All right in this video. I'm gonna go through the heating curve and explain everything that you need to be able to pull off of one for our thermochemistry test So this is a heating curve Typically you see temperature on the y-axis and degrees Celsius on the x-axis You can see a couple of different things this one has minutes So as we're progressing a long time is going by or this is similar to what we did in class when we made our heating curve But you may also see heat input or something like that down here where this is measured in Joules The shape will be the same no matter what the Particular graph is whatever they put down there. You'll still end up with this slope going up Not a plateau then a slope going up then a plateau and then if you can capture the gas You get another final slope going up here at the end Let's talk about what's going on in each of these segments and what you need to know about them first of all In this segment here We have a solid in The container and it would be nothing but a solid theoretically and that solid is warming up That solid gets warmer and warmer and warmer and warmer and warmer until it reaches this point at about 60 degrees a little bit less maybe 55 degrees somewhere in there where it begins to melt and as it melts Obviously, you would have solid and liquid in the container as we progress along the amount of solid would be decreasing the amount of liquid would be increasing until we reach this point Where it would be all liquid in the container and the temperature would start to rise again That liquid would get hotter and hotter and hotter and hotter until we reach this point Where it would begin to boil and as it boils you have liquid and gas as As you progress along less and less liquid more and more gas until it would be all gas and like I said If you can capture that gas you could continue heating it That gas would warm up until it became a plasma at some point Now there's a lot of other things that we need to know about this beyond what's going on statewide is where the melting Is where the boiling is we have to recognize when something melts it's absorbing heat of fusion And what the heat of fusion is going to do here is is weaken the intermolecular forces between the particles Allow those particles to fall out of their fixed positions that they have in the solid and begin to move around randomly like they do in liquid up here boiling It's absorbing heat of vaporization You know what this heat of vaporization is doing is removing the intermolecular forces liquids have them gases don't So as the substance boils the energy that's flowing into it has to be removing those intermolecular forces allowing those particles to move around independently There are changes in kinetic and potential energy that take place along the way We remember that change in temperature is A change in kinetic energy So as the solid warms up the kinetic energy is increasing the particles are vibrating faster and faster Happens when the liquid warms up as the liquid warms up the particles move faster and faster That's an increase in kinetic energy and what happened with the gas too So where the gas would be warming up that would be an increase in kinetic energy That's on the screen Good it is There's an increase in kinetic energy if they're too bottom line Anywhere the temperature is going up the kinetic energy is going up temperatures are relative measure the kinetic energy of particles that matter Low temperature means they move slow high temperature means they move fast So as our temperature is increasing the kinetic energy is increasing as the temperatures increasing the kinetic energy is increasing As temperature increases kinetic energy increases intermolecular force is Related to potential energy. So as we move through this melting part of the graph We are changing those intermolecular forces. We're absorbing heat of fusion. We're spreading the particles out We're weakening the intermolecular force. This amounts to a change in Potential energy So as it melts the potential energy changes the temperature stays constant So we know the kinetic energy staying constant, but there's still energy flow into it that energy is Changing the potential and the same thing happens up here boiling. This is a change in potential energy Again energy is still flowing into it, but what's happening is not a temperature increase the temperatures constant So we know that the kinetic energy is constant It's the potential energy that's changing whenever the states are changing and again, it's dealing with intermolecular forces Heat of vaporization is removing them and Because of that we see a change in potential Now one last thing We need to be able to do here is find the melting points and boiling points again. This is where it melts So we come over the y-axis and that's somewhere around 55 degrees Celsius Where the melting happens you find the melting point and the question asks for point Well, they want a number so make sure you give them a number Boiling is here about halfway between 90 and 100 so let's call it 95 degrees Celsius And again, you would just see where it's boiling come over here to the y-axis get that number This is the melting point because that's where melting is happening That's the boiling point because that's what boiling is happening And that should pretty much take care of everything you have to pull off of a heating curve


We often in the battle with sin, we forget that. We lose sight of that. And so what do we do? In the battle against sin, we try to clench our teeth, grit our teeth, clench our fists, right? The Lord says I have the Spirit. Why can't I fight sin? You're not independence upon the Spirit. You're not availing yourselves of the means of grace through which the Spirit works to help kill sin, mortify sin in the flesh. We have the Spirit of God to help us in the battle. The Lord knows that we need help. He knows that we're weak. That means that the grace of God that brings salvation doesn't end with what Christ has done for us, but that the grace of God now continues to be concerned with what he does in us by his Spirit.


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All right. Can everybody hear? Wonderful. Okay. So this is our talk on preventing Doomsday. It's just going to be all about X509 certificates and Cloud Foundry, and how to make sure that you don't experience a Doomsday. So I guess we should just start off with introducing ourselves. My name is David Daubmeier. I am a Cloud Engineer. My name is Tom Mitchell. I'm also a Cloud Engineer. So I guess we should jump straight into it. Why do we use X509 certificates? Well, we can use them for a couple of reasons. One of the reasons is authentication. It proves that a server is who they're saying they are, and for security, that's one of the key components. The other thing is for encryption. That's what most people use these for. You'll see mutual TLS for the encryption capabilities, and within Cloud Foundry, they're used for all of the internal communication. So you want to ensure that all your traffic's encrypted. We do that with certs. So the logical thing with certs is you create them, and at some point, they expire. Why do these certs expire? Why don't we just set them to 100 years and forget about it? By the time they expire, it's the next person's problem. Make it five years, make it 10 years. Make it not my problem. Well, the reason for it is kind of interesting. One of the logical reasons is for certificate revocation lists to allow them to shrink over time, because otherwise, they'll just keep growing and growing and growing, and your CAs will have a bit more trouble. The other actual reason that I like to say is it will allow new technologies to eventually be rolled out. You don't want to be using certs that are encoded with SHA-1. Let's get those out of here, and having yearly or two-year expiry allows you to eventually get those rolled in. The remainder of the reasons really fall into when certs should be revoked, but don't end up on a revocation list. They should expire eventually, so that you don't just have bad certificates out in the wild forever. Yeah, absolutely. And one of the reasons for that is, say you have turnover in your team, or you have a cert that gets leaked. You don't want that to be around forever, especially if you don't know about it. The more you turn over your certs, the less chance there are for a cert that expires, or for a cert that does not expire, and a cert that is leaked, to be used maliciously. So this kind of brings us to the what if certs expire. What if we just forget about it? What if we just say, oh, that's not really that big of a deal. Well, logically, things break, and they break in really interesting ways. And typically in ways that you don't expect, simply by it being on a timer and not caused by an action of your own doing, it can feel bad to just do nothing to the Cloud Foundry for the past week, and then wake up the next morning, come in to work, try to log in, and you can't push apps, you can't do anything, and then you look to the engineers around you, and you say, did you touch anything? No, I didn't touch anything. Did you touch something? Chuck, yeah, who did something? Somebody did something. I had it in a cell. Did I break it? I had it in a cell. So the first way that you've probably experienced expired certs is with this screen here, in some form or another. You get that your connection is not private, your users might get this, your customers might get this, and it's scary for a lot of people, and it should be. That's the point. But in the grand scheme of things with Cloud Foundry, this is one of the best outcomes.  