Okay, so the second. Okay, so that as always is our real chamber picture. We had our analysis of element here and not. We already showed that every element here is an analysis of element. And using that, so that if we have your lift of the conjugacy to R3, and we write this as H1 tilde plus H2 tilde plus H3 tilde. With respect to this splitting into the first, the second, and the third Eigen direction, we were able to prove that H1 tilde is, was our painful last off. Okay. And why H1 tilde? Because we were able to move toward this boundary here of this veil chamber C. And as we have said, we could have go to this kernel of chi2 and prove that H2 tilde is also smooth. That's fine. You can do it. It's not a problem. But what we are looking for is for the H3. But for the H3, we want to continue our argument. We need to go all the way up to this kernel. And to go to this kernel, we need an analysis of element here. And that's what we are going to do. We are going to find one analysis of element there and N1. And the advantage is that now we know who is H1 tilde. Okay. So let me repeat one picture we have used yesterday. But now it will become even more important. H tilde of the stable manifold always equal to H tilde of X plus the stable space for the raw N0, which is nothing but H tilde of X plus this one. That's E2 because the N0 is down here. So the stable guy are the first two element. And the H tilde of the unstable manifold N0 of X is H tilde of X plus EU raw N0. So this is the stable manifold for the linear action. It's the translate of the stable space. And this is the translate of the unstable space, which is H tilde of X plus E3. Okay. So that's what we have. This has implications of what is this H1, H2, H3. So this is the E1 direction. This is the E2 direction. This is the E3 direction. If you have H tilde X here, it has this value here, H3 tilde of X. And then it has this other value here, H2 tilde of X and this other value here, H1 tilde of X. Okay. What we are saying here is there is two important implications of this equality. It's one that you have, that this guy is contained here. And the other is that this guy is equal to this. It's not just contained. It's completely equal. So it's an onto map when you restrict to this unstable manifold. And the same for the second statement. So it means that when I take a point here, take its unstable of X, take the stable manifold of X. Of course, you have to leave everything to universal cover to apply the H tilde. If not, you apply the H. This guy, this line is mapped into this vertical line here. Okay. So that's what says this second statement. So this is not the line, this is the curve, but still it goes onto this vertical line. And it means that the H1 coordinate is constant. The H2 coordinate is constant, but in the H3 coordinate you are onto. Okay. So I have that this expression here means H1 tilde of the unstable manifold. So let's put this way. Of Y is H1 tilde of X for every Y in the unstable manifold of X. Alpha naught always. So I'm not moving alpha naught. Similar thing. And finally, H3 tilde restricted to the unstable manifold is homomorphism. So this maps of the Y tilde X naught into the E3 space. Heldar continues homomorphism with Heldar continues inverse. Okay. And similar thing I can say up here. Okay. From here I get H3 restricted to the stable manifold alpha N naught of X. I should make H1 tilde plus H2 tilde from stable manifold alpha N naught of X into 1 plus E2 is a homo H3 tilde of Y is H3 tilde of X for every Y stable manifold alpha. All this is an exercise so you can do it by yourself. Okay. Have all these nice properties. Okay. Now here so there is some asymmetry here. So here I have this H3 along the unstable and it's one dimensional going to one dimensionals. And here I have to put H1 plus H2. And I cannot speak directly just of H1. And the problem is because I don't have a splitting of the stable manifold into one dimensionals. I have a splitting for the linear but not I don't have a splitting for the nonlinear. If I had a splitting I would expect exactly that I can then split these two business or to have a a foliation attached to one and another foliation attached to the other. In principle yeah you don't know really so even if you have a splitting you have to prove something it's not that it's for free. And even more here because you have the whole action. But if you are just with one individual system let me maybe it's an important very important observation. So if you just have one guy. The perturbation and also of linear map real. I can values. Then you will have that the tension to the three split as he has the strong direction plus a weak direction. So if we are in this setting. Like a weak stable direction. Plus an unstable direction so you will have this splitting there if you are only doing perturbations. But this and you have the concurrency because with one and also you already have the concurrency and you will have. A strong stable for the Asian week stable for the Asian unstable for the Asian so all these things you will have now this for the Asian will be mapped by the concurrency to the unstable for the Asian that's easy. These two guys joined the grade today. Stable for the Asian and it's going to the stable for the Asian for the linear this week for the Asian. It's a little bit harder to prove but you can prove this week for the Asian will go to the send to the intermediate for the Asian for the linear but the strong for the Asian. Will essentially never go to the strong for the Asian of the linear so unless you have some very specific type of system the strong for the Asian is not going to the strong for the Asian so these things. Do not happen strong for the Asian don't go to strong for the Asian is a perturbation so it's because it's a perturbation of the linear so it's it's it's here to show theory yes yes so it's it's just a perturbation. Yeah if it is not a perturbation then in stealing this type of setting a lot of things are known but. But if it is a perturbation is this all here to show theory so it's and just write down formulas and. So yeah even so according to this even if we can split this is it's not at all obvious. That the corresponding for the Asian will go to the corresponding for the Asian but it will be true so we will see if the coast was smooth this will happen and we are trying to prove this. Okay and I already know that this H1 tilde is smooth okay. So let's move the next step so I need I have only these two bundles and I need to jump into the next place and in the next place I need to find. Another two bundles okay so the way it should be is. Just you need to follow the the recommendation of the linear so if I take this and one there so the stable for this and one will be just the e2 direction and the unstable for the and one will be the e1. Okay that's for the linear now I have to produce something similar to the nonlinear now the e3 correspond to the unstable in them and not not case so this and not will still be. So this e3 corresponding direction will still be in the unstable for then one so I have one piece of unstable for then one. Okay now I want to produce the e2 which is this table. It will not be easy to produce this e2 and then I want also to produce the e1 so and I have just this H1 so let me just tell you what you do. We have this linear map so one observation before. One more property for this H1 map so if you write an integer in e3. So take this integer. In e3 you can write it as n1 plus n2 plus n3 where the nI are in the eI and the fact that the H tilde X is a map that goes to the torus it will give you that this H1 tilde of X plus an integer is the same as H1 tilde of X plus this n1. If you look what happens in the integer translate it's just doing that so it's not doing more than that. And so let's define some subspace by f of X is the kernel of the H1 tilde. This is for X. I just have this corner. What are the properties of this f of X? Property 1 n is in c3 then f of X plus n is f of X. Okay so this is just an application of this property here. So it's really this f of X so f of X finds vector bundle. It's not exactly vector bundle but it's on the torus t3. Okay because it's independent of the choice of the guy. Take a point to the torus t3 you take an element of f3 that projects to it and I have this vector space. Okay and if I take another guy I have the same vector space so it's well defined on the torus. That's the first thing. The second thing follows from the property of the H tilde. So since H1 tilde composed with f is rho n composed H1 tilde. Okay so it's only for the first piece but it's still if you want you can even put here e to the guy 1 n times this. So this implies f is alpha n I'm sorry for every n where this implies that d alpha n of f of X is an invariant so to speak bundle. Okay so I have a new invariant bundle that's all I wanted. So what is this kernel? So you always have to imagine this H1 tilde as the projection to the first coordinate because that's what it is. It's projection plus some periodic guy so it looks really like projection. So this kernel in the nicest case will be giving you this e2 plus e3 direction.   But that's what you get what to do. So you use what you get you don't just produce what you want you just get something you use something. So that's what we get. Okay so now I can take a couple of lemmas. Lemma 1 mention f of X is 2 for every X so it's d3 and hence f of X is a continuous. So the first statement is contrivial. The second statement is just some trivial application of implicit function tilde. Okay so this kernel is the tangent space to the solution to the level surface of the H1 equals to constant. But I need to know that these guys are two dimension. This guy could be three dimensional. It could even be three dimensional at every single point. Could it be? So if you have a function from R3 to R and the kernel of the derivative is everything for every single point. What you can say? First of all you have a linear map from R3 to R and the kernel of the linear map is everything. What you can say about the linear map? That's easy. Zero. Exactly. Now if I know the kernel of the derivative everything for every single point I know that the derivative is zero for every single point. What can I say about the function whose derivative is zero at every single point? Constant. Can H1 tilde be constant? Was somewhere here? Yes well something like this. Maybe this one? Yeah this one will do that for us. Thanks. Yes it cannot be constant. Indeed it's projection plus bounded so how could it be constant?  