Network. TFNN headline news update. Welcome folks. We had the Dow industrials finish down 131. NASDAQ off 66. S&Ps off 14. Those numbers folks, very small numbers compared to we were at 1130 this morning. So the Dow industrials were down 6 tenths of 1 percent. The S&P as well as the Dow industrials were down four tenths of 1 percent. When we take a look at the S&P what you're going to see out here bottom line this S&P got all the way down to 33.39 and the bottom line is that we finished out at 33.72. So you can see the volatility just absolutely amazing out here today. There's no there's no two ways about it. Monster volatility out here. It rejected lower price. Now it did have volume down there so let's say it's going to basically revisit that area. But what I expect we're going to see if we go take a look at this the three Q's what you're going to see out here the three Q's you know get down into 231. You're 234. We did 40 million shares which is a big number but guess what this is going to test the highs once again we're 237. They're right next to the highs once again and I suspect we're going to go after them. Gold. Gold contract is in a very large ABC structure on the way up. It continued higher today had volume behind the move. Gold was up 10 bucks. We're trading at 1621. You closed over the high of January 8th which is 1619. It's a big number. Bottom line 1705 is the projection inside the gold market. If we go to the GDX what you're going to see is that you did have follow through and the equities also GDX got to a price point of $30.10 and we did take out the last swing high and go I like it. Oh baby we get action. We took it out with volume. Bottom line is that we did 51 million versus 47 at that high that was established on January 3rd. That is saying that let me do this 2987 quick 27 so it's going for the higher swing point out there which is that $31 level and notes and bonds folks this is just driving the market once again. The note and bond market we had the 10-year note up 11 ticks trading 131.14. The 30-year up a full point plus one ticket 164. It looks like the note as well as the bond market is going to be in a monster ABC structure up. We'll go after the B point a few more days. Bottom line if we take the B point out and have volume behind the move we are going to all-time price and notes and bonds all-time lows and yields. We will go bust that 1.31 inside the 10-year and will be flat. Have a great one have a safe one folks come back and visit us tomorrow morning.


Hello everybody, welcome back to another Adobe Premiere Pro CC 2021 tutorial in this one I'm going to show you how to rack focus or pull focus Without doing it in the lens. That's right guys I'm going to show you how to do it inside Premiere Pro and you can do this with any footage normally you have a Assistant that will adjust the dial so to speak and they'll pull focus on set But a lot of us are just you know We make our own videos and we want to add some cinematic effects to it and we want it to look good and we don't have you know Fancy DSLRs with high-speed or fast lenses and all that good stuff. So let me show you how to do it. Okay? Here's the original. I'm gonna well. I'm just gonna show you the effect first So I've started it off with the dog with the pupper is out of focus is blurry and then over the next second you'll see that the dog bit goes into focus and Then the background goes from in focus to blurry. So there are two blurs going on here I'm going to be pulling the dog like this so the dog goes in focus And then if we look at it again, you'll see the background if you look at it is going to go to blurry And then the dog will be up in front and center. So let me show you how I did that So I'm going to delete all of this stuff and we're gonna start from scratch. Let's just go ahead and delete everything Why not right gonna delete that? Okay, so the first step here is I've got some footage of a pupper doing pupper things I'm gonna drag and drop that into my timeline now the dog is just kind of chilling out in the grass and Okay, so let's just go to a right about here I'm not going to show you how to animate the masks Not because I don't know how to do it But because I did that in my previous video So if you have motion in your videos a lot of motion and you need to move the mask or move the blur over time I can show you how to do that as well. It's just in my other video, but for this one here we go So we've gone ahead. We've added in the timeline the next step is you want to go up to your effects panel Notice that I am in the effects workspace and under effects. I'm gonna type in Gaussian Just like that g a u s s and you'll see Gaussian blur show up So I'm gonna drag and drop Gaussian blur onto the timeline Okay, it doesn't do anything to start and that is perfectly fine. However, if I just crank the blur up Well, you'll see what it does But that's not what we want to do make sure your play head is at the start and we are going to grab this free draw Bezier or pen tool as it's often referred to as what we're gonna do is we're gonna left-click on it And then I'm gonna very quickly draw a mask around the puppy And you will notice that this is not an exact mask and that is on purpose and I'll show you why in a second Somewhere on there sure and we'll just we'll just make this nice and rough and This isn't if this was going into production I of course would spend a little more time than I am here But this is not so I'm not too worried about it again It's just to show you the technique and we'll close the mask. Okay, great So we've got a mask around the puppy roughly the next step is you want to go down to the mask now So under Gaussian blur in effect controls You'll see the mask when I left-click on it the mask is highlighted and now we can go ahead and increase the blurriness So let's go ahead and increase this to something that looks somewhat realistic to start. So let's go with 45 what the heck okay? Great now this does have very hard lines So it's very high contrast between the background and the puppy and what you want to do is you want to increase the Mask feather considerably. So I'm gonna go ahead and increase it to about 50 Let's go with 50. Okay. Good now. I'm going to click outside and I'm just gonna let you look at it So this looks pretty good The puppy dog is definitely blurred and the background more or less is quite in focus Good we are on our way. Let's go back to the go back to the blur And now we're gonna animate the blur. So this is the fun part So what you do is you will go to the mask and then you want to left-click down here You see blurriness left click on that stopwatch and we're gonna go ahead and decrease the blur So we're gonna start with the puppy in blur So the puppy dog is out of focus and then let's say after one Second let's go to one. Yeah, let's go to one second. The dog has no blur So here's what's happened. We've created two two keyframes It starts with the dog out of focus and then once it gets to a second It's in focus. It goes from out to in so I'm gonna hit space bar and you'll see that gradually the dog Loses its focus, which is what we want now to do it now What we also have to do because when you rack focus something goes into focus and something comes out of focus So there's a second component. So what we need to do is we need to make the background Which is this all this grass and stuff? We want that to go from out of focus to in focus So we're gonna go ahead and do that or part of me in focus to out of focus. That would be better for this Yes, so we're gonna go back to Gaussian blur here under effects We're typing goss Gaussian blur and we're gonna drag and drop a second Drop onto this pupper. So we're gonna have two effects running. You've got the first one animated now We have a second one going and on this one. We're gonna draw the exact same mask So I'm gonna draw it just like I did on the last one I'm gonna draw it really quickly though because I just want to show you the effect and I don't want to bore you guys All right, cool. All right, here we go Puppers and We're gonna just nice and easy. All right. Oh, nope. That's a bit too much. Hey, yo, sorry there little puppy I'm gonna take that one and then we're gonna go to here Come on. There we go something like that And then we'll go to here and we'll go around tip of his nose, etc. Etc. Again I'm doing this rough just to teach you the technique. Of course, you probably want to go a little bit a Little bit more accurate if we were doing this for production, but either way I've drawn a second mask and Now what you need to do and this is very important left click on inverted when you do that Nothing happens yet, but when you add the blurriness now watch you'll see that the background is Blurring but the dog is being left alone So what we want to do is we want the background to have no blur to start So we're gonna left click on that stopwatch and then after one second We'll we'll link it up. We'll we'll match the time with the other blur After one second we're gonna blur it to I don't know something like let's go a little over the top. Let's go to like 55 that's too much But again, I just want to show you the technique also you will see the hard edges around the dog where it's not exactly Where the mask wasn't a hundred percent perfect again, we're going to increase the mask feather considerably. Let's go jack it up to about 50 for this one. Yeah, we want all right. I want a good mask feather. Okay, good now watch what we have I'm gonna go back to the beginning. I'm gonna click out and dogs out of focus background is in focus as We move the timeline Dog comes into focus Background goes out of focus that is how you rack focus or pull focus in premier pro without using any fancy lenses No fast lenses. No DSLRs. None of that stuff. We can do it inside premier pro. Thank you for watching tutorial I got a ton more stuff coming up. Stay tuned


Did you see that? Is that the fastest you've ever seen graveyard defeated? Check it out again. How's it going guys, my name is DPjen and I'd like to thank you for stopping by and checking out my video, if you do enjoy it leaving a like really helps out and subscribe if you want to see more Borderlands. Also guys, every week I give away copies of this game to win one for yourself or a friend, simply subscribe and make sure you have notifications turned on, drop a like on this video and leave a comment down below, and credit to Jake for allowing me to use his account to record this, his twitter and instagram can be found linked within the video description also. So guys, I never actually thought I'd utter words again, but people, the pipe bomb is back. It ain't actually useless anymore, and it contributes to something even more deadly, and that is to a build which allows you to one shot everything in the entire game with any weapon, and it's just utterly crazy people. So people, this works a lot like the infinite reload and fire rate video I posted yesterday, in the sense of pairing a certain mole's class mod with a certain shield and taking advantage of perks that stack, and yes, at the moment I believe this is only possible to do unmole's, but I could be wrong. Watch the way it's achieved and tell me if you can, and think this can be done on other vault hunters. Okay, so unmole's to achieve this you need a certain few things, firstly a weapon which damages you, any will work which has a blast radius paired with an elemental burn, I'm using the hornet to do this. You then need the blood and letter shield, this has the bonuses up, if moles is healed, she gains shields instead, if she would regenerate health, she also gains shield regeneration. This is a must for this setup, and then if you can find an artifact which helps you regen, that's an added bonus, you can get healthy regeneration under blood later class mod if you are lucky to find one with the on. The artifact