My name is Ron Haugen. I'm a farm management specialist with the NDSU extension in the agribusiness and applied economics department. And we have a webinar here today jointly with the extension service and the North Dakota Farm Service Agency. And I want to make sure, go through a few introductions and a few housekeeping details before we get started here. I want to introduce the people that will be speaking today, Laura Heinrich, the North Dakota FSA program director. She's going to cover ARC and PLC. She's going to talk about the election and the enrollment. And after that, I will be talking about the ARC PLC calculator that NDSU has developed and show you around that process. After that, Kristin Knudsen from the Farm Service Agency will talk about the NAP program and go and also some miscellaneous programs and deadline updates. Okay, if we are going to have time for questions from the audience, and we will open it up for questions after each presentation. And if you have questions, please put them in the Q&A box, and we will be monitoring those questions. But we want to try to keep on time. We hope we can get to all the questions. And if there is, so make sure and take advantage of that if you so desire. So with that, I will turn it over to Laura and she will start out the webinar. Thank you. Thank you, Ron. I know on my screen it shows that I'm Kristin Knudsen, but I am Laura Heinrich, and I am the program director for the Farm at the Farm Service Agency. And my department handles the ARC PLC program and the NAP program that will be covered today. Like Ron stated, the first program we're going to cover is ARC PLC and we're going to go over election and enrollment. So the Agricultural Risk Coverage and Price Loss Coverage program, that's the last time I'm going to say that whole wordful, we're going to call it ARC PLC from now on. But the ARC PLC program provides a safety net to farmers and ranchers when there is a substantial drop in revenue or price for covered commodities. And the reason we're holding this webinar today is because we have an upcoming deadline of March 15th for producers to change their program election and also to enroll in the program. So the program handle is actually encompasses three different programs within it. The first program is the Price Loss Coverage or PLC program, which provides price loss coverage for selected covered commodities on the farm. The second program is ARC County or Agricultural Risk Coverage County. This program provides revenue loss coverage at the county level for selected covered commodities on a farm. ARC County is not dependent on planting a covered commodity. It's based on the number of base acres you have of that commodity on the farm. The third program is ARC Individual. ARC Individual provides revenue loss coverage at a farm level for all acreage devoted to cover commodities across all of the producers are individual farms enrolled. One or more covered commodities must be planted on the farm in the current year for an ARC IC payment rate to be calculated for the farm and producer. So that's an overview of the three programs. Those three programs cover specific cover commodities and they're listed on the screen here. North Dakota has base acres of all of the covered commodities listed, except for rice, peanuts and cotton and sesame. So we do handle almost all of the covered commodities that are covered under the program in North Dakota. We wanted to remind you that if you had any acreage that was enrolled in the CRP program or the Conservation Reserve program, if you had a contract that expired on September 30th of 2021, you may have base acres that are eligible to be enrolled into the ARC PLC program. So if we want you to contact your local county office, if you did have a contract that expired to make sure that we get that acreage put back on your farm and that you are able to make a program election and enroll that acreage into the ARC PLC program. So how do producers make a PLC ARC County or ARC IC election? Under the 2018 Farm Bill, it does allow producers on the farm the opportunity to elect PLC, ARC County or ARC IC, or ARC individual. All producers on the farm must make a unanimous decision to change the election. Owners do not make the election decision unless they are considered a producer receiving a share of a crop on the farm. So it is the actual producer on the farm that makes the election not the owner. The only time the owner would be involved is if they receive a share of the crop. The elections that were made in 2019 were effective for both the 2019 and 2020 program years. But each year 2021 through 2023 producers do have the opportunity to change the election on the farm. And the deadline to change that program election is March 15th of the applicable program year. So elections of PLC and ARC County are made on a cover commodity by cover commodity basis on the farm. So within that farm, if you had wheat and soybeans as base crops on a particular farm, you could put wheat into PLC and soybeans into ARC County. If you decided to elect ARC individual or ARC IC, all cover commodity base acres on that farm have to elect ARC IC. We wanted to remind producers that any crop on a farm that you elect to participate in agricultural risk coverage, so our County or ARC IC program, that acreage is not eligible for supplemental coverage option under federal crop insurance. So when you're making this program election, we want to make sure that you're just making having a discussion with your crop insurance agent to assure that you're in compliance with a supplemental coverage option if you choose to go that route with federal crop insurance. Now I'm going to cover just some details of the three different programs. Under the price less coverage program or PLC payments are earned for a cover commodity when the effective price is less than the effective reference price for the cover commodity for the crop year. Payments are made on 85% of the farm's base acres as a cover commodity, and payments are not dependent on planting of the applicable base crop on the farm. This slide just lists what the reference prices are, but if you notice I didn't use the I threw an extra word in there of effective reference price so this is our base reference price but the 2018 Farm Bill incorporated what we call an effective reference price, which means that that reference price can be adjusted yearly, and it's based on the lesser of 115% of the reference price for the cover commodity, or the amount equal to the greater of the reference price for the commodity or 85% of the average of the marketing year average price of the cover commodity in the most five recent crop years. So that seems really complicated, and but we do post what that effective reference price is on our national or PLC website, and you can find that by looking at a document called the projected. This is the 2022 price or PLC coverage payment rates. So in column E it lists what that effective reference price is for each commodity, and then it will give you what the projected price is also on under column H. And then column I shows you what the projected PLC payment rate would be and as you can see right now for 2022. It's showing that there would not be a payment rate for any crop except for peanuts. Also, as we go through like Ron said he's going to go through his calculator and it does this calculation for you as part of his, his arc County and PLC calculation. The next program will go over in detail is a cultural risk coverage County or our County payments are earned when the actual County crop revenue of a cover commodity is less than the county guarantee for that cover commodity. The payment rates are capped at 10% of the benchmark revenue payments are made on 85% of the farm's base acres of the cover commodity. And then under our County payments are not dependent on planting of an applicable base crop on the farm. It's based on the historic base acres and yields are based on County data not individual farm data. So we said the payments are calculated when the actual revenue is below the our County guarantee. The our County guarantee is calculated at 8086% of the our County benchmark revenue. Our County benchmark revenue is calculated by taking the five year Olympic average of the marketing year average prices multiplied by the five year Olympic average of the County yield. So when we're looking at the marketing year average price, we're taking each year we're taking the