This projection is periodic not only bounded but periodic is bounded. So it cannot be constant. Okay now next question. What does Sartre's theorem tell me? Almost every point is a regular point. Regular means exactly this kernel is minimal possible. Okay so I know that this guy has dimension two a lot of times but that's something to start so at least I can play with something. So I want for every point but I got a lot open at least because certainly it will be an open property to have kernel two. Sartre's theorem tells me some regular points plus I have this property here. Or if you want, yes this property here. So this f of x is invariant. So proof of lemma let k be a set of point x such that dimension of f of x is three. So this dimension could be just two or three. There is no room for anything else. Okay so property one k is compact. Property two alpha n of k is k for every n is invariant by the whole action. We have a compact invariant set by the whole action. This almost killed this. They are so close when you get this. There is a result by variant. It will be useless for us but still I think it was stating it. This is essentially the counter byte of f of x times two times three for compact invariant set that Amir was talking about a couple of days ago. We says that if rho n, so for the linear of k is equals to k for every n in c square, k compact, k equals to the total space. That's good. We already ruled out k being the total space. k is empty. That's good. We want to show it is empty. Three to three k is finite. And since it is invariant, it's just finitely many periodic orbits. Okay the problem is that variant doesn't rule out k finite because he cannot. So you have compact invariant set which are finite. So you have finite orbits. And having a finite orbit where this phase is useful for us. And it's not even just not useful. It's useless if you want to look at the generalization to higher dimensions. So there is no variant theorem in higher dimension. And it may fail in a very bad way. So it's quite bad. There are some examples by Sirin one and Ellen Lindenstrauss about how these things can fail for minimum. It's complicated. But even if it were just a periodic point. So we need to do something about this periodic point. And will you still use the theorem to make my life simpler in the exposition? Because I only need to assume the case just some periodic orbit. So some amount of periodic orbits. In the general setting what you do is you have a compact invariant set. It supports a measure. And you play with the measure instead of the periodic orbit. And then instead of using stable and stable manifolds for periodic point, you use spacing theory with respect to the invariant measures. Not harm. It's okay. But anyway, here you have learned. So still we know something about this compact set. Now we can do something about it. Okay. P and K, the gamma equals to the stabilizer of P. So all the n such that alpha n is of P. That's it. And we know we have already discussed this. We have always that this gamma is finite index. So we can assume always the point is fully fixed. Okay. For all the elements of the axon. Or maybe I didn't comment that. So this theorem is for the linear action. But since the linear and linear topologically conjugate, the same is true for the alpha axon. So it's the property which is invariant by topological conjugances. Okay. I take this P. Here my fixed point. And I know that for this fixed point, I have Lyapunov exponents. And I know they almost match with the Lyapunov exponent for the linear. So it's much up to a constant. But that's good enough for me. So this point will happen. The three of P. Two of P. This you have. And the stable manifold of P is this plane down here. Okay. So let me concentrate on this plane. E1 of P. Now this plane is the stable manifold for the n naught guy for the point P. So it's mapped to the E1 plus the h map this map plane to the other plane. And indeed it's not just h. It's this h1 plus h2 tilde that are making this map. And of this I know the h1 tilde is smooth but has derivative zero here at this point. Okay. The next statement is the following stable manifold. Something very similar to this. For this I need to pick my right element, my correct element. So I pick this guy here. Let's call it n3. This I'm picking a guy whose guy one, the f1 is very close to zero. The guy two is reasonably large. The guy three who cares. So I know that for the guy I'm taking, so for this n3 guy I'm taking, this is a strong contraction and this is just a weak contraction. And I can take this as close to zero as I want. And this will become huge indeed in this case. So there exists a foliation. The lip sheets, when I see one foliation, uu of, well if it is s is ss of uu of this guy. This fixed point, this is the same as the stable manifold alpha is not. So it's stable manifold doesn't change. Such that one n1 principle only but also will be two for others. But I only need then one of the lip. Y is Y and invariant foliation. But it's only inside this stable manifold. It's not in the ambient space. And one is this guy n3. I'm sorry, n3, n3 euro. And this is also n3, I'm sorry. All right, n3 is the same in the same big chamber. Here the condition on n3 is guy one of n3 is negative and is much, much larger and closer to zero than the guy two. Second, the tangent space at the point p of fss at the point p is this e2 of p. So it's an almost vertical. Foliation, also you have that the third property is that fss of x is transverse to this. Well, I should put a name. So there is some center manifold here, wc of p. Let me not write it. There is such a center manifold here. So you can show it naturally well defined center manifold. Let me not enter into this. Well, maybe I would have to enter into this because I want to say one more thing. So calling it c, let me put a one just to emphasize the tangent to the first direction for h tilde of this w1 of p is h of p plus the e1 direction. So it's a guy that is mapped there. This w1 of p is a smooth manifold. You can see, I can tell you from here who is w1 of p. So I take a point here. If I take a point here, the e1 direction is the stable and the other two guys are unstable. So the first direction is contracting. So if I take this point here, this picture I have e2 plus e3 is unstable and e1 is unstable. So then it has a stable manifold for this other element. This stable manifold is exactly this w1 p. But I can say it only for the point p. I cannot say it for other points. It is fine. So I have this foliage, a smooth foliage. Now what happens with this smooth foliage? This is the very next step. So this is the smoothness comes because of very strong domination. So then you can even make it cr. But liptiousness, which is the only thing I care, only comes just from this inequality plus the fact that this is one-dimensional. And then you can get liptious and even c1 plus further. This is just some computation. But that's the only thing you need. If you want more smoothness, then you need much more smaller. My action was infinity. I can do c1 plus alpha. But then I will need to play more. Now the next is the crucial lemma, which was not true there. This general case. Has to do with one more property that has this strong stable foliage that I will state. So let's say this is lemma 1. That was lemma 2. Lemma 3. H tilde, which you only care about the 1 plus 2. But still, of fss of x is equal to the h tilde. Indeed, I only need the contain. But it's indeed equal to h tilde of x plus this e2 direction for every x. The stable manifold of p for this element. So inside this strong stable manifold, I know that these guys are mapping where they have to map. And the proof of this lemma, followed from the following adendum, lemma 2, y is in the fss of x. There exists an epsilon positive such that if and only if distance alpha n3 to the k of x, alpha n3 to the k of y, k is faster than e to the, so it's chi2 direction, chi2 of n3 plus epsilon. So these strong stable are characterized by the strong speed of conversions. And the point is that in this plane, essentially you have two possible speeds, the chi2 speed or the chi1 speed. And in the linear, it also has only these two possible speeds, the chi2 speed or the chi1 speed. So I should put a p here, because the chi2 is just for the linear, here is for the nonlinear chi2. There are some constants, but everything is fixed here. Now here comes a trick, and that's why I really need to finish the lemma 3. I need really this difference to be huge. Okay, I need this to be true here and I also need this to be true for the points p. I also need some theta held constant appearing in this inequality, because the point is that if I apply my conjugacy h to this inequality and since the conjugacy h is held or continue, I just pay a times theta here. Okay, so since I pay theta here, I know that the image of hx and hy are going to zero faster than what the chi1 direction is telling me. So they need to be on the chi2 direction, on the same chi2. Okay, so that's the proof of the lemma. So I, as always, run out of time, so let me just say this about this proof. So I have lemma 3 that sends the strong stable to the strong stable. Okay, now that's essentially the end of the proof. I take this box here, I have color chalk, I never use color chalk neither, so it's not a problem. I take this box here and I map by h. It's mapped into some box. The verticals go to the vertical, the horizontal, this horizontal goes to this horizontal. Okay, now the size is this length is one and this length here is epsilon. Okay, so what's the area of this box here is epsilon. Okay, there are some constant because these are not vertical lines, these are just curves, but it's essentially epsilon. Okay, now this box is mapping to something which has uniform length in the vertical. Okay, so the vertical is larger than, I can even make it larger than one half, but let's say some constant c0. And what happens for this horizontal? I have this segment here and I'm applying h1 to this segment. Because if I restrict to the one direction, I'm just applying h1. I can't forget about the h2 direction and h3 direction, so these are 0. Now, h1 is smooth, derivative of h1 at 0 is 0. What I get in this direction is an epsilon squared or smaller. So I'm mapping something of size epsilon to something of size constant times epsilon squared. Much smaller. Now, if you remember, I told you 100 years ago that there is a volume measure here which is mapped by h to volume measure here. And this is not only true, what is true is that if I take these area measures along this table, it's mapping to area measure here. Times h1, times the Radon-Nichols derivative. The Radon-Nichols derivative is a continuous map. So if I have something of area epsilon here, it should go to something of area constant times epsilon, not constant times epsilon squared. So this is a contradiction. So this proved that derivative could not be 0. So I rule out, prove my lemma 1. I have my new bundle. I told you it's not the best bundle I wanted. What I wanted was the 1 plus h3 bundle and what I got was a bundle like the e2 plus e3. But that's all I need. So here, five minutes, I should finish. Now with f, with this bundle f, I will take this guy now and I show that this guy is an Osof. Okay, I need a criterion to claim that the guy is an Osof and this is a theorem by Manier which says from m to m, Diffio, you only need c1 mention of stable manifold of p equals to some constant s0 for any p of f. Of course, if there is no periodic point, it's even simpler for you. Similarly for the unstable manifold, so let me put a slash. If any points are not hyperbolic, it's even better for you. Second, for any b in the tangent of n or any x, and you have that the supremum of the derivative.  