It should start. Okay. Then I got it. Okay. So, in a nutshell, what I'm going to do is to tell you that the reverse film pinch is an MSD equilibrium configuration, but you have studied in the books, in magnetic confinement, which is found essentially in two limiting states. An axisymmetric reverse film pinch state, which is the one which used to be known since 2000. And the newly discovered helical symmetric reverse film pinch, which is new actually, which is covered in the last review basically. And all of this realize of the fact that the steady state inductive omics sustainment of an RFP is not possible in axisymmetric geometry. Whenever you get it in place, then it will diffuse away. And so no way, it cannot be really axisymmetric. So some kind of 3D geometry is required in order to keep it sustained. Now the point is the plasma self-organizes itself with some outside help that I will clarify to reach stable conditions in two ways. So in axisymmetric geometry, well, the 3D, the required 3D geometry is supplied by some MSD turbulence or MSD modes. These were the old ideas which provide sustainment. But with this view in this approach, the plasma is intrinsically chaotic and with models confinement basically. While in helical geometry, only a single saturated MSD global mode can deform the plasma and provide the degree of 3D geometry required for sustainment. This is basically ideas and now we will go through. Now what I'm going to touch in four parts. So about the basic axisymmetric RFP properties and some terminology just to understand what is the bibliography about the axisymmetric RFPs. And then the second part, I will deal with the experimental phenomenology of global modes and in the multiple HDG and we require single LST regimes. Now let me start from the name of the configuration. This is basically is too obvious that you have already started, but the reverse pin pinch inherits is named from the old Z pinch effects. So the old Z pinch experiments in which we had that you had the self-construction of unidirectional currents due to the current that you are induced in discharge. And so you are just this very high beta because possible to be obtained in this discharges due to the fact that the plasma confines itself from J cross B beta was very high. So it was very promising, but unfortunately it was very violently unstable. And what happens is that in the high plasma currents and non axisymmetric deformation of the plasma currents grows exponentially and eventually terminates the discharge. And this is happening on the time scales of the Alfven waves, which is in the time scale of the microseconds for the time being for the size and densities that were available at that time. We are in the sixties basically and they had to develop the diagnostics very fast in order to see what was going on. And what I'm showing here is the first ever picture of a of a king mode actually in the aldemastone old pinch. And it was actually King instability, so it was an M equal one deformation, but there were also M equals zeros M equal one and M equals zeros are modes that are still affecting RFPs, but not this kind of ones. The time scale is important because actually the microseconds was such that it was very into an electrical engineering laboratories in which they were able to develop a very fast discharges. In fact, the Padua was an electrical engineering department. That's why they actually developed to took the RFP research. Now, in order to stabilize it, another simple thing that you can find in textbooks is that the idea was to add an external toroidal field. So a moderate toroidal field actually in order to to try to see to stabilize this more this ideal mode based on an ideas that were available at that time. And by using by analyzing what you can do with on with on slow, you can write down the equilibrium of a of a pinch, which is driven by by the simple of the simplest to actually transport coefficient to have been developed in the fifties in the forties. So they were ready available. And now, in order to build a simple analytical solution, but you can do it yourself. You can ignore your pressure. So you are in force three conditions that in the pressure coming elected the electric field is only actual. So we are looking at the station steady state solution. And this is something that you can find in the fight. New new text to book. And it is the stability that you're you're equipping depends on one parameter. Basically, it is proportional to the electric field you apply. And it is inversely proportional to the resistivity. And clearly, the toroidal field at the edge is the parameter but the experimentalist control by changing the current in the in the toroidal field course. And you have a simple ODE what you can that you can integrate numerically. So what happens in the pinch basically you drive the current by increasing the electric field or whenever it heats up the the resistivity decreases and keeping the the value at the edge constant because it is in the coils that you are applying. The plasma begins to produce a much more toroidal field inside as long as the current grows. So the pinch is paramagnetic. And this is one of the characteristics of the toroidal configuration and also the reverse pinch. So the reverse pinch produces much of its fluxes with a small value of toroidal field at the edge. This means that you can do it and you can sustain it without superconducting coils. So this is one of the advantages of RFP. But it shares and it inherited from a stabilized pinch research. Unfortunately, what happened is that even if there's some improvement was obtained still the pinch was already unstable. And this is due to the factor very, very fact that in any case the q profile of a pinch is always characterized by the presence of a minimum, basically. And the presence of this minimum is such that you can have some resistive interchange or ideally interchanging stability can take place. And the Sweden criteria of stability is always always violated because the q prime is zero. And the fact that it must behave this way is very simply due to the fact that in the center it should decrease due to the characteristic of the currents and in the edge it must increase. The only way in which you can obtain a solution to be a parent paradox is basically to have heat to reverse basically. So the idea was okay so we can decrease continuously and increase in absolute value at the edge here. Or the other solution to solve the pinch was actually to as you probably already have seen in the last days increase the toroidal field very high. So relying on a complex technology of very high toroidal field coils and which is the tokamak basically. The point is that in order to get this configuration you have to let the toroidal field invert its direction after the discharge formation. Because actually very p is nice for idea stability but it is not consistent with oms law and now I will repeat it the various time this kind of figure just to give the the the flavor what's going on because instead state as I said the electric field of a pinch is totally actual. And so it can drive current in the toroidal direction only or axial direction. And if you have the mhd equilibrium which is driven by the oms law as I said the speed resistivity the current in the toroidal surface in particular which is with q equal zero is such that it is totally toroidal so basically the electric field is orthogonal to this line. And so it cannot match it cannot drive any current you see here basically the comparison of the parallel current of a simple pinch with the 8j the 8j term they do not match for and so the RFP cannot be obtained in in a steady state. So the idea is that in order to obtain at least transiently an RFP and that was in the tested attempted in the 60s by okawa is basically to change rapidly the toroidal field at the coil after start up whenever you are already you are your pinch which is in the unstable phase but the loop voltage is high enough so that it still survives and then after a while with a perfect timing or with an optimized timing you reverse the current in the toroidal field coils and so the field is going your way around and in this way you hope that the plasma will keep frozen this configuration. Another variant was also to drive a parallel current so to increase the the reversal and so also reversing the loop voltage so that we have also the current in the direct in the opposite direction. It relies on the time of diffusion basically so it was very much empirically at that time basically so you are to do it fast in fact in the old pinches it was so fast that the current was only flowing in a in a in a sheet. What happened in the last pinches is that the current penetration is anomalous and so instabilities actually takes a place and so they make the current penetrate but the essential is the fact that you have to change the toroidal field during the start up phase with a timing to be understood. Now applying these two recipes which is basically reversing the toroidal field after the discharge or the pinch setup and reversing the toroidal the colloidal current in order to allow the reversal to obtain actually in 68 it was reported the first results by the Zeta device actually it was not an FP device it was a device that was actually built in the sixties to to test the pinch configuration but in the end of its life it has been modified actually so they had condenser allowing them to reverse the current very rapidly and they also use winding in the opposite direction just to have a loop voltage sent in the opposite direction and they were able to obtain during their discharges actually it cannot be read very well but it was in the milliseconds range which was big at that time because actually all of the small pinches were in the microsecond range and so this was a big machine for that time and they reached up to 500 kilo amps in few milliseconds in other facts this is the start up time but at that time that was a whole discharge and it was very turbulent so the second trace here shows what was the derivative of the Rogovski signal so basically the current was fluctuating wisely due to some kind of instabilities they called them very turbulence but whenever they applied the reversal and of toroidal and colloidal fields basically we obtain a reduction a significant reduction of these fluctuations so the so-called quiescent state which lasted as long as the reversal and the easy decrease was remaining there and that was the quiescent period that actually encouraged all of the RFP research came which came after that and there was also I forgot it was measured actually that the the toroidal field at the end was reversed point is that it was not occurring in all pinches because not only Zeta but also all over all another couple of devices tried they obtain reversal but they do not obtain quiescence and it later on resulted in the fact that even if you reverse actually what we are seeing here is the Q profile but reversed so the outer side is on the left you need to have a programming and an edge that allows to have the Q monotonically decreasing so that it is not unstable to this is an interchange where in other machines very likely the Q was still having a minimum there and so allowing to be to the instabilities to grow and that depended on recipes of the first world materials so they used to be there's some timing there probably they used to have the quartz so insulating instead of metal and they were not very clean they were filled filled errors so all of the things that actually made these charges very short motivated by this success in there were several generations of RFP experiments going on basically the first one was the HBTX which was built by the same people from Zeta actually it was a much reduced budget it was a very small machine what you see here is the minor radius and the the height is the the major radius just to give an idea so Zeta was very big actually it was kind of comparable to modern ones while all the 80s these pinches are reverse filled pinches were kind of short the second generation was in some sort of intermediate and the last generation which is actually when I'm talking about and whose results we have summarized in the last review has comprised this four ones actually KTX is the last one which is a Chinese experiment which began operation in 2015 but they are still struggling to obtain an RFP but we have some trouble talking with them and well the various generations had a different timescales so but some ideas about the RFP were born having in mind the experiments and the experimental findings of these small machines and so when we talk about relaxation when we talk about dynamo they were thinking about some kind of experiments now they have been adapted to different experimental findings but it is useful just to to give a look at the past and see what an RFP looked like at that time now that they spent some time recovering what it was let me just tell you how we describe an equilibrium parameter an equilibrium we use some kind of parameters and so the RFP equilibrium is basically represented in terms of measurements that you can do outside so electromagnetic measurement the first the first parameter theta is called the pinch parameter and if this is an inherited from data data pinch research it changes is meaning a little bit so whenever I was looking at very old papers theta