Okay. Hello everybody. My name is Mark Kinjarroge. I'm a student at ECT. I'm a master student and thank you for coming to my presentation. It's on my dissertation and it's entitled Design and Implementation of a Risk-Five-Based Lower Module. Okay, let's just jump right into it. Yeah, just a bit of introduction. I was actually born in Nairobi, Kenya and then my family relocated to Botswana, Hapuroni. And then I grew up there and then I moved to Cape Town, South Africa to start tertiary education. I graduated in 2020 with a PhD in mechatronics and then went straight into my master's and try working with embedded systems. So yeah, the presentation outline is as shown here. I'm going to start with just giving a context of what it is that I've designed and where it fits in the world essentially. And then I'm going to go into the design of the system, both the PCB and the SOC. I'm going to look at programming. It and then there'll be a quick demonstration and then plans for the future. Cool, so yeah. So starting with the context, the way that the Internet of Things has been implemented, the architecture used from, I guess, the inception of IoT was cloud computing and that essentially entailed that Sentinel would spread out over a network would be, would have the primary focus of generating sensitive data and transmitting it to a central location for processing. And as time has progressed, those applications have become, I guess, more computationally requirements. And yeah, as well as the sheer number of sensors being used as there's been an increase. So what does that, what that has led to is more need for higher processing power essentially, and also reducing the traffic in the network system. So what what has been looked at is moving away from cloud computing and into edge or full computing. And what that is is just bringing the computational power closer to the end nodes. Yeah, so essentially, this project is a look into contributing to that shift. And yeah, so I chose risk five and Laura. And I'm going to go into both of those technologies. So yeah, starting with Laura, it's essentially a wireless communication protocol. And it stands for long range. You can see it has distances of up to 50 kilometers, which is pretty great for IoT use cases. So for example, using it in a smart city system where you have sensors spread out over over the city. Additionally, some other features that are quite desirable about Laura is that it's free to use that's both the network, usually used with Laura, Laura one, and also the frequency bands that Laura chips transmit in you, they're basically unlicensed, which means you don't need to pay to transmit in those frequencies. Yeah, it's also highly sensitive and low power, which is very ideal for imagining a sensor network with sensors being deployed for multiple years at a time. And yeah, it's also designed for low bandwidth to help with that fact. So you can only transmit little packets of data, but you are sure that they will be received and they can also go over a long distance. Moving on to risk five. It's basically an open source ISA. And that means that CPUs designed for the risk five ISA are shareable. There's no licenses or fees that you need to pay to buy or use the CPU, which basically has generated a lot of collaboration and also research into making CPUs. So yeah, that's why I chose risk five. Speaking about the research a little bit, there's been specific IOT use case SOCs that have been developed and they focus on higher order computational that edge computing is looking at. So examples of those would be AI or signal processing. And yeah, combining these two, risk five Laura, I managed to create the Laura dongle, which is the shorter, more catchy name of the board. And yeah, essentially what it is is that it's a low cost, fully open source custom PCB that houses a customizable SOC and offers reconfigurable logic. And yeah, now we're going to go into the design of the board and now let's just jump into it. So there's been two revisions, two prototypes that have been implemented so far with the second one being fully functional. It's more of an evolution of the first. Yeah, naturally with the first prototype, there was a couple of issues and errors along the way, but it worked for the most part. But yeah, there was always a plan to improve it on the second prototype and fix anything that came across. So yeah, the changes that were made, I'm going to go into it in more detail in the following slides, but just the overview is that I changed a couple of the ICs that I chose more applicable ones, reduce the size, also added a breakout section, that's the little bit sticking out at the bottom. That houses a gas sensor and that's more like a demonstration of applicable use cases for this. So an example would be like an indoor air quality measurement thing, whatever. And yeah, another thing is that the price difference between the first board and the second board, as you can see, was about like 20 times cheaper. I will explain why later in one of the changes that made, but it was one big change that happened. Yeah, so the functional block diagram of the PCB is this. It's quite simple, I believe, hope not, but yeah, just to talk you through it. So starting from the left, it has the USB connector, which goes, the USB signals goes into a converter from a USB protocol to SPI and URs. So that's the FTDI chip and then the SPI goes to 128 megabit SPI flash, that houses configuration data for the FPGA, but it also has the wrong region of the RISC-5 CPU. Yeah, and then the SPI flash is connected to the FPGA and CPU using SPI as well. The FPGA is the latest IS-40 UP5K, so that's 5,000 lookup tables. It's relatively small in the world of FPGAs, but it's enough for a prototype. And then it's connected to a gas sensor using I2C, and then it's connected to the Lora transceiver, which is from Centek. Yeah, so the changes that were made were the FTDI chip, the package of the FPGA and the SPI flash. The Lora circuitry was kept the same because I'll get there, but essentially I wasn't able to test it in the first revision, so yeah, I didn't know what would need it to be changed for the second one. And then the final connection is a 16 pin header to the unused pins of the FPGA. That's actually probably a really good addition because it gives an opportunity to add extensible circuitry, extensible applications for the Lora dongle as well. Okay, so starting with the changes that I made when I start with the FTDI chip, as I mentioned. So essentially the first revision is pictured at the top there, and that little jump wires to a breakout board to a USB cable is how I used UART from the computer. It was non-ideal because that would mean, A, it would take two USB ports, but also it's kind of a clunky setup. And the reason for that is because the FTDI chip that was originally used was a single channel chip, as you can see at the bottom left. So the change was essentially changing from the single channel to a dual channel. And the chip is essentially the same as just that it has now two channels. So the UART was passed through that into the USB connector as well. And what that means is when you connect it to a computer using the one USB connector, it shows up as two USB devices, which is pretty great. The next change that I made was the SPI flash. It wasn't fueled by anything particularly going wrong. It's more that well, first of all, I was going back to design the second revision. For some reason, the original SPI flash was out of stock. Actually, no, it was obsolete. But actually, when making the slides again, I went back and apparently it was back in stock. And then also the tools that we're using, I was using, support the second flash more than the first one. So specifically the program that was written to load the bit stream of the FPGA onto the flash. It was written for the second one, although it was still compatible with the first one. But yeah, that's what that changed was. But it was actually a positive change in the sense of the memory allocation. So the first one was about a 32 megabit SPI flash. And the second one, it says that the bottom is 128 megabits. So it's a much larger flash chip that was used and basically bigger space to work with in the firmware writing specifically. In terms of cost, the relatively the same price about I think was 30 cents difference between the two. And then power consumption is also pretty much identical. So yeah, I think this was a positive change as well. The last main change I made, and this is a bit of a convoluted change for multiple reasons. So I'm going to start with the reason that's shown in the slide. So the FGA pot that I was using basically had about 30 pins to work with. So in an attempt to minimize the pins and share some pin usage, I connected the SPI clocks for the configuration of the FPGA. That's the one to the flash. And then the SPI clock that would communicate with the Lore chip and connected them together. And I thought that I would be able to reuse the pin essentially. But unfortunately, when building the SoC, the error that is pictured here shows up and it didn't let me use the two pins at the same time. Or rather, they were instantiated separately. So there were ways to get around trying to tell it, okay, there's two pins and I want to use them. But I couldn't get the software to actually make it work. It managed to build. So this error was taken care with. But when it came to actually programming or running or doing anything, nothing was happening. So yeah, the change was fueled by that. And another reason is that this chip is the pins, it's a BGA package and the pins are extremely small and close to each other about 0.2 millimeters spacing between the pins. And essentially what that means is the PCB being manufactured would need to be, what's the word, high. It's a high density PCB. So it's an advanced PCB, which makes it much more expensive, much, much more expensive actually. So changing the FPGA parts, the same chip was used, but it was a different package. So it went from this really small pinout package to a larger, more traditional QFN package. And that just made the PCB now become a standard PCB, gave me more pinouts, which was also used in the 16 pin header, and ultimately drove the price down as you saw by about 20 times. So it was $300 for two boards to manufacture without components. And then with a new part, it was $25 for five boards. So yeah, a big change. Yeah. And I think that's it for the PCB design. I'm going to speak a bit about the SOC design. So essentially I used Litex, which is an open source Python framework for FPGA designs. It really lowers the barrier of entry for use. And it's actually, it was a great experience and I enjoyed it. And it has a bunch of cores that you would use in the design of an SOC. For example, I have the SPI, SPSC. There's also things like direct memory access. And then it also has a lot of already implemented CPUs. So essentially, when you're using Litex, you're just focusing on the structure of the SOC. Yeah. And then I use YOSIS as well, and direct memory. And I'll project ISOM, essentially, that open source synthesis and place and raw tools for lattice IS40 chips. Okay. So this slide is just a visualization of how Litex made the SOC design much easier than it would have been. So initially, when I started the project, I thought that I would have to use Verilog or VHDL or something to design the SOC, maybe even writing a specific course to do exactly what I want. And I quickly realized that that is a large project on its own, basically, a whole dissertation, I believe on its own. And Litex made that much easier. So what it is, it focuses on the interconnect between the SOC or the architecture used in the SOC as opposed to writing the actual course. And it also generates the useful information that you'd need to work with the SOC. So that's the C code as well as the tool chain, specific files like the link information, and also gives you documentation on what the SOC looks like. And then on top of that, there's also already a few open source projects out there that use Litex. And I took great inspiration from two in particular, which is the Icebreaker on Litex example and the FOMO. And those are both open source FPGA PCBs that have Litex SOCs as well. So when choosing the CPU for the SOC, that was one of the main decisions that need to be made. And how it came about was, okay, initially, we started by just doing simulations or looking at the documentations of