higher of the marketing year average price or the or the effective reference price. And then when we calculate the Olympic average County yield, we take the higher of the actual County yield for that year, or 80% of the County to you. And an Olympic average just means we're dropping the high and low within that five year span for each the marketing year average price and the, and the, the yield. The 2018 Farm Bill implemented a leg year when calculating the the benchmark and so the example would be for 2022 benchmark yields. We use 2016 through 2020 actual County yields and marketing year average prices. So we skip 2021 and we use 16. So now we've calculated our guarantee. We need to look at how we calculate our County actual revenue. And that's calculated by taking the actual County yield. Multiplied by the higher of the marketing year average price for that program year or the national loan rate. So now that we have both of our calculations we know what our guarantee is and what our actual, our payment is calculated by subtracting the guarantee from the actual revenue. If the actual revenue is higher than the guarantee, then there would be a zero payment for that specific crop. And if it's higher than that, if the, the guarantee is higher than the actual revenue that is capped at 10% of the art County benchmark revenue. We talked about we use the art County yields to establish the guarantee and the actual yield. So I just wanted to give you some information on how they're actually established. So the first thing that our State Committee looks at when establishing a yield for the cover commodity for each county in the state is we look at RMA yield data that's available. If there's not an RMA yield for that particular commodity in County, then we would look at NAS data. And if there's no RMA or NAS data, then we look at the best available information for the State Committee to set a yield for that crop and County combination. So under the 2018 Farm Bill, there is a change where we make a calculation based on the physical location of the tracks that make up that farm. Under the 2014 Farm Bill we based it on where that farm is administrated. Under the 2018 Farm Bill, we look at where the tracks on that farm are physically located and if there's more than one County. That the tracks are located in, we would do a weighted average of those to determine what the benchmark revenue is and what the actual revenue is for that particular farm. Also with the 2018 Farm Bill, it required the Secretary to calculate a separate actual crop revenue and guarantee for irrigated and non-irrigated cover commodities to the maximum extent practical. So we only had about two or three counties under the 2014 Farm Bill that had irrigated and non-irrigated revenues calculated. But under the 2018 Farm Bill we have about 50. And this slide just lists the counties that would have an irrigated and non-irrigated our County yield established for it and in turn and irrigated and non-irrigated our County guarantee and actual yield. So the last program I'd like to give you more in-depth information on is the agricultural risk coverage individual or ARC individual. Payments are earned when the actual individual crop revenue of all cover commodities planted on the ARC IC farm is less than the ARC IC guarantee for those cover commodities. Again with ARC IC you are required to plant a cover commodity. And so we use the actual cover commodities that are planted on the farm for that year to establish what the guarantee and actual yields are or actual revenues are. And ARC IC payment does have a cap and it's capped at 10% of the individual weighted benchmark revenue of all cover commodities planted on that farm for that year. Those benchmark and actual yields are based on the producer certified yields for farms enrolled in ARC IC and producers are required to report that information when they enroll into the ARC IC program. ARC IC enrolled farms can use approved prevent plant acres when 100% of the intended planted acres of the cover commodity are approved for prevent plant by FSA on the farm. So this year if we have extremely wet conditions and an entire farm is 100% prevent plant for the cover commodities that are planted, then that would be considered having cover commodities planted on that farm. And then your revenue would be zero because it was prevented from being planted. ARC individual benchmark revenues is a five year Olympic average revenue. Marketing year average price is taken times the individuals yield for each year and calculated for each planted cover commodity on the ARC IC farm in that current year. And then it's weighed and summed across all cover commodities on the farm. Pretty complicated calculation and again that's where Ron stepped in and helped us a lot and producers in North Dakota by creating a spreadsheet that that will analyze and calculate that for us. So once we have those benchmark revenues calculated, then we take 86% of that benchmark revenue to establish the guarantee for the ARC individual farm. Again, we do use that leg year like we do in our county. So for the 2022 benchmark, we would be looking at the producers 2016 through 2020 actually yields to establish that benchmark. So once you've decided which program you want to enroll in or elect and enroll in payments are then issued October 1 of the year following the program year. And for 2022 will issue those payments on October 1 of 2023. And the reason we have that year leg is because we talked about a marketing year average prices used in those calculations for each program. And those marketing year average prices are a 12 month marketing year averages so they go into the next calendar year so we don't issue those payments until October 1 of the following year. Those payments can be reduced if in certain situations if fruit and vegetables are planted on the farm. ARC PLC producers are subject to an acre for acre payment reduction when fruit and vegetables are planted on on our PLC payment acres. And again, it's only if those fruit and vegetables go into payment acres. And to calculate how many free acres you would have on a farm you take 15% of the base acres on the farm. If that farm is enrolled in our county or PLC to determine how many free acres you can plant fruit and vegetables on without a payment reduction. And if the farms enrolled into ARC IC you take 35% of the base acres on the farm to determine how many free acres you'd have to print plant fruit and vegetables before there's a payment reduction. Another provision we have is a grass idle fallow provision. So any farm where all cropland was planted to a grass or pasture, including cropland that was idle or fallow from January 1 2009 through December 31 2017 will not receive our PLC payments for crop years 2019 through 2023. They'll be able to maintain all of their base acres and PLC yields, but they cannot make program elections and they're not eligible for payment. Another restriction on payments that we have is if the farm has 10 base acres or less on the farm. Those farms would not be eligible for a payment, unless they met the exception of the sum of the base acres on the farm when combined with base acres of all other farms for the producer is more than 10 base acres. Or that producer would meet the definition of socially disadvantaged limited resource or beginning or veteran farmer or rancher. Additional restrictions on our PLC payment eligibility would be the producers need to meet actively engaged in farming cash and cash rent tenant provisions. They'd also need to meet foreign persons, be compliant with adjusted gross income or AGI provisions, and then be in compliant with highly rotable and wetland provisions. Payment limitation for the program is $125,000 and that's goes through a direct attribution process. In addition, for other compliance provisions for our PLC producers must devote acreage equal to the base acres to an agricultural conserving use. They also need to effectively control noxious weeds and otherwise maintain the land on the farm according to sound agricultural practices. They need to file an annual acreage report with FSA, and then they need to file a production report or a certified yield report by farm if they selected ArcIC as the program they wanted to enroll in. Additional information that can be found on the Arc PLC program is available on our national Arc PLC website, found at the link on the screen here. That PLC yield or projected PLC