Right before I graduated from the university, I decided I would become an entrepreneur, I was studying civil engineering and was doing pretty good at it, but I had a passion for writing that wouldn't go away, and so I was determined I would become a writer. After graduation, I started my NYIC program, National Youth Service Corps. I would wake up very early to write for at least 30 minutes daily. For two years, I spent most of my mornings just writing and publishing on blogs. As soon as I completed my NYIC program, I was flustered about what to do next. I hadn't imagined I would get a job, never had. Friends and families expected me to take a job. I was determined to write for a living instead. I followed the latter. In less than two months after completing my NYIC program, I was offered an opportunity to edit a book for a beat company. The project launched me into writing full-time. After completing that project, I knew there was no going back. I would become a writer, but this did not come so cheap. Facing the challenge Sometimes, I would wake up with doubts about the path I have chosen. I would shudder with regrets about the choice I had made. As a modern entrepreneur and as a young person, I had very little understanding of how to grow my business. I worked deneriously to grow my clientele since my business was just growing. I had a few paying clients. At this time, I still lived with my parents. I'm grateful to God for the decision I made to follow that path. It was tough going through that path, but it was worth it in the long run. I didn't become a better writer by running away from the challenge. I became a full-time writer who made his living just writing for so many years because I stuck to the path against all odds. We don't do so much because we don't challenge our ability. We don't become all God has made us to be because we do not place a demand on the ability he has placed within us. We limit our potentials and therefore, we are unable to become the best that we can be. We stall. We make excuses. We give reasons why this great life is not meant for us. We look at the challenges before us and the unfavorable experiences we have had in the past. And soon, we allow those things to overwhelm us. We allow them to be clouded at judgments. Soon, we are hindered from doing what we ought to be doing. Not because we cannot do them, but because we have been looking at the wrong things. In looking at the wrong things, we have allowed negativity to plunge through our energy to crush our ability. You have what it takes. Listen. God's ability is resident within you as a young person. The glory of the youth is their strength, the Bible says. This is an oath proof that what you have within you is great enough to overcome and push you beyond what you are going through as a young person. The dream God has placed within you could never be truncated by the challenges you are facing outside of you.  They may be tough and rough, but they have no might over you except the one you give to them.  When you give responsibility to your ability, you could never quantify what could become of you. I struggled for a while to get business success. It affected my relationship with my parents because they wanted me to go get a job. I could have gotten a job, which wasn't a bad idea by the way, but I was so crushed by my dream to become a writer, I couldn't give up that dream for their choice. Now, this isn't going to be your story. Your path may not go the same way as mine, but my point is that you have all it takes to become all you are supposed to be. You are created for so much more, and you can achieve that so much more which you are made to achieve. You do not have to wait for permission to become all God has made you be. Most dreams that God put in our heart as young people will not be actualized unless we choose to work on them even when we would rather not. When you give responsibility to your ability, you could never quantify what would become of you. Stop waiting for permission The world is filled with people who are waiting for permission. They wait to be told what to do. They wait to be motivated before they ever get something done. They wait to be inspired before they ever unleash their abilities. They are held back by their wrong belief system and are affected by a murd-valued system. They think the world owes them something because they are going through tough challenges. They are beaten, battered, and under some sieges that we may never have to take for granted. But while all of these are understandable, those who choose to rise above them are the ones who become all that they were made to be. Those who choose to see beyond what they are encompassed with refuse to allow those challenges to hem them in. They admit their challenges and circumstances but decide to look for solutions. Instead of focusing on their problem, they consider the abilities God has placed within them and summon those abilities to become all that they are made to be. Using those abilities, they overcome habits, they crush bad attitude, they give up bad friends, and go on to build better associations that build their lives. They are young people who have chosen to make the most of God's abilities within them. When you give responsibility to your ability, you could never quantify what would become of you. The world is filled with people who wait for orders to hand them the permission to live their best life. They do not become all they are supposed to be because they do not allow the best in them to come forth. You don't have to be like that. God made you for so much more. If he knew you couldn't achieve what he has given you to do, he wouldn't demand it from you. God will never ask you to do what he has not equipped you for. Whatever he has asked you to do, you have been given the grace that would equally carry you through. Give up excuses, start taking responsibility. I have been there and done that many times, giving all the excuses why I couldn't do or be all that God wanted me to. Until I started to tell myself that God didn't raise me with these excuses. I saw in God's word that God was never unfaithful. Whatever you are faced with, he would equip each one of us to achieve that thing. I didn't believe I would become a writer or become a better entrepreneur after my undergraduate studies, but I did. I wasn't lucky, I just had a beat of faith and that was enough to carry me through. God is never unfaithful. He gives you enough faith to carry you through whatever he has placed in your heart to do. You want to make the world a better place with your dream. He supports you to do it, by equipping you with all the abilities you need to do so. You have all that you need to become all that you were made to be. Your own responsibility is not to wait for permission because no one will do for you what you alone can do for yourself. No one will achieve the kind of life you were created to achieve. You alone can find your path and choose to follow that path. However hard the path may be and the path will be difficult sometimes. And to always remember, God gives you grace that is equal to the task he has given you to do. Use that grace. Stand up to responsibility before you as a youngster.  When you give responsibility to your ability, you could never quantify what could become of you. If this video inspired you, like this video and subscribe to our channel. We love you.


All right, good afternoon, everyone. Just have a few things to pass along and get to your questions. First of all, the department applauds the bipartisan passage in Congress of the Fiscal Year 2024 National Defense Authorization Act. This important legislation not only authorizes a 5.2 percent pay increase for service members and civilian employees of the Pentagon, but directly invests in America's national security and military power projection to meet the challenges of the 21st century. However, we continue to urge Congress to pass our urgent supplemental budget request to help stand by our partners and to invest in our defense industrial base. Separately, as I previewed earlier this week, Secretary Austin will travel to the Middle East region on December 16th to meet with leaders in Bahrain, Qatar, and Israel. In Bahrain, the Secretary will meet with the Crown Prince and Prime Minister to thank him and discuss the important role Bahrain continues to play in enabling regional security, especially for maritime operations. He will also underscore the combined maritime task force's vital role in protecting critical international waterways in the region. In Qatar, Secretary Austin will meet with the Amir and the Minister of Defense to reaffirm the U.S. commitment to our bilateral security partnership and to express his gratitude for Qatar's efforts to facilitate the release of hostages from Hamas. And while in Israel, the Secretary will meet with the Prime Minister and Minister of Defense to underscore U.S. enduring support for Israel's right to defend itself from terrorism, reinforce the importance of taking civilian safety into account during operations, and the critical need to increase delivery of humanitarian assistance. Of note, Secretary Austin spoke to Minister Galant last night, and a readout of the call has been posted to the DOD website. Additionally, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General C. Q. Brown Jr. will join Secretary Austin and Israel for meetings with senior Israeli officials. This will be General Brown's first trip to the Middle East as chairman. Shifting gears, Secretary Austin spoke with Philippine Secretary of National Defense Minister Tedoro yesterday to discuss the coercive and unlawful actions by the People's Republic of China and the South China Sea over the weekend. He expressed U.S. support for the Philippines in defending its sovereign rights in accordance with international law, emphasizing that the United States' commitment to the Philippines remains ironclad. A full readout is available on defense.gov. And finally, acting under Secretary of Defense for Policy, Sasha Baker met with the Republic of Kosovo's Minister of Defense here at the Pentagon earlier today to reaffirm the strength of the U.S.