All right, we have another two pound bag of signed jewelry. Let's get it bumped out. This will probably be two videos worth. I'm trying to keep the videos at 20 minutes. We'll see. Hey, Bula Buddies, thanks for watching. Let's get started. How it goes. I'm gonna get this stuff over to the side. It might not be too bad because some of them are in big boxes. So it looks like some really cool stuff here. And just do like right here, trying to adjust this a little and turn the light on. And we're going to get started. Let's start with this Betsy Johnson piece. How pretty is that? And that one. I don't know, it doesn't have a tag. I'm going to have to look that up. But it looks like earrings and a necklace. That's cute. That's a nice start. So this is from my lucky brand. I bought it on eBay to sell on eBay and I paid less than $200 for 344 pounds of jewelry. And if you want to hear about that, how I did that, you can go check out the video where I pick it up and where I weigh it. This is cute. It's some sort of interchangeable necklace. You can put like different butterflies on it. So that's kind of cool. This, it's a little red box. Let's see what's inside. And I am just looking at this for the first time. It says genuine crystal, but it also says that it retails for $18.99. The brand is Roman. Ow, just pinched my finger. So all of these items are in a bag and it said signed. So a lot of them are still costume, but they have like a brand on the tag. This one says, I can't read it. Where's my loop? It says VCLM, whatever that is. This is kind of cool. Looks like a cameo pendant. It doesn't feel expensive or anything, but it's cute. And it is marked. Let me see. It's marked, I can't read it. Yazzy, maybe? Yazzy. Can you guys see that? I'm not sure what that one is. Let's see what's inside here. This is marked Sarah. So I'm guessing it's Sarah Coventry. Not really sure, but it's cute. This. So you guys, all of these items will eventually be in my store, either eBay, Poshmark, or Mercari or all three. So you guys can check out the links down below. If you have any tips, this just says 1928. It's just a costume piece. Have any tips or tricks or anything like that that I may not know about. I'm learning about jewelry, but the signed pieces should be pretty easy to list here. So this is just a Chico's. So I hope to list most of these items just because, again, there is Alfani. There's an Alfani necklace. I'm hoping to get through this entire bag in one video, so I am gonna move fast, fast, fast. This one is marked Chico's. Chico's likes to do the fringe thing at the end, the tassel-like thing. So it's just a costume necklace there, what does that say? Cookie Lee. It's a Cookie Lee necklace. Can I see that? Ah! Trying to show it to ya. Cookie Lee says icing, so it's just a little necklace. And signed just means that it has a brand on it. It doesn't necessarily mean it's gonna be something super spectacular, but we might find something cool in here. This one is marked Avon. So Avon. I don't know how Avon sells. I'm guessing probably not very good. This one is, it feels very cheap.  Maybe I'll put some stuff in my closet really cheap just to bring buyers in. I don't know. Maybe I'll bundle some of it up. This has been in a republic. I did figure out what the B in the R is. This is kinda cute. Plastic, nothing fancy. That is an empty bag, folks. All right, this looks kinda cool. Pretty cool. And this one is marked White House Black Market. So that's a nice piece. I'll definitely list that. This one is on the tag, or it has on the, it's on the, oh what do you call it? It's still got the tag. And it says Charming Charlie. It's a cute piece. Definitely can list that. And the tag on the back says $15. So this one is cute. Very cute. It's kind of like a pearl choker type deal. And I'm not sure I don't see any markings on. Oh, there it is. Let me look inside here. Oh, maybe not. I don't see any markings on it, but it's definitely cute. This one, whoa, is large. I'll reuse all these bags after I list the items. Counterproductive, it seems. Let's see, that's that weird symbol that I have no clue what it is. I need to figure that out. The necklace, this is what it, I don't know if you guys can see it. Keep trying to show you guys this. Somebody's gonna know what that is. Because I have found a bunch of it.  Again, my store links are down in the description if you guys wanna check out what I have listed. This one is an icing. And once I get these like on a necklace form, I guess you could call it, they'll show up a lot better than how I'm showing it here. They'll look a lot nicer. I can't see what that says. Let me take a look. It says, hmm, I can't read it. It's not in great condition. I don't know what, it's like blue on one side. I don't know, I don't know what that is. This one is a tangled mess. It says, Chico's, I'll have to untangle it. It's just costume plastic beaded necklace. This is pretty, it's a little butterfly. People like butterflies. It says, guess, that's a guess necklace. That's cute. I definitely list that one. Oh, this one looks fun. This looks fun. Look at that. It's kind of chunky statement piece there. I like that. And that one is Banana Republic. I think, I think that one's Banana Republic. That one should do well. It's a nice statement piece. There's this. Looks like it's sort of like a bib style where it kinda bids out in the front. Kind of cool. And that one is New York brand. This one's another guess and it's new with tags. It's got a $28 tag on it. It's got the toggle style heart necklace. This is pretty but very lightweight. So definitely nothing high end here. And it's got, it does say J Crew but it just doesn't feel like the normal J Crew stuff. Like J Crew is normally really heavy but that does not feel heavy. I actually looked at it and thought, oh, that looks like a J Crew but then I felt it and I'm like, it doesn't feel like a J Crew. Do they fake J Crews? This is kind of cool. That's interesting. And this is a, I have no idea what this symbol is. I don't know, do you guys know what that is? Definitely an interesting necklace. This is a chain. It's on a chain. I probably should put some of these back in the bags but knowing me I won't. This is a little feather. And it says, it's marked M-D-E or M-D-B. I don't know but it's cute. I think somebody will like that. This little feather necklace. You guys see that? Cute. This is kind of crazy. I'm not sure what is happening here with this. Bling, bling, bling is odd. I don't even know how that works. That is a Chico's. I was gonna say it looks like a Chico's. It's that one weird brand with the crown but again, it just feels cheap. This is kind of pretty. Kind of goes down into like a, I wish it was real but it's an icing. So definitely just cheap, costume, jewelry. This one is marked Leah Sophia. It's got the little ball charm. This is a strawberry. How fun is that? Wonder if that's like Betsy Johnson or something. Let's see. Let's see what the tag says here. Oh, it's just Avon. Ha, it's Avon. Looks like something Betsy Johnson would do with the big bling. So I just know how she does that. This is kind of fun. I'm not sure what this is but it's got the Disney characters on it. So this is a Disney bracelet. I'm not sure. Is that the nightmare before? I don't know. I don't know what that is but I think it'll do well because it's Disney. This is just a chain and I don't know why it's in here because it doesn't seem to be marked. It's magnetic so it's nothing special. This one feels nice and heavy. This is a nice piece. Guessing it's Chico's. Yeah, so that's pretty. That's in really good condition. Definitely list that. I like it when things are like heavy and feel expensive. This looks like a J crew. I don't know yet but it's really neat, very pretty. Again, I'm really pretty sure. It is a, where's my loop? I lost my loop. Shucks. Where did it go? How on earth did I lose it? I just had it. Seriously? Oh my goodness. I can't find it. You guys, seriously? Like how do I lose my loop? INC I think is what it says. So it's not J crew. It's INC. I don't believe I lost my loop. I mean, I'm sitting right here. How far could, oh, this is cool. Check that out. That is neat. This looks vintage. I wonder if that's silver. I definitely wish I had my loop right now. I need to look into this one. This is a really neat piece. I really like this. I'm gonna hold that to the side and definitely take a closer look. Did I sit it? That is so weird. How do you lose your loop? My gosh. Seriously, where is it? Okay. This is a, this'll do well just because it's a four leaf clover. It's probably like Claire's or something like that. Wish I could tell you. It's got an A on it. Like I'm sitting right here. How do you lose your loop? This is a chunky statement piece. If I haven't ever seen one, check that out. And I can read this. It says, Chico's. That should do well. That's a cool piece. Right. This one is New York. It's kind of neat. I mean, it's just costume. Kind of cool. Should do well. This is a bracelet. Trying to figure out what that says. Got that right there. Just like a little, I don't know. It might be, okay. I'll look at it once I find my loop. Seriously, like, wow. I'm really like in awe that I could lose my loop while I'm sitting here. This is kind of fun. Look at them balls. They're huge. And this is just marked C. But definitely a statement piece. This is a little, oh, it's marked two. I can't read it. I'm so frustrated right now. I guess I could stop the camera and see if I can find it. I wanna see what that says because it's marked on the band too. But it's kind of cute. It's kind of like a mermaid tail. This is pretty. This one is marked Chico's. Another Chico's. This one is marked Chico's. You guys see it? It's just a long necklace. Definitely costume. This looks like it's got a shell on the end. Very pretty. Some beads marked with a VJ. VJ. This is kind of cool what this is. It's marked Chico's. Chico's. So much Chico's. Let's see what this is. This is just a circle. It's got some tarnish. It says, I think it's crown trifari. Is that what that is? I have to look into that one. But it is tarnished pretty bad. This butterfly. Ooh, that's kind of fun. It's marked R.  It's another little costume piece. It says nine West, I think. So yeah, it slides. It's cute. I should sell this one's kind of cute. It's got the earrings to match. It is, I'm not sure what this is. Something, I'll have to look into that. I think it's just costume. It's got the earrings, so that's always a plus. I think I'd see another good piece coming up. I don't know what this is. Yeah, got Claire's. So that's just a cheapy. This looks like it might be decent. I don't know why I feel like it might be J.Crew. It is. I'm pretty sure that's J.Crew. Yep, J.Crew, like I said, has a distinct look. That one should do well. And we've got about five more pieces here. Thank you guys so much for being here. Again, go check out my store, see what I have listed. That says family, but it's kind of faded. But kind of a neat piece. Whoa, this is some bling bling. This one is marked, I don't know what that says. E-T-C, it's just major costume.  Somebody might like it just because it's like costume Halloween or something. This is kind of cute. It's Mark Chico's, Chico's. And we've got this little piece right here. This looks like a bracelet. It's definitely costume, and I can't read it. Icing, Icing. I'm guessing icing is kind of like Claire's. Not 100% sure, it just kind of seems like that type of quality. And this last piece, it's kind of fun. It is Mark's. New York. But that's definitely a, let me show you this. Cool piece. So this is the piece that I'm most excited about. I don't know why, I feel like that could be silver. I might have to test that. All right, you guys, thanks for being here. And yeah, it's marked something right here. And I wish I could find my loop on Earth. It's just completely gone. Can you guys see what it says? All right, you guys, I will see you in the next video. Thanks for joining me in this unboxing. Give me any of your tips and tricks down in the comments. And yeah, thanks for being here. Have a great day. Hit that thumbs up. Be sure to check out the description of the video. Like, comment, share, and subscribe. Thanks for watching.