yield payment rate can be found under program data, and then under resources there are a couple other calculators available to help you make program elections. If you want to take a look at that, but I would recommend using NDSU's calculators, and that can be found on the NDSU Farm Bill and FSA program site. And that link is listed here on the screen, and that's what Ron will be going through here shortly are the two calculators there that were updated on January 14th for the Arc PLC calculator and on January 12th for the Arc individual calculator. To help you in completing Ron's spreadsheets, you can go to your local county office and ask them to provide you with an FSA Arc PLC producer information sheet. The sheet will provide you the base acres, the PLC yield, what your current program election is, whether there's grass idle fellow eligibility issues with the farm or not and whether it's enrolled in a multi-year program enrollment or not. This is just a screen print of what that information sheet looks like. As you can see, it'll list the administrative county where that land is administered out of. It'll list the farm numbers that you have in that county. It'll list who the owners are. It gives you each base crop on that farm, what the base acres are, what the PLC yield is listed at, what your current program elections are. If you're okay with that current program election, you're not required to change it, but you do need to enroll annually, and then it'll tell you what the grass idle fellow or GIF eligibility is, and then if there's a multi-year enrollment on that farm or not. I stated this at the beginning, but just as a reminder that the deadline is March 15th to make any program election changes, and you do need to enroll annually into the Arc PLC program. So even if you're not going to make a change to a program election, you still need to enroll that farm to be eligible for payment, and the deadline to do that is also March 15th. The only exception would be is if you're not going to change a program election and no other program changes have been made to a farm and you selected a multi-year contract during the 2019 enrollment period, then you would not need to do any other action at your local FSA office. It would just move forward to the 2022 year with the program elections you chose in 2019, and it would already be considered as enrolled for 2022. With that, I will turn it over to Ron, and here's my contact information. If you have any further questions, and then we'll go through Lindsay, we'll bring up any questions that you put in the chat after Ron's presentation. So hand it over to you, Ron. Thanks. Okay, thank you. Okay, I'm going to demonstrate two calculators that we've developed. The first one is called the Arc PLC calculator. It's trying to keep it very simple and very transparent for anyone to use. It's not perfect by any means because we don't allow for irrigation or multi-county as Laura had mentioned, if you have a control county and you have land in other physical areas in other counties, this may not be perfect for you, but you may want to put some different numbers in there just to try to jerry rig it to make it work. But it's kind of for one county and for non-irrigated. Basically, you fill in the yellow blocks, you put your name and your farm number, and remember this is by farm number. We have the ability here to pick four different states, Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota. And then with any of those states, you pick your county. There's just an example in here using Cass County. Okay, here's where you could actually pick whatever county you're in. Very simple. The first thing, the base acres and the PLC payment yield, that is the easy part.  The next thing is the difficult part. The estimation for 2022. And what is your yield going to be in 2022? Well, who really knows, but you got to take a stab at it. Probably the best is to put kind of an average yield.  I don't know. And the next thing is the marketing year average price. Remember now, this is the national marketing year average price. It's not the North Dakota price. And so I've got some numbers in here as a guide. And you may say, well, what's that wheat number so low for? Well, remember, this is the national price. It includes winter wheat as well. So you can change any of these in the yellow blocks here. And this is just something in here for you as a guide. And based on the numbers we put in here right now, you can see there's no payments for ARC or PLC. And as Laura mentioned, the projection is there probably will be no payments. Okay. And if you scroll down the second block, it shows all these negative numbers. And that's very transparent. It shows you how things are calculated. And it comes up with a zero. The third table, just to mention, we picked Cass County, and it brought in all the information for Cass County. I want to show you a couple more tabs. The ARC tabs, that's for the yields for the various counties. And these are the historical yields for the various counties. Go back to the program tab. Now I will just put a number in here just for just to demonstrate I'll put a very low yield of 10 bushels an acre for wheat. And notice there that it shows a ARC County payment. Okay. And I will change that back. Now, I'm going to put in a very low price for wheat. Let's just say $4 a bushel. And here you get a PLC payment, and there's a possibility of an ARC payment. So there you would pick which pick which one you want to be enrolled in for that crop. I'll put it back again. But the common situation is, hey, there's zero for both which program should I be in. And I'll have a chart chart to show you at the end here but if you if you think the prices are going to drop, maybe you want to be in PLC. If you think the yields going to be drop, maybe you want to be an ARC. This is a decision that guests that you need to make. So that that's the basics of the ARC, ARC PLC calculator. It's, it's, it's pretty simple from the user point. If you're putting in the information, you basically just put in all of your base crops, your and base acres and and yields and then make some some wild guesses on on on the on your on the future. Okay. I guess I wanted to show you this to I guess I'm going to put this 10 bushel back in here. If you notice back here under wheat, it shows you what the payment rate is. I'll put the that down to four again, and you can see how things are calculated down here. Those negatives go away for wheat. Okay, that's it for the ARC calculator. I'm going to stop sharing.  The ARC IC calculator. Now this is kind of a whole different whole different animal is Laura went through it there. Here you need to enroll all of your crops for the farm, any farms that are enrolled. And if you enroll more than one farm, they need to all be combined. We allow up to three farms. Okay, if you have more than three you want to enroll in our IC. I guess you're kind of out of luck here other than you may want to add some numbers together and try to force a force it in here. On this simple example here we've got a farm number with the with the the crop plan and the and the total base acres. And then we've got, and that's remember the yellow blocks is what you fill in. And then we'll just say, for this farm then we're going to say 60 acres of wheat and 100 acres of soybeans, and then going down to the next table. It pulls in the the marketing your average prices for those for those years you don't have to worry about that. The next thing you need to enter then in the yellow blocks is what is your yield yields from the past years. Okay. Now, down in the fine print here. It says, enter the higher of the actual yield or 80% of tea. When the crops were grown. So 80% of tea, here is a tab you can look at. If you want to look up your county and crop. Okay, the next thing is on the fine print here. If the crop was not grown, such as a prevent plant situation, then you enter the higher of the county average yield, or 80% of tea. And here's another tab here showing the county average yields. Okay, in a situation like this. If you have prevent plant in some years, or if you plan if you plan on having a very low yield, let's say for this current year, or prevent plant and have a zero yield, you're going to, it probably would pay to be in the arch IC program. You can see based on the numbers I put in here the bottom table shows you the final bottom line, and it shows no payment. Let me put