growing so again we have zero times infinity indeterminate. Now here I would like actually to again go back in memory and in one of the lectures where I was using trigonometry and geometry and the limit theory I actually proved that sine of x divided by x as angle x goes to 0 in regions that this thing is converging to 1. So for the proof of this I can refer you to one of the lectures in trigonometry. In notes for these lectures I actually specify exactly the name of that lecture. Right now I don't remember exactly but something like trigonometry chapter and then using trigonometry for geometrical problems. So I actually have proven this. Now I can use this in this particular case because this is not other but sine 1n divided by 1n. Right? Multiplying by n I replaced with division by 1 over n. Now there is nothing wrong by the way I was using n in denominator because n is never equal to 0 and goes to infinity so we are absolutely fine making these manipulations we are not like losing anything. And this is exactly what this is all about because as n goes to infinity 1 over n goes to 0 that's exactly corresponds to this. So the limit of this is 1. It converges to 1. And by the way the proof of this is quite interesting. I do recommend you to go back and examine this particular lecture. In notes for this lecture I have exact reference to this. Okay, next. Next is when I have infinity over infinity. So I have infinitely growing divided by another infinitely growing. So this sequence. Well this is an example of a sequence which is a ratio of two polynomials. Now my next lecture will be completely dedicated to this type of infinity over infinity limits. Polynomial over polynomial. But in this particular case there is a little bit again a small trick. You obviously notice that some of these coefficients is equal to 0 which means n is equal to 1 must be the solution of the equation when n square plus n minus 2 is equal to 0 which means we can divide it by n minus 1 and represent it as n minus 1 times n plus 2. Now same thing here. You see sum of coefficients is 0 which means if n is equal to 0 the result will be 0. So it also supposed to be factored out n minus 1 and here I will have 2n what plus 5 plus 5. And obviously you can cancel n minus 1 again. n is growing to infinity number so there is no problem of this thing is equal to 0. And this one is a little bit easier because it's linear rather than quadratic. And you can always say that this is n plus 2 divided by 2n plus 5 seconds. Now this can be 5 seconds minus 1 second rate. And now we can put parenthesis here which means this divided by this is 1 half and this divided by this will be 1 minus 2 n plus 5 seconds. Now this is infinitely small. So it's infinitesimal and this is a constant 1 half. So the whole thing would be going to 1 half. It converges to 1 half which most of the people with a little experience would guess just looking at the top coefficients at n square. See 1 half. But we will talk about this in the next lecture which is dedicated to ratio of polynomials. Anything else? Okay here is another one. n square sine 1 over n plus 1 over n. Well that's kind of easy because I can just divide it so I will have n square divided by n I will have n sine 1 over n plus 1 over n right? Now this we have we have already established converges to 1. That's my previous problem and this is infinitesimal so it goes to 0 the result will be 1. So this thing is converging to 1. And the last type of indeterminate forms of limits is infinity minus infinity. And as an example I have this square root n square plus n minus n minus n. That's it. Now whenever you have something like this infinity minus infinity how can you get rid of this indeterminism? Well in this particular case I think it's very conveniently to multiply it by this plus this. So again we were just using it in the previous problem a b times a plus b is equal to 8 square minus b square. And why do I have to do it? Because square of this minus square of this you see n square here and n square here it will cancel out. So the whole thing is equal to so I multiply it by their sum and divide by sum. Now this is square of this minus square of this which is plain n. This is square root of n square plus n plus n. Now did it make our life easier? Yes actually much easier. Because what we can do is we can divide by n numerator and denominator. I will have one here. I will have this one. I will have plus one and my square root would be if I divided by n it means that I can divide square root by n square right? So it would be n square plus n divided by n square. And what is this? Well obviously this is n square over n square it's one plus n over n square is one. And this is now easy because only we have here is one infinitesimal and as n goes to infinity obviously this is the constant this is the constant this is the constant and there is only one infinitesimal here so I will have basically this thing goes to square root of one which is one plus one that's two so it's one half. And another last example on the same type of infinity minus infinity the following n plus one minus logarithm by base two two to the power of n minus one. Okay how can we transform this? Now this is infinitely growing and this is infinitely growing that's why it's infinity minus infinity type of the limit. So somehow we have to make it better. Well how can we make it better? Well here is one of the examples. I can have n, n is equal to logarithm to the power of n by the power of two right? That's the definition of the logarithm. So instead of n I will put so one is still here now log two to the power of n minus log two to the power of n minus one. Now difference between logarithms with the same base as you remember is logarithm of the ratio. Now here it's much easier because this is minus one plus one and I divide this by this and I have one plus log two of one plus one over two to the power of n minus one. And now this is easy because as n goes to infinity this is infinitesimal so one plus infinitesimal so that's very much close to one it's converging to one logarithm of one is zero so one plus so the whole thing converges to one. Again a little transformation is needed to get rid of this indeterminism and basically this is the whole story about indeterminate. I cannot give you the recipe how to get rid of things like this or zero times infinity or zero divided by zero or infinity divided by zero. In every case you have to really think about it so it's a little bit of an art if you wish but again as I was saying before the whole course is supposed to bring you closer to thinking about how to solve the problem. It's not interesting just to use the ready to ready to use recipe which somebody else has discovered that's just you know training your memory which is important but it's not the purpose. The purpose of this is for you to discover for yourself all these little tricks little transformations because the more transformations you will do right now based on your own feelings about how you feel your way in this forest of problems the easier for you would be in the real life to solve the problems which any profession will present to you. Well that's it was this very nice conclusion I will end this lecture. Thank you very much and good luck.