Everybody forced here ripping a box of twenty one twenty two Chronicles basketball hobby for SHW makes SH good luck on the rip here Alvarado a Gold airborne auto. I owe those soon move Nice hit there gold rookie auto out of soon move very nice car Tray Murphy the third marquee Essentials Corey Kispert Scotty Barnes honors Isaiah Jackson I don't soon move numbered to 49 here purple XR to IOs so far two packs or three packs Third pack here Joshua Primo numbered to 149 luminance Evan for me a on the apprentice auto to 75 Essentials Duarte marquee Tatum.  I williams Jalen green now to 149 XR rookie red Plates and patches opera and shengun the 99 Mobley marquee Zaire Williams XR and that'll do it. Thanks SH. We'll get these out to you


All right, good Wednesday morning, everyone. It is time to talk about the markets and earnings with Jim Kramer on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange. All right, Jim, let's begin with Boeing. Quite a big backlog for the company. The key thing about Boeing is backlog. The more planes they make, obviously, the more money they make. But I think this is a secular growth area. One of the things I'm going to be talking about at our teaching on Saturday are where are the great secular growth stories. And aerospace is probably the number one. And that has to do with great middle classification around the world and how flush most of the airline companies are. So Boeing once again delivers. Now, do I want to own Boeing here? I switched from Boeing. I said, look, Boeing's great. We then started recommending Rockwell Collins. Rockwell Collins gets a bit from United Technologies. But I will point this out about Boeing. It's still not expensive. Even with the 70% gain this year. Yeah, it's still not expensive. All right, Jim, let's move on to Coca-Cola. They're trying to become more than just a carbonated beverage.  And they're doing a lot of things right. We own PepsiCo for AxlorsPlus.com. And IngerNui has a better model. And this is James Quincy, a new CEO at Coca-Cola. The good income, a lot of buyback. But if you want growth and income and consistency, you're still going to have to go to IngerNui because she's the best at PepsiCo. All right, meanwhile, Chipotle missing, obviously. I mean, is there any reason to own this stock when you have McDonald's doing so well? I have a piece this morning about how, I mean, Chipotle, they've lost their way. They had another instance in the stock had gone back up because the American public has about an 18-month memory for what went wrong. And you had the December 7, 2015 Norovirus up in Boston. And then you annualized, you got 18 months, and the stock had really come back a lot. And then you had the big social media issue. And I think the company is struggling, and the conference calls are always the same now, which is, listen, we're fixing things, we're fixing things, we're fixing things. You know, when you have a high multiple stock, I don't want to hear that we're fixing things. I want to hear that things are great. McDonald's does have a higher multiple now that it's had a long time, but McDonald's is taking, Steve Easterbrook has got a laboratory around the world. And what he's done is really kind of amazing. What he says is, okay, this is working in Poland. Let's move it to France. This is working in France. Let's move it to England. He's got, at the beginning of the exposition of his call, he's got all these new dishes. And then he talks a lot about technology. He talks a lot about franchise, he's feeling good about things. And that's a conference call that's an orchestrated call that really is quite good. Yeah, McDonald's did so well globally, as did Visa with Visa Europe. Yeah, now Visa is a story of double-digit gains, which is incredible because it's like Anthem.  And Visa Al Kelly has taken what Charlie Sharf gave him in Visa and made it even better. Now, Charlie Sharf did have the wisdom of buying Europe, and Visa's doing quite well in Europe. It's, the cross-border numbers are great. MasterCard will be great.  Credit to Jack Dorsey, he's done a great job at Square. And while we're talking financials, we should note the 10-year highest yield since March. Right, and look, the economy's better. I mean, it's okay. One of the things that I think that we've all become conditioned to believe is that if things get better, we're in trouble. If things get better, you see what happens with 3M. If things get better, you see what happens with Honeywell. You see what's happened with a lot of the big industrials, which is that they do quite well in Caterpillar. It's their time. There's nothing wrong with that. It's their time. Meanwhile, AT&T sort of, we knew they were going to have the subscriber loss, but obviously they have a great dividend. Is it a mistake to sell right now? Yeah, I think it is. I think AT&T, in a lot of ways, is at 5.7% yield. The acquisition of Time Warner helps the cash flow. And I think that there's a belief that all that matters is that they're losing certain subscribers. What matters is that the dividend is covered, well covered. They do have a growth strategy. It's going to take some time. But I always look at Verizon, AT&T, Verizon, AT&T. And when you get one that has a big difference and you've got the yield to be very sizable and the cash flow's there, then I'm going to say don't sell it. Now, obviously AT&T is very out of favor and the chart is terrible. And we have a lot of chartists out there. And that's fine. I did off the charts. Let's have a Carly Garner, who's going to be joining us on Saturday on a panel. And she's a fantastic chartist. But just understand that I like yield. I like income. I can't own stocks. AT&T would be a stock. If I could buy that at 33, 34, put it away, I would do it. There you go. All right, meanwhile, advanced micro devices, is that sell-off justified in your view? Yeah, advanced micro is very problematic because this should have been a breakout quarter. Instead it was a breakdown quarter. It should have been a quarter where the data center was great and they were making a lot of money and average selling prices for their chips were up. No, it should have been a quarter where we were hoping cryptocurrency because of all these new cryptocurrencies, they would be exciting. No, the CEO took a lot of the pizzazz out of the story and immediately reflected negatively on video, which we own at Action Alerts. And I think that you have to recognize that AMD is a second rate Nvidia. AMD is a second rate Intel. That's unchanged. The only thing that's really changed is that second rates moved up to be much closer than first rate. But I can't count as buying AMD after what I thought was a quarterly obstacle where they really threw water on a lot of the great expectations that you have for AMD. And Eric Johnson from The Street has a great article up on AMD right now. Meanwhile, Jim, you talked about Norfolk Southern on CNBC saying how it's a good bellwether for commerce. Well, we don't want Norfolk Southern. I'm using Norfolk Southern as basically an example of what I saw on American Express. American Express reports a quarter. People say, help the channel, no kidding. That's why it ran. It sells down and then people start buying. I'm hoping that Norfolk Southern is the same pattern. That's a confirmation pattern. Stock moved up. Turned out the numbers were good. Profit taking and buyers come back. That's why I mentioned that as a good example. All right, Jim, we'll take one pause from earnings for a moment and talk about that new Amazon delivery service. They want to come into people's homes. What did you think? I think that Amazon is a very wise company and what they recognize is that some people want a feature. One of the things that I think that Amazon Prime does, it's not one size fits all. It'll say, look, there's people who have had things stolen. There are people who don't like to have boxes out there. Maybe it's a prelude to being able to do something where they can put it in your refrigerator. Remember that we're going to get a definition of what they're going to do with Whole Foods. It's very interesting because Walgreens is up today and you may be tempted to buy Walgreens and then you have to deal with the Amazon backlash.  So I want you to stay focused on recognizing that Amazon is a moving target. And when they come up with something, there are always going to be people who like it because they do artificial intelligence on their decisions. None of their decisions are made by the idea of like, wow, you know what, that's a good idea. A lot of their decisions are based on the idea that their artificial intelligence dictates, this is what people want. And then it's affirmed by empirical evidence. All right, and we'll hear more from Amazon tomorrow in their earnings, but we also have Alphabet, which is an Actional Arts Plus holding. Right, now, Ruth Parr, the excellent CFO, I think will tell a good story. I think that I want them to tell a better story. I wish they'd talk more about how well Waymo's doing or drones, how the drones are doing. But everyone really just focuses on tech and search.  We own it, we've owned it for a long time, and we'll continue to own it. So does Ruth Porat need to have more fun like Reed Hastings did on the Netflix call? Well, you know, Reed, I think she would regard Reed as being not rigorous enough. Although then again, Netflix does have remarkable artificial intelligence too. Netflix, Amazon, and Spotify have the best artificial intelligence knowledge of their customer base. All right, and then another Actional Arts Plus name reporting earnings, Comcast, anything? We talked about AT&T earlier. I think Comcast, I have low expectations because during the quarter, they gave you some downbeat information that was interpreted as being that business has stopped growing. I don't think that's the case, I think the business is good. We own it, it's not problematic, the only real problematic position we have right now are Apache and Allergan. We're doing a very long takeout on Allergan to explain why we haven't jettisoned it. Allergan and Apache are two that have been severe disappointments, but Comcast is not one of them. All right, we'll stand by for your bulletins. Jim, that's it for us. A lot of information, thank you so much. For more information on the stocks in Jim's portfolio, head to actionalertsplus.com.