That's the easy fix. Right, your backend is working, but no one wants to use it, which I guess is ironic and sad, but that kinda brings us to the other point. While these are the front end certs that most of your customers will see when they go to your site and they get the little green lock, Cloud Foundry has a lot of certs. And more than just front end of facing ones, about a couple years ago, the CF team added to what was at the time to CF release a version of Cloud Foundry that has mutual TLS for pretty much all of the components that talk to one another. Any component that talks to another component, it has a cert and expects the other and to have another cert that it trusts. And if any of those break, you're just severing that tie and they won't talk to each other. And it can break in a whole lot of interesting ways depending on which cert expires. Yeah, so you'll notice when certs expire, they may not all go at once. They'll all go within a very short period of time because they were all generated when you deployed this Foundry. But if one cert expires and this component doesn't talk to this component, it may not be a big deal immediately and you may not see the effects as a message that says, hey, this is a cert that expired. You might see an issue where it's can't talk to BBS. You just, this component just decided not to or you can't push an app or just you're getting weird timeouts and things like that. It's not always apparent what's happening. And that's a scary thing. So in that case, something's gone wrong. You've gotten a call and you're trying to figure out what's going on. And the first thing that you're going to do in a lot of cases is you're gonna go to Bosch. Say, hey Bosch, what is going on? And in some cases, you'll see Bosch say that everything is failing. Everything is on fire. Nothing can talk to anything else. All of the processes just died. Everything's bad. This is not always the case. You may log in and some things are just fine. Everything shows us running. Some components of Cloud Foundry are sort of bad at turning off when they're broken. And so they'll just run Bosch. We'll say, yeah, everything's fine and running. And you, for some reason, you can't like route to your app and you have no idea why. But the thing here is, this is assuming that you can get into Bosch. We use Bosch to deploy Cloud Foundry. That means Bosch came around hours, days, maybe a week before you deployed your foundation. At some point before, well, Bosch also has certs. And Bosch has some really important ones. So you try to get onto the Bosch director and sometimes you're met with this. Hey, your cert's expired. I'm sorry, you can't talk to me anymore. You have no option to skip that. You can't say, this is emergency. Let me in. No, you can't do it. I'm sorry, I'm not letting you in. So your only point of recourse here is to redeploy your Bosch director. That is the first step in this process to get yourself back online into a healthy state. So now you're in a state where your Cloud Foundry's down. You're trying to get onto the VMs of your Cloud Foundry to figure out what's wrong. You can't get into your Bosch to do that. And because oftentimes if the CA cert is the thing that expires for Bosch, Bosch will stop trusting its VMs and it will start to try to recreate them. Because what you'll notice, when you end up redeploying Bosch and you end up getting in, you're like, okay, I'm back. I can now see what's going on. Show me my Cloud Foundry deployment. And it'll look like this. All of your agents are unresponsive. Well, that's because none of the agents are reporting into the Bosch director because either the cert changed, which it did when you redeployed it in order to get in because you needed new certs because they were expired, or they expired and they can't talk anymore. So at that point, your agents aren't reporting any of their health, so they go unresponsive. And Bosch has this wonderful thing called the Resurrector and we use it a lot to save us for when a machine just goes down, Bosch will rebuild it. But when you lose things in this sort of scenario, Bosch will try and it will try and then it will realize something is very wrong here. Once about half of the VMs in the Bosch director are marked as unresponsive, it'll go into meltdown mode and it'll stop trying. So basically what'll happen is about some percentage of your VMs will just disappear and then Bosch will say, something's broken, I'm just gonna stop. And now those VMs are just missing. Basically, you don't wanna let the certs expire because it's gonna lead to a large amount of downtime. Your cloud foundry is down because it's broken and you can't get into the cloud foundry to because Bosch is down, you have an outage and that's not good and this can be a rather long outage because rotating all of these VMs and certs can take a long period of time.  Yeah, at one point I had a scenario where I was on engagement, I got this call and you always get the call and it's, we can't get in, we think it's something to do with certs. And at that point, your heart kinda drops and you go, is it, which environment is it? And of course it's always production. So at this point prods down and you have to do your cert rotations and cert rotations take time because in order to rotate these critical certs like the NATS one with Bosch, you have to rebuild those VMs and you have to recreate them and that takes a lot of time. If you have a lot of cells, you're building a lot of VMs and during this crisis, I've had an experience where you go to rebuild it and then you have an IaaS error and it says, we're out of resources in this region. I'm sorry, we can't give you those VMs back. I know they're gone, but we can't give you them back. And then you're really in for an interesting time, you're trying to do config changes on the fly to get that done and move to a separate region. And that's not something you wanna do in sort of a panicked situation. You want to catch this ahead of time, you want to do your preventative maintenance and rotate your certs. Is that always going to be the easiest process? No, but it's a way that you can mitigate having an experience like this where you have a very long outage and a whole bunch of confusion and nobody's happy. There's also a very unfortunate thing that happens when you have to recreate all of your VMs is that there's something wrong in everyone's environment and you will discover it when you try to recreate every VM in it. This is when the problems come back. This is your doomsday scenario. So how do we mitigate this? How do we remember to rotate these certs? I've seen tons of different ways. How do we do it? Well, the easiest way is you deploy a foundry and you put in your calendar reminder for next year that says, hey, it's 9 a.m. on April 1st. Happy April Fool's, everybody. Did you remember to rotate those certs? Oh, I was on vacation. I was at the summit thing that I was prepping for. I missed it. I had seven meetings today and I just overlooked that reminder. It didn't seem important at the time, whatever. Right. Meetings get lost. You need a more robust system than just that. And that's just one reminder for one foundry. So what a lot of places resort to, if you use- Speaking of our robust systems, yeah. Yeah. Is like a Google Sheets, your spreadsheet. Yeah. You'll notice the name that just says, certs that can't expire. There's one person who can open this sheet. He's your middle manager. Yep. Andy probably opens it when you tell him to update the certs, which is after they've expired. He will ask you why you didn't look at it when they do expire though. Yes, he will. So we need something better. We need a better solution. And that's really what we've come to. You need some form of notification center, some form of dashboard that will also nag you and make you rotate those certs ahead of time. And that's where we start to get into Doomsday. Doomsday is a project that I started probably about a year and a half ago now.   So we have a web dashboard. It's in progress, but that is what it looks like as of a week ago. We wanted to convey as much information as possible in a very concise thing that you can just have on the wall and the colors change. Things aren't green all the time, but they should be. If you see yellow, you got a couple of weeks. If they get to orange, you got problems. You need to get these out fast. If it's black and red like you see at the top there. It's too late. It's, they're gone. It's, you messed up. That's it. This is your Doomsday. It would be ironic to like put a nice big clock at the top that counts down in a comical fashion. We might consider it. We got a lot of terrible ideas that I have to reject. Yeah. And just scrolling down the page, you can see the color gradient moves as you're getting closer into your safe zone, which is we like to be somewhere around a month to two months out.  That way if you got some issues, it's not a big deal. So if the web UI isn't for you, let's say you're very CLI focused and that's kind of your shtick. Well, we've got a CLI and a dashboard there for you too. So. So I had made the CLI just as far before the web UI, just as this is how you use an API based thing. What one of the folks in our company ended up doing, which I thought was pretty clever, was he just threw the dashboard command in his dash or C, which this doesn't print out anything if there's nothing expiring soon. So basically if something's expiring soon, when you log into your shell, which you probably do most mornings, it says, okay, you have this stuff expiring soon. You should probably take a look at it. So I guess at this point, you're probably wondering, well, how does it know my certs are expiring? How does this magical thing, just all of a sudden, no, I have all of these certs. Maybe you don't even know how many certs you have in Cloud Foundry in your vault or where your certs are. That's an important thing to know. So getting into some actual configuration, we have a couple ways of doing this. So the easiest one is just TLS Client. You give it a list of a whole bunch of domains and say, go check these for me, and it'll go out, it'll pull all the information, it'll add it to the dashboard. So that's one way you can monitor your front-end load balancers that get provisioned from your routing team three months in advance and have the wrong sands and you have to have them reissued. That's how you monitor those kind of things that are publicly facing that you may not have direct control over. The second one is HashiCorp Vault. That's one great secret storage location.   It will comb through your vault, it will look for certs, it will find them, it will add them to the dashboard. Can I take these ones? Sure. These are the Pivotal Approved Things. This is Ops Manager in CredHub. So it can also scrape your Ops Manager's Credential Store if you've ever gone to the Credentials tab of a Ops Manager installation. It can look for certificates in there. And also CredHub, which is another key value store, which many of you are probably familiar with. Just walks the tree and anything that looks like a cert, it will track it and keep track of when it's going to expire. So that's the thing that we wanted to cover is we wanted to try to cover all of our bases and make sure that no matter what flavor of deployment you're using, what software you're using, we don't care. We want to prevent your certs from expiring. And the way that we have to do that is by nagging you. And the best way to nag you is notifications. So currently we support two things. We support Slack, which a bunch of us use in the community. It will continuously nag you. However often you want to set it. We tried it out for 30 minutes at one point. It's maybe too nagging. But at least once a day, once a week, let me know when these things are expiring. The other thing is Shout. It's a notification gateway built by Mr. James Hunt. And that can talk to many other things as well. It keeps track of the state of your notifications so that if something's been passing repeatedly every 30 minutes, it's only going to tell you when it switches to passing as opposed to every 30 minutes. And then again, when something's close to expiring, it'll tell you then as opposed to all the time. So running a server is easy. This is actually what it looks like when you actually spin it up. It'll initialize. It'll tell you when it's scraping