I use, the utter idle, works fine and as you can see I also have the pipe bomb equipped which is a must here, but we'll talk more about that in a second. Now the shield is where the fun stuff happens, the shield I'm using here is the trigger happy shield, and as you can see it grants a plus 22% weapon damage while shields are depleted and also a 10% fire rate which works amazingly but it isn't actually necessary, what you want here is a 22% weapon damage. Now with the fire rate as you saw with the infinity pistol at the start of the video it basically gives you a crazy fire rate paired with crazy damage, that's what this glitch does, it's basically infinite of both and it's because we stack these two, these two benefits under shield. Now if you only want to stack damage and not fire rate as this doesn't work and fit every weapon, I mean you try and control the lauda with an insane fire rate, I mean it's almost impossible and there are many other weapons out there like that. So if you only want to stack damage there is another shield called the brawler which gives you plus 25% weapon damage and also gives you 300 plus melee damage. Now if you pair this with a weapon which takes the melee damage and adds that to weapon bullet gun outputs, much like the face puncher shotgun it's kind of broke. Now I saw this method a while back from a guy called Osterbergs, I apologize if that's not how you pronounce your name, his youtube can be found linked within the video description though, he posts great daily borderlands videos and is definitely worth your time checking out. Within his video he also mentions what I will go on to state that you eventually stack damage so high on your weapons that it will lead you to a dead end because if you continue trying to stack damage you will end up just killing yourself with one hit. Well I have solved this issue so you can literally stack unlimited damage and it's kind of crazy. So before we get into that let me explain how this actually works, so what's needed I've already showcased, a weapon damage yourself, a shield which gives plus damage on shield depletion, the blood letter class mod and an artifact which gives you health regen is added bonus, so this is how this works. So with this shield giving you plus 20% weapon damage when depleted, the plan is to take our own shield off, this is where within my instance the hornet is needed and what I use to damage myself, so I shoot the flow right next to me to do damage for myself. Now once your shield depletes your class mod kicks in and tries to regen it, now because we are still suffering from the elemental effects of the hornet, there's a constant loop going on of us losing that shield and gaining it. Each time this happens it's stacking the weapon damage bonuses from the equipped shield, the thing is which Ottenberg also mentioned was the fact you can only stack this by damaging yourself with a gun a few times due to it getting into a stage of the weapon having so much additional damage due to this actual looping of depleting the shield and regenerating it that the weapon will literally just one-shot you, basically meaning you can't stack beyond this point. Well guys you can and I found the way, it's called the pipe bomb, yes the legendary pipe bomb, that's where this fits in. Now the weapon damage stacks don't seem to affect grenades and the pipe bomb is perfect for you to do this, literally throw it at wall or the floor, then run and stand within its pool of radiation, do not and I repeat do not stand next to the initial explosion, these hurt like a mouthful and you don't want to die as you will have to start the process again, but throw on the pipe bomb at a wall or the floor, then run into its pool, it seriously works a treat in depleting your shield but not killing you and if you're standing still in the radiation pool left by the pipe bomb, you'll notice the constant loop of losing your shield and regenerating it again and every time this happens people you are stacking damage bonuses. Now what I was doing was standing next to a healing vending machine just in case I did almost kill myself so I could quickly run up to it and replenish my health and to be honest killing yourself while doing this isn't hard to do at all. Now you can stack this for as long as you want, I mean I stacked it for about a minute or two and ended up doing 10 million plus damage to enemies using the one pump chump but I guarantee you can get much much higher than this, I mean it's crazy people it really is. Now I do believe all grenades may leave a pool of some elements on the floor which will be able to stand on which will work like the pipe bomb, I just know the pipe bomb needs not forgetting and while it's a famous grenade many people may still have until this day, I went ahead and pulled it off my wall within my room for this, so yes the pipe bomb returns and returns with a bigger bang than what it went out with. Now dying or quitting back to the main menu resets this but fast traveling doesn't so you can travel about multiple destinations and do what you please, I mean it's a great way of earning XP, you can do this at a lot of shaft, you can do it wherever you like, it's utterly crazy guys, so yes the pipe bomb returns to help out with what seems to be the most OP glitch ever. And on that note we have come to the end of the video, if you guys enjoyed it leaving a like really helps out, if you're new around here and want to see more daily Borderlands 3 videos be sure to subscribe and if you never want to miss a video I upload you can turn notifications on by hitting that bell button. But guys thanks as always for stopping by, hopefully you enjoyed the video and hopefully I will see you on the next one.


Hello. We're gonna go ahead and get started. Hi. Right. I'm Maria Gould. And I'm John Shadacki. And we're at California Digital Library, which is one of the operating organizations behind the Research Organization Registry, which is otherwise known as ROAR. And we're here today to talk about both those things. So for those who may not know, California Digital Library or CDL is the Systemwide Library Unit for the University of California system. And UC research output is immense. And one of the questions that frequently comes up across our university system is how do we identify and track all of the research that's coming out of University of California? It seems like it should be a very simple thing to do. Just find the research. Just find all the research associated with researchers at UC across all of the UC campuses. But this is actually much more challenging than it should be. And we end up spending lots of time and lots of money tracking this down with very mixed results. And so what we're talking about today is not just how we keep track of things internally and in our catalogs, but how we make sense of where all of the research coming out of UC is being disseminated in different systems around the world. And so there are lots of layers to this problem that we're trying to untangle. And this is coming up for a few different reasons. So one problem is that this is a metadata problem. The metadata just isn't there. Metadata about the research who's producing it, where it's published, it's just not there. It's not in a usable or reusable consistent format. If we think about the name UC Berkeley, for instance, trying to find all of the articles published by UC Berkeley researchers is a challenge because we may not have usable metadata that has a consistent form of UC Berkeley's name. It's also an infrastructure problem. The information about that research coming out of UC Berkeley may be out there, but it's available only in siloed or closed systems or behind paywalls. It's also a labor problem because the metadata is bad and because our infrastructure isn't open, we end up having to duplicate efforts and reconcile data from multiple systems over and over and over again. And so what this ends up with is essentially a values problem. All of these challenges present a situation that goes against the openness and connectivity of knowledge and information that we value as a library and as a public institution. As a public institution, we firmly believe that the research that's coming out of our campuses and across our institutes and other research centers should be available and open to all. But our infrastructure is not set up to support this vision. So we end up depending on these imperfect solutions and on external entities to make this research available and open. To give one example, when UC passed an open access policy, we realized around that time that we needed some way to actually find all of the publications coming out of UC and identify those ones that needed to be made open access and deposited in our repositories. So we didn't have an easy way to do that and so we ended up having to purchase a contract with a commercial vendor called Simplectic Elements to actually go out there and find and harvest all of those UC publications so that we could then deposit them in our open repository. This was intended to be a stopgap measure, but eight years later, the situation still hasn't changed and we're still relying on that temporary solution. So we have this interest in knowing where our research is coming from because this is crucial data for pursuing the goal that all of our research is openly available. But if we're going to be able to get that information downstream, how do we, you know, what do we need to do to actually address that upstream and make this happen? Pass it over to John. So taking a step back and thinking about how we in general find information about research outputs from our universities and from our campuses, it really boils down to the systems that are in place, not the local systems within our campuses, but that the wider open infrastructure systems that are in place are trying to tackle the connection between people, place and things. And so we as a wider scholarly enterprise in a community have really tried to invest in certain types of identifiers and systems. We have publishers who have invested in DOIs through Crossref and data centers and other software and other outputs that have invested in data site with DOIs. And we have, as a library community, really embraced orchids of trying to get all of our researchers to think about identifying through persistent linkage their CV and their research outputs. One of the challenges that we've had, though, is that there hasn't been a clean, easy way for connecting these through affiliations. And so what we have at CDL was we sat down and talked about this back in 2016 of why are there so many of these identifier schemas for organizations, but none actually fit this use case of open CC0, able to be reused, type of a use case that would allow us to leverage it as a wider community. So we brought together a group of people who had worked on this, over 17 organizations who each had their own schema for organizational identifiers and said, how do we tackle this problem? How do we tackle the problem that even with all of these identifiers for outputs and people, we still don't have a clean way of tracking affiliations so we can find things that are from UC. And ultimately, what came of that was the launch of, well, actually, before I, one of the ways that we did that was actually at CNI. So I mean, one of the presentations that we did was with identifier schema organizations at CNI where we brought together the community to discuss this. And ultimately, what came of it was the launch of Roar. So as Maria said, open identifier registry for research organizations. And we CDL are now one of the operating organizations that help run it. It is a partnership between CDL Crossref and DataSite. And really, in the last, sorry. And now with, I got, I messed up my slides. So now, today, we have over 102,000 entries in this registry. And so with that, we have made all