the CPUs out there to figure out just how much resources or how big an FPGA would be needed. And we quickly realized that most SOCs or most implementations had large FPGAs and which would drive the cost of the board to be quite expensive. And as well as a first prototype, we want more proof of concept. So we look for a cheap FPGA before anything. So yeah, we settled on SERV, sorry, which is a really small CPU that's actually already implemented on Litex. Yeah, so we used SERV. And then as we programmed further and needed a bit more complexity for the CPU, for example, interrupts, we realized that we might need a bigger one. So I just implemented it with PicoRV32 as well, which is also used in Litex. And it says they're minimal because it's the minimal variant that's specified by Litex. And that's only mostly because the full version was too large again to fit on the FPGA. So that was the trace of CPU, SERV or PicoRV. And then the other specifications of the SOC. So just a quick rundown, it's a pretty, I guess, base level implementation, just what I needed to get a proof of concept down. So there's definitely room for improvement and massaging. But essentially as the CPU, as I mentioned earlier, and then there's about 128 kilobytes of RAM. And that's used as the dedicated SP RAM block in the FPGA. And then there's also eight megabytes of ROM, and that is stored in the SPI flash. So as I said, the second flash was larger, which also gave us larger ROM to work with. And then there's also just communication calls. I mentioned you had SPI and I2C already. And then just general GPIO pins. So there's two LEDs just to show indicate transmitting and receiving. And then we have some lower configuration pins. Those are just the things like a busy pin or the reset pins, et cetera. So this is the block diagram of the SOC. It, Lytex operates with a wishbone bus. And basically every peripheral or core in the SOC is given an address on the bus. And in order to interact with them, you just read and write at those addresses. So the CPU serves as the master on the wishbone bus. And it handles the transmitting and receiving of commands on the wishbone bus. So the GPIO SPC SPI, that section on the wishbone bus is under a specific name, which are the CSR registers. And what that is in Lytex is basically just memory mapped input output registers. So that means the CPU writes to a section on the CSR section in the wishbone bus that corresponds to a register that could be, for example, SPI meso register. So that's how you'd interact with the peripherals with the SOC and using the CPU. Yeah. And another thing is that those registers are also generated by Lytex, but I believe that I'll explain that later on. So this table just shows an example of the resource utilization by changing the two CPUs. So for this test, basically everything about this SOC was kept constant except the CPU being used. So the only change that was made is the CPU being used. And as you can see with the smaller CPU, less than 50% of the lookup tables was actually used by. So that leaves a lot of wiggle room for extensible designs and also using the FPGA fabric. Yeah. And then Pico RV, the minimal variant, as mentioned earlier, uses a bit more, but still leaves a bit of room to work with. And then the block RAM serve once again uses less, I mean, half than Pico. And then the SP RAM is 100% for both because that was predefined to use the block RAM, I mean, the SP RAM on the FPGA. Okay. So now I'm going to look at the code a bit, when I speak about how to generate the SOC and then how to also program it. And then I'll show a whole lot of snippets just to help the explanation further. So yeah, starting with the SOC Python scripts, essentially it's just two Python files that you need to have. And that's the target and the platform. So I'm going to start by talking about the platform, which is essentially just a constraints file for the FPGA. So if you've ever worked with FPGA, you know that with the pins, you basically need to specify which pin is what and give it a pin name. So that's what the platform file is, but then it also has some writing specific information, such as selecting the programmer and selecting the part number of the FPGA that you're actually using. So what that does essentially is once you run the target file, it's as simple as calling one script, and then your SOC is built, synthesized and loaded to the FPGA all from the one command run. Yeah, moving to the target, as I mentioned, it's now focuses on configuring of the SOC so that I'm setting up the different peripherals, the different CPUs and the other settings that you might want to have on the SOC. And then it also handles the building and the loading of the SOC as well. So yeah, this is a screenshot of a section of the platform. There's the constraint section, basically there's that IO list, and it shows that the different pins are mapped, pin names are mapped to physical pins on the board. Yeah, on the FPGA, I mean, and then this is a section of the platform that basically instantiates the part number that's being used and giving it the IOs, and then also setting up the program, the iStorm program, which is the OSIS tools that I mentioned earlier. Here's the target. So this is all the imports necessary for the SOC as it is now. So you import the various light takes cores and implement and classes that they have. So for example, there's the SP RAM that we're going to use to use this RAM. There's the builders, there's the programmers, and then further down you can see the SPI classes, GPIO classes, etc. And then also the section that I highlighted showing that importing the platform that we defined earlier. Yeah, looking at the SOC, I mean at the target, I'm just going to quick rundown of what it's doing from the jump, from the start, I mean. So yeah, first it's statically defined some memory map that's just to ensure that when you change versions that everything is where you expect it to be. And then the initialization functions first step is to initialize the platform that's been defined. And then the selection of the CPU type, as you can see, it's as simple as just changing the keyword keyword argument that'll be passed onto the SOC builder, just changing the name from serve to Pico RV. And then if it's Pico RV, use the minimal variant because as mentioned, the non-minimal one would be too large to fit. And then moving on, because the RAM and the ROM is being used in special cases for this SOC, just making sure that it's not automatically generated and it's forced to zero. And then setting up the CPU reset address, which as I mentioned, is in the SPI flash. So just telling the CPU with which address to look at in the flash in order to read the firmware that you will be running. Yeah, so that's what the flash offset is. And then this snippet shows setting up of the memory. So that's the RAM and the ROM. You can see it's as simple as just instantiating the UP5K SP RAM in the SP RAMs case. And then in the ROMs case, you pull in the specific part number of the SPI flash that you are using. And then just adding SPI flash using one of the functions that Litix has. And then now setting that region to be the ROM. So you set the ROM region and then you make sure that it's at the offset in the SPI flash. And then you also set the size. Yeah, and that's how the memory is set up. And then just a bit more generating of the the input-outward cores. Yeah, it's as simple as just setting up a GPIO in class, GPIO out class. This is just a snippet, not all the other pins I mentioned here. So yeah, there's all the LEDs that need to be done as well that have been done just my children here. And the SPI as well is also simple as just instantiating the SPI master class. That was input. Yeah, and then this is the main function of the target file. So it just starts with the system arguments that you put in just basically settings to configure how you want the SOC to be built or what you want to do. Pretty straightforward. And then moving further just instantiate the SOC with the arguments that have been set. And then if you want to build it or flash it, that's done as well. So as you can see, it's everything is taking care of from the building up until the loading into the FPGA. So now with the SOC built, this is going to look at the firmware and basically the structure of how to write and use it. I'm going to start with the bottom left, which is the latex generated files. So I'm actually going to focus on the CSR.h. And that's basically the header file that contains the addresses of all the peripherals in the CSR section of the wishbone bus. So essentially it's functions that you use to read and write to the peripherals. Yeah. And then so the rate, the Laura driver uses that specifically for the SPI communications. So talking about the Laura driver. So essentially the bottom two files, the HAL file and the non-HAL file were provided by SEMTECH, the middle one being fully written. And then just the user having to write this specific HAL functions for their specific microcontroller or CPU that they're using. So what SEMTECH provided is a function prototypes that have specific inputs and outputs and return types that you need to massage or write to fit that prototype in order to use the driver fully. And then radio.c is just a wrapper that I have on top of both, a higher level of abstraction essentially. Yeah. So I'm going to show snippets of all these files starting from CSR.h all the way out to main. And essentially it's looking at how to get a transmit working on the Laura dongle. So starting with the CSR.h. Yeah. So you can see from the top left that a little section just sets up the CSR base address value on the wishbone bus. And then the subsequent functions and addresses all relate to that. So you can look at the GPIO. This is just an example of how the LEDs is written. This is actually the entirety of the LED section for the CSR bus. Yeah. There's just those two functions that just read and write the CSR address. So when implementing in your own application code, all you need to do is just call LEDs are read or LEDs are write. Same thing can be seen there with the SPI section. This section just shows the MOSI and MISO registers as well as the chip select. It's the same situation. It's just all you need to do is call the specific functions for the registers that you want to interact with. Yeah. So working our way up from the on the Laura radio side of things. So this is just a snippet of the how writes. So essentially what this function does it writes SPI to the Laura chip over the MOSI line. Yeah. So you can see that at the top, the inputs and the outputs have been determined already by SymTech. So all you need to do is use those and transmit it to the Laura chip using whatever functions that's applicable to your microcontroller or CPU. And yeah, in this case, because it's using Litix, there's all those Litix generated CSR functions. All it does is just sets up the SPI communications. So those two for loops are basically writing to the MOSI register, the relevant bytes and then transmitting them. The read function is also the same how read. It's just that as opposed to writing the MOSI register, you're reading the MISO register. Moving on. There's another SymTech provided main driver file. And I've just highlighted two sections that show the write register and read register functions. The file is actually extremely huge and it essentially has, well, every command that's stipulated in the data sheet, which is nice. You don't have to write any of that. But you can see I've highlighted that these commands use the how write and how reads that we looked at in the previous slide. And essentially every function in this file ends with using one of those two functions. So you can see how they've had a good way of abstracting. Are you be able to write and read from the Laura chip? So yeah, this is a write register. So it just writes whatever value that you want into the register on the Laura chip. Yeah. Moving on here is the radio.c. Now this is the wrapper that I wrote on top of the driver.  