-Kosovo defense relationship. Ms. Baker expressed her appreciation for Kosovo's contributions to regional stability in the Western Balkans and for their enduring support for Ukraine. A full readout of the engagement will be made available on the DOD website. And with that, we'll be happy to take your questions. We'll start with Associated Press Tara. Thanks, General Roder. With both Chairman Brown and the Secretary going to Israel next week, just on the heels of the President calling Israel's bombing indiscriminate, does the Secretary agree with that assessment of this bombing? And what more can they say to their counterparts to get Israel to take better caution with civilian lives there in Gaza? Yeah, thanks, Tara. So as far as the President's comments, I know that the White House addressed this in a press briefing, so I'd refer you to that. I'm not going to speak for the President. And look, Secretary Austin has been in regular communication with his counterpart and continues to do so to not only, again, reaffirm our support for Israel and their right to defend themselves, but also to underscore the importance of protecting civilians as they conduct their operations. And so we will continue to have those conversations and we will continue to expect that Israel conducts its operations in accordance with the law of armed conflict. Just as a follow-up on that, CNN has reported that a number of the munitions that have been provided to Israel have been dumb bombs that have been used instead of precision-guided munitions. How does that square with the U.S. position to take greater care with civilian lives? Again, I can't confirm the information in those reports. Obviously, when it comes to IDF operations, I'd refer you to them to talk about that. But you know the American way of war. You know the way that we fight and the emphasis that we place on precision. And again, underscoring, since this campaign has begun, the importance of protecting civilians. Secretary Austin talked about this during his Reagan speech, again, highlighting not only the moral obligation, but also the strategic imperative in terms of ensuring that civilians can be safe, that humanitarian assistance can get in, and that Israel can defend itself from future attack by Hamas. Let me go to Jennifer. General Reiter, I'm a little confused why you can't confirm this is an ODNI intelligence report on half the munitions being dumb bombs being used by the Israelis. If you can't confirm it, is it not true, or you just won't speak about intelligence? Jennifer, I'm going to have to refer you to the intelligence community. I don't have information on Israeli operations, nor the rate by which they're using munitions and particular types of munitions. Again, as it relates to this particular report, I just can't confirm whether it's accurate or not. And in terms of the Houthi threat to shipping, there's been another attack on a ship in the Red Sea. Two former CENTCOM commanders say that there are things that the U.S. military could do to take out some of the missile launchers that are coastal in Yemen. Why is that not being done at this point? Well, as I've mentioned before, we are actively addressing this issue. And right now, the primary mechanism by which we're doing that is working with international allies and partners to further bolster the maritime task force that will address this problem. I'm not going to speculate or forecast other actions that we might take as it relates to potential strikes against Houthi targets, other than to say, again, first of all, we're going to take whatever necessary actions are required to protect our forces. And number two, we're going to continue to take this issue very seriously, because as I highlighted earlier in the week, it's not just a U.S. problem, this is an international problem, and it requires an international solution. All of this is underscored by the fact that we recognize the tensions in the region right now, and we want to continue to stay very focused on ensuring that this does not broaden into a wider regional conflict. But how many partners are there in this maritime task force who are dealing with the Houthi missiles in particular? Yeah, thanks. I don't have anything to announce right now, but again, in the very near future, we'll have a lot more information to provide. Let me go ahead and go to Lauren, we'll come back over here. Yeah. Just on one of the taking questions, the answer, they said that the civilian harm mitigation response team is looking at the international, the Amnesty International report about Israel using white phosphorus, I believe, and taking that into their advice that they give to senior DOD leaders. I'm wondering, is that team the one that is responsible for more broadly looking at this question of whether or not whether Israel is sticking to international humanitarian law, or is there another team that's in charge of doing that for DOD? I think you're kind of conflating a couple things there, Lara, but really the civilian harm mitigation response team, as we've talked about before, is standing up a center of excellence that will look at best practices. It will look at the body of knowledge when it comes to civilian harm mitigation, and it will use lessons learned and also current operations to inform the types of advice and policy that the department will implement when it comes to civilian harm mitigation. And so as it relates to the Amnesty International report, of course, that's part of the broader body of knowledge that's out there. Certainly, again, there's not going to be a formal review, but that will be one of many documents culled from the public information space, so to speak, to help inform their understanding of subject matter experts. So is there a team at DOD dedicated to looking at whether Israel is in line with international law in its operations? Again, look, I'm not going to speak for Israel, and obviously they can talk to their own operations. We're going to continue to work closely with them to underscore the importance of civilian harm mitigation, and beyond that, I don't have anything else to provide. Fadi. Thank you, General. I just want you to speak to the department and the Pentagon, not to Israel or anyone else. I guess all of our questions are addressed to the Pentagon, not to Israel. So again, does the secretary agree with the assessment by the commander-in-chief, the president of the United States, that Israel has been using indiscriminate bombing against the population against them? Well, again, Fadi, I'd refer you back to what the White House said in terms of the president's comments. I'm not going to speak to the president's comments. The secretary believes that Israel has an inherent right to defend themselves. You've heard him say that our support for them is non-negotiable. They will continue to be one of our closest, strongest partners, and we will continue to help them defend themselves from future terrorist attacks. Well, if you're going to let me finish answering, okay? And the other thing, again, which he's underscored on multiple occasions, is the importance of taking civilian safety into account into operations. At the end of the day, it's an Israeli operation to defend the Israeli homeland. So they are in the best position to talk about operational updates and details associated with those operations. And that's not my role. I'm a United States Department of Defense spokesperson, and I'm not going to give an operational update or get into detailed tactical details from this podium. Yeah, I'm not asking about that. I asked whether the secretary agrees with the president, the commander-in-chief. And I provided, right, no, I understand, and I provided you with my response. I don't understand the answer. Again, I'm going to refer you to the White House for any comments by the president. Thank you. Matt, let me go on Fadi here. Thanks, Matt. This administration has been critical of Russia for its use of so-called dumb bombs in Ukraine. So is the use of these unguided munitions intrinsically reckless in your view, or is it the manner in which Russia has been using them? And without getting into exactly how Israel is employing them right now, are there ways to use these types of munitions in a precise or otherwise justifiable way? Yeah, so first of all, I would say that the situation in Ukraine and Israel are obviously two different fights, one in which Russia invaded its sovereign, democratically elected neighbor, and has employed munitions in ways that are targeting apartment buildings, schools, critical infrastructure, civilian infrastructure in a way that has been indiscriminate. In Israel, you have a country that is fighting to defend itself against an adversary that has publicly said on multiple occasions that they want to see October 7 repeated over and over again and that Israel should be eliminated as a country. Oh, by the way, they're conducting those operations in a very dense urban environment with an adversary that has intertwined itself within the civilian population using them as human shields. When it comes to munitions, you know, obviously, every military, modern military has a variety of tools and munitions at its disposal. And the way that it used those, there are different ways to use those in a way that can help enhance precision, right? So again, I'm not going to get into Israeli operations and talk about their tactics, techniques and procedures. Other than, again, we have underscored the importance of civilian safety and they have told us that they are taking steps to mitigate civilian harm. And again, the tough challenge that they have here is with an adversary that it's on its doorstep that has threatened to eliminate it. No, by the way, again, going back to the October 7 attacks, how do they root out that adversary and ensure that those kinds of attacks don't happen in the future when they've essentially shielded themselves in the Palestinian people living in Gaza? Thanks, Tony. The task force, the revised task force 153, is there any thought of putting marine sailor teams on board select vessels? You remember back in August, this was a big issue when Iran was attacking commercial vessels, is putting armed US sailors and marines on vessels, task force 153 is protecting. Is that an option right now? So Tony, that's not something that we're currently doing. I don't have anything to read out today in terms of potential future operations or specific ROEs or tactics that we're looking at other than to say, again, we'll