in a number here of this say 10 bushel wheat that still didn't change it. Let me put in a low price here of four still didn't change it. I have to go a little lower here I'll just put in zero. There, it starts to kick in where you'd get some kind of a payment. And as Laura mentioned on the payments at 65%. You don't have to worry about any of the calculations, they're all done accordingly. So this is something that you may want to take a look at the arc I see it may not be for everybody, but it probably would be beneficial if you had prevent plant for a very, very low yields. Okay, I'm going to show you one last slide here. So, here is a chart that says how do how do you want to make this decision here. If you think commodity prices are going to remain high. And you think that the county, you can think the county yields are going to be average or above, you probably will get no PLC and probably will get no arc payments. If you think that commodity prices are going to remain high. And if you think that the yields are going to be down and maybe we're going to have another drought. You wouldn't you probably wouldn't get a PLC payment but you might get an arc payment. If you think the prices are going to drop. But you think the yields are going to be the same, or the average, you might get a PLC payment but more than likely not an arc payment. And if you think those, though, everything's going to drop the prices are going to drop and the deals are going to drop, you probably could get a PLC payment or an arc payment and then you need to choose. It's one of these decisions is kind of a real a real guess, but you just want to try and do your best at in this situation. With that then we have questions regarding arc and PLC so far for either Laura or I and I see there is some questions in the chat box. And I failed to fail to introduce Lindsay Abercroft, she's going to monitor the Q&A box here. And so I'll turn it over to you, Lindsay, and what do we have for questions. All right, we've got some really good questions in the Q&A box right now for you Ron and also for Laura. The first question that we have, is there any option in the near future to update base acres for crops growing on the farm. This is a really good question. This is Laura Heinrich. At this point we do not know because they haven't finalized what the next farm bill will look like so I am not aware of what Congress is looking at for whether you'd be able to update your bases or not, but just make sure you look when we start running the next year or 2024 in future years to just make sure you're looking at Lindsay's crystal promote at the end, signing up for our delivery bulletins and newsletters. And we would provide that information to you as soon as we are aware that that maybe may or may not be an option. Good. Okay, so the next question that we have here is when signing up for ARC or PLC is it by farm number, even if the farm is made up of two different county land. So if you have one farm number so farm 1000 but it's made up of track 100 that's physically located in Barnes County and track 200 that's physically located in Cass County. You're going to sign up for the farm so it would be only one sign up and you'd make an election for the land that's physically located in the other counties. All right, is ARC IC eligible for SEO under federal crop insurance. For that question I'm going to have you speak to your, your crop insurance agent, the way the fact sheet reads on the RMA or risk management agency website it does say agricultural risk coverage is ineligible for SEO. I would want you to talk to your local crop insurance agent to find out what whether ARC IC and our county are eligible or not when you enroll into SEO, the acreage that would be enrolled under ARC IC or our county. The MYA price is calculated how monthly price for the calendar year of 2022, or is it 12 months. It's based on the marketing year for that specific crop. So if you go back and look at the. Or upload the PowerPoint to the NDSU website, you can look at this, the slide I provided that had the PLC projected payment rates, and it has the marketing year average for each commodity or marketing year for each covered commodity listed there. And so what it does is it looks at those years for that or those months for that commodity, and then it takes a weighted average of what the prices are for each month. All right. And then one of the popular questions that Scott's been helping answer was a few people are wondering about the PowerPoint presentation. And if they will be able to access that after the presentation and the question or the answer to that question is yes. And Scott so kindly provided a link. And that will also be where the recording is for this webinar. And then we have a question that is requesting a copy of the page that Ron is using. I'm assuming this individual is looking for the calculator run. Yeah, and that is on our website as well. Okay, yep, the RPLC decision sheet. Yep. All right. Good. All right, and then moving into the chat box. We had a question with the low yields in 2021. McLean County due to the drought conditions is there a recommended program that would be more beneficial. Our county versus PLC. Well, good question. It depends on you know the inputs that you put in but but you know it kind of more depends on what you think is going to happen this year, not what happened last year. If you think it's going to be a drought this year and have a very low yield. I would, I guess I would suggest, and you think prices are going to remain high, I would suggest, you know, our county then, but, but there's a lot, there's a lot to the more, a lot to that more, more to that decision than just, just that but that's what that would be my first. Yes. All right, well for now, I think that wraps up the question that we have in the Q&A in the chat. Thank you. So we're going to move on now and we're going to have Kristin Knudson, and she's going to she's going to talk about the NAP program and a few other programs with FSA. Thanks, Ron, and Lindsay really appreciate that. I just want to cover a few items today at the end of the art PLC presentation, and the, I just want to cover today, the disaster linkage requirements for disaster programs that we just had. We're going to talk briefly about some organic programs and some upcoming deadlines, the NAP program itself so that's the non insured disaster program for crops that aren't covered by federal crop insurance, and then go over a few FSA resources for everybody. So when we talk about the disaster program linkage requirements, we're talking about those recent 2018 and 2019 with plus and QLA program payments that you may have received as a requirement to keep those program benefits that you received. They're also required to meet linkage. So that means that you are required to obtain federal crop insurance or NAP coverage as applicable depending on which crop you were paid on at the equivalent of 60, 100 level, or an equivalent level for each of the crops that you were paid on. The requirement to keep those benefits means that you have to have those have insurance and meet that linkage requirement for the first two consecutive years of 2022 and 2023. If you do not meet the linkage requirement in 2022 and 2023, you will be notified by FSA to refund with plus and QLA benefits plus interest. So if you did perhaps obtain sufficient coverage in a consecutive prior year, for example, you obtained coverage in 2021 on those crops you received payment on, and then you're going to do it for 2022. There is an exception that will be reviewed for each producer on a case by case basis, and make sure that you will be notified if there's any information that you would need to do to provide to us. If you did not meet our linkage requirements to refund those benefits. So the important thing is if you received any whip plus or QLA benefits for 2018 or 2019, you need to make sure that you are meeting that linkage requirement and obtaining it crop insurance underneath your federal crop insurance policy, or NAP coverage for those crops you received payment on for two consecutive years. The next two programs I want to cover are specifically for our organic producers. So there is a pandemic assistance program that's running right now through Friday, and a few days on February 4. That is the deadline. It's called the organic and transitional education and certification program, or OTCP. This program was developed