And yeah, you can just see it sets up the transmit LED, turns it on, and then it prepares for first configures to transmit and then sets to transmit. And then those functions are also showed there below. And what they are is just using the files in the driver that SEMtet provided using the function, sorry, and calling them. Yeah. And then in main.c, this is not just the user application code. It's just sending a ping. Essentially, you set the message and then you initialize the various things in the main function. And then in the while loop, all you do is if you're transmitting, you just call the transmit function that I showed in the previous slide. So yeah, I think it's a good level of abstraction from the lowest level up until the main function. And that's essentially how you transmit using the port. So I'm now going to show a quick demonstration of the transmit being picked up by the spectrum analyzer. And it's just a video. If this was in person, I had a better demonstration to show, which was the ping, pinging from one lower dongle to the other. But unfortunately, I wasn't able to make it in person. So this is the next best thing of a demonstration. So yeah. So this is a spectrum analyzer. It's not picking up any signals right now. And then I connect the lower dongle and it turns on. And I don't know if you can see, but the LED is flashing. And then we go back to the spectrum analyzer and you can see that there's a peak at the transmit frequency. So just to make sure that it wasn't in any way with signals, I disconnect and yeah, there's no peak. And yeah, so this was actually the first time I was able to get transmit working. And I was quite excited. Yeah. Okay. So I do have some documentation. It's not thorough. It's not complete, but it's enough to essentially get the board manufactured, build SOC, and then start writing programs on it. So it's an interesting website. It's live now already. You can go click the link and you can just read more about it. Yeah, you can see how we're getting started. This just focuses on installing tool chains or light takes as well. And yeah, things like that. And then this tutorial as well is starting up from nothing into getting Blinky working on the LED. Yeah, so future plans. This is both for my immediate completion. So by the end of this year and then also be on like moving further into the lower dongle lifespan. So well, firstly, as I mentioned that actually I'm not sure I did, but the second prototype was actually only received like last week. So I've only only had a few days to play with which was getting that transmit working in the demonstration. So it's still in the early stages of testing. There's still a lot of testing that I would want to do. And that covers specifically CPU related things. So things like latency, how long it takes to transmit messages, how long the computation takes to do that, bandwidth and throughput, how much you can actually, how much data you can send in a given time. Range testing, I plan to see how far I can actually transmit because I know Rora is supposed to be long range. So I want to see the capabilities of my PCB. That's also both line of sight and obstructed. And then as well as indoor testing, buildings, indoors, multiple stories or multiple rooms. And then finally benchmarking of the SSC. So that's just seeing how performative it actually is. And then ultimately, I would love to connect to a lower end gateway that's already implemented somewhere in the world. And then that would be connecting to the lower end network. And then with the testing done, I've actually compartmentalized the plans for the lower dongle into three main goals. So the first one would be for my immediate goal for both finishing my dissertation and also just excitement of improving the PCB. So that's improving the SSC, which essentially making it more efficient, you know, giving it more computational using the FGA fabric. And yeah, just improving that in general. And then moving on, I'd want to be able to run Linux on it on the lower dongle, but that's a bigger endeavour. And that's because it would need a larger FGA. There are examples of Linux running Linux. Like it's been done before I actually used it on a dev board. But yeah, being able to do that on the lower dongle would, as I mentioned, require a much larger FGA. And therefore, that would mean redoing the whole board. So yeah, that's like more of a long term goal. But I do think it would also do much better in terms of contributing to edge computing. And then finally, with that done, it would be seeing it being used in the industry. So as I mentioned, the demonstration of the gas sensor, just having a Laura capable board for ease of pickup and use. So if somebody wants to have an application and they want to rapidly integrate Laura, they can just take the board and then use it. And the added benefit is increasing computing capacity as well. But yeah, that's my presentation. I just want to thank you once again for taking the time out to come and see it and hear it. I apologize for not being able to be there. But yeah, if you want to ask any questions, if you want to contact me, these are the links linked in email and then have personal portfolio type website as well. But yeah, thank you so much for attending. Bye-bye.


I'm getting chased by, uh, Dan and Cohen. You gotta go to the hospital. 78! 78! Okay, I'm coming back. I'm coming back to you, Dan. Let's go this 99. Dispatch 100. Uh, Mark me is operating under 112. Still sending it through Zankudo. Overbound. They're westbound through the military base. Vehicle will be exiting on Great Ocean Highway. Vehicles northbound, Great Ocean Highway. I need fuel. I'm just gonna get fuel real quick and then try to cut it off if it comes back south. Vehicles sending it over the bridge. Still going northbound, Great Ocean. Vehicles sending it northbound approaching Polito. Heading towards the lumber mill. Inside the lumber mill. I can spike it right here if they spike, kill it for spikes. I'm gonna crack them in there. See? There they are. I can't, I can't read these people' minds. They're hiding right here. Vehicles going off-road again. We got them. They're going eastbound Calafia right now. Corner, what's the making model? Some Porsche, two-door. Yeah, it comes back to Allison Lloyd, flag 1060-01-BBU-762. Going southbound Joshua Roads. He's in about 125 miles an hour in the rain. Traffic is average. Going eastbound Sonora Road. Very rainy. Continuing southbound Sonora Road. Top about at 140. In the rain, the weather is clearing up. In and out of opposite lanes to travel. Driving on the shoulder. Passing the ranch. Continuing southbound Sonora Road. Traffic is heavy. Turning left on the Power Street, southbound. Right. Westbound, Spanish Avenue, 50s to the light pole. Currently passing the Amunation. Passing Alta Place. Turning left on the Alta Street, southbound. Y'all driving automatic? Uh, yeah. I'm getting chased by Den and Corwin. I already know they got 99 Turbo and automatic in there. Oh, I'm having some crazy... Yeah, you are having real bad headaches. Might be Den going left, southbound Las Vegas Boulevard. It's definitely one of you. Here, give me primary. Westbound, Carcer Way, turning right, San Vitas. Den, give me primary. Uh, okay. Get out of the car and do the general. I think it might be you. You're skipping around like crazy. Right, east. You're like teleporting all over the place. You're like a... Spanish, right, south, all the way to westbound, Alta. Slowing, slowing, left, south, Las Vegas. You turn, northbound, Las Vegas. Off-road now, I don't know what they're doing. That's crazy.  Okay, first of all, we're trying to pick something, sir. Yeah, come on. I got a little break. All right, they're trying to fix it. Hey, Swars, they should give you the upgrades. Jesus Christ, man. Okay. I don't know if that was a pickup vehicle, but there's a car that came flying. Right, west San Andreas. Like an hour, no? Yeah, I think you're good now. Hey, what you driving back there? What'd you say? What you got back there? What'd you say? What kind of car you got back there, man? What kind of transmission? Your manual, too? Yes, this is manual. Oh, okay. Real man. That's what I like to hear. Yeah, I don't know, but that other car just came screaming fast. I believe we've seen that car multiple times now, by the way. The one that was just on Strawberry Black. Black and colored with a spoiler, dark window tint. Then it came back to Terry Langston.   I don't feel like this is going to be an ambush. Maybe. Where's this even last place? I don't know. Probably another meeting.  Nothing but meetings since he became a senior. Oh, my lord. Oh, it's Mr. Salton now. Yeah, it's Mr. Salton. Over Alta? Right, East Indian. If it goes around somewhere, I'll go around, okay? You guys follow him through, I'll go around. Yeah, going to Westband Eclipse Boulevard. In and out of traffic. Traffic is heavy. Weather is clear. The time is nighttime. Westband Eclipse Boulevard. He's drifting out in opposite lanes of travel. Passing the garage on West Eclipse and Hardy Way. Yeah, we saw it. We saw it. I don't know if it was an idea. We saw a car flying around. U-turn and going to Eastband. Southbound 22. Southbound Bay City. They're just pulling over the vehicle, sir. Pull over. What's the unit numbers on this currently? Four? Four. All right, we can do one more. Someone's trying to go around. Someone go around.  We're going to go around. It's going in the HVAC Alleyway area. Yeah, this red vehicle is here. They went southbound, left East VCB. They might be towards San Andreas. They must have gone through that. I don't know why. See, this is another problem of the tourist. They never got fixed. I said this was an issue. Damn it. The hell's that? You're going to go to the hospital. What, your leg? Yeah. We'll get him. Right Eastbound. We're running low on gas, by the way, guys. We've got them hit. He's on the radio. He's southbound on Peaceful. We went for another pet. We missed. Left Eastbound. Yeah, there's other officers here. I'll be fine. Did you get them on radio then and handle in that? Because they're not on radio right now. I'll get them on radio. Driving towards Little Soul gas. There may be a block coming up here.  We went over the block. The block missed. He's turtled. He's back. He's back even. There are now two interference vehicles. That was good. I've seen him on the other side. He's in a silver car. The drivers in the silver car? They for him. Drivers in the silver car. We'll stay with the car. I cannot... I'm almost positive he just took the gun in his waist. I'm almost positive. I went to the scene where it started. There's multiple shots fired. Multiple dead locals. Okay. As soon as it's coming, we're out of gas anyway. Staying with the car. He's currently in an alleyway on McDonald Street. Might be preparing another block. Cars bouncing around the side. Alleyway is again back behind McDonald, Jamestown, crossing Corson Avenue. We have no one on duty. Okay, he's taking the jump, the dirt jump down onto Atopia Parkway towards LSIA. He lines up for that jump that they use. Yeah, get ready for the jump. Get ready for the jump. Okay, Westman to Atopia Parkway. He's going for the jump. I'm up here. Okay, he made it. We made it. Northbound to Davis Avenue. Take primary. Take primary. Take primary. I can't be in primary for this car at all. It's way too slow. Check on that. Check on that. Two's on scene. There's a red Lampidotti taking off right now. Red Lampidotti taking off with both of us here. Are there any officers able to come? This Lampidotti just let the scene of two officers down. One, two, three. They don't want to go to the officers, please. The red Lampidotti is fleeing right now. They're going to go to the West. Continue on Westbound. We have it. They're heading towards Bay City. Two 13 Alphys from this Lampidotti. Same one that's seen fleeing. We just 50. Get in the car. Bay City, BC Bay. Left West towards the beach.  Well, today I'm saying the 76 city officer. Sir, please stop running, sir. The last scene, Westbound. Sir, please stop running. I got the original driver on foot here. Both of us got flipped at the same time. 78. 