things. It'll tell you how many things it scraped, how many actual certs it found, so on and so forth. At this point, it can be run locally. It can be run as a Cloud Foundry app. Push it up there to that Foundry that you want to monitor. It can be run as a Bosch release. I will be making that public probably at the end of this talk to CF community. So it'll be there if you want it. And that's pretty much the gist of Doomsday. Keep things ahead of time. You need to do your preventative maintenance. Otherwise, you're going to pay for it. You either pay for it ahead of time in small little increments or all at once. And at this point, I guess we can open it right up for questions, yeah? Why don't, so the question is, why don't we have a way to automate rotating of all of the certs? Well, it turns out that's a very complex problem. There are a lot. You can do it. You won't like the results because that involves constantly just updating and recreating the VMs that have certificates on them or restarting the processes that use the certificates which can cause things to go down at times you don't want them to. Many places have changed windows in which they need to keep all of the downtime within. And if you just have some sort of process that renews something and restarts processes in the middle of the day or even just whenever you tell it to, it may end up having results that you don't like, especially if that recreate fails. Right, yep. Okay, so the question is, when does the timer start on those certs? And when is it ever updated? I think it's the corollary. So the question of when does the timer start? It starts when you initially deploy your foundry. So when you get things initially deployed, it will generate a whole bunch of creds for you and it will stick them in your credential store of choice. Those get updated when you tell it to. It's not an automated process at the moment. While I've seen endeavors to do that automatically, there are certain hoops that you have to jump through in automation and it can be done. It's just a very high level of complexity to do that automatically. And many places don't have the risk appetite for it. Yeah. So this is something I've actually been thinking about in the past month or so. So the question was, have I considered making a Prometheus exporter for the stuff that Doomsday does or for Doomsday itself? And the answer is yes, I have. What the original problem was, was that it was hard to get the visualization to give it to you in Grafana in the way that you wanted to. You were making a lot of sort of sacrifices to get it into Prometheus just. But at the same time, it would be a boon to get into Prometheus because a lot of people actually just use Prometheus as a pane of glass. They look for all of their alerts, especially if you have alert manager built in, you get that, you get the notifications for free. At this point, it's definitely on my list. I wanna get Prometheus, or rather, Doomsday to export the stuff in a reasonable format to Prometheus so that you get that for free. That was a very long way of saying yes, I can say that. Well, I'm happy to know that I have somewhere to copy the code from now. The leech search is actually not too bad, but it's hard to do any of the other trust changes with any degree of no downtime and they all get generated at the same time. So, yeah, have you found any functional ways around that sort of deliberately generating CAs or limiting the number of CAs? What are you and what kind of stuff? So, yes and no.  You can, if you're bringing your own certs, you can absolutely have, say, an internal CA that's valid for 10 years and that's part of your corporate trust system and then you can sign everything under that using an intermediate CA. Yes, you can do it. The other thing is for what if you can't? So, what if your security appetite or your security team says you're only allowed one year certs and we have to use the best practices and that just happens to be what the defaults are and the default is a year? Well, you can do certificate rotations in Cloud Foundry with no downtime. I've done it, I've done it and it works as long as you get to it ahead of time. So, the way that you end up doing it at a high level is you generate your new certs on the side and then you have to concatenate the CAs and at this point, I believe all components of Cloud Foundry will be able to handle that and trust both of them but it involves multiple deploys of Cloud Foundry. You will be doing two, maybe three deploys of Cloud Foundry and that's just Cloud Foundry. So, you also have to do the same process with Bosch and that's everything that Bosch handles as well. That's the current way to do it. It does work, it's a bit tedious and you may want to scale up ahead of time. Yeah? Is Doomsday open source? Doomsday is very much open source. The link is right here, well, here? There you go. That's the one? You got a lot. PRs are most definitely welcome. If you have a burning issue that you need solved and you have the time to do it, please submit a PR, it'd be great. I know, Tom, you're doing refactors and stuff at the moment. Oh, it's already pushed, I'm that good. All done, so. It's all done. Doomsday's done, everybody. Yeah. Yep, all new features are gonna be a work in progress as we have time to do it and as people need it. Everything's demand-driven and anger-driven in our case. Yeah. Why doesn't this have something? There's a lot of stuff that isn't supported in Doomsday, especially in notifications like what if you're using Microsoft Teams? Why doesn't it support that? I don't know, I haven't had time, that's all. That's the entire thing. Yep, there's a lot on our backlog. We're going to get to it mostly eventually, but suggestions are most definitely welcome so we can figure out what we should do next. Issues are also welcome. Yes. They tell me what I need to do in a good order. Yep, and maybe a use case that we haven't tested yet. All right. Hey, that's all questions, I think. I think we did all right. Thank you very much. Thank you.


So, hi, Freddie. Thank you so much for joining us today. So, we've got a fan Q&A for you today, but we've reached out to our fans and social media with the opportunity to ask you their questions. And the first thing they want to know is what have you been up to recently? How have you been keeping yourself busy? Well, I traveled to Poland a couple of weeks ago now. I've been here just over a month, I think, and been preparing for the season with my club in Poland, and I've done a lot of training, trying to find some form, trying to get into rhythm in the city. Our fans have also noticed that you're now wearing the monster kit, which you're doing right here with us now. How do you feel being a monster athlete now and joining their team? I'm really excited to try and represent the brand, the best possible way that I can, and I hope I can kind of meet some other athletes in different sports and gain experience from these guys. You know, they have a good, very big contact network with monster energy and a lot of top athletes, so that's why I'm looking forward to it. Now, another popular question from the fans is what is your favorite track in the Grand Prix series? Favorite track in the Grand Prix series? I must say I really enjoy racing in Cardiff and in Warsaw, maybe not because of the track, but because of the big stadium, the great atmosphere and the buzz around the whole GP weekend, so I must say that's my favorite. Do you find that that gives you an extra boost to perform better on the nights with the bigger stadiums and a bigger crowd behind you? Yeah, I really, I really enjoy it.  Another one from our fans is who is your speedway hero if you had to pick one? If I had to pick one, I would say Tonya Ricard, he might not have been my hero when I was growing up, but looking at him now when I'm a bit older, I must say what he did for the sport in general, for the sport in my country of Sweden was just amazing and he was a true professional, six times world champion, you know, he's the biggest fix for himself and I'm very pleased to watch him race. And on the topic of Sweden as well, how do you feel about New Sweden, Oliver Bernstein joining the series this year? I feel it's really cool, it's good to see a new Swedish face in the series, a young guy who's been working really hard to get to that at the moment. I know it's probably going to be tough for him at times, but I hope he can enjoy it and he can have some success and fingers crossed for him, he's going to have a good time in the series.  What has life been like being a new father? How have you managed to adapt to that? Well, if I'm going to be honest, it was really tough at the beginning. I tried to kind of figure out in my head how I'm going to combine to being a dad and also have energy from my training and racing, but I think the last couple of weeks got better and better and we kind of find a good system how to deal with everything and I felt like I bonded with Milly Lee a lot better as well. So now when I'm away now, I really miss them and I can't wait to see them again. And your partner amazingly gave birth the weekend of Torren.  I mean, it must have been a lot of pressure. Yeah, it was a tough situation for both of us, for her doing it by herself in a foreign country, for myself kind of chasing the world title and have that also in my mind. But I think I felt that it was really good, even though it was a weird situation. And even after the GPs finished, we did the Spidale Nation and then just after I had to fly to Spain to have an operation on my hands. So I didn't see my daughter very much the first couple of weeks. And that was a bit weird and strange. And now our fans do typically ask very difficult questions. And one that did come up is, what is your favourite ever SGP heat that you have raced in? Very specific. My best ever SGP heat that I've raced in. You know, I've done that. I've done fairly a lot of heat in this Grand Prix series and I'm getting a bit old now. One that comes to my mind is the race with Jason Doyle in the Warsaw GP. When we kind of passed and refaced each other so many times. And I remember coming in from that heat and I was totally blacked out in a mechanic. I won the heat and my mechanic goes like, what a race, man. I couldn't remember anything, it was just like a blur. And that's because I was kind of in the zone and in the present. So looking at the video, it's a great race and I like that one. What goes through your mind in moments like that? Like you said, when you're so in the zone, how do you cope with the heat in that way? You don't really think. It's just, it's all by instinct. And so in the present, so there's nothing else going around in your head. It's just that moment and that's kind of what you want to happen, but it's not where often it happens to you. And you have to kind of, these moments are special. Thank you so much, Freddie, for answering those questions. I'm sure our fans will be delighted to hear all those answers. Thank you. Thank you, no worries.