the information about each of these organizations openly available with a CC0 license and that CC0 waiver. And with that, we have a set of infrastructure tools like a REST API and public data file that allow the community to invest in and leverage the information in their systems. And so Roar IDs really are meant to be integrated into other systems. So you can think of, you know, Crossref DataSite or get as big systems that have information about people and outputs. Well, Roar is more intended to be something that is integrated into other systems. It's really about how do you identify that affiliation and piece of information. So to demystify it truly is just a string integer, a link that is within a metadata file that then declares an open identifier scheme that can be leveraged and reused. And so the question that we have is, you know, this is very powerful. This is very important. But what does it mean to us as a library when we're thinking about the questions that Maria was posing? How do we think of this when we're talking about our open access policy, about our strategy to push towards open access and openness and transparency within research? So with that in mind, taking a little bit of a step back to just talked about the launch of the research organization registry and what Roar is. And so now how does that connect to the open access strategy at UC? In 2018, the University of California Libraries launched what was called Pathways to Open Access or Pathways to OA. And this was really intended to be a guiding and framework and a multi-pronged strategy for advancing open access across UC and addressing some of these challenges we discussed earlier in opening up our research and making it available to all. And this has been a really important framework, not just for University of California, but other libraries as well as a model and something that has really been guiding subsequent strategies across our campuses and specifically at CDL to figure out what is this diverse set of tools that we have to really look at every single layer of our research infrastructure and research ecosystem and figure out how to make everything as open as possible. And so one of the things that we're focusing on today and one of the things we've been exploring at CDL is if we have these pathways that we have developed, this set of diverse strategies, they lead to a state of openness where the outputs that are coming out of research activities are made open. And what we're taking a closer look at today is how open are those pathways themselves? How open is the infrastructure that we're using to actually construct those pathways? And how open do they need to be? And so that brings us to what we are doing at CDL to really walk the talk and figure out how to make those pathways as open as possible to enrich our infrastructure. So one of the ways that we're doing that is by building open identifiers and open infrastructure into our own systems and our own services at CDL. So we have a number of different services that we operate, including the Dryad repository, the DMP tool. And so we're making sure that in those services and in those systems, we're building an opportunities to collect ROAR IDs for researcher affiliations, make sure that we're capturing those at the source, and also sending those ROAR IDs in the metadata that we register as part of DOI registrations that we send along to Crossref and DataSite. And that means that throughout those system integrations, we're collecting standard identifiers for researcher affiliations, we're making those affiliation identifiers openly available in open and publicly available metadata so that not just University of California, but anyone can more easily track research that's coming out of UC. A second way that we are building open identifiers and open infrastructure into our open access strategy is looking at our publisher negotiations. One of the strategies we've taken more recently is to make sure that we're including ROAR and other identifiers in our publisher agreements. And that means making sure that we're emphasizing to the publishers that we're signing transformative agreements with that it's extremely important that they are collecting ROAR IDs in their systems, specifically for the researchers at UC, and making sure that that metadata is getting deposited in Crossref or other places where it can be made openly available to UC and anyone else. A third area of our strategy for incorporating open identifiers and infrastructure into our open access plan is to support persistent identifiers and rich metadata as part of the best practices that we're implementing for library publishing at CDL. This is something that John and I don't work on directly, but it's a key part of what we do at CDL to open up research. And so we think it's really important that we are following best practices for opening up not just the outputs of those publishing activities, but also the core metadata about those publications. And lastly, we're involved, you know, more community-wide with a wider set of initiatives and groups that are working collectively to open up our infrastructure and make information about research as openly and publicly available as possible. So that includes the Pitipalooza Festival of Open Persistent Identifiers, the Open Access Switchboard Project, the Initiative for Open Citations, the Initiative for Open Abstracts and Metadata 2020 just to name a few. So we really see the work that is going on with Roar as a case study for how CDL can incorporate open infrastructure into our open access strategy. And we wanted to talk about that experience today because this isn't just our story or our mandate. We think that this can be everybody's story and everyone's mandate. It's something that we can all be thinking about because we should all be paying closer attention to our choices and strategies regarding open infrastructure because when we do that, we all benefit. So this isn't just jargon. This is actually a tangible investment that we are making at CDL. It's a tangible investment that others can be making as well to really support the long-term sustainability and openness of our research. So one of the things that other organizations and other libraries can do is to really look at enriching and opening metadata. So not talking about cataloging metadata, but this is really about the scholarly metadata about institutional outputs and research activities, which we all need to discover and track research and to understand long-term impact of that research. We need to consider metadata openness in our publisher negotiations so the metadata can be openly accessed and reused. And we also need to consider metadata quality and metadata openness when we're evaluating vendor platforms and service providers, specifically ones that deal with research tracking. A second thing that libraries can do is to look at opening infrastructure. We can't transform our systems if they're not open, and so we all need to think about investing in open and connected infrastructure for publishing and tracking research and to think carefully about the vendors that we're paying and what we're getting or not getting from them. And a third thing that libraries can do is to pay attention to where time and resources are being invested. We specifically need our teams to be equipped to work in and navigate open information systems. We need to get around this challenge of everybody working in silos, trying to solve the same problem, or working with these imperfect or closed systems and information. One example that would really help is if we have more librarians and library programmers to be trained to work with crossref and data site and orchids, open APIs and open data. We need to really do this collaboratively and try to solve our local problems in a scalable way so that others can benefit from them as well. And lastly we need to factor in, you know, where our values come in when we're navigating these challenges and make sure that we're not coming up with solutions that end up compromising our strategies and pathways toward open access. So those are the four, you know, kind of the four things that we're trying to do at CDL to advance our strategy toward open access and open infrastructure and four things that we think other libraries can be doing as well. And just wanted to share that story and talk about what we've been doing at CDL and with Roar and also wanted to turn the conversation over to those of you in the room and see what kinds of challenges you're grappling with yourselves or what kinds of questions you have about Roar or about how it fits into this larger open access strategy at CDL and UC. So thank you for listening and we look forward to your questions and comments. We could also just scream out questions if you have any or comment. Definitely. Yeah, so the question was about how do you how do you leverage Roars and when you're looking at an aggregate level across a whole system or a campus. So first of all, just like very basic level, which is that Roar is an open system that can be leveraged by anybody. Identifiers within Roar are intended to be at the highest kind of level possible. We're not looking trying to recreate an organizational chart within a university. So we're really looking for organizations. So like at the University of Mexico would be the University of Mexico as well as many institutes or that kind of structure that's within like affiliated organizations that are with UNM. So within that family, the question would be like, how do you create a set? So very simply, one thing that can be done is just aggregating the 30 to 50 Roars that exist. Also, all of us starting to think about how we can ensure that there is a clean set of 30 to 50 or you know, thousands in the case of big systems and stuff. And really starting to think about that being part of the set that you're leveraging. There has been a set of projects that have happened where people have thought about, okay, if we're running our own IR, our own data repository, we know that the majority of people there are going to be from the University of Mexico or from wherever you are, then pre-populating a submission system where leveraging those Roar identifiers into the submission system guarantees that the downstream metadata that goes into open systems will be clean and will be customized to your use case. And so instead of thinking of Roar as just this big open field of 102,000 identifiers, it can be really like focused on what your local use case is. And I think that there is definitely ways that within the Roar metadata we can do more to connect. There is a set of a level of very light hierarchy that has parent, child, sister, sibling kind of relationships. But in general, that kind of information is something that you would want to do in your specific case. I guess it could also be the same as Roar. Yeah, I mean, I think it's really, it's very important to just state this is a very simple issue that has huge ripple effects across our entire organization. That's really this across our whole community. And that's really the point of our talk is like, you know, this is truly just a string being sent against an integer.  