was meaning a slightly different so it was it was connected to what was the toroidal field applied before the discharge while whenever the discharge is get longer and longer it became the the flux being produced during the plasma but in any case it's a normalization of the plasma current to the flux to the toroidal flux which is measured and produced by the plasma and theta now after the data pinch or after the theta component the new parameter which characterizes the RFP and which was not present at the time of a data pinch is the field reversal which is F and which is very present the edge value of the toroidal field normalized to the average value so after plasma breakdown so whenever you are in vacuum this number is one while theta is zero because the plasma has no current and another important parameter is the safety factor q which is the ratio of BZ or BZ clearly on q you will lose the information about the flux the flux which is being produced by the plasma now characteristics of all of the RFP experiments from the old ones up to now is that they they can be described their time evolution during this church can be described by the F theta diagram the F theta diagram means but no matter how big or small is your RFP machines also their pinch and the time trace of the F theta parameters on this plane will eventually get to some kind of universal current so at the beginning you are here so basically no plasma no current the toroidal field applied from outside is exactly equal to the to the average so one zero then the current grows the plasma begins to be paramagnetic so it produces its flux and it goes somewhere here and you see here the first characteristic that characterizes the RFP is that whenever the current grows so you have to go to high current you cannot scale simply to more small current because in order to have it reverse you have to go above some kind of threshold and in this case in case of normalize the coordinates and theta is 1.4 1.5 now whenever we are talking about the old experiments the small one they were characterized by this violent instability because actually whenever you use which on the plasma theta is equal almost zero it is unstable because it is a Q profile with a minimum and then the first idea that came to the people was okay let's go fast if we use condensers that goes faster than the instability we can make the plasma grows so fast that it will go burn through say the unstable the unstable period and then we will go in the the reverse stable quiescent phase but whenever you do it so fast you had so profile current profile so concentrated in the edge but they tended to be with very high theta low f and so they tend to violently relax to a curve in f theta so depending on how you adjust the timing of the reversal of the toroidal field of the toroidal field it turns out that they were always referring to some kind of curve in this f theta space and if you start up was such that you were getting far from that curve then with a very fast time scales was relaxing there so the time relaxation was invented at that time I think while machines, bigger machines which cannot go fast because you cannot go fast on a more small machine tended to stay on that curve for a whole start up and here cast the name of self reversal of the machine rfx and rfx mod actually do exactly the same thing so these are time traces for more more recent from rfx mod they all trace the same trajectory in the start up phase from 300 kilo amps to 1.5 mega amps so this is very very general and such a behavior was empirically observed to depend and to be described by the so called Bessel function model which is very simple in the cylindrical geometry again you take your equilibrium msd equilibrium you take it without pressure because in the start up phase the pressure is negligible the plasma is conducting but it is not playing that much role and this implies that the gradient of B is proportional to B so the current is proportional to the current to the field everywhere but you allow it to in principle be different from surface to surface but if you far assume absolutely empirically at that time but this constant this mu is not radically depending but it is constant it gives you a solution which is unacceptable from an experimentary point of view because it tells you that you are a finite current which is flowing into the edge so there is something to adjust but still if you work out the details of this equation in cylindrical geometry it turns out that it is analytical so it is the Bessel functions hence the name basically which all depends on one parameter which is the proportionality between the current and the current field and also in this case if you increase this number above some kind of threshold you obtain a solution which resembles the RFP actually it was recognized that it was resembling also to the pinch so it dates back in the years and it was inherited from some astrophysical papers in which these force free fields were used to describe this kind of astrophysical phenomena I am presenting the Bessel function model before the explanation of it because actually when I was a student it was confusing me a lot so that's why I prefer to do it this way but probably someone would not agree with me but from in fact they were lying around for a long time so empirically as an experimentalist I am happy I have something which represents my data I take it I buy it I am an experimentalist to explain why now in fact we were unhappy about the fact that mu was constant at the edge and so it was empirically modified and so allowing it to be constant in the core and decreasing at the edge so if you work out the details you obtain the alpha data zero model which we are still using today these days just to represent the equilibrium in order to do some kind of say remapping computation idea stability and so on so forth and at first the justification very very course justification of why is it could be is by introducing the concept of stochasticity and introducing the first time I will give you some basic ideas later on in the lecture on transport but may at this stage we only need magnetic field which is stochastic if the lines wander radially instead of describing nested the torey so basically it cannot sustain a pressure because the pressure is equilibrated along these surfaces this would justify why the current is proportional to the to the field and as the current is divergence free basically and as this mu constant should be should vary perpendicularity to be the only possibility is that whenever you have a region in which you have stochasticity mu should be constant along that region but if you have a region outside which is not stochastic anymore then you can allow to change and so this very simple argument about how this alpha to the zero and mu profile can be going to zero at the edge it was satisfactory for us but for the for the theoretician it was not satisfactory which is correct so and now I have touching the Taylor's theory which is still at the center of the debate in these days and people in fact are calling this conjecture instead of theory and so Taylor basically tried to borrow experiment ideas from theory to explain this BFM and the fact that this mu profile was constant and so his relaxation theory trying to prove why the BFM works so effectively basically still as I said called a conjecture and I will say why in a few minutes now the idea is that in the plasma there is a conserved quantity which is called the magnetic elicity now I am not an expert now this elicity is difficult to visualize unless you see some nice picture it is the knottedness of the field if the plasma is completely ideal all of the flux tubes are conserved so if you stretch twist them this quantity on every flux tube is conserved but this is ideal and the plasma is not ideal there is a tiny amount of resistivity so its conjecture is the fact that whenever you have the resistivity you have the tearing of lines so you are still again some kind of stochasticity so that the flux tube do not retain their individual character and so each elicity on each flux tube is not conserved anymore but he assumes that only a global elicity is conserved this is an answer basically so let's say that the plasma will reach at the end of its evolution it will tend to get to a state in which the energy is the minimum so the magnetic energy is the minimum so that the elicity is conserved so that the elicity is conserved so that the elicity is conserved so that the magnetic energy is minimal but keeping the magnetic elicity conserved so it is a constrain minimization so once you charge your system because you have some kind of loop voltage some of something going on by a very simple variational Lagrange multiplier argument you obtain a solution which minimize the energy keeping the constraint of the coke bfm so your lagrange multiplier is this bfm so now i'm clearly really over simplifying it but that's basically it so the fact that given these answers you obtain the bfm then the fact that the bfm represents pretty well your experimental data your experimental profile was taken as a proof because actually if you increase the data mu below no above a certain threshold it reverses and so this is usually presented as the proof of the Taylor's theory and more and then he elaborated more on that and i told you that if you want to get some more result no more detail on that we are very nice presented in some let me go back in some lectures by Dalton Schnack that he published in 2009 he spent a few lectures in going to the details of how it was obtained and which were actually the delicate point which cannot be proved and actually as yet there is no rigorous proof of the Taylor's theory even if it has been measured in fact i've seen a second in a second paper Taylor actually raised some arguments about the fact that helicity should decay at a different speed in terms of a lumpins number which rules the msd turbulence different from from the energy and actually this was measured in msd and in some particular conditions actually you do see if you measure the energy you through measure the helicity you can do see that the energy decreases and the helicity is conserved but still it is an heuristic argument because actually the point is that Taylor had in mind micro turbulence so small scale while we will see later on most of the rfp dynamics can be explained in terms of global modes so they are not cascades they are not going from big scale to small scale still some of the arguments are applicable but still there is some there but probably professor swadesh know much more than me about that point is that the rfp the Taylor's theory does not tell you anything about dynamics so it can give you only the minimum state of which toward which the system will will go but how are you going to go there and also how is it being to sustained so the the issue of the the the lacking poloidal current is still there so what is driving the poloidal current in the edge in the in the reversal surface and here comes another idea which is parallel to the idea of of Taylor which is the concept of a turbulent dynamo or the dynamo field which is about in the same years basically and the idea is that okay let's imagine that you have your rfp plasma which has some kind of turbulence and which can be split in two parts so you have your equilibrium b zero and the fluctuating with some part with some zero average average in space or in time so undetected and undefined and if you if you write down your arms law actually it turns out that your arms law has a new term so at least the the zero part of the arms law not the fluctuating part there is a term which is order zero so which is fluctuation times across fluctuation velocity fluctuation magnetic field and so arms law is modified by turbulence a generic turbulence and so you have an additional term which is the right term that you need to drive the poloidal current if you if you rfp with dynamo field is something that you see in the literature every every time basically point is that whenever you do some kind of statistical analysis or statistical description of your of your turbulence you have to do some kind of see simplifying assumptions at that time no i'm not going to go into this details by assuming that the msd turbulence had some very simply homogeneous isotropic properties an alpha dynamo effect what was brought borrowed by by astrophysics can be introduced and basically in astrophysics you have flows in the core of the of the stars of the planets that are that are driving the material and also generating magnetic field and it turns out that gimlet was able with this alpha dynamo effect we very simplifying assumption to obtain the bfm again and so in principle this is also a proof of the fact that gimlet theory is correct because actually with his assumption about turbulence and alpha dynamo effect he obtained a representation of this field and also there was some kind of time dynamics but the problem as i said is the factor that it borrowed ideas from astrophysics in which the flow determines the magnetic field while in the rfp beta is very high so flow and field is very tight together so there is no back reaction so from this theory the idea is just to come out the idea that there exists some msd dynamo so there is some dynamo field and in fact that's why the global modes are responsible for the sustainment are