Highbridge, a division of recorded books, presents Close Encounters with Humankind. A paleo-anthropologist investigates our evolving species. By Song He-Li, with Xin-Yong Yun. Read by Emily Wu Zeller. Introduction Let's take a journey together. In 2001, I was about to start a new chapter in my life as an assistant professor in the Department of Anthropology at the University of California Riverside. I was planning to ship everything I had to California, including my car, and then to travel elegantly on an airplane. All possible because UC Riverside was covering my moving costs. That plan was soon thwarted. My advisor from graduate schools strongly recommended that I drive across the country instead. Of course I objected. Strenuously. I wanted to get to California as soon as possible, to get settled as soon as possible. But that was only a superficial reason. To be frank, the endeavor terrified me. After a long discussion, I gave in to my advisors convincing argument that this would be the only chance in my life to experience and feel intimately what America was about. I was reminded of a book that had left a strong impression on me. Schools with Charlie 1962 by John Steinbeck. I read it after I graduated from college, while preparing to start graduate school in the United States. Steinbeck took his dog Charlie and drove across the country, agonizing over what it meant to be an American and what the nation was made of. He wrote frankly about the problems poisoning America, including racial inequality. From his depiction, it was not surprising at all that the civil rights movement broke out in the 1960s, shaking the whole country to its core. And this book made a deep impression on me as I was starting my life in the United States in 1990. When I left Korea, there was little interest in multiculturalism and diversity among Koreans. To someone like me who had a vague and simple understanding about two races, black and white, the multi-dimensional aspects of race and the deep-rooted tension between races were quite foreign. So when I took my advisor's suggestion to drive across the country, I decided to make the most of the experience by talking with people everywhere I went, seeing and feeling everything. I packed a voice recorder, along with the rest of my belongings that were not shipped, into my 1994 Dodge Voyager minivan. A reliable car, but one with manual windows, no air conditioning, and not even a tape deck, and set out. I decided on a few guiding principles before I started the cross-country drive. Sample complete. Ready to continue?


Now, the Nigerian Custom Service has unveiled 18 patrol belts to tackle activities of smugglers using the crooks and waterways as they've haven. This is an abate to rate the country of illegal importation. According to the customs, procurement of the belts is part of efforts intensified against smuggling of illicit goods through the waterways. The Comptroller-General of the Nigerian Custom Service, retired Kone Hamid Ali, spoke at the commissioning of boats built by Siwa West Africa in Porta Cote River State. He said the boats comprise nine gun boats and nine logistic boats. Their serial signals to criminals at the game is up. Ali stated that the boats which have high functionalities are additions to the customs marine arsenal at a time smugglers are running away from the heat on the land. The addition of these boats to the service marine arsenal at a time when most smugglers are running away from the heat on land to water is simply the right thing to do. This event no doubt marks the beginning of a renewed offensive against those who chose creeks and waterways as safe haven for their illegal trade. The Comptroller-General stated that the customs tapped into the ingenuity of the Nigerian company to design, construct and build the boats. It is in line with the president's executive order on local contents of 2017. In his speech, the managing director of Siwa West Africa, Ann Apoba, said all the boats are fitted with twin OBMS using environmentally friendly technology or force-truck engines. The relationship between Siwa and Nigerian customs service represents excellent examples of what Nigeria can achieve when we come together to forge our national interest. The 27-foot boat commissioned is a series five gun boat. It is the fastest boat built in its class and is capable of reaching high speeds for intercepting smugglers and it also has other key features. It has ballistic protection. That ballistic protection is inbuilt into the boat. The custom boss also visited the Ones Sea port where he inspected the newly acquired scanning machine. He described the automobile scanner as a positive milestone in their efforts to modernise customs operations and enhance security with easier detection of prohibited imports. I think scanners, we have been launching for it and we are lucky to have now received these three and will eventually bring into four 135 scanners nationwide. They control a general code on well-meaning individuals and organisations to always give the Nigeria customs service credible information. This is said will enable interception and seizures of smuggled items in the country.


Invited guests, ladies and gentlemen, good afternoon. I am Joseph Tei from the University of Ghana and I am happy to be invited here to moderate this session, which is very important to us. I have been working with the IOM for some number of years, maybe as a partner in the area of migration policy development in West Africa. I've also been part of the team that has been involved in training and capacity building in the West African South region. So I wish to thank them once again that they have invited me here to moderate this section. The topic for today is partnership frameworks for developing capacity on migration, a regional perspective. I hope you agree with me that this regional perspective is important. The Global Compact actually emphasizes both global level partnerships, but it also emphasizes partnerships at the regional level and also at the national level. The reason why the regional level one is important is the fact that most of the migrations that we are talking about are things that are okay at the national level, the local level and also the regional level. We do know that in many regions of the world about 70 percent of the migrations are said to be intra-regional. So if we are talking about capacity building at a global level and it doesn't trickle down to the regional level, we are not likely to achieve success. So this topic is very, very important to all of us. We have three questions that are going to guide the discussion for the day. And I want to read these questions as they have been put forward by the organizers. So the first question is, how can we use the existing global partnership frameworks as an inspiration to develop capacity on migration at the regional level? So here we are talking about drawing on the frameworks that are developed at the global level to work at the regional level. So the global level partnership agreements have to help us to domesticate other levels, other development of capacity at the regional level and that is very important. The second one is what role do regional bodies and mechanisms have in empowering member states and other relevant actors on migration? And the final one is that has a premise that states that non-state actors have a crucial role in developing capacity in the field of migration. What kind of good practices can we observe in the creating of partnership between these actors and UN agencies, states and other stakeholders? What are the biggest existing challenges to the involvement of non-state actors? With me to do this discussion, I have five important personalities who are knowledgeable in the field and I'll give each of them about seven minutes to make their presentations. After these, we invite you because we do know that you are also very knowledgeable in the field to share your experiences. So the first person that will be speaking to us on this topic is Mr. Thomas Bosek. He is an ambassador and Mr. Thomas Bosek is a special representative on the migration and refugees of the Council of Europe. One of his priorities is to improve the situation of the high number of refugees and children in the European Union. So he's going to share with us his views about the action plan that they have developed within the Council of Europe to govern the migration and also livelihood issues of refugees and also children. So we now invite you to the floor to share your views with us, Mr. Thomas. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Ladies and gentlemen, let me first express my gratitude to IOM for the invitation to speak to you today on this most topical issue. Coming from the Council of Europe and intergovernmental organizations founded in the aftermath of the Second World War to uphold democracy, human rights and rural flow, which is currently encompassing 47 member states and with some 800 million citizens, I think you will not be surprised that I approach this theme towards effective migration governance from this particular perspective, from the perspective of human rights and the rural flow. In the Council of Europe, we believe that sustainable governance can only be effective if it is founded on the principles of human rights and rural flow. And migration governance is no different. So a sustainable, credible, feasible migration governance and any management strategy must therefore have human rights protection at its heart. Now, is there a need for capacity building in this area? Is there a need for partnership? Definitely yes. Although the capacity which we must build upon already exists, over the past 70 years the Council of Europe has developed extensive expertise in standard setting, most notably through the European Convention on Human Rights, but also through many other conventions and guidelines also in the field of migration. A network of monitoring bodies supervises their implementation, via these bodies and other cooperation activities we support the member states to ensure that the human rights and of all those who come within their jurisdiction, including migrants, are protected. So as I said, we have quite developed capacity as far as the rules and standards are concerned. What we need now is to develop implementation capacity for the existing human rights standards and for the respect of existing rules. And this is the real task we have to face. And this is also the contribution we want to make to the process leading towards effective migration governance, so building implementation capacity. Of course, it will not be a very challenging task, especially now when there has been a shift in public opinion, and we have also seen in Europe a hardening of states' attitudes towards migrants when security approach prevails. A number of legislative proposals and concrete actions are against the commitment of states to our values and discharge their obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights. To uphold our human rights standards and work towards the effective implementation is challenging, but it's not impossible. And let me give you one example of successful capacity building to help states overcome the difficulties to implement human rights standards. One extremely important aspect of my work as a special representative on migration refugees is the appalling situation of the high number of refugee and migrant children currently present in Europe. I conducted numerous fact-finding missions in countries touched by migration, so-called – touched by so-called migration crisis, and so for myself the situation on the ground. And in order to improve the protection of these children, our 47 member states agreed on an action plan on protecting refugee and migrant children, which is now being implemented and which serve as the framework for the Council of Europe activities in this area. And the initiatives undertaken in implementation of the action plan represent some of the most ambitious and successful actions of our organization in the migration field. They in particular can offer a valuable contribution to our member states, but also other regions and the international community as whole, seeking to secure the practical implementation of the lovable objectives in the global compact on safe, orderly and regular migration. We have already achieved tangible progress under the action plan, guidance on alternatives to immigration detention of children, European qualification passport for refugees, identification of children who are victims of child trafficking, or a training course on refugee and migrant children for professionals working with children, just to mention a few results. New guidelines