This is called the Quasi-Anossof property. Then f is an Osof and the nice advantage of this criterion is you don't need to find any bundles, nor cones, nor nothing. You just need to take a vector and send it to infinity for the future or for the past of both if you can for both. Okay, good. That's what I have to do. The first is okay in my setting. I take my alpha of n1 and I know that the Lyapunov exponents for this point is the same as for the linear for every point. Certainly then the dimension of the stables will be one of the n stables will be two for every point. So the first property is not a problem. So I have to do this second. And assume first it's not in this bundle I just built. Okay, if it is not in this kernel, then what does it mean? Well, it means that then dh1 tilde x of b is a non-zero vector. But now I use the properties of the h. So h1 tilde compose alpha kn1 is equal to e to the k chi of n1 h1 tilde that's the property of the n1 tilde. And then if I take derivative of this expression so this on the alpha kn1 tilde kn1 of x times the derivative of alpha kn1 tilde of alpha kn1 tilde apply to the vector b this is nothing but e to the k chi n1 derivative x of h1 tilde of b there is a k which is here. Now chi of n1 is positive this guy goes to infinity this guy is different from zero this guy the norm of this guy is uniformly bounded this guy then so if if the right hand side goes to infinity the left hand side has to go to infinity and the only way the left hand side is going to infinity is that this guy is going to infinity because this guy here is bounded so h1 is a smooth map so it's completely bounded so that shows that for vectors which are not in this f of x I'm fine they go to infinity in the future which is reasonable by f corresponding to the e2 plus e3 a vector which is not in e2 plus e3 has an e1 coordinate and a vector with an e1 coordinate should go to infinity that's what is written there so now I have to play with vectors inside the f of x but vectors inside the f of x are very easy to handle splits as what? as the f of x intersected with the stable manifold of alpha n0 plus unstable manifold of alpha n0 so it's f corresponds to the e2 e3 direction so I can intersect this here I intersect that there so this requires a proof but this isn't quite straightforward proof I hope ok, but now it's very easy, so I take a vector f of x then either v is in the eu alpha n0 of x or let's say I can write v maybe to write it more clear I can write v as a bs plus vu with respect to this splitting so either eu is non-zero in which case you come back here to your picture and see that the chi3 direction didn't change at all so it went from a plus to a plus so this unstable bundle is still uniformly expanding after I cross this wall so it will start having problems when I cross this wall so I have this theorem that says that have uniform bounds so then there you are fine this implies d alpha kn3 of b is larger than d alpha kn3 of b u which goes to infinity exponentially fast maybe some constant but that doesn't matter so the second case is if u is 0 then bs is non-zero well of course I should have said here I don't want the 0 vector there then the bs is non-zero and now I go backwards so here is k when to plus infinity now here I take k going to minus infinity and the point is that in this f intersection es is this eigenvalue which is directing the business and this didn't change so still I have uniform hyperbolicity along this direction same thing that's it thanks


7 Fun Activities for Teaching Vocabulary in the ESL Classroom You will find the web full of ideas for teaching vocabulary and, although most of them are undoubtedly good activities, some are only suited to a particular level. Here are some tried and tested activities that can be adapted to suit any level of student and a variety of class sizes. 1. Hot Seat This is a great activity that can be used as a warm-up at the beginning of a class or as a game at the end of a lesson. It's suitable for any class size over four students and requires minimal preparation. Divide the class into two teams and have two chairs at the front of the class, set up to face away from the board. Have one student from each team come and sit in the chairs and tell them not to turn and look at the board. The premise of the game is for you to write a word or expression from your lesson on the board and have the students facing away from the board guess what it is. Give each team 10 points to start with and tell them if they break any rules, points will be deducted. The rules must include no miming, you want students to give verbal clues and no use of their own language. Other students call out clues and whichever of the students at the front guesses correctly first gets the point. Have other students replace them each time. This is a fun game that can get quite noisy. You might want to exert some control by giving each team 15 second chunks to give clues. Develop your rules as you see fit. 2. Beat the clock. This is a similar activity to hot seat in that students must guess words or expressions from your lesson and or previous lessons. It's faster paced, so you will need more vocabulary to use, although each expression can be used more than once. Have the words on slips of paper or card in an envelope or box. With this game, you will need to set the class into teams of about 6 maximum, but you may find slight adaptations make it suitable for either smaller or bigger classes. Have one team come to the front and have one student from the team pick out slips from the box and give clues for the rest of the team to guess or vice versa. Award points for the number of expressions guessed within the allotted time. Each round should last no longer than 30 seconds so that you even up contributions and involvement of each student. Allow weaker students to put back any expressions they feel unable to give clues for and take out another by saying pass. 3. Crosswords. Crosswords can be used very effectively in the ESL classroom and there are plenty of free easy to use crossword makers on the internet. Because you can so easily make your own, they are very versatile in terms of both level and length. Print off two copies without answers or clues and write in all the down answers on one copy and all the across answers on the other. Make copies as needed for the class size, assuming one set per 2 to 4 students depending on how you choose to conduct the game. The idea is for students to give each other clues for their pairing to complete either the down or across answers. Give one pair of students in each group the copy with the down answers filled in and their opposing pair the copy with the across answers. Make sure they can't see each other's sheets. They then ask what is, number, a cross down? The opposing students then create clues for them to guess. Have a wrap up at the end by asking students to give you clues they'd used for specific words. 3. Crosswords. Crosswords can be used very effectively in the ESL classroom and there are plenty of free easy to use crossword makers on the internet. As you can so easily make your own, they are very versatile in terms of both level and length. Print off two copies without answers or clues and write in all the down answers on one copy and all the across answers on the other. Make copies as needed for the class size, assuming one set per 2 to 4 students depending on how you choose to conduct the game. The idea is for students to give each other clues for their pairing to complete either the down or across answers. Give one pair of students in each group the copy with the down answers filled in and their opposing pair the copy with the across answers. Make sure they can't see each other's sheets. They then ask what is, number, a cross down? The opposing students then create clues for them to guess. Have a wrap up at the end by asking students to give you clues they'd used for specific words. 4. Board games. The beauty of this idea is that it can be used with just about any board game you might have that involves moving pieces after throwing a dice such as snakes, shoots and ladders. You will need enough sets so that students can play in groups of around 2 to 6 players. Have a stack of cards with target language from the lesson on. You can have different colored stacks to match the variety of squares that you might land on when moving around the board. Each stack will have different types of task, such as to speak for 20 seconds about the vocabulary on the card, solve an anagram, make your team mate guess the word, or create a question using the word. Students move their pieces around the board after throwing a dice and must complete the task on whatever card they pick up depending on what colored square they land on. If they can't, they go back to the square they came from. You could also adapt this idea to suit the popular Jenga game by riding on the wooden blocks with a pencil or erasable ink. 5. Slow Pictionary. This is another activity that requires minimal preparation. The fun element is increased by students or teachers who are unable to draw particularly well because this is likely to result in more guesses being made and thus more practice using English. Different words are expressions from the lesson on individual slips of paper. Set up two teams and have one student from each team come to the board and take a slip each. Put a dividing line on the board to control where they draw, then have each of the two students take a turn drawing one line at a time to build their drawing to help their team guess the vocabulary on their slip. Teams can then make guesses about their drawing. Your team guesses first gets two points, but can then guess the other team's drawing for one bonus point at any stage. 6. Vocabulary Tennis. Set up two lines of students facing each other. Give a word in a particular category from your lesson, such as things in a house for lower levels, up to personality characteristics for higher levels. Have a student at the front of the line say something from the category, then the person opposite them and the other team must say something else. Work your way up the line back and forth until someone either repeats what has already been said or can't think of anything new. The opposing team gets awarded a point when you restart the game with a new category from where it left off. This is great for practicing vocabulary from previous lessons too. 7. Palmonism. Concentration. Palmonism is a game based on memorizing cards or other objects placed in front of the players that has become a standard activity in the ESL classroom. It is known as concentration in many countries. Create five to six pairs of cards with pictures and vocabulary on. For example, a picture of a fish for lower levels with the word fish on the matching vocabulary card. Lay them face down and either mark all the backs of the pictures with one in the vocabulary with two or have pictures in vocabulary on different colored cards. Set students up in groups of two to four with a set of cards each. They put all the cards face down and take turns picking up a picture card, saying what it is, and then pick up a vocabulary card. If they are a match they keep the pair, if not they replace the cards face down and the next student continues. Make sure students say what the vocabulary is before picking up the second card to maximize student talk time. The student with the most cards at the end wins. Can repeat as time allows. You can increase the challenge by having students create sentences before keeping the cards or have them play tic-tac-toe knots and crosses as a side game if they get a match. Kim's game can be a follow-up game or wrap up using the same material. 7. Hellmanism, Concentration. This is a game based on memorizing cards or other objects placed in front of the players that has become a standard activity in the ESL classroom. It is known as concentration in many countries. Create five to six pairs of cards with pictures and vocabulary on. For example, a picture of a fish for lower levels with the word fish on the matching vocabulary card. Play them face down and either mark all the backs of the pictures with one in the vocabulary with two or have pictures in vocabulary on different colored cards. Set students up in groups of two to four with a set of cards each.  If they are a match they keep the pair, if not they replace the cards face down and the next student continues. Make sure students say what the vocabulary is before picking up the second card to maximize student talk time. The student with the most cards at the end wins. Can repeat as time allows. You can increase the challenge by having students create sentences before keeping the cards or have them play tic-tac-toe nuts and crosses as a side game if they get a match. Kim's game can be a follow-up game or wrap up using the same material. Are you ready to teach English abroad? These activities for teaching vocabulary will help you create fun lessons your students will most certainly enjoy and benefit from. Apply now for your TEFL TESOL certification course and start teaching in a matter of months. Speak with an ITTT advisor today to put together your personal plan for teaching English abroad. Send us an email or call us toll-free at 1-800-490-0531 to speak with an ITTT advisor today. Speak with an ITTT.


