I'm not overly used to it, but that's why it's a good interview. So you have to have always your state proof. It comes to words. You could always add a little bit. What did you think of the reaction to it? Oh, please, please, please. She'll be concerned, won't she? Well, we just answered that by saying that. I'm quite sure that would be a subject of view. I endorse that approach. Thank you. Do you think you're going to draft the quotas? Voluntary quotas? Yeah? No decision. We're going to talk to the Prime Minister about what you're going to draft the quotas. And only, yeah, I think about two-and-a-half to three-and-a-half. He's got a lot of draft on your list. What's on his mind? We're often in the same summit meeting. We're often in the same summit meeting. We're often in the same summit meeting. We're not going to hold hands at economic summits, aren't we? Thank you. The President's chair of the Economic Summit, Williamsburg, I have done one in London. And I think the next one is in Bonn. And that, too, will be a very important one. You two now have met almost a dozen times or so? You deal with your friends? Because we used to meet two time to time. Before we held these august offices. Well, if you're his greatest fan, why have you been there? Why? Sir, he takes it a little rough. Here's a unpersonnel. They've never been lovely, have they? He stopped it for a moment. What? How'd you like facing that charge? She's lovely. She's shown so much. I was at Camp David. You had not long arrived, had you? No. Not long arrived for a moment. She's beautiful. Lunch in the residence, President Reagan, Prime Minister Thatcher. I had some difficulty, because once I went into use it, to a young Conservative conference, and I would already be using it, and I got there. The moment I went in, the television lights came up, and there were two just placed, so that their lights fell on the back of the thing, and I couldn't see a word. It's always a pleasure to exchange views with Prime Minister Thatcher. Mr. Thatcher, a dear friend and the respected leader of one of America's closest allies. We've had a cordial discussion on a wide range of matters. Our conversations reflected the excellent relationship which exists between our two countries, as well as the warm friendship between Mrs. Thatcher and myself. We discussed East-West relations, and in particular the preparations for the upcoming Geneva talks with the Soviets. We fully agree that the unity, patience, and determination of the North Atlantic Alliance are essential if arms control negotiations are to succeed. What we're seeking are significant reductions in the numbers of nuclear weapons through fair and verifiable agreements. Prime Minister Thatcher and I agreed that it's absolutely necessary to continue NATO's INF deployments on schedule, in accord with the Alliance's 1979 decision. We're both hopeful that the dialogue opening in Geneva will result in progress. And while that progress continues, however, we will be steadfast in the modernization of our forces and in our determination to promote full adherence to existing arms control agreements. These are crucial incentives to any real progress. Prime Minister Thatcher and I also discussed the current situation in the Middle East and agreed on the need for parties in that region to take concrete steps toward peace. We reviewed the situation in Central America, and I assured the Prime Minister of our determination to preserve democracy and to seek peaceful solutions to the problems of that area. We also discussed the threat of international terrorism, and we agreed that increased international cooperation is called for to combat this evil. We expressed our willingness to work together and with other governments to fight terrorism and deter those who give support to terrorists. We discussed the situation in Northern Ireland, and I told the Prime Minister that the United States applauded the continuation of her dialogue with Irish Prime Minister Fitzgerald and assured her of our support of all those working for peaceful solutions and reconciliation. Prime Minister Thatcher and I reviewed the current economic situation and the prospects for our economies in the future. And in closing, I wish to note that 1985 marks the 200th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the United States and Great Britain. Over the years, these relations have taken on a very special quality. In fact, they're quite extraordinary. We as Americans are proud of our relations with our allies, the British. And I am personally proud of my close collaboration with my friend, Margaret Thatcher. Mr. President, may I say how very grateful I am to you for inviting me for this brief visit, the first official one in your second term, although I paid an unofficial working visit to Camp David in December. Our talks are always particularly valuable because we see so many things in the same way, and you can speak of a real meeting of minds. As the President pointed out, this meeting is a special one because 1985 marks the 200th anniversary of diplomatic relations between Britain and the United States. And I think I can safely say that our relations now are better than when John Adams presented his credentials to King George III. Indeed, I feel no inhibitions about describing the relations as very, very special. And it is a particular honor that President Reagan and Mrs. Reagan have accepted an invitation to dinner at the British Embassy tonight to mark this very special diplomatic anniversary. The President has given you an account of the discussions we had today. We had some very thorough ones, especially about the prospects for arms control negotiations. Those negotiations carry our hopes with them. They will, as I indicated this morning, be complex, but those who are negotiating on part of the West know of our fundamental sincere wish to get down the number of nuclear weapons in the world in a way which is still balanced and which still keeps our security. We believe our negotiators will strive to that end and they will carry our good wishes with them. We also spent some time discussing the Middle East and both agreed that the moment is propitious for a fresh effort to achieve progress towards the Middle East and settlement. And I told the President of my support for the statement issued following Prince King Farhead's recent visit to Washington and we both endorsed King Hussein's efforts to arrive at a joint Arab position which would allow direct negotiations with Israel to take place. We also, as you would expect, had a thorough discussion on economic matters. The record of the American economy and its success in creating new jobs is enviable. And such is the scale of your economy that your decisions affect all of us. We discussed how important it is to keep down public spending. We have a different problem with the deficit but we both share similar problems of how to keep down public spending so that people may be able to keep a bigger proportion of their own money in their own pockets. And I think we're at one in resisting any moves towards protectionism. We also touched on a number of other issues, the most important of which was the Northern Irish and Republic of Ireland talks always to try to secure an agreement which will respect both communities in Northern Ireland and always recognizing that any change must come about by consent of the people concerned. It was, as always, Mr. President, a very friendly visit. You always make them friendly and warm by your own very welcome reception of us. But we do have just a very special ease in talking about these things and ease which comes because we share common goals and common political philosophies a very happy and successful visit. Thank you very much, Mr. President, for your hospitality.


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SQL query is now clear, how simple and elegant it is. There is no harm in using either of the forms as I said. So, natural joint schema as I mentioned will not be all of this. This particular column will be removed and do not ask me which one this or this. It does not matter really because both are exactly identical. It only happens that one comes from one table another comes from another. Now, are you convinced that the relational algebra is powerful enough and a strong enough mathematical foundation to give you the basis for extracting information from either one or multiple tables. If you ask me the basic SQL is just this. There are whole lot of things which we shall now discuss more formally because there are lots of other features. But fundamentally the ability to extract information from one or more tables in a database based on a very sound mathematical elegant theory is what is so beautiful about relational databases. All the databases which come out of relational model are called relational database. They are called relational because they are based on relational algebra which incidentally is based on the relationship between multiple things. Theta joint we will just discuss it very briefly. It is not much relevant. Theta is any meaningful predicate. So, you put a natural joint operator here. This is the way you demonstrate theta joint. You put a natural joint operator here and put a theta as a predicate. You do not require a predicate to be defined for natural joint. But when you put a theta it means that this is something like natural joint but not exactly as strong. It is a diluted version where theta usually has a joint condition. So, for example, theta is student dot S roll equal to range dot S roll and SCPI greater than 9 and SH equal to 8. Now, this technically would be described as a theta joint. Although you could always say that this is a natural joint followed by a select. Select starts from student comma range where student dot S roll equal to range dot S roll and SCPI greater than 9 and SH equal to 8. If I had written this as select starts from student natural joint range where SCPI greater than 9 and SH equal to 8, I would have divided this query into a natural joint and a select predicate. Both would be equal. This is one question though. You remember we mentioned about efficiency. We said that SQL query does not require us to define in which order what should be done. It figures it out. Can you guess how exactly this operation would be carried out? Suppose I had said select starts from student natural joint range where SCPI greater than 9 and SH equal to 8 or alternately I would have said select starts from student comma range where student dot S roll equal to this and this equal to this. Will it do a cross product? Very obviously the answer must be no. If actual cross product has to be performed the machine would be dead. So it will do some elegant operation. Will it do an elegant operation to do this joint first and then apply this criteria or it will first do the selection. Remember if there are 5000 students and if there are 300 sorry 30,000 registrations then I will not get 30,000 into 5000 as a cross product. I will get 30,000 elements in that joint. Natural joint will have 30,000 elements. It is obvious that all 30,000 elements are not relevant. The number of students who stay in hostel 8 itself is 250. Those of them who have CPI greater than 9 is may be 5. 