work closely with our international partners and allies to work together to preserve stability and security in those vital waterways. In Ukraine spending, you've got about $4.6 billion in authority for PDA packages. Is it accurate to say that the Pentagon basically could parse that $4.6 billion out in small increments until the $4.6 is exhausted, a series of $100 and $200 million PDAs? So we've talked about the fact that we need the supplemental funding to provide additional support to Ukraine as we go into 2024. We've got about $4.4 billion left, I think now with the most recent PDA in presidential drawdown authority and about $1 billion left in replenishment funds. And so clearly as we get close to the remaining replenishment funds, questions are, do we exceed that? And certainly we do retain the option to spend the full $4.4. But these are tough choices, because ultimately at the end of the day, we start to have to make decisions about our own readiness and about our ability to continue to support Ukraine in the way they need to be supported on the battlefield. So again, this is why we're urging Congress to pass that supplemental as quickly as possible. $4.6 billion in small increments until it's exhausted. That is an option. But again, ultimately we will make, as we have from the very beginning, we will make decisions based on a variety of factors to include Ukraine's urgent battlefield needs as well as our own readiness. Thank you very much. Let me go to Tom and I'll come back to you, Jane. Thank you. Now I'm going to go to the phone. I just noticed the new star on your shoulder probably very behind on this book. Congratulations. Thank you. So it is called yesterday with Minister Galant, the Secretary reiterated the need to protect civilians, and he just said something similar from the podium. Is it the Pentagon's assessment that Israel is in any way, shape or form, listening to the Secretary, listening to the U.S. when it comes to avoiding civilian deaths? Well, look, I won't speak for the Israelis. I will say that we have seen them taking steps in terms of notifying civilians about pending operations. We've seen them helping to increase the flow of humanitarian assistance into Gaza. And we've also, again, seen them talking about taking civilians into account of their operations. But at the end of the day, again, we understand the tragic nature of any civilian death in Gaza, which is why we will continue to highlight the importance of taking that into account in operations, and why we will also highlight the importance of continuing to ensure a steady flow of humanitarian assistance into the Gaza area. Is it the Pentagon's assessment that Israel needs to be doing more? Again, I'm not going to go beyond what I said. Pentagon's assessment. I think, again, look, like I talked about, I mean, they're in a very tough environment. The challenge before them is, do you allow a terrorist group to continue to persist right next door when it's demonstrated that it can conduct what has been the deadliest attack on Israel and its history? Over 1200 people killed, over 200 hostages taken, many of whom are still being held. So we understand that they not only have a responsibility, they have a duty to protect their people from this terrorist group. So we understand the difficult nature of that fight. Again, we will continue to expect that they conduct their operations in accordance with the law of armed conflict. Janie. Thank you, General. The White House National Security Council officer said that sharing of missile warning information between the United States and South Korea, Japan, will begin soon. Then if North Korea launched the missile, the three countries intercepted? I'm sorry, I didn't understand the last part there. Yeah. If North Korea launched the missile, the U.S. and South Korea, Japan, those countries intercepted North Korean missiles. I see. I don't want to get into hypotheticals. Janie, as you highlight, we are intending to operationalize our trilateral sharing of missile warning data. I don't have anything to add beyond what the NSC has already put out. I can tell you that we are hard at work on delivering on those agreements. We are on schedule to deliver by the end of this year, so as we have updates, we'll make sure to pass it on. Meaning is within this year or how soon? This year, 2023. Thank you. Wafa. Thank you, General. According to U.S. officials and reported by the New York Times, the Biden administration is urging Israel to scale down its ground military operations in Gaza. Is the assessment within the administration or the Pentagon that these ground operations are not achieving the goals? Again, it's not really my place to talk about whether or not Israel is achieving its operational objectives. That's a question better addressed by Israel. As you've heard, the National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan say, the topic of timing of operations is something that he will likely discuss with his counterparts or when he visits Israel. But I'd refer you to NSC for any further discussion on that. I still believe after almost three months of fighting in Gaza, that the goal of eliminating Hamas is still achievable. Look, again, it's up to Israel to talk about its progress on its operational goals. Clearly, Hamas represents an existential threat to the state of Israel. And so, understandably, they are going to do what they need to do to prevent them from doing what they did on October 7th. And so, we understand that. And again, I'd refer you to them. One more. Is Secretary Austin going to discuss any timeline of the operations with Israel? Yeah, we'll have a readout to provide after those meetings, but I don't have anything to share right now. Let me go to the phone here real quick. We've got Idris from Reuters. Two quick questions. Firstly, do you have an update on the number of TBI cases in Iraq and Syria? And secondly, I'm just a bit confused. So the current framework you're looking at in the Red Sea, how is that different from Task Force 153? Because don't you already have a construct in place? So what's new that you're looking at? Yeah, thanks, Idris. So no new injuries to report in terms of Iranian proxy attacks in Iraq and Syria. As far as Task Force 153, I did talk about this a little bit a week or so ago, and Task Force 153 provides the framework upon which to build this international maritime task force. So if you think about the combined maritime forces, it is a coalition of 39 nations that can come together to support various regional security and stability requirements around the region to include safety of transiting the water, international waterways in the Red Sea. And so with that as a framework, and because this is a coalition of the willing, it's up to individual nations as to which parts of the combined maritime task force mission they will support. And so again, we're working through that process right now in terms of which countries will be participating in Task Force 153 and specifically what capabilities and types of support they will provide. And again, we'll have more information on that in the near future. Thank you. Let me go to Jeff Shogle. Thank you. Can the Defense Department provide a breakdown of assets and personnel that will be involved in escorting Santa Claus on December 24th and 25th? Thank you. Yeah, thanks, Jeff. Unfortunately, that's controlled, unclassified information. But I can assure you that we will ensure that Santa gets wherever he needs to go safely and securely. But I'll joking aside, I know that our teammates at NORAD, Northcom will have much more information to provide on Santa's trip this holiday season. So, and I'm sure he'll be on time and in place for Christmas. So thank you. All right, then come back to the room here. Karla? Thank you, Major General. You just told Jennifer, and you've said this before, this department in the Pentagon is very focused on not broadening the wider regional conflict. But is there concern with the Secretary that in an attempt not to broaden the conflict that he may not be properly deterring Iranian-backed proxies from striking U.S. forces in Iraq and Syria or striking commercial vessels in the Middle East? Yeah, so again, look, we are very focused on those issues. When we talk about deterrence in terms of preventing this from broadening into a bigger regional conflict, what we're talking about here is the conflict between Israel and Hamas, right? We don't want state or non-state actors to exploit that situation to cause a broader regional conflict where it goes beyond Gaza. And to this point, we've been able to do that. Again, that's not to say that the challenges associated with Iranian proxies attacking U.S. forces in Iraq and Syria or Houthi rebels firing missiles at international shipping are not something we shouldn't take serious and serious and aren't creating instability in the region. But we will address those problems in the way that we've been doing, and we will continue to stay very focused on not only deterring but also protecting our forces. And so, again, on the backdrop of making sure that this does not turn into a wider regional war. Thank you. Sir. Iraqi government arrests some of the perpetrators of the attack of this month that attacked the U.S. embassy in Baghdad. How do you see the effort? And do you have any concern that the militant group is backed by Iran that attack U.S. facilities are great components of the Iraqi government politically and militarily very effective? Yeah, we, as I've mentioned before, we do appreciate the support of the Iraqi government and the Iraqi security forces as it relates to preventing these kinds of attacks from occurring on Iraqi sovereign territory. And so we're very appreciative of that. We'll continue to coordinate closely with our Iraqi partners as it relates to the safety of U.S. forces, which, again, oh, by the way, are there at the invitation of the government of Iraq. And so we'll continue to keep those channels of communication open. That said, again, we reserve the right to defend our forces. And if they are threatened or attacked, we will take appropriate actions to ensure that those forces remain safe. Thank you. Let me go to Missy. Yeah, I just wanted to follow up on Laura's question and a couple other ones about the international humanitarian law question