It's the stuff that libraries do all the time. The problem is that we do it internally within our systems or within our community. And then the business intelligence tools and all of the kind of metrics tools that we're all buying. They're all grabbing information from these open metadata suppliers. And so the point being here is like, we as a library community, it's important for us to think of having some level of ownership over that metadata about our outputs, too. It's not just the catalog that we maintain. It's also the set of metadata fields that are out there that a publisher puts in cross ref that is for a UC public researcher. I need to start thinking about how that information is being managed and that the identifiers within that metadata is open because I am downstream and paying for that information later through business intelligence tools. So it's really just kind of thinking of open infrastructure as a community, as of something that we are investing in and that we are making better over time. Yeah. Just curious, show of hands. If this is your first time hearing about Roar, raise your hand. Yeah, I would just, we have a little bit more time for questions if you want to continue thinking about anything that comes to mind. But just to add to what John was saying and to follow up on your question, I think we're not here telling our story because we know all the answers and we have it all figured out. But that this is a problem at UC and a problem at CDL that we're trying to solve and something that a lot of you, a lot of other institutions are trying to solve as well. And so one of the opportunities we have with Roar is providing this core set of open data that can populate in many other systems that we're all using or could be using. So it's a problem that we can try to solve locally, but in a collective way or vice versa, however you want to phrase that. And one thing that a couple of other things that came to mind when John was talking is there are some opportunities now with the kind of data that exists in Roar now and that is beginning to exist in the systems that are integrating with Roar and the way in which Roar IDs are becoming embedded in ORCID records and in DOI registration packages, that systems that are starting to aggregate that kind of research are making it easier to solve these kinds of tracking problems. And so many of you will be familiar with the story of Microsoft Academic Graph and the decision that Microsoft made to shut that down. There's now a successor project called Open Alex that the team that our research has been building that's really meant to kind of fill that gap that is being, you know, that was created with the departure or sunset of Microsoft Academic. And that's something that's relying heavily on Roar as a core institutional identifier and because they're providing an open API and open tools for querying their data, it's going to enable some of these downstream tracking problems like how do we find and roll up all of the University of New Mexico Roar IDs and query them and track all those research outputs. So I just wanted to point to that as an example, that's not a solution that CDL came up with, it's not a solution that Roar came up with, but it's the way in which other, you know, other developers and other initiatives can take that open data that Roar has and build something that other people can use. Yes. Do you know if the problem like UNM has or the University of California has about so many Roars with one institution, is that getting worse or better? I was going to say, yeah. I wouldn't say it's on a spectrum of, sorry, it's not on a spectrum of worse to better. I would say it's just opportunity, getting more complex, but it's also becoming, it's clarifying in a way. This is the challenge that we've had is that the wild, wild west of, you know, just strings, you know, of text strings and the challenge that we have as a, like, it's not an insurmountable challenge for our community to catalog, to create a set, a registry of all research organizations. It's not. We have just not focused the attention on doing that as a, as a single community. And we have focused in our library world and doing it through different strategies. And the scholarly metadata world has kind of left it alone. And now we're seeing with the intersection of our own catalogs and the way we look at the world and the way that the rest of the world is, has built metadata catalogs. It's not penetrating through, you know, that wall. And so I think like just this, this, this level of us working together with metadata from Crossref Data Site Orchid and the systems that are being leveraged like knowledge graphs and business intelligence tools. This is where we really need to focus the attention on creating that, like, that registry and making sure it's being leveraged. So, I mean, I think with great complexity comes great responsibility or some phrase, but like, you know, it's, it's not necessarily bad or good. It's just, it's a, it's a journey, you know, exercise. I'm not sure if this is relevant, but do you take any action with a publisher like Wiley, who uses Ringgold? Yeah, I can speak to that. Roar is there are a number of publisher integrations that are already underway with with Roar. And in some cases, publishers are looking to replace Ringgold with Roar or in other cases to supplement Ringgold with Roar because they're hearing from publishers are hearing from librarians and from some of their, you know, other users that they want that information in the metadata that they're producing. So Wiley is one that is working on this. Other publishers are a little bit further along Cambridge University Press, Hindawi, Elife, just listing a few off the top of my head. But it's definitely a growing topic among the publishers that we've been in contact with and something that we're, you know, trying to support everybody's integration journey is a little different and use case is a little different. But that's going to be definitely something increasing as adoption grows. It's also important to know like, you know, people might want to use a proprietary system like Ringgold for their internal business operations at a publisher or at any, you know, organization or really trying to focus on here is as a library community asking publishers and others and data repositories and vendors to leverage an open identifying schema like a CC 01 when interchanging information through places like Crossref and DataSite and Orchid. And it's really about that interchange of information. And so it's less about trying to destroy the business of a proprietary system and more about trying to just focus on our values and on the systems that we use when we as a library community consume and disseminate information. So it's it can be a complementary situation with Ringgold or others when it comes to the publishing industry or other Time for one last quick question. But I know we're coming up on lunch. Well, thank you all. Thanks for your questions. We'll hang out up here if anybody wants to come up and chat. But I hope you have a good rest of your day.


worse in the situation of the whole countries. And then so-called the, what is that? So-called the middle income people's dignity has been collapsed. And there are some more concern that with the new wave of globalizations, like artificial intelligence and automation, this technological advancement may bring more inequality into the future. Now, when you look at the international level, you will see the gaps between the emerging countries like China and India and also end developing, developed nations has reduced, well, it sounds good. But when you look at the other countries, they are left out, left behind of this trend. And countless people are still suffering the economic hardship. And some may choose the migration. So the question is, what kind of policies should be taken by international organizations or the government and the private sectors? And how we can ensure that globalization 4.0 will not leave anybody behind? That's our question today. And let's talk about these topics. We have excellent panel starting with you, Ms. Moon. She is, let me collect it, Ms. Lauren Spoon. She is the chief economist of OECD. And she has previously served as economic advisor to French president Francois Hollande. And to her right, Mr. Hikmat Ersek, he is a CEO of Western Union. Of course, everyone knows the world top provider of international money transfer service, right? And a large portion of Western Union's customer base are migrants working overseas. And he himself has this interesting background. He was born in Turkey and moved to Austria later. And Mr. Tadashi Maeda, he's the governor of Javik, Japan Bank 4 International Corporation. And his organization helps a lot of Japanese companies investing in overseas in the field of infrastructure and energy project. And last but not least, Professor Richard Baldwin, he teaches at Graduate Institute in Geneva. And he has published many books on globalization. And his recent one, it's quite recent, right? Yesterday. Yesterday. He is titled, the globalists are people, globalization and robotics and the future of work. Very interesting. Thank you. OK. Now let me start by asking each one of you, what is the greatest challenge by the globalization in your view, starting with you? With me. OK. Good morning. And thanks for this invitation. I'm such a prominent panel with perhaps a future president. Well, I'd like to point out two challenges. The first one is inequality, to which you alluded to. And the second one is the fair rule of the games. On inequality, there had been increasing before the crisis. But since the mid-2000, roughly, the bottom 20% of the population, in terms of revenue, have not seen their revenue kept at the pace of GDP growth. And I think that's a big issue that we've said, and we'll continue to say, it's fine. Globalization is good for all. But it doesn't benefit all. It's good overall. So that's the first challenge, is to make it work everywhere. The second one, on which I will spend a bit more time, is actually the rules of the game. And with digital, especially, we have a lot of changes. It's now easy for firms on the one hand to have very large market share across the globe, but also to be shopping for the best tax-wise, legal, regulatory place where to put the headquarter. A lot of profits are not paying their fair share of taxes across firms and countries. And I think we need to address that as well. Tackling taxation at the global level, designing new competition rules, taking into account digital, addressing corruption, and defining addressing regulatory arbitrage. OK, good. Mr. Elsek. Well, as a business leader, I look at that and see more in facts. And as we've seen, it is active in 200 countries for more than 30 years. We do see the impact of globalization. I don't see it really pessimistic. You see optimism. Because the globalization we know as it is, build a base that you can't stop it anywhere for future globalism. The people are connected as they've never been connected in the past. The globalization helped many people coming out of the poverty of old ways. The access to medicine has been never done like that. It has been in the past. What's globalization is happening now is that it's taking a break or a timeout, so-called basketball timeout, especially in the West countries. And I agree with you.  But it's taking only a break. It's correcting itself. And I believe that the globalization in the past was driven by cooperation by governments and by corporations like Western Union, corporations like Google, Facebook, that drew the globalization. But now it's in the hand of individuals. Individuals. Individuals. So after 7 billion people, today the power of a mobile phone, the power of a smartphone, is huge. That was never been there. Today, the people in Bangladesh, fishermen, can go out and fish. And before it comes back, in the past, it will come back to its own village always to the same spot selling that. Now the fishermen, individual fishermen, is picking up the phone saying that, who gives me the best price? I go to the village. I've never been in that, not even 10 years ago. So the globalization really empowered many, many people, made many people entrepreneur worldwide. Today we can see it for Western Union that small entrepreneurs are trading in multi-currencies with their smartphones, really important exporting. So I see it in a more optimistic way. Challenge? Yes. Is this challenge? The political environment, the protectionism environment, I hate it. And business leaders don't like it. Since the crisis, there will be, in 60 developed countries, there are 7,000 rules to avoid global trade. 