regarding effective guardianship and a handbook on promoting child-friendly information for young migrants are also underway. As I have referred to before, this is a challenging time for countries across the world. And we therefore cannot compromise on our values and the principles we stand for. On the contrary, now, more than ever, we international and regional organizations must unite our forces to achieve our common goals, building on the expertise and added value we each have. One thing connect us all, the shared principle of human rights protection. Because it's not a continent-specific idea, but a universal one. The principle that human rights and the rule of law are integral parts of any migration management policy was also a guiding element in our contribution to the preparation of the global compact, and subsequently, it will continue to be our guiding principle throughout its implementation. The Council of Europe is uniquely placed to share experience on how to progress in practice. Our system for human rights protection is one of the most developed in the world. And for many years now, we have worked on putting in place a range of standards and tools which helps to develop the capacity of our member states to meet the challenges of migration. I have already mentioned the European Convention on Human Rights, respect for which is overseen by the European Court of Human Rights. And through the court judgments, standards on detention for migration purposes, accommodation and minimum social rights for migrants and protection of migrant children have been elaborated. Training courses and cooperation activities have been developed to help member states implement these standards. A number of other conventions, many of which are open to signature by non-European states, contribute to capacity development in the migration-related areas, such as prevention of torture, prevention of violence against women, and domestic violence, protection of children against sexual exploitation and sexual abuse, and trafficking in human beings. Monitoring bodies conduct regular visits to identify areas where more support is needed, and the Council of Europe engages in follow-up work to enhance the capacity of states to address areas of challenge. Being a pan-European organization, a legal space stretches from Vladivostok to Lisbon, from Reykjavik to Nicosia, but even further. We are also providing a framework for effective partnership. We are its neighborhood policy. The Council of Europe is cooperating with countries of North Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia, with the view to establishing a common legal area based on the Council of Europe's values and instruments. In the aim of the Council of Europe's policy towards neighboring region is to facilitate democratic political transition and promote good governance in the beneficiary countries while reinforcing and expanding the Council of Europe's regional action in combating cross-border challenges, such as migration. We stand therefore ready to exchange our experiences with partners outside the European legal space. Migration-related challenges are not decreasing, and I am certain that it is only by working together effectively on capacity development that we can address today's challenges and build a fair and sustainable model for the future. Thank you for your attention. Thank you, Thomas Busek, for the excellent presentation on the situation in Europe. We now invite the second person, and that is Dr. Guderia Rangel-Goumez, a few information on her. So she is the Executive Secretary, Executive Secretariat to the Mexico section, Mexico-U.S. Health Border Commission, International Relations General Division to the Health Secretariat of Mexico. Previously, she served as a Director of Department of Population Studies and Deputy General Director for Margaret's Health of the Secretariat of Health of Mexico, among other positions. So she is going to help us to understand capacity building in the area of health and migration. So you are on the floor. I am going to start with a strategy that we call health windows. This strategy is a collaboration between two Secretary of State of the Mexican government, the Secretary of Foreign Relations and the Secretary of Health of Mexico, in which, through all of its network, Consular of Mexico and the United States, operate 50 health windows. What are health windows? Health windows are an initiative that aims to improve access to basic and preventive health. Increasing the coverage of public security and establishing a medical home through information, education, accessibility and reference to health services for more specialized attention. How do these health windows operate? They operate through 50 US agencies who work coordinated with the Mexican government to provide these preventive services to the migrant population, not only to the Mexican population, the Latin population living in the United States, because we also attend and provide these services to other countries. We also have a six-year-old data bank where we can and you can consult the population attended by the services that are provided. We mainly focus on orientation and advice on the opportunity to detect those sufferings that affect the Latin population living in the United States. They work mainly with chronic degenerative diseases, such as overweight, obesity and diabetes. Transmissible diseases such as VIH and tuberculosis are provided with mental health services. They are also administered with vaccines, among others, and we refer to them. The Mexican government is very important because with this, we contribute that our national communities living in the United States decrease the number of visits to an emergency room. We have achieved this and I believe that the achievement as a good practice has been this capacity of the Mexican government to coordinate for 15 years a strategy in which more and more strategic allies are added. In addition to these 50 agencies that operate these health windows, we have around 600 agencies in the different sectors of the population in the United States, the Academy of International, National and State Organizations that contribute to providing these preventive services to the Latin population. We also have detailed results of the impact of the health windows, the strengthening of national alliances has been very important and the generation of evidence. Another of the initiatives is in the return of our national communities from the United States to Mexico. On the north border, in the six states, we have the integral attention modules to the health of the repatriated migrants, whose goal is also to protect the health of the migrant. In the moment that they are returning, the health personnel is offering them preventive services and in case necessary, they can refer them to a health institution to receive the required medical attention. On the subject of our repatriated migrants, it is important, as well as health windows, to be able to provide them with accessory and psychological attention in a crisis situation in the moment that they are being repatriated. The issue of mental health for us is very important. We also have, as an initiative, the joint declaration of Mesoamerica sobre salud y migración. Esta declaración se firmó el 25 de abril de 2017 y de ahí se desprende algunos acuerdos, como el intercambiar buenas prácticas entre los países de Mesoamérica, identificar áreas de oportunidad para mejorar la salud de las personas migrantes y establecer mecanismos de cooperación multilateral. Otra de las iniciativas y que ha sido coordinada desde su inicio hace tres años, aproximadamente, es la iniciativa conjunta de salud y migración. Y en esta iniciativa conjunta nosotros le llamamos que es un mecanismo de coordinación técnica regional con tres grandes objetivos, una que provea información estratégica, la conformación de alianzas y la promoción de políticas inclusivas. En esta iniciativa está conformada y se integró para trabajar los países de Centroamérica y México y cuenta con un comité directivo de los diferentes sectores de la población, participa el gobierno de los diferentes países, participa la academia, el sector privado y las organizaciones de la sociedad civil. Como parte de esta iniciativa, yo podría decirles también como un ejemplo concreto de la contribución de este tipo de alianzas, así como lo comenté con Ventanillas de Salud. Trabajamos en una propuesta de inclusión explícita del tema de salud para el Pacto Mundial de Migración y se las hicimos llegar a los países para que ellos pudieran decidir si consideraban proponerla para su inclusión. Otro ejemplo es la Conferencia Regional sobre Migración, que no me voy a detener porque ya se habló este este día por la mañana de ello, pero en donde a través de la Conferencia Regional de Migración como resultados pues tenemos el intercambio de información, la capacitación entre otros. Para no detenerme mucho, yo quisiera resumir la presentación terminando pues diciéndoles que para tener un mayor impacto en el acceso a servicios de salud de la población migrante es importante impulsar el fomento de capacidades en materia de salud y migración. Principalmente en el caso específico de la salud a los prestadores de servicios de salud que este fortalecimiento de capacidades incluya la sensibilización de estos prestadores para proveer los servicios que nuestra población migrante requiere crear y fortalecer alianzas. Yo en la experiencia que tengo desde la academia y ahora como este trabajadora de la salud en el gobierno federal les digo que ha sido muy gratu ver esta estrategia de ventanillas de salud con más de 600 alianzas que están apoyando este programa. Sin el apoyo de los aliados estratégicos, la Secretaría de Salud y la Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores en Estados Unidos no podrían haber tenido un impacto como el que se tiene ahorita. Compartir buenas prácticas también se dijo este en otras presentaciones el día de hoy. No tenemos que inventar. Creo que las buenas prácticas en intercambio de información en proveer servicios en la creación de alianzas y el fomento de las capacidades pueden replicarse adecuarse a las necesidades de cada país o de cada región. La recopilación y análisis de la información es necesaria y creo que también eso podemos compartirlo. En este sentido pues yo terminaría diciéndoles que es muy importante que en los foros de migración se incluya el tema de la salud, el tema de la salud de nuestra población migrante ya que sin salud nadie de nosotros somos funcionales y tener siempre presente que la salud es un derecho y nuestra población migrante por lo tanto debe tener el acceso a la salud. Muchísimas gracias. So thank you Guderia for that wonderful presentation on capacity building in the area of health. Her presentation actually highlighted the needs for partnership if we want to extend health services to migrants. So now we move on to the third presentation and that is from me say you got yours to do to and he is going to give us an African perspective for the capacity building issues. So by way of introduction, he is the foreign service officer in the directorate of multilateral cooperation of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Tanzania. He works within the international development partners in resource mobilization and facilitation of international trade and investment. Prior to taking up this rule, he worked in other two directorates within the ministry and various positions in the private sector. So he will give us an African perspective of the capacity building in the area of migration governance. You are on the floor. Thank you moderator. I wish to express my appreciation to the international organization for migration for giving me an opportunity to take part in this discussion. It is indeed a privilege that I take with esteem to have been part of this process towards the adoption of the global compact for migration. Also let me congratulate and add my voice to the previous speakers since morning to the well deserved election of Mr. Vittorino to the seat of director general to the IOM. While congratulating him, we also heed on the expectation that he will continue to adopt to the realities of our time and be flexible in responding to the possible future migration challenges. Before we, I think before we go into discussion on the comprehensive agenda on migration management, I would firstly encourage fellow participants to reflect on the actual situation on the ground and engage in a kind of self-discussion with the view of tailoring realistic responses to migration issues while at the same time focusing on the perpetrators of irregular migration which are mostly engineered by organized