on Israel. I think just in terms of, is there anything more you could say to help us understand what the defense department's role is versus other departments within the executive branch? Is there any sort of legal analysis that's being conducted by OGC or within the joint staff? Or is there, I know that the State Department is in charge of arms sales. But is there any role that the Defense Department has because of information sharing with the Israelis via mill to mill channels in terms of making an assessment of the law of armed conflict compliance? Well, look, any time that we provide any type of security assistance to a partner, whether it's Israel or anyone else, there's an expectation that they're going to use those capabilities in accordance with the law of armed conflict. And so, you know, again, I don't have anything to read out to you other than to say that we are in close contact with our Israeli partners. We are confident that they are a modern professional military that is fighting a very challenging adversary in the form of Hamas. And again, you know, I'm not going to get into individual operations or strikes other than to say that we will again have those conversations and ensure that they understand the importance of using those capabilities in accordance with international humanitarian law and the law of armed conflict. I'll just leave it at that. Thank you. I guess just to follow up, do you, does the department believe that there's an obligation to conduct those more detailed or specific assessments prior to continuing arms transfers? Because that's, you know, some legal experts will say that, yes, that's the case. Look, again, we are in almost daily contact with our Israeli partners. And again, you know, we are, we fully understand and are confident that the Israelis have heard us. They have said that they intend to continue to conduct operations to take civilians into account. But right now, again, we understand the fight they're in, and we're going to continue to support them. Let me go to Louie. Can I ask you about Jake's, you've been referring to Jake Sullivan's travel to Israel. John Kirby at the White House talked about how one of the message, one of the discussion points today was about the transitioning towards a lower intensity conflict. You have Secretary Austin and now General Brown going to Israel in the near future. Is that also a message that they are going to be bringing to their Israeli counterparts? Yeah, thanks, Louie. So again, we'll have more to provide after the meetings occur. But again, as I highlighted, Secretary Austin will meet with his counterpart and with the Prime Minister, and we'll have the opportunity to talk about the situation in the Middle East, the United States, and our support to Israel. And again, emphasize the importance of taking civilian safety into account. But beyond that, I'm not going to be able to go into any details. I mean, the fact that the top two, the top leadership of the Defense Department is going to be in Israel meeting with Israeli counterparts in the near future. You know, again, this will be General Brown's first visit as the Chairman to the Middle East. So the Secretary has been very engaged with his counterpart. You know, he was there in Israel six days after the attack and again, wanted the opportunity before the end of the year to be able to go and talk face to face with his counterpart. So thank you. Let me just go to the phone here for a couple more. Howard Altman. Hey, thanks, Pat.  First of all, do you just paint that that the this maritime task force addition will be announced during the visit of this of the Secretary and Chairman? And do you have a comment about the Iranian Defense Minister's bail threats about that task force? And then separately, I'm wondering if you can provide any other details about the capabilities that were provided to Israel for its F-35Is, mission data packages and other capabilities? And whether any of that has to do with harm mitigation, civilian harm mitigation? Yeah, thanks, Howard. So again, I'll have more information in the near future as it relates to our efforts in the Red Sea. So, again, nothing to announce today. No comment to provide as it relates to any spokespersons, foreign spokespersons, and nothing to provide on the F-35s that the Israelis are flying. I'd refer you to them, Chris. The Secretary called the Iraqi Prime Minister on Friday. He discussed the attacks and the obligation for the Iraqis to protect U.S. forces there. You highlighted, you appreciate the support of the Iraqi government, but we're now at nearly 100 attacks. Does the Pentagon believe the Iraqi government and the Iraqi security forces are doing enough to protect U.S. forces in Iraq? Yeah, thanks, Chris. So, again, look, we're going to continue to keep the lines of communication open with our Iraqi partners as it relates to the protection of our forces in Iraq. I'll just leave it at that. Sir. Staying on Iraq, thank you, General. I'm not sure if you've seen the results of the investigation that the Iraqi government announced about the recent attacks on the U.S. embassy and also the bases that houses the U.S. forces. So has they shared the very details of that investigation with you? I'm not – I don't have anything on that, so I'd have to refer you. Yeah, right. In that investigation, what they announced is that they said that they arrested some people, apprehended some people, that they have connections with the Iraqi security forces. Does that concern you in any way because you embedded U.S. forces with the Iraqi security forces in the same bases and the Iraqi security forces are responsible for the security of that basis? Sure. I'm not really in a position to discuss an internal Iraqi investigation that's really something for them to talk about. What we're focused on, again, for our forces in Iraq is conducting the defeat ISIS mission. You have a situation in which Iranian backed proxies are conducting rocket and drone attacks against those forces that are there doing that mission. So again, we'll continue to take appropriate actions to protect those forces and also deter future attacks. Now, the following question is, well, they don't appear to have been deterred. Again, I'm not going to talk about potential future actions or telegraph or speculate on what we may or may not do other than to say we are taking it seriously, and we will continue to do what we need to do to protect those forces. I have a question on the Secretary of the – visit to the Middle East. Will he visit Iraq, too, or will we – will he engage with the Iraqi officials on these I don't have anything to announce beyond what I've provided. So we've got time for just a few more, Tara. I ask a follow-up on Missy's question. Is there any sort of legal requirement on DOD that when it's evaluating whether to carry out an FMS, provide the weapons in an FMS sale, that there has to be some sort of agreement to use those weapons within the law of armed conflict? Like, if previous weapons have been determined to have been used outside of those boundaries, would it prevent a future sale from going through? Again, my understanding is that any weapons or capabilities that we provide to any partner or ally is that those capabilities are used in accordance with the law of armed conflict. But is that a requirement or just like something an express desire that the department – an agreement that it comes up with these countries? That's a requirement. All right. Let me go just one more, yes, sir. You've got a number of U.S. naval ships in the Middle East right now. How long do you expect to be able to maintain that show of force, two aircraft carriers, a number of amphids? And if I could also ask, when are reporters going to be allowed to embark on some of these vessels that are in the region so we can see firsthand what's going on? Yeah. On your latter question, again, as I've talked about, I totally understand the desire, and that's something that we continue to take into account, and we'll keep you updated on that front. As far as U.S. naval presence in the broader UCOM, CENCOM region, in addition to the forces that we have deployed there in support of our regional deterrence efforts, as you know, we maintain both fifth fleet and sixth fleet. So we already maintain a fairly robust presence. And that's just the naval presence, right? So in the Central Command area of responsibility, you also have air forces, obviously, Marine and Army. The important thing here is that we have the flexibility to be able to put forces where we need them, when we need them, in order to support our operational and strategic objectives. And so shortly after Hamas conducted its attack, in support of regional deterrence efforts is when we flowed those forces into theater. I don't have anything to announce in terms of redeployments. And obviously, I'm not going to talk about potential future deployments, redeployments, but at the appropriate time, like anytime, certainly we'll keep you updated. So, okay. Thanks very much, everybody. Appreciate it.


Here are 10 helpful habits of happy people. Number one, accept positives in life. A good habit is to accept and acknowledge what you value and what makes you lucky. Number two, don't fake a smile. It's better to smile only when you feel something positive. Faking a smile when you feel a negative emotion and likely worsen your mood. Number three, hold on to your passion. If you have free time, do what makes you happy. But do you enjoy? Number four, be around people you genuinely enjoy and love and remind you of what's worth living for. Number five, give back. So it's always a good idea to give back to others, not only for their happiness, but for yours as well. Number six, enjoy simplicity. Think about the little moments in your life that make you smile. Simple pleasures. Number seven, consciously try to be happy. Those who actively tried to feel happier during their study reported positive moods at the highest level out of the subject. Number eight, find purpose in your life. Happy people are driven by their purpose. This is something they decide and it's something that makes them happy. Number nine, practice resilience. Be prepared for struggles, but be prepared to fight back. Number 10, they value real conversations. Cut the chit chat. Let us talk about something real.