5 students on an average would have registered for 6 courses each, 30 courses. So not 30,000 courses only need to be done. Why not then I first select these 30 jokers from the student table not jokers nice people and then form a natural joint of these 30 people with their registration records. That would make lot more sense. There is an element in the modern database management systems called query optimizer. Professor Sudarshan will describe it later. In fact, Professor Sudarshan's real global expertise is words leading researcher in query optimization. A query optimization takes this query from you. The database engine finds out what are the possible alternative ways of answering this query. These are called query plans and then selects one which costs minimum. Cost is in terms of disk accesses, computational time etcetera. All that is taken care of. Imagine as cobalt programmers if we have to do it, we have to do the thinking as to what will be the most optimal way of doing it. So that is another important component of the database management. So is this clear? The query is natural joint. Sir, I wanted to myself. Sir, in natural joint it has to be based on primary key only. It has to be based on common attribute. Invariably as we shall see later in the database design, invariably the common attributes will be part of either the foreign key or the primary key as we shall see. What my doubt is if the attribute is same, the name differs in the other. That is what you have to take care of during the design. In fact, one of the reasons why you may still use this form, student dot s roll equal to raise dot s roll is because if this is p roll then you have to say student dot s roll equal to raise dot p roll. Natural joint will not recognize it. The common name should be common. In fact, that is the reason why you remember I mentioned data dictionary. The data dictionary should be having a unique set of attribute names across the entire enterprise. So that there is never any confusion. Given an attribute name it means exactly the same thing in whichever table it has been used. Unless there is a student name, teacher's name, but t name for teacher name if you put anywhere in your enterprise t name should be in teacher. So that is of course a design issue, but you are very right. So please remember natural joint I forgot to emphasize this. Natural joint depends upon the requirement that the schema contains the same name for the common attribute. If it does not then you can still prescribe natural joint, but you will have to give the expanded version of the natural this older version. It need not be primary. For example, in rage s roll is not the primary key. s roll plus c code is the primary key. In student s roll is primary. Invariably when you join multiple tables, one of them will be a primary key and the other will be an element of the primary key in the other table, but it is not necessary. In the other table it may be just an element. It need not be a part of the primary key also. In one table in the student table s roll is the primary key. In rage table s roll is not the primary key. In rage table s roll plus c code is the primary key. No, no, no. It does not pick up anything. This is what you are prescribing. This is the beauty is that you see. This is a good point. He is still thinking in the standard algorithm. That is a problem with all of us. When we write programs in conventional programming languages we think as the computer thinks. So we are thinking what the computer would be doing. When you write SQL queries you have to keep yourself miles away from the computer. Never bother about what the computer does. Mathematically none of them are required to be primary keys. Any common attribute name, if they mean the same thing, natural join can be done. However, in 99.9 percent of the cases you will not get any meaningful information. Other way round if you want to extract meaningful information out of tables, obviously those tables will be related in some way. The relationship is more than likely to be only on those fields one of which is the primary key in some table. But it is only likely to be from a semantic point of view. Mathematically the relations do not distinguish. It cannot be. More than one attribute in the same table cannot have same name. No, not in the same table. More than one attribute in two different tables are having the same name. Then how natural join is going to be mined? How can it be same name? Suppose S roll and S name I have defined in one table. S roll and S name and some other then the natural join means S roll here should be equal to S roll. S name here should be equal to that S name. It will take all the. Yeah, all the. That is the difference between natural join and theta join. Natural join insists on equality on all common attributes. Whereas theta join you can relax that condition. So now we begin a sort of formal study of a square. Already only 15 minutes left. Let me see how much I can complete. This is supposed to be only introductory part. Professor Sudarsher has promised that whatever I leave he will carry on from there. But the idea is to, I think with this information alone you should be able to play around with the machines today. Some schema has been prepared. Amit, the schema is there, right? And you will give them an introduction to net beans. So you may take some time to become familiar with net beans with the development environment. My suggestion is on first day don't spend too much time in investigating nitty gritties of net beans. Just understand that as an environment how to login and how to invoke a square through that net beans. Then they have defined some schema or populated some data there. So you will give them some print out of the schema or something. Yeah, yeah. So my PAs are their IIT students. So they presume that people will remember a whole lot of complicated things in their mind. We are all grown up people.  So you can remember things better than us. It would be nice if the schema is printed on a piece of paper and is circulated. Wonderful. So you will have that schema and you try to run these queries just to see what happens, what you get. Have fun today basically, but learn as much as possible. So here is a formal introduction to SQL now. For this we have given some relations. These are relations from Professor Sudarshan's book. So you can correlate directly to… Here is the account relation, which has an account number, a branch name and balance. So branch name is like our LIC branch. Account number is like our policy number. Of course, there is no equivalent of balance, but there is a balance amount in that account. This is one relation. Here he defines attribute types. So this is a formal definition. Each attribute of a relation as a name, the set of allowed values for each attribute is called the domain of the attribute. This is a formal mathematical name. Attribute values are normally required to be atomic. That is indivisible. So value of an attribute can be an account number, but cannot be a set of account numbers. We already discussed this. Domain is said to be atomic if all its members are atomic. It is only a mathematical clarification. The special value null is a member of every domain. So you say grades are only A, A, B, C, etc., etc. By mathematical definition, null is a possible value. Indicates that the value is unknown. The null value causes complications in the definition of many operations. We shall ignore the effect of null values in our main presentation, but we shall discuss these later. Relation instance. So relation schema is one thing. Relation instance is the current values of a relation specified by a table. So this is a table. Jones, Main, Harrison, Smith, North, Rye, Curry, North, Rye, Lindsay, Park, Pittsfield. This is a customer name, customer street, customer city. These are attributes or columns and these are tuples or rows. An element t of r, r is the relation schema. It is a tuple represented by a row in a tuple. It is only a mathematical definition of whatever we discussed. r is the relation schema and t is an element of the relation. So t and r are now being distinguished. We so far talked about relation, relation schema and the values in the same breadth. But relation schema is r. The relation itself is the relation instance. Anyone row in that relation is a t. Order of tuples is irrelevant. Very important. In Cobalt, we distinguish between sorted and unsorted phi. Mathematically, the mathematics of relation algebra does not give a dam on how the relation elements are stored. So this may be a101, a215, a102, a305. It does not matter. It just does not matter. This is a relation. In fact, in a database also, it does not matter how the rows are stored in a table because ultimately it is the expression for extraction that you give which will determine what is to be extracted. Mathematically, a relation does not require sorting. So account relation with unordered tuples. This is an example of that unordered tuples. A database consists of multiple relations. Common sense, information about an enterprise is broken up into parts with each relation storing one part of the information. Here we have account which stores information about accounts, depositor which stores information about which customer comes with, owns which account and customer stores information about customers. Very clearly, account and customer are two independent entities and depositor is some kind of a relationship between these two entities. Similarly, there could be a loan account or something like that. I could define other things. The normalization theory of how to get the best set of tables to describe a database. There is a theory called normalization theory. We shall have a hint at the normalization theory on fifth day, the last day of our course. I will again come back on the last day where we will discuss this and the performance issues as I mentioned and this will come from the seventh chapter of the book. Normalization theory is an exquisite mathematical theory. We need not understand the entire mathematical theory, but we need to understand what we call functional dependencies and the first, second and third normal forms which are fundamental in any database design. Here is a customer relation. So, it is a customer name, customer street and customer city, something like address and city. Here is a depositor relation. You can notice that depositor relationship is like that range, course code and student number, customer name and account number. So, this is the relation. Same customer may have multiple accounts, Johnson has two accounts, keys. I will omit this. This is nothing but a mathematical definition of keys. If you recall, we discussed super key, candidate key and primary key. Those of you are mathematically inclined, you can say let K be any subset of R. What is R? R is the set of attributes. It is the relation schema, not the relation. R is the set of all attributes, say 10, 20, 100, whatever. K is a subset of R, which is a super key if values for K are sufficient to identify a unique tuple of each possible relation R on R. R is a schema. Remember, if I change, add, subtract, I get a new relation. So, I will have a series of relations R, R1, R2, R3, R4, all defined on R. For any such possible relation, if these K values are sufficient to uniquely identify a tuple, I call it a super. In plain English, a super key is nothing but one which uniquely defines a row in any relation. By possible R, we mean a relation R that could exist in the enterprise we are modeling. Example, customer name, customer street and customer name are both super keys of customer. If no two customers can possibly have the same name, just an example. In real life, an attribute such as customer ID would be used instead of customer name to uniquely identify customer. You can see exactly the same reasoning, but we are mathematically defined. K is a candidate key if K is minimal. Since we are now talking in terms of set theory, K is nothing but a set of attributes. If K is minimal means, if some key is super key and no subset of it is super key, then that is a minimal super. Subset of super key means any subset element. Primary key is a candidate key chosen as the principle means of identifying tuples with a relation should choose an attribute whose value never or very rarely changes. That