Greetings and welcome to the Introduction to Astronomy. In this week's special topic in astronomy we are going to talk about orbital eccentricity and what that means for orbits both in our solar system and beyond. So what do we mean by eccentricity when we talk about that in terms of an orbit? Well the eccentricity is a measure of how flattened the orbit is. So an eccentricity of zero is a circle. So here we have an eccentricity of zero and we go up by tenths here and then even less to point nine five here the closer we get to one the more flattened this circle becomes. So it's a circle here and then we have various ellipses that are greatly greater or lesser amounts flattened by the amount of the eccentricity. So we can have again with an orbital planet orbit within the solar system if it was perfectly circular you'd have an eccentricity of zero. Well that's not going to happen you're always going to have some very slight eccentricity. The Earth's eccentricity is a little bit greater than zero it's got a slightly. So the amount of eccentricity between zero and one tells you how flattened that ellipse is. Now this was given to us by Johannes Kepler who determined that the orbits of the planets were not circles but were actually ellipses. Isaac Newton was able to modify that and improve upon it and showed us that there are other possibilities for these as well and let's take a look at these and what we have is that there also are not only circles shown here in red an example of an elliptical orbit in green but you can also have unbound orbits you can have an eccentricity of one which is a parabolic orbit just barely escaping outward so the object comes in and then escapes it is not a closed orbit where the object would return. You can also have an eccentricity greater than one which is a hyperbolic orbit shown here in the purple. So we can see those different types of orbits and this is how Isaac Newton generalized this in that the orbits are not just ellipses but are actually conic sections. So what is a conic section? Well you imagine a plane being sliced through a cone and the different things that you can get would be a circle and we'll see an example of that that's where this starts when it's come the plane is flat and actually parallel to the base you get a circle as you start to tilt that you get ellipses of various sizes so let's go ahead and take a look at the ellipses here so now we're getting ellipse and it's getting more and more flattened as we stretch it down eventually it'll break the bottom becoming parabolic and then finally continue as we tilt downward and become a hyperbolic orbit so any orbits that we find not just in the solar system comets sometimes have parabolic or hyperbolic orbits but anywhere else in space would also be one of these types of orbits possibly perfectly circular very difficult to get that exactly equal to zero generally you would find that the orbits would be either elliptical or hyperbolic since you need exact numbers to get a circular or a parabolic orbit so again that applies not just to the solar system but to any object orbiting in the universe so let's go ahead and finish up with our summary and what we've looked at is the eccentricity of an orbit describe how much it deviates from a perfect circle eccentricity of zero is a circle an eccentricity of less than one would be a closed orbit if it's zero at circular anything greater than zero but less than one would be elliptical and an eccentricity greater than or equal to one would be an open orbit and that would be an orbit that does not return to the same to the object so something that comes in and visits us on once and never comes back again like some comets equal to one parabolic orbit greater than one hyperbolic orbit so that concludes this lecture on orbital eccentricity we'll be back again next time for another special topic in astronomy so until then have a great day everyone and I will see you in class


Then we initialize the structure. This is the cottonwood model class. This is our blank chalkboard that we're going to start putting these different blocks and assembling them as layers in a neural network. So initially this classifier is empty. It's blank. The next step is to add in the blocks one at a time. The way we do that is with classifiers add method and we give each one a name. That way if we're adding in five different convolution blocks and a bunch of different activation blocks, we can refer to one in particular if we want to reach in and pull out a value or measure a distribution of what's happening there. So we give each one a name as we create it. So we add the training data block, which we call, very not creatively, training data. We add a convolution block, which we initialize with our kernel size, our regularization parameters, the number of kernels, and the optimizer that we've chosen, and we name it Convolution2D0. We add a bias block, a hyperbolic tangent block, which we call Act for activation function. Then we repeat this. We add another convolution block, initialize the same way, but we give it a different name. We add another bias block, another hyperbolic tangent block. So now that we've gone through two convolution layers, we do pooling in two dimensions and we specify a stride of two with a window size of three. By trial and error, this is a combination that seems to work well. So we're rolling with it for now. We can always change those later and see if it helps or hurt us. Then we use a flatten block to go from our two-dimensional array, actually at this point, three-dimensional array because we have a number of channels, to a single linear one-dimensional flat set of inputs. Then we pass those to a linear layer, which has its own L1 and L2 regularization parameters, the number of classes, so the number of output nodes, and an optimizer. And we give it a name, linear two. We give it its accompanying bias and logistic activation function. And then we add a copy block. This lets us make two copies of that output, of that logistic function, and send one to our loss function and then the other to our hardmax function. So one of these, then we also create our loss function, which is a hinge loss, which we'll describe in detail later, and the one-hot block, and then our hardmax block that lets us turn our zero-to-one-valued predictions from our logistic output into a solid categorical prediction.


Good morning. Thank you for connecting as we journey in this study of the book of Acts. So far it's been a joyful ride as we've seen the people of God wait upon him for the promise of the Father, which is the baptism of the Holy Spirit. We saw how once the baptism in the Holy Spirit took place, the church was so powerful, empowered by the Holy Spirit and we're seeing the different things that are taking place in the church. So in the book of Acts, you know, we could even look at it as different stages. We said Acts chapter 2, there is the birth of the church, but then we can also consider progression and look at the different stages of the church. So today we'll talk a little bit about that and then continue from the end of Acts chapter 6 where we had actually stopped. So let's pray and let's get into today's session. Let me begin with the word of prayer. Heavenly Father, we thank you for godly examples such as the book of Acts. Lord, thank you Father for us. Lord, you've given us a prototype church. Father God, as we consider the various features of the church, we pray that Lord, we as your body will be transformed to God. The revival which took place, Father God, in the early church will be a part of our lives as well. Father God, we truly desire a God for a deeper and a powerful work of the Spirit. Lord, we pray you will do it in our time, so God, in Jesus' name we pray. So I shared with us that there are different stages that the church went through. So the birth of the church as we know is in Acts chapter 2 when they have come together and the baptism in the Holy Spirit takes place. So the entire record of the book of Acts is, it spans over 40 years roughly. So in these 40 years, we will see a move of God through God's people and the rising up of a particular individual known as Apostle Paul, whose missionary journeys have impacted the early church and they continue to impact us today. So we see how the gospel was really taken out of Jerusalem into various parts such as Asia Minor, Europe and also up until the capital of the world at that point which would be Rome. And there are certain other things that we saw, we saw the features of the church, how there were people who prayed and stood in unity in their faith and trust in God and God was able to release the promises upon their lives. We also saw the outpouring of the Holy Spirit, the fulfillment of Joel's prophecy and in the first eight years, there is this community which is formed, which is so filled with the Holy Spirit, so transformed by the Holy Spirit and the outpouring of the Holy Spirit makes such a difference in their lives that they are stepping out and they are being that witness that Jesus talked about in Acts chapter 1 and verse 8. So the first eight years, we could consider that from Acts chapter 2 to Acts chapter 8. And then we move on from Acts chapter 9 when we continue. We see another 10 years when the revival fires that are in the early church begin to move to various parts of the world and eventually we will see that it will be the church of course, many different apostles in the church but the rising up of Paul and especially the revival fire being carried through him. So that will be another 20 years. So what we are saying is about 10 years or 8 years of the church sort of being established and then the next 10 years would be the church stepping out, so various apostles, believers stepping out and doing the work of the ministry and eventually the final 20 years in the book of Acts is about Apostle