78. Okay, I'm coming back. I'm coming back to you, Dan. What's going on, 78? Heard shots. Exact location. Call me. Shots. Alta Street, South Side. South of the sanitation area. He's here. Dan is down. Yeah, I need 78 to here. What's your status? I'm good. I'm Ocean King. I'm with Dan. I don't know where the guy went, but he's on foot, I believe. Dan, are you okay? He was wearing a high visibility vest, white shirt, blue jeans. I believe he's underneath the freeway. Do you see which way he went? I hear another car coming fast. We have to change the tires on the Taurus, because this happens all the time. You can't flip them. Dan, that's on me. I shouldn't have split up. It's on me. Okay, brother. I shouldn't have split. Whenever we tackled one, I should have had his lethal. Original target was dry. Original passenger. But whenever we made the decision on one, even if let's say he tackled the wrong person, hypothetically, I still need to commit with him and back him up and let him go. The problem is I let him go. What if that guy turns around and shoots at me too? He said hi. He broke custody. He went around the corner and I lost him again. And then that's what he came out with a rinse. This thing turtles worse than any other car that we have. Yeah. I would know. Yeah. I need to document the whole thing. So he's chasing him and broke cuffs, ran away, went around the corner, came back and knocked him upside the head. I would flashlight the area first. Just flashlight everything around here. If he shot him, then he might have been bleeding. Yeah. I mean, I'm not seeing any blood or anything. So maybe he, maybe Dan missed. Zone six. Okay. Let's see in here. Did you hit when you try to shoot that guy? I'm pretty sure I did. But sometimes we do have some Chinese bullets, so they don't work as well. Yeah. I'll see that. Yeah. The only blood on scene is yours. They're locals. They're two of them down. There's a down guard back here also. You're not going to get you taken care of soon, okay? You're not under arrest or anything, but I'm going to have to cover you. Okay. Why? Just for safety. I know I'm getting taken care of. I'm getting taken care of. Don't worry. I'm going to bleed out, sir. Sir, please. I'm trying to get, sir. I'm going to bleed out. Sir, I'm trying to help you. On the way, brother. Sir. That's not helping. Yeah, I am. Neither is fleeing, brother. Sir. Neither is fleeing. Sir, I'm going to have to GSR test you as well here. Okay, good. Sir, could you take off your mask, please, and show some ID? I'm off the map. Oh, yeah, Terry. Hello. What's going on? I want to watch Tim get shot at, okay? So this guy right here, Terry. We just want to question him. Grab his statement. He's GSR negative. So I want to grab his statement. He did get into the stolen car, but I don't want to push it. We have a gun, and I want to get that off the streets. That's all I want. Are there any more 77s? Don't grab it. Just so you know, just look at it. 1-4-1-4-8. Slacks, can you go to that cash exchange? You're not going to have any backup, but I want that hostage to safe and sound. See the serial number on that? Yeah, I do. Run it to see whose profile comes back. Alright, Terry. Terry's going to be going with it. And be advised, the gun Mr. Antoff had was reported stolen today by Mr. William Wood. Suarez took that report. We got to run the case since back. Oh, well, it said it got stolen today, right? Mm-hmm. $15,000 fine. Jesus Christ. I was going to set him back. I think it's going to be more than that, too. I mean, here's the thing. We saw Terry Langston steal a turbo without a mask. I mean, we could charge him now. Matt attacked in self-defense, and I tried to run away, but got shot. I had my crowbar out. I was just walking down the road. Man, he left the part where he got into a stolen car and tried to start the engine. He really left that part out. We got his shots fired. We got a robbery. We got a suspicious activity, and then his shots fired immediately. Wait, was there stolen goods? You said there was stolen goods at the back. There were stolen goods in the back of the Mazda, as well as exposed boxes of jewelry. Around the case of God. Yeah, this is juicy. So what else did he have on him? Criminal use, criminal possession, robbery of a civilian. Possession of stolen. Well, here's the thing. We should have arrested Terry. Why don't we arrest Terry? He resisted arrest. He was run away from just the detainment, and they broke cuffs twice.  The stolen vehicle had stolen goods in it. I don't know why we didn't arrest Terry. 45... I was like... Yeah, I ain't done yet either, let me show you. I wonder if he's going to give us the... I found it in the dumpster defense.  I hope not. Yeah, some people are into that. For that guilty, please.  All right, done and toasted.


Yesterday, we had talked about this frustration, aggression, hypothesis. Today, we are going to talk about a model, Andersen's and Bushman's model, which basically tries to explain this whole process of aggressive retaliation, aggressive reactions in the light of the information processing model. If you look at the different schools of thoughts in psychology, the whole theories in psychology, the whole nature of research in psychology, they were influenced at times in the history by different different schools of thoughts. At one point in time, behaviorism was very strong, the Fredian thought was very strong. So, similarly a time came when the information processing model became extremely important. And what Andersen and Bushman did was that they try to look at the social cognitive information processing of aggression. So, now you have a social dimension to it, you have a cognitive dimension to it and then it is with respect to how the information is processed. If you look at the whole basic premise of the information processing model, all it says is that you have an input, you have an output and then some processes take place in between. And therefore, how the input will lead to certain type of an outcome, that primarily depends on how it is processed. So, Andersen and Bushman what they did was that they were also trying to implement the same model, trying to suggest that when you have a source of anger in your environment, there would be some social factors and there would be certain things that you already have experienced. Today, you remember towards the end we were talking that even with more and more of experience, the sight of the sound of frustration can also trigger the same amount of anger.  So, what this model suggested was that by that time it was established that memory is a complex associative network of nodes characterizing cognitive notions and emotions. You have certain now memory of what led to what in the past and therefore, you have a good network of certain nodes, the primary factors that had triggered aggression within the environment that were the source of frustration, that were the source of aggression that you already have. So, life experiences what it does is that it will facilitate the linkage among those nodes. So, you have different different episodes and then based on your earlier experiences, you start establishing relationship and this is how you start saying that this is a troublesome group, X is a troublesome boy. So, that is how the networks are formed and then they say that strongly interconnected set of concepts make our knowledge structure. So, what leads to anger you have that type of understanding depending on the connectivity between these types of nodes which is again dependent on the life experiences. Now, these knowledge structures guide our interpretation. So, I already have a past experience when a new situation comes to me, I am guided by my earlier experience and that helps me know analyze whether this situation can invoke similar type of anger or not. Person and situation related variables affect the present internal state of the individual and in turn this state influences the appraisal and the decision making. Once again we have come to appraisal if you recollect for long we had been talking about the goal congruent and incongruent emotions and how appraisal of emotion is important. So, here also you realize that the this state where you have person where you have situations you have your earlier experiences which helps you judge the new situation. All of this they influence your appraisal mechanism and then once you go for an appraisal then you turn angry and this is in fact the model that they had suggested. So, according to them you have your present internal state. In the present internal state you have your cognitive things the memory would be the part of the cognitive structure. This boy was the source of you know problem in earlier Tech-Krithi also. This group was you know troublesome in that episode also. So, you have that memory you have that affect the emotional component attached to it and then you have the arousal factor how much it puts you under unrest. And these three things gets you know you have certain inputs. So, these three things the present internal state gets influenced by the incoming inputs which could be person dependent which could be situation dependent. So, usually what happens people whom you do not like people who always trigger certain degree of anger in you will continue to trigger that anger. Because your present internal state interacts with that individual in that format certain type of situations you do not appreciate it triggers anger in you. Imagine a situation when you are not allowed to do what you love to do. It creates certain degree of aggression within you. Every day you come late by 5 minutes 10 minutes and then one day suddenly your 5 or 10 minute delay has you know not given you or deprived you of the opportunity of responding to all the 10 questions in the quiz. The situation could be a source of anger for you. If the same is repeated twice the person who administers the quiz becomes the source of aggression for you. So, this is how person in situation will interact and they will influence your present internal state. And if my delay by 5 or 10 minutes have not deprived me of the opportunity of certain grades for remaining 42 lectures in the course why I should be punished only for the 3 sessions. You have different ways of this experience, but then this is what happens. Then this encounters a social reality. Now you evaluate and you say that see if I argue this way that I have always been late by 10 minutes. Look at my records this is a consistent phenomena and because I have been consistent in my approach in terms of coming late by 10 minutes therefore I should not be deprived of the 10 questions of the second quiz because today also I am consistent I am late by 10 minutes. Your social interpretation says this is not appropriate. There are multiple loopholes if I argue this way and therefore you know once you have the person in the situation in front of you that invokes certain degree of aggression that puts your arousal mechanism go up your internal state does not remain what it was. You first look at it also from the social appropriateness point of view. And then there could be two possibilities one you have thoughtful actions. So thoughtful action would be that once everybody goes out I will quietly come and say that you know I was in fact on time, but I happen to fall down from the bicycle while I was entering the gate and that was the reason I was late today or you could come and say that I was you know not talking about anything I was not asking about any question or any answer or I was not even trying to take out the mobile phone out of my pocket to send a source message to my friend that quiz has begun do come. So why did you ask me to encircle my roll number? These are thoughtful actions. That could be an impulsive reaction keep your quiz with you and you walk out of the room. That is not a thoughtful action that is an impulsive reaction. And then these two things will have appraisal and the decision making process. So you evaluate you come forward with the decision and this in turn will give feedback to your input.  This is Anderson's and Bushman's model of aggression how right from the normal state internal state of saturation you have a person you have a situation you have a social interpretation you have thoughtful action you have impulsive reaction then you have the appraisal mechanism you have the decision making. And many a times it might happen that you turn angry to realize that this is not appropriate because the quantum of anger that you receive from the recipient is much more than you.  