is the reason why combination of room number and hostel number is not a employee code, etcetera. So, email address is unique, but may change, never use it as a primary. Foreign keys, this is an important concept and a concept which will be very relevant in most of our database activity. A relation schema may have an attribute that corresponds to the primary key of another relation. This attribute is called a foreign key. Go back to our old relation. In the rage file, if you visualize the rage table, in the rage table, roll number plus course code is the primary key. But that roll number is also called a foreign key because that roll number refers to the roll number of the main student table. Similarly, the course code is a foreign key in the referring to course table. What is the importance of this foreign key? It represents an association and it also defines a very stringent condition which actual entries in my table must satisfy. Namely, unless a student is registered in the student table, the registration record should not appear in the registration table. Unless a course is approved by CNET and finds a place in my course table, no student can be permitted to register for it. Similarly, here if you see customer name and account number attributes of depositor are foreign keys to customer and account respective. Exactly the same situation, customer table and account table and the depositor table is nothing but the two common primary keys. So, I must refer to this. Here is a schema diagram. Here is a branch. So, let us look at just the customer and the branch. Customer is here and branch is here. Account has a depositor as customer name and account number. The account number refers to an account which has a branch name and balance and in here the branch name refers to this branch. Just look at these two relations, account and customer. The primary key of depositor is both of these. Account number is the foreign key within the depositor table which refers to the primary key of account. Customer name is the attribute of depositor which is a foreign key referring to customer name of the customer. So, is the notion of foreign key clear? Foreign key is that attribute of a table which refers to primary key of some other attribute of some other table. Now, this will answer your question. Since a natural joint is effectively the same thing and since most meaningful information out of cross product can only come because of the relationship and since the relationship is defined by foreign key which essentially maps into a primary key of something else there will be some primary key in the joint. Query languages is a generic term. Language in which user requests information from the database. Cobalt program is a query language but it has to be specially written. Ordinary user cannot write it. So, there are procedural languages or non-procedural or declarative languages. There are pure languages. Relational algebra is a pure language that means it is a complete mathematical structure. Tappal relational calculus is another equivalent but more powerful way of describing the relational operations. The SQL incidentally implements features of both as we shall see. Domain relational calculus is another form of calculus. Since algebra itself is sufficiently complex for us. After all we all left math not me but most of you left maths long time ago and calculus will be difficult thing. So, we will not get into that but those who are mathematically inclined there is discussion on both the relational algebra and the relational calculus. However, our main purpose is to acquaint ourselves with the power of databases and the practical use. So, it would not be required. The reason I am emphasizing this is the beauty of relational database is the fundamentally sound mathematical foundation on which the whole thing is based. Pure languages form underlying basis of query languages that people use. Here is the history of databases. I already mentioned IBM SQL language developed as part of the system R project at the IBM San Jose research laboratory. It was renamed structured query language. Instead of SQL, it was called SQL and C and ISO standard SQL came in these forms 1986, 89, 92. The next standard was not called 99 but 1999. Jokingly people said that the language name itself became Y2K compliant. So, four digit theorem and then SQL 2003 which is the latest standard. Commercial systems offer most if not all SQL 92 features plus varying features sets from later standards and special proprietary features. So, for example, when LIC decides to use a database to take let us say a corporate license, we should obviously insist on having as many as the latest features as possible. Although this is a relational algebra based system it is called a relational database in consonance with the demands of the time where object oriented philosophy and paradigm is used heavily in programming. Object relational features are being implemented in most databases and many of those are standard of SQL 2003. So, object features are possible in a conventional database line. The main part of the database management system which permits us to define our tables, attributes and schema is called the data definition language part DDL. DDL, DML, data manipulation language and DCL, data control language are the three components of SQL description.  DML permits you to manipulate the data which includes querying the data. So, the SQL queries that we saw are all part of DML. DML obviously has other statements which will permit you to insert data, delete data, update data and DCL which is the controls thing which we shall study later which will permit you to define excess control. So, promo should be able to access some tables but I should not be it. SEMA should not be able to access some view but others should be whatever general control mechanism sorry SEMA it did not mean to prohibit you from accessing anything. These are the data types in SQL. You are all familiar with cobalt types picture 9, 4 picture x something whatever whatever whatever. Here are the data types let us quickly go through that you can look at it in greater details later. Int stands for integer it is a finite subset of integers which is machine dependent. So, the largest value etcetera will be dependent on the machine. Numeric p comma d is a fixed point number with user specified precision of p digits with n digits to the right of decimal point very much like picture 9, 9, v, 9, 9 kind of. Please remember that cobalt is very special in this respect from other procedural languages. There is no mechanism to represent exact decimal integers and fractions to be represented. In all other languages like FORTRAN and C and all you have you know conversion to binary system cobalt permits that the database also permits exactly the same. It permits CARE n and VAR CARE n. VAR CARE n is a character string with varying length maximum length is defined as a CARE is a fixed length string this is naturally understood. N CARE is another thing called national characters because CARE normally means one byte for one character, but you cannot represent many bytes many many characters like German language Japanese language characters will require two bytes represent. Unicode requires 8 bit representation, but it could be a 2 byte representation. If you want such thing then you have to say n CARE also n VAR CARE. This allows two byte unicode characters. So, all Hindi Devnagari Telugu Tamil which are represented in unicode now can be represented by a 2 byte. Some people ask whether I can make I can enter Hindi or Devnagari things into my present database. If I have defined that as CARE I cannot have a unicode represented. So, I will have to change it to n CARE. Small n is a small integer typically like 8 bit or 16 bit versus 32 bit or 64 bit that is a minor variation you can use that. The real and double precision are floating point numbers again you are familiar with those. Float n is another representation of this whether it is floating point where user specified precision of at least n digits is guaranteed. Theoretically n can be even 100 and the language compiler is supposed to implement a 100 digit precision floating point number for you, but that is stupid nobody does that. A create table statement and although the people will give you a schema you should try to create your own schema and see how you could insert data or something like that that should be possible through net means. So, the way you create table you say create table say branch, branch name CARE 15, branch city CARE 30, assets integer CARE 15 and then not null this not null is a constraint it is called an integrity constraint. It specifies that the value of branch name can never be null. So, typically any such attribute which cannot be having null value you have to say not null. The general form is create table followed by a relation name. So, create table branch branch is your own chosen name for the table like file name and this is nothing but your FD entry in details actually, but with many more thing prescribed. So, A1 is the attribute name whereas D1 is the data type of attribute that is what must be minimally prescribed like name and picture minimum, but there are so many additional things which you can prescribe either here or separately through what is known as integrity constraints. So, apart from all the attributes in the table you can define a large number of integrity constraints later. These integrity constraints we shall see in a moment. These are constraints which will guard against accidental damage to the database by ensuring that authorized changes to the database do not result in a loss of data consistency. For example, no two customer name same ID number branch name attribute of the account relation must contain a value corresponding to the actual branch in the branch relation. Student role number in the range must contain a value which is actual student role foreign key. So, foreign key is a constraint a grade must be either a a a b b c c d etcetera etcetera, but not z z that is a data integrity constraint. These constraints can be defined at the level of schema definition when you declare a table what is most important once you define these constraints no programming validation or check is required. The database engine the SQL engine will guarantee that these constraints will not be flouted. If any insertion attempt is made by any program through of course, SQL statement error will return. So, try to insert a student record in the registration where the student is not there in the master database the record will go. Try to insert hostel number 39 against a student the record will be thrown out. Try to update the value of the salary of a professor from whatever 20,000, 25,000 rupees to say 25 lakh rupees. If the maximum salary is defined to be salary between this range and this range you have a problem. So, this is something really really important from a programmer's perspective. How many times you have found that somebody has forgotten to check something and that has resulted in the bad data in the fight because human beings can forget here is a guarantee you define a constraint nothing can happen to your database. So, integrity constraints can be of various types the most important constraint is primary key. So, for example, create table branch branch name is so and so branch it is so and so assets integer primary key is branch name here is another table customer customer name customer street customer street primary key in bracket customer name. So, this is a primary key automatically means it is unique etcetera is customer name as primary key realistic no we already said it should be customer idea or something. Referential integrity we have already seen it ensures that the association or relationship. So, here