to offer some pandemic assistance to cover certification and educational expenses for producers and operations with certified or transitional organic crops and operations. This information includes crops, livestock, wild crops, handling fees, and any state organic program fees, transitional expenses, educational expenses, and soil testing. So if you do think that you would qualify for any of these expenses, please contact your county office by this coming Friday, February 4 to apply for the program. The next organic program I want to briefly cover is OCCSP or the organic cost share, organic certification cost share program. This program is an annual program that offsets the cost of certification, allowing our organic producers and handlers across the country to take advantage of those economic opportunities in the growing organic market. The OCCSP reimburses organic producers and handlers for as much as 50% of their organic certification costs up to a maximum of $500 annually. Most producers apply through the North Dakota Department of Agriculture because they receive a grant from FSA to administer the program as well. But if you did not receive this reimbursement through the North Dakota Department of Agriculture, you can contact your local county FSA office to apply. You cannot apply in both the Department of Ag and FSA. You have to pick one organization to apply in. All right, the next item we're going to cover is NAP. So we mentioned this earlier. What is NAP all about? The NAP program is an assistance program to producers to protect against financial losses that occur due to the impacts of natural disaster. Crops that can be covered underneath a NAP program or a non-insured assistance program policy are crops for which federal crop insurance, excluding pilot coverage, or insurance are not available. So if your crop that you're growing is not covered by federal crop insurance in your county, you would be eligible to obtain NAP coverage on that crop. There's a payment limitation similar to our other FSA programs that apply to the NAP program of $125,000. As you are looking at possibly taking it NAP coverage on your crops that are not covered by federal crop insurance, there are a couple different options. The first option is basic coverage. So that coverage is available at 50% of your producers established yield for the crop at 55% of the established price. And we do have to have a service fee for all of our NAP applications for coverage, which is $325 per crop. If you were wanting to obtain buy up coverage, which is another option for our NAP crops, you can decide the coverage level between 50 and 65% of the approved yield for your crop and 100% of the established price. Once again, there is a service fee of $325 and a 5.2 25% premium fee. Buy up coverage is not available for crops intended for grazing. And if you are new to an app policy, buy up coverage does also have another requirement to meet growing history. So you have to have grown the crop in a prior year and reported that on an acreage report for FSA and obtained a yield of 50% of the county average yield to meet that growing history requirement. So we talk about these service fees and premiums. If you are a beginning farmer limited resource farmer or underserved farmer rancher, you can have your $325 service fee for your application waived. And then if you take buy up coverage and are eligible for the buy up coverage. You would have 50% of your premium reduced. So if you qualify for one of these underserved farmer rancher provisions, and you file your applicable forms with the county office, you can have your service fee waived, and you can have your premium reduced by 50%. There is a maximum service fee for all producers that apply for nap coverage, which is $825 per producer per administrative county, not to exceed $1950 for a producer that may have multiple farming interests in multiple counties. By be asking okay so I kind of know a little bit about the nap program, but how does it really work. It works very similar to federal crop insurance. Okay, so it's just like insurance coverage that's what we're doing. It's an insurance coverage for crops that federal crop insurance does not cover. Just as a reminder, if you're a beginning farmer or veteran farmer for the last 10 years, or you may qualify as socially disadvantaged, you may also apply for that service fee waiver and have your premium reduced 50%. So make sure that producers that may have that service fee wavered, take an interest in taking a nap policy because if you take a basic coverage policy, you don't have any additional premiums do, because it's not a buy up policy. And if you qualify to have your service fee waived, then the nap basic coverage policy is free to you, as long as you complete other policy requirements crops that may be eligible for nap insurance. Crops that are planted or grown for livestock consumption, grain and forage crops, and that can include native forage that you may have certified on your acreage report. Crops grown for food fruits and vegetables for example, crops grown for fiber such as him crops grown in a controlled environment such as mushrooms and floor culture, and then some specialty crops, such as honey and maple sap. And while honey is also covered under federal crop insurance as a pilot program. Since it is a pilot program with federal crop insurance we can cover it underneath the nap program as well. If you were to suffer disaster you couldn't accept disaster benefits, both through federal crop insurance and through your nap policies, but you could certainly take a policy on both. So some examples. In our region that may be covered by the nap policy grazing acreage mixed forage acreage that you may have grapes berries apples lettuce squash pumpkin strawberries, the fruits and vegetables list can go on and on, they're covered by nap policies. So if you do decide to take a nap policy, and you may be questioning whether or not you're going to receive benefits is it worth taking the nap policy or not. The nap program does allow for eligible causes of loss due to natural disasters to be submitted to the county office towards an application for payment and benefits. Some natural disasters that may occur on your crop could include drought freeze hail, excessive moisture, excessive wind. Natural occurrence such as a flood conditions that are related to damaging weather or adverse natural occurrences, such as excessive heat plant disease and infect us insect infestation. Okay, so there are lots of natural disasters that could assist in having an eligible cause of loss on your crop. So how do you apply for the nap program. It's important to make sure that if you apply for the nap program you understand that deadlines for the nap program are very important. It's important to make sure that as a producer, you're meeting the deadlines so that your nap insurance policy could pay out and potentially provide you benefits if you have a natural disaster and eligible cause of loss. So if you need to apply for coverage timely, you need to report your crop on the acres report timely. You would also need to file a notice of loss timely report production and an application for payment. 