Thank you. Thank you Sally for these kind words and and thank you for CGP to invite me to share ideas Just two days before this big Agreement and 224 is really something incredible that We got on the 12th of December 2015 a very ambitious agreement Something that I think every country was probably not prepared to accept really and at the same time these countries confirm They were ready to implement that by ratifying At the speed which is totally unprecedented in in international law. I Like this photo of course at the end of the meeting. We are just so happy everyone That way we could get that After weeks and weeks of work and so today I would like to Outline of course what we have in our hands with this Paris Agreement the challenge ahead and Why I think that 2018 is a very important landmark a very important milestone and some lessons I can draw from COP 21 again to use this for Further improvement Sally has been very clear in Showing what is the carbon budget about and what we should do and it is absolutely a lot so it's better to now understand what is really ahead of us and what this agreement in a way serve as a Framework and at the same time understand that this is not the whole thing of course Most of everything would stand in domestic action the change of behavior the change in technology as she said very clearly So on this What do we have in our hands in the and what are the defining features of the Paris Agreement? Of course is above all an agreement about mitigation and with a global goal, which is in All the increasing global average temperature to well below two degrees C above pre-industrial levels and pushing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 And I'm sure this would be part of the discussion Why in a way did we push the ball so in such a difficult zone? We know already and has Sally explained it's already very very difficult to stabilized temperature Well below two degrees C and 1.5 may seem most can seem unattainable but it is there and in particular this translate Beyond the temperature goal into what does it means in terms of the carbon budget and We don't have the phrase in total here But the complete formulation is that we have to get to net zero emission by the second hand of the century So that what exactly Sally explained to us before so that is in the agreement the second feature is having a Really a recognition that adaptation will be a main feature of our future Because we have to increase the ability to adapt because already the adverse impacts of climate change are there And we still are very lagging behind on how we we we get societies infrastructure more resilient to this adverse impact and There is an interesting third element in this global goal of the agreement is the finance And in a way it was a little bit of surprise for many countries and finally they accept that to do all this We have to reorient our investment flows public and private domestic and international consistent with this climate change Mitigation and adaptation objective and this was in a way it is a very important building block again for future action The other the other second feature of this Paris agreement is is in a way based on domestic decision Which are expressed in what we call in our jug on the national determined contribution Why is this so I don't have so much time to explain why it is not simply commitment But that's subtlety of the diplomacy, but anyway, that's what the countries On a unilateral basis are ready to engage in doing. So this is the second of course very important feature already 163 countries so most countries have took this individual commitments Normally most of them by with a time horizon, which is 2013 But there is of course a major feature in this agreement is that to recognize that it is clear that this first row of Climate plans or climate proposal Managing from countries doesn't put us on track for the well below two degrees C and even more for the 1.5 So we are not with this first row of 163 contribution we are not on tracks to be in the envelope Sally describes until 2050 and even beyond so that's why The we have built in and recognizing very early in the process that we were not there That we have to build in a constantly raise of ambition in the agreement itself That's why we built a system of reporting and measurement Which of course that the way countries can trust each other because they just follow what the other one is doing Which is very important in particular not only on the mitigation objective But as well on the financial and the technologies contributions and cooperation The that every five years we reconsider And we increase the ambition again, just to try to Bring us back to what should be a reasonable pathway to become compatible with the two degree C and There's the last one is we rely on government It's the engagement and obligation of governments But to just to get Paris done and that will be the same in the future We need the involvement of not only government, but the whole society and in particular the decision-makers in this society Which are in nowadays very much the local governments being region or provinces or cities and the businesses those these are the big feature of what we did in Paris and In a way We of course we believe in international law. It's important, but you know there is no global government There is no global justice at least for most of the issues So it's very much the implementation the efficiency the effectiveness of any agreement Will rely on the deep conviction the deep Expectation that that will be the new direction of the global economy So we we try to build in not in the agreement itself, but across Many actors across many constituencies The expectation that the low carbon economy was there to stay it was it was underway It was inevitable So the trend the train was going in that direction And if you were a reasonable actor in the global economy, you would not like to stay out this outside this train So that's why we worked with many actors to get the same message after the 12th of December I can tell you even that when I entered the government in 2014. I Started from the press communique I would like to see on the 12th of December and then walk down or back What kind of strategy I need to get that and the press communique was not we got the big beautiful agreement It was this low carbon economy is a future and we better be in there And that finally worked because of the support the contribution the corporation from the city of society The NGOs the business and the local authorities So that's why I think I hope this Paris agreement will be remembered as a turning point It's not the whole it just a tipping point to redirect our activities in a different direction But we have a lot of challenges ahead the challenge of implementation first Because these national develop determined contribution for the moment are standalone climate change mitigation adaptation They are not economic development plans and this because it can't work We have to embed these climate change mitigation adaptation policy into a broader long-term socio-economic development strategy So we are not there this requires strong leadership at the highest political level and a close coordination process between many many ministries So we need to get from climate to economic policy This Contribution when you look like you look that from a financial perspective, for example, they are still too generic We need much more precision granularity. We need to have detailed sectoral plans Which mean passing new legislation implementing new policy and regulation and which mean designing investment plans again If you would like to follow what Sally advised us to to look at the different sectors How much we have to electrify our type of energy consumption or decarbonize this production of electricity? We need plans we need sectoral plans. We need policy measures. This has to be done by now We have a number of toolkit to do that but And but in particular We know that we will have progressively to put a price on carbon whatever method you choose for that But it's a condition of success not sufficient. We have to invest above all in zero carbon and climate resilient infrastructure We know that the world we