sometimes termed the dynamo modes now without dynamo field what happens is that an rfp actually would decay it's another way of saying what i've already shown you several times so there is no electric field no ohms law that can sustain an rfp but in the second generation rfp devices actually the plasma was there so it didn't know but it was there so it can be sustained for as long as you apply loop voltage if you do classically so actually i'm not going to in the details of the solution of the pda of transport basically but the parametric pinch with with time dependence of induction which is done by karaman in 84 it states that if you have an initial rfp configuration which is depicted here and you let it evolve classically under the resistivity and the flow which is pinching basically the the rfp will decay away so it will get more and more deeper it eventually will will be lost so in cylindrical geometry axisymmetry and with a pure omelow without a dynamo field rfp cannot be sustained recognizing the fact that there were not poloidal currents some experimental technique have been explained tested just to see if we can replace from outside the missing current and so it has been attempted by our colleague in mst in medicine to use the inductive field to induce poloidal current or using insettable electrical guns or or waves and the idea is just depicted here so if you drive some parallel current and you change the mu so the parallel current in principle you can try to mimic what was actually done by zeta basically so they reversed the the poloidal field and the toroidal field and this is what the the ppcd i will talk about that later on just to mention mhd was not the only possible solution about what drives this poloidal current there was an idea brought about by the american colleagues at 80 40 that it is fast electrons again there is stochasticity stochasticity make this electron flow along these lines and if they are in a number in a sufficient number they can drive the very quiet poloidal current there were some measurements in the old experiments showing that actually fast electrons so electrons with energies typically of the core were in the edge they were not typical of the temperature measured edge but in rfx by tracking the trajectory of a frozen pellet injected into the plasma and they computed its its deflection it is deflected due to the fact that but whenever your frozen pellet is in the plasma it is bombarded from the ion side and the electron side and by the difference of these two parts there is a rocket effect by and you can be quantitative and you can compute the deflection and the deflection if the fast electrons were there the fast electron required to drive the current that you need it would have been deflected too much so the deflection was there was a lack of deflection and so that's why in rfx the kinetic dynamite theory is not applicable so probably also in high in bigger these experiments but in the smaller who knows it also it depends on the density regime so so the final explanation of why the rfp self reverses was a numerical simulation so basically instead of doing analytics you try to use the full transport code the full visco resistive code and what i'm showing here i'm not an expert in this field but what is instructive is looking at the very very first simulation which was based on the same code which was used by western and sex to simulate the the tokamak so tiff and they try to do what try to see what happens in plasma in a pinch and let it evolve with some arbitrary choice of energy losses but the idea was that let it be unstable let the mode grow but this mode grows so fast that as it was in in a con flux conservate it reverses the field and so some reversal is obtained and this reversal is is sustained later on by several over modes which comes on so it was not actually an accurate simulation but the idea was that global modes could play the role of the the the makes the turbulence actually and from this on actually all of the results all of the research on rfp was basically based on the investigations of global modes and so now i'm going to to give you which is the phenomenology of the global mode so i'm starting from the basically the what is contained in the in the in the rfp review in the last rfp review global modes which in rfp are the m equal one and m equal zero as in the old pinches basically and these are basically m equal one and several n modes which are resonant into the core so there's a bunch of modes whereas a bunch of resonances of m equal one and m equal zeros are all resonating at the reversal surface and this magnetic flux these were called you will see also very in this global most also named magnetic fluctuations and this is due to the fact that it was discovered in the 80s basically that they were due to global modes because they did the correlation analysis of several pickup coils and trying to figure out the global structure with with a full respect now it's obvious that you take multiple measurements you take a full analysis and you you get the mode at that time was not that obvious and they are resonant mode also not dubbed dynamo modes or tearing modes tearing because actually they drive islands this is a simple example taken from the west and you probably already know that resonant mode with a real field different from zero at the at the resonant surface again drive an island basically and so a tearing mode and we will have some experimental examples of this kind of islands seen in rfps so global modes in rfp tend to manifest themselves in two different ways of the of spectrum basically so in multiple electricity we have many global m equal one and m equal zero most this is a time trace of an rfx mode discharge for example in blue we are high-end modes and in red there is a dominant mode basically what happens is that in some regimes all the modes are together similar so there's lowly decay in spectrum areas here and in some cases they tend to grow and remain high and so it gives you one mode dominating over the others and these are called single quasi single electricity and we are widely different phenomenologies the multiple electricity phenomenology was studied basically in all the all the charges in the all the experiments and the quasi single electricity is emerged emerged only in from the nineties over 2000 basically multiple electricity tended to have non-linear phenomenas between these modes they manifested themselves in terms of increasing and whenever they add increased together they tended to induce a sort of crashes dynamo so they were not stationary solutions and these connect these events were also connected to the regeneration of flux so it is called so called so if this kind of behavior in multiple electricity is important because basically most of the production of the mst experiment is based on ensemble averaging of measurements along reproducible this this dynamic reconnection events and this is due to the fact that there is a cascade of these modes which interact and they tend to increase and then they release this is some kind of reconnection events there is some kind of release of flux and so on in particular as I mentioned earlier there were measurements of electricity and energy during assortment in order to verify the Taylor's conjecture so the fact about during a relaxation event the electricity is concerned while the energy is decreased and within the experimental uncertainties in that particular case this is really happening also during this sort of during this sort if they had to measure the dynamo field and so by directly measuring the fluctuation of velocity and fluctuation of magnetic field we were able to compare it with the parallel current and the parallel electric field and they matched pretty well so in multiple electricity also you can have an mst dynamo which comes from these global modes which are which are defined and measured another characteristics of the multiple electricity is the fact that all of these modes tend to phase lock together this is another non-linear behavior which makes more complex to deal with them and they tend to be not to be remain near the resonance but they are global mode they also deform they also deform the last closed surface and as they are lining up together all together they tend to deform in a to rather localize the region which tend to interact with the plasma oh gosh we tend to interact with the plasma and you see here that if you look with a camera from the to rather view you can see some kind of helical interaction and this actually was kind of difficult to deal with in our effects especially now i've seen that it is 55 now i think it can stop here and let the second part of the 11 so because otherwise it will be too long okay sorry thank you yes yes because actually whenever you have you in this current you need a small one so just like in the pinches so you need a toroidal field delivered from the outside so the seed is actually required but it is not big it is not dominant so you have a more small toroidal field from the outside so the the coils are not that huge and then the plasma produces much of this toroidal field inside through n because at n equal one n equals zero and the various n depending on the q profile basically so yes and n equals zero basically it means some kind of rings i will show you something in the second to second lecture so it is not a it is not a helix but it's some kind of yes some kind of rings just yeah so the fact that it does not scare so if you increase a parameter it changes shape and so you do not apply the same tools even if you can but the root cross b in a helical case it assumes a different meaning right i mean the plasma is kind of trying to do it so okay and that can be what's the role of the parameter for u s color here what's the role i make it still the reverse in current actually in in zeta they were trying to reverse the zeta just to help the the current and to keep the q without the minimum and in some experiments in msd they see that the whenever they are decreasing the current and if they apply a further part of a further toroidal reverse in the electric field they reduce the amplitude of these modes basically so i'm not sure when i ask you a question but you can discuss later it's still a magnetic configuration right so you know the magnetic field is just an important part in any other you know you said the magnetic field is produced differently its behavior is very different that's it yeah yeah but what i'm thinking is uh there is a toroidal magnetic field so for that toroidal magnetic field it also induces some kind of current maybe just out of the toroidal whenever it changes so another reverse magnetic field that opposes this change yeah we may have it depends on we may be on the conductor if you are gap so if you have no gaps so yeah in transient it's a nightmare because yes sure right so for the time being what was the externally applied to then the toroidal and the magnetic and the toroidal magnetic fields are connected they're not independent yeah there is one goes as a less information zero the other goes as a function one of the same parameters so there's a deep connectivity they're not independent parameters like the one system i think okay all right so i will just make one interest to all of you please try to be here five minutes before the other five minutes after life okay so i believe that the magnetic field allows us to start things in time and it's just being respectful to


United Methodist churches are struggling across the nation, particularly Black United Methodist churches. Many are closing and not many are opening. So we have the purpose for the North Texas Conference Black Church Initiative is to help the churches, pastors and laity, working together to know what it means to go out and make disciples of Jesus Christ for the transformation of the world and to have as their focus the Great Commission. The Black Church Initiative of the North Texas Conference has already shaped my ministry just working with the great leadership that is over it and helping me as a young pastor to strengthen my leadership skills, to strengthen my stewardship skills and impacting the village where I currently serve as lead pastor and helping us to really see a model for getting out into the community where lives are needing to hear the gospel of Jesus Christ. Well you know what's so exciting is it actually has given us an opportunity to bring to the fore new leaders, individuals that we've been looking at studying and so the leadership team within the Black Church Initiative at St. Paul, individuals who have not held leadership positions, but people, diverse group of folk, you know millennials, Gen Xers and baby boomers representing represented in that that leadership team and so that's what really is exciting. Locally BCI has the potential to turn the North Texas Conference upside down with positive productive churches. The plan as I understand it is to strengthen Hamilton Park, St. Paul and St. Luke first and then we are to turn around and strengthen others. It makes a lot of sense to me and I know we can do it. Well BCI I would just pray they will continue not only help St. Luke but help the Black Church to be a vital place where people can experience help hope and healing. I believe BCI will be critical in helping the Black Church move forward to its preferred future. I'm excited about BCI.