This is stock number 10732. We are here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. You're new and use sports car headquarters. Today, we are checking out this super clean 2014 Chevy Camaro SS2. This vehicle has a 6.2 liter V8 motor. This car has been fully safe and inspected by our service shop has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off and this car is 100% ready to go. Black clear coat is the color we shoot all of our videos in 1080p 60 frames per second. So if you have HD capabilities on your computer tablet or smartphone device turn them on right now because it is definitely your best way to check out the vehicle quality and condition-wise before seeing it in person. And if you'd like to check out all the photos on this car in the upper right-hand part of your screen is a link right to our website click that and check us out there. Comes with the 20-inch painted alloy rims Pirelli P-Zero 245-45 ZR20 tires and these tires have I would say probably about 50% of the tread left maybe maybe just a little bit more. No scuffs or scrapes on that rim and you can see that it does have the Brembo brakes. No dents or dings on that front fender. Has the HID headlamps, the LED running lights and the projector lamp fog lamps. Front bumper is in really nice shape. I didn't see any major dents, dings, cracks, scuffs or anything on it. Headlight lenses are nice and clear and the hood is in excellent condition. I didn't see any dents or dings on that. Does have the cowl hood there. Passengers side front fender. No dents or dings on that and the passenger side rim is in really nice shape as well. No scuffs or scrapes on that guy. As you go down this side of the car take note of how clean the body is how reflective and mirror like that paint is. We take these HD videos so if you are far away or even if you're close by and just cannot make the trip down you can see the car, hear the car and have confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at before you even get here so that when you do get here there's absolutely no surprises. The roof looks really good. That's why we offer the Summit Auto Fastpass option as well in the upper right hand part of the screen. A link right to our website where you can apply for financing, get pre-approved, see a payment code, even appraise a trade all from the comfort of your own home. So when you do get here all you got to do is drive the car, love it and you'll be all set to go. Back rims in pretty nice shape as well. Those brakes look pretty new. I'm not sure if we put those on in our shop or not and the back tires have just as much tread as the front tires. Coming around to the back of the vehicle, the rear bumper is in really nice shape as well. No major dents, dings or cracks on that. It does have the backup parking sensors. The deck lid and spoiler are in nice shape. I actually got it unlocked here so we can take a look right inside. Trunk area is very clean and if you ever wanted to know where your RPO codes are in these Camaros, they're in the back here. Feel free to pause that and check out all the codes on there. But very clean as well and your tire inflator kit and stuff are underneath that piece right there. You do get the LED tail lamps, the dual rear exhaust, passenger side quarter is in pretty nice shape as well. I didn't see any major dents or dings on that and for full disclosure, this back rim is in excellent shape too. Very nice clean car and down the rest of this side. Looks really good. You get the heated power mirrors.  There are no rips. There are no tears on those seats. Very nice condition. Both these seats are heated and power. Got some nice SS formats in here. Back seats are very clean as well.  No rips or tears back there. Take a look at the door here. You got your power windows power locks. And I was like showing this piece that Chevy put in here. It's always got some sort of metal flake and really good looking on there. That's kind of the silver version. I've seen black and gray Boston sound system. And as we hop inside the car here, you can see that this one has the digital speedometer and that this one has 22,860 miles. Instrument cluster is very nice and clean. You get the leather wrapped steering wheel, Bluetooth and audio controls on the right, cruise controls on the left, and you do get the SS badge on the bottom of the steering wheel. This one comes with these Chevy MyLink system, AM-FM and Sirius XM radio capabilities. So you got XM there and AM as well up there. This is also where your backup camera shows up. You got all your different gauges there, trans temp, oil temp, volts and oil pressure. Automatic transmission on this car and your stability track, stability control is there as well. You got that silver metallic dash trim, the leather trim on the dash as well. Passenger side format and seat are in excellent condition. No rips or tears on that. SS stitched into the headrests. The headliner is in really nice shape. You do get your map lights, your home link buttons for your garage door security systems and lane systems, and you do get your on-starter in the rear view mirror there as well. This one also has heads-up display. I don't know if you'll be able to see, but yep right there in the windshield tells you your speed and your outside temp and compass as well. We'll take a quick look under the hood. I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today and hopefully from this HD video you will have been able to tell just how clean this car is all the way around, inside and out. So you can make a smart buying decision and enjoy the video. 6.2 liter V8 motor, 426 horsepower. This car has been fully safe and inspected by our service shop has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off.  Air comes in through the hood there and very, very clean. I would highly recommend this car from a quality and condition standpoint and to see more pictures of this car or one of our other 450 new and used cars, trucks, SUVs, minivans, Wranglers, half tons, three-quarter tons, one tons. You name it, we got it go to our website www.summitauto.com. Full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at summitauto.com. If you'd like to check out more HD videos you can go to youtube.com slash summit auto remember to like, subscribe, and share on this video and all the videos that you see there. In fact in a second you will see a link to subscribe to our YouTube channel on your left. A link to more Camaro videos like this one I'm right and if you have not been to our website on the bottom link to this vehicle on our website click those check us out and we really look forward to helping you with this super clean 2014 Chevy Camaro 2SS in black clear coat. Thanks again


Well actually we looked at the $200 million cost, if you average it out over the number of years that will be affected and divided by the population, we're actually looking at a few cents per person in New Zealand.


I'm brought in controversy coming out of the games last night when more so the first one which is the Walker Cop and that is more than which we can afford in terms of time in this commentary. Here's McGraw High, Joel Davis in goal, Dejay Morris, David Hutchinson, Dem Roy Adir, Alrik Taft, Dante Anderson, Devon Davis, Farrell Tucker, Shane Pusey, Isaac Mason, Jamari Fawler, and your technical director is Jermaine Thomas. Yeah, McGraw is normally a well-organized team, very difficult to break down, that's what Froome will come up against today. Time now for the Froome technical, starting line-up, Oral Davis in goal. They have a backpour of Kishmar Clayton, Jamil Gale, Jamar Grant, and a brown reed, Dwayne Watt, Kemri Brown, Stavon Spencer, 25, gold man, Uriel Lamard, Giovanni Williams, and Wayne Mullings, they finish the line-up, their head coach Clayton Stevens. Yeah, young Steven, a good friend of mine, we call him Froome's goal, that's his title, that's his alias, that's what he goes by, and he just believes that these boys are capable of doing it, and they have a lot of goals in building their thing to come up and win a title. Hear the highlights, Froome started well, and they had this attempt through a brown reed, he didn't bring it within the frame, McGraw also had the chances, tough on that occasion, was unable to connect well, and it was really end-to-end stuff. Stavon Spencer, 25, gold man, shot on sight, but that one was well read.  It was really a thrilling encounter, here again, a dangerous miss-kick, saw the ball coming to Clayton, who played it to Watt, and goalkeeper Joel Davis there, ensuring that the ball, that was going wide, certainly went wide, but McGraw would have a moment of joy, poor clearance, Davis there, poking it through, and Anderson, with his third of the season, on hand, the right plays at the right time, with the right finish, McGraw in the lead, in the Ben Francis Cup, knockout final, Dante Anderson beat in Oral Davis at his near post, they were sent in delirium, another shot there, went wide, Hutchinson again, this delivery, the flick-on header from LeMard, was off target, perhaps the greatest moment apart from the goal, came through this passage of play, LeMard bringing it alive, getting it across the header from the captain, Grant, Isaac Nason with a spectacular save, a save of the week, and easing the keeper, yeah, that's how good it was, McGraw had more moments, and it really came through, Davis again bringing it back to Jim Mitchell, the substitute didn't have the finish in the end, Alex Iperi, so enough, here the statistics, at the end of the match, six on target from 12 attempts from McGraw, five on target from 12 as well from Froome, 20 pounds in this game, the majority of them 14 going to Froome, three yellow cards, a piece, one offside for McGraw, two corners a piece, nine saves, five of them made by Oral Davis in the Froome goal, McGraw had the majority of the possession and the goal, 53% of the possession with the sole goal, and they are the winners, the waterman of the matches standing by, Kimani will tell us who it is. Yeah, thank you Dean, I'm joined by one of the match, Demri Adair of McGraw, he will receive his one of the match award from Chantilly McDonald, the brand manager of Powerade, all right Mr. Adair, let's have a quick chat, thank you Miss McDonald, you're a champion now, how good does this moment feel? It's a really good feeling, as I can say, thank you everybody for coming watching us, I cannot explain