Paul. So right now we are still in the first eight years and by now we could say that about 7000 people or so were part of the church because we saw that in the numbers on the very first day, 3000 people were added and when the lame man gave his life to the lame man's miracle took place in Acts chapter 3, there were many others who responded and so the church is now thriving, it's growing and we saw so many other things. One was the people who were coming into the church and the expansion of the kingdom of God, of the kingdom work of God happening through the church. We also saw the very many foundations of the church such as the teaching of God's word, the fellowship which they had, the sharing, the prayer, the meeting together to worship the Lord. So these were the foundational activities of the church. We also saw how there was great reverence for God among the people, even the outsiders, they were able to see these things and testify of the fact that these people really belonged to God and something unusual was taking place in their midst. We saw how there was great power and grace which was in the church and wonders, signs, miracles were performed. We also saw, excuse me class, I don't know if it's got to do with the headphones here that every time I wear the headphones I'm sneezing away but yeah hopefully I'll just adjust to this. So great grace with great power, signs, wonders and miracles that was a feature of the church. Now all of this is happening in the church and it's really something to be off but at the same time we saw that the world around was not so receptive and so there was opposition, there was persecution which the apostles as well as the church body had to face, so that is also a reality that existed during those times and beyond this there are other aspects, I think in the last section we also talked about God's supernatural intervention and angelic visitation, right? So there were several things to talk about within the church and outside the church. So finally we looked at the fact that the church while it was growing there were some internal issues that came up and the leaders had to work with wisdom to resolve those matters. So that's where we were and at chapter 6 we saw that for the distribution of food to the widows. There were widows who were neglected in the daily distribution and for this issue seven volunteers were selected, we saw how their character, their testimony, their work with the Lord was so important even though they were about serving food to the people in need and finally towards the end of this passage there is a description of a man called Stephen. So let's start with reading about Stephen and then we will continue to chapter 7. So at chapter 6 and verse 8 is where we will begin. So can I request somebody to go ahead and read please, at chapter 6 verse 8 all the way till verse 15. And Stephen full of faith and power did great wonders in science among the people. Then there arose some from what is called the... Sorry, I can't pronounce it. Which part does Ali? First line. First line. Sirenians. Sirenians. Okay, and those from Celia and Shia disputed with Stephen and they were not able to resist the wisdom and the spirit by which he spoke then they secretly induced men to say we have heard him speak blasphemous word against Moses and God and they stir up the people, the elders and scribes and they came upon him, seized him and brought him to the council. They also set up false witnesses who say this man does not sit against this holy place and the law for we have heard him say that this Jesus of Nazareth will destroy this place and change the customs which Moses delivered to us and all who sat in a council looking steadfastly at him saw his face as the face of an angel. Yes, thank you, Zellie. So in this particular passage we continue to read about one of the volunteers which would be Stephen and we saw earlier that he had a wonderful testimony. It was said about him that he was a man full of faith, holy spirit and he was someone who was selected to serve tables. Now that shows us that he is but a volunteer so he is not termed an apostle or given any other leadership title but we have a little more to read about Stephen in the verses that continue. Verse 8 where an additional description is given regarding him full of faith.  Now it says full of power, with great wonders and signs among the people. So that's something for us to think about that it was not just the apostles but even an ordinary person in the church or an ordinary volunteer in the church is moving in what? Power, great wonders, signs among the people somewhere in our thinking. We could be limited where we only assume that it would be the pastors or the elders or the bishops who are meant to walk in the power of God the way Stephen walked. But who is Stephen? He is just a volunteer. So today as we equip the believers in our church we can trust and hope in God that the most ordinary of our congregation members would be able to walk in the power of God. Maybe they are a child but that is not a limitation for God to work through their lives or to display His glory and splendor through their lives. So that's a good understanding that we must have that signs, wonders and miracles are not limited only to the leadership. Now let's read on. We see now that Stephen got into trouble because remember we said in the first 8 years great things were happening within the church but persecution and opposition was also rising up on the other side. So Stephen was a victim of this kind of a persecution. So we see that there was a group and it's been mentioned here arose some from what is called the synagogue of the Freedmen. So it was a set of people, Syriacians, Allegrandians, people from Sicily, Cilicia and Asia. Later you would notice that Cilicia is the place that Saul who turned into Paul came from. So Saul was a witness to what is going to take place in Stephen's life. He was part of that team or group that came against Stephen. What did this group do? They started disputing or quarrelling with Stephen regarding what? They were accusing him and blaming him of speaking blasphemous words or blasphemous is speaking against God and the things of God. So it's mentioned there in verse 11 blasphemous words against Moses and God and not only did they accuse him but there is a scenario where they stir up the people around me. They are creating this atmosphere where even others have been informed regarding what Stephen has done and people are beginning to rise up against Stephen. So now that there is an accusation, a strong accusation against Stephen they seize him and bring him to the council. So earlier the people who used to stand before the authorities were apostles but here is a believer standing in front of the council now. So what's going to happen? And they accuse him. They say this man does not cease to speak blasphemous words against this place, holy place and the law for we have heard him say that this Jesus of Nazareth will destroy this place and change the customs which Moses delivered to us. So that is the accusation. Remember that. They say Jesus of Nazareth will destroy this place and change the customs which Moses delivered to us which is against what their beliefs and customs were all about. And as they were against Stephen, accusing him of these things Luke also adds that the face of Stephen showed like the angels. Meaning the glory of God was upon him as he stood before the accusers. So God's presence was with him when he was going through this accusation. Now let us read chapter 7 which will talk about the trial of this volunteer and wonderful man by the name of Stephen. So we move on to chapter 7 now and we're looking at the interrogation process. So I request somebody to go ahead and read please. You can start off with verse 1 and could read till verse 8. I said, are these things true? And he said that the God of glory appeared to our father Abraham when he was in Potania before he dwelt in Haran and said to him, get out of your country and from your relatives and come to a land that I will show you. Then he came out of the land of the Chaldeans and dwelt in Haran and from there when his father was dead he moved him to his land, this land in which you now dwelt.  But even when Abraham had no child he promised to give it to him for a possession and do his descendants after him. But God spoke in this way that his descendants would dwell in a foreign land and that they would bring them into bondage and oppress them 400 years. And the nation to whom they will be in bondage, I will judge, said God, and after that they shall come out and serve him in this place. Then he gave him the covenant of circumcision and so Abraham with God, I said circumcision on the eighth day and I said with God. Thank you so much. Thank you for that. We are noticing here that Stephen is presenting a defense and in his defense he is revealing that he is well versed in the scriptures or he is well versed in the Jewish scriptures. So that is another important feature to look at because it only reminds us that the believers of the early church and Stephen being an ordinary volunteer also knew scriptures quite well meaning they would have been trained properly and you know, equipped in the word of God. So he is presenting his defense in a very well informed way. He begins with the story of Abraham and how God led him out and you know what is happening through the life of Abraham. So there's this whole narration that he starts off with because he wants to lead this discussion to the Lord Jesus very similar to the preaching of Peter in Acts chapter 2 when he brings out the patriarchs and makes that connection to the Lord Jesus. So standing before the council, it's a very intelligent way of making his defense because the listeners are learned people and Stephen's argument was such that they could not have really shot him