7,000 rules. I hate it. And I'm going to speak against that. But I'm more optimistic long term. OK. We talk about that later. Mr. Maizesan, what's your take on it? Yes, I direct to a point out of the two challenges. One is a declining of the aspiration of international cooperation among the key countries. In 20th century, we had the G-5 and G-7 and G-8 and G-20. And then last year, in an epic meeting, there's no, actually, the agreement has been made. And my friend, the president of the Eurasian Group, Ian Bremmer, he describes as, in our nation, is learning for his own sake. It means that G-0, there's no coordination process. And Japan is hosting a G-20 this year. That is very tough to find out the common agenda among the member of the G-20. And now, very fortunately, Prime Minister Abe keeps his position since 2012, so it's now his seventh year, the most stable. And in Japan, we don't have any logical. But we have a problem like aging society, declining of the population. And also that many of the senior citizens now feel left behind. And Asian senior citizens now be isolated. They cannot use their digital devices. And that's the problem. That's also a problem of culture in the transition from the 20th century and the 21st century. And globally, still, that's the people living in two-dollar, below two-dollar per day, still have 750 million population living in that global standard. And 1.7 billion adults do not have a banking account. But ultimately, they may have some smartphone and application, free application, to settle that in their own payment. Therefore, there's a good chance to spread or to reach those people who do not have a bank account. But we can correct the big data and then to give some right direction. That's a good chance for us. But the government will not be able to do it right now. So that's probably the business leaders like you. We're going to make such a direction. And the scholar, Professor Baldwin, and the international leaders, that's our hope. That's our hope. But the good thing for Japan is that we have kind of a good example of the senior society. So we still tackle the problem so that we can share our experience with colleagues. That's interesting. Japan is a little different from the other country because of the age society. Professor Baldwin, you researched on globalization long time. What's your perspective? Well, the fundamental challenge of globalization is that it creates more opportunities for a nation's most competitive citizens and its most competitive companies. But it creates more competition for a nation's least competitive citizens and least competitive companies. The real challenge of globalization is to find domestic complementary policies that the winners and losers can feel like they're on the same team and continue with it. That's a problem that's always been with globalization. What's really different this time is the speed. Digital technology is advancing at explosive paces. That our ability to store, transmit, process, and understand information is doubling every two years and changing realities. Things that seem like machine translation, unlikely just three years ago, is free right now on everybody's smartphone. And it's that speed which creates the fundamental challenge that's different between globalization 4.0 and the globalizations we've known in the past. That's interesting. The speed is just too fast so that the people cannot follow up. And when people got lost jobs, it's hard to get a new job. And this kind of artificial intelligence and automation will accelerate the job losses and also the inequality. And I believe what's happening in France, yellow vest movement, I think that kind of demonstration will be spurred or fueled by this globalization. What's your take? Well, let me rebound on what Richard was saying. In fact, it's the combination of globalization and digitalization, which is affecting people. And the role of the digital technology is even contributes more than globalization itself. So we have looked at this. And what's happening is it's the middle skilled routine job, which are being the most affected. And what you can see is regions lose manufacturing plants either because there is competition from low wage country. That was the past. But now with digitalization, they lose these plants because robots and automatism is taking the place of people. So there's a divide between the top skilled people who can benefit from it, the low skilled people who usually have care jobs like with the elderly and you cannot really replace with a robot. But the medium skilled people have really burned the mass of this adjustment. To me, that's one of the most important things. That and the fact that their revenue is not increasing anymore. But the worst is when you don't know what you'll be able to do in the future and what your kids will be able to do in the future. And for that, we need to look at much more than just for distribution where I agree with Richard that we need to focus on the people. And some countries have done it very well. I can come back on to this. But you also need to focus on their opportunities. Their equal access to education, to health, to transport. And one other thing, it's not only creating this divide between people, superproductive firms. And we can come back to this and regions. And for regions, we need to connect back to the rural areas to city centers because that's creating jobs that's attracting people. So there's a triple job of reconnection to do for the people with the right skills for the firm so that they can catch up, unless we need public investment. And for the region so that they link to very lively urban centers. All right. So what about the people on the street now? They have the good future that they can work? Yes, if we can do that. Let me take the example of Denmark. Denmark has paid special attention on iOS and Q to Richard because we talked about it before. But Denmark has paid special attention to make sure that when there is a displacement of people, because one sector is being affected either by trade, competition, or by digital, they put in place a system where they take care of the people before displacement arrives. So before the dismissal of people, they identify all the jobs at risk and the people at risk. Then the target, they ensure that they have a minimum revenue. So the target, especially the low skilled people and the low income earners, they ensure that they will have the right retraining because training is everything. So they identify them, identify the training they need. They put them in training. Then they assess the training. And at the same time, they put them even in short term of temporary fixed contract, some sort of apprenticeship so that they can catch up. They are never left alone from the moment that the risk is identified to the moment that they will find a job. And I think that's a superb experience we can all learn from. OK. We talk about the solution part later on in this session. Professor Richard Baldwin, in your recent book that you said that how automation will displace a broad jobs in the service sector, right? Can you elaborate on that? So the way I'd like to think about it is telecommuting, which many of us do now, half day, a week, or day a week. We work from home or we work on the road. That's called telecommuting. I just think it'll go international. People will work remotely, sitting in one country, working in offices in another. And the reason I'm confident to say that this will happen, because it is already happening in industries like web development. People will put together a multinational team on the screen, working simultaneously through collaborative software, designing a website when the programmer may be in Pakistan and the user experience expert might be in Canada. So I just think that will go a lot more global. And that is, in essence, digital technology mediating the arbitrage of wages across country. But this is mostly in the service sector, because the digital stuff is information, and much of services is all about information. And I would point out one technology in particular that is heavily underestimated, and that's machine translation. If you haven't tried machine translation in the last six months, you really have to. There's a revolution in it. And it's really very good now. Hundreds of millions of Chinese who could not join the global service market because they couldn't speak good enough English. Well, now they can speak good enough English. It's free. Skype, Amazon, it's on Outlook, it's a Google Translate. These things are being integrated into apps, and will change the reality. So in some sense, you could say what the 90s were about was low-skilled labor and manufacturing came online in India and China and transformed the realities in the 90s of low-skilled work in rich countries. This, I think, is going to happen in the service sector. Interesting. You may have something to add, right? You're absolutely right. The global service industry is really everywhere. You could be, as a corporate leader, I see that daily I'm flying from here to India, Pune, 800 engineers there. And what's happening, though, and especially in the Western, democracy, Western world, with the protective environment, increasing visas, and stopping these people, the knowledge. Actually, it's counterproductive.  It's basically telling us, CEOs, don't create a job there. Create the job somewhere else. And I'm not sure that the protective environment wants that. And I think that's going to be a big issue in the future. Interesting. Now, your company is based in the States, and your president is moving toward the protectionism. Do you think that they will get more support because of the discontent of the people? Well, first of all, I want to correct. My company is based in India. It's my president, but I am not a US citizen. I just want to put things in perspective. Well, I think the current environment, protective environment, doesn't help companies like West Union being globally active. We do definitely. You have to understand, West Union, it's none of my country. If you put the US to the side, it's 15% of my revenue because we have also domestic money transfer there. But none of my countries are bigger than 5% of my revenue. Number seven countries, only 1% of my revenue. It's that diverse. So it's important that the connection is here. The protective environment, what's happening in the US, the taxes, or the kind of trying to stop the global connection doesn't help. And I think it's maybe creates short-term solutions, short-term attacks, short-term problems, but long-term, the companies will find always a different solution. We CEOs are dedicated to create jobs. Our CEOs are dedicated to make money. We CEOs are dedicated to trade. And you can't stop that. The world is built on that. And I don't think no wall is high enough, has never been high enough to stop that. The problem in the US labor market right now is that now the increase of the cost of the workers and also lack of the skilled labor right now. Therefore, normally, that business practice of the contractors assign a contract for the lump sum basis. They cannot accommodate such a sharp increase of the labor cost. Therefore, that's a cost overland. And then a lot of companies may have a problem, like Wishinghouse, for example, that they made a huge loss due to the lack of the skilled labor. That's eventually the kind of dis-mobilities of the skilled laborers in the US labor market will damage the competitiveness of the long term in the US technology. So that's why the very short term policies on the protectionism will not be good for US economy. Perhaps I can add two things on this. The first one is what you were saying on job, which I think is very essential, immigration. Let me give you two numbers, three, actually. About 65% of the increase in labor force in the US is coming from non-US citizens, so from migrants. 