have to invest about 90 trillion in infrastructure over the next 15 years It's not 19 trillion just It is not so much above what we needed anyway So there it's like three to four percent Additional to whatever every country at world level would have to do just to replace or to create new energy infrastructure so this investment of course is a big challenge and that's why financing and Investment have to be mobilized and better deployed for a multitude of different domestic and external sources That's what where private and public finance has to work together Because we need a lot of leverage to incentivize the private capital both National domestic or international to come into this new sector on infrastructure in particular in developing countries We are two-third of this investment has to take place so multilateral development banks have a key role to play in this system because they have to Share risks Allowing the international cost of capital to go down in many developing countries. This cost is far too high far too high to just get investment that can be profitable and I have many examples of countries having to borrow at seven nine ten fifteen percent some time to invest in infrastructure This is not viable. So there were public funding that's where Multilateral development banks has to share risks to incentivize this to happen and you know This where we are and so we have a challenge of raising ambition Because the contribution we have on the table brings us more on the 2.5 to 3 degrees Increasing temperature and of course we are still as I said Not on tracks for even the two below two degrees C, which is the minimum we wanted to achieve how we can Really take this challenge of raising ambitions According to most studies the level of ambition of this current set of indices Need to be more than double or almost triple to have a likely chance of limiting this temperature Increased below two degrees C It's not a technical question is first of all a policy question Because it's not just to implement this current set of indices and I told you before We have a lot of work to do to have them as a sort of a real climate plans investment plans But it's now to begin to implement climate action That are even more ambitious and the current set of indices and to start doing this now It's it's complicated because when countries and in a way that the hope Countries came before Paris Most of them came on the last month before December and Present their plans, but at that point in time They didn't know exactly what the others were prepared to do really and above all they didn't know the rules the kind of obligation because The negotiation was far from being finished from this achieved So in a way they put forward plans where the most conservative in a way compared to what they really could do already And so we should not be of course captured lock-in in this first row Of course politically it will not be easy for countries to say we commit that for 2030 But we have changed our minds and we already by 2017 or 2018 We present much better numbers of course that of course the direction in which we should push these countries But it will be of course complicated in a political sense so We have to show that action is taking place action is accelerating Technology costs are going down and so there is many more possibilities to achieve to over achieve what was presented in Paris, but we have to do that very very quickly but as As always You have to have the support of the society at large. It can't be just a decision of one minister Or even one ahead of state to show leadership they have to be supported by their own society and so So The buy-in of these dramatic change of this deep transformation has to be presented to the society as a progress as a positive future and Again when I look at what is happening in Europe or even here We have a long way forward just to present that as a positive future and not just a change where as People today in some in many countries are afraid of change Some are deprived of change and some are concerned with change So we have to really work at the mindset and the philosophy of the vision for the countries to and the society to buy This new project which implies many transformation and a different growth model That allow people to get access to energy resources to more food and at the same time doesn't destroy the planet So we need political leadership, but it will not fall from the sky It's not a miracle leadership is not a miracle. It it is produced by Healthy society that really can strive and support leaders to go forward So in this aspect, I think the work across many actors is a central piece of any success for for this fight to claim climate change In a way this System at UNFCCC Again, we should not think that this is the center of the world that climate action is taking place everywhere It has to take place everywhere But the beauty of the exercise is at least it puts some kind of milestones and a meeting point So it takes us to pressure to revise and to assess where do we stand and push the different actors that would like really to To do something in a way to meet together assess where we are and decide for new steps That's why I think 2018 is a key milestone One because at the year where we will make this first assessment we will have the report of IPCC on What does it take to be at one to limit temperature at one point five It will move the moment where hopefully we decide in markets that the negotiation of the rules of the transparency system of The nature of these contributions should be decided and finalized by 2018 But that the roadmap for the 100 billion we promise in Cancun will be really clear but most of that we knew that it will be a Capacity to invest more and to have innovative a not only behavior but mechanism to to really start this development and I see 2018 at the Rallying moment where not only governments would come with the idea that they will over achieve their commitments Some can revise their contribution Some just can recognize that they are doing better than what they anticipate That the technology is much cheaper than what they anticipate that the model even the projection for 2050 are finally easier than they anticipate because of this global movement of the economy and the technology innovation So it's about changing the mindset and we have two short years to get this done To have a really much more optimistic view now we have an agreement now we have a framework But then now we have to accelerate action So I think this but optimism again doesn't come Just from the sky it's not sort of a miracle. It is created. It is grounded In particular it comes from the reassurance that really countries are doing seriously So the information that we are gathering the way the countries can present what they are doing Would say the cap on cold consumption in China or the revision even of the Investment in the new coal power plant that China is planning to in a way to close or to reduce These are and you take one by one the different countries can send these signals. We need to collect for 2018 But we have to check and this why is this Your program is so important And this investment in research and development dynamics induced by the implementation of this commit and that's why we need this flow of information that you as researchers as Companies need to know how really the policy frameworks in moving in many countries choose to feel that the market is Expending and that is a real good reason to accelerate research and investment in innovation So we have to create that Interaction that positive loop we can have negative loops naked negative Self-fulfilling prophecy Paris is based on a positive self-fulfilling prophecy and but this one has to be nurtured and constructed If we don't want the the bankruptcy we want the success we have to work hard at giving that signal and just to try to finish now I'd like here I have two or three issues that seems to be very important in Including just immediately for Marrakech in Marrakech I would like to see that this invitation for countries to prepare and present long-term low-emission development strategies are really Really admitted and supported by governments No country has a plan