crime. Organized crime is evolving in the face of our actions and have made the commodity out of migration and documentation processes. The very concept of home has increasingly become elusive and even acquires a new meaning. As never before, more people are now likely to move from one place to the other for different reasons, snarling an age of seamless societies. We should be concerned of the worries of the host communities who feel threatened and losing out to the migrants and sometimes this worry even excites xenophobic tendencies in some places. Also gender equality and empowerment of women are also important issues to be addressed critically while embarking on discussion to deal with migration management. In the same vein showing respect to migrants, engage in cooperative to end violence for forced migration and double the international efforts to finding durable solutions for economic migrants should be more pronounced in these discussions. Let us not demonize the migrants and our discourse in African and European perspectives should be harmonized in order to get to the common understanding of the issues so that we can come out with the realistic solutions. My colleagues where the previous speaker has spoken of human rights as a guiding principle in the management of migration issues I think is an important factor to be considered in. As migration issues are increasingly becoming complex and challenging, cooperative efforts with the national government at regional level and global and globally is key to ensure effective management of migration related aspects at both the country of original and this nation. The cognizant of that some of the same prompted the international community to engage in discussions like this so that we are having today so that we can tailor the best responses towards migration management. The African Union also adopted a migration policy framework in the view to exploring innovative ways of effective addressing migration related issues and harness the benefit that comes with it. That framework is designed to guide individual member countries on the elements to be included in the national migration policies and development. Such issues to be considered include border management, forced displacement, interstate cooperation and partnership and migration data collection, dissemination and use. Also the framework coupled with the quest to comply with the international standards on migration management provides an opportunity for international cooperation on capacity building and technical support. On East Africa the charter that established the the current East African cooperation provides for free movement of people and puts on a mechanism for management of migration flow. However the limited capacity of member states to develop comprehensive migration management programs have slowed progress towards achieving the desirable results. In South Africa, Southern Africa the Southern African Development Corporation doesn't have a migration policy framework but individual member countries follow their own laws on immigration management and there is a protocol on facilitation of movement of persons in the region. This protocol is also supported by the ACBC of the IOM. Tanzania where I come from has signed several bilateral agreements with neighboring countries such as Mozambique, Malawi and Zambia on migration management related issues. The cooperation agreements are on sharing information and experience related to transnational organized crime such as trafficking in persons, smuggling of migrants, counterfeit travel documents and capacity building on conducting investigations to these crimes. The nine state actors like IOM and UNHCR have also played a significant role in training government officials to assist national authorities effectively manage migration and its related impact in communities. The IOM African capacity building center that is located in Tanzania has helped a great deal in promoting migration management in the region for almost a decade now. The center facilitates a diverse range of migration management training programs and encourage capacity on national authorities on integrated border management security as well as migration administration. Currently the ACBC center is assisting more than 20 member states in Africa. It also provides advice on free movement protocol arrangement with the regional groupings. On top of that it's also assisting individual states to develop their migration management capacities. The ongoing partnership and support from the IOM African capacity building center in Africa is very commendable. Also in this room and the rest of the world as we await to adopt the global compact for migration that call on states to strengthen capacity on a more effective system on global migration governance. The international community is called on into action to join the efforts and live on to their commitments to support especially the developing countries in management of migration related issues. We all desire for an innovative way of global migration governance which is more likely than not to be more possible by effective international cooperation. Migration governance needs transcend partnership coordination support assessment tools and financing. However if the international community and development agencies do not live to their commitment in the management of migration programs literal can be achieved. Let this process double the international cooperation to avoid the past weaknesses and dress up to address the current and anticipated future migration challenges. Thank you very much. Thank you so much Mr. Doto for your presentation which has highlighted the role of IOM and other international bodies in Africa as far as capacity building is concerned. We now move on to the next presenter and that is Mr. Dries Ukemini who is a member of the Ara Parliament for the House of Representatives of Muruku and a member of the Commission for the Production Sectors. He is also a member of the parliamentary network on the web bank and the International Monetary Fund and serves as a professor at the University of Mohammed Rabat in Muruku. He will contribute the Arab Parliament's vision on the topic of capacity development and governance on migration. You are on the floor. Thank you very much Mr. Dries Ukemini for your presentation. Thank you very much Mr. Dries Ukemini for your presentation. Thank you very much Mr. Dries Ukemini for your presentation. Thank you very much Mr. Dries Ukemini for your presentation. It is a tool that allows us to remedy the deep cause of the crisis. Thus, the Arab Parliament does not stop making use of its contributions to attack the real cause of this failure and seek peaceful solutions to tensions and conflicts whose goal is to advance and progress the following elements. First of all, to ask the international community, to the living global conscience, to end the suffering of the Palestinian people. Ladies and gentlemen, as you know that a man or a state is his country and condemned to a death, finally to a disappearance, it is therefore time to declare the state of Palestine as the state of Palestine and its Jerusalem capital. On this note, the Arab Parliament still reaffirms its rejection to the decision of the American Union, to have recognized Jerusalem as the capital of the Israeli occupation, and to transfer it to its embassy. We also underline the need to preserve the continuity of the mission of the king and the permanent link between the end of his work and the 184th resolution. Secondly, or the second point on which the Arab Parliament works is to support all political initiatives aimed at fixing the situation and to end the conflict in the Arab world region. The third point is to accelerate the assessment of the first exam of the Arab Convention on Terrorism, and the second is the Arab Convention on Capital and Terrorism. The fourth point in this tax is to continue to support the resolution of the Syrian crisis through a global political process that responds to the aspirations of the Syrian people against the choice of the government and reaffirms the unity, the Arabism, the independence, the territorial integrity, and the non-sector character of Syria, and ensure the continuity and preservation of government institutions to protect the rights of all Syrians without distinction. Fifth point is to provide support and assistance to the efforts deployed by the Republic of Iraq in order to allow people to move, to return to them and to promote the national unity. Sixth point is to provide support and assistance to the pursuit of the efforts of the United Nations and the Arab countries. We have seen a political regulation based on the three references, the initiative of the CCG and its executive mechanism. The results of the conference and the Global National Dialogue and the solutions of the Security Council, in particular the resolution in 2016, and to avoid any action that threatens the neighboring countries. Seventh point is to support the Arab and international efforts aimed at helping the Somali government in its urgent development projects. In the second axis, the Arab Parliament works on the tools to treat the consequences and effects of migration and movement. This axis concerns the consequences and effects of migration, of the asylum and the movement of the populations of the Arab world that escape conflict and tension, and in this respect what is realizable and the following. First of all, we are accelerating the finalization of the Arab Convention on the Regulation of the Refugee Statue in the Arab States, which has been examined by the Arab Parliament and submitted to the Ministry of Arab Countries. Second, we work together with similar regions, especially the Pan-African Parliament, the European Parliament, the Asian Parliament, the Latin American Parliament, the Parliament of the Union for the Mediterranean, the European Parliament, the Arab Parliament, the Parliaments of the United States, and in order to encourage all the respective governments of their countries to face the problem of refugees, and to protect their obligations towards refugees, to protect their rights, certainly in the legal framework of international and regional, and to prevent their economic and political exploitation. Thirdly, to reaffirm the responsibility of the international organizations, including the Inter-Parliamentary Union, to promote the respect of the rights of refugees, to maintain and protect their legal status, certainly in the international, humanitarian and international rights of refugees. Fourthly, to collaborate with the international Arab and international organizations in order to ensure that refugees and people move their rights, including the protection of children, the protection of women and the protection of elderly people. Fifthly, in order to ensure the safety of refugees, in the case of emergencies, by providing a variety of products and first necessities, such as food, shelter, medical aid, and especially not to separate the children from their families and wake up to a family reunion. Sixthly, to call the Arab countries and the United Nations to provide the necessary solutions to the other countries that welcome a large number of refugees and to increase financial aid and natural aid to all countries that are available for international conventions, the rules of international law, by welcoming people to move and refugees, and to exhort all other countries to share the most equitable burden with the country of welcome and the most affected communities. Seventhly, to promote the new forms of financing for the countries that welcome refugees, by calling for the possibility of development and exhorting the private sector and the Arab affairs to orient the investments towards these countries, to establish specific employment rates for refugees in order to allow their skills to be protected, as well as their community in legal and legal terms, and without exploiting their situation. Eighthly, to support all humanitarian aid efforts of all international humanitarian organizations and to call all parties to the conflict to respect the rules of international humanitarian law for the protection of humanitarian agents, and to call on governments to allow humanitarian organizations and associations to work on the ground to provide assistance and all forms of humanitarian aid to refugees and to people who are displaced. Seventhly, to adopt humanitarian joint projects with the national parliaments and the Arab organizations in favor of the affected communities on the areas of international law. Seventhly, to promote the legal protection and support of civilians and to accompany them to allow them to access humanitarian aid, which