15th of 2022 is the upcoming 2022 nap coverage deadline for spring print planted crops perennial and other forages. So if you do have any crops that you could take a nap policy on or want to, especially those that you may have received a disaster payment for for 2018 or 19 with plus or QLA, you need to make sure you contact the county office by March 15 of 2022 for the upcoming crop here. To maintain your nap policy, you'll also be required to report your production of the crops that you have on your nap policy. You have to report that production to the county office to maintain your approval database. And that production has to be reported the later of the subsequent year acres reporting date or 60 years after the normal harvest date. The production reporting date does vary by crop based on the normal harvest date and when that crop acres report is required. So if you have any questions about what dates you need to provide your production to the county office. Just let them know and they can certainly provide that information to you specifically for each crop you have on your policy. So if you take a policy, we talked about the eligible disasters earlier, but what happens if you do suffer one of those disasters. It's important to maintain your nap coverage and to be eligible for potential program benefits to file what's called a notice of loss. That notice of loss has to be filed with the county office within 15 days of that natural disaster. And when that became apparent as a loss to you as a producer. It's one of those hand harvested crops that are more fragile. You have to provide those notifications to the county office within 72 hours of the loss becoming apparent. So once you filed your notice of loss with the county office, you may be contacted by the county office and a loss adjuster maybe also needed to complete any sort of appraisal and process to make sure that your notice of loss and your application for coverage and your nap policy can be maintained and accurate for potential program benefits. Sorry, skip to the next slide I wasn't quite ready. So once you file a notice of loss, timely with the county office within 15 days or 72 hours of its hand harvested. When it comes time to file an application for payment what do you need to do. So those applications for payment need to be filed to the county office within 60 days. It's a coverage period ending so 60 days after the final harvest stage. So that's another important date that you would need to know regarding your nap policy. When is the final harvest date for this crop for my county. So that I can make sure I file my application for payment timely so the county office can get that process to see if I'm eligible for program benefits. It's highly important if you have a nap policy to communicate any changes on that crop and any actions that you want to do with that crop with the county office as soon as you know, making sure that communication with the county office is highly important for your nap policy to maintain it. There's a couple websites that you can access regarding the nap program. You can access some information on the USDA Farm Service Agency website.  You can always go online to access information about any of our programs on www.fsa.usda.gov. And then there's also a link on this slide to all of our program fact sheets. And I also want to mention and we'll make sure it's updated in the presentation that we pose. So access information for our programs on www.farmers.gov and on the farmers.gov website. If you want to access your own farm information. For instance, a copy of some forms that you may find useful like the FSA 15060Z that lists all of the crop information and farm information ownership, base acres, elections information like that. And there is a link on that farmers.gov website that will allow you to create an account and access your own information with FSA. We'll make sure we update that on the slide as well for you when we post it. You can also go into any county office that you have across the state beware that currently there are some COVID restrictions that we're still implementing in our county offices so always call the county office before you would try to stop by. You have county office in every county except for Slope County. Right. Yep, except for Slope County. I just double check. So slope and billings right so we have a county office located in and all the cities indicated on this map, the smaller towns indicated on this map are where program county offices are, and if you're a farm loan customer. We didn't talk about that today, but if you're a farm loan customer, the farm loan officers offices are in a darker shade on the map with a bigger bullet point. You can also go to farmers.gov and click on the find your local service center link for any service center in the entire nation. Most importantly, it's important to make sure that you are keeping up to date on all of our programs, our application deadlines, information changing. FSA is continually evolving additional programs or having updated guidelines and deadlines for our producers. I just want to make sure that you as a producer sign up for our gov delivery emails and text messages as well, so that you can be up to date on any sort of upcoming deadlines that you may be applicable to you as a producer and your specific operation. We also announced new programs through gov delivery emails, and that's like the new newsletter. So that gov delivery replaces a paper newsletter, so it's really important to make sure that you sign up for those emails so you can be aware of any new programs, any upcoming deadlines for existing programs, and just make sure that you keep and be more knowledgeable about your program availability and eligibility with the Farm Service Agency. With that, I just want to open it up for questions. And Kristen, there is a couple of more questions in the chat box. The first one is there any word on an implementation date of WIP plus payments for crop losses in 2020 and 2021. That's a great question. We do not have any sort of information that we can provide regarding the implementation of any disaster programs that may have been passed in legislation regarding the 2020 and 2021 year, and we don't have any policy or regulations at this point in time. As soon as we do though, you'll want to make sure you sign up for those gov deliveries because I'm sure that Lindsay will be putting out a press release as soon as anything is announced for you. So make sure you sign up for those so that you are aware of that information as soon as it becomes available to us. Well, all right, and then another one, does the producer need to request with the FSA County Office, the exception for the linkage requirement, if coverage requirements were met in 2021, or does the FSA County Office automatically accomplish this step. Sure, that's also a great question. Make sure that you're taking coverage for two consecutive years. So you would need to take coverage for if you did it in 2021 in 2022 as well. Okay, so make sure you're doing that I just, and that's not part of the question but I want to make sure you would be eligible for the potential exception. We don't have specific guidelines right now, as to see if the producers will need to provide any additional information to meet those exceptions, or if the County Office can will have data available to us that would allow for us to indicate you do meet those exceptions So until we have that information and it'll be this coming summer in the summer of 2022 our County offices will be provided some guidance and policy regarding what would be required to meet those exceptions or not so unfortunately we don't know that information right now but it will be provided in the near future and the County Office will definitely contact you if they need you to provide anything to meet that exception as well. I don't see any more questions and I'll turn it back over to you Ron. Okay, yeah we, it looks like we answered all of them in the Q amp a and the chat. So, with with there being there's no more questions. I think we're ready to call it a day. I appreciate everyone attending. Thank you to the great staff at North Dakota FSA office and for giving us all this valuable information and as I mentioned the recording will be posted, and the PowerPoints will be posted on the NDSU extension website in the near future. So with that, I will call it a day and thank you.


I'm Emmanuel in Cameroon Just finished the 120 R staff course online without a tutor or videos About say it was a wonderful experience The course was good indeed. I feel quite different from the way I was divided to the course Not only different from the way I was but also different. I feel different from the other teachers I have around here would teach English language they most of the time will do most of the talking and at the end students develop the Writing the reading the listening skills without developing the speech skill in English language I would say if I to meet any English teacher who is Presently teaching or intense to teach I would advise that teacher to take the tough course to effect on his or her language teaching skills


This paper proposes a new method for creating Brillouin zone folding induced bound states in the continuum, BZF-BICS, which can be used to create resonant cavities with extremely high quality factors. The authors demonstrate that these bics have a much higher quality factor than traditional bics, and they are also more resistant to structural disorder. This makes them ideal for use in Terahertz devices, quantum computing, and photonic integrated circuits. This article was authored by Wenhao Wang, Yogesh Kumar Srivastava, Thomas C. Aoiitan, and others.