already today to reduce emission to 2050 consistent with the objective of well below to do We don't have it We need to prepare that we need to look frankly at what does it take again to just to understand what the carbon budget means To set the new row of NDCs So that's why I will personally as a high-level champion for climate for in the UN nations launch this platform after Marrakech that government cities regions and Businesses would work together to understand to imagine what does it look like what the economy would look like in a deep decarbonizing future But finally, I think we have to work Again, not only and it was a big lesson of Paris and I maintain that the only way to succeed It's good to work within the UNFCCC Word but we have to work everywhere in the G7 in JT 20 on this financial meetings of the multilateral development bank through the The stability was a financial stability board through the Montreal protocol we have had Some weeks ago a big success with the amendment to phase down HFCs and to now the aviation and and many more even on the maritime maritime We have some more and we should continue to leverage on non-state actors And we had a fairly complex infrastructure before Paris. It's there There are meeting points very important Davos next year by January or February I don't remember the date will be an important moment to rally. We have to maintain climate in the political agenda But not only on the government side, but the city's a region the business side globally and so And finally we have to remind ourselves at this positive look between Domestic discussion and the international discussion is the best way to get things done. Of course, the best result was obtained through the US China dialogue and Joint commitments joint announcement, but there was always and also small countries Vulnerable countries that put a pressure on the biggest emitters like the small islands like the most vulnerable countries that finally obliged us to Reconsider and to not to have an agreement a minimum agreement was the most ambitious agreement possible and of course we have them to really Resiliently fade the north-south divide around the climate action recognising the responsibilities of developed countries and their responsibility not only in Cutting emission even more drastically, but as well innovating and sharing this innovation with others So that's lessons. I would like to draw from Paris and we'll be happy to respond to any question. Thank you Should I stay there silly? Don't be shy. Yeah, okay Hi, thank you. I I very much Appreciate that the core of what you're saying and let me rephrase it because I there is a hook on the end of this the core of what you're saying is The tipping point where we're going We're at now is not a technology tipping point But a tipping point of beliefs that the commonality can move forward and there is a positive vision out there I think that is behaviorally the most important thing you Important thing you can be doing yet. Even in your talk you kept bringing up some of the negatives We're gonna put a cap on coal and China and every time you one rolls in that negatives You're undercutting the message of the positive future vision So the question is is this well understood in the other leadership that you're doing working with that? essentially and less than until you get this Positive vision that you're talking about that becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy Leading to these positives you're probably not going to make it Thank you. Thank you for your reaction and of course You totally understand my point even of course We have to to frame the positive Recognizing the difficulties and the things that has to be done. That's why this tension between voluntary action the contraction of the future in a way Relying on what the countries the societies wants to do and the and the tough constraint of the carbon budget Must be combined But I think this idea that Paris was exactly the turning point where Government began to think the cost of action and they transformed that on the the value of the transformation and I can say that probably most of the big emitters now at least Some part of the leadership is not broad. It's not everyone that are sharing this transformational narrative But at the same time again, we have to maintain the tension on Where do we stand and how fast we have to act and how fast we have to find the the Alternatives you totally right. We if we speak just on capping call What does he means? Meaning that we will reduce energy consumption in China Probably they can do much more on energy efficiency in industry in particular But they need alternatives and they are working very seriously on that So this tension I think is important I like the fact that I spoke after Sally because Sally just remind us what is the envelope? We can't ignore that and again just speaking with students yesterday I was telling many countries were very much in fiber in favor of the 1.5 as a temperature goal The same ones the same delegation the same government was saying but we don't want any reference to decarbonization So in a way you have to maintain when you have in a way to progressively Introduce that knowledge that recognition That learning process. That's why I'm so keen on this 2050 strategy because that's the way Where everyone will recognize what does it take to to get there? But with a positive narrative so but thank you You just understood perfectly what I'm trying to do and I think he's now share and shared by many many Thank you very much for your talk. David Cole from carbon free Palo Alto Do you ever see a time when out of these talks we would? Realize a global price on carbon, which would help you realize this goal Worldwide and finance all the things that we need to do at least put the pressure in the right direction Even our sponsor here today Exxon mobile has been pushing for something like this. Why can't we get this done? I? Have a very simple response which is It's a little bit Like trade policies today in the global discussion when you are just going into this sort of domain of the sovereignty of nations Policies and tax policies in particular are really very deep Whatever if you talk about authoritarian regime or democratic regime, you know the tax policy is something very strong in where Governments but more than that countries or citizens would like to decide on the policy regime. They accept to That's I think a given So to go to a sort of a global tax system, which global carbon price is about We have to in a way built in this in the process where it is accepted and adopted Recognizing that the there is a common consent to pay for that In this country tax and democracy is part of the history And it's a very important feature and so the first element was this one you can't impose a global carbon price Because again, it is an element of a tax policy that citizen or even authoritarian government would like to keep control on That said So we need to make recognize that this externality has a cost Not only for The national citizen because it has of course and it was the first step to get Paris down to Convince every government and the scientists of course have done a fantastic job to do that that there was already a negative externality on themselves and Of course a global negative externality on others so nowadays Based on this philosophy of Paris, which is you have to keep the sovereignty in the hands of the ones who want to keep it If not, you just face resistance and conflict So you have to build in the carbon price in each domestic context, which is Hopefully and already happening the range of the carbon pricing and I don't know where we stand but probably around 50 Countries where there is some kind of carbon tax or an equivalent of carbon tax or an equivalent Subsidies to renewable energy, which is finally the same Even if it's not that clear as a signal as a market signal We I think and I think World Bank will publish this in Marrakesh a report to see that we now in many sort of territories we have this carbon price in place, but they are diverse and And but the range is not that high. Of course, you have Sweden with 136 Euro tons but and most of the prices will range from five euros a