the feeling right now. Yeah and in terms of your role in the team today, were you given a man-marking assignment today for this game? Yes, it was the man for them, they cannot play without him, so my coach tell me stay with him. And in terms of taking on that task as the skipper, did you feel like you had to lead your team in that way to take on an assignment like that? Yes, because from my coach believing me, I believe in myself so I can do it. All right you can go and party, congratulations. Thank you. Yeah that was the man of the match from McGraw there, I'm joined now by the from technical head coach, coach at the end of the day, you only lost one nil, fine margin, speak to me about the game. First I have to say congratulations to McGraw and my boys, I would say that they put up a good fight, but it's just not our days. Yeah and at the end of this one, can you look back on this season and say that it was successful given the deep cup run that you had? I still would say it's a successful season and we can be on it and I have to congratulate them again for the fight and coming in the final but they said what's yours is definitely yours and this was ours but unfortunately we didn't get it. All right thank you coach Stevens. Yeah that was coach Clayton Stevens of Froome, I'm joined now by the man of the moment, coach German Thomas, coach you're a champion, you did it, the first in the school's history, how good does this feel? I mean elated, happy but let me take time out to say I mean RIP, Gibbs Williams, Gibbo, what I've been a catalyst in my life is the reason why I went to college in the first place one of them big mentors in my life and I really want to say RIP to him, I wish he was there to witness this moment but we played well, we played well, we've been playing well all season, we lost 2-0 to Cristiana in the last game of the run and 16 and from then on we have not lost the game and I must commend the boys, I must commend the entire school community, the principal, VPs, everybody. All right when's the party and where is it? I'm not sure, going back to Linn City. All right coach, thank you. Thanks much. All right. There is rejoicing as they get the check and the sponsors on hand to share in the moment the presentation of the Ben Francis Cup, Linvern Wright, to be delivered by Linvern Wright, chairman of the Costa Cup Committee for ISSA, also the principal of William Nim High School. They hoist the trophy, McGraw High, Ben Francis Cup champions in the year 2023. First time winners for them, a moment of rejoicing for the parish of St. Catherine for Linn City proper. They take pictures, all smiles, all rejoicing and the party will go all the way into the night through to Monday morning. General Assembly will be all the better for McGraw High. He runs away with it, Jim Mitchell, he's the vise man you can see and who can say that they're not loving the trophy? Talk all you want about the Ben Francis Cup and the Walker Cup when you hoist the trophy, you hoist the trophy and they love it. Yeah, trophy is a trophy and don't listen to what they say about which one. Yeah, some day will value more but silverware is silverware for footballers and the fact that you can go away for someone leaving the scene of schoolboy football and to be able to say I won a trophy, it's going to be massive. So congratulations to McGraw and the players and well done to them and all the best. That's how we wrap it up here from the National Stadium. Ben Francis Cup final. McGraw winners 1-0 over Froome.


Hey there, Chad Bonsha here for High University Libraries. Currently, the students in the Global Leadership Center are researching how to do business in Vietnam and several different Vietnam industries and companies. This video shows you how to use Passport GMID to research Vietnam in a very, very extensive way. So this video is going to show you how to use Passport GMID in a variety of ways to research your country. So here you go. So after launching Passport GMID, the first thing I'm going to do is agree their term to conditions, except they're, basically says you're going to be using it for academic uses only. And then once you get to the page here, there's a couple different ways that you can actually search for Vietnam information. One way is just go into countries and consumers, and you might just start here and just kind of work your way down. So if we go to let consumer trends and lifestyles, for example, and then go and actually choose your country, let's choose Vietnam there, click Go. This gives you all kinds of really good information on consumer trends in the area. And you can see on the left-hand side all these are the things you have. Home ownership, income, expenditure, work, learning, eating, drinking, even smoking habits, personal appearance, just different things. And just clicking on some of the random here attitudes towards hair and beauty. So all kinds of really kind of interesting information that you can find for your country there. If we go back to the main page there, you can actually go in and look at strategy briefings for this kind of a global deal. Look at country pulse, which kind of gives you, these are updated more regularly than the consumer lifestyles information. And just basically gives you kind of a quick snapshot of what's going on in your country at that time. So a great way to get information like that. You can also get to what they call future demographics, which are these consumers in 2020, which basically projects where the consumer market is going in your area, okay? So that's one way to do that. Another thing you can do is actually go into economy, finance, and trade, and look for these country profiles, and we'll do Vietnam again. And this just gives you kind of a quick country profile, talk about the politics, the economy, all that kind of good stuff. So a different place to get that kind of information as well. The country briefings here actually will get you some other good information as well. In the economy section of passport and GMO under countries and consumers, the country briefing gives you these risk and vulnerabilities for each country. And so I'll tell you how kind of volatile the market is in a particular area with lots of good charts, information like that. So really good content there. You can also go up to countries and consumers and look for government labor education or income in an industry infrastructure environment. All these different kind of things will give you different kinds of reports there. As an example, if you go to government labor and education, and then go to the country briefings in this section, this will be different than from the economy section. Let's do Vietnam again. Click go. And then here we have an analysis of the country's business environment. How stable is the economy? What's it like to do business in that country? How corrupt is the country? How easy is it to do business? Things like that. So all kinds of good information you can find for that particular country. Now, if you're looking for a particular industry for a country, and these are mainly consumer markets here, mind you, you can actually go into industries. And let's say we're looking for travel and tourism in Vietnam. So we go to travel and tourism, click there. It's gonna take us to this travel and tourism page here. And I'm just actually just gonna select travel and tourism right there and click go. This is gonna take us to another screen here where it actually selects travel and tourism. If you want it to, you can go down and select these guys down here as well. And you can also click the drop down box to get more information like that. And as you click those, they add over here on the right-hand side. Now at the bottom, once you're satisfied with what's over here on the right, you click on choose geographies. And you can go in and actually search for countries. So if we go in and search for Vietnam here, we could do it that way, or we could actually go in and choose Asia Pacific and click Vietnam there. If we want to compare Vietnam versus Thailand, we could click both and do that sort of thing. So once you're satisfied with your geography summary or category summaries, you can go down here and click on run search. This is gonna give us a huge amount of information here. There's all kinds of reports. You'll find statistics, that sort of thing. And so here is, for example, health and wellness tourism of Vietnam. We'll just use this one as an example. And this would be your typical, they call it category briefing, which is a really kind of a short market research report, but it gives you a pretty good idea as far as what's going on in the area there. So you'll also notice on the left-hand side that there are related reports over here. These same related reports are also on the previous page. You can actually go back to the previous page. This gives you kind of an idea. So here is Travel and Tourism Vietnam. The Travel and Tourism Vietnam reports, a much larger report, because it's an industry overview rather than a category briefing. So it's a much larger report. You can get a lot more information here. Just on the left-hand side, you can see all the kind of stuff that you can find. Tourism flows, tourism expenditures, all that kind of stuff. So you get all kinds of different information, lots of good content there, lots of good statistics, lots of not only numbers, but good textual analysis as well. So a good place to look for that kind of information as well. Finally, you can also use the search box up here. So say for example, we're looking for sauces and dressings in Vietnam. You can actually just start typing sauces Vietnam, and it'll bring up sauces, dressing, and condiments in Vietnam. Click there, do a search, and it'll actually go and find the content for you that way. You got to be careful with the search box, because sometimes you get a lot of stuff that you don't really want, but you can see in this case, because it kind of put it into this category, sauces, dressing, condiments in Vietnam, we actually found some really good stuff that way. So that gives you a quick overview of how to find information on Vietnam in Passport G Minute. Hopefully this helps you learn more about your country in Vietnam. You can also use this for other countries as well. If you need more help, look for the contact link on the business blog. We'd be glad to help you anyway. I can't take care and have a great day.