is an example the foreign key clause list the attributes that comprise the foreign key and name of the relation referenced by the foreign key by default the foreign key references the primary key attributes of the reference table. So, here is create table account account number cal 10 branch name this balance this primary key account number foreign key branch name references branch is a deposited account is customer name and account number. Now here primary key is customer name comma account number foreign key account number references account foreign key customer name references customer. There are many variations for example if the name of the primary key here is different from there you can write references account in bracket that name theoretically you can define a foreign key which refers to a non primary key in which case you can say that name. So, all the details are available if you do not say anything then by default it refers to the primary key of that it. I am Mahesh this account in the earlier statement this any account number you have stated that not null. Yes. But when you say it is a primary key you are not stating that it is not null. Yes. So, that is that is that is that is. That is exactly means. Yeah. Exactly means if it is a primary then no null where you will be accepted. Correct. In fact the primary key subsumes the requirement that it should be not null. Yes. So, primary key implies that it is not null it is unique. These two things are implied. Yes. You may still have another column which is not null and which also is required to be unique for example a candidate key. But there is no statement in sql which says this is my candidate key. So, to prescribe candidate key you say not null and unique as that way. So, this is this is clear. There are other integrity constraints not null is one of them. Unique is another. You remember we said distinct actually in the select statement, but in attributes when you characterize you say unique. So, unique means these form a candidate. Check constraint is a very strong constraint appears after attributes are declared. For example, check balance greater than 0. Now, I have a balance of 100 rupees and my wife goes and tries to withdraw 120 rupees. Any update request there will reduce the balance to minus if this constraint is defined that transaction will be thrown off. The check constraints are very generic constraints and you can put any kind of check constraint actually can be written as a sql query also inside the bracket. Every time a transaction is done which affects that particular attribute the entire query will be run and if that query based on that condition if it is satisfied it is otherwise not. So, we will of course, discuss more details on these constraints and how they are implemented later. Sir. Yeah, sorry. Sir, I am Amit. Can we modify these constraints any number of times without changing the actual. Yes and no. It is a very ticklish issue. Generally modification of constraint reflects very poorly on the design, but yes design can always be changed and in fact if you notice this that is what I was discussing here drop and alter table. The drop table command deletes all information about the drop relation. The alter table command is used to add attributes to an existing relation alter table or add AD. The alter table command can also be used to drop attributes of a relation alter table or drop a. Dropping of attributes is not supported by many databases. So, you may want to define a new table copy the contents of this table into that table and drop the entire table. In general whether you can redefine those that you cannot redefine the integrity constraint checks what you can do is you can temporarily dilute them. You can say for this particular operation do not insist on this integrity constraint. You may regularly need to if some constraints is being expanded or something we may require to redefine that constraint or we may have to visualize that for long term we will have to. That is the reason why I said that if the total time spent in building a relation database based application is one and half years at least 6 months should be spent in analysis and design. Invariably people are very eager particularly people like us who are programmers you know we are itching to dirty our hands on the terminal. In any professional software development thing if without the complete documentation of the designed algorithm anybody writes a code that person would be fired during learning you experiment you learn the tricks of the trade etcetera. But formal system never ever without design just like without adequate testing will you release a version you might because you are forced because of the circumstances but you know the fun that awaits you there. When we design a system it is not that we are doing something hard coding like the values are not defined in the constraint again as you mentioned that this constraint might be coming again from another select query. Correct. So, some valid values as you see in the plan. So, we will define the relation of plan and there you just go on updating the values. Yes, yes in another relation that will be taken that is how you go on. It is not that every time you have to change the schema. Just like the same principle like you do not hard code things in your program. Nothing is there. Similarly, you try not to hard code some of the business related constraints like that. Those are not. That is a very cute way although purists will say that Pramod is cheating the system but that is the way going forward because you require flexibility but you still require those constraints. A curious question is you impose a constraint 6 months after the system is operational. The due values will be of course pertaining to that constraint. What happens to the old value? Think about it. Sleep over it and read the book to find out the answer. I will close this. I am sorry you are already late but this one is an important thing. In any procedural programming language including COBOL temporal attribute handling is very difficult. Temporal means time wise. Putting a time stamp, putting a date, putting a time, calculating date arithmetic. How much of Golagiri you have to do in your COBOL programs to find out what are the three days date after this date? Luckily SQL takes care of it. There is a type called date which contains a 4 digit year, month and date. This is the date example. There is a type called time and any attribute can be defined to be of the type date or of the type stamp which is the combination of date and time. You have an interval which is period of time. For example, interval one day and if you subtract a date, time, time stamp value from another gives an interval value. If you add or subtract interval into a date, you will get another date and that will be the exactly correct date. So half your maramari problems are resolved. You can extract values of individual fields from date, time or time stamp. Here is an extract verb in SQL. Extract year from r dot start time or you have given a string value expression. You can say cast that string value expression as date. Now these are some nice cities about SQL for practical point. There are large object types. One is called blob or binary large object and the other is called club, the character large object. Suppose you have a digital picture, 1.9 megabytes, but what are those? Those bits represent pixel values. A single pixel may be 6 bits, 8 bits, 20 bits, you do not know. How many pixels are there? You do not know. You cannot make sense out of those pixels. It is a blob. The interpretation of those pixels has to be left to a software which will interpret these pixels and show a nice picture on the screen or print a nice picture on the screen. SQL has nothing to do with it. So it is not a data type on which you can make comparisons or make relations or nothing like. It is a value. So blob and club permit this kind of a value. Whenever a query returns a large object of this type, usually a pointer is returned and the interpretation of this value is left to some other program to which you must connect the output of your blob. But you can store blobs and extract them.


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Welcome folks, we have the Dow Industrial finished up 408 NASDAQ, up 85 S&Ps, up 38 Gold, Gold contract down $4.60, trading at $19.71 an ounce, it's silver down 53 cents, $23.18 an ounce, light sweet crude, down 35 cents, $82.47 a barrel, notes and bonds, 10 year note, down 3 ticks, trading at $111, the 30 year down 17 at $121.15 and $King Dollar, $King Dollar traded up 51 ticks at $102.068, Euro at $110, yen at $142, pound at $127 to $1.00 USD. We'll go over and take a look at the spy first, bottom line folks, you came downward volume, you're going up with light volume, you still have the complex ABC structure and the spy rather on the way down, the B point on this was the 447-37, right now you're at 450, as long as it doesn't get over, well it can actually get over this, but the bottom line, you're up in light volume today, 51 million going into 100 million as well as 93 million. The Q's, we take a look at the Q's, the Q's right now 36, you get the same situation, the difference in the Q's, this is what it is, now watch this, I picked this up on the, see in the Q's, because the way the Q's had traded, the 372 has 90, 80 million, so this went down to the 372 area and rejected lower price, so the Q's can actually pop, that's how this is set up, because see, that hit it and said, see, I don't want to be here. We're going to take a look at the note and bond market, we take a look at the 10-year first, the 10-year saved itself on Friday, we'll see whether it can stay inside the range, I expect it's going to, because you've got to blow out bottom here, bottom line, the 10-year just has to stay above the 110-27 area and then if we go to the dollar, the dollar still acts like it wants higher price, in fact, it may be an ABC structure on the way up and bottom line, we're still at the 102-07-1 area, have a great night folks, have a safe night, come back and visit Tommy tomorrow morning, kicks us off 9am, great show folks, we'll get him folks.


Hi, I'm Nicole, and welcome to the Produce Made Simple Kitchen. We're here to inspire you to eat more fresh fruits and vegetables, and this month we're doing it on a budget. Today I'm making a hoisin' pork lettuce wrap. You'll see it's a great weeknight solution for an easy, tasty meal. Combine half a cup of white vinegar, a quarter cup of sugar, and a pinch of salt. Then, julienne two medium carrots. Either use a knife and cut them into matchsticks, or use a julienne peeler. And then sort of put that all together in a bowl and put it to the side while you prepare the rest. Heat the oil in a large skillet over medium heat. Add the onion and red pepper and saute until softened, about five minutes. Stir in the garlic powder and ground ginger and cook for another minute or so. Crumble pork into the pan and break it up with a wooden spoon. Cook until the excess moisture evaporates and the meat begins to crisp. Add the hoisin' sauce and stir to combine. Continue to cook over medium-low heat and simmer for about three to five minutes. To serve, drain your carrot mixture. Place your pork mixture on top of your lettuce leaves and sprinkle with the green onions at the carrot mixture on top. And if you like it spicy, add a little bit of jalapeno. Squeeze the lime juice over top. And if you want to get really fancy, sprinkle of sesame seeds. Fold your lettuce leaves over and enjoy. So skip the takeout tonight and make this instead. It's ready in 30 minutes or less. Make it a complete meal and serve it with a grain of your choice. Please like, comment, and subscribe for more produce made simple. Bye!