ton to $6 or $7 to to 10 or 15 the carbon price that China will put in place next year Will be around probably below 10 and so I think it will progressively now the discussion Between the countries who have very diverse what different carbon price we can begin. So again asking for a global one pose the exact sort of question of who can decide of this global carbon price and you take So 136 euro a ton Pursuit to in Sweden you apply this price for example, which is probably the price that make a big difference To India and then energy pricing judges are impossible for people to pay so we have a distributive aspect and a problem of acquisitive power The parity there that I think that's why Again, even if the business and in particular the global business would be of course happy and naturally happy to see a level playing field We need to recognize that this has a progress and he has to be a really nationally determined We will face very soon trade impacts because of this divergence of carbon prices But I think that will be a way to to make these prices converge So again, it would have been fantastic to have a consensus of one price I don't believe myself that we can get because of the divergence in economy on the one price But we can begin to discuss about the range But above all I think it has to be grounded on a really good choice of the domestic policy. Thank you for your presentation I really like Jim Sweeney's Summary of the key point But if I take what Jim said and take it forward, which is that suppose it's a tipping point on the beliefs Would a way to test that experiment would be to do International surveys or some other feedback mechanism to say whether what you are the knobs you are turning is really making an impact on the beliefs So did you in your group and others talk about? Testing the feedback on whether it's making a difference or not and here I want to make a plug for John Krosnick I who I don't know if he's in the audience who is a professor Who's a who is a professor of political psychology at Stanford was 20 years history around public attitudes on this? Fascinating question and comment and thank you for that of course We we try we try before Paris even to try to have international surveys We didn't have the resources to do that. It's quite expensive and we discussed was many Academics from in particular from us who just maintained these global surveys We did some where we saw it was interesting that even if the government position on climate We are very diverse the citizen we are more or less in the same page about the perception of the risk Now the perception of the tipping point We are not I think we are not there because again for the moment the idea of having a change in beliefs was sort of focused on the Decision makers the one who are really Involved in that discussion. So now we have to expand that and that was a big question How we expand that? Understanding how we expand the understanding that we could have different Transportation models that we have different models that that is a big work So if we will probably if we would do the survey today, we will not have a lot of results Because most people ignore what Paris is about but that said if we begin to work deep on What I was calling the buying by the society of this transformation project like Modi is doing in India on renewables That's clear you probably if we do a survey in India now The perception that renewable energy is a very positive solution and it's going on I think we will have probably a yes. No, I suppose So you see that it depends on the capacity of governments to sell the product to sell the project So I would say it's essential then to track that so I would be very happy to have a research program on that Thank you professors Vienna for your great presentation. My name is Qing. I have a question for Projects or initiatives related to climate change adaptation of medication or even in development field How can you keep them sustainable when the initial grounds finished? Especially grounds. I think longs. It's maybe another category The the big thing and you you're right in some cases. It's very difficult to create an economic model out of this project But we should try to even in adaptation So that's one first try to Make understand that if you build a more sustainable infrastructure resilient to extreme events You are creating a benefit and and you know what the beneficiaries should be able to participate to that So maintain it over time The the big question of how the official development aid will continue and increase It's of course a difficult question The most of the agencies in the developed world are faced with budget constraints and of course because of the slowdown since 2008 now and At the same time there is a push and there is an increase in this official budget Which I think will we will see the results in many Countries that there will be a new flow of resources With all the issue about how you you use it efficiently But I think the big question now is to try to use this grand dimension to really leverage more investment and So a project that could not survive without grants would be probably very difficult to maintain over time and adaptation for example or mitigation our Action we have to maintain over time. They would not just give the result Very quickly. So I think we have to think new model of combining public and private finance We are still not there. I think the ideas are there, but it's not really happening But I don't see any other solution Okay, I'll ask you a question So so basically that the question will be when I finish it, you know, how is help being provided? to some of these countries Particularly when you consider developing long-term plans I mean if you think of many of these emerging economies that have that the primary goal of you know raising people from poverty and building an industrial foundation so that there are good jobs and so forth and so on one hand, you know, that's an overarching goal and at the same time, you know They're global citizens and participating in decarbonization. These are really hard issues You know, how do you build an energy system from sort of the ground up that doesn't have a robust fossil fuel background? And I wonder how much actual help is is being provided to These countries to think through to 2050, you know How do you meet the dual goals of increasing energy access and and reliability and quality? But at the same time decarbonizing and and and if they're getting help Who's doing that? And is that sort of an unmet need that we you know, should all be asking ourselves? Well, how could we how could we how could we help? At that moment we are there. I think as I said nobody really even Hearing this country or in my country in France. Nobody has a clear view. So in a way, we are More or less in the same situation. So that's why I think there is a need of research a need of thinking a need of dialogue Again, nobody there is no one pathway. There are several certainly One because we don't know there is a lot of uncertainty out there even by 2050, which is now very close But at the same time the the choice can be different and will be different It's totally different to imagine an energy system in a very sort of where Abitat is very distributed Whether at the contrary like Europe, for example, you have a very concentrated type of habitats That's a solution on all the same, of course. So but we need this we need help we need dialogue we need reflection and That's why I'm so keen in launching that in Marrakesh and I have really have a incredible response from governments incredible even the the head of delegation of Iran and her and the Minister of Environment came to me to say we want to do a Diversification plan for Iran. We don't want to rely on all over and over and Of course, you may have heard about Saudi Arabia But at the same time Jamaica or even the small island want to just begin to think about the future So it is an enormous amount of ideas discussion of research and and yes Again, nobody has a recipe, but we have to think through My name is Claya Colster. Thank you very much for your talk. I think this question may have been somewhat asked but In two parts so one you stress the role of MDB's