This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, visit www.librivox.org. The Age of Innocence, a novel by Edith Wharton. Read for LibriVox by Brenda Dane. Chapter 34 Newland Archer sat at the writing table in his library in East 39th Street. He had just got back from a big official reception for the inauguration of the new galleries at the Metropolitan Museum. And the spectacle of those great spaces, crowded with the spoils of the ages, where the throng of fashion circulated through a series of scientifically cataloged treasures, had suddenly pressed on a rusted spring of memory. Why, this used to be one of the old Cessnola rooms, he heard someone say. And instantly everything about him vanished, and he was sitting alone on a hard leather divan against a radiator, while a slight figure in a long seal-skin cloak moved away down the meagrely fitted vista of the old museum. The vision had roused a host of other associations, and he sat looking with new eyes at the library which, for over thirty years, had been the scene of his solitary musings and of all the family confabulations. It was the room in which most of the real things of his life had happened. There his wife, nearly twenty-six years ago, had broken to him with a blushing circumlocution that would have caused the young women of the new generation to smile, the news that she was to have a child. And there their eldest boy, Dallas, too delicate to be taken to church in midwinter, had been christened by their old friend, the Bishop of New York, the ample, magnificent, irreplaceable bishop, so long the pride and ornament of his diocese. There Dallas had first staggered across the floor shouting, Dad! while May and the nurse laughed behind the door. There their second child, Mary, who was so like her mother, had announced her engagement to the dullest and most reliable of Reggie Chivers' many sons. And there Archer had kissed her through her wedding veil before they went down to the motor, which was to carry them to Grace Church. For in a world where all else had reeled on its foundations, the Grace Church wedding remained an unchanged institution. It was in the library that he and May always discussed the future of their children. The studies of Dallas and his young brother Bill, Mary's incurable indifference to accomplishments and passion for sport and philanthropy, and the vague leanings toward art, which had finally landed the restless and curious Dallas in the office of a rising New York architect. The young men nowadays were emancipating themselves from the law and business and taking up all sorts of new things. If they were not absorbed in state politics or municipal reform, the chances were that they were going in for central American archeology, for architecture or landscape engineering, taking a keen and learned interest in the pre-revolutionary buildings of their own country. Studying and adapting Georgian types and protesting at the meaningless use of the word colonial. Nobody nowadays had colonial houses except the millionaire grocers of the suburbs, but above all, sometimes Archer put it above all, it was in that library that the governor of New York, coming down from Albany one evening to dine and spend the night, had turned to his host and said, banging his clenched fist on the table and gnashing his eyeglasses. Hang the professional politician. You're the kind of man the country wants, Archer. If the stables ever to be cleaned out, men like you have got to lend a hand in the cleaning.  How Archer had glowed at the phrase. How eagerly he had risen up to the call. It was an echo of Ned Winsett's old appeal to roll his sleeves up and get down into the muck, but spoken by a man who set the example of the gesture and who summons to follow him was irresistible. Archer, as he looked back, was not sure that men like himself were what the country needed, at least in the active service to which Theodore Roosevelt had pointed. In fact, there was reason to think it did not. For after a year in the State Assembly he had not been re-elected and had dropped back, thankfully, into obscure, if useful, municipal work. And from that again to the writing of occasional articles in one of the reforming weeklies that were trying to shake the country out of its apathy.  But when he remembered to what the young men of his generation and set had looked forward, the narrow groove of money-making, sport and society to which their vision had been limited, even his small contribution to the new state of things seemed to count as each brick counts in a well-built wall. He had done little in public life. He would always be by nature a contemplative and a dilettante. But he had had high things to contemplate, great things to delight in, and one great man's friendship to be his strength and pride. He had been, in short, what people were beginning to call a good citizen. In New York, for many years past, every new movement, philanthropic, municipal, or artistic, had taken account of his opinion and wanted his name. People said, ask Archer, when there was a question of starting the first school for crippled children, reorganizing the Museum of Art, founding the Gragier Club, inaugurating the new library, or getting up a new society of chamber music. His days were full, and they were filled decently. He supposed it was all a man ought to ask. Something he knew he had missed, the flower of life. But he thought of it now as a thing so unattainable and improbable that to have repined would have been like despairing because one had not drawn the first prize in a lottery. There were a hundred million tickets in his lottery, and there was only one prize. The chances had been too decidedly against him. When he thought of Ellen Olenska, it was abstractly, serenely, as one might think of some imaginary beloved in a book or a picture. She had become the composite vision of all that he had missed. That vision, faint and tenuous as it was, had kept him from thinking of other women. He had been what was called a faithful husband. And when May had suddenly died, carried off by the infectious pneumonia through which she had nursed their youngest child, he had honestly mourned her. Their long years together had shown him that it did not so much matter if marriage was a dull duty, as long as it kept the dignity of a duty. Lapsing from that it became a mere battle of ugly appetites. Looking about him, he honoured his own past and mourned for it. After all, there was good in the old ways. His eyes making the round of the room, done over by Dallas with English mezzotints, Chippendale cabinets, bits of chosen blue and white and pleasantly shaded electric lamps, came back to the old East Lake writing table that he had never been willing to banish and to his first photograph of May, which still kept its place beside his ink stand. There she was, tall, round bosomed and willowy in her starched muslin and flapping leg horn, as he had seen her under the orange trees in the Mission Garden. And as he had seen her that day, so she had remained never quite at the same height, yet never far below it, generous, faithful, unwearied, but so lacking in imagination, so incapable of growth that the world of her youth had fallen into pieces and rebuilt itself without her ever being conscious of the change. This hard, bright blindness had kept her immediate horizon apparently unaltered. Her incapacity to recognise change made her children conceal their views from her, as Archer concealed his. There had been, from the first, a joint pretense of sameness, a kind of innocent family hypocrisy in which father and children had unconsciously collaborated. And she had died, thinking the world a good place, full of loving and harmonious households like her own, and resigned to leave it because she was convinced that, whatever happened, Newland would continue to inculcate in Dallas the same principles and prejudices which had shaped his parents' lives. And that Dallas, in turn, when Newland followed her, would transmit the sacred trust to Little Bill. And of Mary she was sure as of her own self. So having snatched Little Bill from the grave and given her life in the effort, she went contentedly to her place in the Archer Vault in St. Mark's, where Mrs. Archer already lay safe from the terrifying trend of which her daughter-in-law had never even become aware of. Opposite May's portrait stood one of her daughter. Mary Chivers was as tall and fair as her mother, but large-waisted, flat-chested and slightly slouching as the altered fashion required. Mary Chivers' mighty feats of athleticism could not have been performed with a twenty-inch waist that may archers as your sash so easily spanned. And the difference seemed symbolic. The mother's life had been as closely girt as her figure. Mary, who was no less conventional and no more intelligent, yet led a larger life and held more tolerant views. There was good in the new order, too. The telephone clicked and Archer, turning from the photographs, unhooked the transmitter at his elbow. How far they were from the days when the legs of the brass-buttoned messenger boy had been New York's only means of quick communication. Chicago wants you. Ah, it must be a long distance from Dallas, who had been sent to Chicago by his firm to talk over the plan of the Lakeside Palace they were to build for a young millionaire with ideas. The firm always sent Dallas on such errands. Hello, Dad. Yes, Dallas. I say, how do you feel about sailing on Wednesday? Mauritania. Yes, next Wednesday as ever is. Our client wants me to look at some Italian gardens before we settle anything and has asked me to nip over on the next boat. I've got to be back on the first of June. The voice broke into a joyful, conscious laugh. So we must look alive. I say, Dad, I want your help. Do come. Dallas seemed to be speaking in the room. The voice was as nearby and natural as if he had been lounging in his favorite armchair by the fire. The fact would not ordinarily have surprised Archer for long distance telephoning had become as much a matter of course as electric lighting and five day Atlantic voyages. But the laugh did startle him. It still seemed wonderful that across all those miles and miles of country, forest, river, mountain, prairie, roaring cities and busy in different millions, Dallas's laugh should be able to say, of course, whatever happens I must get back on the first because Fanny Beaufort and I are to be married on the fifth. The voice began again. Think it over. No, sir, not a minute. You've got to say yes now. If you can allege a single reason. No, I knew it. But it's a go, eh? Because I count on you to ring up the Cunard office first thing tomorrow morning. And you'd better book a return on a boat from Marseille. I say, Dad, it'll be our last time together in this kind of way. Oh, good, I knew you would. Chicago rang off and Archer rose and began to pace up and down the room. It would be their last time together in this kind of way. The boy was right. They would have lots of