Happy New Year 2019! We have all made it and those that didn't rest in peace and those that are still with us to God be the glory. And the scriptures that we'll read today will come from Psalm 143 and also Psalm 91 about God's rescue and and those who find refuge, a safe place of security in him and that his spirit will continue to guide and lead us in the right direction for this year and the days to come. Heavenly Father, we thank You, Lord God, for another year, another day we have not seen. We thank You, Lord God, for Your gracious spirit. Rest upon each of us. Be with us in our homes and our daily activities. Grant us Your peace, not the peace that the world gives, but the peace that You give, the peace that surpasses all human wisdom and understanding, that shall guide and keep our hearts in our minds through the love of Christ Jesus. Thank God, Amen. Psalm 143 reads, Hear my prayer, O Lord, listen to my plea. Answer me because You are faithful and righteous. Don't put Your servant on trial, for no one is innocent before You. My enemy has chased me. He has knocked me to the ground and forces me to live in darkness like those in the grave. I am losing all hope. I am paralyzed with fear. I remember the days of old. I ponder all Your great works. And think about what You have done. I lift my hands to You in prayer. I thirst for You as a parched land thirsts for rain. Come quickly, Lord. Answer me, for my depression deepens. Don't turn away from me.  Let me hear of Your unfailing love each morning, for I am trusting You. Show me where to walk, for I give myself to You. Rescue me from my enemies, Lord. I run to You to hide me. Teach me to do Your will, for You are my God. May Your gracious spirit lead me forward on a firm footing. For the glory of Your name, O Lord, preserve my life. Because of Your faithfulness, bring me out of this distress. And Your unfailing love, silence all my enemies. And destroy all my foes. For I am Your servant. The psalm is recorded as a psalm of David, a prayer in the midst of hopelessness and depression. It reads in New Living Translation, our prayers should fit into what we know is consistent with God's character and His plans. As we, as I read through some of the action phrases the psalm has had mentioned, show me where to walk. That's an action phrase, desiring God to show such persons where to walk. Another phrase that sticks out is, teach me to do Your will. Being in a position of humbleness, asking God to teach me to do Your will. So the psalm is asked God to teach him or her to do God's will. Even though it's a psalm of David, but anyone reading scriptures can make it as it's a personal prayer for themselves. And also captured my eyes was when You trust in God. It says, let me hear of Your unfailing love each morning. For I am trusting You. God's mercies are new every morning. We have woke up this morning and we also see a new day. We never seen this day before, nor have recorded things that took place that will take place to come. For each morning God's mercies are new. Each day is a new day to begin a new, a fresh. Also, the psalm is mentioned that God's spirit will lead him forward on firm footing and preserve his life or her life because of God's faithfulness and of his unfailing love. And he will silence all the adversities that comes your way. Now, if you read this in conjunction, in conjunction with Psalm 91, you're going to see similar phrases. And again, I'm reading from the New Living Translation. Psalm 91, those who live in the shelter of the most high will find rest in the shadow of your mighty, His covering. Just like when you read the New Testament, the Apostle Paul mentions that those who came to Paul wanted to receive healing just by the shadow, or was it Peter? Just by the shadow of the Apostle's garments they receive healing. Imagine God's umbrella when He shadows us. He gives us His protection. And it also reads in Isaiah, buy from me those that have no money, for I will give you rest.   And so things that we need cost nothing, most of the time, to bring us healing, healing and help, to a living hope. I'm not talking about something temporary. I'm talking about eternity, eternal hope, not just in the buy and buy, but in eternal. Take it as for yourself. Your inner soul, your inner most being is healing for your soul that God offers all of us. It says, those who live in the shelter of the most high will find rest. Have you been weary? It says, cast your cares upon Jesus, for He cares for you. All those who are heavy with burdens heavy lading, for I will give you rest for your souls. I know it's after the holiday seasons of we celebrated Christmas, New Year's Eve, New Year's, and now it's a new year. What is your load? What are the loads that you're carrying into this year? I pray that you'll find rest in abundance this new year of 2019. This I declare about the Lord in Psalm 91 reads, He alone is my refuge, my place of safety. If you know refuge means to seek help, to seek aid, to seek safety.  He is my God and I trust Him. This prayer in Psalm 91 is a prayer of protection and the midst of danger. And it doesn't mention that we don't experience challenges or trials, but that God will secure us and protect us and give us a living hope. It reads furthermore in Psalm 91, 3, verse 3, for He will rescue you. He will rescue you from every trap. He will rescue you from every trap, every insidiousness from the wicked one and protect you from deadly disease. Are you covered? Plead the blood of Christ Jesus over you? Plead God's protection of Psalm 91 over you? The doctors have an antidote. They give out the prescriptions but also know that you can claim your health and healing as a compliment for your life as well. So don't be afraid to compliment your healing and your health with God's prayers over your life. He will cover you with his feathers. He will shelter you with his wings. His faithful promises are your armor in protection.  You can take that, beloved, as a promise and you can take him at his word and recite that to God and say, Lord, you said you'll never leave me nor abandon me, nor will I be isolated, nor will I suffer. Lord God, distress, you would uphold me in your right victorious arm. So what he promised, declare his word back to him. He said his word will not return to him void, but shall accomplish the end in the thing which he sent it to do. It will prosper. It will not return to God void when you speak his word to him and ask God in prayer. So let me know, let you know this, that his faithful promises are your armor and protection. Do not be afraid of the terrors of the night. God doesn't want you to be afraid, beloved. Don't want you to be in fear because God has not given you a spirit of fear, but he has given you love, power and of a sound mind. So be not afraid of the terrors of the night, nor the arrows that flies in the day. No matter what flu season it is, it's winter here in New England, January 2019. So do not be afraid of the pestilence of the flu of any bacteria that may fly during the day. Do not dread the diseases or disease that stalk in darkness, nor the disaster that strikes at midday, though a thousand fall at your side, though 10,000 are dying around you. These evils will not touch you. So God has promised us that though we walk through the valley of the shadow of death, we do not have to fear evil. We do not have to fear the calamities that are moving around about that we are protected. You can claim God's promises as a protection around about you and about your loved ones and about your dwelling, about your city. God has allowed you to be ministers of reconciliation, reconciling people to God in this world. You may be able to touch someone with the word or with God's blessing that I cannot touch, but God has allowed all of us to do our part because we are together, co-laborers with God, co-workers with God, co-laborers. And Jesus asked in the New Testament, pray to the Lord of the harvest that God will send laborers into the vineyard. Okay? Amen. It says, just open your eyes and see how the wicked are punished.  