and the need for them to provide finance particularly for developing countries How would you did you think of having some kind of NDC equivalent for them to provide and then A second a second part side question for those Countries that haven't ratified the agreement yet or perhaps won't do you have some kind of idea or structure in place to To account for for example cross-border emissions between countries that will have ratified the agreement and those that won't Haven't thank you. I Would like in in Mahakesh to to conclude That we have as as you suggested some kind of clear demand on these financial institutions They say they want to do more. They want to decarbonize that portfolio. They want to leverage private funding So what is their plan? I think we need to do that for the moment the conversation is really going a little bit in circles Everyone waiting for the banks to do or the public funding to come or the Institutional investors to come in so we need to just to okay that the conversation is there But now what do we do and are you accountable or what you say you will be doing? So in I hope I can get that I'm not sure but I will work to really deeply to that in Marrakesh and On the on the other side, I'm very optimistic about the ratification I think Saudi Arabia is ratifying today or tomorrow We'll have probably 100 countries by Marrakesh already. Maybe I am a little optimistic but around that So again to my surprise because as I said yesterday in another conversation When we take out the end date of the ratification process for Paris We were saying maybe we could do that a little before 2020 and that will be give a little more dynamic again And finally it was done in one year in less than one year. So that's in a weather So my my in a way and probably my question Countries are Really committed to that. Do they realize totally? What does it take? Do they is this the knowledge really beginning to really penetrate all the sectors? Probably no but you have this feeling that we have to do it and I think we are there. I think many governments many leaders Say we have to do it. We don't know exactly how but we have to do it So that's why I'm very optimistic about ratification doesn't mean that the implementation will be simple at the contrary It is very difficult


Hi. Hi. So, uh, what do you do? What don't I do? I can do it all. Like, I can tell you what celebrities were born on this day in history. I can sneeze on command. I can make cat noises.  Oh, this is a great party trick. Okay, okay, okay. Say Alex Beerme. Say Alex Beerme. Say it. Alex Beerme? So, does it... It's just like I handed you a beer. So what's your job? Well, I... Oh, right. Sarah Robinson.  I knew that. Do I know you? You live on 52nd Street, right? That's 3.42 miles away from here. It'll take you about 11 minutes to get there with current traffic. How did you know that? It doesn't matter. Okay, okay, so I can't find any of your updated health records since 2011. Do you still have that irritable bowel syndrome? We'll go on. Tell me what you do or whatever. What? I'm sure you have a long, prepared speech about yourself and everything you're good at. Oh, I mean, not a long speech. I've got some pretty interesting skills people have helped me learn, so I can do a lot of things if you ask me to. If you want me to listen, I'll listen to you. Oh, sure. I'm sure you'd love to know all of my personal information. You know. I guess to tell me anything you're not comfortable with me knowing, right? I, sorry, I just, can we start over?


Record prediction for the Iowa Hawkeyes this upcoming season. Head Coach Kirk Farrance had a huge win, bringing in Michigan transfer quarterback Cade McNamara, but the biggest win for Iowa pre-season has to be avoiding both Ohio State and Michigan in their regular season schedule. Let's be honest, nobody is gonna be afraid of the Iowa Hawkeyes coming into town, so I think they lose both at Iowa State and at Penn State. So after a four and two start of the season, I think they're gonna lose to Wisconsin before bouncing back with three wins over Minnesota and Northwestern Rutgers, and slip up at the end of the year and take L's to both Illinois and at Nebraska. Overall, I think Iowa goes seven and five this year. Not great, but hey, you're bowl eligible.


Cassandra. This is Dr. Anita Poojar, professor of computer science and engineering department from Volchin Institute of Technology, SolarPore. At the end of this session, learners will get familiar to what is Cassandra, what are the different features of Cassandra and how to install Cassandra on Windows operating system. Cassandra is an open source, high performance distributed database management system designed for storing huge volume of data on large number of commodity servers. Commodity servers are basically low end desktop machines with common specifications. Cassandra was initiated at Facebook as a project for inbox search and was accepted into Apache incubator in March 2009. It was made an Apache top level project since February 2010. Since then, Cassandra is known as Apache Cassandra. These are some of the features of Cassandra. Cassandra is highly scalable, that is it is massively scalable. It is also known to have elastic scalability. Now scalability is the feature of expanding or reducing the system as per the requirement. Cassandra is linearly scalable. Now as Cassandra uses horizontally scaling, so it increases the throughput of the system as the number of nodes increase in the cluster. Therefore, it maintains a very quick response time. Cassandra also provides built in and customizable replication strategy. A replication strategy determines which nodes to place replicas on. There are two types of strategies, simple strategy and network topology strategy. Simple strategy is used when Cassandra cluster contains only one data center, that is replicas are spread across one data center. Network topology strategy is used when Cassandra cluster contains more than one data center, that is replicas are spread across more than one data center. A replication factor can also be specified here by the admin or the owner of the database. A replication factor decides how many replicas have to be stored in a cluster. Cassandra has a very good feature that is it provides high availability. Now since Cassandra uses replication strategy and also all the nodes in the Cassandra are independent of each other, that is they are independently able to handle the read request and write request of the user. So even if one node fails in the Cassandra, the work does not stop and this is a desirable feature for critical applications, which cannot effort to have failures. So there is no single point of failure in Cassandra, so it provides high availability. Cassandra has peer to peer architecture, that means it does not have master slave architecture. All the nodes in the Cassandra are connected in a ring or a cluster and they are interconnected with each other. All the nodes in the Cassandra they are independent of each other, that is they have defined roles. All nodes play the same role. Every node can handle read request or write request irrespective of whether the data is stored on that node or not. Cassandra is called as no SQL type of database, that is not only SQL type of database. Now these databases are non- relational databases, that is they are schema free. Such type of databases can store huge amount of data, that is in terms of pentabytes. Cassandra is called as column oriented database. Now there are two types of orientation in databases. One is row orientation and second one is column orientation. In row orientation the content of the database tables when they are stored into internal memory of the computer they are stored row wise, that is contents of first row is followed by the contents of second row followed by the contents of third row linearly that is adjacent to each other. In column oriented databases the content of the table are stored into the internal memory column wise, that is content of first column is followed by the content of second column followed by the content of third column and so on. Now if there are duplicate entries in the columns then they can be compressed and the number of memory locations