down with their comments or shot him down with the information that they had because whatever he's saying here historically is quite accurate. So he is narrating from the life of Abraham and he's talking about the journey of the Israelites and how God led them, how God brought them out and how Abraham had a son by the name of Isaac and then it went on to the following generation. So he's narrating this entire history. Let's just look at all the things that he has to say. So we'll continue reading. I would want to request another person baby to please read from verse 9 and you can go on till verse 16. And the patriarch becoming invious soul just said in Egypt but God was with him and delivered him out of all his troubles and gave him favor and wisdom in the presence of Pharaoh, king of Egypt and he met him governor over Egypt and all his house. Now a famine and great trouble came over all the land of Egypt and Kenya and our fathers found no sustenance but when Jacob heard that there was grain in Egypt he said, now our fathers first. And the second time Joseph was made known to his brothers and Joseph's family became known to the Pharaoh then Joseph went and called his father Jacob and all his relatives to him 75 people. So Jacob went down to Egypt and he died, he and our fathers and they were carried back to Sitchem and laid in the tomb that Abraham brought for some of money from the sons of Hamur, the father of Sitchem. Yes, thank you Azali. Let's continue to read. Another person can pick up from verse 17 and go further ahead. So there's a whole lot that he is talking about because he wants to come to a place of conclusion regarding worship and so when we flow through with the entire passage we'll have a better understanding. So right now the background is being narrated. So verse 17 to maybe one person can read till 36 if that's okay with you and then we'll again read the rest another person. But when the time of the promise came here which God had sworn to Abraham the people grew and multiplied in Egypt till another king arose who did not know Joseph this land dealt preciously with our people and oppressed our forefathers making them exposed their babies so that they might not live. At this time Moses was gone and was well pleased to God and he was brought up in his father's house for three months but when he was set up our forefathers started to take him away and brought him up as his son and Moses was alone was alone in all the distance of the Egyptians and was mighty in birth and deeds. Now when he was 40 years old he could take it to his heart and visit his brethren the children of Israel and seeing one of them suffer wrong he defected and avenged him who was oppressed and struck down the Egyptian. For we suppose that this president would have understood that God would deliver them by his hand but they did not understand and the next day he appeared of two of them and they were fighting and tried to reconcile them saying men, you are president men, you are president why do you long for another but he would dig his neighbor long pushed him away saying who made you a ruler at the church for us do you want to kill me you did the Egyptian yesterday then at this same Moses fled and became a traveler in the land of Egypt when he had good sons and when 40 years had passed an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a flame fire in a bush in the wilderness of Monsignai Monsignai when Moses saw it he barbed at the site and as he drew near to observe the voice of the Lord came to him saying I am the God of your fathers the God of Abraham the God of Isaac and the God of Jacob and Moses struggled and dared not to look then the Lord said to him take his sandwich off your feet for the place where you stand is holy ground I have surely seen the oppression of my people who are in Egypt I have felt their clothing and I have fucked up to deliver them and now I have sent you to Egypt this Moses whom they rejected said who made you a ruler and a judge is the one God sent to be a ruler and delivered by the hand of the angel who appeared to him in the bush he brought them out after he had shown battles and signs in the land of Egypt and in the red sea and in the wilderness 40 years Amen Thank you Thank you, Rosa So we have seen regarding this Moses and how Stephen is bringing out the fact that Abraham journeyed and then he had his descendants and then it came to a time when there was a man called Joseph who God was with him and he was taken to this land of Egypt where God established him and eventually came a generation in Egypt that did not know Joseph and because they did not know Joseph and his contribution to the nation eventually they started oppressing the Israelites who had moved into Egypt and then we see how all the Israelites were in bondage and they needed a deliverer and God raised up a man by the name of Moses so he is specifically talking about Moses and you wonder why is Stephen talking so much about Moses quite elaborately he says how he gave it to his heart at the age of 40 it gives incredible hope to those who may be older in years and you wonder what can I do for God but at the age of 40 he becomes very conscious of going and delivering his people so he is ready to go and he does it his own way he goes and tries to deliver the Israelites in his personal strength and he strikes at Egypt but that was not God's way of bringing the deliverance to the Israelites so let me know that he went into the wilderness and he was he fled to hide himself from Pharaoh because it was just not the right time for Moses to bring the deliverance another 40 years passed by so you can think about the life of Moses that's another sermon in itself but we are not going to get into it Stephen is only narrating the life story of Moses but we can see the depths of what he is stating here as to how God gave man of deliverance through a journey and preparation for him to actually come up as this mighty man who leads the people into the promised land so the life of Moses he is elaborately discussing about the life of Moses now the question why are we talking about Moses because you see the accusation and we looked at it in Acts chapter 6 and verse 14 where he was accused with the statement that he is trying to change the customs which Moses delivered to us so that is why he has to talk about Moses and the customs of Moses and justify himself before the council the learned council which is standing before him and that is the reason he is going on about this and he also needs to bring a defense to the accusation where he was told that he spoke blasphemous words against the holy place and the law and of course they added to that saying he said that Jesus of Nazareth will destroy this place so there are these accusations which are standing against him and Stephen is speaking to the council to state that it is not so I have justified myself here and in his speech or in his defense you see great wisdom you see even intellect is something that we could point out and so the council is abased because here is an ordinary person standing and his face looks like the face of an angel we were told that simply shows that the presence of God was with him as he was being opposed so that gives us great assurance that when we go through times of being questioned for doing the right thing for God, God's presence will be with us and God's wisdom will be given to us so that we too can face our those who are questioning us with the wisdom of God the way Stephen did so that is why he is talking about Moses now let's see what else he says we need to go from verse 37 let's read till verse 43 it was going to be the next list show let's see who was in the complication the virginess with the angel has spoken to him about Sinai and with our fathers one who received the living or it goes to him who our fathers did not obey but rejected and in their hearts they turn back to each other saying to Aaron make us gods to go before us as for this Moses who brought us out of the land of Egypt we do not know what has become of him and they made a path in those days of sacrifice to the idol and rejoiced in the works of their own acts then God turned and gave them up to worship the host of Aaron as it is written in the book of the prophets did you often miss the altar animals and sacrifices during 40 years in the virginess or house of Israel you also took up the tabernacle of the rope and the star of your God rampant images which you made to worship and I will carry you away beyond Babylon thank you let's just read to the end of that section so another person can go ahead till verse 53 so he will complete his speech at verse 53 and we will have a full picture of what he is actually trying to say so if you check it out you will be able to read 44 at chapter 7 verse 44 a father had the tabernacle of witness in the wilderness as he appointed instructing Moses to make it according to the pattern that he had seen which our father having received it in turn also brought it with Joshua into the land possessed by the Gentiles whom God drew out before the face of our fathers until the days of David who found favor before God and asked to find a dwelling in Jacob but Solomon built him a house have a way the most high does not dwell in the temples made with hands as the prophet says heaven is my throne and earth is my food still what house will you build for me says the Lord or what is the place of my rest has my hand not made all these things you stiff-necked and uncircumcised in harden years you always resist the Holy Spirit as your fathers did so do you which of the prophets did your fathers not persecute and they killed those who foretold the coming of the the just one of whom you have now become the betrayers and murderers who have received the law by the direction of angels and have not kept it when they heard these things they were cut to the heart and they bashed