The study examined the differences between catalyac and yak testes, focusing on the single-cell transcriptome sequencing of both species. The results showed that catalyac had a higher rate of miotic arrest than yaks, which could explain why catalyac are infertile. Additionally, the study also found that catalyac spermatogonial cells were more sensitive to environmental stresses, such as low temperature or high humidity, compared to yak cells. This suggests that catalyac spermatogonial cells have a lower tolerance to environmental stresses, which could further explain their infertility.


Welcome back to my channel. It is Drew here from Lone Fox and today I have a video talking all about small apartments And I personally am one that is very very well-nerced with small apartments because I have lived in multiple small apartments I actually did have one big apartment So I can't like say I lived in them my whole life But I have been living in the Los Angeles area for about six and a half years now Which is kind of a long time and as many of you know Los Angeles is pretty expensive place to live And I lived in downtown LA for five years And then I've lived in like Hollywood area for about a year and a couple of months now The current apartment that I'm in right now, which is only about 800 square feet, which I know sounds a little bit large But it is a two-bedroom so me and my roommate both live here I have one room she has the other room and then we do share like the living room dining kitchen space Of course me and my roommate did actually share Literally like a 600 square foot studio at one point and I've actually lived with her for almost like my entire time in Los Angeles we've lived together But today I kind of just wanted to share my ten top tips if you have a smaller space to just have a very efficient a Clean a pretty and a livable space that just really represents yourself But it's also very functional and very livable at the same time I know I said that two times, but you know, that's what we're going for a livable space That's pretty and functional definitely follow me on my channel You can subscribe below if you would like to follow I post brand new DIY and home decor content every single week And you can also follow my lone fox home Instagram account on the screen and also guys Do not forget in my last video the one I posted previous to this one I'm giving away eight prizes for hitting 200,000 subscribers including $100 Amazon gift cards custom DIY projects a lot of really fun stuff So if you have not seen that video yet I'll put a card somewhere up on the screen above for you guys and also I will link it in the description box below because you Need to take a check at that one. Okay, but enough rambling on let's get into these ten hacks If you have a small space and you want to make it feel bigger look bigger those sound dirty But let's just get into this I'm going in full force with the first one because this is probably my biggest tip for someone that has a small apartment And that is to elevate your bed. I was in college. I learned that I got bed risers under my bed I was able to store so much under your bed Your bed is an area where you can literally put whatever junk you under there and nobody's going to see it Especially if you have like either a bed skirt or just a really long duvet that covers it But the reason for this is that you can put either bed risers or just get a bed that is elevated I personally have a platform bed So my bed kind of just goes up like this and then back down and also keep in mind that if you don't have something like that You can get bed risers which give you an instant like eight inches of additional space under your bed This is a great space for storing anything like suitcases luggage and keep in mind if you do store suitcases under your bed You can also put more junk in them Throw it in a suitcase and put it under your bed because no one knows where to put a suitcase in a small apartment The under bed space is very very key when you have a small space get it off the floor and organize underneath Now what we want to do is build upwards and what does that mean exactly that is to use your vertical space to your advantage So as you can see behind me, I have a really large gallery wall This isn't very a key for every single small apartment But I do have space for a gallery wall in my personal apartment first What that does is when you walk into someone's space instantly it draws your eye from the floor to the ceiling because there's a Lot of stuff to look at and it makes your apartment just appear a lot bigger in my own bedroom I actually have a full IKEA shelving system in front of my bed and I use this space to my advantage to store a lot of my Decorative accessories and a lot of stuff now mine exactly isn't super super organized or clean kind of have a lot more stuff than the Typical person would that's living in their space because I don't have a storage room or an office to put all these additional items in So I like to keep these for styling purposes But building upwards definitely maximizes the amount that you can put on your walls You can have organizational systems on your walls wall shelves to hold additional things like books decor Nicknacks bits and bobs whatever you want to put on those think about how you can use the space above your TV What can you put up there? What can you use a space above the door for what can you use a space above your kitchen cabinets for? There's lots of room for using the space upwards that you might not think about You're out purchasing furniture if you do have furniture try to think about getting a more lighter toned furniture as opposed to darker furniture Because what that does in the space is it instantly brightens it up and actually bounces color and reflects it off of Furniture pieces that are brighter from the actual daylight and then it kind of bounces off the wall And it gives you a whole little bright environment to my first apartment with my roommate We really wanted to maximize the seating area because we always have people over but it was also very dark So we actually got three white leather couches which at the time were not the cutest but on a college budget You know those were okay, and they actually added a little bit more life to the apartment and the space because when you Do have darker furniture it tends to sort of absorb light and make your space look a little bit more dreary and Drab if you do not have a lot of natural light to start with when you're in need for a new Couch think about getting a lighter color as opposed to a darker one if you are in a smaller space situation This first one kind of goes back to last one about reflecting light And that is just to put mirrors in your space mirrors are amazing having reflective elements Definitely give a lot more light to your space as well mirrors bounce back light everywhere So when you do have a lot of them in a smaller space you get a little bit more of a brighter environment I personally just think mirrors open up a space so much more and they make it appear a lot bigger I don't know if you guys have walked into like a restaurant before or a store before Where that whole back wall is mirrors and you're like wow the stores humongous and then you end up walking to the mirror And you're like wow this is actually just a mirror I've done that so many times and you can do that with your space as well So having a really really large like Ikea floor mirror on one wall even just a wall mirror is great to have on the wall So a circular wall mirror. I think that adds a nice little kind of round element to a space Halfway through at number five, but we are talking about keeping your space alive This is one that not all of us are great at because I personally do not have a green thumb I actually did keep a fiddle leaf like alive for two years, which I do applaud myself on I don't have a green thumb so I do actually have quite a few faux plants hence this one right here Plants are your best friend. I think they can definitely just liven up a space instantly You can see the most dreary little like small living room in the world But if they have a whole ton of plants in there and you can have as many plants as you want in your apartment I just find plants that have a very pleasing effect on myself And I know a lot of you guys love plants as well And I think in a smaller space whether it be your bedroom your bathroom Bathrooms are a great place for plants and there are a lot of indoor plants that actually don't need to survive with a lot of light So you can look into those Clutter is not your best friend if you live in a smaller environment because what this does is just gonna make your space feel jam packed I feel like we can all definitely kind of sense this if you have a cluttered space If your coffee table is all completely cluttered if your console is cluttered if your desktop table Whatever it might be that you have in your small space your bed people clutter everything these days You know it just happens. I can say that I have done this before as well I've definitely learned to kind of start putting my things away as I go and trying to conceal them and just keep things off The top of surfaces as opposed to just like really cluttering my desk I used to do that all the time and have literally everything in the world on top of there including mail bills tax information Pencils pins staplers all that form of stuff now It's all in drawers and I try to conceal it and just keep my desktop nice and clean And so try to keep things a little less cluttered put things away storm and boxes Baskets wherever you can put them organization systems underneath your bed as we talked about prior so Now sometimes in smaller spaces, especially in like studio apartments, which I've had experience with in the past It's hard to kind of designate areas to specific things. So when you're in these spaces I definitely think breaking areas up either with pieces of furniture or rugs is a great way to sort of Symbolize different areas in your space. So in my living room I actually have a really large rug because in my space there is almost sort of a dining room and living room combined It's just a little bit of a section So what I did was I actually