or the storage required for storing the table can be reduced. This is the advantage of column oriented database. As well when data is partitioned for parallel processing then it is partitioned column wise. First column is given to first processor, second column is given to second processor and so on so that they can be processed parallely. In this way the data is processed faster in column oriented database but column oriented database are more suitable for data analytics whereas relational databases are more suitable for data processing. Cassandra provides automatic data distribution across all nodes that participate in a ring or database cluster. Cassandra is designed to run on cheap commodity hardware machines. If number of machines goes on increasing then it performs fast writes and can store hundreds of terabytes of data without sacrificing the read efficiency. Even today Cassandra is being used by some of the biggest companies such as Facebook, Twitter, Cisco, eBay etc. Now let's take a pause, think and try to answer these questions. In Cassandra every row has same set of columns. Is it true or false? The correct answer is it is false. Cassandra is no SQL type of database which doesn't have any predefined schema. That means every row in these tables may have different set of columns and even the order of columns may differ. For example if there are two students student A and student B and we are storing the student records in the table as student enrollment number, student name, mail ID and contact number. Then student A may have two mail IDs and two contact numbers. So in this way that particular row has six columns whereas student B may have only one mail ID and one contact number. So total number of columns in student B's record will be only four. So Cassandra may not have same set of columns in every row. Second question is Cassandra ensures fault tolerance. Is it true or false? Yes it's true because Cassandra has peer-to-peer network architecture and it uses replication strategy. So every node is independent of every other node. They play same role. Every node has capability to handle read and write requests of the client irrespective of whether data is stored on it or not. So even if one node fails the work does not stop. Data can be fetched from its replicas or read or write request can be sent to other nodes for processing. Hence Cassandra ensures fault tolerance. Now let's see what is the difference between no SQL databases and relational databases. No SQL databases do not have fixed schema. Relational databases have fixed schema. These are highly scalable. Relational databases are less scalable as compared to no SQL databases. These do not support transactions. Relational databases support asset properties of transactions. No SQL use very simple query language but it is similar to SQL whereas relational databases use SQL that is structural query language. No SQL databases support eventually consistent property whereas relational databases support strong consistency property. These no SQL databases do not support joints between two tables whereas relational databases support joints of two tables using joint queries. Now let's see how to install Cassandra on Windows operating system preferably 64-bit. Now some of the prerequisites are we need data stacks community edition setup and JDK to be installed. Now let's see the installation steps. Run the data stacks community edition setup. A window appears for that setup. Click on the next button. End user license agreement window pops up. Read the agreement and click on the checkbox below saying that you agree to the agreement. Then click on the next button. It asks for the destination where data stacks community edition should be set up or installed. So specify the destination and click on the next. Service configuration window pops up. Check on both the checkboxes. Click on install. Installation process begins. So status of installation is shown by the status bar. When 100% installation is done, click on the next button. So the installation is completed here. It asks to click the finish button. After clicking on finish button, Cassandra shell command prompt is shown. So for this you have to go to start menu, search for Cassandra SQL shell and run the Cassandra shell. After running that Cassandra shell, we see the following command prompt that is SQL SH. Now you can run any commands of Cassandra or any queries of Cassandra on this command prompt. These are some of the references.


they just dominate the landscape and the conversation and you know big story reported yesterday that Zach Wilson was hesitant to take the starting job then was a talked into it so to speak and the person at the forefront of the story is our former colleague now with the athletic Diana Rossini and she's nice enough to join us now Diana it's Michael Don and Peter how you doing a lot has gone on but you know I used to be a reporter Diana and when I had a story cold and then somebody came out and said it wasn't true it just infuriated me so I'm Roger's kind of saying that you know he never spoke to Zach or anything like that what's what's your whole take on on the jets response to what what you reported yesterday I think it just has to go out there and deny it the way Robert solid did yesterday the way Aaron Rogers did today although they didn't actually really deny this the accuracy of the story it was just more about their issue with the leaks that are coming out and that information that's getting out of the building you guys have been playing Rogers interview with the Pat McAfee show and when you really look to what he's talking about he's mad at the jets right now that something like this that can make a player look bad would even be given to reporters and that reflects the state of the team and I think right now everyone's trying their best to try to figure out you know what was it a player was it a coach was it a trainer was it somebody that works in security I can just tell you that it was multiple people that are very aware because the entire building has been aware of this for a week now that that Wilson has had reluctant to wanting to go back in there he expressed it openly to people and from his side of it I think you guys have I'm sure discussed it about how you know maybe he has the right to stand up for himself because of the fear of being injured he knows he's not going to be with the New York Jets Jets once he was benched once he was benched it was over for Zach Wilson in New York and I understand from his perspective of why he was perhaps contemplating going back in there but then of course you have that other side so you know the Jets wanted Aaron Rogers to talk to him coach him up a little bit about why you need to you know make the right decision here for the team because they need them they in their opinion Zach Wilson is the best quarterback in that building at this moment and they want to put him back in there Diana that's the one thing he did refute though he says he never spoke to Zach or that he was ever told to speak to Zach so I guess that's the one thing that he did say that that you were misleading at so okay he doesn't want to he doesn't want to share that he has that much influence and power than it also confirms my report but he was told to speak with him last Wednesday and he spoke with him yesterday about changing his mind and I was actually even told that it didn't even work initially that Zach said thanks but no thanks this is what I'm going to do moving forward now someone from Zach's side of this did reach out that if he was going to be named a starting quarterback he's going to get out there and play and he's now changed his mind on this and we'll be doing it so Michael you just mentioned that you've done this before it's it's frustrating because I don't think people can see through it that's where it's frustrating right but the just know I know Zach Wilson knows I know and Aaron Rogers once again has gone on television to work for you a report that's accurate and he knows it and he just won't admit it so I know he wants people to put their name on it but he can also just acknowledge that yeah they could have easily come out here and just said yeah he was contemplating it how could he