other times after Dallas's marriage. His father was sure for the two were born comrades and Fanny Beaufort, whatever one might think of her, did not seem likely to interfere with their intimacy. On the contrary, from what he had seen of her, he thought she would be naturally included in it. Still, change was change and differences were differences. And much as he felt himself drawn towards his future daughter-in-law, it was tempting to seize this last chance of being alone with his boy. There was no reason why he should not seize it, except the profound one that he had lost the habit of travel. May had disliked to move, except for valid reasons, such as taking the children to the sea or in the mountains. She could imagine no other motive for leaving the house in 39th Street or their comfortable quarters at the Wellands in Newport. After Dallas had taken his degree, she had thought it her duty to travel for six months, and the whole family had made the old-fashioned tour through England, Switzerland, and Italy. Their time being limited, no one knew why, they had omitted France. Archer remembered Dallas's wrath at being asked to contemplate Mont Blanc instead of Reims. But Mary and Bill wanted mountain climbing, and had already yawned their way in Dallas's wake through the English cathedrals. And May, always fair to her children, had insisted on holding the balance evenly between their athletic and artistic proclivities. She had indeed proposed that her husband should go to Paris for a fortnight and join them on the Italian lakes after they had done Switzerland. But Archer had declined. Will stick together, he said, and May's face had brightened at his setting such a good example to Dallas. Since her death, nearly two years before, there had been no reason for his continuing in the same routine. His children had urged him to travel. Mary Chivers had felt sure it would do him good to go abroad and see the galleries. The very mysteriousness of such a cure made her the more confident of its efficacy. But Archer had found himself held fast by habit, by memories, by a sudden startled shrinking from new things. Now, as he reviewed his past, he saw into what a deep rut he had sunk. The worst of doing one's duty was that it apparently unfitted one for doing anything else. At least that was the view that the men of his generation had taken. The transient divisions between right and wrong, honest and dishonest, respectable and the reverse, had left so little scope for the unforeseen. There are moments when a man's imagination, so easily subdued to what it lives in, suddenly rises above its daily level and surveys the long windings of destiny. Archer hung there and wondered what was left of the little world he had grown up in and whose standards had bent and bound him. He remembered a sneering prophecy of poor Lawrence Lefferts, uttered years ago in that very room. If things go on at this rate, our children will be marrying Beaufort's bastards. It was just what Archer's eldest son, the pride of his life, was doing and nobody wondered or reproved. Even the boys Aunt Janey, who still looked so exactly as she used to in her elderly youth, had taken her mother's emeralds and seed-pearls out of their pink cotton wool and carried them with her own twitching hands to the future bride. And Fanny Beaufort, instead of looking disappointed at not receiving a set from a Paris jeweler, had exclaimed at their old-fashioned beauty and declared that when she wore them she should feel like an Isabel miniature. Fanny Beaufort, who had appeared in New York at 18, after the death of her parents, had won its heart much as Madame Olenska had won it 30 years earlier. Only instead of being distrustful and afraid of her, society took her joyfully for granted. She was pretty, amusing and accomplished. What more did anyone want? Nobody was narrow-minded enough to rake up against her the half-forgotten facets of her father's past and her own origin. Only the older people remembered so obscure an incident in the business life of New York as Beaufort's failure. Or the fact that after his wife's death he had been quietly married to the notorious Fanny Ring and had left the country with his new wife and a little girl who inherited her beauty. He was subsequently heard of in Constantinople, then in Russia, and a dozen years later American travelers were handsomely entertained by him in Buenos Aires, where he represented a large insurance agency. He and his wife died there. In an odor of prosperity and one day their orphaned daughter had appeared in New York in charge of May Archer's sister-in-law, Mrs. Jack Welland, whose husband had been appointed the girl's guardian. The fact threw her into almost cousinly relationship with Newland Archer's children and nobody was surprised when Dallas's engagement was announced. Nothing could more clearly give the measure of the distance that the world had traveled. People nowadays were too busy, busy with reforms and movements, with fads and fetishes and frivolities, to bother much about their neighbors. And of what account was anybody's past in the huge kaleidoscope where all the social atoms spun around on the same plane? Newland Archer, looking out of his hotel window at the stately gaity of the Paris streets, felt his heart beating with the confusion and eagerness of youth. It was long since it had thus plunged and reared under his widening waistcoat, leaving him the next minute with an empty breast and hot temples. He wondered if it was thus that his sons conducted itself in the presence of Miss Fanny Beaufort and decided that it was not. It functions as actively, no doubt, but the rhythm is different, he reflected, recalling the cool composure with which the young man had announced his engagement and taken for granted that his family would approve. The difference is that these young people take it for granted that they're going to get whatever they want and that we almost took it for granted that we shouldn't. Only I wonder, the thing one's so certain of in advance, can it ever make one's heart beat as wildly? It was the day after their arrival in Paris and the spring sunshine held archer in his open window above the wide, silvery prospect of Place Vendome. One of the things he had stipulated, almost the only one, when he had agreed to come abroad with Dallas, was that in Paris he shouldn't be made to go to one of the new-fangled palaces. Oh, all right, of course, Dallas good-naturedly agreed. I'll take you to some jolly old-fashioned place, the Bristol say, leaving his father speechless at hearing that the century-long home of kings and emperors was now spoken of as an old-fashioned inn, where one went for its quaint inconveniences and lingering local colour. Archer had pictured often enough in the first impatient years the scene of his return to Paris. Then the personal vision had faded and he had simply tried to see the city as the setting of Madame Olenska's life, sitting alone at night in his library after the household had gone to bed. He had evoked the radiant outbreak of spring down the avenues of horse chestnuts, the flowers and statues in the public gardens, the whiff of lilacs from the flower carts, the majestic roll of the river under the great bridges and the life of art and study and pleasure that filled each mighty artery to bursting. Now the spectacle was before him in its glory and as he looked out on it he felt shy, old-fashioned, inadequate, a mere grey speck of a man compared with the ruthless, magnificent fellow he had dreamed of being. Dallas's hand came down cheerily on his shoulder. Hello, Father, this is something like it, isn't it? They stood for a while looking out in silence and the young man continued, Oh, by the way, I've got a message for you. The Countess Olenska expects us both at half past five. He said it lightly, carelessly, as he might have imparted any casual item of information such as the hour at which their train was to leave for Florence the next evening. Archer looked at him and thought he saw in his gay young eyes a gleam of his great-grandmother Mingot's malice. Oh, didn't I tell you, Dallas pursued, Fanny made me swear to do three things while I was in Paris. Get her the score of the latest abusing songs. Go to the Grand Guignol and see Madame Olenska. You know she was awfully good to Fanny when Mr. Beaufort sent her over from Buenos Aires to the Assumption. Fanny hadn't any friends in Paris and Madame Olenska used to be kind to her and trot her about on holidays. I believe she was a great friend of the first Mrs. Beaufort's. And she's our cousin, of course. So I rang her up this morning before I went out and told her you and I were here for two days and wanted to see her. Archer continued to stare at him. You told her I was here. Of course, why not? Dallas's eyebrows went up whimsically. Then, getting no answer, he slipped his arm through his father's with a confidential pressure. I say, Father, what was she like? Archer felt his color rise under his son's unabashed gaze. Wasn't she most awfully lovely? Lovely? I don't know. She was different. Ah, there you have it. That's what it always comes to, doesn't it? When she comes, she's different. And one doesn't know why. It's exactly what I feel about Fanny. His father drew back a step, releasing his arm. About Fanny? But, my dear fellow, I should hope so. Only I don't see. Dash it, Dad. Don't be prehistoric. Wasn't she once? You're Fanny. Dallas belonged body and soul to the new generation. He was the first born of Newland and May Archer. Yet it had never been possible to inculcate in him even the rudiments of reserve. What's the use of making mysteries? It only makes people want to know them out. He always objected when enjoying to discretion. But Archer, meeting his eyes, saw the filial light under their banter. My Fanny. Well, the woman you'd have chucked everything for, only you didn't. Continued his surprising son. I didn't. Echoed Archer with a kind of solemnity.  Yes, the day before she died. It was when she sent for me alone, you remember? She said she knew we were safe with you and always would be. Because once, when she asked you to, you'd given up the thing you most wanted. Archer received this strange communication in silence. His eyes remained unseeingly fixed on the thronged, sunlit square below the window. At length, he said, in a low voice. She never asked me. No, I forgot. You never did ask each other anything, did you? And you never told each other anything. You just sat and watched each other and guessed at what was going on underneath.  