placed a really large 8 by 10 rug on the floor Which sort of grounds in the living room space and it has all the seating areas on top of it And kind of just shows you that this is the living room and then this is a dining room over here Where the table is and I kind of wallpapered that wall to section that off as well So if you are living with roommates in a smaller apartment You can section off areas to kind of give yourselves your very own spaces and to design what you like And what you want to be living in and just kind of what makes you feel happy in the end of the day so This one's just like a little miniature tip and that is to keep extra seating under your coffee table or under a console And not even extra seating you can also keep baskets with like books or blankets Or additional storage under consoles or under coffee tables You can maximize by layering which I think is definitely Amazing in smaller spaces because if you do have a coffee table in my personal apartment I have a coffee table. I actually have two additional floor pillows underneath the coffee table and a poof underneath the coffee table So that just instantly adds three more seats around the coffee table and on top of it I think it looks really cute having a layered coffee table look I can even probably add a basket to the other side Let's say you had a console in the corner by your door when you walked in or maybe you had a console with your TV on it There's a large space underneath it Um, if there's like a big gap between the legs and the floor or if it's just like a console That's like a long leg with a tabletop think about really utilizing that space underneath it and putting baskets Or additional storage means underneath those items just because it's going to give you a little bit more to work with Moving into tip number nine and this is just to use Organizational items for maybe purposes they weren't meant for in the beginning So a lot of places when you go to them, they have different organizational sections So there's kitchen organization here and then there's bathroom organization here or the office organization here Check all of those spaces out and you can utilize different organizational means for different spaces in your room I actually have right here, which you guys cannot see a blanket stand This is actually a bathroom caddy from urban outfitters a long time ago I got this and I've utilized it in a bathroom in my bedroom And also now in my living rooms if you're shopping online or if you're shopping in store Definitely check out every section of organization because you can find stuff that you never knew you needed Find organization that you maybe never thought could apply That was a bathroom organization that you can now use in your bedroom or you can use in the living room And then the last tip just adds life to the space This is number 10 and that is to add texture I think this is really really key for anybody that has a smaller space because sometimes it can feel very flat I mean, I think that a great way to add texture is with your furniture and your textiles your pillows But as you can see here, I have a really nice macrame pillow that has a whole ton of texture in it I also have a leather couch which adds another form of texture. I have a braided woven rug on the floor I have a marble coffee table I have a vintage wood box on top of the marble coffee table and then on top of that I have a shearling chair over here So instantly adding more textures to your space just gives it a more cozy environment Which is very inviting and it's very warm and it's livable like we all want that in our space We don't want a cold space, you know So if your space is super small already You might as well make it just feel super cozy because a smaller space is easier to make feel cozy as opposed to a larger space Okay, guys So I feel like that was a huge mouthful and I hope that that can help you out if you do have a smaller space These are tips I've been coming up with over the past couple of days And I've been asking my friends and family members if they thought that these were great as well And me and my roommate kind of just sat down and talked about these as well because these are definitely tips We have applied to our apartment Um, maybe not all of them in this current apartment But they are tips we've applied to past apartments and they are tips that we are going to apply to future apartments So I hope that you guys did enjoy this video Don't forget to check out my last video Which I did which has that 200,000 subscriber giveaway in it because you are not going to want to miss out on that And don't forget to also subscribe to my channel for brand new home decor and diy content every single week I'm sure there's something you could find on my channel that you're going to like and without further ado I think I will catch you guys all in the next one. Have an amazing day Give this video a thumbs up and let me know which tip with your favorite in the comment section below That was a lot and I'll let you go now for that. So have an amazing day. Bye guys


Welcome back to the Cyber Underground. I'm David the Cyber Guy. Once again, I teach for the University of Hawaii system at the Capulani Community College campus. I teach information technology and ethical hacking. With me today is one of my fellow teachers, Tom Moore, adjunct faculty. Welcome, brother. Thank you very much. Thank you for being here. Appreciate the opportunity. Well, handshake and everything. Oh, my goodness. Well, welcome. We almost didn't get me on the show, the first half of the show. Why ever not, Dave? Is there a story? I'm going to tell you, apparently, the movie studios that love to film out here, Hawaii 50, the new Magnum PI, and some movie from the 1930s era, is filming out here in downtown. And I got stuck in 45 minutes. 45 minutes? Yes. Two sections are about 22 and a half minutes, where I went from one block and I just went to another block and waited. No detour signs. Nobody telling me what was going on. And I didn't know until 45 minutes later when they finally finished the scene they were filming on that block and let me pass through. And I saw all the period era pieces of stuff they're going to put that film like the period pieces of people dressed in the 1930s and 40s outfits and the nice, really fancy cars. But the movie studios, the Honolulu Police Department, and the Department of Transportation, no one bothered to put up any detour signs anywhere or warn anybody in any publication that I read. Were we just talking earlier about notices and aren't you subscribing to that county Honolulu notice thing? They send you notices? I think I did. I don't get them anymore. Maybe something wrong. They're going to my junk mail? Should I check? No. Well, I'm not sure. But the thing is I get those notices and there wasn't a notice. And they do this around Diamond Head Road when there's races. All the time. That's right by our campus. Exactly. And it's poopy. I mean, we have a system. We don't need a system, but we could use the system? Yeah, we could. It'd be good to know not just the ad hoc emergency things. What about the things that are planned? Why would that be harder to do than the ad hoc stuff? I can't tell you. I can't tell you that it seems like the more money you have, the more you get away with it. So if a movie studio has a ton of money and they say, hey, we have an emergency, we got a film on this day. And the police department, the department of transportation says, okay, we'll issue you an emergency permit, but then no notifications go out to the little people like us who don't make tons of money. And nobody seems to care. I believe you've hit the nail on the head. Nobody cares. Everything. Speaking of money, let's talk about the huge sociopathic moronic armadillo that runs our country. The orange one? That's the one. The fuzzy-headed, weird, rotten peach-looking guy that is filthy rich, so he says, but we don't really know. And he's kind of created an autocracy out here. As I'm talking about Trump, the moron, and back to our show. So he's done something really crucially dumb.  Well, this one peaks it because we're talking about the cyber underground. We're talking about cyber, right? So let's talk about security in the nation and cyber security in general. Now, the National Institute for Standards and Technologies, also known as NIST, has special publications that they come out with that organizations need to follow to the letter in order to pass security audits. Yes, you've got your notes. Good man. So the Department of Defense and all the organizations like the Uniformed Arms Services, the CIA, all the other three-letter acronym, four-letter acronym, organizations that deal with security in our nation, they all have to follow the NIST special publication 800-53. It's a list of a few thousand control checks that they have to follow to ensure that they've provided enough security to a reasonable standard so they've reduced their risk of getting hacked and taken down or getting offline or someone actually breaching them. Well, NIST makes those publications. They also make another one for small and medium businesses that do business as contractors with a DOD. That's called the 800-171. Very important documents. Yet, Trump, in the 2019 budget, has taken away $6.3 million from this budget, which doesn't seem like a smart move.  Yes, you. Trump, please phone me. I'd love to talk to you live on air. That number is<PHONE_NUMBER>. Call now.  Of course, I'm not Fox News or Fox & Friends, so he's not going to call because he's only watching those guys. I understand. I'm a little emphatic.  