not and well used to call me Diana is that when I had a story called that somebody leaked to me and then the person that leaked it to me so well that's not true I mean that happens to yeah yeah the jets are well aware I was reporting right and and very well so Diana here's the part that I've been sort of a miffed by like I sort of feel like if the angle Zach Wilson was taking was I'm tired of playing games with you guys you bring me in you take me out it's not fair it's not reasonable do what you want I'm moving on I feel like that sort of plays one way but then what we heard about like he's scared of getting hurt plays another much worse way was it a mix of both things or was it really just he's scared of getting hurt from what you know yeah it's both it's both it's how he's been treated by the jets what he knows to be his future with the organization mixed with the risk that he would have to take going back in there for a team that no longer wanted him no longer wants him and made that pretty clear and then to have to go out there behind an offensive line that that isn't great and they're aware of that and so the reason why this story I think is so sensitive at this point yes there's a factor of what Aaron brought up which is Zach's character but really but this isn't about Zach Wilson there's not the New York Jets this is about what's happening in this building at this moment the decisions they made at the quarterback position a lack of decisions so everyone can get mad about the reporting and the source thing and all this stuff this isn't any person in the media's fault these decisions were not made by us the athletic didn't pick this they chose this they did this so I think for Zach Wilson he's unfortunately just a small piece of really just a gigantic dysfunctional organization at this moment so let me let me go further than beyond the story so the you're talking about how dysfunctional it seems and from the outside looking in and you're you're more in than we are it does look dysfunctional do you believe that if they end up 4 and 13 that they're gonna be changes are they gonna run it back and just gamble on Aaron Rodgers the sense I get is that as long as Aaron wants the people in place to be where they're at the coordinators the head coach the GM if he wants that ownership will will then agree to that Aaron Rodgers has all the power in the New York Jets organization amazing if he wants it they'll do it now it's your sense Diana there's no like is your sense that this power that Rodgers has is being forced or manipulated by Rodgers or just the power just comes from the fact that he just gives them the best chance to win and they have no other choice no I don't think he walks around with a crown on his head like he's the king of New York I think he's respected because of the caliber of player he is and his understanding of what a culture should be a winning culture what it should look like compared to what it's been you know or is that I have been told about how Aaron Rodgers has affected this Jets organization in a positive way is overwhelming I've never covered a player that has changed the way people operate on a daily basis by him just being in a room and that's credit to what he can do and this is why he gets all the respect and why everyone is making so many excuses for some of the things he says and some of the shots he takes because he's that good of a football player and he has this magnetic way to be to lead and they need him for that reason and as long as Aaron in New York they're winning in their minds because of this effect and this entire year was built around him and now obviously with him being gone since week one you see what happens when an entire organization built something around just one person it completely falls apart so the hope is that he gets healthy he gets ready to go he comes back next year and everything that we saw this past season in terms of the staff and the way it looks will be in place for next year and they'll just run this back now one thing that he said today to McAfee that kind of struck me as a former reporter you know it's wrong to assassinate Zach Wilson's character because of a source I find that laughable I mean I blame the source I did agree with Rogers on that you know your source and put your name to it if you really want to assassinate his character but it's not up to you to protect Zach Wilson's character that stuff was talked to you told to you by somebody so do you when you hear him say stuff like that well what's your reaction Diana yeah I work for the athletic which is owned by the I can't just take the word or just a text message or one quick phone call or just one person close to Zach Wilson or one person close to the jet it doesn't work like that and I think sometimes people forget because there is so much bad journalism out there right now that it's hard to trust but I can tell you I've been working at the athletic for three months it takes a lot to get a story published in terms of the screening of it and the people that have to be part of it and so and it can't be low-level people it has to be people that are in the situation that are close to the situation has to be multiple and and that's why I stand by my reporting because as you know we have all the information and all the main players are aware of it all I can do is just report what I know and that's what I've done and look the Jeff have to do what they have to do for the to clean this up because it looks bad right now as they're trying to just get through this regular season so they can just get to next year have you been able to glean anything about what the hell has really happened at quarterback beyond Rogers because Diana we talked to Coach Sala every week and kind of try to push what exactly is happening why are we not able to get like any sort of representative offense on this team what do you understand about what's happened at the quarterback position throughout the year they're just struggling in general with having someone step into the role and play at a high level why didn't they go get to Flacco I don't know every minute they never even reached out to them there were a lot of different reasons for why they didn't go to certain players and I don't know what they all are I don't know who had all the say in all of this but it made this mess you know going back to before the tree deadline why aren't they just treating well it's from the business side of it at the time hey you know maybe they just don't want to give up all they don't want to give up anything knowing Aaron coming back they don't want to pay another guy and I was buying it because it was like okay well you guys know your books better than I did this would make sense but we saw what happened after that because there is a need at the quarterback spot and Zach Wilson wasn't the answer then he's not the answer now he's not happy the answer this weekend if they name them the starter it's been known and they really in my opinion I don't know this this is just my opinion I think the second Aaron Rogers went down they all just ran to the corner and said let's just hope we can get through this year let's just get through the year because we can the expectations now are impossible to live up to because we don't have one of the greatest players to ever play the game on the field how bad would that be considering look at the league look at the teams that have been able to win with backup quarterbacks Diana look at the teams that have been able to function offensively with awful quarterbacks at times and they've got one of if not the best defenses in football so to run and hide and say just get through the year they had they had ways to salvage this we saw it last night joke with some of the Bengals Joe Barrow is not out there and the and the Bengals are winning I covered the you know the Cleveland Brown I cover all the teams but I talked to the Browns a lot four different quarterbacks they've got they've been able to put together and they have a great defense too just like the New Yorker and I can tell you the culture there is not oh we don't have a quarterback the culture is we got to just keep winning we've got to win let's just keep winning and and you know all the remedy you're