him with their teeth but he being full of the Holy Spirit gazed into heaven and saw the glory of God and Jesus standing in the right hand of God and said look I see the heavens open and the son of man standing in the right hand of God then they cried out with a loud voice stopped their ears and ran at him with one of God and they cast him out of the city and stoned him and the witness laid down their clothes at the feet of a young man named Saul and they stoned Stephen as he was calling on God and saying Lord Jesus receive my spirit then he knelt down and cried out with a loud voice do not charge them with the sin and when he had said this he fell asleep okay thank you Jafina so you read the whole section the whole chapter so we will just see what happened initially I mentioned that he spoke about the life of Moses because he wants to prove that he has done nothing to oppose the customs of Moses and now he goes on to talking about the place of worship remember the accusation was that he spoke against the place the holy place and the law of God and that Jesus of Nazareth would destroy it but he is giving his explanation here and he is saying that God is a God who he is the God of Heaven he actually does not need a place to dwell it however because the people they also were insisting that they wanted a king they wanted a place God went ahead right and even though he is the God who dwells in heaven he did instruct them regarding a place where his presence would come or the Tabernacle however he points out regarding the children of Israel in verse 51 he says you stiff-necked and unsurcumcised in the heart and ears okay so he is pointing to the fact that even when God gave instructions regarding worship the children of Israel were such that they try to do their own thing they were against God they were opposed to God at the laws of God so the point he is making is it is not that he is against God but he is reminding the same generation of their forefathers and the fact that their forefathers were also opposed to the house of God who opposed the the laws of God and he is then telling these people that they are also stiff-necked and that their hearts are actually not coveted so when he says unsurcumcised in the heart and ears he just means that their hearts are not coveted to God and he is showing them that the previous generations were against what God was doing in their midst they were against the Holy Spirit and he is telling them so are you you are also doing the same thing and the fathers that you are so proud of they were the ones who persecuted the prophets and they killed those who were telling about the coming of the Lord Jesus or the Messiah or the Christ here uses the term that just one and he says that these people are now following in the footsteps of their fathers who opposed the work of God in the past and they killed prophets and these people are doing the same thing so he is trying to bring them to a place of conviction and he is telling them that you know they need to really wake up to what God is doing and not oppose the work of God not oppose the work of God so the people the forefathers they resisted God's work they even resisted Moses and the laws which were given to Moses right so then it's like him saying you know what is this what are you accusing me about because starting from your father's till you you are also opposing the work of God it's not me who is opposing the work of God but it is you who is opposing the work of God so this is what he is sharing to the council earlier I said that we must appreciate his understanding of scriptures his speaking with wisdom but then another important thing that we must appreciate is his boldness because he is standing before the council and he is bold enough to present a defense so these are all things about Stephen that we can please so sort of we can comment about him now when Stephen gave his presented his argument people were touched so that same phrase which we saw when Peter preached cut to the heart that is mentioned over here people were cut to the heart or they were convicted about what he was saying but at the same time it affected many of them negatively and so they dashed at him is what scriptures say that means that they hated what he said or they did not like what he spoke and the opposition obviously has risen to the point where they are ready to kill him but at that point how is Stephen now this is again it adds to the testimony of Stephen Stephen a man full of faith full of wisdom full of power we saw all these three things and right now he is again as a man full of the Holy Spirit gazing into heaven and seeing the glory of God and Jesus standing at the right hand of God so that reveals to us that he is a man who is sensitive to the communication of the Holy Spirit remember when we talk about the prophetic we say dreams, visions chances so many ways in which God actually speaks to his people so Stephen at a very crucial moment beyond seeing the opposers who are standing in front of him he is seeing a vision of heaven his spirit man his spirit eyes are open like the prophets of old and he is seeing a vision or a picture of heaven he is full of the Holy Spirit and he is gazing into heaven what does he see two things the glory of God why because the heaven is filled with the glory of God so that awe he must have sensed in those moments the glory of God secondly it says Jesus standing at the right hand of God which is very precious because we usually talk about being seated at the right hand of God isn't it we are seated in Christ in the heavenly places so sitting down some countries say that sitting down is a sign of completing the work when Jesus finished his work on the earth he went to be sat down up in heaven but in this particular instance we see that Jesus was standing standing at the right hand of God and commentators say that standing up is a symbol of honor so the Lord Jesus looking at the boldness of Stephen and his witness that you know he could have just run away or he could have denied the way Peter denied Jesus he could have denied Christ but he stood up for the truth he stood up for what he believed and he was ready even if it meant that his own life will be sacrificed for the faith and it shows how God sees or how God perceives or receives this kind of faith it's like Jesus is honoring by standing up for Stephen up in heaven and saying good job you know Stephen so that's the way some commentators have put it that Jesus standing at the right hand of God my God is where Jesus is proud of his man of the hour Stephen and you know Stephen views this picture and he says look I see the heavens open and the Son of Man standing at the right hand of God so he is narrating his vision to the listeners and that's what is going on but the end is very sad for Stephen there is an uproar people did like what he said that he is actually cast out of the city and stoned once you know he is killed we are told that his clothes were laid at the feet of a young man named as Saul remember we saw the synagogue of the freedman where Silesia is mentioned that is the place of like you know Paul is from Silesia and right now there is his first friendship in the book of Acts here at the martyrdom of Stephen so it is understood that where the clothes were laid at Saul's feet it was most likely that the leader of the team that went to persecute Stephen was Saul so Saul was the head of the group that killed Stephen so that is who Saul is so gives us a picture of what he might have believed and you know how he hated those who trusted in the Lord Jesus but it is a very sad time when a volunteer or a believer of the church is killed for his faith and you know we are told they stored Stephen and what was Stephen doing think about this this again is so precious he is being stored he is hurt and in pain and you know devastated, traumatized put to shame so much is happening to him physically, emotionally but spiritually the strength of the spiritual person and the strength of his character in these moments of great difficulty Stephen says Lord Jesus receive my spirit the way Jesus said that and one more thing he says Lord do not charge them with this sin isn't he a true disciple of Jesus what did Jesus say on the cross he said these very same words he offered up his spirit to the Lord because his life was about God and the purpose of which God had called him so that's what Jesus did he offered up his spirit secondly Jesus forgave the persecutors in the same way Stephen is forgiving his persecutors and he is saying do not charge them with this sin and the scriptures say that he fell asleep what a great man and you know what would we do if we were in the position of Stephen being stoned for the faith which we have would we be able to rejoice in the spiritual reality of the glory of God and be able to picture the love the honour that Jesus is pouring out on our lives and then even be in the position to forgive our persecutors so many things for us to think about but what an inspiration what a standard what an example that Stephen is even as a martyr to the church of Jesus Christ so an impactful light let's go ahead for a break right now we will come back in 10 minutes and continue with Acts chapter 8 where the excitement will only build up further ok so I see you all in 10 minutes thank you


Some bandits have reportedly invaded Buruku and Darwa villages in Chikuru Local Government Area of Kaduna State, killing eight farmers. The spokesman of the State Command, ASP Mohamed Jalingi, who confirmed the killings did not give details of the attack or give specific numbers of the casualty. Jalingi, however, said that the incident took place on Friday. He said five of the farmers were killed at Buruku area along the dreaded Benin Kaduna Highway, while three of the farmers were killed by bandits at Udawa Village.