Markership Training Company, all present, in account four. Ladies and gentlemen, on behalf of the commanding general of Training Command, Major General Julian D. Alford, we would like to welcome you to today's Change Command ceremony, where Colonel Mark R. Liston will relinquish command to Colonel Gregory L. Jones. Please rise for the invocation given by Lieutenant Commanders Stephen Griffin and remain standing for the playing of honors to Major General Alford. My heavenly father, we thank you for this opportunity to come together here at the Weapons Training Battalion to celebrate the successful command tour of Colonel Mark Liston. We thank you for the constant support of his loving wife, Jennifer. And today, we also honor the sacrifices that they have made together as a family. May you richly bless them as they transition into their new assignment. Lord, we also pray today for Colonel Gregory Jones and his wife, Nicole. And as he assumes command, we ask that you grant him strength and wisdom for the great work set before him. Finally, Lord, we ask that you bless each one of us here today as we continue to place our faith and our trust in you. We ask all of this in your holy name. Amen. Taking his position in the reviewing area is Major General Julian D. Alford, commanding general of Training Command. Taking his position in the reviewing area is Colonel Mark R. Liston, battalion commander, weapons training battalion. Taking his position in the reviewing area is Colonel Gregory L. Jones. Ladies and gentlemen, we now come to the ceremony's most solid moment, the actual passing of command, the battle colors from Marine Corps units symbolize authority and accountability of command. Transferring the colors during the ceremony symbolizes the relinquishing of command by Colonel Liston. And by accepting the colors, Colonel Jones accepts commands and confirms his total commitment to the Marines and sailors that he will command. Sergeant Major Borders is delivering the colors to the commanding officer. Two, Colonel Mark R. Liston effective 28 July 2022. You will stand attached from your duties as commanding officer, weapons training battalion, and resume your duties with G3 Training Command, signed by David H. Berger, general United States Marine Corps, commanding out of the Marine Corps. Two, Colonel Gregory L. Jones, effective 28 July 2022. You are directed to assume your duties as commanding officer, weapons training battalion, signed by David H. Berger, general United States Marine Corps, Commanding out of the Marine Corps. Ladies and gentlemen, please rise for the National Anthem. It's a state's pleasure presenting the Legion of Merit to Colonel Mark R. Liston, United States Marine Corps, for service as set forth in the following citation. For exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding service, commanding officer, weapons training battalion training command from July 2020 to July 2022. As a service level proponent for Marsmanship, Colonel Liston was recognized authority on Marsmanship Instruction, Doctrine, and the Competition and Arms Program in support of the services, plans, and initiatives. He successfully convened and chaired two combat Marsmanship symposiums, which brought together senior leaders and action officers from across the Marine Corps to address critical and emerging issues facing the combat Marsmanship Program. Through these venues, Colonel Liston led the refinement and implementation of the annual rifle reconification, which has remained largely unchanged since 1907, to increase institutional and individual shooter quality, providing leadership to fire regionally-aligned commands spread throughout Virginia and Maryland. Colonel Liston definitely navigated the complexity, scope, and diversity of these commands and led them towards increased effectiveness and modernization. Colonel Liston also hosted numerous executive level visits by representatives, senators, flat and general officers and civilian executors to forge relationships across government and industry to support the future needs of service level Marsmanship. Colonel Liston's dynamic direction, initiative, and loyal dedication to duty reflected great on hand and work keeping with the highest traditions of the Marine Corps and the United States Naval Service, signed for the president, D.H. Berger, command on the Marine Corps. Ladies and gentlemen, please be seated. Ladies and gentlemen, Major General Julian D. Alford, commanding general, training command. Good day, but it is getting hot out there in the sun real quick. So we're gonna make it fast. Just got a few people to recognize. We've got General Sullivan, who'll be taking over training command as the CG of this outfit in just a few hours, 1,600 a day. And we've got our Second Marine Division CG up here. Frank's great to see you, and he's P&O. So two infantry advocates, part of this is what I'll talk about, what this outfit does is sitting here today with General for National, P&O. So thanks for being here. All the job, and nobody even paid. That's very too small a portion of the Marines. It's true about this place. Weapons, training battalions, one of those commands that nobody pays attention to until we get serious about killing our enemy. And for the past two years, he's put in place, like you heard in this award, he's changed the way that we re-qualify our Marines, every Marine to rifleman, the past few years, with the annual re-qualification award.  Because killing the enemy is hard. And we put that in place, and now, and I love you for it, for what you did. Also, for us, infantrymen, we put together our advanced market training program. And we got that implemented, both down at our infantry level, infantry school, and for our infantry officer course. Another infantryman is the replacement. The most important thing we do, even though we're talking about rockets and missiles and all the different things, is a Marine with a rifle, what this place does. It's in charge of that for the Corps. There's a few things that we gotta pay attention to to make sure our Corps stays what it is. And that's recruiting, that's our boot camps, and OCS, we got OCS there, and a Marine with a rifle. Don't ever forget those three or four things. And that last one, I would argue, probably is the most important. Mark is going over to be the officer for General Sullivan. Extremely important job. 17 Colonel commands, or O6 commands. 15 Colonel's and Super Navy Captain's commands. The largest command in Marine Corps. And the three of our outfits is extremely important. There was about six different generals that were trying to get you. And I'm tougher than all of them. That's why you're coming from where you come from. You continue to do what you've got, so thank you. Greg and Nicky, welcome. I was on your board. I had your package. I made sure, or else that guy right there, General Finas, would have kicked my butt if he did. Get command. You deserve it. I've been watching you for a long, long time. You don't deserve no command. Yep. You're a lot of bad guys. So, congratulations. I couldn't be happier, particularly, with these Marines standing here behind you. You're the right Marine to take this. And thank you. Thank you so much. All right. It's hot out here with the Marines standing behind you. We're in the shape. So, great day. And I'll get off the stage and let Mark get up here and say a few words. Thank you. There's no way I can do this. Thanks again to General Alford, General Sullivan, General Finas, General Donovan. Thank you very much for coming out. Showed your support to the program in Weapons Training Battalion overall. So, thrilled to have you out here. And then also, a lot of fellow Colonel Commanders, just the time to come out here as well. So, all my comrades in the training command, thank you. I know this is the busy season for everything. We've got Colonel Brooks out here, great supporter of Weapons Training Battalion from the base as well. And then we've got guys came down from 8th and I, up from 2nd Marines. I don't know who has a rougher commute on there, but definitely appreciate what you've done. And then some of these 8th Commanders outside of Weapons Training Command, we've got Kelly Breschauer here, a great neighbor here, up up at McKenna. I'd also like to welcome up from Training Command, Mr. Connor and Tim, you didn't sit in your spot there, but Mr. Hale, you got a good spot. Thanks, thanks for representing the three. And I'm looking forward to take a part in that in the near future. I was going to just recap a bit of the two years, General really did that, like he said, it's hot and we got the Marines out here. Plus, I'm no longer a CEO, so I'm very conscious that nobody cares. So I'm gonna take care of it. So, you know, with the Marchmanship, we were really able to do that. Big thing is that was my, really my predisposition. And all that, all those packs were set up really at the two, three yard line, ready to rush it in. So you're taking over a high functioning unit with programs in place. All we did was really do our tremendous gunners that we have here. Costin and Clinton, we really just unlocked and unleashed those guys. And I think you, you know, great testament to what they've done after we get our first year review with active forces. There were no proposed changes there. That says a lot about a good team as far as their preparation and how they had it set up and how they've rolled it out. So, it's great to be a part of that. And then also when I got here, right after forces 9.23 rolled out and expeditionary advanced based operations. And then that proved to us that we can't stand still and be satisfied with where we were. So with the originally aligned demands of that company, the information strategy of that Fort Mead and then down at Fort Lee or logistic schools, those teams just realized that we've got to change the way we mantrain and equip for logistics to be able to do that in a distributed environment. And then for the CompStat folks, realized that we need to do better to be able to compete in the battle in the area. And I think at least on par with the market ship is it the Fort Mead 9.23 changes that you all made as originally aligned commands. So a great work, it was great being a part of that. Really, that's what the Marine Corps needs. And the Commandant said time and time again, he doesn't want to move out and he doesn't want to tell you what to do. That being said, those great accomplishments, just some people I'd like to thank for that hard nap. Obviously, the Marine sailors and civilians, I've talked to you before, did a great job but we asked a lot out of you and we got a lot out of you. So I know you'll continue that, but from me, thank you very much as far as that goes. And then try to get around the sky and put some friends out here. We've got Kristy, Joe Lindy. We were out here meeting to the basic school, literally Kristy. And I don't like saying it, but she mopped the floor with me on that one. They're good. So very much appreciate the friendship. Thank you. The white love front, so Jen, you've come his first time here. Thank you for what you do. And then you've got a strong will which works for me most of the time. But it's kind of like the analogy of the bug in the windshield. Sometimes it's good. Sometimes I got to go to my sergeant major for some relationship counseling. But thank you for everything you do. And I'd like to thank our students as well. So we've got a great student, Conrad, here that really punches above their weight and adds the continuity of the team. So for Mr. Elmer's books with the academic section, does a great job. Rogers, you keep charging.   