So what if I was positioned with the request the removal operation 75 Now 75 happens to be a root node You notice that there are no children going on after 75 So we're simply going to apply sort of a similar rule that we saw up above a little bit So the idea is this is still my in and if that in is a leaf node If it's still a leaf node we splay it to root splay to root then remove In so in this case we see that we have that 75 so just like we've done in the past one of the things we notice is that we have a zig-zag approach again happening here I happen to have an X. I have happened to have a Y I happen to have a Z and Z to Y right child Y to the X right child, so I would follow the same approach that I've done in the past This would go from being Z Y X With the necessary trees everywhere to X Y Y Z so in our example here of 35 50 75 again, we would splay 75 to the top 50 being Y and Z being 30 or yes 30 and Then we see that just like we saw when I was dealing with just a root I remove in so in our case we would Remove in and we're left with the tree 50 with 30 as a child


Our goal is that the things that they learn through the seven-month process going throughout the state will help them go back to their local communities, impact that local community, make improvements, not only in their local regions but throughout the state.


Santa knows where to find all the best and hottest smartphones just in time to make this Christmas better and bigger than ever. Better service, bigger savings, that's today's Appalachian Wireless. The murder trial for 20-year-old Brandon Lee Fitzpatrick began today in Williamson. Fitzpatrick is accused of first-degree murder, first-degree robbery, and conspiring with 22-year-old Anthony Raheem Areaga in the shooting death of former coal company executive Bennett Hatfield. Hatfield was shot in the back while cleaning his wife's and in-laws' graves at Mountainview Memory Gardens in Mayer Memorial Day weekend last year. Areaga was found guilty of first-degree murder and first-degree robbery in October. Jury selection began this morning for Brandon Fitzpatrick's trial in Mingo County Circuit Court. The murder trial is expected to continue throughout the week. In Williamson, Shelby Porter, EKB News.


So, let's take up numerical now. We'll take up the numerical from your textbook. A pi 30 centimeter long, let go. See, if you have to consider the edge effect, diameter will be given and then only you should consider edge effect. If diameter of the pipe is not given, ignore edge effects. In your school level exams, edge effect will not be there. In J kind of numerical, edge effect will be there once in a while. They'll be mentioning it that ignore edge effect or consider edge effect something like that. So, the length of the pipe is 30 centimeter. It is open at both ends. You need to find out which harmonic mode the pipe resonates with 1.1 kilohertz source. The velocity of sound is given as 330 meter per second. Which harmonic mode? Will even harmonic exist here? Yes, it will. It's open, sorry. Second harmonic, what do you think? Do the second harmonic. How about it? Do the second harmonic. Exactly. This is the second harmonic. What are you getting? Second harmonic? Yes, second harmonic. And this will do 1, right? No, and this will do 1. What is the formula for the frequency? N by 2L times velocity. Velocity is root p by rho. This should be equal to what? 1,100. So, N will come out to be equal to 1,100 into 2 into L, 30 centimeter divided by V, 330. This comes out to be 2. Second harmonic. How simple is it? Right? Now, one end is closed. Find out which harmonic now. If you close one of the ends, then which fit? Harmonic. It won't exist. It won't exist. Will the wave know that the one end is closed now? The wave was there, it suddenly closed one of the ends. So, basically, this is what was happening. N equal to 2, right? So, second harmonic, this is what was happening. This is what was happening? Yes or no? Now, you are closing this end. This end is closed. How can the closed end be the anti-node? It is not possible. You need to tell me if the cross section area is... Cross section area is 100 centimeter square. You need to find out how much water should you pour on this? How much water you should pour on this, so that it starts resonating? Ignore edge effects. Pouring water means what? If I pour water exactly, what is happening? The length is decreasing. How much water I have to pour? I have to pour water at least until here. This much water I should pour, then only the closed end will be node and now 1.1. The frequency is unchanged. Just one part of the wave is removed and it is resonating now. Are you getting this? 750, 750. How much is this distance? Height of the water column is how much? Lambda by 4? Lambda by 4. So the volume of the water is lambda by 4 into 100 centimeter square. That is much meter cube. So the mass of the water is density which is 1000 into 100 into 10 square minus 4 into wavelength divided by 4. This came sometime in J, sometime back. That time there was no concept of advance. What we will do is that, we will finish the chapter first and then one full class will do only problems of this chapter. By the way, any doubts? Yes, what is the doubt? Sir, in this question are we considering the wave travelling in water? Wave travelling inside water, you are saying. We will go. It will go, it will get transmitted, but we are ignoring that. How do we know when to ignore that? It will be mentioned, right? That is what you didn't say. Right, right, right. That is why we use water. Which experiment? Same experiment. Same experiment. Oh, you pour water and see where the sound of the, where the sound is maximum. So when sound is maximum, it starts resonating actually. Same thing. Okay, so let's finish the chapter first. They go beats. Have you heard of beats? What is beats? What is that? It's those... So what are the beats in songs? No? It's not that. Look at the beats. I can make you hear beats. Let me find out if I can. Okay, hear this out. This single frequency. Only one frequency is there right now. I am changing the frequency of one of the waves. They are super posing. Listen carefully. Or... Ding, ding, ding, like that. It has like... No, I'll open up another video. On YouTube, I search beats. Beat physics. What does that mean? This one. Watch this at home. Write down. Beats is an interesting phenomenon arising from interference of waves. So basically this is all the superposition. But the two waves that are meeting, they don't have same frequencies. Their frequencies are different. Okay, so first time we are super posing two waves having different frequencies. And let's see what is happening here. So in your textbook, they have taken cosine wave for some reason. So let's take cosine only. First sound wave is... Sound wave is longitudinal. So we'll take S1 is equal to... Don't talk. A cos kx minus omega 1t. Frequency is a difference. Everything else is same. A cos kx minus omega 2t. Here are the two sound waves that are meeting each other. They are super posing. Okay, now the trick is I am putting my coordinate axis in such a manner that wherever I am super posing, I am taking that as origin. If x will become 0, right? So I am assuming that I am standing at the origin and I am hearing these two sounds.  So add these two and see what you will get. Then it will be 2A cos of omega 1. This is what you will get. Angular frequency. Omega is angular frequency. And this is what you get. The interesting thing here is that you get two time terms. Till now you are getting one time term and one x term. Now you have two time terms multiplied with each other. So visualizing this becomes tricky. So we will take case for the beats. Take a case if omega 1 and omega 2 are high frequencies but close to each other. But they are not so close that omega 1 minus omega 2 becomes 0. One could be like for example 300 other could be 294. Something like this. If time now tell me what will happen? This will change with time. This bracket term. With time. This will also change with time. Who is changing faster? The frequency of second one is higher? Very high. Frequency of the first term is? Very low. Are you getting it? So we humans can't hear a frequency which is very high. So we will not be able to hear this fluctuation. But we will be able to hear that fluctuation. So if omega 1 and omega 2 are close to each other we are going to hear this fluctuation only. Our ears will automatically filter out that. So let's see how the graph will look like for this. So let's say I am drawing on this. This fluctuation will rapidly fluctuate. So it will fluctuate something like this. So this is the kind of fluctuation you will see. On top of it there are two frequencies. One frequency is frequency of fluctuation. The other frequency is the frequency with which the amplitude is changing. Are you getting it? So we are going to hear this fluctuation. That fluctuation our ears can hear. But this rapid fluctuation our ears can't hear. So this is the phenomena of beat. When two frequencies which are close to each other when two frequencies close to each other superpose, two frequencies close to each other superpose beats will get generated. The beats will get generated. Now let's talk about beat frequency. With what frequency I hear the sound? Whatever I am hearing the frequency of that will be equal to the frequency of the wave or not. What I hear? I hear the wave or the intensity of the wave. Intensity of the wave. Intensity depends on amplitude square. Whether it goes to plus A or minus A. The effect of two mile ears will be same. So in one time period starting from here to here there will be two ups and two downs. Are you getting it? So basically if you just focus on one wave part of it let's say this is what I am focusing on. So there will be one portion and two portion. Two things will be there which will have the same effect. So what I am hearing is two times of that frequency. So the frequency with which I am hearing is omega 1 minus omega 2. This is called the beat angular frequency. This angular frequency, so beat frequency will be what? Frequency of beat will be equal to f1 minus f2. First write it down. Frequency of beat will be f1 minus f2. Now tell me can f2 be more than f1? Then beat frequency will be negative? It will be more than that, isn't it? So basically 300 and 296 will also give you 4 beats. 300 and 304 will also give you 4 beats. So it could be 4 less or 4 more also for the beat frequency. Getting it? Any doubts? So why is your beat wave the standing wave? It's not a standing wave actually. I should not have drawn this portion. It's like this. It looks like standing wave for the orange one, but that is not a standing wave. It's a rapid fluctuation. It is not a standing wave. So that one entire thing is one beat, right? Yellow part. This is one wave. In this one wave you will hear two loud sounds. You will hear loud sound corresponding to this situation and corresponding to that situation. So you hear two loud sounds per wave? Per wave. Per one wavelength you hear two loud sounds. So the frequency of beat is two times the frequency of that thing. So that is two times of that is the beat frequency. So this frequency of beat is not the frequency of the difference? No. How many times do you hear the difference? The entire beat phenomena is what we hear. In reality this is also happening, but we are ignoring this. Why? Because we are not able to hear it. So beat is with respect to what humans can hear. In this case both the beats will sound the same way. Intensity is amplitude square. Any other doubt? No doubts.