It will not have its way with you, as does the wicked. No evil will overtake you. You will go through trials. I agree, beloved, but it will not overtake you, will not take you out, take your mind. You will still be able to drive. No evil will conquer you. No plague will come near your home, just as the children of Israel and the Old Testament, and they had to put blood on their doorposts as a representation of Passover, that the God of heavens did not kill that firstborn, that the death angel would pass them by. Just as the blood of Christ Jesus, that represents us, our redeeming blood of Christ Jesus that we take. We have communion each Sunday and we take of the blood of remissions of our sins and the body, the bread of the Lord to remember that his death until he comes, he was resurrected and he's sitting at the right hand of the Father. But no, the blood that he shed for me, the blood he shed for all of us, yourselves and the entire world, is for our healing, for our redemption. And we can claim that for our health and also for our protection, that no evil will come near our dwelling. So see that when you are in Christ Jesus, there's now no condemnation for those who are Christ Jesus. So when you have made Christ, your Lord and your Savior, God's seal is upon your life.  It says no evil will conquer you. No plague will come near your home for he will order his angels to protect you wherever you go, just like military, as a military service woman. When we receive orders, it decrees and tell us what our boundaries are, what are we to execute, what place we need to be, at what time we need to be there, and what kind of allowance, mileage, cost there is, and what are our substance that we have that's allowance if we're able to have a vehicle and if we're able to have this attached with our orders, it shall read everything that we need. All of our provisions are on those orders. And just like military or government, Congress gives orders, God is giving orders to command his angels to protect us wherever we go. And that is yours as a promise.  You will trample upon lions and culverts. You will crush fierce lions and serpents under your feet. And that is almost like also not physical sense, but if we look at it as analogy, shutting the mouths of liars, also shutting the mouths of deceptions, because serpents is an illustration of the deceiver, Satan, who tells lies, who accuses children of God against God. So he's always accusing us, the serpent, Satan, to God. Just like Job, if you ever read the book of Job, Job replied and said, this is a righteous man.  And I bet it on Job. I bet he cursed you, God. And throughout all, Job did not curse God. No matter he got received boils, he suffered, his family had disasters in his family. One death after another death, all his children died, were killed all at one time.  He said, Job replied to his wife, shall we not receive the good of God and not also the bad. Because we know, beloved, all things work together for the good of those who love God, to them who are called according to his purpose. And we know that the enemy comes not but to steal, to kill, and to destroy. That's Satan. But God has come to give us life and life more abundantly. And what did Job receive in the end of all those trials that was put on him by Satan, by tax, by the culprits, by the lions. In the serpent, God restored him seven times as much, more children, more wealth, and more health than he could ever imagine. God keeps his word. His promises are yes and amen. In verse 14 of Psalm 91, verse 14, the Lord says, I will rescue those who love me. Just like Romans 8, 28 in the New Testament, for all things work together for the good of those who love God, to those who are called according to his purpose. And it doesn't mean whether this person is received Christ as their water saver or not. God looks high. He's, he's set high and he looks low. So some people say, why is this person's blessed? And this person's not blessed. God said, I'll have mercy upon whom I have mercy. I'll show compassion upon whom I show compassion. And that's what God says. I will rescue those who love me. I will protect those who trust in my name. When they call on me, I will answer. I will be with them in trouble. I will rescue and honor them. I will reward them with a long life and give them my salvation.  God wants to provide, he wants to rescue.   And we just think, you know, God, that God is not slack concerning his promises as man counts slackness. Because someone would say, I promised you $10, $15 one day and then you're waiting for it. And then it's been a week. You're not going to go begging.  But when God, when you send God a request, it says, though you send a request, do not grow word in doing well doing. So wait on it, though the vision, Terry's wait on it. And God does not want you to grow weary in doing well. He wants to answer all your prayers. And he has be sometimes before we even asking prayer, he's already answered, already supplied. And sometimes when you're dealing with prayer, and you are, your backs feel like it's against the wall, as Daniel did when you read the book of Daniel. And Daniel had adversity, you know, sent an alliance then, because of the excellent spirit of God, a wisdom of grace, of how he governed jealous people, maliciously attacked him, and maligned his name. And he was sent to the lion's den by just his act of reverence to God. And even in the midst of that, the lion's mouths were shut, and did not harm Daniel. As we read in Psalm 91, not just in an allegory now, it was in a physical sense in the biblical text that Daniel survived the lion's. You might read that on your personal space of your quiet time with God.  Wow, what are some of the characteristics of God that you serve? Can you name them? Can you honor his works of what he has done over the years for you, made a way out of no way, paid your bill, paid your light bill, made opportunity for you to go into the work field, gave you a blessing on your health ticket and saying you're good to go, you can return to work, whatever it was, open a new business for you in the past, and continue to give you blessings after blessings, one blessing after another blessing, one door open, another door is open, and that the floodgates are pure, are pouring and overflowing in your life. Only the hands of God has said the Lord, the Lord's blessings, it makes it one rich, and he adds no sorrow to it. So some people, when they said you have to pay them back, that's sorrow because you have to pay somebody back, and you didn't have enough money to have it in the first place.  And someone said you can go ahead and make sure that that check clear is God, God, it's stamped, it's insured, hallelujah, to God be the glory. Just let you know that there's no comparison with what God has in store for you. And what God has in store for you, it says that men may take awe and know that it's God and not of ourselves, that we didn't do what God is doing in this season. Yes, God wants to bless us, God wants to do great and mighty things, but are we going to avail ourselves? Are we going to be willing and obedient? As Psalm, Psalm is mentioned in Psalm 143, teach me to obey, teach me to have a willing and obedient spirit in this season. And that's what is required of us to be taught in obedience to God, amen, to observe what it is, to walk by faith and not by sights. Amen, and may God continue to uphold you, beloved, with his right victorious hand, and that his angels will be with you wherever you go, that you will not stumble, you will not be derided, you will not be confused, that you know that this is the way, the path for your life, and God has made a spacious place for you, and that your gift will make room for you in this season, and you will turn out all right, beloved, trust in God and lean not into your own understanding, but in all your ways, acknowledge God, and he will direct your path. Bless God, bless God, bless God, amen, happy new year.