Great work on that and keep that up, folks. Much appreciated. And then the PWSC, we've got the sergeant monitor over here just fantastic, a fantastic utilization of civilians that are former Marines with terrific skill sets that continue to give those out to this state of these individuals. And then we've got within our opposite section as well. I've got Bob back here. I don't know if he's around right now but basically he's a, there you are, Bob.  So appreciate how that team adds to us. And then finally, I want to thank the small leadership team. Obviously I've talked to all three of you who want to thank the small leadership team that we have as far as the XOs. So I was very fortunate here to have two great XOs, good XOs allow you to be a commanding officer. And so we had Matt Bronson here initially for the first year. Him and I, I was regimental ops though. He was Italian ops though. Great work relationship. And like Chris now, he's just a great, we got there sweating right now. Chris Rogers getting most of it. But both of those individuals really did a great job of keeping the staff on track, getting the most out of people. But they did an environment that wasn't painful or it wasn't a drag. So definitely in charge, making things happen but very, very pleasant as well. And the last person I want to thank part of that team is Sergeant Major Gordon. So I got here about two months prior to him. So I got two degrees for his awareness of what's going on, being the good leader that I am. Take him in, sit down. We talk about the billet description. Yeah, this is what I think you need to do. I don't want a yes man, your perspective should be different than mine. If we're thinking the same, the Marine Corps is wasting some pay and somebody needs to get out of the way. So that's where we started off. Now we're best friends and we greet on everything. So that's a way to go leadership wise this and I guess. But we really appreciate what you've added to the team. And then as far as agreeing on everything, one thing I'll end with was, coming to the end of my tenure here, I got a great idea about three weeks ago for some leadership changes. So I've got to take people moving around that way, utilize their skill sets, but keep them engaged. Supporting establishment. I want to move people around, keep them engaged. So I came out with a fantastic idea for that. What I thought, we pulled the two of them together. It was like, hey, this is what I want to do. This is why this person should move here. This person should move here. Do that, we'll do it. And before the changes come in, that'll keep everything working. So I gave him that night. I'm like, don't agree, it's such a good idea. Don't agree with me now. Come back tomorrow, we'll talk about it zero nine. So I thought about it. I opposed to this, it was a great idea. Went for a long run down to TBS around FBI. And I'm thinking, yep, I'm attacking my plan. And I'm like, this is good. These guys need to change. That's good. And then I start falling in love with it as well. Being like, these guys were lucky to have me. We should burn out at the end of it.  I just got to put a lid on their enthusiasm when I asked them what they think. Zero nine comes down, I'm like, okay, fellas, what do you think? Both of them slap a belt on a feed tray. Feed tray cover comes down. Shredded my plan as well. We didn't agree on everything, sorry mate. We can put that down. XO, good idea. I still think it's a good idea to keep it on the shelf for this time. So that's it. Again, people are literally scraping my name off the sides here now, so I'm gonna change over. But Greg, we're, you know, like I said, I think we built stuff up to a good level. Not perfect from what you saw. And you'll just continue to move the ball down the field but really thrilled to have you here. And then looking forward to at the G3, being able to continue to work it in and champion your success. I wish you all the best. Hey everybody, thanks for coming again. I know my job is a new guy. It's gonna be great to be on, but I do have to say thanks to some people. Obviously, you know, with new private QC, right away from recruit training, new admissions, kind of the OCS, or a colonel that's been in command for, I think about 15 minutes. You didn't get here by yourself. So it's time to thank you for some clothes. I'm gonna break precedence a little bit and thank my wife and family. And then Mark first, and I'm only doing that out of self-preservation because I haven't forgotten to do that before. I forgot to thank Dave Wallace when we changed over at ITV and then all of a sudden he's in charge of me from a little house. I'm from Maryland and you know, I have to get things right. So first off, Nicky, love you about 25 years. You keep the Jones boys running. The two, my two older ones, the channel 12 we were talking about this last night, they're not here. My oldest son just graduated from college taking a job at a different uniform. Police officer, St. Lawrence, Maryland. We're proud of him and that the two brothers are moving him tomorrow. So we got the little one here. The Jones boys running that one. It was like six, eight, the new four that we were running was pretty tough. So I put a lot of drugs to each other. Two bottle rockets to each other now.  Thank you very much. I'm a street in there. I'm a mom and dad. Thanks for being here. My dad realized last night that like this is where it started for me as an officer. So he certainly decided to be back. I'm going to mark the day before not to say as much as I'm going to work. I just want to highlight, we've talked about, John, we're talking about this, I think the best credit given really to AMTP and to the comments of our peer. When I found out that I was coming up here, CO Secondary's, Steve Asudis here, his gunner, CO6 when he was getting his gunner. Dave Emels here, talked to Dave a lot, gave him a lot of access and he was one side facing the other. To see this and to come up here with his gunner who is my gunner, that could be a great move up there. He's doing what more of a team did and he can figure out how to do more. So that's really, I think you said it Mark, that's my job. And General Alford mentioned that's my job to figure out how to do more. So thanks. General Alford, sir, again, got a better image than you first time. Two thousand years ago, we actually combined these two stories. He did teach me how to open an up armor Humvee. I didn't see one before. Talk about that later. Thank you for the issue that I got here. I understand your intent and there will be no change. And I'm going to give myself a general consultant, obviously I'll make it to the main street. So see you again. Yeah, we're going to take it for the main street. Joe Salmon, sir. Obviously I was not consulted and it was going to take over for General Alford. But if I was asked, I would have said to you. No years ago, I didn't know if I'd work for you again. So I hope I did that. Hope I did okay. But back on the team, before I get down to General Alford, just awesome, awesome, second more difference for, I mean, this is past, previous, I was kidding, Joe, not the only thing I'm not going to thank the second more different team for bringing the community up here. I'm pretty brutal this morning for the brains, but just awesome, awesome support. General Burnett, sir, again, big deal. There's a general for this team of Italian that does have you up here. You and General Sullivan, we'll put you on the path to get here. Wouldn't have been General Almond's chief staff without you guys giving me a shot the heck worth the time. So thanks. Thanks a bunch for that. Thanks a lot. General Almond, sir. You've talked a lot. Lots of things. I'll call you anywhere. Just let me know. I'm going to check on my wife first. She says, yes, I'll be in there. Let me see. We have some people who just went on this. Anybody? I go through some, just great, great crew, Colonel, and the division of the ADC. He reminds me packing order. Generals, then him. So I got to make sure he follows in that order before the regimen operator for the team work. So just great group of mentors and peers, Mark Mitchell, a partner in crime. He's already researched his stuff. Me, vice versa. So we can continue this scheme. Stephen, do you mention before, I think it's really the regimen, really? I mean, that Marine went to train in the time, and all the programs Italian offered and the secondary really worked on and exploited. Thank you for continuing to do the other regimen. Thank you so much. Really all the second more dip team, we got a couple of generations of folks since our major personatic, Brett Taylor here. Thanks for the time today. Again, thanks. Thanks so much. Again, commanders, and the R&D, and the SCO, Rob, thank you so much. Thank you so much. I'm glad to be back. I know you're on the street in there. I forgot any questions. So thank you there. Again, Marine family, the Butler, the Hain, it's known you guys forever. Thanks for continuing to work. Folks probably heard my kids around with my wife and I. But again, thanks for having me. I do this and we certainly appreciate that. And then finally, a lot of Task Force Southwest folks here as well, Essay Waller, Jeff today, and the team you guys are showing up as well. And then, it's great to work with you again. Great job today. And look for the Marine for the time. Again, all the awards, through those that they probably got, he certainly deserves, but not done without you all. So I'm really looking forward to continuing doing the things that General Alford talked about. And you guys are frozen. Let's get that out of the way. We'll figure that out already. We'll continue to take it to the next level. Thanks. And finally, the recovery commanders, I'll get out there and figure out what that is. You guys gotta tell me what you need from me. But I appreciate it. Thank you. Ladies and gentlemen, please rise for the play of Anchors Wave Marine 10.