And now back to our show. Yes. Well, are there any other consequences to the disappearance of this $6.3 million? Well, you brought it up to me that we're going to lose one of our iconic radio stations here in Kauai. And you've got your notes. You're going to tell us about it. What is important about this radio station? What's important about WWVH, one of the oldest radio stations in the country. It's associated with WWV and WWB. What's really important about it is that uniquely, almost uniquely, it broadcasts time synchronization. And frequency synchronization. And frequency synchronization and, surprisingly enough, even weather stuff. So for mariners and for people, the 20 million people with clocks and watches, which depend on the system, it's poop. They're too bad. And Amazon's still selling the clocks. You can get a clock today for $20 or so. Well, we'll sync with that. But our primary right now, we're trying to switch to satellite communication. What's the problem with switching to our primary, which is GPS on satellite? Nothing works all the time. So this is our backup. This used to sort of still is, for a little while, more plan B. But when plan B is gone, it's only plan A. Yeah. And that's not good. And I think most people that know, when they have satellite TV, you get dish network or something like that, if there's heavy rains, you lose your signal. There's storms.  It's very fragile. It's fragile. It's sensitive. And the great thing about radio is it travels in every direction all the time, 24-7. And it makes no distinction about where you point it. It's just broadcasting. And smarty can cyber guy, you know how to hack things. How pretell do you hack a radio signal? It's difficult because the moment you tap into that radio frequency, you have identified yourself as trying to get in and you block the signal trying to get out. What you're saying then is you can't in general hack it. It's hard. In general, it's quite hard. Yeah, you've got to hack it on another frequency. But it's generally almost impossible because of something called analog. You kids at home, keep trying because you should try. But as a practical matter, you can't hack it. It's almost impossible, yeah. So we have analog and digital. Analog is the radio waves you see in an oscilloscope. Oscilloscope, yeah. Number one. Fun of me. They're little squiggly lines you see in every sci-fi movie. And that's analog. Digital is the ones and zeros. The ons and offs, the longs and shorts, the bit bit bit. Moore's code of networking. And this is our backup. And a lot of people don't know this. And we're going to talk about cell phones coming up here very shortly. Cell phones are the lowest tech word you can come up with for a cell phone would be. Phone. Clock. It's a radio. Radio. Oh. It's a radio. Oh. It's a radio that broadcasts in every direction all the time and receives from anywhere and makes no distinction about what frequency it's on unless you tell it what frequency to go to. And then you can spoof the connection of that frequency. It also has no encryption built in.  Bad news. That's not encrypted. By the way, President Trump text everything from now on. It's okay. I promise. I'm looking out for you. We're on back to our show. Yes. Okay. Let's talk about the new phones coming out. Do you mean the new phones from Apple that were all announced on April the 12th? Yeah, those. How many are there, Praytel? I don't know. Tell me, Tom. I'm not sure. The picture over there has about three. I see five. Five. One of them. Yeah.  I'm hard of seeing. Well, the cheap one is 750. That's the cheap one. And that's just the entry level price. Wow. The expensive one starts off at 1100. And what's interesting to note, as detailed in detail, is that all five of them are really quite similar. In general. Not a lot of different size, shape. Some have a notch. Some don't. Some have a key, a fingerprint key. Yeah. But they don't all have a fingerprint key now. I think the iPhone 8 was the last one that did that. Now it's all the facial recognition, which I got to tell you doesn't always work. Yeah. Surprise. Something doesn't work. Technology, something doesn't work. Because the funny part is it's supposed to be extra secure. Yeah. But if it doesn't recognize your face, guess what you have to do? A hammer. Well, no. That breaks the phone. You have to enter the number. And so you just like, why is security? Now you have a backup that's not the greatest security. But they did move you up to a six digit pin mandatory, which is kind of nice. They had a four digit before, which you could guess in a number of ways. But you know, you're still dealing with one of the main things wrong with cell phones in general, with this nice shiny glass. Yes. You've seen the Android. We can just drag your finger in a shape and log in. And you can enter phone numbers in a phone having trouble with English. Well, what happens is you leave your fingerprint on the phone. You leave because you have body oil. That's right. And now if I tilt it and I can see the shine on there, I can see what numbers to guess. And it narrows down my guess. Significantly. When you look at the swipe pattern on an Android phone, that one's easy to hack now. Because there's only so many ways you could do that shape. So why is the facial recognition so important if I can just look at the shiny and log you in? Or worse, what was brought up by a security researcher. If you're sleeping next to your wife and you want to get into her phone, just hold her phone up to her face while she's asleep and unlocks it.  No. No? No. She could be sleeping with her mouth wide open, snoring doesn't matter. It's going to recognize. But as soon as I put my glasses on at night, it no longer knows I am Dave. Really? Yeah, that's frustrating. But I own the previous version. So this might be better. We haven't had a chance to test because I don't have the budget to test those phones. That's the budget.  That's a good guess, Tom. Yeah, because I'm a teacher and I'm poor, broke all the time. You know what's funny? We're noticing the inverse operation now of pricing in personal devices, right? The computer prices are going down, mobile devices are going up. Tom? I just wanted to make an observation about poor teachers. When this announcement came out on Wednesday, I was teaching class and I decided, oh gee, this would be a fun time to find out how many of my students of about 20, how many of them have iPhones and about 18 or 19 have iPhones. Really? Yeah. Wow. These kids today, they don't have money for books, they don't have money for food, but they have iPhones, virtually all of them. But their parents don't walk around in shoes and they drive a car from 30 years ago and they haven't paid the mortgage. They might be sleeping in their car, I'm not sure, but they have iPhones. They took care of their kids, Dr. That's right. They love them. That's phone on the market. That's right. I have actually experienced having a kid in my class who is dressed well, had the latest iPhone and said he couldn't afford a laptop. And I actually said, I believe you. Hey, I bought the iPhone. I have a laptop right over there. I paid $70 for it, delivered, you know, tax license, the whole thing, touchscreen, Windows 10 computer, and $70, $70. $70. Refer, but still, the cheapest one of these is over 10 times as much. So we're experiencing, you know, the market preference now is driving the price. People prefer mobile devices, so that mobile devices can sell more. It's supply and demand. We supply it. There's a lot of demand for it, so we can hike the price. Whereas mobile devices like laptops and even desktops, the prices seem to be steadily crawling down, except for Apple. Even tablets are tanking, all kinds of tablets. Even iPad is starting to tank. The iPad won't be around, won't be sold much longer, I believe. Do you know what's funny? I just bought my first Raspberry Pi to experiment with, and what I noticed is the processing power of that Raspberry Pi is almost the same as any network you can get off the shelf. They might not all know what a Raspberry Pi is, or think they know, but don't understand where you plug it in. I'm going to talk to the chief seats. The Raspberry Pi is a mini computer that's got all the connectors and the main board and a SIM card, or I'm sorry, an SD card for memory, and it's got a processor that's an Intel processor, and you can hook it up and use it as a computer because it's got an HDMI connector, and it's got an Ethernet connector, and it's got USB ports, and it's basically a computer. It's about yay by yay. It's about that big, and it just comes raw, and you've got to put it in a case or something like that, and you plug it into the wall, and it runs a Linux distribution called Raspurian. And how much does it cost about? I paid 30 bucks for mine. 30 bucks? On Amazon. I've heard you can run Windows 10 on it, but... I haven't tried. Yeah, but it would. It's undoubtedly harder. It has got that processing power. The mobile processor on there has a 1.1 gigahertz of 20. That's even cheaper than my $70 computer. Right, but mine didn't come with a case or anything, so you got to... Touchscreen, blah, blah, blah. Yeah, OS, da, da, da, da. But still... Added a few things to yours. It's a sweet kid. We got to take a break, and we're going to come right back after we pay some bills. Till then, stay safe. Aloha. I want to invite all of you to talk story with John Wahee every other Monday here at Think Tech Hawaii. And we have special guests like Professor Colin Moore from the University of Hawaii, who joins us from time to time to talk about the political happenings in this state. Please join us every other Monday. Aloha. Hello. My name is Stephanie Mock, and I'm one of three hosts of Think Tech Hawaii's Hawaii Food and Farmer series. Our other hosts are Matt Johnson and Pamai Weigert. And we talk to those who are in the fields and behind the scenes of our local food system. We talk to farmers, chefs, restaurateurs, and more to learn more about what goes into sustainable agriculture here in Hawaii. We are on a Thursdays at 4 p.m., and we hope we'll see you next time. Welcome back to the second half of the Cyber Underground. I'm Dave Stevens, a cyber guy. Once again, I'm here with my friend and colleague, lecturer and adjunct fan cultie Tom Moore. Hi there. Hi. How are you? Let's talk about something really quick that I just saw. I subscribed to notifications. Let's talk about notifications. Yep. U.S. cert. Oh, yeah. Did I turn you on to that? You did. Bless my heart. Bless your heart. And I religiously subscribe to this. I also subscribe to, believe it or not, The Wall Street Journal has a cyber, daily cyber. I did not know that. Really good. They do some serious work on it. I'm glad we had this show. I don't know when you were going to tell me. It is not cheap. Oh, it doesn't cost. Oh, I told you about the free one. No, no. They still, I had to mortgage the place to get that. Anyway, it's not cheap. And I subscribed to Threat Brief, daily Threat Brief. It's linked to other articles. It's really good stuff. But on U.S. cert, today they reminded us of four two things. And one, I got to say here at the Cyber Underground and Think Tech Hawaii, our hearts and prayers and thoughts go out to the people experiencing Florence. Florence does not tend to be as huge as it was. But it's still, I think, a cat one storm. It's going to hover there for almost a day and a half before it moves on. Sadly, there are fatalities associated with it. Already for it, I heard. And there's other people that have chosen to remain.  