Nobody's here yet, so just give me a minute, I'm just going to wipe off my screen again with an actual clean shirt and have one over here. Oh great, I touched it with my finger. Alright. I don't know if anyone's around today, but maybe no one's showing up today, maybe everyone's busy. But that's okay, because I usually do a live every Sunday. But today, I just kind of feel like doing stuff, I've been getting a lot of work done. Oh, someone just got here, I guess I should start again. Who's here today anyway? Alright, I don't know if anyone else is showing up. Okay, so I wasn't even sure if I was going to do a live today, because I'm just busy doing stuff. I've just been busy. Hey Gary, how are you doing? Ban Basil? Yeah, this whole week, you know, I've just been getting a lot of work done, doing a lot of things. You know, I feel like my life's been thrown into all kinds of craziness lately. And I've just been trying to stabilize everything. And get back to the things that I know work, and I know make me happy. And you know, just working on things to build a better future for myself. So I've been working on the yard, building stuff right here. You can't see it, I don't want to move the camera. Right here I've got my paddle wheel I've been working on, and then my lumber mill I've been working on right there. And then I just made this steel table. Oh, I guess I should show that. Hold on. You're coming with me. I know this is going to get really pixely for a second. Just hold on, I'll try to get it. So yeah, wait. Yeah, right here I've got this steel table. That was parts that were left over from when I was building the lumber mill.  And it just had this like super heavy duty, almost like steel cube base. So I bolted a few pieces of flat, thick steel on top. And now it's just going to be a table for like hammering stuff on things like that. And yeah, that's what I was doing this morning. And I'm about to go to my other property right over there and get a couple of trees. And find some stuff laying on the ground already to build like a little temporary dock and getting some stuff delivered.  Some actually just like this. This is a two inch stainless steel pipe. Of course, everything is sold in Imperial noodle units around here.  Because, you know, a few weeks ago someone sent me a little bit of Bitcoin.  So I'm going to go get that soon in a big boat. And it's a boat that I'm pretty sure I can't get into my island and, you know, park in the normal spot. So I'm just going to make this quick little delivery dock kind of on the side where there's deep water. Because around my island, a lot of it's shallow water, but there are like, there are some, there are two sides. I don't know. It's not a side thing.  It's not, I don't know. But like on one part there's deep water and on another part there's deep water right away. So, you know, big boats can pull right in, even if it's low tide, you can come right in. So if someone ever visited like in a cell boat, you could pull right up on those spots. But anyway, I'm going to get this delivery of a whole bunch of metal. And yeah, I need a spot to fairly easily get it in here. Enough metal, like, I don't know, something like 200 pipes and like 100 sheets of sheet metal or something like that. Like enough that it'll be worth building a quick little temporary dock to get it in faster. So what are you guys doing? Let's see. Good morning. I like the problem with money video. Oh, good. I think the video was great, but man, I hate that there's that problem because it is causing a lot of problems in the world. Raining in Palm Beach, Florida, it was just raining here too. But it looks like it's stopping. And I'm hoping it doesn't rain much today because I do want to build that little dock. And then I want to do some more digging.  I've just been getting a lot done and I don't even want to stop. So I'm probably not going to do this live for very long today either. And I'm not doing anything where I can take the tablet and we'll have signal either because I want to know part of it. Now, when I'm building the dock, I'm going to be too far from the house to get signal there. But how are you guys all doing? Let me just make sure my comments are actually working. There you go. You rock. Honesty. Yeah, honesty is important. Turbo tax today.  Oh, God. That sounds rotten. Good. How are you? Yeah, I'm pretty good. You know, some things. Most things are pretty good. I gotta say, like most things in my life are pretty awesome. A few things are not so great, but overall, yeah, yeah, pretty good. I'm sorry, MXC. Yeah. Doing your taxes. That's not fun. But I think I'm actually going to cut this short in a few minutes to go to go build this dock. And if anyone has any questions for me, you can just ask him now questions about any videos I did this week or whatever. I saw a video on your old house and it was freaking amazing. You should see my new house. It's okay. My old house in Vermont. You could fit like six of those in here. Maybe maybe five, five or six though. No, I yeah, about five or six. You could fit that house in here a lot of times though. And I don't have a trampoline in here yet, but I'm going to have one soon as soon as I get the third floor built and the third floor. So in my, in my house in Vermont, the third floor had a trampoline built into the floor because it only had like, I don't know, 12 foot ceiling and 10 foot ceiling. I don't remember what it was, but it wasn't high enough ceiling that you could put a trampoline on the floor. But up here on my third floor, there's actually space for a fourth floor, but I'm just leaving out the fourth floor so I can have a super high ceiling for basketball. I can just put a trampoline on the floor and do all that and, you know, swinging around on ropes and yeah, I want a really high ceiling on the gymnasium floor. That's what's going to be upstairs. You've got 26 people watching you live. Oh, no live. There there are, you know, I would another thing I was thinking about with these lives. I was kind of thinking like maybe I shouldn't save them. Maybe it should just be a conversation.  You go out and meet some people and talk and chat because it's kind of weird having a conversation with a bunch of people. And then just having it recorded forever and then anyone can go and look at what what what the conversation was and like take things out of context. It's kind of weird plus the conversation when people look at it after they don't see do they see the comments? I don't think they see the comments. They don't know what I'm they only get one piece of the conversation. Anyway, someone fixed an aluminum aluminum shovel with rivets today inspired by your shovel videos wanted to replace it with a stainless one. When I find the materials, I love my stainless steel shovels. I totally recommend that super cool. Your old house was crazy cool. My old house was crazy cool and I was it was it was a little bit hard to leave that house because it was super cool. And you know, whenever you have something super cool and you let go for something hopefully cooler, there's no guarantee you're going to find something cooler. But I feel like I did. I really like to hear because my old house. It was amazing, but I always said, you know, we'll make this house better. If I could take the mountain and plop it in the ocean somewhere and then I could go swimming and boating. One of the things I love about living on an island is that I can get in a boat and just just drive anywhere. When you're on land, you can only drive where the roads are. Well, I mean on my own land, I could, you know, in my four wheel drive truck, I could drive wherever there's not a tree or whatever, or wherever it's not too steep.   There's no there's no what's that called road rage? I don't even remember what it's called anymore. Yeah, road rage. What do you want, dude? My son is telling me that sometimes people drive tanks in the water. Have you seen a video of people driving tanks in the water?  Yeah, they don't go in the deep water though, right? If they drove into the ocean, they'd be underwater and they'll suffocate unless they were wearing stuff. But I think their engines would get shut down. Let's see, I know, I like when you save them. Oh, you like that I save the, save the lives. I don't know, I guess I can still save them. I think I think it would be kind of cool to erase them though, because then it would, I feel like it would, it would be kind of like, almost like a better conversation. I'll think about it. Hey, Jamie, so grateful to catch your live for the first time. Oh, and this is one that I'm going to not do for very long, because I'm going to go build a temporary dock. Okay, in case anyone missed it at the beginning, I was saying that this week, you know, I've just been really focusing on, you know, getting back to the things that, getting back to the basics, you know, the things that work. So I've just been doing a lot of work, getting things set up, working on, working on getting my house more self-sufficient, not just my house, but my land and everything, and just making progress on that goal and all that stuff. And actually one of the things that I've been kind of looking into more is people kept mentioning terra preta, or, you know, putting, or biochar, putting charcoal on the ground. And I did, I did a bit of research on that.  And where I dumped that out, things are growing really well too. So I'm starting to collect that. And in some of my fires, if I still have some wood burning in there, when I'm finished cooking, and there's, you know, a decent amount, it's going to keep burning for a while. I'll put it out with water so it actually saves the charcoal. So I'm saving charcoal now to mix into my dirt, because, you know, my dirt here is not very good. It's, it's, well, it's, it's amazing if you want to do pottery. It's just like solid clay. But supposedly if I put, if I mix some like crushed up charcoal into it, it will hold water better and hold nutrients better and all that. And if I, like, mix the charcoal with, you know, some kind of fertilized stuff like, you know, compost or compost tea, which I would not want to drink, then the charcoal will hold onto those nutrients and then the plants can get it out of there. So yeah, I'm saving up charcoal for that. Too cold in Vermont. It is, it is cold in Vermont. I didn't mind the cold though. I actually really like the cold. But I'm weird. I was always fine with cold. And when I was in Vermont in the middle of the winter, I would go outside and have ice showers. Not like, not like if I was feeling cold, but I would go out and work on stuff all day or, you know, work on stuff inside or wherever I'd be, you know, I'd work on things all day and I'd get hot because I'm using all my muscles. And it was, it was always kind of important to have the snow shower. Did I say ice shower? It's a snow shower.  So yeah, I never really had a problem with the cold. It was actually weird coming to the tropics at first. I was just hot all the time because my metabolism is high. Same with some of my kids, my skinny kids. You can tell they eat like pigs and they just are always skinny. That's what I was like when I was a kid. But the thing I really love about the warm weather is the all year growing season. And then, you know, just the ability to work on things outside is really cool too. I have to say I don't manage to catch the live feed very often, but love looking forward to the gossip whenever I can watch it back when I get time. Plenty of road rage here. Yeah, I know. I hated road rage. Oh, it's terrible. I understand why people get so angry too. Just driving on the roads is frustrating, particularly if you're in a high traffic area. How's it going with the boundaries, buddy? Oh, good reminder. Boundaries are up. Bullshit detectors are at maximum. Boundaries are up. Yeah, things have been going good.  