get it down all the way down at you Ken will watch that one on the top it's already crossed over see if you can bump it up what we're gonna do we get to the top we're right on the crown now


What is the most vicious obscenity ever perpetrated on mankind? Let's do another Betty Hill, B, B, B, C, D, F, G. Anyways, back from the residence, Miss Angela, my name is Sheet. This is Thanksgiving weekend and the leftovers don't stop here. I'm about to make some leftovers.  Do you want to tell them? Well, yeah. I'm about to make me some buns cause she can't. Yes I do. No you don't. Sorry I'm not finished sleeping or whatever. But oh my god y'all. Anyway, I mean it's cute. It's real cute outside, it's supposed to snow all day, so that's cute. Anyways, this Squid Game's The Challenge on Netflix is kind of interesting. So I'm sitting here watching it while she finishes sleeping and stuff.  So today was supposed to be, well I'm going home today still, but so I was on my way to the airport and I thought my flight was at 11 o'clock and I was like okay and I pulled up at like 10, 15 and there's like nothing in Milwaukee Airport like nothing. So I was good. Like I was like good but then I was looking at my phone just to see if they were boarding and it said checking unavailable, the barcode was gone and then it said it's in flight and I'm like wait what? So I'm like there's no way, how? And then it said departure time 10.55 and I'm like it's not even 10.55. So y'all why did I accidentally book ATL to MKE flow? So now I'm still here, but I went to the mall because I had to stop at Sephora because I was so mad because today I want to put my Christmas stuff up, I want to clean my house, I had to go run some errands, I had to go make sure I get my diptyque limited edition. Hopefully they have it this year, but last year they had this limited edition saying it smelled so good and it made my house smell so Christmassy, I wanted to go pick that up. Girl. Yeah. Yeah. So I thought I was going to be home in time to do that and now I'm going to be home at four o'clock when the sun is down and I'm going to feel like the day is over and it's only four o'clock and I hate that for me, but anyway, so I stopped at the Sephora so I was in my heart, okay, anyways, so I had to stop at Sephora because I ended up giving my mama this brightening serum that I have, right? So, y'all, this serum, this in combination with the Good All has been doing wonders for my skin. Y'all, I don't know what's in this stuff, but this is the brightening saffron serum.  I got the mini size because I just spent, um, I got the mini size because I just, you know, wanted this to be so I can have it when I go home. So I'm like, you know what? I have two birds in one stone. Let me grab this serum. So I have it when I go home and then once I run out of this, I'll go get the big one. But y'all, this serum, mmm, baby, 100% of people notice a huge difference in their skin.  I gave her a bare device and then I gave her this serum to try out. So I was like, mom, please use it. I want you to use it. And then I'm going to order her like a Good All serum. So she can have that vitamin C in the morning. Um, but yeah, I just want her to have a nice skincare routine, you know, to make sure she feels good about herself. And then also I got another hourglass foundation stick in walnut. I think I got chestnut and I think it's too like dark. So I'm going to try this out when I get home and I've just got some more translucent powder and then my favorite deodorant at the moment, Zana Karen.  Like obviously this one is going to be, I love the size of it.  I just want to get back home so I can be able to put my Christmas stuff up and you know, have the Christmas spirit. Hello. Also, I just came home. I'm about to take some electrolytes real quick. Um, I'm about to go around the errands. I need to go to Target. I have some more toothpaste tissue and then tonight I plan on putting my tree up. So today is the day. I don't know, y'all. I don't know how this is going to look, but I purchased this, um, IKEA TV council or whatever. It's really, it's really inexpensive. So I was like, okay, whatever. And I would just get like a really nice one once, you know, I move or whatever. I just really want it to be like nice, homey, like Christmas-y, like, you know, the vibes. So I'm getting that today. I'm about to go pick it up.  I might look up something to make like a holiday drink or something, but I don't want it to get too late, uh, because tomorrow I need a film and stuff. So I want to go to bed at a decent time. But anyways, we are on our way. I just had to stop and get my electrolytes and we are off. So let's go. Y'all, so why the craziest issues happen to me? So I'm trying to like find, click and collect for IKEA, right? Find it, whatever, come outside. And I see this girl like move away from the car and, um, she hopped in her car and then two seconds later, this boy's like, Hey, the boy that she was in the car away, he was like, Hey, and I was like, what's up? And then he was like, what you do? Like coming out to the door and stuff. I was like, what? And then he was like, I see you from my juice. Their car is across from mine. He's like, Oh, I see you from Florida. Is you from Florida? How do you see my place from back there? Like, what was you doing over here? So he was like, yeah, what you do? And I was like, yeah, I'm an entrepreneur or whatever. So then he was like, well, I'm trying to get to know you. I was like, I got a man. Sorry. And then he was like, I'm not trying to get to know him. I'm trying to get to know you.  Like this ain't that like it was so weird, y'all. It was so weird. I'm like, don't you got a girlfriend? He was like, that's my sis. What? It's getting crazier by the minute. I just, I don't know what the freak was just going on. Like I really don't know. Um, and why were you by this car? Like I don't understand. Anyways, so I'm waiting for my clicking collects or the they literally just bring it out to you. This is like the clicking collects thing. So hopefully this turns out cute. I don't know. We'll see, but it was on sale today too for Cyber Monday, which is a plus. And then I did add an extra one because it does come in like three cubicles, but I did add an extra one because my TV is an 80 inch. So I wanted to be extra long, but yeah, I just thought that was so weird. Like y'all watch y'all surround us. I literally need to need to get some pepper spray. What made it in, huh? I can put it in if you want me to. Thank you. It's the thing is right here, but it's not going. So y'all, I just got to target. Oh my God, look at that bug. I'm gonna get new bugs. And like I told y'all, I need to get a new skirts because I want to touch a red and I want some new ornaments like red, but majority of stuff I'm going to use from last year. But this year I might get a new blanket like red because last year I got emerald green. Um, but yeah, I'm on my way in the back to the back, to the back, to the back, bite me. Look at this mug. It's so cute. I'm getting this. So cute. Y'all, gingerbread. Wait, maybe I should get this one. Y'all, these are my like childhood. Like the red candy cane starburst are so good. So y'all, I'm looking for these ornaments, but in red. But this is the blue set. They're all gone. They only, they're all, it's literally all gone. And it was only $10. They got purple. This little tree is so cute. Okay, y'all, so I just came home. Y'all, I don't think I'm going to do the Christmas thing tonight because it's late. I'm tired. I'm hungry. We're just going to postpone this. And today was the day I was getting back from Wisconsin. So I went to Target and I got me some things. I wanted to get some ornaments for my tree. Like I told y'all I want the touch of red. And unfortunately, they weren't in stock of the ornaments that I wanted. So I did go to IKEA y'all and I did get my teeny council. So I'm going to put that up tonight. That's definitely getting put up tonight. Since I'm doing that tonight, I don't want to do that in the tree. That's just a lot of work. And I think I want to put this on there like cute. And I got me a, what's it called, a stocking stuffer mantle. I just got this peppermint bark candle from home good smelly. It literally smells just like peppermint hot chocolate for real. And then I got fresh flowers to set out. Cause y'all know, I love the touch of red going on cute. So I'm about to set that out real quick. And then I just got water from Whole Foods stuff to be bought the builder tonight with this IKEA thing. So I ended up getting some pajamas.  I need a tree skirt, this cute maroon and gold y'all. So pretty. Marshmallows for the hot chocolate, of course. Lemon, Glamonetic lashes, toupee hot chocolate and another stocking holder. I'm about to take a shower. It's been a long day and we're going to put this IKEA thing together. So let's go. I should be playing in the winter snow, but I'm going to be under the mist so tough. I don't want to miss out on the holiday, but I can't stop staring at your face. I should be playing in the winter snow, but I'm going to be under the mist so tough. And through the sky so high.