Well, I back your generation for knowing more about each other's private thoughts than we ever have time to find out about our own. I say, Dad. Dallas broke off. You're not angry with me. If you are, let's make it up and go to lunch at Henri's. I've got to rush out to Versailles afterwards. Archer did not accompany his son to Versailles. He preferred to spend the afternoon in solitary romings through Paris. He had to deal all at once with the packed regrets and stifled memories of an inarticulate lifetime. After a little while, he did not regret Dallas's indiscretion. It seemed to take an iron band from his heart to know that, after all, someone had guessed and pitied. And that it should have been his wife moved him indescribably. Dallas, for all his affectionate insight, would not have understood that. To the boy, no doubt, the episode was only a pathetic instance of vain frustration, of wasted forces. But was it really no more? For a long time, Archer sat on a bench in the Champs Elysees and wondered, while the stream of life rolled by. A few streets away, a few hours away, Ellen Olenska waited.  There was nothing now to keep her and Archer apart, and that afternoon he was to see her. He got up and walked across the Place de la Concorde and the Tuileries Gardens to Velluv. She had once told him that she often went there, and he had a fancy to spend the intervening time in a place where he could think of her as perhaps having lately been. For an hour or more he wandered from gallery to gallery, through the dazzle of afternoon light, and one by one the pictures burst on him in their half-forgotten splendor, filling his soul with the long echoes of beauty. After all, his life had been too starved. Suddenly, before an effulgent titian, he found himself saying, But I'm only fifty-seven. And then he turned away. For such summer dreams it was too late, but surely not, for a quiet harvest of friendship, of comradeship in the blessed hush of her nearness. He went back to the hotel where he and Dallas were to meet, and together they walked again across the Place de la Concorde and over the bridge that leads to the Chomlet de Petit. Dallas, unconscious of what was going on in his father's mind, was talking excitedly and abundantly of Versailles. He had had but one previous glimpse of it, during a holiday trip in which he had tried to pack all the sights he had been deprived of when he had had to go with a family to Switzerland, and tumultuous enthusiasm and cocksure criticism tripped each other up on his lips. As Archer listened, his sense of inadequacy and inexpressiveness increased. The boy was not insensitive, he knew, but he had the facility and self-confidence that came of looking at fate not as a master, but as an equal. That's it. They feel equal to things they know their way about, he mused, thinking of his son as the spokesman of a new generation, which had swept away all the old landmarks, and with them the signposts and the danger signal. Suddenly Dallas stopped short, grasping his father's arm, oh by Jove, he exclaimed. They had come out into the great tree-planted space before the Invalad. The dome of Mansart floated ethereally above the budding trees and the long gray front of the building, drawing up into itself all the rays of afternoon light that hung there like a visible symbol of the race's glory. Archer knew that Madame Olenska lived in a square near one of the avenues, radiating from the Invalad, and he had pictured the quarter as quiet and almost obscure, forgetting the central splendor that lit it up. Now, by some queer process of association, that golden light became for him the pervading illumination in which she lived. For nearly thirty years, her life, of which he knew so strangely little, had been spent in this rich atmosphere that he already felt to be too dense and yet too stimulating for his lungs. He thought of the theaters she must have been to, the pictures she must have looked at, the sober and splendid old houses she must have frequented, the people she must have talked with, the incessant stir of ideas, curiosities, images and associations thrown out by an intensely social race in a setting of immemorial manners. And suddenly he remembered the young Frenchman, who had once said to him, ah, good conversation, there is nothing like it is there. Archer had not seen Monsieur Riviere or heard of him for nearly thirty years, and that fact gave the measure of his ignorance of Madame Olenska's existence. More than half a lifetime divided them, and she had spent the long interval among people he did not know, in a society he but faintly guessed at. In conditions he would never wholly understand. During that time he had been living with his youthful memory of her, but she had doubtless had other and more tangible companionship. Perhaps she too had kept her memory of him as something apart.  They had crossed the Place des Invalides, and were walking down one of the thoroughfares flanking the building. It was a quiet quarter, after all in spite of its splendor and its history. And the fact gave one an idea of the riches Paris had to draw on, since scenes such as this were left to the few and the indifferent. The day was fading into a soft, sun-shot haze, pricked here and there by a yellow electric light, and passers were rare in the little square into which they had turned. Dallas stopped again and looked up. It must be here, he said, slipping his arm through his father's, with a movement from which archers' shyness did not shrink. And they stood together, looking up at the house. It was a modern building, without distinctive character, but many windowed and pleasantly balconyed up its wide cream-colored front. On one of the upper balconies, which hung well above the rounded tops of the horse-chestnuts in the square, the awnings were still lowered, as though the sun had just left it. I wonder which floor Dallas conjectured, and moving towards the Port Couchier, he put his head inside the porter's lodge and came back to say, the fifth, it must be the one with the awnings. Archer remained motionless, gazing at the upper windows as if the end of their pilgrimage had been attained. I say, you know, it's nearly six, his son at length reminded him. The father glanced away at an empty bench under the trees. I believe I'll sit there a moment, he said. Why, aren't you well? His son exclaimed. Oh, perfectly. But I should like you, please, to go up without me. Dallas paused before him, visibly bewildered. But I say, Dad, do you mean you won't come up at all? I don't know, said Archer slowly. If you don't, she won't understand. Go, my boy, perhaps I shall follow you. Dallas gave him a long look through the twilight. But what on earth shall I say? My dear fellow, don't you always know what to say? His father rejoined with a smile. Very well, I shall say, you're old-fashioned, and prefer walking up the five flights because you don't like lifts. His father smiled again. Say I'm old-fashioned, that's enough. Dallas looked at him again, and then with an incredulous gesture, passed out of sight under the vaulted doorway. Archer sat down on the bench and continued to gaze at the awning balcony. He calculated the time it would take his son to be carried up in the lift on the fifth floor to ring the bell and be admitted to the hall and then ushered into the drawing room. He pictured Dallas entering that room with his quick assured step and high delightful smile and wondered if the people were right, who said that his boy took after him. Then he tried to see the persons already in the room. For probably at that sociable hour there would be more than one and among them a dark lady, pale and dark, who would look up quickly, half-rise and hold out a long thin hand with three rings on it. He thought she would be sitting in a sofa corner near the fire with azaleas, banked behind her on a table. It's more real to me here than if I went up, he suddenly heard himself say. And the fear lest that last shadow of reality should lose its edge kept him rooted to his seat as the minutes succeeded each other. He sat for a long time on the bench in the thickening dusk, his eyes never turning from the balcony. At length a light shone through the windows and a moment later a manservant came out on the balcony, drew up the awnings and closed for shutters. At that, as if it had been the signal he waited for, Newland Archer got up slowly and walked back alone to his hotel. The end.


At most of the things we can control ourselves within ourselves, within ourselves, within our body, we can control ourselves. Then, inherently every one of us will like to do good things in life. But why is that somebody does bad things, somebody does good things? Is there spiritually a solution to see that every one of us does good things and not bad things? See, there are no bad things and good things. If you really look at it carefully, there are no bad things and good things. People perform actions, some actions produce miserable consequences, some produce wonderful consequences. That's all it is. Every human being is in pursuit of his happiness.  We think right now India is developing or the world is developing, whatever. But if you ask the insects, Indian insects I am talking about, they are also citizens of this nation. They think we are doing the most horrible things to them. If you ask the birds, they will think we are doing the most horrible things to them.  Yes or no? At the same time, most people around the world say they believe in God and all God's creations are equal and this and that and all those… you know you heard all those stuff. Now what is a good thing? There is no such thing. Everybody is in pursuit of their happiness. You must understand, do you know what is the highest title for a man in Tamil Nadu in ancient times? What is the greatest man in Tamil culture means? That means one who has slain a thousand elephants is the greatest man. Virupan got halfway there. But we said he is a criminal and we shot him dead. So what is good, what is bad is only contextual for those times and both those societies at a certain time because good and bad is judged by what consequences it generates. It is not by the actions. You people are cutting people's bodies. This is like murder but with good intentions. If the consequence is good, it's called a surgery. If the consequence is bad, it's called a murder, isn't it? Same knife? Yes or no? With what intention and what consequence you created? So, you know about twenty percent of our time, resource and energy is spent in the prisons in South India and also in United States. People keep telling me, why are you spending so much time with these criminals? We are all waiting, we barely get to see you and all this stuff. I don't say any criminals. All I see is every human being is in pursuit of his happiness.  Only thing is he is pursuing his happiness far more vigorously than you and you cannot blame him, he is also giving business to you. So, it is the consequence of the action. That's why I said if you function with your humanity, not fixing your actions but only looking for a consequence that is best for everybody, whatever is needed you will do. And that's how it should be, isn't it? So, instead of fixing your actions as good and bad, if you operate out of your humanity, you're always looking for a good consequence for the maximum number of people. In that, your actions will come out of your intelligence, not out of your morality.