92% in the EU. So it's massive. And you're right that it will create a problem. And related to skills, between 35% and 40% of those people are highly skilled. So it's a variety of worker with a variety of qualification and talent that will be missing. So that's one point that I totally concur with you. And the second is about the cost of protectionism. At this stage, what has been happening at the global level with the tit for tat tariffs has cost about 0.2 to 0.3 percentage point of growth for the US and a bit more to China. If the US and China increase tariffs by 25% for all goods takes change, it will be minus 1% for US growth. It will be even a little more for China. That's massive number. And it's not even taking into account something that I'm sure you can talk better than me about, which is all the uncertainties creating and the delay in investment plan and in recruitment that we are seeing. We are uncertain as CEOs when we do our plans. We are uncertain. We don't know where to start. That's a new environment. And if it's a global company, you do business plans. You want to invest, but you don't know what the rules will look like. And that's a big uncertainty. It's probably one of the biggest danger for CEOs, global CEOs, because you want to invest. You want to have the best return. You want to go for your shareholder satisfaction. But that uncertainty makes us also conservative. Let me jump in a little bit. And what I would say is that the things you were talking about, we're all talking about, is a very real disease in the United States, disease problems in the United States. But the protectionism is the false medicine. So we have a real disease and a false medicine. In essence, Trump administration is trying to use a 20th century tool to address a 21st century problem. And in deep down, they have not understood the problem. Tariffs aren't going to address the skills. Tariffs are not going to keep America into the industries and sectors of the future. Yeah, therefore, that's a very global supply chain. You know, the United States is not able to leave their own labors and own technology. So that's a supply chain that's spread over. That there are lots of the evidence and a good kind of background of the policymaking. That's the reason. So that we need to have to verify that those background information to be supported of the decision making of the policy. That's the key. In many countries, we have evidence-based policymaking. But in the United States, they have policy-based evidence making. All right, let's get back to the inequality issue for a while. You talked about what the solution of the inequality, how to prevent the spread of the inequality. You studied in your book. Can you tell us what the? So first of all, I think the basic idea is it's about domestic policies. So people have to change jobs. And they've had to change jobs in the past. And some governments have very good policies for that. And we just need more of it. So retraining, maybe you have to change houses. Maybe you need some income support for a while. Maybe we may actually have to have some clusters that are creating industries in places where people actually are, but it's active market policies. But I have to say, the OECD has done a lot more work on this active labor market policy. So I would defer to my back. Can you share with us what the OECD can do about it? So it's actually a hugely challenging period because of that. But I think it all started in 2009 with the first Stiglitz-Senn-Fitusi report, which said, first, change the way you look at the data. Don't focus only on GDP. Look at inequalities and not only inequality of revenue, but inequality of opportunities. And again, it's health, it's education, it's transport, and it's education throughout the lifetime. In Germany, they have a very good apprenticeship system and also vocational training, which is super important in other countries in Europe. Do not have access to. Look at this data. Look at gender gap, migrant gap, elderly people gap, youth gap. Try and span the entire dashboard of inequality indicators. Then the second, and I think it's something that we've improved a lot upon is the policy recommendation that we made before we're solely focused on GDP growth and productivity. Now, for each policy recommendation, we look at the impact on productivity, but also on how it affects the income distribution. If we take the medicine example of Richard, there's a detection diagnosis part. And for that, then you can do the right medicine. Let me take a simple example, the diesel tax. I think most economists would agree that if you want to, it's a tax which is designed to change the behavior of people, stop consuming diesel. It's not a tax designed to raise revenue. And when you look at other countries, and that's obviously the comparative advantage is to look at plenty of countries, the way to make this environmental tax work is actually to compensate the people who will lose from it. Because those people, when you look at the impact on income distribution, the people affected by a diesel tax, they are the low income earner. They are the guys in the suburbs or in rural areas who need that car. And that's a real shock to the way that they live. So in British Columbia, in Canada, they did that over several years. They looked at the revenue expected from this tax on diesel. And they said, why would you distribute this revenue targeting the low income earner households and targeting the corporate, which are ICMEs and have not got a huge of means. And by doing this redistribution, so they got zero out of the money, but they changed the behavior of people and they were able to increase carbon prices to level that they thought was satisfactory for the purpose that it looked with was changing behavior. It's an example, it's the same when you increase VAT or it's the same if you reform the labor market.  You do that in an upturn. And your target with education and active labor market policy, the retraining I was describing for Denmark, those that will be affected. The big change to me is we've gone from looking at the world in aggregate as economists, as looking at the individuals and their heterogeneity and how this is affecting them. Talking about inequality, that I argue that I said that 1.7 billion population do not have bank accounts. And two-thirds of this is women. Therefore that normally financial products normally that we government banks or those commercial bank households is not able to reach out to those people who do not have a bank account. However, that using for the microfinance for example that we actually invested into the microfinance fund last year for supporting the empowered women entrepreneurs. And the statistics say that the non-performing debt portion for both in terms of gender, male and female, female is way, way better. 700% better than male. Therefore that they pay back and then they own small enterprises and then create more business and to income level will be going up. Therefore that using this devices like the smartphone devices. So that we can put some of the, not just only fund, but also that's the information about for example that's weather information. And also that's some necessary commodity like, like the, you know, for the fishers, fishermen so that means some of the devices for use for that to their own business or together. It's very micro-management. And then even in G7 actually that's the talk about Trump administration. They are now launched the new incident with two ex-challenges. It means that to empower women. So that they are doing some good thing as well. So we join. Right. My answer just to talk about the inequality issue in Japan, it's not, of course, we do have inequality issue in Japan, but it's not as apparent as the other country. But as you mentioned that, you mentioned that Japan is a little unique in the sense of Asian society and people are probably getting, dropping out of this digitalization. And what's your... Yeah, so that's the main issue that, you know, it's kind of some of the middle class in the 20th century. The generation, senior than I am, I'm 61 years old, that's my generation. It's almost dropping out from the new transition in digital economy in the 21st century. So many of the Batman pop stores, now you still use a handwriting, not using a personal computer. That's very, therefore, that the customers for their commercial banks, many branches, those people. So that they're kind of an endangered species right now. On the contrary, that's the younger generation who will be working their own room, not the commute for many hours, because commuting in Tokyo, it's a mess. Therefore that it's good for younger generation to work in their own home using a digital divide so that the government is not able to catch up that what kind of a social safety net we can provide for senior citizens. And also that, I don't say that immigrant, but as the many students, for your students who study in Japan, also that's who are now being kind of a part-time job in a convenience store at night time, for example. So that they're very serious. So that they are not voting right there. However, that they work, we have to support those people because they're part of the community. That's the issue. So that many different issues now we are now see. And in particular, that in transitions, we're actually we are now investing into that that some of the startup of artificial intelligence, for example, that many application by artificial intelligence. Therefore that the people, the fear that they will lose the job because of artificial intelligence. However, that we can foster more creativity for humans. So that a new team job like, you know, handwriting and input in the computer, those kind of the routine job can be replaced by artificial intelligence. That's a technology. The human that we have to use this. So that is a matter of the addition making of government. Can I pick up on that? Just the one way of saying it is that this automation is taking the robot out of human jobs. But what that leaves is a human in human jobs, more creativity. And I would like to point out one other thing about this artificial intelligence. Basically, it's experience-based pattern recognition that many semi-professionals professionals have. And AI allows fairly average people to be much more intelligent. It doesn't make intelligent people that that much more intelligent. So I think actually that AI will soon augment average people who have a lot of heart by giving them more head. But those of us who have lots of head, they're not gonna give us any more heart. So I think in principle, this will be good for equality. It just could be quite disruptive in the meantime, but as you say, it's giving skills to a whole group of people, skills that were impossible to have before.  Even more than that, I think is needed. So first, I would just like to say one thing. Aging is not a Japanese problem. Aging is a global again problem, which is why it's at the heart of the Japan G20. I think what was just being said by Richard and you was super interesting, because when you, so we have this survey, which is called PIAC survey of adult skills. And the latest edition of it noted that 50% of adults in OECD countries lack basic solving, problem solving skills. 