You shout and immediately the one the parent on whom you have shouted slaps you and decide oh the quantum of anger shown from the other end is much more intense and therefore you would draw even in social exchanges especially in buses trains where people fight for getting seats finding space for themselves you would realize that you may shout and if the other person also shouts you would realize that gradually the situation very quickly comes down because both of them realizes that the opposition is mightier. And therefore appraisal mechanism always tells you that what is a is it appropriate for you to continue with your aggressive reaction or should you try to tame your behavior. Now this is know the type of anger which usually would be considered to be a normal pattern of reaction. One thing that we left there in the thread was the impulsive behavior impulsive behavior we would come little later again but with respect to with respect to not the usual impulsive reaction but cases where individuals experiences inability in terms of containing their impulses. Usually what happens most of us are like know you would boil within and you would say I feel going and hitting him but then you only say this you do not do it. So you have your ability to contain your impulse there are few who do not have this control mechanism and that is considered to be a disorder that we would be talking about the faggot. Now we come to two interesting type of aggressions indirect aggression and direct aggression. Indirect aggression like telling stories about the target of aggression in their absence. So say the instructor who has not allowed you to respond to all ten questions in both the quizzes because you were late is the source of anger for you. Now you are sitting somewhere where the source of anger is absent and then you construct new stories about your source of anger. So now the target in his or her absence you start know fabricating new new stories and you share it with the group. The basic idea is to tarnish the image of the individual. Now such narrations could be element of lie or exaggeration in order to put the target in trouble because I do not like the source I do not like the target because I have my own you know process of interpreting the target I have tagged him as a source of aggression. Therefore I would cook all type of stories that would be full of lies that will be no extra exaggeration of you know a very small episode that had happened. But then this is how you reflect your emotion. This is a form of indirect aggression. Once again researches showed that this is you know the form of aggressive reaction mostly used by women. That does not mean that women do not show direct aggression but largely indirect aggressions are shown by women. Direct aggression basically is a state where the aggression is manifested in the presence of the target. And once again this would be like say I know the target I know who is the source of my anger and I go and have a head on experience with him or her and in turn there could be calculation errors and I myself would become a victim of it. Again this is something shown mostly by men. And that is the reason you would find that most of the situations where some degree of brutality is involved in the aggressive phenomena where somebody becomes a victim fracture, cut wounds, blood shed. You will always find men being involved in the action not the women. You could have multiple ways of looking at it. One way could be that find you know the way women are brought up in the society. Basically teaches them not to get engaged in such type of brutal acts compared to males. Another interpretation could be you know that the testosterone is basically responsible for instigating impulsive reaction in you. Men have you know extra amount of testosterone usually in their body compared to women and therefore they will always be more aggressive and impulsive compared to women. This is an endocrinological interpretation of this aggressive retaliation. And third and very beautiful interpretation comes from the neuropsychological researches which say that women have little refined brain compared to males. And therefore their ability to calculate you know the outcome of the situation is superior compared to males and therefore they can comprehend what is the point in getting and hitting you twice when I know that I might also get something in return. So in turn why not to cut you very quietly and nicely very sharply so that you do not even realize that you are being murdered and then my work is done. I do not get even scratch and you have been completely behaving. I should not say this I am not saying you know that males are better or females are better. I am just trying to know look at it intellectually from multiple viewpoints. Even in the history of the mankind if you look at how one ruler dominated the other kingdom you would realize very interesting phenomena that the men rulers were those who used to be killed in the war. And in many cases you would realize that the queen of the deceased king would marry the new king who has taken the throne. It is a very common type of you know in the history it is very common anywhere in the world history earlier days if you look at this phenomena you will find that this is how the process existed.  So these are interesting phenomena I will just touch upon that issue we had once shared here in this class that the earlier phenomena of what was called as fight flight reaction there is a new set of research indicating that there is something called tend different reaction you remember this. And there also we had a distinction fight flight common to both men and women but tend different is a new pattern which is seen only in women not in men. So in terms of indirect and direct aggressive reactions also it has been observed that indirect reactions mostly seen by women and direct reactions mostly seen in men. Now we come to an interesting thing where we would be primarily talking about the correlates of aggression what are the factors that basically precipitates greater degree of anger in you that makes you much more aggressive compared to others. One once parental rejection you somehow realize that you are an unwanted child your parents do not love you and this can right from the earlier days of childhood can you know make you keep boiling within such individuals are likely to be much more aggressive in their approach compared to others. Fiscal discords you have all types of push and pulls in the family and there was a great degree of disharmony that existed between the members of the family especially the two parents. If one has experienced painful punishments in life or did not experience it but always had the looming danger of physical punishment. So if you have been repeatedly physically abused for minor of the errors you were punished by the parents for slightest of the error in the classroom the teacher punishes you. For some type of reactions that you show in your group some members of your own play group also beats you. If you have been know the one who has repeatedly received painful physical punishment in life that can make you extremely angry within. If you have not received it personally but if there was always a danger imagine situation when the mother gives you a glass of milk and says pio pio.  It is tasty I have added born with I have added all legs I have done this I have done that. The mother allows you for most of the kids you would see know that kids will take longer time to eat small quantity of food half an hour 45 minutes it could be irritating for the care taker. But then if you start using threat as a module have this milk you have just two minutes two minutes two two two and then you do not apply it but there is always a danger know. So, the concentration is never on the milk but it is always on where is the palm right now. Such type of situations can really know precipitate you know extreme degree of anger in you. If one has received inconsistency in that treatment means you have said something you have done something and today one of the parents appreciates you the other day the other the same parent does not appreciate you. Say you have passed from one class to the other class your friends told you your teachers told you very good your report says no you were a meticulous student you have done your work with precision and your hard work is worth appreciating. You receive all this in your report card you show it to your parent who says you need to study more and then you never get an idea that how much should I score so that those who really know are very close to me those who matter they would appreciate it. You must have come across parents know especially after 10 12th exams parents whose kids would know achieve very high percentage but they would not be very happy. So how much has your son or daughter secured and you say 95 percent and why are you not happy see Verma's son 98 percent. So such comparisons never allow you to be happy the worst is when you start not showing inconsistency say the child has used a slang for the first time the child does not know the meaning.  So if you have that type of an inconsistency even inconsistency in terms of treatment by the two parents one parent scolds you for the same thing other parent appreciates you for the same thing you do not know what to do.  So one comes with some type of a logical deduction which might not be accurate like playing in the absence of father is good. In many families you would see know the child is still playing with video game online games watching movies all of this will continue till the father comes and the moment the father comes there is absolute discipline and silence in the family. It reminds me of my own childhood experience I had a friend in my neighborhood we used to play cricket in the evening they were kids of my age know in approximately all the house there. So we would all assemble there we would play and we had one friend who would always come and request that please allow me to do the batting first. As you know know in the childhood days you take more pride in batting rather than doing anything else in the game and therefore all of us would say no to him and he would every day come and know beg that no no please please please I would be the first one to bat and the whole reason was that his father would come sometime midway when the game was on from the office and he would stand in his corridor shout at the loudest of his voice. I still remember his name because of that sound when I am explaining it I could my memory tells me know how the father used to pronounce his name in the state of anger. So he would just shout the name of that child and this child wherever he is will just drop even if he is doing like this he will drop the bat and run every day it happened and this was know when we were in somewhere in class 6 7 that stage when studies are not that important but his father was very particular know. So no games you have to study when we came to class 10 that level his house was located at a place where know if I get out of my house take a turn and go for getting something from a shop his house would fall in between right from morning 7 o'clock I do not know if he used to sit before that you would find him sitting in the varanda on the table with books whatever time you go right from 7 o'clock afternoon evening consistently x would be sitting in the varanda but what was very interesting was that whosoever will cross the road which one or the other guy will always cross he will wave his hand know come close whisper so he would sit you know following the dictates of his father he would sit on the chair but would never read the book he would keep the book open and then this story continues know I am not going to that but this shows great degree of inconsistency when the father does not allow you to play and mother was a housewife would always allow him that go and play with your friends this is the evening time all of them have gathered in the playground. So such inconsistency will again know make you utterly confused and can again trigger anger in you parents permissiveness of aggression as a small child you show certain degree of aggressive behavior and parents allow you to do that the worst can happen when the parents admire you for showing that you remember we have been talking that if you are brought up in a society where the male member of the family takes liberty of shouting at the female members the growing male child also starts doing that. Now imagine the situation when the father sorry the mother says he is just like his father when the grandparent says and then you realize oh there is a beauty in imitating the aggression of my father so keep shouting so the way parents allow the kids to know show their aggression can make them further continue with this act in a much more consolidated manner if the parental expectation is low parents do not expect too much from you if the parents they do not supervise you well if you have your parents who themselves are social deviants if parents have consistently been showing their dissatisfaction with