Welcome to this lecture on field programmable gate arrays and the course digital system design with PLDs and FPGAs. Last lecture we have started with the field programmable gate arrays. At that point we kind of contrasted the FPG architecture over the CPLD. Basically we told the CPLD has a kind of a central interconnecting switch between the logic blocks. But in FPGA this switch is distributed. So the whole architecture is scalable and second feature of CPLD was very wide product terms which is not required in practice that waste lot of area. So in FPGA you have kind of lesser number of inputs to the combinational circuit. So essentially that is these to allow the FPGA to scale to larger you know quite a complex size and we have seen the evolution of FPGA from ASIC to the standard cell to the field programmable gate array. What is in a nutshell what is the architecture of the FPGA, a general architecture of FPGA and we have discussed the programming you know the technologies that means basically how this configuration technology what are the different type of configuration technology. We have seen some commercial chips commercial devices from the major vendors ok maybe those are the only vendors as far as FPGAs are concerned. So today we will choose a specific FPGA the silings FPGA and look detail into its architecture which will basically enable you to tackle understand even the much more complex FPGAs from silings itself as well as from other manufacturers. Because most of the people use somewhat similar architecture unlike CPLD there are variations but I would highlight that variation showing some examples wherever there is a kind of drastic architecture variation ok. So quickly we will have a look at the last lectures slides then we will get on with today's lecture. So let us move on to the slide. So we looked at the evolution kind of a from a you know very low level design to using higher level blocks and interconnecting and the interconnection made at in the foundry. But in FPGA the interconnection is with programmable is built into the gate array of logic resources so that it can be programmed or configured in the field. So the game is between the NRI course which is very high for ASIC medium for this and low for this. So this ASIC workout for huge volumes and this for middle volume and this for low volume and the design turnaround time is very high for it and low for it. This may run into years and this could run into weeks depending on the complexity ok. Apart from that then one should not kind of go overboard we definitely this FPGA has disadvantages and it is quite it can be quite a complex FPGA can be quite big and can be costly and one cannot assume the you know FPGA appearing in kind of you know mass produced item like cell phones and all that. But nevertheless there is a definite role of FPGA in every digital chip design because almost all the chips are kind of implemented fast in a field programmable gate array then moves to ASIC almost all of them ok. And the FPGA as I said has an array of ok though the name suggests array of gates but that is not true it is array of logic resources it is a higher level logic resource which is used to build combinational circuit with programmable interconnection and when we say logic resources we know that we have to implement data path we have to implement controllers. So it has combinational circuit and flip flops when it comes to combinational circuit most of the FPGAs use lookup table as a combinational circuit element and some uses multiplexers some uses gates and mainly I would say these are the actual anti-fuse FPGAs which uses the multiplexers of gates. And the programmable interconnection technologies are called SRAM an unfortunate name flash and anti-fuse there are special resources like phase lock loop, delay loop lock loop, RAMs V4s and memory controllers, network interfaces, processors and these are many a times depending on the requirement is you know is part of the silicon ok this is a hard coded devices which I am talking about ok. So that is field programmable gate there in nutshell we have seen commercial FPGA, Spartan and Vertex from Xilinx and Cyclone and Stratix and Aria from Altaira and Actal as this Pro ASIC plus and Accelerator and radiation tolerant version of the Accelerator smart fusion with ARM core and things like that. And of course as I said the Xilinx has a sync with dual core ARM and the Altaira has soft core Nios processor. So this is a general structure of an FPGA IO pins around array of logic blocks normally this will run into tens and hundreds ok like across and across the row and across the column ok. This may be typical numbers will be for small one 50 by 50 to may be 100 by 100 and it may go all the way to huge numbers ok. And that shows that you cannot interconnect those blocks with a single switch. So there are wires laid out in a regular pattern like at the junctions are the switches and the wires run. So and these left and the left and the bottom are the input to the logic block from these wires and the top and the right are the output and this is a very general I am not talking about a specific FPGA but may be that when you take a specific FPGA the input is from the bottom and the output is from the right hand side. And I have not verified the chip layout it may not be available in the datasheet whether exactly these are kind of schematic you know when you look very exactly it may not look exactly like that you know very precisely in this fashion. But nevertheless it resembles the implemented architecture. So you can imagine there are output coming there is a switch here where the output wires are connected to any of the wires here. And you have a big switch here which allows the interconnection of these vertical bottom part or horizontal part left right and things like that. So these are switches all junctions are switches which allows connection. So when you put when a designer when the tool put some hardware into FPGA it will be placed across multiple logic blocks and depending on the circuits in the size that will be interconnected using these general wires. There are wires which span a single logic block, there are wires which span may be two logic blocks, four logic blocks, six and the one end to the other ok. Now these are these come from the statistics it depends on what is inside a logic block and how many need to be interconnected. How close you know for a normal circuit you know like in on an average it might be that you take a 4 by 4 kind of matrix mostly the connections interconnection fall in here you know then some art you know like you take this boundary then it on an average it goes all the way up to the fourth or sixth then such kind of wires are useful. And as I said like when you interconnect there will be lot of switches programmed on the way. So the interconnect delay in FPGA could be quite high compared to a CPLD but the advantage of FPGA is a complexity itself a complex circuit can be implemented. And this shows a very detailed diagram where these are the switch block with horizontal and vertical wires. So this wire could be connected here, here or here and you can program all that and similarly output can be connected to any of the wires. There are 5 input going to the logic block and that can be you know connected to any of these wires. So there are lot of programmability and this is called configurable logic block.  So it need lot of configuration ok. So that is it and this shows a switch diagram like a vertical wire is connected to horizontal you know this wire and this wire. So at least one wire is connected to left, right and bottom and that this shows you know various different types of connection depending on the statistics which each vendors use different you know type of connections. Maybe we need not be seriously worried because our aim is to understand the FPGA and use it in our design than design the FPGA. So I will skip that and this shows a diagram which is from the silings data sheet which is very old but this kind of you know kind of highlight a thing which we should not forget. There are logic blocks which consists of combinational circuit and the flip flops there are interconnect wires. But underlying is a configuration circuitry to configure all these and so you should not forget about that there is lot of configuration overhead in terms of addressing these switches and programming it on off and all that. So that makes you know compared to an normal ASIC this makes the FPGA quite big maybe it dissipates more power. So the raw the speed of an FPGA maybe may not be as high as say 1 gig or 2 gig maybe the serial transceivers go at high speed because that is easy to design. But a general look up table speed may not be that high. So any reasonable circuit you place and route it may not clock you know 1 gig maybe 200 megahertz 300 megahertz sometime if it is too complex if you are not floor planning it properly it might even go down sub 100. So but then it is not a processor. So you can it is up to the designer to exploit the available resources and you know do parallel computing I know pipelining and so on and kind of implement very high throughput design to exploit this available resources okay that is how with FPGA 1 achieve performances. So FPGA consists of IO blocks and that has tri-state output and input and it has a synchronizing flip-flop because the input can come from another chip or another clock domain and there are array of configurable logic blocks there are horizontal vertical wires with programmable switches in between these wires are single length, double length, quad hex and long lines it depends on as I said statistics of how spread is the circuit or the connections and there are resources available to the user in terms of logic blocks, the memory, the PLLs and all that and there are resources for configuring the programmable switches in the interconnect structures and logic blocks okay we will see what is there to configure in a logic block. And this is where we have stopped the programmable technologies are SRAM, flash and antifuse and we said that the SRAM basically use a transistor NMOS transistor for interconnecting the two wires but then if the gate is like if it is an NMOS transistor if gate is 1 it makes a connection gate is 0 it cut off the connection okay. Now at the gate is a flip-flop which holds that status of the connection if the flip-flop is set to 1 then it conducts if it is 0 it does not conduct so that means that these flip-flops in all these are flip-flops which need to be programmed at the power on because at the power on there are no specific state and now to program it now like it is too much of an overhead to kind of independently address and you know program it so you do not program it seriously you program it you know parallel. So this flip-flops are organized as static RAM of width 8 or 16 bit and the vendor knows the kind of the position to decide on the format of the configuration file and that is why it is called SRAM okay when you say the programming technology is SRAM no way SRAM can interconnect something but the pass transfer is the interconnect technology the flip-flops are used to store the status of the gate and flip-flops are you know organized as static RAM to use of programming. So in the previous families of FPGAs it was 8 bit wide and the current FPGAs use 16 bit wide programming and that I am telling the kind of the row internal structure but then there is a way to program serially as far as user is concerned we will see that okay. So what one issue with the SRAM is that this is a single flip-flop okay so you look at this whole block okay. Now I hope you remember that this is a logic cell this is a logic cell these 4 are logic cell and these are the horizontal wires these are the vertical wires. So we are talking about interconnection at this big switches and the output interconnecting to the vertical wire okay just an explanation on the diagram. Now we are looking at this we are blowing it up this one so we have a right transistor I mean we have a kind of switch which is a transistor and a flip-flop okay. So that is what is shown here you have a switch the gate of that is connected to a flip-flop which is nothing but in cross connected inverters okay. So and now you have to force this inverter to 1 or 0 so this is a right transistor suppose you want to force this to 0 then you what you do is that you put a 1 here enable the right transistor this is forced to 1 so 1 this becomes 0 and 0 comes here it is latched and that can be removed.  Important thing to remember is that the flip-flop are made of two inverters and one inverter is made of two transistors one NMOS and one PMOS PMOS to the VDD NMOS to the ground. So that this inverter is composed of two transistors this two and this one is you know the 2 plus 2, 5 and 6 and this can be sometime a right transistor with isolation can be big. So one switch means six transistors okay so you can imagine it occupies quite a lot of area. So if you assume say here it is shown 7 wires so if it is a 7 into 4, 28 wires even if 1 wire is connected to 3 you know like you can say 28 C2 kind of connections are available for it to connect to everything else. So it is a quite a 28 into 27 by 2 connections may be there you know so and that involves lot of transistors into 6. So these switches occupies quite a lot of area. So that is one kind of disadvantage of the SRAM kind of technology that the switches occupy a lot of area and of course there is a delay because once you there is a delay of the channel okay. So it introduces each switch introduces a certain delay. So when you cascade multiple switches from source to destination it adds to the delay and it occupies a lot of area and these as I said this whole thing is organized as SRAM cells you know of certain width hence it is called the Static RAM technology and when it comes to MOS transistor we have seen that with respect to the PLDs CPLDs and MOS transistor as a normal MOS transistor with a floating gate. It conducts when it is not programmed off and it can be electrically programmed off or on. We have seen the kind of basic working of it.  