a fiery horse with a speed of light, a cloud of dust in the heart of Ohio Silver, the Lone Ranger. The early days of the Western United States, when gun law ruled the range country, the masked rider of the planes led the fight for justice. He gave no quarter to outlaws, but there were a few men whose reputation was worse than their deeds. One of these was Billy the Kid, and one of the Lone Ranger's most exciting adventures took place when he met the Kid for the first time. Return with us now to those thrilling days when the West was young. From out of the past come the thundering hoofbeats of the great horse Silver, the Lone Ranger rides again. Come on, Silver! We're heading back for Texas! Sam Scott, a scallop on his face, fired rapid questions at the two roughly dressed men who stood beside their horses in front of an isolated Dolby hot damn. You? What's your handle? Toby's with the Comey, Sheriff. This is Charlie. Toby, what?  No, don't get Toby wrong, Sheriff. We ain't crooks. Don't always have to be running from the law to want to keep his name kind of private. Yeah? Well, this is all part of my county. Inside there, Pedro Fernandez is laying dead, murdered, shot in the back. You just say you can name the killer. We can. Well, whether you know it or not, that makes that to be a friend of mine. Him and his brother Miguel both. Doggone good friends. Pedro's killer is gonna pay. Then you're the only witness can pin it on him. But we still ain't gonna... You either give your name so when the time comes, you can testify illegal or second jail. Now, just a second. Well... Sheriff, you just don't savvy. I reckon maybe we'd better tell you where we're from. Then maybe you'll understand why we ain't advertising who we are. Where are you from? No, Mexico. Lincoln County. Huh? You mean? You're the leader of the Lincoln County War, huh? Well, I should smile. Were you fellas mixed up in that? We were. On whose side? The side that wanted. Oh. That don't mean the trouble's over. There's still plenty of fellas alive that like to make it tough for us if they could, especially if they knew why we was here. Well, why are you? We've been trailing the gent that made most of the trouble back home. He's a killer. And there's a United States warrant out for him. But he's still got friends aplenty. Well, maybe so. But what's all I've got to do with Pedro? Just this. The army were trailing and the gent that killed Pedro are one and the same. You can see why we aim to keep who we are private for a while. Least ways Lafries could. After that, it won't matter so much. You mean you know the name of the fuller shot Pedro? Yes, sir. Who is he? Before we tell you that, Sheriff, we aim to know something. You figure to hunt him down? I'll see the skunk hang to turn in my badge. No matter who he is? No matter who? He's mighty dangerous. That's why we didn't jump in when we heard the shot and seen him right away. He figured it was a bad time for it. Get on with it. Name the full cat. Well, Sheriff, some folks know him by the name of Bill Bunny. Huh? But he's got another handle. Everybody knows him by. What? Billy the Kid. It is so, Billy. I've told you the truth. The law, it will soon be here. They picked up my trail, Miguel. See? Miguel, why did you warn me? You are my very good friend. But they claim I killed your brother. That is not so. Never have you armed one of my race. You've got faith in me, even if you don't know who did kill Pedro. See, but you must hurry, amigo. There is but little time. Yeah, I reckon I better. And you better make tracks for whom? Sheriff, get a look at you with me, and you're going to have plenty to explain. Hurry, amigo. Come here, bro. Well, Miguel, now you see what it means to be warned by the law. Having them a jumper so long, I can't hardly recollect what it feels like to take things easy. Someday all will be well, Billy. Yeah, well, when it is, I'll likely be decorating Boothill. No, no, that must not be. Now, Miguel, I've lived with a gun, so I reckon I'll die by it. When I do, I won't be any old man. You can bet on that. I do not like to do it. Keep this in mind, amigo. See? You've done me a good turn today. You've showed me the kind of faith a fellow don't often meet up with. Well, whatever they say about me, they can't claim Bill Barney ever forgets his friends. Miguel, here's hoping we live to cut each other's trail again. Si, si, amigo. Now the ors. Hasta la vista. Get up, bronc. Get up there.  It was two hours later that Billy the Kid, flying from the law, saw a figure ahead of him just when the trail skirted a deep ravine. Billy touched spurs with powerful gray mount intending to circle and avoid a meeting. But when he saw the figure was out of a young woman and hurt himself hailed, he changed his mind and held to his course. Stop. Stop. Help.  Oh, woe, woe, woe, woe, woe, woe, woe, woe, woe. Miss, what's the trouble? That's all it is. It's all true. I mean, Diane. I know it's Diane. Please help me. Yeah, no, Miss. Get a hold of yourself. I'm sorry. I didn't mean to break down, but I've been so worried. Sure, Miss. I suppose you're telling me what's wrong because it makes sense. But I followed it at the bottom of the ravine. Yeah? We were riding here along the trail. His horse shied at his neck. When it pitched, he was thrown over the side. He's down there now. I can see him. I've called to him, but he doesn't answer. Come on. Point him out. We'll see what can be done. This way. Just over here. There. See? Next to those rocks there. Hey, careful, Miss. Don't get too near the edge. You'll be tumbling over yourself. I don't know what to do. In just a second. Hello down there. Hi there. You think he's dead?  Most likely, he's just unconscious. I don't like the way he's got that one leg doubled under and down. It looks to me like he got it busted. Is there a way to get down there? I don't reckon there is. You mean we? The drop's too steep. Just as steep up the trail away as it is here. Couldn't even a goat make it. But there must be some way. There must. We just can't leave him there. Maybe it could be done. What? Well, with a rope, maybe. I was thinking if one end, say, was tied to that tree beside you, and the other dropped over the side, a fella might get down on it. Then he could get your paw over his shoulders and maybe make it back up. He'd be quite a chore, though. If you would, I'd never stop thanking you. Me? Right. Isn't that what you meant? Gosh, Miss, to get down there and back again, even supposing it could be made would take most of an hour. You mean you won't? I don't know how to say it. You just ride on and leave him there to suffer? Miss, you don't say that. I think I do. No, you don't. I reckon I can't explain.  That's not so. You are. Look, Miss. Don't bother to make excuses. You needn't trouble yourself. I'll just ask one thing. Let me buy that rope on you, Saddle. If you're afraid, I'll try it myself. I only hope that you'll never be able to forget you refused my father's help when he needed it. Miss, you can't do that. I can try. Well, you get killed. And if you did make it down there, you'd never be able to carry a hefty fella like him. Will you sell me your rope? You mean to go through with it? I do. You and Miss, get the rope. You'll let me use it? No. But why don't? Miss, if it has to be done, I'll do it myself. Just hope I'm not going to be sorry for this afterwards. Pass me one end of his rope to the tree. Billy let the other end down into the ravine and made a cautious descent. He found the girl's father still alive, seriously injured, and unconscious. Almost an hour went by, and then... Miss, give me your hand. Here, quick. Just about all the way in. I'll help. There, just a little farther. Oh, I thought for a while I'd never make it to the top. Father. Just let him lay there for a couple of seconds, Miss. As soon as they get my strength back, I'll fix him on Miss Saddle. Is he? Bad hurt? Yes. Well, to be honest with you, I don't know. Like I've figured, he's got a busted leg. Bruised up some too. It looks like he's got a nasty crack on the side of his head. But if he ain't hurt too much inside, I'll rake and he'll be all right. I don't know how to thank you. I don't made a mistake. You've helped us, and you don't even know who we are. You don't know who I am. I'm Lola Brent. My father's just Brent. We have a ranch north of here. Yeah? And you? I'll tell you who this donkey is, Miss Lola. Make them move your killer and I'll let you have it. Toby, pass your hand. Why are you over it? I'm gone, oh, mister. No, wait. You can't do this. He just... Miss Lola, I reckon we got here just in time. We've been after this gents since early morning. But, Sheriff... He's wanted for murder a dozen times over. Not true. He tell you his name? No, but... Well, if he didn't, I will. This fellow you're sticking up for is Billy the Kid. Heard of him, eh? Well, you got me, Sheriff. There's no use stretching this out no longer than necessary. But if I was you, I'd look after Brent here first off. He needs it. Wait. This is why you wanted to ride on. Didn't want to help me. Oh, they're alive. But you did stay to help. You stayed when you knew it might mean capture and hanging. Couldn't do anything else, could I? I've made you stay. Now, I'm... If you hang, it'll be my fault. Now, if you risk your life first. Don't feel bad, Miss. I didn't do nothing I didn't want to do. Sheriff, you can't take him. Miss Lola, don't try to interfere. But you cannot tell you. I won't let you. Miss, you can't meddle with the law no matter what this polecat done. He's a killer and he's got a hang for it. And if he's got you on his side already, that just goes to show how slick he is. I'm wondering how long you'd be defending him. If you knew who it was, he'd drill this last time. The father he shot was just as much a friend of yours as he was of mine. What do you mean? Pedro Fernandes. Oh, no. Shot Pedro on the back, he did. I don't believe it. It didn't throw it. Miss Lola. Yes. It ain't true. I've got enemies and they frame me. That's too long a story to go into now. I won't deny I have killed men. Maybe all of them are as many as they say I have. But I've never yet shot anybody in the back. Now I've never drilled anybody that wasn't asked for it. Yes, I do believe that. Thank you, Miss. There's been too much talk. We're heading for town.  