But there was a Twitter post. Some poor young man said, my dad and I don't have enough gas to put in the car. To drive away from here. And the gas stations are all closed anyway. And so we can't leave. So they said, we're going to try to weigh down our mobile home. Wow. So that's tough. When they say, you've got to leave, and you've got no money to leave. Our hearts and prayers go out there. And stay safe, everybody. The reason I'm bringing this up on Cyber Underground is because every time we have a disaster in this country, phishing emails go out, try to tug at your heart strings, donate money, and people fall for these just en masse. And millions of dollars goes to criminals, rather than to the people that really need it. Tried and true. You guys know how to give away money for causes. You've been doing it, hopefully, for your whole life. You know who you can trust. You don't need a special kind of magical, right now, current fund. Use your tried and true sources. United Way, Red Cross, churches, whatever you've used before, use them first. Now, there's an underutilized charity system in this country. And I think it is the churches.  Catholic Charities have been helping out. They're even on military bases helping people out. There are organizations that, every church that pops up has some kind of a charitable activity that they do.  Let's try it and true. And they're not going to use your money in the wrong thing. You can trust the people that you know. Yeah. My sense is that when you give money to a smaller organization, you have more individuals actually dealing with the money, the distribution, have a heart for it, and less management, as opposed to, for example, the government taking it from you and then giving it to other people through lots and lots and lots of hands. Yes. There's lots of channels on the way down. So I will give an example. If you give to a major charity, they always say your dollar will be spent in these ways. And the first 60 or 70 cents is on management activities, just to run the charity. And then they do something with the last 25 or 30 cents of your dollar. So you actually get more bank for your buck if you go through a smaller organization. You don't need to get surprised by an email saying, oh my God, I got to click on this link. I got to give to save all the puppy dogs that are in the wild getting. Because of the storm. Because of the storm and there's all those homeless animals. By the way, there's a lot of people that just walk away from their animals or drop them off at shelters during a disaster. Fudge. I understand that they don't think there's a solution for that. However, that is pretty cruel to just walk away from your animals who are loving, faithful animals. And chain down. I mean. That is tragic. Yeah, tragic. I mean, at least give them a fighting chance. Yeah. And I don't have a link to go to to fight that cause. But we should just emphasize this is the season. From here through New Year's, you're going to get all kinds of emails, everybody. That's just tragically they're going to try to take every dime that you have. And the more you give, the more they're going to take. And if they hook you in, they'll keep on emailing you. Watch out for those emails. Just give to people you know. Don't just give willy-nilly to things that if people want you to cut them a check or give you some personal information, don't do it. Give to the charities you know. And if you're feeling rushed by anything that comes to you on the computer, feeling rushed, someone's pressuring you. You have to do it right away, whatever it is. Probably you don't have to do it right away. That's the hard sell. Watch out for the hard sell. Watch out. Yeah. Same thing when you're buying a car. This deal expires in 20 minutes. Yeah. Well, you want to bet there'll be another new deal in 21 minutes. Yeah, right next door. Yeah, exactly. Gee, they're selling the same car. That's right. Go get that deal. Okay, let's talk about some of the other things I got from US cert. One of them was the cold boot attacks are still out there and you can bypass almost anything with a cold boot attack. I can't even describe it. I watched someone do it on YouTube today. It was pretty special how they you turn off the computer, you take the whole thing apart, take out the battery and then boot it back up under a different operating system by booting the USB and it bypasses all the security features and lets you get into the system on a cold boot. And not only that, the passwords that you used prior to that can be accessed. Well, so it's basically impossible to do it the easy way. For us civilians, for them civilians. So, you know, what can you do? I think that's what people might reason, our listeners might reasonably ask. So one of the things we can do for certain, anybody can do is, and we chant this, we literally chant this in class, okay? More than one, more than one.  Anybody can do that. If you have a backup system, there's one essential, absolutely essential thing that no one ever tells you. You have to test it. Otherwise it's not good. Yes, do you have a spare tire in your car? If you don't know if there's any air in it, you don't probably have a spare tire in your car. If you don't test your backup system, you don't have a backup system. So that's easy and that's available to everybody. The other thing which requires a little heavy lifting, and Will and Dave talk about it, is encryption. Yes, so most operating systems come with that. Yeah, and people at home, they can, there's lots of ways they can do it. So you have some stuff that's really sensitive, encrypted, you know? And now, even though you can't get rid of the bad guys, you have, you're kind of covered, at least for the horrible catastrophes. Simple kind of backup, a little bit of encryption, and you know, that's way better than either. So the layering you're talking about, the more than one. Absolutely. It's a security principle that we should all follow.   Yeah, but haven't put me on TV. I'll demonstrate this principle. I have two pencils. It's a really simple principle, and it can be applied very broadly. Great, more than one. Moving right along. Moving right along. Well, let's talk about the encryption, because Mac comes with Fire Vault, that not only encrypts your hard drive, but you can also encrypt your backups, which is a very good thing to do. I would do that too. You can store the key to your backups and your encryption on the hard drive to make it convenient, or if you want to make it harder for somebody to hack your system, store the keys externally, like on a flash drive or something like that.  Flash drives can fail. You can lose them. They can get stolen. So you don't want to lose access. Furthermore, they're kind of small. And so he said lose them. He wasn't kidding. You can lose them. But there's no excuse for not having them. This is like 250 gigabytes, and it was cheap. That's amazing. I just bought my first half-terabyte flash drive for 40 bucks. Where are they again? They're on Amazon. Two keys. More than one. But if you lose that, you lost both keys. I have another key chain over here. So they're hot. So you're Mr. Paranoid more. No, I've just made all those mistakes already. Oh, I see. Yeah. You're making up for it. Let's talk about Windows encryption. It's called BitLocker. It comes standard with the system. BitLocker would do the same thing. You can store your keys externally or not. When it comes to people running Linux distros, oh, you're on your own. There's about 100 different ways you can do this. So go out there and look at the open source stuff.  And for the Linux people, you can actually remove headers. Yeah.  Let's the simpler thing that is accessible to virtually everybody, at least with Office 2016, is when you save your file, you can encrypt it. And maybe even with Office 2013. You know, that's been available for Word documents, Excel documents for PowerPoint, which is the kind of documents a lot of people have a concern about. Do you use that only on the desktop, or can you use that with the web version too, when you save a file? Oh, I don't know that part. Office 365 is very cloud driven now. So you can download the desktop apps, so you can use them in the cloud. And I don't think that people know that the cloud security for Office 365 has been getting better and better and better and better. Azure's come up to the military grade standards that Amazon has come up to for their cloud services, Azure. And so you can trust that these things that are in the cloud are quite well protected, and they use the layered approach. Which brings us back to our point. More than one. In the old days, when there were floppy disks and hard disks, people had, they heard stories about a hard disk failed. So they'd never use it. They'd only keep things on floppy disks, a single copy. You know? So to avoid that tragedy of losing their hard disk, well regards the cloud, if you have everything stored on your Google Doc and Google decides, oh, we forgot your account, you're screwed. Yeah, I gotta have a backup. You want to have a local thing to go with your cloud thing. Cloud thing, yeah. More than one, more than one, more than one. Okay, we gotta move on. I know, it just went too fast, right? We have to move on. You mean we're done? We're done, done. Time is up. We gotta move on. Join us next week for another great cyber underground episode and another great guest. Thanks for being with us, Tom. I had a fantastic time. Tom, right on. Oh, yay. Aloha, everybody. Until we get back to you next time, stay safe.