is an absolute legal law in virtue of the humanitarian international law. Excellent, ladies and gentlemen. To finish, I would like to express our hope to the Arab Parliament that this international dialogue will end up with concrete results that will serve to frame the integration of roles in the international community, not only to carry out our negotiations in a fruitful manner and adopt the charter, but also to ensure their success and their implementation and follow-up. We truly hope that this assembly will be successful in the interest of humanity as a whole. I have now finished. Thank you, moderator. Thank you so much for that presentation. We now take our last presentation, which we come from Miss Linda Ristangu, and she is a manager of external affairs at the International Air Transport Association. In her current capacity, she advocates for good policy and constructive engagement towards possible or proposed measures that may affect Airtas member airlines. So she will present on the role of the private airline companies in partnering in the development of capacity that will help to control what we have been calling trafficking or smuggling. So we now give her the floor. So thank you so much for giving the floor. And first of all, thank you so much for having me here today. It gives me a great pleasure to contribute to this important discussion and provide the IATA perspective on the partnership frameworks for developing capacity on migration. Today I will speak specifically about the initiatives that IATA is coordinating, mobilizing our members, the airline members, to support the governments and the society to end the misery of human trafficking that is a migration-related challenge. First of all, we would like to compliment States for coming together in the global compact for safely, orderly and regular migration. This important framework fosters international cooperation among all relevant actors and put in evidence that migration is a multi-dimensional reality and as such requires a comprehensive approach and a multi-stakeholder partnership. In my presentation today, I would like to show how aviation can actually support States in the implementation of the objective number 10 of the global compact to prevent and eradicate human trafficking in the context of international migration. So the global compact recognizes that migration is a defining feature of our globalized world, connecting societies within and across all regions and making us all countries origin, transit and destination. Now, globalization is extremely important for aviation that seeks a world with open borders for people to travel and trade to flourish. Aviation industry calls itself to be the business of freedom that liberates people to live better lives. The vital connectivity that is provided by aviation is a force for good connecting businesses to markets, reuniting families and friends and facilitating tourism and also cultural exchange. The fact is that the global transport system can also be misused by criminals to facilitate the trafficking of men, women and children. We say that beneath the surface of easy access and global connectivity, there is evidence that traffickers are using aircraft to convey victims and we had few testimony from, especially from crew, from the members of the crew. Human trafficking is not only highly profitable and not easy to discover, but recent research evidence that it actually serves as a cash generator to finance acts of unlawful interference towards civilization. Now, in the efforts to identify victims and support governments and low enforcement authorities, low enforcement authorities actually and different governments around the world are increasingly looking for customer facing staff through the transport sector, including airlines, to be trained in human trafficking awareness and reporting. Once trained, staff maybe has to be an additional set of highs and hears to help in the prevention of human trafficking, especially in identifying the victims. Now, our position is that while the provision of training on identifying human trafficking indicators is critically important on its own is not enough. There is else that needs to be done behind. That's why we have launched a multi-layered approach that I'm going to explain to you in the following slides that is summarized here, but I'm going to throw one by one. First of all, we issued a political commitment with the Ayaga HGM resolution in June 2018 this year. This resolution approved unanimously by more than 290 airlines, denounces human trafficking, and commits the airline industry to join forces in the fight and support state authorities. This includes urging airlines to implement a policy on human trafficking and also to train relevant staff in awareness and reporting to the state authorities and to the law enforcement agencies. Second, we have set out an awareness campaign that is called Eyes Open Campaign that aims to increase staff and passengers' awareness of the extent and humanitarian consequences of human trafficking through aviation. This includes an animated film, infographics, leaflets, and other resources that can be easily found in the Ayata website available for everyone. Third, we also issued policy guidance and training material for our members. We need airlines to understand what to do in terms of developing policies. Human trafficking is a crime and also to developing internal procedures. We don't need only to report to enforcement agencies, we need also to build track within the airlines. We also are providing airlines with practical tools such as virtual training models. Also, the first module is available on our website and can be easily downloaded. This training illustrates common indicators of trafficking that aviation employees may encounter and how to immediately report suspected trafficking cases to law enforcement. So we tell our airlines how they can report those suspected indicators of suspected victims. Fourth, of course, our airlines need to understand with law enforcement in each country where reports of suspected trafficking incidents can be made, especially when those are in flight. That's why we reached out to governments and international organizations such as IOM, the UNODC, the UNOHCHCHR, the IKO, the Bali process, and many others. There is also an advocacy element to the Ayata work. We think that actually there are no benefits for us and for states if the help of the airlines is provided and if we train our airlines on spotting human trafficking indicators, if our airlines, they don't know to whom they have to report the suspicions. Therefore, working through our country offices in the world, we have researched the policy in place should aircrew have suspicions of trafficking during a flight or before even a victim is boarded, because we think that actually when a victim is on board is already too late. So human trafficking indicators should even be spotted before the victim goes on board. Knowing to whom to report how and when, so to whom, how to report and when, is for our airlines critically important. Sometimes aviation is really the last leg before a victim disappears forever. In our efforts, as you see in these slides, we have engaged with more than 90 governments in the world. Only a few states, two states, actually have reported to having legislation framework and reporting protocol in place specifically for airlines. In this scenario, you may understand that without proper legislation framework, reporting suspected victims would only be for us a tick box exercise and we don't want to have a tick box exercise. This is actually what I was mentioning, our different, our layered approach is actually an example of where the private sector can help develop partnership frameworks and support consultative processes on migration issues. In this case, the aviation industry holds significant combining power, we have demonstrated as well, with connections to corporate bodies, training authorities, governments and the traveling public, all of whom need to cooperate in order to tackle human trafficking in the skies as well on the ground. At this point, in ending my brief presentation, the message that I wish you to take away is the following. Hayata is the business of freedom and we want to be a model for other industries on how other industries can approach human trafficking. We want to work with governments, other international organization, regulators and law enforcement to deliver results in the spirit of increased cooperation, coordination and exchange. Our initiative wants to be a tool which we are putting in the hands first of our members, then of the authorities and our partners. But we also recognize that there is only so much that the aviation industry can do to help prevent trafficking. The vigilance and professionalism overlines and aviation staff can save more people from becoming victims of these horrendous crimes. For this to happen, we think that there is a need for a comprehensive approach linking policy to processes in the spirit of collaboration with those international actors that can make the compact a reality. In this sense, my presentation, thank you so much. I'm sure you agree with me that our presenters have given us very insightful presentations on various topics that have to do with capacity building. I don't intend to summarize these presentations because we don't have time and also because they were very straightforward and I'm sure we all pick some useful things from them. I just want to highlight two or three issues that we set the stage for our discussion. First of all, you agree with me that they talk about the importance of regional level partnerships. So regional level partnerships were talked about. We saw the situation of the Council of Europe. We also saw the situation in the African Union and I also had a situation of ECOWAS. So ECOWAS since 1979 has been implementing what we call the Free Movement Protocol and this was a regional level agreement and that has also a component of development of capacity. But what is the key issue here which was highlighted by both Mr. Thomas and Doto is the fact that most of these partnerships tend to focus on policy formulation but not on the implementation. So we lack the implementation capacity. So sometimes at the regional level members will gather and then they will try to formulate nice fine-tuning policies which are very good on paper to govern migration. And when it comes to the implementation of these policies then you have less commitment and also you have less capacity. So I think that is something that we should be taking of as we ask our questions. How can we enhance capacity development in the area of policy implementation? It shouldn't just be in the area of what Mr. Thomas calls standard setting where we just develop rules on paper to protect migrants but we don't implement it. We need to be thinking of how we are going to enhance capacity to implement policy. Then also highlighted the importance of working with UN agencies and other international organizations and this is very, very important. From my own experience and I've been telling my students this, now most of the capacity beauty programs that we have in West Africa, for instance, have been coordinated and funded by UN agencies or by the European Union through UN agencies. So within the ECOWAS region we work extensively with IOM, ICMPD and ILO to develop training programs for the countries involved. So these partnerships are very important. Not only are we sending capacity down, but it also offers us a ground for mutual learning. So capacity building cannot go on if we don't collaborate with international organizations. We need political commitment on the part of our governments to do this. So they just don't agreement that they will not support. Then lastly they also talk about partnership with non-state actors and this is very, very important. So we had them talk about how they work with non-state actors to extend health services to vulnerable migrants. Also working with even actors in the transportation industry or the airline industry and that is very, very important. In most regions of the world the problem is that state agencies hardly work with non-state actors. So civil society groups have a lot to give, but then sometime in some areas we have the government state institutions hijacking all the processes of policy implementation, especially when some little money is involved. Non-state actors are complete, bitterly and I get to know this because I work with both government and non-state actors. So I think something we should be building upon is how to partner with non-state actors to implement some of the policies that we have already talked about.