Do you sometimes have issues with focus, with motivation, maybe with reading? Maybe you cannot finish the simple tasks or something like that? Well, if this is the case, then you may be suffering from brain fog, but what exactly is brain fog and what's causing it? Well, let's find out. Hey friends, welcome back to my channel. My name is Greg and I'm an online entrepreneur creating content that will help you become more productive and mindful. If those topics interest you then subscribe below and join our amazing community. Today in this video, we're gonna talk about brain fog. Specifically, we're gonna look at the most common causes of brain fog. We'll look at what exactly is causing brain fog. And if you stay with me till the end of the video, I'm gonna share with you my top four hacks that will help you get rid of brain fog forever. So what exactly is brain fog? So first of all, keep in mind that brain fog is not a diagnosis, but it's basically a term that describes multiple different symptoms. The most common symptoms are lack of focus, bad short-term memory, lack of motivation, and stuff like difficult reading, really hard time when you have to focus in on the simple tasks and stuff like this. But at the same time, you may suffer from stomach pain, bloating, pardoning.  There's a thing called gut-brain access.  And it's not the other way around.  Now let's look at the four most common causes of brain fog. First of all, there is oxidative stress. And this is basically an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in your body. Now, what exactly is causing oxidative stress? Well, first of all, bad food. We're gonna talk about food soon, but keep in mind that bad food can cause this imbalance. The second one is if you smoke, for example, cigarette smoke is pretty bad for you. Then pretty poor air quality. If you live in a city, this is pretty bad. And what's really important to know is that the air quality inside an apartment in a city is usually more than outside. We don't even realize that, but that's how it is. And if you eat pretty common food that you buy, especially fruits and vegetables that you buy from the supermarkets, for example, they usually have lots of pesticides and that kind of stuff. And this also causes oxidative stress. Now the next thing is anti-brain food. Now, why do I call something anti-brain food? Well, because it causes inflammation in your brain. And the result of that is really poor cognitive abilities. And what kind of food is that? Well, first of all, all foods high in refined sugar. Obviously, this is your number one brain killer, basically. Then we have all foods that is high in vegetable oils. Then, of course, all processed foods, especially processed meats are really bad, but also all other processed foods, because they are high in trans fat. So all cookies, pizzas, margarine and that kind of stuff. You should definitely throw this away if you don't want to have brain fog. Then there are refined carbohydrates such as white flour or maybe even white rice. They're really not good for your brain. And last but not least, there is alcohol as well. By the way, guys, if you like this video, please press the like button below and subscribe to this channel. The next thing that can cause brain fog is chronic inflammation or even some kind of medical conditions. Now, the reason for those is that if you have a medical condition, you may be taking some medications and they can directly cause brain fog. If that's the case, you should talk to your doctor, see what can be done, especially how to get rid. You need to kind of address the cause of the medical condition that you have and try to get rid of it. If you have some kind of chronic inflammation, if you have maybe a Candida, issues with Candida, this is a yeast in your body. We all have disease, but in some cases it overgrows and then causes lots of issues. And one of them is obviously brain fog. Then I would personally suggest seeing a doctor of functional medicine, because those people can really help you look at the problem holistically and then try to help you get rid of it. And once you get rid of it, well, symptoms like brain fog will also disappear. And last but not least, there's a problem of lack of sleep or just poor quality sleep.  And if you have a really active lifestyle, then well, you need to kind of rethink it again. That's my suggestion. But if, for example, you have a poor quality of sleep, there's a lot that can be done. And that's a good thing about it, because you can quite easily improve your quality of sleep. And as a result, you have more energy in the morning, your brain will work better, your cognitive performance will be better. And yeah, you probably won't have so often the so-called brain fog. Now, here are my top four hacks that will help you get rid of brain fog. Now, first of all, we talked about the quality of your sleep. Now, in my opinion, the best thing you can do to track your sleep is using a thing called Aura Ring. This is a sleep tracker. You can see my review up here somewhere. You don't have to use it. If it's too expensive for you, you can buy or just download the free app that tracks your sleep cycles on your smartphone. But this is super accurate based on my experience. And why I recommend using such a ring or another gadget that could track your sleep is because you can very quickly identify what is causing poor quality sleep. And then you can tweak it. You can change a couple of things. You can go to bed earlier. You can change your food. You can optimize your sleep conditions or your room conditions in which you sleep. And what happens is that you can track out the results. You can see if your quality of your sleep improved or not. And this is super crucial because then you know what's working for you and what doesn't work. Now, the next thing you can do is you can start intermittent fasting. The easiest way to do it is that you skip breakfast the next day or the next couple of days.  And then I would reconsider what kind of food I eat and see how much of those foods that I eat are processed foods, high in sugar, high in trans fats and that kind of stuff. And if intermittent fasting doesn't work for you, then well, probably it's not the food that's causing brain fog. The next thing I would do is if you live in a city, I would invest in an air purifier. Now, you can find some links below in the description, but you can buy, well, you can Google it and find a really high quality air purifier. And that's good because air purifiers can dramatically clean your air in which you live. And especially if you live in a city, as I said, the air inside of your room is usually much more dirty than the air outside. So in a city, which doesn't make much sense, but that's how it is. And if you invest in an air purifier, then, well, you'll get rid of this and there's one more thing you can do to get rid of brain fog. And last but not least, if you have a candidate, as I said before, or some kind of other inflammation, some kind of chronic inflammation, personally, I would see a doctor of functional medicine or some kind of like a holistic doctor that has this holistic approach. Because those are the people that have the right approach, in my opinion, on to solve those kind of chronic inflammation and chronic pain. And yeah, that's what I would do. Well, there's one more thing you can do. So I would definitely suggest you start meditating. Now, the thing with meditation is that, well, meditation can do a lot of things for you, but two important ones are, first of all, you get more relaxed. So your stress decreases. And secondly, meditation can dramatically influence your quality of your sleep. Now, if you have some experience with meditation, that's good for you. And if not, check out my video up here, in which you'll see what happened after only 30 days of meditating. I tried it out, I tried it out for 30 days, and it was quite amazing. So check it out. All right, guys, that's it for this video. Thank you for watching. If you have any more questions, don't hesitate to contact me. Don't forget to follow your inception on Facebook and Instagram. And I hope to see you soon again. Take care.


What's good y'all? I Do not have a catchphrase, but it is all good. I'm excited to be here been a while. I've been living life Trying to get it man. Take care of my mental health Fun fact been losing weight 430 last year. I'm down to 384. I know it don't look like it Sexual chocolate in the building anyways, though I'm really excited to be here with my home boy my homey ice man We'll be watching today. So today. This is what we got. So what we're gonna do is BTS might drop Steve Aoki's remix and official music video years ago. Yeah Yeah, yeah, you got a nice place in Vegas, too. Oh, wow So listen check this out. So we're gonna knock this out for y'all Let me know if y'all enjoyed this we trying to get our more music videos plain and simple So we just gonna go from there and get started and leave your comments and let me know why did you like this video? All right, so let's get started in three two one Which know what's funny I'm about to tell you my topic now Everybody uses that that video area. Yeah, like they did Batman in that and I'm ready about that DC life Yeah Now y'all know I know y'all know I know this choreography So I'm really gonna see what they do with the shots Yeah Okay, okay, okay, so one I love I like yeah, so I don't I don't do music videos But they use this type of setup more a lot It's it's really a good way to minimize your space. I guess it's it's and it's beautiful You have all of that like just shining down on your subject But I just love like how they start off and you know, it's this is these man It's okay. So, you know, you know what it is, but I love the close-up here I just I love all of that man. I'm sure him and his sister look just oh, yeah They definitely do but I love shout out to the fog machine that they used here You can see the two nights right in the corner right there And then I was wondering what they were gonna do with this now. It's called my drop So I'm sure it's about the is gonna be some cold stuff. Yeah, um, there was some symbolism of like They was in a room like they was being questioned and then it was Mike's and then it was a whole bunch of people in there Just bobbing in here. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah, so they own you think they own trial or something, but I like Like, you know the transition though and seamless transition Well, you use the keyboard Push in wow Yeah Okay, I like that and they disappeared and they go home. All right. Oh, yeah. Okay. They protest But it looked like they had more in in the edits of fall. Yeah, you can tell it looks like Yeah Okay, so check this this transition is dope right there Look, it goes and I know what you know the color the color balance on there is a little bit more warm on this one Mm-hmm. Looks like they are in Was this a prison? To me like a prison Yeah, that's what I just wanted to see that I love that pop in. Yeah Yo, so you know why I always tell you all the time I like why it's so important to have your choreography together because when you have the camera crew recording That also plays an effect on the edits of the light in my opinion not speaking no facts of the transitions Yeah, because I'm a dancer and I really love that dance life that I do So when I since I know the choreography already, so when they doing the transitions what I'm paying attention to now Is that the camera get it? I'm not gonna lie to y'all I have seen a lot of film work where the camera crew was not connected to the choreography You gotta be connected and it's important for dancers with a choreography to be downpack Yeah, which is why y'all practice so much because just like y'all are blocking. Yeah as camera crews We have our own choreography as far as like how we're moving the camera So there's a certain way that you have to move to make the elements right pop or to make to really emphasize some of the Movements that y'all are doing so we're blocking our movements a lot of time We might have a steady cam but we're blocking how we're moving if we're gonna be tilting down Yeah, we're gonna be panning if we're gonna be pushing in or we're gonna be on a dolly Everything has to be very in sync It has to well on our end We have to we make sure we hire the best of the best of the camera operators But for the editor, right?  