This session, we are happy to introduce a terrific session called Blue Skies on Mars. Our speakers are, well, Cynthia Colloyne, Andrew Stricker, and Barbara Truman. Cynthia, that would be me, Lerlobo, is a professor at Colorado Technical University and at the Colorado Community College System. Andrew is an instructional architect at the Yale Air University at Maxwell Air Force Base in Alabama. Barbara is a graduate faculty member and researcher at the University of Central Florida in Orlando. Welcome all. Let's begin the session. And I created a speak easy and, of course, forgot to hit any of those little things, but the good news is I'm also presenting, right? So, today, I'm happy to introduce Andrew Stricker and I'm going to turn the floor over to him. And I'm going to pepper the chat log with a few of the comments about the slides as we get started here. So, Andy, over to you. Okay, thank you, Leroy. I'm very happy to be able to come and share. We've been talking about the simulation of various venues for the past several weeks, you know, with all the excitement that NASA and others have resulted in in the InSight Lander on Mars, so it's very timely. We have worked with the original simulation with NASA JPL and we've extended the work into OpenSim and we've been having a wonderful time building this newer generation of the simulation and we're going to talk to you about it a little bit today. But part of, you can go to the next slide, Cynthia, part of the fun with this whole effort is, you know, we decided to meld our science fiction interest. We're all avid readers of science fiction and we wanted to really create a simulation that brought the science and the fiction together in creative ways. And so, we took this quote out of the original script of Blade Runner and to kind of represent the fun that we're having, you know, so much of what we've done. We try to create a very compelling experience for participants to the simulation to get a sense of the thrill and the excitement of traveling to Mars and at the same time we want to make sure that we're bringing in the science about human space travel. The original simulation was based on a White House study that was championed by NASA to look at all the various options for human spaceflight into the future. And there's quite a few challenges, as many of you know, and we introduced those challenges in the simulation. Next slide, please. So what we've done is we've taken the work of Gary Klein, he's highlighted this really compelling nature of problem solving where he says with Ann-Marie Slaughter that, you know, there is a common type of problem that we deal with. They can be very complicated problems and we basically, you know, work on those problems pretty much knowing that, you know, most of the pieces of information required to get to fairly good solutions, but they can be, you know, quite involved. And for example, if someone gave me a Swiss watch and, you know, God forbid I dropped it and it busted into a thousand pieces. It may take me several years, but I can probably put it back together again. But when you look at a complex problem, you know, let's say that Swiss watch fell on the floor and someone, my back was turned, came down into the room and took several pieces away, but I wouldn't know it. I wouldn't know whether I had all the pieces or not. Well, that changes the nature of the problem from complicated to complex. You know, when we really don't know for sure if all that can be known is knowable. And so as it turns out, a lot of problems in life are complex. And so we wanted our students to be able to discern, you know, what is it like to work on a complicated problem and how to recognize when you're actually dealing with a complex problem. So this simulation takes you through the different mindsets associated with those very distinctive types of problems. Next slide, please. So this process that we use is not new to many of you that are listening to us today. It's a fairly common process of rapid prototyping, but the one thing I do want to highlight and I'd like to ask Barbara and Cynthia to share their thoughts about this too, but we have a French village that we created. We're both, I think we're all excited about the French culture and even our French is a bit rusty. We do enjoy coming together each Sunday. We've been coming together each Sunday afternoon for several years where we basically brainstorm in this wonderful salon area. And so we invite our colleagues and I think some of you in the audience have been out there too and visited with us. And from this brainstorming environment, we basically started a creative process to build devices that would support our learning objectives for the simulation. So as you go through and you look at this process, we've been busy putting together a federated architecture where we can plug and play different types of virtual devices. We've taken the work of Nancy Nasarian who had been at Georgia Tech, now she's at Harvard, but we've taken her work in model-based reasoning and we've applied it to our virtual devices. And we absolutely love the kind of environment where people can go in and do things with the instruments and manipulate what they do and see the second and third order effects of their decisions. And this is what Nancy's work has been about. And her work has been applied in medical communities quite extensively and we're applying it in our educational simulations. And we've also have worked very hard to build dashboards that present interfaces for the administrators of the simulation as well as the user data and also feed it back into the game environment so people can see how well they're doing. And so we put all the parts together in this architecture. It's a cloud-based architecture and so we'll have more to share about that here in a little bit. Now, thank you to Sin for moving me along. The game flow is represented here and I just want to highlight that as you go through the simulation, we've introduced this fun interface and we call it the Red Queen Interface and it comes through the looking glass of Lewis Carroll's novel and where she encounters the Red Queen Alice does and she's encountering a world where it's hard to figure it out much like a complex problem. You don't know if you should turn right or left, go fast, go slow and what's really interesting about Alice's journey with the Red Queen in the story is that she learns that a lot of things are counterintuitive when it comes to dealing with things that are high levels of uncertainty and very ambiguous. And indeed, this is very much the case with complex problem-solving. Barbara Ascend, you've got comments here, okay, next slide. So in the simulation, we have seven gameplay levels and so as you work your way through the simulation, the challenge gets addressed so you get additional clues and you figure out basically all the things that the environment can offer you at each of these levels. So you start out at a launch facility and you get on a rocket and you fly up to this space station and from there you start interacting with the Red Queen systems and you start getting information from the team that's on Mars and they're facing all kinds of challenges and you're basically going to Mars to help. And so as you work your way through these levels, you get pretty involved with dealing with a lot of types of information you have to make sense out of and put it together and you respond back to the Red Queen with open-ended responses. And so we've gone through several iterations of the models and the devices that are each of these levels. Barbara Ascend, you want to talk about some of your thoughts with these levels? I'll jump in real quickly and it's just so exciting to be able to integrate some of the existing science that as we look toward how to do this on Mars or in microgravity, it really helps us think about how we can solve this on our planet. Okay, great. Next slide. I'll jump in on this one. We're doing a lot of different things. So first off, it's important to realize all this is running on OpenSim, the latest version. Andy hosts this from a farmhouse and of course we've extended the memory since past years where we presented at OpenSimulator and we have this learning analytics dashboard and we also have this ontology that we're basing on, I think, MIT's ontology for the semantic web. But we're thinking through how this linked data is all classified, how people respond to these various stimuli and then collecting this information on a later slide, you'll see how it goes from challenge to ontology to certain outcomes and certain reflections. So we're really trying to take a very deep look. We're not just going through and playing a game and falling out the other end. It's not about the wind condition. It's really about making good decisions, but with missing pieces of information, with a high degree of uncertainty, with the inability to breathe, things like that. And so if you ever come out and see we're all wearing spacesuits, we have a health meter on, we start feeling less healthy and one of the things I injected in the game is I wanted some first aid. I'm so used to playing games in which you recover or where death is not forever, right? So I needed strategies that would help you to recover from mistakes because to me, learning is about failure. If we already knew everything before we entered a class or a game or whatever, there would be no reason to take the class or to play. But so we need a challenge and we need some failure and we need some recovery or discovery from that failure. So that's what this is about. Over to you, Andy. Oh, that's great. And I'm so happy that you brought up those aspects that people can actually try things out and see if they work or not. And so what we wanted to do was take their way of describing how they're making sense of things. And so this ontological structure that we got from MIT, we created a way for it to be augmented and add it to from other ontologies. And so if you go to the next slide, we've got a snapshot from an output that a player in the simulation would see. So when you're responding to a complex challenge by the Red Queen during gameplay, you'll get this type of feedback. And so what you'll see is that the AI engine will break out all the constructs in your open-ended response and it will map your constructs to topic areas that it retrieves through the ontology. And then it assigns a relevant score. And these relevant scores can be weighted by the instructors. And then it offers up these links for further exploration so it maps to the science related to the complex challenge that you're being introduced with. And so in this way, you sort of get a mechanism to help people understand that when you're dealing with complex problems, there's multiple dimensions that you have to pay attention to. And usually those dimensions are interdependent. And so you have to make sense out of these interdependencies. And so the engine actually gives that kind of feedback to help people understand all the different relationships that might be at play as you're looking at the complex challenge. And here, Andy, I'm about to move you forward. It'll take just a moment for everyone to hear. And thank you. This architecture is amazing. And the reason it is is it's so extensible, adaptable, and of course, offers opportunities for others to collaborate.  Well, thank you. The, as I mentioned before, it's a federated design. So there's databases are shared by our Unity interfaces and our OpenSAM and our Echo device. And so as you see in the illustration, we've got these consoles in which you interact. And there's also part of a decryption tool sets where you get encrypted messages, you decrypt them. And then you feed them into the Red Queen system to help you interpret the clues. So clues are being fed to you through this Enigma-like device. And then you take that information and use it to craft your responses. And so although we have our prototyping environment on a Linux server off the cloud, we also have it running on the cloud. And so the data moves onto the Amazon cloud through our API gateway. And then we use Lambda to turn on certain parts of the code on demand. So we're kind of excited about this because Lambda gives us a way to only run cloud resources when they're needed. And then we're also excited because we can share our databases and our data flows across these different platforms. And just one more quick point as well that while these environments can be used for individuals to go through, also some of the levels involve teaming. So looking at how the different types of thinking styles that teams would use for particular challenges, this is all part of the exploration. Yes. And we are excited about creating these kinds of simulations as Barbara's highlighting where you can go through it by yourself and you can go through it with others. Because there's a big difference when you're problem solving as an individual versus when you're problem solving in collaborative team ways. And so that's, thank you, Barbara, for bringing that up. Of course, we've got to pay tribute to Robert Heinlein. So this is our time for groping. If you'd like to ask questions and or share some of your thoughts, just from the one I'm hearing about the presentations today, I see so many possibilities for the future with where OpenSim is going and the exciting work that's being done by the community here. So it's great to be able to connect with all of you. Thanks, everyone. Oh, and I guess as moderator, I better get back to the script. That's the only problem with having so many windows open. Thank you, Cynthia, Andy and Barbara, for a terrific presentation.