Then you can get atop of your horse. You can drop that gun, Sheriff. Come on, man. Billy, you're to the saddle. Right. What's this, fellas?  Oh, stop, lead. Colby, he knows my name. I know plenty about you. Here's the list. I know you're two of the gunhands responsible for killing Tunstall in the war at Lincoln County. We aren't. I know you're part of that Lincoln County gang that drove Billy here to gunplay to protect his friends.  You came out on top because you had the backing of that crooked ring at Santa Fe. Beyond the law now because a general pardon's been declared for all those who took part in that war. Mister, you can't call me. And I said, out of all of you, Billy here is probably the only one who still must run from the law. And out of all of you, he probably deserves to less than anyone. Mister, if you're taking that killer's side, you will be as much outside the law as he is. Perhaps. But you will not railroad him to the noose for a crime he didn't commit. Hip, gun, tunnel. Don't follow or you'll regret it. Come on, Silverhead.  Hey, get out of there. Fire at him. Shoot them hombres down. And they're traveling too fast to get a good aim on them. Never touch them. Well, last for luck. With the horses there riding, we'd never catch them, neither. I'm glad. I hope you never do. The curtain falls on the first act of our Lone Ranger story. Before the next exciting scenes, please permit us to pause for just a few moments. Now to continue our story. The Lone Ranger and his faithful Indian companion, Tonto, let Billy the kid to the secret camp they had made. Not far from the scene of their encounter with the sheriff. Oh, oh, that's so much trouble. Get down, Billy. Rest yourself. You look as though you need to. Later on, Tonto will fix us some food.  I come a fella like you that's always supposed to be on the side of the law when out of his way to help a gent with my kind of reputation. It's not easy to pass judgment on people, Billy. But I don't understand. And in this case, I think I know more about you than you might guess. You see, not long ago, Tonto and I headed for Lincoln County, and the trouble there was at its worst. Before we arrived, however, the war had been finished. Yeah? And that's not the point. When we first started for Lincoln County, we meant to capture you. According to all the stories that have been told, you were a killer of the worst type, a killer who murdered simply to show his power. Mr. I never wanted to kill nobody. I know that now. You do? We must have talked to at least a dozen Mexicans on the way. Men and women with their homes on this side of the border. About me? Yes. And they told us a number of interesting things.  That's so. Later, when men learned how fast you were with a gun, certain fools thought they might make themselves reputations by killing you. They forced you into gunfights. Wherever you got your information, friend, you sure got it straight. In the Lincoln County affair, there's no question but what Tonto was in the right. It was a war to the finish. You hadn't befriended him. He couldn't have lasted as long as he did. I'll tell you something. Yes? I liked Tonto, mister. He was the best friend I ever had. When a man's my friend, I cite him. As you should. But it was something else made me decide you weren't as bad as you'd been painted. What was that? The fact that not one of the Mexicans to whom I talked would have refused anything you might have asked. They wouldn't hear a word against you. The same was true of the small righteous and homesteaders we met.  Now they're hunting me down like I was a rat. Toby and Charlie are two of the gang, aren't they? Right. And there are a couple of sneak environments that wouldn't have the nerve to shoot anybody. Lesson it was in the back. In the back? Wait. That's how Pedro was killed. You mean it? I mean there's a price on your head. So far, you've avoided capture. You've done so, however, only because you've had the help and friendship of the Mexicans. They've given you food and shelter, provided you with hideouts, prevented your enemies following too close on your trail. Then you'd think. If the Mexicans who have helped you could be convinced you murdered one of their own race, they'd turn against you. It'd be that much easier for your enemies to capture you. So that's what's behind it. I'm positive it is. Don't worry, they're skunks. That would mean the very men who would give in testimony against you are the men who committed this last killing. Toby and Charlie. Correct. But this time, this time, I think they'll find it's their own necks they put in a noose. With the escape ability of the kid, the sheriff had given up the chase for the moment and had helped Lola Brent remove her father to his home. A doctor was called who said that Brent's broken leg was his only serious injury. Lola stayed at his side until he fell asleep. Then she tiptoed from the room and softly closed the door. What? I've been waiting for you to leave your father's room. You're the man who took Billy from the sheriff. Yes. What do you want? Today, Billy risked his life because your father was in danger. You're aware of that. I'm here to find out if you appreciate what he did enough to do something that may save Billy's life. He's in danger? Not immediate danger. There'll always be danger for him, as long as the law is convinced he killed Pedro. Oh, I can help him. If you will. But of course I will. Oh. Can you leave the house? Is there anyone who can watch out for your father a few hours? Mrs. Mayhew. How soon can she be here? You want me to go for her right now? Yes. Well, it shouldn't take more than 20 minutes. Very well. You would once. I'll stay here until you return. Then you'll learn what you must do. Well, the Lone Ranger was calling on Lola Brent. Tonto and Billy were also active. They rode toward the small woods near town where Tobian Charlie had made camp until Billy could be captured. Then seated beside their campfire, these two were unaware that they were being stalked for the very man they hoped to see hanged. Well, Charlie, you reckon we turned the trick? I don't know. I don't know. I don't know. I don't know. I don't know. I don't know. I don't know. I don't know. Charlie, you reckon we turned the trick? Huh? With Billy. When it's told around that he killed Ed Mex, he won't have a friend left in the country. Oh. Oh, yeah. What's the matter? Nothing. You don't sound so good. Something bothering you? Nothing you ain't know about since we took on this job. Oh, I get it.  Ain't you? Yeah. Why should I? You mean to say you figure you could down him in a gunfight? Never said I figured so, did I? And why don't it bother you? Why should it when I don't ever figure to go up again, that hombre? He can't drill me if I don't get close enough to him to give him a chance, guinea. Jacks, we didn't take on this job to fight it out with him. All we have to do is fix it so he won't have a friend left for a place to turn. Well, let the Lord do the dirty work. What's to stop him from looking us up? Oh, so that's it, eh? Charlie, I reckon you can quit your worrying. That hombre's high-tailing. Lee, a five-to-one, he ain't even in the county no more. Oh, I know. Take that bed, Charlie. Billy. And the engine we've seen with the mass man. Ah, right. You can. No, don't reach, Toby. He wouldn't be healthy. Charlie, you quit looking so restless. No.  We ain't done nothing, please.   I know he is. Look at him.  Billy, please. Don't shoot. He's a one-tunnel. Uh, me get him. You come. Oh. You come. Let me alone. Don't touch me, engine. It'll be better. Let me go.   Why would I drill you? Put you. Sure, I know you lied about me. Got a notion you're the pole catcher, Bill Pedro, too.  And where are you taking me? That's my business. But I... Let's go, Tano. Take him to the horses. Miguel, the brother of the murdered man, confident that Billy had not been responsible for Pedro's death. Call with the sheriff's office in effort to persuade the lawman that Toby and Charlie had lied. Senior, I know Billy. He's my friend. He's the friend of Pedro. He did not kill my brother. Miguel is no use talking. I've got two witnesses. They do not speak the truth. Now we ain't going to go over all that again. And it seems funny to me that you'd argue for a fella to cinch as guilty as Blazers. If it was me and Pedro was my brother, I'd do everything I could to see the vomit hung. But, senior, don't you say... Why?  Where are you going, fella? Hurry. Where are you going? It's that mass puller. Bob, Sam, enter the saddle. That mass man there. That fellow on the white horse. Steady there, fella. That's a friend of Billy the kid. Come on after him. Follow me.  Get up there. The lone ranger drew ahead and out of sight of the lawman who pursued him. But he was careful to guide silver over ground where his trail could be followed. The great horse raced towards the woods where Toby had been left alone by Tano and the kid. It was not long afterwards that the mass man rained up at the edge of the clearing. Oh, oh, that's over. Put down that gun.  Then take it. You're not hurt. I just shot the gun from your hand. Next time, do as I tell you. What do you want? I came in to warn you that Charlie confessed. Billy got the truth out of him. I've gone for the sheriff. The sheriff will be along most any time now. You better clear off. What are you trying to tell me? You heard what I said. You're bluffing. You think so? Charlie ain't done any talking. The sheriff ain't after me. Why should he be? I think you know why. Now, I savvy. Yes. It's a trick.  