Seriously, you know, okay, what moving are they doing here? Okay, so when they do this We gonna be doing this and a lot of times we storyboarding too. So we're getting with the creative director Yeah of the music video. Yeah, and they're like, okay, so when he does that. Yeah, I need you to Because you notice I muted it for y'all cuz what he's breaking down. He's talking about these parts Yeah, so what he's saying is like how this is so important Y'all know we do that mute part where we just now we just watching it But just pay attention to like Choreography and don't worry. Oh, we're gonna go back with the music But just notice how clean the choreography is and the camera know Yeah, so you see Boom, right. Yeah, okay, and then he's about to yep now look at that. But you notice you see Hold on you see that like and on and it has to be so on point when we do the text that you So when he did it on that take when he did his hand like that on the next take He basically did the same exact movement. So there you go cut There you go be very seamless that transition could be very seamless. Mm-hmm. I love it. Yeah, I love it Let's run it. Let's run it back. Yeah, so let's go back y'all now. Let's just watch it with sound Just so y'all can understand how it makes sense because this is y'all love this band And it's like for us coming in we're we're telling y'all from our perspective like what we are what we know We work hard to do so let's get it So now watch it check it out No, it's the choreography knows the transitions and that's choreography on counting. Oh my gosh Oh my gosh, we're moving and everyone else. Yeah emotion behind them. Y'all see it This is what I mean. Everything got to be on we know this choreography y'all so we know with this space Oh, you see you see in the back Yeah, I like that. It's like It's like the last what's what's that guy the lack of some office is kept. Oh, yeah I'm in the behind them. I love yeah galactus. Yeah Look at that Hey, the camera crew really get in the choreography seriously mmm That transition is still tight It's still tight. So here's one thing. I really like I really like so one thing that I've been noticing At least in this in this is from other people that I've looked at I'm still a growing Really awkward One of the things I've noticed with dance is that there are certain levels that you want to have the camera In order to emphasize certain things. So a lot of times in group shots You either want to have it up But if we're trying to emphasize and show that the whoever we're showing has power You know saying you want to do more of a lower angle.  Yeah, and then I'm a That might that is more than likely a cut that they did in the post. Yeah Where it just jumps in but it's all it's all synchronized From the choreography Mm-hmm from the way it's shot and from the way that is edited the different cuts a lot of times They're cut on different parts of the beat There is a there is a pacing that goes with it. So I'm sure in dancing. There are certain So if you if it's a if you're trying to really emphasize movements, you might slow it down a little bit But if you're trying to go fast, you know, I don't know you still got to be controlled Same thing when it comes to putting together a music video at least from my experience The pacing all of that plays together. So Just making a cut slightly off beat will throw it all off You may not be able to understand why it is so shout out to the the production crew on this Because you know that me someone who's not a dancer This looks freaking amazing and it's all because their own point with their moves I'm sure that they had to be in something shape to be able to do multiple takes in these different locations Yeah, and the camera people in the camera department of the director all that the DP had to also be on point So I just wanted to take some time. Yeah, shout out to that. Ain't got to stay looking cute as you did. Yeah Unless it's that sweaty. Oh, yeah, you first brother. Yeah, they so used to be talking about a video going See how I was yeah, I open hours level now was no Yeah, everyone watch to the dance practice and we was talking about how the artist is starting to like when the artist Get the rapping or get the singing It's like you understand it like we're the focal point like that. So that that looks like they're that looks like The equipment room of a lot of camera department, I won't be surprised if it really is So I'm interested in the seed but you a but I'm gonna tell y'all this this is not an easy shot They have that. Yeah, watch this. So let's meet this real quick Watch this part when he goes into that room when he's being questioned notice the back notice the back right Look at his reflection. I did some research about how to actually do this shot. Yeah, notice how he came in That's that's not an easy shot to do in edit. That's that's not easy. That's that's I'm assuming they probably masked it, right? Yep. Yeah, they had to not 100% sure but If they didn't mask it or put some type of effect on it, you would see The camera person you would see the camera man. Yeah, because it looks so simple. Y'all look how simple it looks It's like oh, he's just right there, but look again. Like look at that. Oh, you saw that Back in there he jumps in the frame. Yep blocking Now he's coming in the frame. Yep. Same move. I love how they shooting this Now he's in the frame. That's a great. This is a crazy crazy Video if you really appreciate them pay attention to how the camera man and the crew is all together with the whole song You have a video Yeah, you like it. I like it. Yep. Yeah, Steve but look turn up Boom, I'm just like the transition. Yeah, the flicker. Yeah to that. Yeah And check the back look at look up there in the back shots like That's called design is probably one of the most number one things That's why I'm still learning set design you you get you a cold person who a creative director who really knows They stuff with the set design the background of your videos play equally if not more important a Part of a big component a big piece of a very dope-looking video There there are people who I mean, that's a big part of the budget But if you have a very boring background, yeah, they could mean the dancing speaks for itself Yeah, but if you have a very boring Background or the background doesn't really lend itself to the theme of the music video You know, it's just discombobulated. So shout out and so I'm curious to know How much is practical effects and how much is you know digital because that's a big that's a big piece too. So But yeah, but you see you notice though. It's more It's far apart, but it's a little bit lower. Yes, not. Yeah, it's a little bit lower So it's so you're really so you really see Most dance videos are kind of shot at a lower angle It is because because of the fact even though regardless of the height of the artist even the choreographers like it's still It's something about that shot that works because if you go back to Usher let it burn when he was in when he was at the end and he started dancing the camera was like like it was down and you see all the flames like let it burn and Actually to be honest with y'all What I know about this video that I noticed there were a lot of inspirations coming from Is you showed there's Kendra Lamar inspiration of Not DNA humble humble the way this is some inspirations of these shots You know I'm saying like the shots are similar not inspiration But more similarities of these shots because you won't be surprised the part of the directors and the team of this I won't be surprised if they have played a part in the Kendra Lamar You don't know yeah That's the beauty of this art form when it comes to filming because you can see inspiration through all music and all Sound of how people are filming stuff because look at that shot when I was watching this I'm like dark night. Mommy and Batman easily boom now. Mine's me and Kendra Lamar's videos and That whole capture and then I think BTS did something like this outside in a part when he was on a bridge You just notice all those shots So when they and you know BTS can dance they asked off and look how they got those shot perfectly like the car There is Another thing I don't want to take too much of y'all time But when it comes to the set design and the way things are displayed on the screen There is symmetry. So you got an video. They call leading lines. So there you go. I don't want to have So I wish we could do a graphic like we don't matter. I wish I doubt but you see so we got a Car these cars in the foreground is blurry You got this car here. It's also in the foreground and then you got so it's one two three I didn't want to and then you got two there. So it's it's and then you got a light pole and a light pole. So it's So I say it's all part of the set design. I didn't it made I'm just I'm not just talking here. It like I said that That was a conscious decision But when I'm talking about leading lines or you're I how I interpreted as you're leading the viewer To to focus on what's in the middle of the screen, but you still want to have The video you still want to have the set design or the background of the video made it so to it So I don't know. That's just something I noticed in the course. You know, you got the fire So it's just it's just a blazing visual pun intended for sure But yeah, and and actually every shot in this video has some symmetry to it Like I said the background the set design of Every shot has to it plays a part. Mm-hmm. It's not just random It is all meant to lend itself to the video. And so it's yeah, that's it We all go back and watch it every shot has that so That's just something that I kind of picked up on Noted Mmm That's my part even in a dance practice. That was my part That was the only part that wasn't a fan up in the choreography. Not even a lot of y'all not by the cat Yeah, I think that's why this shot tight Yeah And a lot of music videos use this concept with this type of shot. I can't remember who last person they use this Yeah So like I said, you got it's something going. It's it's not just a boring background. It's not, you know, so you got Bus back there. Yeah, you got I see what you mean though the balance. Yeah And now you know how to get to the climax just how they do the choreography There is the pace of speed. Yeah, it's going like that. Get that heart rate up Mike Mike drop Yep, that's all you need even then leading lines, right? Yeah, you got Yeah, I can see it Mike's here. I got the thing on the wall there. You got the two is symmetry You got two like two LED lights on that left side on the right side. Yeah, you got that thing coming I can't describe it But you know if we had to create storyboards like when we was in high school I remember drawing we had to make the box and take the lines and create that balance. Yeah, that's why storyboards It's so important. Even him look look. Yeah, you're right Pillars right behind them. So you look at yeah, so look the way that they shot that. Oh my god him being this is this is This is a beautiful shot to end it on um, and I think like I say it is a beautiful shot because I mean Steve Ioki he's a DJ right producer producer DJ. Yeah, okay throw cake in your face This is a good way. I feel to still show him love Because you know he DJ I think I think how a lot of times it's work if it's his remix That means he put his little spin on it put some flair on it, but yeah, you've got the panel lights above him You got him right in the middle. So he's the focus, but like I said leading lines each of these panels got Leading lines is symmetrical. You got one two three four five six seven eight 12 so it's in six and then you got the two pillars right there. Oh wow Oh, it's all that's not a that's none of none of these things are in music videos are ever coincidence I'm sure that's a given But there's a like shout out to the the teams behind these music videos because there's a lot of then That's why they get paid to big bucks. There's a lot of thought There's a lot of there's a lot of thought that goes into what these videos are gonna be even if it's just a Video of people dancing. Yeah All that acid of visuals y'all. Damn. I'm gonna be your slave. This is a no. You're a good video No, use it. Use a cinematographer bro.  I love it man. Hey I appreciate y'all having me in today. I'm not on a lot of videos, but um, yeah y'all I'll make y'all do this because We freestyle these videos. We never like Tried to affect the pump like we want to do real review and reaction. So I didn't I didn't get him ready for this I honestly didn't like I wasn't ready either. I just we just turned it on. We like yo might drop in this Steve Yeah, so I'm a person who loves feedback. So any feedback that you have for me Any feedback that you have for what I was talking about or what I shared on this reaction video? Please put that in the comments And if you'd love for him to react to more music videos that y'all think was great of the information because I learned something and we worked together. So I just learned something that I have to pay attention to for our projects That I was like, oh my god, I didn't even think about that. Yeah, this is this is where I'm at in my personal journey I am learning more. I'm taking more time to learn about these elements So I've been taking a lot of time just to research this because I have been overlooking it and now I see I realized What one thing I really love about these videos is everything that came into it. They had different locations Um, but the choreography was tight. So that way when they was able to make them edits It was all seamless from the from the color scheme from the background from the effects Whether it was practical or digital It was solid, man BTS always has some them. They always have good videos. I mean, they always have great videos. So Yeah, thank y'all, you know what I'm saying and listen, uh other than that y'all, uh Announcements that from assume, but right now we just want to keep dropping these videos Like right now, honestly, we just want to keep dropping these videos for y'all summer coming out And I want y'all to have good content in the summer. So we just gonna keep it pumping But in that y'all we'll see y'all again soon. Take care Peace and we'll get y'all a long video Very like y'all like y'all