respect to whatever you have achieved in life whatever you have shown in life if you have been continuously receiving punishment we have discussed this if threat has constantly been used and if you realize that after doing this much also in life your parents did not accept you. Now if you look right from top to bottom it is all parents parents and parents and therefore it is always said that the first formative phase that you experience plays the most important role in terms of no deciding the base line for your aggressive behavior. Now we come to another form of aggression where you do not exhibit your aggressive reaction to the actual source rather you displace your anger the person responsible for the thwarting act is always the primary target so if whosoever is responsible if you are able to identify your aggression will always and always be directed to him or her the good part is we had discussed it study also no cultural and hostile aggression that you realize that person is important but then his or her possessions are also important his or her reputation is also important his or her ideals are also important his or her friends are also important so if I cannot target you I can target your positions I can target your reputation I can target your ideals I can target your friends so if not you okay your friends there have been constant no disturbance in our family sorry in our society at least in the past few years we have not heard it so much but I would say that five years before this timeline repeatedly every in every day there happened to be a news that the statue of one of the well-known freedom fighters of India who is also given the credit of being instrumental in getting our constitution form his idols were pulled down okay so you have say if X is the person okay his statues were made throughout the country okay and because a small group of people identify with him consider him to be the ideal so no people will know pull down the statue they will turn the statue into rubbles apply something on the face of the statue so throw some dirt on the statue this was very common five years ago and uniformly uniformly throughout the country and I must tell you that that was the time when people who belonged to this set of castes okay they were gradually also becoming more and more politically powerful okay and this no tug of war continued for very long very long more than two three years it continued and then gradually stabilized to certain extent now this is like say targeting your ideals okay so you have been enjoying this privilege because the government has passed this ordinance okay you identify yourself you consider him to be your ideal you have put his your his statue there and pull it down so you are by pulling one statue okay you are hurting the sentiments of large number of killing the reputation cutting the reputation of an individual into pieces I have I have known this man for last five years indirect aggression no very nicely you make slice of the character of this individual what we popularly called is called as character assassination no you have seen only this side of this man no see the other side oh and you fabricate stories no so you cut short on the reputation or no target the positions of the individual okay so especially those of you who have been to boarding schools okay I am sure you must have experienced many such things okay where the lead the lead boss from the student group his positions are made the target when hostile wardens positions are made the target okay this is seen usually in the adolescent age no 8th 9th 10th 11th then it goes down very when you take pride in doing this bullying is no again very big area of research in psychology especially if you look at the content of adolescence related stuffs in psychology you would find great amount of research in bullying also here we are discussing bullying in a very small fashion with respect to displaced anger bullying basically is a mechanism where you find a scapegoat somebody on whom you can express your anger okay and usually that person is supposed to be weaker than yourself okay the one who will not retaliate who will not give you the reciprocal response take situations like persecutions by gang or a group so a group of people decide to persecute you being cruel to weak and defenseless okay it could be done at a smaller level it could be done at a very larger level also you remember long time back there was some problem in Odisha when very draconian act took place a group of people had put a vehicle on fire a jeep where no somebody was sitting inside okay and that somebody happened to be a foreign national who was working as a Christian missionary in the state of Odisha okay and this story you know Graham Stanley was the man no and this was in the limelight for very long okay and the person who had really who was caught by the police that he is the one who should be held responsible for that kept on no negating that he is repent less and he had his own way of looking at it now a group of people can go to this extent no where you decide to persecute an individual okay when you become extremely cruel to somebody who cannot defend oneself okay so you find that you can shout at your servant you can slap your servant you can punish your servant it is very common no in the urban areas you would repeatedly find reports of physical abuses of maids okay beating maids chained maids okay if you look at the archives of the newspaper I will say that every 15 20 days one such news appears I am sure that they these are under reported cases okay but certainly there are many more such things at a larger level look at the present political no disharmony that has taken place no one political party within country asking the government to vote for an issue that is going to be debated in the United Nations no whole of no the youngsters Tamil youngsters who are defenseless okay and you kill them you shoot them saying that fine they were killed in the battlefield and now after these many months the new report shows that fine they were caught somewhere else they were without firearms they were brought to somewhere and then they were shot from a very close range okay I do not know if you have seen this video there is a documentary film no I think what is the name of the documentary do you remember the Sri Lanka battlefield or battlefield in Sri Lanka something like this no which basically shows the atrocity of the Sri Lanka armed forces on the Tamil rebels okay the whole argument is that from those who have made the documentary the channel which is telecasting it it was even screened in the UN okay showing to our rest of the nations let us see this is actually what happened okay so the justification is that say if you are killing somebody who had arms in the hand okay who were fighting you and therefore they were killed in the operation fine but somebody even though he is a rebel but then was without a fire weapon should not have been persecuted persecuting one's pet so I cannot know confront you but you your dog always goes for a walk no so I will hit the dog write something on the dog okay cruelty towards less member of your own group okay four or five members usually this is what the gang formation is in the adolescent years so within your group itself you find somebody who is the source of aggression for the remaining have you seen this movie shoot out at Lokhandwala remember in that gang there was somebody know who everybody would comment on that is basically you know a weaker identifying a weaker member in within your own group who otherwise enjoys the privilege of being your in inward inside member but then is also the source of frustration for others and then aggression towards other small subgroups so you are dominant and you take smaller subgroups you show anger towards them so this was all about displaced anger now when we meet next we would be talking about pathological side of anger when anger does not remain normal at all.


Hey, what is up everyone happy Tuesday October 3rd 2023 Four trains today in the live stream started off with a Couple volume runners are real nice one in MU plus 594 and then Small winner in Disney. We had some funky stuff going on with the Joltz report that came out Tried some mighty 90s got pretty much a scratch and goog and just I Bailed on on meta and end up being a losing trade. So Market got really strong and then it got really weak. So it's just one of those days where he Wanted when a report comes out and then the markets kind of can swing either way. So Let's show MU first So this bar was bigger than the previous one So it pulled back right by this pivot right here and I got long and so you can see I just end up Getting out of half and then I just I did I did 20 contracts because I got filled with a buck 14 So a little over $2,100 of buying powers about my my in my medium range And so, you know, I got a 10 and then I just got a two got a two got a two got out two And I got out my final two right up here at the top So I didn't I didn't had set through any of this pullback and you kind of see what happened here Like look at Netflix This so so this is the first bar here, which is usually the biggest So this is when the report came out. And so And then things started to really get weak after that You kind of see that so I I got out I scaled out of my last two right up there, which was perfect So plus 594 Disney had this big volume bar again This was this was when things started really spiking and you know, I don't really like I wouldn't I would never play a Situation like Netflix with his bars just so much bigger than the first that usually doesn't mean continuation higher So I did jump in Disney though because it wasn't, you know, as big as Netflix was And it pulled back to here and I got in and then I got out of half and Then it started to come down and when I saw this bar coming down, I'm like, okay, it's not good I got I just closed it out. So that's how it was a small winner Goog mighty 90 Okay, so it was a mighty 90 see right here and then it pushed down and I got in right there and then it came down this pivot and I added to it And it popped back up and I was able like right here. I was able to get out of half and then Things started getting weak again. And so I just bailed on it right here. It looks like if I would Continue to hold for two bars green bars. I probably would have Been more of a winning trade, but it was like from a scratch trade and then meta also Good-looking mighty 90 right here. And so I ended up getting in right there And then it pushed down and I added to it at yesterday's low And then when it popped up gave me two green bars. I got out right there. So that's why it was a minus minus 190 So it looks like things are starting to really flush now, too I was talking in the live stream this Microsoft looked like a good downside continuation runner But I Just played it safe, but it looks like it would have been good to get in some Here's another potentially good downside Continuation runner pop up roll over pop up roll over So but Anyway, I'll take it Considered as the wild action going on right now plus 524 and I'll be back Friday. So see you then


My name is Manu Mysore. I'm an assistant professor at the University of Maryland School of Medicine. I am also a co-director of the cardio-oncology program here at the University of Maryland. My focus is on preventive cardiology, non-invasive imaging, and cardio-oncology, a growing field requiring a multidisciplinary collaboration between our oncology and cardiovascular medicine departments. My goal for my patients is one, to have a great quality of life with the care that I provide, but also to establish a great relationship between my patients and myself, because it's a long-term commitment a lot of times. And it's important for them to know that I care. I want to be able to prevent the next heart attack, prevent the next complication from a chemotherapeutic agent, and really play a big role in the patient's lives before something drastic may happen. The best part of what I do as a cardiologist and a cardio-oncologist is really seeing the differences that I make in my patient's lives, whether it be allowing patients to continue their chemotherapeutic regimen to get to remission from their oncological disease, or whether it's to prevent another heart attack or a stroke on a patient who has a significant family history of either of those conditions. I think those two things are probably the best part of my life.