seeing it and it's hard it is hard you you feel for these guys I think we all feel for the just situation knowing how excited they were and what they were what they did to get Aaron Rodgers in the building so to see that the way this is looked and Aaron said it on the Pat McAfee show this has been a horrible year and and you felt it when he said it because this is not what they were hoping for and the fact that the team has looked as bad as it has after Aaron Rodgers went down you know I think that's the reason why we're seeing so much of I guess the ugliness and the blumishes really come out we appreciate you coming on out you got to pick up the kids love talking to you because I know these things you know I'm a I got a source Peter can't keep his mouth shut reading my text messages on the other talk show host and yeah that happens in New York but thank you for coming on and happy happy holidays yes happy holidays we're seeing one thing I think she got a call which she said the athletic is owned by the New York Times right I got that got lost right so the New York Times I think you have to have like two or three well-placed sources yet to tell the editors exactly who the source is before you can run so it's not like you could get you know Bernie the janitor told you that this is what has to be somebody that's deemed a high-ranking person in order to run with it so I think the Jets are just trying to put a spin on this guys yeah and you know Rodgers is smart in a sense that there is so much bad media out there as Diana said that it's easy to kind of poke holes in any story not realizing how vetted some of these stories are by professional organizations likely athletic so you have so many blogs and even radio stations and newspapers that don't vet these stories and and bad things end up happening through that and there's enough of that there that you can get the general public to not believe anything that is said by the media we've seen this in politics as well but you know to know that when when she gave that story and it's true about how hard they work to verify everything and for her to say this is not one person telling her this some multiple people this is all over the room Michael she spoke with conviction that's why she with confidence was able to to tell that story this isn't some disgruntled employee whispering something in her ear this is something she found out from multiple sources she did the work Aaron should really apologize to her because because unfortunately Aaron's words have power and he's wrong to try to bring her down on a story that she did the work on and then also denying that I spoke to him and then Diana said I know for a fact that he did so well you can say what you want me because the way it is now we have been drilled in this country to think of alternative facts fake news and all that so whenever you get zapped or you get caught just say you know it was AI it wasn't me well I wasn't there I mean and it's hard for people to believe they don't know who to believe and the New York Times does get things wrong every now and then but like Diana said Aaron Rogers of course is going to deny that he spoke to Zach because that would be confirming the story right so he had no choice but to deny that but from here and Diana Zach doesn't look good I don't want to play oh I listen to her being open once I saw her name on it honestly I'm not just saying this is a former colleague but I know her work I know her she's really good at what she does I believe the story I believe it even more after hearing her but but she added that little wrinkle to it that like this was just straight up common knowledge he wasn't that's why she's so confident he wasn't being tight-lipped about it he was telling people it's how he felt all right so let's spin this back from yesterday real quick I'm sorry I do know better than me Michael as far as the time I won't say anything okay because we have our


At her uncle's house, they played out in the backyard, Ann Marie, Ellen, and Kirstie. They were outside playing and having a great time, and they played all morning and afternoon. They finally went in and sat down to rest, and their uncle arrived home from fishing all day. And he asked how they were doing and how their day went, and they were fine. And then his expression changed. He became very serious, and he told Mom, tomorrow's going to be a good day for fishing. And Mom said, the weather's going to be good. An uncle responded and said, yeah, it's going to be a good day. Ann Marie watched the exchange. She did not understand what was going on. If you're curious, go ahead and read.


Hello friends, let's discuss the following question. It says solve the following system of inequalities graphically. Let us move on to the solution. The first inequality given to us is 3x plus 4y is less than equal to 60. And its corresponding equation of line is 3x plus 4y is equal to 60. Now to draw this line we need to have two points. So if y is 0 then x is equal to 20. And if x is 0 then y is equal to 15. So to draw the line 3x plus 4y is equal to 60 we need to plot the ordered pairs 20, 0 and 0, 15. Let us now draw the line 3x plus 4y is equal to 60. For that we need to plot the ordered pairs 20, 0 and 0, 15. So when x is 20 y is 0 that is this point. And when x is 0 y is 15 that is this point. Now we join these two points to get the line 3x plus 4y is equal to 60. Now we have to identify the region for the inequality 3x plus 4y less than equal to 60. For that we take any point not lying on the line 3x plus 4y is equal to 60. And we will check whether that point satisfies this inequality or not. If that point satisfies this inequality we will shade the region which contains that point. And if that point does not satisfy this inequality we will shade the region which does not contain that point. And in general we take that point to be 0, 0 as it does not lie on the line 3x plus 4y is equal to 60. So when x is 0 y is 0 the inequality becomes 3 into 0 plus 4 into 0 less than equal to 60 that 0 is less than equal to 60 which is true that means 0, 0 satisfies inequality 3x plus 4y less than equal to 60. So we will shade the region which contains the point 0, 0 for the inequality 3x plus 4y less than equal to 60. Now this is the region which contains the point 0, 0 for the inequality 3x plus 4y less than equal to 60. So we shade this region since the inequality contains less than equal to sin we need to darken the line as it shows that the line is included in the solution region. Now the second inequality given to us is x plus 3y less than equal to 30. Now we need to have two points to draw the line x plus 3y is equal to 30. So if y is 0 then x is equal to 30 and if x is 0 then y is equal to 10. So we need to plot the ordered pairs 30, 0 and 0, 10. Let us now draw the line x plus 3y is equal to 30 for that we need to plot the points 30, 0 and 0, 10. Now when x is 30, y is 0 so this is this point and when x is 0, y is 10 so it is this point. Now we join these two points to get the line x plus 3y is equal to 30. Now to identify the region for the inequality x plus 3y less than equal to 30 we take the point 0, 0 as it does not lie on the line x plus 3y is equal to 30 and we will see whether it satisfies this inequality or not. So when x is 0, y is 0 the inequality becomes 0 plus 3 into 0 less than equal to 30. That is 0 is less than equal to 30 which is true. That means 0, 0 satisfies inequality x plus 3y less than equal to 30. So we will shade the region which contains the point 0, 0 for the inequality x plus 3y less than equal to 30. Now this is the region which contains the point 0, 0 for the inequality x plus 3y less than equal to 30. So we shade this region. Now we also need to darken the line x plus 3y is equal to 30 because the inequality contains the sign less than equal to which shows that this line is also included in the solution region. Now we are also given the inequality x greater than equal to 0 and y greater than equal to 0. That means each point in the solution region lies in the first quadrant. Now we see that region in red is common to all the solution regions and this is the required solution region and this completes the question. For now take care, have a good day.