The utmost importance of phonetics and phonology. Speech has been used to communicate and express many things since the dawn of man. When we look at wildlife, we can see a pattern in a speech similar to human communication. To truly understand science speech, we must look deeper at the concept of communication. Why Speech is Important. World leaders, actors, entertainers, successful businessmen and other professionals all have one major thing in common, their speech. We look at presidential talks and product release conferences and see a pattern of a very attractive speaking form. It is subtle in a sense, we cannot pinpoint where exactly is the speaker performing so well, perhaps it is their accent. Others will say they are a professional public speaker, they are born with this talent of attractive speaking. If you ask any professional language teacher, they will tell you that this is a mere mastery of intonation and stress. In short I like to call this art emphasis, as the word itself is a simple definition of these two worlds. Word Stress. To put emphasis on a word requires very little effort. However adding that small subtle stress to a syllable or letter, would mean the world of difference in terms of expression. Take this sentence for example, she didn't hit me. You can literally add stress to any word in that sentence to emphasize it. A general rule is to add stress on one word, two in some cases. I want to express that the woman did not hit me. Therefore emphasizing she, implies that although I was hit, the woman did not hit me. The list of examples can be endless, yet this is a taste of the importance of empathy. Speech and Communication. Communication is not meant for a simple order or instruction, it is a conversation in the closest form possible. We want to express our emotions ideas and so on. In the intonation of a sentence I want to hint that I am not feeling well, however my words would be quite the opposite. It is the subtle usage of intonation that I am able to express this. I cannot use actual words to express this, as this would be too obvious and I do not want to cause immediate attention.  There is no reason not to use emphasis on everyday conversation. If you are used to a tonal language, this may seem like a useless task. As an English speaker I want to communicate in a work environment, family setting, or just casual talk. There are many opportunities to express something in a different way to communicate a fact, idea, and other various concepts. Perhaps I want to wish someone my condolences in a genuine heartwarming way. I want to express the urgency in an important document. My boss is giving me praise and I want to express how honored to hear it from him. Do you want to teach English abroad? Take a TEFL course today. Stress and intonation are key players in communication. It would be great to communicate telepathically, to know exactly what the other person is expressing. The closest thing we have are words. How we say these words should not be limited to saying words in a standard format. Everyone is different, why should we use the same form of speaking?


Pyrite cells are in either resting state or in a stimulated state, but when and how the cells are stimulated. Pyrite cells have receptors for acetylcholine known as muscarinic receptors which are of M3 type. Then there are receptors for gastrin that is released from G cells from pylori glands. Also there are receptors for histamine which are of H2 type. So all these three acetylcholine, gastrin, histamine can stimulate parietal cell and can cause increase in HCl secretion. But not only that, they also affect release of each other. We can actually simplify it as levels of control of HCl secretion. These levels can be arranged as neural, hormonal and parafine manner. So vegas is the one which releases acetylcholine acts in a neural manner, gastrin is released in blood and acts in hormonal manner. HCl cells release histamine and which acts on parietal cells in pyrocrine manner. The machinery appears little complex but if you think in terms of levels of control you will get a sense of it. At the top is wegel control which stimulates acid secretion by directly stimulating parietal cells as we saw that there are acetylcholine receptors, M3 receptors. Then it also causes release of gastrin from G cells. Not only that it also stimulates these enterochromophen like cells which release histamine. Now D cells release somatostatin which have an inhibitory effect on these. So since the effect of vegas is to stimulate HCl secretion, vegas actually inhibits these D cells. Gastrin forms a second level and when gastrin is released it stimulates again the lower levels that is the ECL and also the parietal cells. But again it will have an inhibitory effect on D cells. Then ECL cells which release histamine acting in a pyrocrine manner that also stimulates parietal cells and inhibits D cells releasing somatostatin which is having negative effect. So if you see in terms of level the top post level is stimulating all three lower levels. Second level is gastrin is stimulating the lower two levels and the lowest level histamine is stimulating parietal cells with all inhibiting the D cells. But these are all stimulatory effects for release of HCl. So there should be a negative control also on the secretion. The secreted acid itself that is the H plus ions have a negative influence of parietal cells since they stimulate D cells causing release of somatostatin. This somatostatin inhibits parietal cells ECL cells and G cells and decreases their secretion thus decreasing H plus ions. So here is a negative feedback going on to control the level of hydrogen ions. So this is how machinery is arranged but when are these stimulants activated? Now neural stimulation via vagus occurs when you see smell or think of food. This is known as cephalic phase of HCl secretion. So the thought process itself will stimulate HCl secretion. When food enters into stomach, local distention of the stomach and peptides in its food stimulate these G cells causing release of gastrin. So this is a local effect. This is known as gastric phase. Now distention of the stomach also activates local reflexes causing stimulation of the vagus again. But what happens when partially digested food of stomach that is chyne enters the diodenum. Now depending on the contents of the chyne there are secretions in diodenum which also have effect on HCl secretion. The fat content in chyne causes release of CCK, polycystokynein. Acidic content causes release of another hormone secretin both of which have inhibitory effect on release of gastrin. So this effect of intestine on the release of HCl secretion is known as intestinal phase. Now this phase is also very important because it ensures proper pH in diodenum and that it does not become too acidic since enzymes are acting alkylene environment only. So if it becomes too acidic there is a signal back to the stomach to decrease the HCl secretion. So there are different phases of acid secretion which act via different mechanism. There is a phallic phase which acts on thought smell of food. There is a gastric phase which occurs when food enters into the stomach and when food enters into the diodenum there is intestinal phase.