If you want to find a reason to be afraid, you'll find one. And it's practically guaranteed that the media will use any and every opportunity to incite fear. To some degree, even leaders in the body of Christ do this unknowingly. But think of how God worked through Joseph. He was released from prison to interpret a couple of troubling dreams that Pharaoh had. The interpretation was that Egypt would experience seven years of plente followed by seven years of famine. Because of this prophetic insight, reserves were built during the seven years of plente so that when the seven years of famine came, they were prepared. Which should have been a time of devastation became a time of abundance. People came from all over the region to buy from Pharaoh. So he actually experienced increase when everyone else was experiencing lack. Now, I'm talking about something bigger than material gain. I'm talking about God's ability to keep you.  What do you have to fear?


Hey folks. Happy Monday. It's February 13th at the time we were recording this video. And I have been talking a lot about Tears of the Kingdom. I've been talking about it a lot, really since it was unveiled back in 2019, but especially since the trailer last week, I mean, I'm looking at my channel. The last four videos were Tears of the Kingdom. So I mean, what a surprise that we're talking about Tears of the Kingdom again today. No, we are not just a Zelda channel. I forgive you for thinking that's what we are. We do make other types of content and we cover lots of other news. Obviously since the Nintendo director hasn't been a ton of news out there, we do have some updates, maybe a Metroid or something to get into. Maybe that's something I'll cover later today because the Metroid Prime remaster is also absolutely amazing and we need to talk about that. But here's the thing, the more I cover Tears of the Kingdom and I'll be making lots of news videos, theory videos, live streams, etc. about this game all the way up to launch including a massive launch special where we'll be streaming the game like every day for a week. I am a bit flabbergasted over some of the reactions every time I make a tweet, every time I make a video about Tears of the Kingdom. Now I want to be extremely clear. A vast majority of reactions are wholly positive. Most of you are super excited for Tears of the Kingdom and really looking forward to it and some of you might even be more hyped than I am. I don't even know how that's possible but some of you probably are. Some of you might be literally counting down the days as if your life depends upon it. That's what I mean by some of you might be more hyped than I am. I'm not counting down the days that my life depends on it, I'm just counting down the days because I'm excited. Here's the thing. There seems to be a number of people that are coming out of the woodworks to hate on Tears of the Kingdom and a lot of that hate seems to stem from hating on Breath of the Wild. We have reached that point in the Breath of the Wild and I guess we'll say Tears of the Kingdom life cycle where it is now in vogue to hate on what is literally one of the greatest games of all time. Now, whenever I make a statement like that greatest game of all time or Breath of the Wild is the best game ever made or Tears of the Kingdom could be, I'm clearly talking about an opinion. In case it's not clear, any statements of this is the best thing ever and it's about a video game is a subjective statement. I shouldn't need to note in my opinion every single time on something that is so blatantly an obvious subjective statement. So when I tell you that Breath of the Wild is the greatest video game ever made, clearly that's just from my perspective. You can disagree and that's fine. In fact, this video is highly likely due to the title and thumbnail going to draw people that actually hate Breath of the Wild. And yes, some of those people are hardcore Zelda fans that love a certain type of Zelda games in a certain way and don't even think Breath of the Wild is a Zelda game. Others will just be fans of other platforms or other video game series that want to find a way to diminish Breath of the Wild and I want to be clear, me saying things like Breath of the Wild is the greatest game of all time doesn't diminish Horizon Forbidden West and it doesn't, you know, Zero Dawn, it doesn't, it doesn't diminish God of War Ragnarok, it doesn't diminish Elden Ring. All of these games are epic and amazing and awesome, heck it doesn't diminish your favorite Zelda game. Maybe it's Twilight Princess, maybe it's Wind Waker, maybe it's Elin to the Past or Zelda 1 or Aquino Time, Majora's Man, whatever, whatever your favorite Zelda game is. It doesn't diminish that for me to say that Breath of the Wild is the greatest game of all time. I'm saying that from my perspective. Everything I say has to match your perspective and I think it's key to remember as we are getting closer and closer to Tears of the Kingdom coming out that we're getting a lot of vitriol thrown at Breath of the Wild and conversely, Tears of the Kingdom. What's interesting of course is that we don't really know a ton about Tears of the Kingdom even now. You want to throw that out as a criticism about Nintendo's marketing, I can understand that. Also, I also look at this in the other light where the number one thing I am seeing said about Tears of the Kingdom in the negative is it looks like more Breath of the Wild. More Breath of the Wild. It's basically DLC for Breath of the Wild. It's more Breath of the Wild and I sat there and I used to let those comments bother me. But the more I sit and reflect on them, the more I think it's a compliment. It's an underhanded one. It's meant to insult. But how is more of the greatest game ever made bad? That to me is where I have a hard time connecting the dots. Also, the fact that we fundamentally don't know that it's exactly like Breath of the Wild. But the number one arguments for that are typically art directions the same and it takes place in the same world as if we haven't had that happen many times of many other games. In fact, this same narrative actually popped up around God of War 2018 and God of War Ragnarok. This argument actually popped up way back in the day when Witcher 3 came out, which takes place in part of the same world as Witcher 2, etc, etc, etc. I think Skyrim and Elder Scrolls Oblivion actually takes place a little bit in the same world as well. I have to go back and look. It's been a while since I've played any of the Oblivion franchise, the Elder Scrolls franchise, the Oblivion franchise. It's the Elder Scrolls. Come on, Nate, you know better. And it's also interesting, of course, when people take something I say sometimes and make some inference out of it. Now, these aren't haters, these people are just trying to correct me, right? In the last video we talked about a survey that Nintendo was doing for Tears of the Kingdom and in there it mentioned making platforms and I said, I don't remember that. I was talking specifically about Tears of the Kingdom. I don't remember them showing the making of platforms and any of the Tears of the Kingdom footage, but naturally people just went, well that was in Breath of the Wild. That was Cryonus. How can you even be a Nintendo video content creator?  I'm literally playing Breath of the Wild Master Mode right now. You think I'm dumb? Of course I use Cryonus literally every day right now. I know what it is. I was talking about how we don't have an ability like that so far in Tears of the Kingdom. So I thought maybe that was a potential leak for Tears of the Kingdom that we will have a similar ability. Sort of like we have the arm that doesn't look like it's a magnet this time, but we can certainly lift things and move objects around like we could with the magnet. So anyways, Magnesis to be clear, yes. I even know the name of the abilities. Get out of here with us. Don't know what I'm talking about stuff. That being said, I want to focus more on the hate this game is getting and why I think it's just, it's silly. Look, I don't care if you like Breath of the Wild. I don't care if you like Tears of the Kingdom. I want to make that clear. What your opinion is about the game doesn't impact mine. What I don't understand is this incessant need for us to shove our opinions down the throat so those that disagree with us. Look, this is my channel, right? On my channel, I think that Breath of the Wild is the best game of all time. The greatest game ever made. A sequel to that is naturally going to really excite me and if you're going to tell me, oh, it's a lot like Breath of the Wild, I'm going to look you in the face and go, oh, so it's like the greatest game of all time, but maybe even better, making it the greatest game of all time. I think I can live with that. I'm good, but it's when people respond to me, respond to my videos and come at me to tell me how I'm wrong and how bad Breath of the Wild is, then I start to just want to know what the point is. You're not going to drag me down to agree with you. Obviously, we're on completely opposite ends of the spectrum. I'm also not going to your content, your videos, your tweets, your whatever, when you put out statements about how you dislike Breath of the Wild and responding to you because it's your opinion to dislike Breath of the Wild. But when you come at me, it always feels like you're coming at me. It's interesting when I respond to some comments sometimes directly and people go, well, I'm not talking about you. I'm talking about, well, you responded directly to my video, not directly to people on my video. Context matters, right? How am I supposed to know you're talking to anyone else but me when I made a video and you commented on my video, right? So look, obviously, Cheers to the Kingdom is going to be fire. It's going to slap. Has the Zelda game by the main Zelda team never slapped? I mean, even Zelda II loves Zelda II, by the way. It's my second favorite Zelda game of all time. But the thing is, even though some people didn't like that, back in the 80s and 90s, that thing still slapped. In fact, it's one of the best selling Zelda games of all time for a reason. That game still slapped. Even Triforce Heroes that some of you guys don't like. Hey, in the right setting with the right people, it's still a hell of a lot of fun and can absolutely slap. I think Phantom Hourglass is a really bad game. Not just a bad Zelda game, a bad game. And yet, and yet, admittedly, there are moments in it like in boss fights that slap. I trust the Zelda team. And maybe trust is an issue many of us have, right? It's hard to trust people. It's hard to trust individuals. It's hard to trust our children. Hard to trust our bosses and co-workers, right? But I just, this is the team that made the first one that was amazing. Of course, I trust them to do amazing with the next one. Until they give me a reason not to trust them. Now, if you're someone that is upset because we haven't had traditional dungeons confirmed. Look, I'm just going to burst your bubble right now. We're probably not going to get traditional dungeons in Tears of the Kingdom. Not a single word of dungeons. We tend to have dungeons in Breath of the Wild, right? The shrines were sort of mini dungeon replacements. And then each of the four Divine Beasts were supposed to be essentially normal dungeons. Obviously, they used similar aesthetic with similar looking bosses, even though the boss mechanics were different. So a lot of you guys just, you know, got a little bored, I guess, with that idea and that concept. But the idea of these long-winded, multiple three, four, five, six-hour dungeons, like Twilight Princess, nine of them, I just don't foresee that coming. And maybe that's going to upset you. Maybe there'll be seven dungeons for the Seven Tears. Maybe there'll be no dungeons. I just, Breath of the Wild was brilliant. 