And I'd been in kind of the rut of the next wave. And I was just kind of, you know, chill in there till the next wave starts bringing me up and then I'd try to get up to speed and get back on a good wave and get into a groove. Yeah, I feel like I'm getting into a good groove now. And yeah, I'm keeping everyone's bullcrap off me and doing a pretty good job of that and staying focused with, you know, keeping up the boundaries and everything. And, you know, we did all the exercises I was planning to do this week. I've been very productive. Things have been going very well. And actually, I had a first in my exercises. So I do these morning exercises, Monday. Well, I do them every day, but they're different things. Monday, Wednesday and Friday, though, I do this thing. Hey, hold on a second, Bellatrix, can you stop scraping? That's going to drive everyone in the video crazy. So stop doing that. Thank you. If you want to just sweep that, that's not super loud. Anyway, so I did a video of my Monday exercises a little while ago. And the Monday exercises, and the Wednesday and the Friday ones are basically the same. It's just the Monday ones. I'm wearing, you know, a weight vest and holding weights. And then the Wednesday ones, I'm just holding the weights and the weight best and then the Friday ones. I'm not wearing any weight stuff. And the amount of exercise per rest reduces as I go. So Monday, it's like really hard and grueling. But then by Friday, it's sort of like a sprint workout. So that's when I'm like focused on, you know, doing everything, doing a good job and everything. So the Friday workouts are actually kind of amazing because, you know, I've just done the other ones with all the extra weight and the longer, longer workout, less rest. But Friday, I did the planks for the entire 20 seconds, like one plank. Well, not not just a plank, but like a plank push up.  It's just like, it's like where you lay flat on the ground. It's kind of hard to do when if you haven't like practiced them at all, we just lay flat on the ground and then like all all stretched out and you just lift yourself up by your hands and your feet. So you're just you're just like, like that, just with your feet and your hands touching the ground. But yeah, I held it for the whole 20 seconds. And that's the first time I've been able to do that. And I didn't even feel like I like I felt like I could keep, I could still hold it for a while, which was nice. So yeah, I feel like I'm getting my groove back, you know, and the boundaries, the boundaries are I'm boundary eyes and who yeah, oh, you can still see the live chat when it's saved. I don't know, it doesn't save the live chat of while I'm talking, because I'm always like 20 minutes behind on the chat, because I do like, you know, like a 20 minute monologue. Anyway, it doesn't matter.  If you ever fancy doing a video revisiting old projects and updating us on what worked and what didn't, what has weathered well and what you would do different. Yeah, I should do that at some point. That is, that is a great idea. I do think about that sometimes too. I should totally do that, like just go through all kinds of past projects. I do that a little bit once in a while. I did that with my boats a little bit recently. But yeah, there's so many things I've learned along the way, you know, after completing things and then you know, using them for a few years.  And it's really, it's really good for figuring out what works and what lasts and all that stuff. So I should, I should share that. You're right. There was another thing. Oh yeah. So I made, I made a couple of, you know, social commentary videos recently. And I was actually kind of impressed. There weren't that many trolls.  I must have hit that one right on the head. You know, when, when like a lot of people are like, yeah, Jamie, I totally get what you're saying.  Yeah. So I kind of blocked, I kind of blocked a bunch of people because I kind of felt like, you know, I like to do that once in a while. I know I'm not supposed to do that because then I get fewer viewers, fewer views, but I'm not doing this for the views. Let's see. That would be super interesting. I think you're talking about when I go back. Why are you yacking with us? You have a doc to build. You're right. I'm going to go do that soon. Awesome. Cold shower is best first thing in the morning. Huge dopamine boost and ice bath would be nice. Oh my God. And ice bath would be amazing here. Yeah, totally. Sometimes I go jump in the ocean. I swim down pretty far because it's colder down there.  I do it a few times. Idea for your floating dock. Maybe have legs that you can deploy at high tide, open a valve in the pontoon at low tide to drain the ballast water, which would then make it float higher. No power needed. Yeah, I mean, there's there's some tricky stuff you can do with the tides when you're if you have a floating dock that you want to be able to go up and down. The tricky one of the tricky things with that is that if you're using like any kind of ballast tank, you get a leak of any kind. Have you had any more trouble with officials seeking bribes after that one time a few years back? Nope, not a single visit. So a few years ago, some officials, there was one guy who had identification that said he was an actual official, although he didn't do any of the talking. It was these other guys who did not show any identification and I'm no longer allowing any unknown people onto my property without proper identification, but they were trying to shake me down for bribes. And apparently they just go around doing this and most of the gringos, maybe I shouldn't say most of the gringos, but a lot of the gringos just pay them bribes and it's so it's so frustrating and I'll talk to them later and I'm like.  And then I'm just like, What are you talking about? You don't feed a dog to make it leave.  So yeah, I didn't I didn't give any money and I never plan to give actually I specifically plan to never give anyone any bribes, which I think is what everyone should be doing. If everyone did that it would fix a lot of problems. If you want to know who rules you find out who you cannot criticize.  The old to doers was great.  Excellent. Yeah, I was doing stuff and I was just thinking about how many how many talkers there are in the world just jacking away. And I always think about this anytime I make a video where I'm talking. I'm just like, I'm just being a talker and I try never I try never to just talk about something that I don't really have direct experience with. So, you know, I feel like that kind of makes it okay to do some talking. But on the other the other part is I feel, you know, as doers do need to do some talking. Even if like a lot of times I don't really feel like making these videos and talking particularly the talking part like I'm totally happy not talking all day. I'm not that talkative of a person. But I feel like I feel like a doers need we need to we need to say more like say more to stand up for ourselves, you know. That's why I make those those talking videos and I was thinking about that and I was like I should just yeah. I like your history of money video from 10 years ago man a decade ago. Yeah, I remember that and I had different hats on and I was sitting at a table. I remember doing that video. It was it was kind of funny because like I didn't have a script or anything. But I just thought about before I did the videos like okay I'm going to be this character and then that one I got to keep track of the hats and here's roughly what I'm going to say. Okay, turn on the camera and just I mean that's how I usually do my videos because I don't have time to like set up all kinds of scripts and stuff. Are there any edible birds there? Of course man. I don't I don't know what I once saw a guy who fed pigeons and it would kill a few once in a while with a BB gun. I do have a BB gun. I have a really nice BB gun actually you probably might want. Let's see or when you burned your engineering degree that one was my favorite. Yeah, that felt good to get rid of that damn thing. That was just kind of like I was when I was just, you know, I got I gotten sickened by going to school and learning about all those business stuff. And then when I was working on the robot toy stuff. I just dealt with a lot of business people and by the end of that, not even by the end of that by like halfway through that I was just like, oh, my first you know as soon as this deal is done I got to get out of the business world because it is it. No, it's just it's just sickening. It's disgusting the whole business world and that you know the money video I just made about that. Yeah, totally.  And they're they're living off the hard work of people often often people in other countries who basically work for slave wages so they're just it's just a slavery scam the whole thing when you when you really break it down. The words are powerful go build ideas are powerful. I also shared the ABC movie. Oh, excellent. Maybe I should go watch the ABC movie because now it's been like almost a year since I made it. I'm sure I've forgotten it because you know like if you if you make a video.  I don't know. But yes you are right.  I don't know. Both of those are pretty good things. Yeah, I don't know. I feel like I feel like when I when I start my next robot, my next giant robot, I want to have a lot of things like sorted out so I can just like, like, like high priority it while I'm working on it, because that'll be awesome. When I made when I made the first one. You know it took a long time because I was doing all kinds of different things I kind of started it when I wasn't really able to even build it but that was that was kind of the point of doing the first one was to like force myself into a situation where I had to start setting up the infrastructure to even be able to build something like that and then by the time I was done it I had all this all these skills and all this stuff that I could use to build it and yeah you're digging a you're digging a bunker right now. That's awesome. That's cool. Someone's digging a bunker right now.  Yes, that's true. Yeah, like all the business stuff is just fooling around with money and like tricking people into into selling their hard work for not even the right amount of money and and then most of that is just used to create garbage. Yeah, like business today. It's such a disaster.  And people go around with this. There's noses in the air talking about how amazing they are. Do you know your solar panels are still working in your old house? That's cool. That's crazy at least on the last exploring video last year. Your water table is high. Is it? Maybe, I guess.  I was looking at land for sale in Panama yesterday. Oh, well, are you do you want to move to Panama? I might be able to, you know, help steer you in some directions, give you some tips. Yeah, send me send me another email, dude. Yeah, I know who that is. We've spoken recently might be impossible for you to dig a bunker with the water. Oh, no, no, I should be able to. I could build a bunker here. Yeah, the water table is fine. Particularly on. On this island and anywhere there's a hill, like it's all clay. So the water just runs off the side. It is. It doesn't even sink. Like if I, if I dug a bunker here, I could, I could line it with like just something to hold up the clay and it would be water proof. I mean, at some point it would probably get a crack. But yeah, the water doesn't really go through the clay very well. Might be impossible for you to dig a bunker with the wire. A lighthouse. Oh, a lighthouse. Build a lighthouse. I've been thinking about it actually. You can see the top of my house here from pretty far. If I put a light up there, it would, it would, it would have to shine through a bit of the tops of the trees, but you can see it really far. Okay. You guys are right. I am going to go build this temporary dock because I have a whole bunch of material that I've ordered thanks to whoever it was who sent me some Bitcoin a little while ago. Thank you. It was just, yeah, um, that's awesome. So I bought a whole bunch of material with some of it. Um, and I'll, I'll make a video of that and I'll make a video of going to get it and everything. Um, and right now I'm going to go set up a little dock so I can actually receive the stuff and tunneling behind the workshop is a viable option. I could, I could tunnel behind my house. I've actually been thinking about it. Anyway. Okay. And Lauren, send me an email if you actually want to move to Panama. Um, okay. I'm going to go do some building and you guys have an excellent day. Uh, clay and grass makes amazing building material. Yes. Roots are just learned about the fasting diet, eating only two meals a day within six hours, no snacks. I sleep better and it works. I've done that a lot actually. Stop chatting with him guys so he can go build. Oh, it's fine. All right. I'm going to get out of here. Everyone have a, have an excellent day. Are you sure you want to stop?