Now normal case you apply the positive voltage channel forms and conducts but the trick is to trap some electrons here to make the threshold voltage quite high. So if you apply normal threshold voltage because electrons are sitting here and kind of you need a higher field to form the channel okay. So that makes it off you know even if you apply the control gate with a logic high it does not conduct.  So that is shown here the source is grounded drain is given the supply voltage a pulse is applied a higher voltage pulse is applied. So electron tunnels and get in here and then the normal application of the gate voltage would not make the channel and it would not conduct.  So one advantage of the flash is that it can be programmed on or off electrically and much more than that if the chip has a port for doing that within the circuit you can program it. So somebody makes an FPGA or a CPL with that technology on the board on the on the at the destination it can be kind of and it can be updated. And nowadays more and more kind of over the network update or sometime it is called over the air update through the wireless channel the firmware is updated and maybe even the hardware many times can be you know the updated like if you have a programmable hardware not only the flash memory is the programmable hardware also can be you know updated remotely through the network wireless and all that. So these technologies enable that and the third one is called anti fuse or anti fuse and you know that in a chip design you have layers of which implements the transistor and you have layers with interconnecting wires okay. So you cannot have the wires in the same layer as the transistor. So they are on a different layer and the layer to layer connection is by drilling a hole and normally on one layer the wires will run horizontal in the next layer the wires will run vertically okay. Because you know it is easy to interconnect also the kind of the like the coupling between the two tracks will be less the capacitance between the tracks will be less. So essentially if this is assumed that this is a horizontal wire this is a vertical wire normally there at the cross point there will be a hole drill and that will be conducting it is made conducting okay. So in an anti fuse FPGAs the connection is made through this hole initially the hole would not be conducting. There will be a fuse material as special fuse material deposited it shows a cross section of that and normally it is not conducting this shows the kind of the horizontal wire on the top layer and this shows a vertical wire which is kind of coming out of the screen towards you. So there is a kind of hole with a proper deposit and you apply a high voltage when I say high voltage like a kind of nearing 10 volt and then it fuses and make a connection okay which is permanent which cannot be kind of erased okay. So that has certain advantage so it does not kind of a noise would not reverse the status of connection once it is programmed. So these kind of technologies are used in the space application mostly so that anything send to outer space is exposed lot of radiation and this can kind of flips the flip flops and that can cause problems. So the anti fuse use and it is not very kind of little bit you say resistant to the reverse engineering if somebody try to kind of peel the chip and take the photograph of the mask then one cannot make out the hole is kind of programmed on or off. So that is an additional protection from kind of piracy the hardware piracy as far as this is concerned but in SRAM kind of FPGAs you know that these the status of these flip flops has to be stored somewhere and at the power on it has to be programmed and if somebody can read those memories then this design can be pirated but nowadays there are encryption technologies which is available to protect the configuration file which is stored in a memory okay. But this has an additional advantage of that the summary is shown here. So in a flash kind of technology it is non-volatile once you program it till you erase it retains good that way it is reprogrammable in circuit and the delay is quite large area is medium but when it comes to SRAM it is volatile that means at the power on it has to be reprogrammed but then you know that the flash has some kind of limitation on the number of times you can program it is not that it kind of it is a serious limitation as far as FPG is concerned is not when you design with FPG you program it 1000 times a day because it takes time to design and the designers do lot of simulation and verify everything before going to the chip to program the chip but still that SRAM has no such great limitation that number of times it can be programmed. So this is very good for prototyping and particularly I would say coming from academic institution it is very good to give it to the students you know they can program reprogram and it runs for quite a long you know you can use it for 3 years 4 years without trouble. So this is also in in circuit reprogrammable delay is large area is large we have seen the large area. When you say antifuse it is non-volatile it is one time it is not reprogrammable. But you see the delay is small because it is not through a you know active circuit like transistor it is a connection it is a fuse connection and the area is no extra area like there anyway the interconnection of the wires require the wires which is called wires or wires so the hole and so this deposit is in that wires okay. So there is no additional area but definitely to apply the voltage you need a transistor to isolate that voltage so definitely there has to be right transistors at that place but still it does not occupy much area. Now this has some effect this programming technology has some effect on the size of the logic block okay. So this is one important thing though nowadays most the complex FPGAs are SRAM. So this is kind of forgotten but then one should realize that when you take say an antifuse based FPGA since the area of the interconnection is very less they are able to make the logic block small okay. So this is something to do with the kind of fragmentation like you would have seen in a hard disk say there are sectors okay. Nowadays you have you know the terabytes or gigabytes of you know the space on the hard disk but there are basic units you know it is not that the hard disk can accommodate byte wide storage it is a sector wide storage and earlier the sectors were vital bytes but now it is kind of 4K 8K depending on the size of the total size of the hard disk. Now advantage of choosing small size is that less space is wasted. Suppose the sector size is a 4K okay. Suppose on an average the files have less than 4K size okay. Suppose 60% of the files stored in a hard disk is less than 4K then lot of area is wasted. So there we can say there is fragmentation or unused area in each sector. So this choosing the size of the sector depends on the average size of the file. So it will be ideal if you can choose it very small enough so that nothing is wasted you know. Like if it is make vital bytes the maximum waste will be vital bytes maybe if there is a file which is very small. So only vital is wasted but then in the case of 4K the 4K can be wasted you know for a very small file or there is a file which is just little above the 4K so that might affect. So that I am talking about the fragmentation. Same argument those coming back to the slide same argument applies here you know in a fine grain the fragmentation will be less but that is possible because the interconnection area is small but when you use an FPGA with SRAM which occupies lot of area. If you make the logic block very small to avoid the kind of wastage within the logic block then the switches will be much bigger than the logic block okay. So what this kind of FPGA vendor do is that they make the logic block quite big because interconnection is costly. So they make sure that quite a lot of things are packed into the FPGA but then there is a great danger that only part of it is used. So this kind of FPGA which is called coarse grain FPGA and the second type is called fine grain. The coarse grain FPGA the vendors make sure that the logic blocks are very flexible that means that they make sure that everything can be used. Suppose you are using a part of a logic block other part can be used say we have seen the CPLD. In a CPLD the and and over section output goes to a flip-flop okay or in a PLD like 22 V10. So you can bypass the flip-flop there is no problem okay. So but if you bypass the flip-flop that flip-flop cannot be used separately okay. So that is a waste okay but we will soon see that in an FPGA the FPGA vendors make sure that like if the combinational logic alone is used in a particular logic block the flip-flop can be separately used for something else. You know these kind of things are available that is how they exploit the kind of disadvantage of the large size of the static RAM and most I can say they are successful in doing that they are not bogged down by that. So though there is a division there is no great disadvantage with the coarse grain kind of architecture okay. That is what I want to highlight. I will just show a picture. This is a coarse grain FPGA basically a silence FPGA. You can see that it is a logic block configurable logic block. There are two identical slices and they call it slice and within a slice there are identical blocks two blocks and there is a lookup table four input and flip-flops. So a logic block has four lookup table and four flip-flops okay. So and this lookup table itself is four input which allows you to implement four input variable implementation. So it is quite this is quite huge okay. It is coarse grain and we will see this in detail later. And if you take this is a taken from a ACTEL FPGA, ACTEL 54X okay I should have shown that. So this is taken from the ACTEL data sheet the 54X FPGA. So you see the essential combination circuit is a 4 to 1 multiplexer okay. You know that the multiplexer is nothing but ando circuit and if you want to implement a Boolean function it is possible say you connect a variable a here b here then this line represent a bar b bar a b bar a bar b sorry a bar b a b bar and a b okay. So depending on like you want to have an a b bar or a bar b say you choose 0 1 1 0 then you get that implementation. So this is how you know it is very simple you know two variable but in this case there is an AND gate with two inputs OR gate with you know two inputs. So normally if you want to then you connect one to the logic one other uses variable. But in some cases like you give a b c d then you know some combination of product terms of 5 variables are possible and you also remember that if you connect an a b and instead of giving 1 0 here if you connect a third variable here like c c bar and so on you could make 3 variable implementation. So with this you know like a 1 variable here and 4 here maybe some combination of 5 variable can be implemented otherwise 3 variable implementation can be done. So that is a fine grain you know logic cell of an FPGA. So design methodology we have discussed this during the VHDL lecture but then if you have not gone through that lecture for some reason you are looking at the FPGA part of the lectures then we will just illustrate that. So the design methodology is currently you start with a hardware description language like VHDL or Verilog you describe your circuit in VHDL or Verilog after that you simulate that it is called functional simulation sometime people call it behavioral simulation. These are just named sometime people say the behavioral simulation is nothing but functional simulation plus the timing details but nevertheless you know I mean bifunctional simulation the basic code is simulated okay. Now that is not the circuit you are simulating when you say y is assigned a and b we are not simulating the AND gate we are just simulating that AND function okay. So there is no circuit here this is a basic source code it is very fast because if you make syntax errors you make logical errors that can be quickly corrected at this point before you know generating the circuit. So that is that functional simulation then you go to a step called synthesis okay wherein this the source code you have written is synthesized into a net list of logic gates and flip-flops maybe it is Boolean equation in the case of you know the combination circuit but it is the AS logic circuit is generated out of your description. Now if you are a novice if the designer is a novice he or she can go for a logic simulation that is different from this functional simulation because here we are simulating the logic which is generated by the synthesis tool. Here you are just you know simulating the code you are written the code in human readable English that syntax is simulated here but here the logic is simulated but mind you at this point or here there are no delays because there is not yet implemented in a device. So there is no delay at this point so you give to an AND gate a and b at 10 nanosecond the y which is output come out at the 10 nanosecond okay. So no logic delay or interconnect delay so there is no delay here but mind you here you are simulating the code here you are simulating the circuit without delay and maybe you can if you simulate that if you find errors if there is synthesis errors then you can go back and iterate so you iterate here you iterate here but for an expert designer who knows coding which I have taught you in the case of VHDL knowing a particular circuit how to write the proper VHDL code so that you get what you want you know then in that case you really do not require this logic simulation. And then you go to a step called place and route that is basically like going back to this diagram maybe like you have maybe yes here the synthesis tool will generate a logic circuit now the FPGA has an array of logic blocks. Now that circuit