50%, it's enormous. And I'm not sure to what extent automation can help with that. And then more than between 20 and 25% of adults, like the basic numeric and literacy skills that help you, that are the foundation of learning. So I think the first investment that as much government as actually companies have to do is to ensure that people have those basic skills, because that's the foundation of what you can do in life afterwards. We're talking about skills. We wanna focus on the gap between the developed countries and developing countries. As I mentioned that some emerging countries like China and India benefited a lot from the globalization, but there are some other countries are not. Do you think that the gap widens under globalization 4.0? Well, so, no, I think it narrows. Narrows? In some sense, the comparative advantage of developing countries is that once you adjust for quality, it's very cheap labor. And up till now, the only way that they could exploit that advantage is by making a good and exporting the good. But with this telemigration or international telecommuting, they can export the talent directly. Now that, well, I believe, allow the emerging market miracle to spread much further. And up till now, it's been mostly based on either commodities, which a country has or it doesn't, or manufacturing, which has been limited to a very small number of countries above all China. But exporting services, whether it's helping you with your bookkeeping or arranging travel for you or helping you straighten out the contacts in your cell phone, many people in Africa could, in the same time zones, provide lots of services and offices in Europe. And many people in South America who've been primarily left behind except the commodities could provide these services in the United States. So personally, at least for the middle class people in the middle-class, in middle-income countries, I think this is a huge export advantage. It's in essence taking advantage of globalization the way India has, much less the way China has. And I think it'll spread beyond. And since it's micro-micro, you don't need huge multinationals. You don't need huge ports. It's basically anybody with a cell phone, a good connection, and a laptop can join this export revolution. So I think that will lead to go on. It won't help the poorest countries, but the middle countries, I think we'll see a big gain from this. And you agree with that? Yeah, I do agree with the individual that you empower them and they will be a part of the global connection. And I believe also that the emerging markets have a kind of a better start in the new globalization than developed countries. There's other two other things also. I will make a point on aging population later, but today what we see is a big issue between state capitalism and state democracy. The developing countries tend to more to state capitalism and they have a five, six, seven, 10 years program and they execute. In the democracies, in the West democracy, that in liberal democracies, every step will be questioned because it's a way how we... So state capitalism doesn't care. They have a program they execute and it's a competitive environment. And more and more developing countries go to more controlled capitalism than on a free capitalism. And that tension, it's a big tension. I don't know, I'm not a politician, but as a business leader, we don't know how to operate in that environment and that's something... May I... Sure. In the state capitalism. Normally the state capitalism, for example, in China see that it's a prayer to be a state or an enterprise. Now it's not true. I know. Now it's not true. So that's even a private, pure private, the country is now forced to work with those data to the government. And the government is trying to control and without the care of, for example, that privacy, gathering the data without paying attention to privacy. And also that in terms of speed of decision-making, it's much quicker than the normal liberal democracy. Therefore, there are some risks that globalization, digital economy, be good for totalitarian regime because in terms of decision-making speed. That's a really problem. So that we have to pay attention. And on China, for example, that very rich people using a private jet, you know, there's many private jet holders in Chinese. However, that's still there. More than 200 million people do not have any mobile phone in China. It's the largest number in the world. And then India and Pakistan. Therefore that this in China because of this data kind of inequality of digital economy, is the gap is being widened in China. Can I pick up on what President Erzaka said? And you a little bit as well. Is it emerging markets need a plan? This thing is happening super fast and you're talking about the form of governance which lets them get a plan and you're talking about how fast to make the decision. But the key is this thing will not fix itself. People will, you know, eventually they'll get connectivity but governments can do things to help people get ahead of this curve in emerging markets even more than in rich countries. Because, well, for one thing, they've got so many young people and so much talent that's basically underpaid and underemployed. So getting a plan I think is, you know, a good recommendation. But there's a big difference between having a plan and controlling a plan. And that's a big thing. And where I have some issues with too much control is really overcoming the freedom of the people and stopping the entrepreneurship long-term. Short-term, you may win. You know, if you have a five-year plan and the infrastructure, you will build the road. There won't be a question. You will build the airport. There won't be an environment question. And that will help that environment probably to short-term to develop the area. But, you know, in the long-term, you may destroy the environment.  So that question is a big, actually a world problem that we have to solve. And, you know, that's in my mind. If I may add, I think the state capitalism, which should be indirectly target, perhaps, or perhaps it's not the one, but at least we all know one. But it usually involves subsidies in various forms to state-owned enterprises, for example. It usually involves loans that we don't really necessarily know everything about. For example, to emerging market, which is creating some uncertainty, it usually involves some regulation or some kind of protection from the outside world that's distorting competition. So I'm not saying that all the sectors should be open, but what I'm saying is this particular form tend to lead to unfair competition, and that adds to the resentment of other countries. And we fall back into the trap that the protectionism, that we have the trade tension we've seen so far, have been creating. So we need a plan, I think, to help developing economies with migration, with climate change, and we can talk about that later. But some of the emerging markets are already too advanced to actually stick to this type of strategy. But when I talk about state capitalism, as I'm talking maybe, we can, words and definitions are always, I don't know, I have to say that more and more emerging countries are voting for a controlled environment. I mean, if you look at what's happening in Brazil, if you look at what's happening in Turkey, if you look at what's happening in Russia, all these governments came by voting, the people voted for them. So there is a tend to, and these people will tend to control the environment more, will go to more state capitalism, they will like to have the long-term vision then. I think I disagree. Do you have a lot of governments which are not, which have not been in history great government and that have been voted initially? I think these people are turning towards this type of institution because they've been immensely frustrated by how globalization and digitalization has shaped their world. I don't think this planning is the answer. I think the answer is first and foremost, education, certain that firms at the global level pay the fair share of taxes where they vote on them too, but not this type of response. But it's happening. But that's why we need to address the root causes of what's happening. All right, you agree. As you mentioned, we talked about the migration issue, migration and climate change. Talking about the migration of Mr. Essek, you have the background on the migration. And do you think that what's happening in the state and looking at what's happening in the state and in Europe, do you think that the society is moving away from inclusiveness? Definitely. So migration is such a complex and big problem. First of all, there are about 258 million migrants, 260 million migrants worldwide. And if you add them together, there would be six or seven biggest nation. And that would be a power, though. They don't have a flag. They don't have a constitution. They have no rights and they are lost. So I think, that's why I took that subject also, I'm speaking on behalf of many migrants. There are two types of migrants. First, the first migrants, forced migration.  And I think we as a global citizen should take care about that. The second one is really attracted migration. Which countries, because of my aging population, because of changing environment, really need migration. And what's happening is that the second part is just ignored. That the value of migration is ignored. It's not only the people moving in a country, but also the money they send back home to support them. There's about 630 billion dollars sent every year. Can you imagine that if you don't have that anymore? It's really not for a country like Liberia. It's a disaster for a country like Mexico, for a country like Philippines. A Filipino nurse who works in Saudi Arabia at the hospital helps there, makes maybe $1,000. Half of the salary goes back to Philippines. And the number one reason why our customers send back money is education. They support their children that they can have a better life than they had their life. And if you don't have that $300, for $300, you can go all year at school in the Philippines. It's a life-changing event. And I think we have to see that as a bigger picture. And stopping migration, I mean, you can't, I understand that, not every nation have open borders. That's why there's nations there. But I think you have to approach that as in a positive way, not blame for everything the migrants. That's happening today. For every economical issue, migrants are, it's migrants fault. Brexit, migrants are fault. Yellow West, migrants are, what migrants fault. Terrorism, migrants fault. So that's something that we have to change the conversation, really talk about the positive way of the migration. And if you think about that just the last one, 40% of the Fortune 500 companies in the US were built by migrants. And the nation was built on migrants. You have some take to it. And I completely agree with you. First, so the first category of migrants, you talked about its refugees and climate change will push this number. It's very difficult to see by how many because you have projection which go from 25 million of refugees coming from climate change to 1 billion by 2050. But what we know is it will be massive and we need to coordinate that one reason for acting at the global level on this flow of refugees that we see. The second thing, and I really like what you said about skills because as you say, economic migrants and the first one who arrived in Germany in 2015, they were highly skilled people because it takes an enormous courage to leave your country cross the water on the boat and arrive somewhere to build up something. And usually they are very much entrepreneur. Now it's, there's also the question of people getting back and not all the brain drain coming out of developing countries. And you have some international program of cooperation which is called the Skill Mobility Program where you have an agreement between the host and the home country to take people in the host country, provide some training and education and the cost is shared with the developing market and then the people go back. And I think that's super important. And you've been very modest with Japan. With Japan is really changing in terms of migration and opening its border, at least in part to address aging problem