Welcome to the Fiji Symposium 2019 here in Cairo in Egypt, where I'm very pleased to be joined in the studio today. Mr. Giorgi Nikolov Popov Karachov, who is the Director General of the FIMPE for Mexico. Welcome to the studio. Thank you very much for the invitation. It's a pleasure to be here. First of all, perhaps we could address, what does FIMPE stand for? FIMPE is FIMPE. It's a trust of banks. Several banks of Mexico make the trust that they participate, and the primary objective of them is to promote financial inclusion. Great. Well, this is obviously what we're talking about here. I want you to start off by asking you what do you think it will take for the world's poorest people to prefer digital financial services over cash? And do you think the digital financial services will be enough for this to happen? I think that the poorest people in the world, they have primary needs. That means that they live day by day. So it's immediate. So they must have confidence in the services, in the financial services. I think that will be the first thing on them. The usability and availability of the cash is excellent because you have immediately. So we, like technology people with financial inclusion, we must try to do that financial services are or have the same usability and availability. Like cash. If not, I really think that there is not going to be financial inclusion. And finally, privacy. Privacy, I think that it is something that it should be guaranteed. Because privacy takes us to another thing that people feel like they are supervising them, right? So it's something similar like if you are in a house or in a place and there is a policeman or there is a camera. People feel more comfortably if there is a camera and not a policeman, right? So I think that that will be the way. What innovations do you think are required in regulatory collaboration to create an enabling environment for digital financial services? I think they should be lowered. The regulations should be lowered associated with financial inclusion. That's the first thing. Goodwill. Goodwill is something very different, very difficult to find in I think in a lot of the countries or maybe in the most of the countries. We have to be focused on the primary needs. So that means just for taking for the risks and let it flow. Because financial inclusion is something that should flow and innovation is something that should flow. An unintended consequence of a digital finance-led financial inclusion program is that it can lead to greater financial data inclusion, but not necessarily increased financial inclusion. I wanted to ask you, do you agree with this statement? Yes, it's okay. I agree with that statement. We should create mass of the people of usage. But the way to do that, I think that it is to start with a very little service and to step it up one by one and to create confidence between other people. How do you see the fintech sector reshaping digital financial services? Fintech are something that I really think that they have almost, they exist forever. That's not a new, we just name them like a new fintech technology, the financial technology companies. The thing with fintech is that I really think that imagination needs creation and creation and innovation needs freedom. So maybe the rules with them, they are very overruled. They should start on rules and after that with very small rules, we can create a very big ecosystem. For example, Mexico is the second biggest ecosystem in Latin America, in all of America. The first one is Brazil. We are by 2.5 bigger than Colombia, which is the third one.  So we are in a boom of fintechs. We have been in a boom of fintechs. Last year, they released the fintech law in Mexico. That's something really new. So we should have to wait until the next year just to see if that rules or if that laws that are maybe overruled. They are going to make disappear fintechs or they are promoting fintechs. And finally, what role can governments play, do you think, to enhance usage of digital financial services at the national level? At the national level, I really think that they have to promote financial services on the core services that the government is doing. For buying things, for example, for paying roles to the people, for giving subsidies to the people is something very important. Because you cannot give subsidies or social benefits to people in cash. So that is something that must be ruled and to create the base of the financial inclusion system in every country. Gigi Nikolov, Popov Karadrov. Thank you very much indeed for sharing these valuable insights with us. And we hope to catch up with you again at some stage in the near future, perhaps in Mexico. Perhaps, maybe. We don't know where it's going to be the next video. Thank you very much. It was a pleasure.


This paper evaluates the safety performance of a hydrogen fuel cell city bus body frame through finite element analysis under four typical operating conditions. The simulation results show that the body frame meets stiffness design requirements but exceeds material yield strength and fails to satisfy strength design requirements under emergency cornering and ultimate torsion conditions. A size optimization method is employed to reduce maximum stresses by up to 20.13% meeting strength design requirements and achieving a weight reduction of 106 kg. This article was authored by Rong Yang, Wei Zhang, Xu Yuli, and others.


This video will teach you how to send and receive UDP data packets using the ESP8266. In this tutorial we will use Arduino to write a simple ESP8266 application, which can send and receive UDP data packets. In order to complete this tutorial, you will need to configure the Arduino IDE, so that it supports boards with the ESP8266 microcontroller. If you have not already added ESP8266 boards to Arduino, follow the link on screen for the tutorial that explains how to do this. You can use any board that features the ESP8266 microcontroller. We will be using the Wemos D1 mini board. In order to complete this tutorial, see the link on screen for further details about this board. With that said, let's begin by starting a new project in the Arduino IDE. The first thing we need to do is include the ESP8266 Wi-Fi library, using an include statement. Next, we will create two constant values where we can enter the username and password for our Wi-Fi router. Create a new file and give it the name, Wi-Fi.h. Enter the defined statements for username and password. Now, add an include statement to the main file to include the Wi-Fi credentials file. Inside of the setup function, we will first begin the serial port. This will allow us to use the Arduino serial terminal to communicate with the ESP8266. Then we will begin our Wi-Fi connection, specifying the username and password that we defined earlier. Next, we will print a message to the serial terminal, which confirms that our ESP8266 is beginning an attempt to connect to the specified network. At this point we will halt our application until a Wi-Fi connection is established. We can do this using a while loop, which evaluates whether or not a connection has been made. Once a connection has been established, the while loop exits and allows the program to continue. Now we can print a message to confirm that a connection has been established, followed by the newly assigned IP address that our device has obtained. At this stage we will complete our program with an empty loop function, so that we can test the Wi-Fi connectivity. Connect your ESP8266 to the computer and select the correct board and port from the Arduino tools menu, and then build the project. Once the build has completed successfully, open the serial terminal, set the board rate to 115200, and then reset the board. The connection process should be reported in the serial terminal, with the assigned IP address being printed following successful connection. Now that we have the framework in place for a Wi-Fi connection, we can add UDP capability. First, we need to add the UDP library header file, using an include statement at the beginning of the project. Then we will add a constant value to represent the desired UDP port. Next, we'll create an instance of the UDP class. We will name it UDP, but you can give it a different name if you prefer. Then we will add a char array called packet, in order to buffer the received data. We will also add a char array called reply, in order to buffer the data to be sent back to the sender. The default message, packet received, will be placed into this array as a default reply message. Moving to the setup function, we will begin instance of the UDP class that we defined earlier, after the Wi-Fi connection has been established. We will output confirmation to the terminal once UDP has started. In order to handle received packets, we will use the main function loop to continually check if a packet has been received. We will call the pass packet function, which checks for the presence of a UDP packet, and returns the packet size if a packet is received. We will load the packet size into a new integer variable called packet size, and test it using an if statement. If a UDP packet is received, the packet size integer will be greater than zero. In which case the contents of the if statement will be executed. If no packet has been received, the packet size integer will be equal to zero, and the code within the if statement will be ignored. The code that we wish to use to handle our received packet should therefore be placed within the if statement. On receiving a packet, we will print the details to the serial terminal. First, we will print the size of the packet, which we already have stored in the packet size integer. Next, we will use the read function to read the contents of the packet into the char buffer, which we created earlier. A second argument is given to specify the maximum packet size. The read function also returns the length of the receive packet, and we will store this in a new integer, len. Now we have our receive packet stored in the char array packet. We also have the length of this array stored in the integer, len. We need to add a null terminator to the end of the string in the packet array, in order to mark the end of the string. The index number of the char at the end of the packet array is equal to the array length. Therefore we can use the array length variable, len, as the index position, in order to place the null terminator at the end of the string. Now we can print the string that was received to the terminal window. The final thing that we need to add to our program is the code to send a response. Firstly, we need to use the begin packet function, which requires two arguments. The first argument is the IP address we wish to send data to, and the second argument is the port. Rather than using a specific address and port, we can use the remote IP and remote port functions instead. These functions return the IP address and port of the message sender. This means our program will automatically reply to the sender of the received packets. Next, we will write the contents of the reply buffer, specified earlier in the program. Lastly, we will call the end packet function, in order to send the reply. Now we are ready to build and upload the project to the ESP8266. Next, we will test our project using a tool called packet sender. Packet sender is a free utility for sending and receiving network packets. It supports Mac, Linux and Windows operating systems. Follow the link on screen in order to download it. Open the serial terminal, ensure the board rate is set to 115200, and then reset the ESP8266. Next, go ahead and open packet sender. Make sure it is operating in IPv4 mode using the button in the bottom right hand corner. We will create a test packet to send to our ESP8266. The message that we wish to send should be written in the ASCII box. Enter the message and press enter. Packet sender will automatically convert it to the equivalent array of hex values in the box below. Enter the IP address of the ESP8266 in the address box, and enter the port. Choose UDP in the protocol dropdown box. Press the save button if you wish to save the packet for future use. Now, go ahead and press the send button. The message written in the ASCII box should be received by the ESP8266, and then displayed in the Arduino Serial window. The ESP8266 should automatically send a reply, which will be received by packet sender. Congratulations! You have successfully configured your ESP8266 for sending and receiving UDP packets. Visit sitech.com, forward slash ESP, for more tutorials like this.