97 overall on Metacritic, one of the highest rated games of all time. In my opinion, the best game of all time. And I did that without traditional dungeons. I'm not saying I don't want traditional dungeons to come back. Personal opinion, I'd love to see some of them come back. I just, Breath of the Wild was a game that broke with traditions. So why would Tears of the Kingdom go backwards? Instead, I think it should evolve forwards. It should take what the shrines were. It should take what the Divine Beasts were. It should take what the breakable item system was. It should take what even the Sheikah Slate abilities are. It should take all these new things and find other ways to advance them in the new method. I just don't think they should go backwards. I think that kind of defeats the purpose, right? Breath of the Wild was all about the new. So why would we want to go backwards with the new? I mean, one of the most controversial additions of Tears of the Kingdom isn't even like the fact that there might not be traditional dungeons that offsets people. It's the vehicles, right? Most people seem to like the flying vehicle. They don't like the lawnmower. That's what I'm going to call it. It's too wide. It looks too weird. It looks too silly. Some people want that to be gone. Look, let's just wait. We don't have the full context of that ability. Also, if you remember horses in Breath of the Wild, right? We all had them. How often were you really using horses? So I kind of liken it to, we might have this ground car thing we could drive. How often are we really going to be using it when we traverse the world? I mean, what's it useful in just giant open planes? And there's not a ton of giant open planes in Hyrule. So I'm not so sure that the item's even that useful on the ground. Anyways, it's just one of those things. It's like a horse, it's an option, but you're probably not really going to use it much. I think it's a bunch of complaining about one specific thing that doesn't matter. I haven't seen a lot of complaints about the flying one. I mean, I guess some people wanted loft wings instead or something, but it's very obvious we're not getting loft wings, right? I think all the theories on that can go out the door. Anyways, we're always going to get off track because I'm talking about tears of the kingdom. And I can talk about a billion different things with it. I just, I want us, we're not all going to get along. The people who dislike Breath of the Wild are going to dislike tears of the kingdom. The people who love Breath of the Wild like myself are going to love tears of the kingdom. And that's kind of the way we are. This isn't about the price point or anything else. We're just talking strictly about the game itself. So if you're someone who dislikes Breath of the Wild, here is an option I want to give you. Stop watching my tears of the kingdom content. Or at least stop commenting on it. Because you're not doing anyone any good. You're not doing yourself any good because you're torturing yourself with something you don't like. And you're not doing the people who love it any good because you're sort of just annoying the people that do love it, having to read comments about how bad something is. How bad something is that we barely know anything about. So you guys are awesome and amazing for the most part. I just, I've just had a few little Twitter comments over the weekend because it's just been irking me. And until I get that thing that irks me off my chest, I can't move on to the next. So we'll move on to the next year. We've got other things to cover besides Zelda. Hope to get a second video out for you guys today on some of that stuff. Otherwise, I'll catch you in the next video.


We are ruled by apes with PR firms notes from the edge of the narrative matrix So yeah, basically we're watching sociopathic oligarchs shore up more and more control over the global population And our electoral systems are rigged to prevent us from doing anything about it And our information systems are stacked to prevent mass scale direct action against it You can't vote your way out of a problem. You never voted your way into in the first place You can't have a revolution while everyone is being successfully Propaganda is into accepting things as they are Any solution is therefore going to have to come from somewhere they haven't secured So we're all just kind of watching this happen and hoping for what amounts to a miracle or really a stack of miracles What gives me hope is that I know humans have a lot of surprises within themselves that they haven't even begun to explore yet We might just get some miracles The behavior of global oligarchic power structures makes a lot more sense when you see that it's not as much a Lucid elite conspiracy as it is a few barely conscious humans Compulsively acting out psychological dynamics within themselves that they don't really understand Elite conspiracies happen to be sure but what's ultimately driving them is not a complete and coherent vision For the future which takes all things into account, but rather the simple egoic impulses of a barely evolved primate Blindly trying to shore up control like chimps asserting dominance The sociopaths who rule our world are no more conscious of their own inner processes than your average serial killer They can act out their impulses in a way that looks very organized and efficient But the driving forces beneath it are the least evolved aspects of humanity We are ruled by apes with PR firms That's why they often behave in ways that are nonsensical Some ask why they'd continue killing the biosphere and flirting with nuclear war when it can kill them for example And the answer is not that nuclear brinkmanship is a phony performance, so that climate destruction is a hoax But that you're dealing with the same dumb stimulus response impulses as any other basic organism It is true that the drivers of the US centralized empire want to live as gods able to cause famines or rain fire in any part of the world which disobeys them it is not a Coincidence that the few remaining parts of the world where they cannot do this are the parts you most forcefully trained to hate But these are not gods enacting grand visions from on high They are organisms acting out the same forces that have been unfolding since the big bang just like the rest of us and They are less conscious of the way those forces are playing out within themselves than your average healthy human not more No normal people want digital identity laws passed Rank and file members of the public aren't sitting around going man It sure sucks We can't prove our identity online with a digital ID that contains all our information Only the powerful want this and for good reason If voicing very basic human rights concerns about mandates and digital IDs will get you called an anti-vaxxer and it will Is there any reason to treat that label like it's a real thing with any actual meaning? Trans people are not a threat to you immigrants are not a threat to you Russia and China are not a threat to you Please stop letting the world's worst people manipulate you by tugging at the strings of the least evolved parts of your brain First hackers then Havana syndrome microwave beams They sure is crazy how Russia keeps attacking the US in invisible ways that only US intelligence agencies can see I'm old enough to remember when advancing US military objectives needed to be justified by actual physical events Like crashing planes into buildings Now it's justified by invisible Unverifiable allegations for which the evidence is classified To be absolutely clear the US government has appointed itself the authority to unilaterally Decide which of the world's populations get to eat and which do not and to imprison anyone who tries to facilitate Unauthorized eating in a US sanctioned nation Tax the rich is a great banner for Democrats because it's completely meaningless Tax them how much enough to level the playing field or a tiny percentage that won't make any real difference It's perfect for Dems because it sounds revolutionary, but is just more of the same Tax the rich in practice just means tax the rich a tiny amount more which will make no difference and will be rolled back The instant Republicans are in control and Practice slow incremental change always means no change at all Any quality makes you less safe not more No matter how much money you obtain the greater the disparity between you and others The more unsafe you are and the more you have to rely on outer structures of protection which need constant maintenance This is why I'm always talking about how dumb the billionaires who rule our world are Their reptile brain thinking isn't good enough to even serve their own interests let alone the world The purpose of establishment propaganda is to deceive the ruled into believing that their interests are one in the same as the interests of their rulers I See the fact that we are hammered with propaganda so aggressively 24-7 has caused for hope not despair The fact that they have to work so hard to keep humanity this crazy means the gravitational pull is towards sanity and They're fighting harder and harder against that pull It takes a lot of education to keep us this stupid It really is a struggle between light and darkness in a sense a Struggle between those who want to make things visible conscious and clear against those who want to keep things secret unconscious and distorted Dysfunction can't survive if all its mechanisms are clearly seen Those who want truth and health want things transparent honest and awake Those who want untruth and dysfunction want government secrecy propaganda distortion and a deeply unconscious public The latter are the ones in power right now. The former are trying to oust them Every positive change in human behavior whether individual or collective has always been preceded by an increase in awareness By becoming aware of something that was previously hidden Those who want positive change want to increase awareness Those who don't want it all dark But of course, it's not as clear cut as good guys versus bad guys us versus them Within even the best among us there are parts which want to keep things and darkened and within even the worst of us There are parts which yearn for truth So really it's an impersonal universal fight No matter how conscious you are coming all the way out of hiding is still a lifelong journey You'll still find parts of yourself that have been hiding from the light of consciousness. You never would have guessed. We're there many years down the road We're all waking up together Our collective awakening will look like that, too Things are going to keep becoming more visible and just like individual awakening. It will be awkward as fuck sometimes and Just when we think we're done whole new levels of previously undarkened inner territory will emerge But the basic trajectory whether individually or collectively is the same Things becoming more and more visible with a corresponding increase in harmony the secrecy of the powerful giving way to transparency distortions giving way to clarity lies giving way to truth How are we still being deceived? How are we still deceiving ourselves? It's the same question and its resolution happens in the same movement It's just that one is directed outward and the other inward. They're both equally important for our collective movement into the light Dysfunction and clear-seeing cannot coexist collectively or individually If dysfunction is occurring, it's because something remains unseen Our purpose here is to try and see it all to let the human adventure behold itself from all different angles And move toward harmony