but I think that's a big change. We do not say that's migration but now the government decided and so the diet approved that the border control act had been relaxed and then we are going to have more influx of the population, many of the skill labor students and students who live in Japan to give them more opportunity. And the issue is that because we have, for many years that we have been a homogeneous society. So many fears of what's happening in Europe is of the migration, the issue is that it's kind of a crash of the culture between the indigenous people and the migrants. So that it's either way actually that some of the bright side and the dark side, obviously that, yes, in Japan that we are now very gradually open but the good thing for economic sense that because of this decision that many foreign investors now change its attitude to make investment into Japan because of this. Many, some of them will be, some jobs will be replaced by robots and AI but for example the caretakers, for example for the senior citizens that the robot cannot do that. More of the human sense is needed. Therefore that they are opened up, more society and to make some more harmonization of people who come. So that's the key. If I may add something, the harmonization, I think integration is the key. How the programs of the governments are integration. I can tell you one thing. My father, Muslim, my mother, Christian and my wife is Hindu. You can imagine the integration problems I have in my own family. Plus my son is dating a Jewish girlfriend. So some say that you're really protected but the integration is a big issue with cultures and the nation and especially Japan when you work on that, I think the integration, I understand that cultures will be the key to be successful on the immigration problems. Do you think anything that OECD or international organization can help to solve the immigration and refugee issue? So there are I think two things that we can do to help. The first one is give facts, establish the diagnosis, come back to what you were saying, what numbers, which countries, what type of skills. The second is design policy for integration because we completely agree with you. For example, there's a misunderstanding that most government, they take only single men because they think that way they restrict the number but it's a mistake. People are much better accepted when it's the whole family that come because they feel more comfortable with it and we've seen lots of villages, communities, ready to take families and much more skeptical on singles. So it's addressing this type of misbelief and the third is again, I think global coordination is super important whether it's at the G20, the OECD or an international forum but being able to talk and solve which an agreement, achieve an agreement between the host and home country is essential. It has started. I think we should be positive about it and but we need to do more on this and just one additional thing. As I said, the large wave of those is coming from climate change. This has been the object of discussion here quite a lot but addressing it at its root making sure that the money is being spent in Africa which is the most affected by it or in some other regions in Asia. For example, they are Somalian which will disappear under water. So this investment, it's also a way of addressing the causes of migration at their roots and we should progress on this. It's also one area where cooperation has worked so far, right? We have a cop and nearly everybody is ticked by it. Paris Accord? Yes. But one country has dropped out. I know but you have the power of persuasion. With just one liking at the end, they will join the club and some states, including the one you're in, I believe are still committed to do it. Oh, I see. Colorado? There are certain issues or agenda that the international cooperation is needed. The single countries, even the United States are not able to solve any issues like the global warming and also that pandemic and so on. Therefore, we need to select those agenda one by one and to keep a momentum of more international cooperation. Not just only that they belong to the Paris Agreement or not. It's not such a simple issue. Therefore, the United States, for example, that in each state has their own policy in terms of the emission of greenhouse gas and therefore that the big gap between the West Coast and also the Midwest, for example, and a co-mining state and also that the West Coast. Therefore, these are the politics that we have to keep, make consensus among the different stakeholders. But the world is going in the wrong direction when European Union is where it's built on consensus, it's breaking apart. And that's an issue. I agree with that. There are global issues, not only environment issues, there's epidemic issues, it's global warming, age and population, global trade, robotization. These are not country issues. These are global issues and needs a cooperation in which we don't see it. The global corporations do that. Companies do that, but not governments. I sort of disagree. Because the governments are not doing everything, but there are quite a few things. First, there is this climate agreement. Second, I think the most striking for me, it's the taxation agreement. Or there are about 100 countries have committed, and that includes the US, to fight base erosion, profit shifting and to actually exchange information about companies where they produce, where they employ, where they sell. I'm sure 10 years ago, nobody would have believed that this agreement was put in place. It's working. Governments have already collected about $93 billion of taxes that were escaping and there's probably another $100 to $200 billion to get. So that's an area where they're able, because it speaks to people as well, it's very striking, but they are able to cooperate. I agree on that, but I disagree. All right, sorry, we're running out of time. So this is gonna be the last question. Just ask, if you have to sum up in one keyword that what is needed to, so that the globalization 4.0 will not leave anybody behind and go to the better future. What would it be and why? Just 30 seconds each, please. Cohesion. Cohesion. Mostly domestic. Both globalization and automation changes the way things are and it creates winners and losers. It works because it's painful and it's painful because it works. What we need is policies to keep the winners and losers together. Is that short enough? No, you disagree. Very good. Sir? So my sense is that it's a compassion, actually that the feel, that the sympathy to the other people, this is a big key. Therefore that compassion is a very good point for the humans. It's a machine cannot do that. Therefore that we need to pay attention to the ethnic minority, LGBT, for example, that those are a very key issue. So compassion is a real human. Compassion. Is that it? Empowerment. Empowerment. Empowerment of individuals, empowerment of seven billion people, future eight billion people to be soon. And empowerment, making them owning the things, not taking the power away from them. That's great. Ms. Wen? Cooperation because I don't think we'll achieve any of the three effectively if we don't cooperate all together at the national and at the international level. And also cooperation between the government and the private sector. And that requires a lot more dialogue, I think, than we have had so far. But we should all be optimistic about that. Optimistic? Yeah, oh, optimistic. But it fits together the words so well. It was almost as if we planned it before, but... No planning. No planning. No planning. Well, thank you very much for this great discussion. Thank you very much. Thanks for all coming. Thank you.


Today's topic is functionalism. Functionalism is one of the major theoretical developments of 20th century. It is basically an analytical philosophy and provides the conceptual understanding of much work in the cognitive sciences. Because in the 19th and early 20th century, American School of Philosophy and Psychology, they basically presented this pool of thought. Because a function, a group activity, it must help to maintain the life of a community. It also symbolizes that activity can function to bind a community into a pool. It is like the organic theory. Functionalism is that a function that binds the community to the community. For example, a single system cannot do anything alone. The system of breathing, the system of husband and wife, they all form a system together. The same way the American philosophy came, the philosophers basically contributed. In the context of political sociology, the school of thought is important because every work, every activity within the society, that unites the people, the differences within the people, the thoughts of the people create a unity within them and people's consensus develops. The work within the society is for their benefit and it benefits them. The most important development was introduced by Talcott-Parson. Talcott-Parson specifically talked about four things. One is that any kind of society is based on adaptation, goal attainment, integration, and latency. Now what is adaptation? If we want to understand that how the people adapt the environment. The environment you live in, the conditions you live in, how do you connect with it? Second, attain the goal. In the same environment, how do you get your benefits by living within those limitations? Then integrate its components. Because you are not alone. You have to give your benefits by living within the society. So how do you connect with people? And the most important thing is to maintain its latent patron. Now what is latent patron? It is the education of every person. Every person has to learn from the environment and work within the society. We learn from some things directly and learn from some things indirectly. So latent means indirectly how we learn from the environment or from people. So a very important development of functionalism came when Talcott-Parson introduced his School of Thought. So it is very important for the students of political sociology to understand that Parsons-Eggel model is an analytical scheme for the sake of theoretical production. It is very simple. Obviously it is not in reality. We can understand that when we live within the society, then there are some requirements of the society. When we have to live together, and every person has to try to get something for himself. For example, you or I, we have a lot of roles. We wake up in the morning, our role is different. If you are in the role of your brother, your sister, then your role is different. When you go to study, then your role is different. When you come back, then you may have to give something else. Similarly, I have a lot of roles. Now every role has a requirement. Every role has a demand. According to that demand, how do we operate, how do we opt for this role, and how do we deliver it? This is the whole process of functionalism. In other words, we have to take a lot of things from the atmosphere to successfully perform every role. And we have to give a lot of things to the atmosphere. So how do we bring this interaction in a functional form? To form a functional form, we have to deliver, we have to opt, and we have to adopt the demands of others. It is possible that while performing this role, someone will be clashed, someone will be against us. Now we have to handle all of them so that in the atmosphere, there is no shortage of time. So Karl Marx, Max Weber, and then Talcott Parsons. These are a lot of philosophers. They have given their own philosophies about this role on their own time. They are taking advantage of political sociology so that people can be told that there are different demands for every role. According to these demands, we have to perform our role in a concise form so that there is no conflict in the atmosphere.