Academy for Teacher Training, the Hessische Lehrkräfteakademie. It is available for every school or college in Hescher and it's for free and we feel that the combination of Moodle and Mahara works very well. We use Moodle as our online classroom system whereas Mahara focuses on personal learning experiences and the process of individual learning. Most of our students use the Moodle app when logging in to their online learning environment and as most of you probably already know the Moodle app is easy to install, easy to use and for free and now I'm handing you over to Kai who's going to show you a learning arrangement that my colleague Tina and I created for our students. So for most of my students English is their second or third or even fourth language so I'm well aware of the fact that probably many people in this session are native speakers and may find the task that we set for the students very easy. I kindly ask you to keep in mind that for most of my vocational students English as a foreign language is really really challenging and well now it's over to Kai. So well this is Kai and I'm a virtual student at the Berufliche Schulen in Korbach and Badarolsen. First of all I need to be very honest with you about the technology I can use at home. We do not have a computer and we also don't have a printer. I use my dad's old phone which is about three years old and our family also owns a tablet but that is needed by my parents and my little sister as well so we have to share. I mostly use my dad's old phone when I study for school and we have the Moodle app installed on both devices and with the Moodle app I can easily access my classes. Each class or course is shown with picture and all I have to do is just tap on the picture to access the course and I'm going to show you a learning arrangement in my English classroom. It was a creative task that was set during the German lockdown when all the schools and colleges were closed and we all had to stay at home which weren't allowed to do anything. So as you can see the learning arrangement consists of three parts which are stretched over a period of two weeks. Obviously I have to make a choice at the beginning of the first week on Monday evening. After I've made my choice I can access the first Wochenaufgabe which means weekly task. Then there seems to be another task for the next week. I'm not sure whether you're familiar with the guidelines for our teachers during that time during the lockdown teachers were required to design and publish a weekly task at the beginning of the week and this task was due by Friday and then the teachers had to provide feedback or use another form of assessment. Obviously individual feedback would be very beneficial for students but not all teachers managed to do that and there's a reason for that. The average teacher at a vocational school teaches about 24 lessons that's about 8 to 10 different groups of students depending on your subjects and an average class is about 20 students so you can imagine that our teachers had to set and assess a very large amount of assignments each week during the lockdown. So on the Monday evening the Moodle app reminds me that I have to make my choice and as you can see I have to choose between six different products and I could choose a nail varnish, a sports car, an instant meal, a brand of coffee, a brand of soft drink and when I scroll down further a bit a smartphone. I've chosen the smartphone and then I've saved my choice and now the actual task is shown to me. I have to find a suitable German or international celebrity to endorse the product I've chosen. The actual assignment is designing a view in my e-portfolio consisting of these parts. Two reasons why I have chosen this particular product, a link to the picture of the celebrity or a picture of the celebrity, a link to the biography or the website of the celebrity. This has to be an English website or an English biography and five reasons why I personally feel that this celebrity will be a good representative for my product. So personally I really like creative tasks involving the e-portfolio. I enjoy designing the views and sharing my learning results with others but I prefer the tablet or the computer when working with Mahara because it's more comfortable with the larger screen than with my smartphone's display. So that's why I'm showing you my view in Mahara on a tablet. Finding a suitable celebrity to promote a smartphone was quite a demanding task for me and in the end I've chosen Bibi. I'm not sure whether you're familiar with Bibi. She's on YouTube and she's very popular with the girls in my class. Her channel is Bibi's beauty channel and she has nearly six million followers on YouTube. So I thought she'd be perfect to promote a smartphone. She can use it for her daily posts on Instagram and social media or to take pictures of her other family for live sessions and she can show all her fans which smartphone she uses to produce content. And so I think she's the perfect celebrity for an endorsement deal if you want to push the sales figures of your smartphone. So once I have finished designing the view in my e-portfolio I can easily submit it in Moodle. All I have to do is click on assignment submission and the app reminds me when the assignment is due which is very comfortable and then I choose which view I would like to submit for grading. And once my teacher has made the assessment I receive a push notification or an email telling me that I now can access the evaluation of my work and as you can see I did really well. I've met most of the criteria and I can see which parts of my assignment were good and which parts need special consideration next time. For me English is always a challenge and I really have to make sure that I prove read my text and check sentence structure and spelling next time. But apart from the language part I'm very happy with the assessment by my teacher and I'm quite proud of myself. So then it's the weekend and I enjoy my time off with my family and on the following Monday the next weekly task pops up in my Moodle app and I realize that maybe choosing BB wasn't such a great idea after all. This week's task is to imagine that I was the celebrity and I have to give an interview and describe how I feel about promoting the smartphone and why I'm convinced that I'm a great ambassador of this product. Meaning I have to make a recording of my answers to their questions and how on earth am I going to know what BB would say. Well I'll just have to use my imagination and make something up. So using the Moodle app I can make a recording and the audio file is then saved automatically as my submission for the assignment which is really easy to use. All I have to do is write a script and then record it. However I personally prefer another way of tackling tasks like this and I'm going to tell you why. Just before Christmas we produce short radio spots using the Voice Memo app and I really like that I can edit these files and then share them with friends and that's why I prefer to produce audio files with another app and what I can do is I can then just copy the file to Moodle and that is very convenient and easy. All I have to do is instead of audio I can just click on shared files and upload the recording. Both ways work perfectly well and it's up to me how I managed to actually produce the recording of the interview. Until the deadline I can always alter the file meaning I can delete it and upload an improved version and a couple of days later I receive another notification from my teacher and I can check my grades. So as you can see I got 66 out of 100 points not as good as my first submission I think that was 88 percent but my teacher sent me a nice feedback saying she really liked my interview so I guess I'm fine. So and actually that's my last slide I'm very happy I was able to show you that learning arrangement and I'm handing you over to my teacher and I'm very happy to answer your questions now if there are any regarding this learning arrangement. So I've checked the forum before the presentation there were no questions but maybe something popped up during the presentation. I haven't seen any fresh ones come in during the presentation so Christine thanks very much for your presentation that was a really interesting demonstration of a learner life cycle so thank you very much for that. It was my pleasure giving the presentation I'm a great fan of Moodle and yes stay safe and I'll be in the German room on Wednesday so I'm happy to see you again thank you. Thanks very much Christine and next up we have Melody thank you. Next up we have Melody Worrell presenting to us sharing experiences from Africa to Asia for a development context. Thanks very much folks we'll be back very shortly.


Ahead of the 2023 General Elections, the Inspector General of Police Usman Akali Baba on Tuesday met with stakeholders, helping on intelligence-gathering and tackling security challenges. False public relations officer Olo Muiwa Dejo Bihu discussed these in a statement, said the meeting which was held at the first headquarters in Abuja followed President Mohamed Buairi's commitment to leaving a legacy of deepened democratic system and credible electoral process in the nation. He said the IGP engaged in tactical meetings and conferences with various stakeholders to build solid standard operating procedures and strategic communication action plans geared towards having a seamless electoral process for next year. At the meeting, the IGP emphasized the need to enhance actionable intelligence-gathering and sharing coordinated operations and adequate deployment of personnel and resources by all relevant security agencies and stakeholders in the election process.