And you said that to trick me into admitting it. Then you're due for a surprise. We never kill nobody. That fellow you helped get away from the Lord was Billy the kid. And you're going to be mighty sorry you helped that skunk out. I've warned you. If you're not gone by the time the sheriff arrives, it's your own fault. If what you said was true, you'd never have come near here. No. It's hard. Why'd you want to give me one? You wouldn't understand if I told you.  Until Billy a scheme didn't work. Look there. What does that look like? The sheriff. With a posse. He's coming here.  That's why Billy chose him instead of you. He knew Charlie was a weaker. He wouldn't hold out as long. And once more, when Charlie confessed, he put all the blame on you. He said it was your scheme and it was you who fired the shot that killed Pedro. He's over to turn state's evidence. Why, that rotten yellow skunk with Charlie killed Pedro. I didn't have a thing to do with it. I just stood by to see nobody come along. Why, he can't do that to me. You should have gone when you had the chance. They won't get me. Stay away from that guy. We got you, mister. Up with your hands. One moment. Don't give me no argument. Heist him. Don't we take this fellow's guns? You're after him? Who else? Ain't either one took Billy away? Well, I'll be... What? That was your stunt, huh? The sheriff was after you and you figured to make me believe it was me he was after. You did believe it. Yeah? A lot of good had done you. Two tricks you tried on me and neither one of them worked. No? Well, look behind you. That girl. It wasn't Billy who killed Pedro. It was this man's partner. I heard him say so. What's that, Miss Lola? I was hiding there. The masked man made this man think you were going to arrest him. He said Charlie murdered Pedro. Are you telling that straight? Here's Mr. Mayhew. He came with me. He heard it, too. That's so, Sheriff. I heard it plain. Easy. If you haven't there listening, I wish I'd drilled you your lung. Then grab onto him. It was Charlie. I told the masked man the truth. It wasn't me at all. Get it up to me. Find Charlie. I'll testify against him. Oh, you will, will you? Charlie. You rotten squealer. Where'd you come from? I was listening there, too. I couldn't warn you because the engine on Billy wouldn't let me. But I'll teach you to squeal. Why, you fool, take it. Raise them flowers up. Grab them all. Put them down. They're both going to jail. Here, get back. There you go. Let me go. Let me up. You're angry on me. I shall frighten him in jail. You'll have about a week to do it in. That's one of the court sets. And then you're not holding Billy's share? He didn't kill Pedro, did he? No, but you... Then why should I? I ain't got no warrant for him. As far as I'm concerned, he's just free as the air. Thanks to you, masked man. Forget it, Billy. Come to us. Hey, Wade, I'm going, too. Billy. Huh? You're riding away. You won't stay here for a while. Miss, I can't. But why? Well, if you stopped to think it over, Miss, you wouldn't want me to. But...but I have thought it over. Don't say of me, Miss. You see, I got out of this trouble, sure. Well, I guess I just ain't the kind that can settle down anyways. I'll always be riding, and I'll always be fellas after me. Well, I reckon one day I'll find a... I ain't road far enough to dodge him. Oh! Here we go! Away! Here is a copyrighted feature of the Lone Ranger Incorporated.


My name is Claire White. I work for the International Council on Mining and Metals. ICMM is a group of 21 of the largest mining and metals companies in the world, all working on improved performance around sustainable development. I think at the international level we've had a bit of a hiatus following the end of CASM several years ago. I think it's good to reinvigorate discussions at the international level and we've had some fantastic participants in the room with a whole range of expertise, so that's been very valuable. I think some very practical ideas for taking actions forward. I think we know the issues in this space. We've been discussing them for years. There's a number of reports that have been done about them. I think if we can really use this as the basis for in-country action and also continue dialogue at the international level, that would be a good outcome. So I think something that actually hasn't come up too much, but it cuts across a lot of the issues we've been discussing is the need for an intergovernmental forum, a legitimate intergovernmental forum to be convening these types of discussions and taking some of these actions forward. We've discussed the really important role of governments in this space and absent that overarching involvement of governments at the international policy discussion level, I think, will struggle to make changes on the ground. Again, I think just emphasizing that local government piece we've talked about, some of the local capacity constraints of government, I think that's a key area to address. That can be done through some of these in-country dialogues, through donor support, through large-scale mining company support, but I think that piece is key to ensuring everything else works effectively.


So here's the sun curtain right here and hi, so who are you? Hello, I'm Stephen Hildebrand from Sun Curtain and we present here our Sun Curtain. We're using organic photovoltaic as a shading element for our curtain, means if the sun comes we produce energy with our shading system. So this energy which we produce with the sunlight we can use to charge a battery system which we also provide or we can fat the energy directly into the grid. So we can use the energy in other rooms for example for the fridge or to power the light. You can even flip the curtain in the side of where the sun is, right? And thanks to the technology the angle is not so important for producing energy. It's a big advantage. So it's just... It works like a curtain in general. It's hand-powered. Hand-powered, this one, yes. You could have it automatic also. Sure, it produces enough energy to power such an automatic system but it generates much more power than just to power this one. Can I touch? Sure, sure. So what is the material? How do you do this? Is this your tech? Yeah, that's not my tech. For this we have a supplier called UpWheels and they are the producer of the organic portable tech. And you can see it's semi-transparent means the sunlight can pass the curtain and so the room behind the curtain can bright enough so there's no need to switch on artificial light. What's the efficiency? Is it pretty good? The efficiency per square meter you can say 40 to 60 watts depends on the color of the curtain. We offer four different colors, here is green, we also have blue, gray and red, at a degree of the transparency. How long is the last? Is it something you have to change every three, four, five years? It depends on the use case but at the end it's important if you want to power your charging system to power, to charge your mobile so it's important that it is possible. So if one thing is broken or so you just can change one thing but the whole thing works. How much is the price? Is there a price or not yet? There is a price but at the moment we produce at how it calls, we produce on demand. So we already have a small batch production but if somebody comes with a request we can do it immediately and because it's hard to say it depends hardly on the sizes of the window and the curtain. 40 to 60 watt per meter squared and are you able to plug it back into the grid of something of the house? Sure, sure. How does that work? Standard? How does it work? All what you need is an inverter. Is that easy? Yeah, it's just plug and play. To install this whole thing takes five minutes. There's no chance you could invert back to a regular power plug in the house? Sure, sure. You can. You can. Yeah, yeah. There's the connection to and with the cable you just have to connect the inverter and then you can fit it into the grid directly. It's quite easy. Any plug at home? For every home. You can use it for every window. Of course you would need it for every window.


And just a quick story, I was running a or I'm still running a product kind of like round table with different product leaders and one of the topics that that or one of the insights that was presented or was provided was product people have product, you know, like we have product myopia, right. So we we love our own things and then and that bias kind of like blinds us from the main problem that our customers are facing right. So we're not we're not really hearing the problem. We're almost like, okay, well, this is how this is my product and it's going to solve your problem, but we're not really understanding. Or we're limiting our focus to the things that we like that gets associated with our product instead of, you know, like really fixing the challenges and desires and needs and problems of the customer, right.


If you're looking for a way to spice up your dating profiles, look no further than what this absolute legend did right here. We're taking one out of this man's playbook, where he posted his same game parlay, Nick's heat, where he had Jimmy Butler recording more rebounds than BAM, and we're putting it on our dating profiles. On hinge, bumble, tinder, whatever your dating profile of choice is, we're taking our winnings and we're putting them there. There were some mixed reviews, some didn't like it, but some absolutely loved it, including myself. Just like this man said, awful lot of green to be a red flag. It's not only shows that you are an absolute genius, shows you have passion, you care about your craft, you're hardworking, and you have at least $2,000 for the date. Not saying you have to spend $2,000. Pop your same game parlay on there, and I'm sure you will get some matches.