and these are identical arrays and that circuit has to be placed in the logic block and has to be interconnected and that is not a very easy task because if you take a logic one logic block the first logic some circuit you have synthesis part of the circuit like if there are kind of 100,000 logic block you could place it anywhere without any constraint if there is no constraint the possibilities are too high so the place that is you know the placing the circuit in a logic block and interconnecting it okay that is called routing so that is what it says. So this is what the place and route and at that point you know like the FPGA is a kind of general purpose circuit the IO pins you know your user input output signal can be assigned to any IO pin so you can specify the IO constraints saying that you know you please map you know map this particular signal to so and so pin because maybe one advantage of FPGA is that even before designing the chip you can start with the PCB design like you can assign the pin of the chip to a particular signal and you can go ahead with the PCB design while you are designing the chip okay ultimately some kind of a printed circuit board has to be used to mount this FPGA so that can go parallel. So these IO pin assignment is specified in the constraint and another thing which can be specified is that as I said the placement is a very critical thing to do complex thing to do. Suppose you want some performance you want to like you design a counter with the flip-flops and next side logic and you are planning to clock the counter at say 300 megahertz then if the counter flip-flops are kind of placed apart in the chip you know like you maybe the chip okay the chip we will come back to the chip diagram okay here. So suppose a part of the counter is here another part is here so for the counter it has to be interconnected so it may like it incurs a lot of delay it will be good if they are placed close together so that the interconnection wouldn't suffer a lot of delay. So that you will get a faster counter so that kind of constraints called timing constraints can be specified at this point which say that for a combinational circuit from an input to a particular output the delay should be less than certain you know time like 5 nanosecond for 200 megahertz or you can say from a register to through a combinational circuit to the other register which includes all the delay tcq t combinational t wire delay t switch delay and the setup time everything it should be less than 5 nanosecond then the place and route tool will make sure that the circuits concerned are placed together in close together and the number of interconnecting switches are less and so on okay. So it can iterate over that so it is when you say constraint you know you have the timing constraint the IO constraint all that is there then the place and route tool which is called par tool you know do the place and routing many times in the case of PLDs it is called fitting okay. So basically it is just a term used you could in principle use the term place and route there also but then you know that there is only there is no variation there is no great there is a single switch between the logic block. So it is basically you know how to fit the given circuit into the logic block is a main concern so that is why it is called fitting and once you do that then at this point for the tool all the delays are done all the combinational circuit delay all the wire delay all the register delay all the IO delay everything is known. So a timing model is generated now you can simulate the you are synthesized and place and route circuit with time delays and you give an input you can the output come with a delay you know so you do the timing simulation. So you should know that this are different this is the original VHDL code you have written you do the function simulation this is the synthesized code which itself may be written in VHDL which is simulated. So the language may be VHDL but that is not the code you have written and when it comes here still can be a VHDL code many times verilog is used but with the for certain reason for the timing model with the time delays this can be you know in the same language but totally different code. So that is timing simulated but then it takes a long time one thing to understand is that you give the input then the simulator has to now calculate all the time delays which is composed of lot of you know individual time delay in between it is not a gross time. So it is a time of a IO delay interconnect delay wire delays and the lookup table the combination circuit delay various combinational circuit components everything add to delay. So there is quite a lot of the computation to do so this can be very timing simulation can be very time consuming ok. So for a complex circuit it might take a day to simulate that and so at the beginning like when you start when you do the first iteration of the place and route if you go for timing simulation and find you know you take 6 hours to simulate and find a small error then come back and correct is a very hard thing to do. So there is something called timing analysis which is static timing analysis done. So this is dynamic in the sense that you give the input you literally you know make the circuits work from the input to output but here what is done is that this tool will look at the block delay interconnect delay and estimate the time from input to output for a combinational circuit or for register to register for a data path or sequential circuit ok. But the problem is that there are no inputs ok no inputs are specified. So the state machine or the controllers are not active what is available is set of registers combinational circuit set of registers and it adds up all possible paths and show up the delay ok. Now it may be mistake you know it might report a path from a register to another register which is never used in the real circuit in real life ok. So because you know that the controller is the one which is controlling the data path maybe there are 4 source registers some combinational circuit and say 5 destination register. The real operation of the circuit only involved like a kind of 1 to 1 mapping maybe 1 register result goes to the other register 4 of them and maybe 1 of the register give the result to the 2 registers you know sometime to 1 and sometime to other. But if you give on to a static timing analysis tool it does not know all that because it has no idea of the signal kind of signal status ok condo signal status. So what it assumes is that 4 source 5 destinations total possible paths are 20 but in real life is only 5 and it will report all the timing from source to destination of all the 20 paths. And you might as a designer you might find that you know 6 of them is violating the timing constraints you have put ok. But the none of it may be used in the real life circuit so you can be kind of misled in this game. So it is very important that when one do the static timing analysis such information is given to the tool saying that what are the paths valid ok. Like there could be another situation where there is a source register and destination register. The destination is not clocked you know kind of every clock like the source get an input data but the result get latched after 2 clock cycle. But this that is enabled through the enabled of the destination register through a state machine or a controller which the timing analysis tool of no way to know. So it will assume that all the registers are working all the time you know upon every clock head. So it will assume you know it will overestimate the critical path delay and there could be errors. So this has to be told to the timing analysis tool then it will be very far. So after the place and route one do the static timing analysis if that is not met you iterate back now. Maybe you go back change the constraint you do certain change in the synthesis options whatever is the correct option or even go back and modify the circuit. And once everything is done you do the timing simulation again go back maybe this way up to here or up to here iterate it. When everything is done when the designers satisfy a configuration file is generated that you can program the chip okay. So that is what is in a typical tool there can be more tools more advanced tool but at least bare minimum tools required for FPGA design is that you have a editor which can be internal or external a synthesis tool, the place and route tool or a fitting tool, a programming tool, a constrained editor, a simulator which can do the functional simulation, logic simulation and timing simulation normally any simulator will do support all these three and a static timing analysis tool. So and many times the vendors give everything put together as a single kind of integrated design environment. So IDE the Xilinx college ICE integrated system environment or things like that ICE, ISC and sometime some of these tools like there are vendors who give very good synthesis tool alone okay. And the vendors allow you to use that synthesis tool along with their you know the tool instead of you can replace the synthesis tool which is supplied by the vendor and replace it with a third party synthesis tool and so on. But normally the place and route is done by the vendor because the vendor knows the FPGA internal details which is very much required for properly doing that. And many times it is not wise to give out this detail because people can make out what is really inside though we have the data sheet but all the details are not exposed for you know keep the intellectual property. So that is the design methodology and if you look at the commercial tool just to give a flavor and this is recording in 2014 January I am not sure that after 2 years if you listen to this lecture these tools will remain or these some companies, some vendors are given in the bracket you know that maybe one is acquired by somebody else I have no guarantee. But as on now as on 2014 January you have the model sim simulator from Mender Graphics which is a very good simulator. Similarly you have Active HDL simulator from Aldec these are good simulator but vendors have their own simulators. And synthesis tool you have Simplify Pro from Synopsys very good synthesis tool precision synthesis from Mender Graphics. But when it comes to vendors you know the silings ICE or ISC it has everything you know you have synthesis simulation power programming static timing analysis constrained editor power analysis the floor planning you know name it everything is there. And these ICE tool work up to the chips of the family Spartan 6 and Vertex 6 but for Vertex 7 they have a different tool much more kind of better tool called silings Vivado very good tool a quantum leap in the whole tool technology this is quite old but this is quite new and good. But it is only now currently supporting the Vertex 7 series maybe as the years come by this may disappear and this alone will there will be there. And Altaira has caught us to a once again that has everything everything what you need whatever the silings tools are there everything is there actor libero is again same they have everything required for kind of for the FPGA design their family of FPGAs. Now if you are a normal novice designer you are starting with small kind of projects then what you need is only this. But if you are doing very complex thing and you are able to you want very high performance you want very high type fitting a you know kind of reduction in power I know the you want to refinement in the area of the implementation then you need to use these kind of things. And these tools are these vendor tools are improving say compared to 5 years back the current tools are really really good and you do not need to probably use the third party tool. But that is up to you to make a judgment you know what you do is that you evaluate like if you have a really if you feel that you are not getting the performance you want you have done everything under the earth to get the performance. But you need little more performance and you can probably move from the vendor to a third party synthesis tool to get the performance out of it. So of course you know when coming to the other tools we have the major VLSI designers you know you have the cadence synopsis Mander these are basically the synthesis tool and the simulator very good simulator. But then you have to definitely do the pace and route with the vendor tool you know these also support. So maybe I think I thought of going further but then it is good that you know a good introduction gives you a good grip on the subject. We will see the internal details of the Xilinx vertex FPGA I am taking that as an example. So what we have seen today is the programmable interconnect technology SRAM the flash and antifuse a kind of features what is the advantage disadvantage and we have seen how this forces a coarse grain and fine grain kind of architecture and how the coarse grain people the vendors make sure that nothing is wasted. And we have looked at the design methodology what are the steps the tool flow in designing FPGAs we have seen some commercial tool. Now I think I have touched upon all the introductory material to get a very good grip and we will go detail in we will take an architecture vertex architecture which is not used at all but it is a very good starting point once you understand that any other complex FPGA architecture can be understood very nicely. So we will go into details very much into details of the vertex FPGA architecture. So please now on your part you can go through my slide you can also read the data sheets of the vendor the application nodes from the vendor there are a lot of material which is available. Maybe the textbook are not the ideal place to learn FPGA from very do not waste your time on most of the textbook I have in frankly followed up but then you can use lot of the data sheets and so on. So we will see in the next lecture the details of the FPGA. I wish you all the best and thank you.