How was vacation? Wonderful. Five days of perfect quiet. How are things going? Here, very good. Wellington Township, not so good. Why? What happened? Car ran a stop sign. One person killed. How did it happen? The report said the sign might have been obscured by vegetation. Could that happen here? I guess it could happen anywhere. But since we've had the training, everyone seems to be working as a team. And obscured signs are one of the things they've been trained to watch for. That training costs us time and money. But not like it's going to cost Wellington Township. Was it just good luck that may have averted a tragedy? Or did this manager do something different? Before we answer, take a moment and ask yourself, what characteristics would you want your workforce to possess? You would want them to be professional, to be viewed by the local taxpayers as an asset, not just an expense. You would want to select and retain skilled employees you could count on to get the job done right, to do the job right, to want to do the job right, to be motivated, to be at work on a regular basis, at work and on time. Your workforce would be productive. They would possess the right skills for the job and the know-how to put those skills to use. As a crew, they would be flexible, able to adjust to changing conditions and circumstances. Oh yes, they would also be a crew that worked safely. And working safely is not just good for the workers. Employees are suing employers if they are injured while doing work for which they were not prepared. New workers are by far the most likely to get injured on the job according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. 40% of injured workers had been on the job less than a year. The main cause? Lack of training in safety. Our manager wanted those same things and got them. How? By taking advantage of something that is not always seen clearly for what it is. Training. The obscured advantage. When you mention the word training, many managers automatically think expensive. But without leaving your office, you can obtain professional training tailored to your needs. Training designed to gain those characteristics, professional, motivated, productive, safe you want in your workforce. Just put in a call to LTAP, the Local Technical Assistance Program, the only nationwide organization whose only mission is to provide road and bridge technology to local municipalities.  Customers faced with the problem of not enough money, not enough time, not enough people. LTAP can and will provide on-site training for your workforce at no cost, unless you count the coffee. LTAP will send you newsletters, videotapes, technical publications, manuals and field guides, materials designed for local level use, again, at no cost. LTAP will show you how you can host training seminars and gain the involvement of your neighboring communities at a shared cost for the use of the facility, no cost for the LTAP representative. Your personnel can get invited to attend trade shows and learn what's new in their field, cost a day's per day. If they get good enough, they'll have a chance to compete in equipment rodeos and to be recognized by their peers for the skills they have. Training, not obscured, but clear. Clearly an advantage. This audio-visual product was produced for the Federal Highway Administration for informational purposes. The FHWA makes no warranties expressed or implied as to the accuracy of any information contained herein and hereby disclaims liability for any inaccuracies contained herein. The FHWA does not represent to the user that the audio-visual product made available to the user is adequate or sufficient for the purposes of the user. And the FHWA does not accept responsibility for any liability of any kind arising from the usage of any portion of the audio-visual product.


Good morning. Welcome back to why in the morning you are watching the white 2 5 4 channel My name is drama chaché. Remember that you're watching health on Monday a day on which we focus on particular health Issues and we also bring experts on different health issues to come and join us So this is health Monday once again remember that if you want to reach out to us you can do so on our social media pages that is Actually, you first of all have to put the hashtag health on Monday and hashtag why in the morning and then post on off Social media handles that's Facebook and Twitter why 254 channel and then on Instagram. That's why 254 underscore channel I myself am a Twitter guy. You can find me enjoy underscore much actually on Twitter alone today We've got two wonderful guests and doctor and a counselor We are having a talk about diabetes and we have an expert on diabetes on set with us today Her name is dr. Cyrus Aquala Karibu Sanedaktari And our other guests she's actually a counselor She she assists dr. Soquala out in explaining at the counseling ex the counseling Perspective and the importance of counseling when it comes to diabetes is that right? Thank you Yes, and I name is Pauline Machio Karibu Nisana Yes, and actually dr. Sayra you actually work with MP shy is that right? Yes? Yes, and that's wonderful to hear How long have you been working specifically when it comes to diabetes? When did you decide to focus on? Diabetes alone becoming an expert on it Yeah, so I From 2013 onwards. I've actually been focusing more on diabetes. I was I'm physician by Qualifications I'm finishing my undergrad I did a med in internal medicine and then I decided to go on to diabetes looking at the You know the burden of diabetes and the need in the country, right? The need in the country. We'll talk more about that need just a little bit later on Maybe you can define for our viewers who are watching who don't know maybe they're not very well vests What diabetes is and how many types there are? so They beat is broadly a different broad definition is that it's a condition Which is associated with the problem with the usage of insulin of sugar in your body Problem extends beyond sugar, but we'll focus on sugar. So if there is a problem with either the Production of a hormone called insulin, which I'll explain a bit in detail Or the use of that hormone which takes the sugar into the cells of the body And when you've got sugar circulating in the blood and it's related consequences that is actually defined as diabetes That's diabetes. I see. All right. And how many types are there specifically? So depending on now the basic mechanism, there are four different you can classify diabetes in four different types Yeah, there's step one diabetes. There's type two diabetes. Then there's the pregnancy related diabetes Which is known as gestational diabetes. Yeah, and then there's the other specific types Which are related to conditions like hormonal problems You know cancer of the pancreas excessive alcohol consumption causing destruction of the pancreas and Conditions related to other specific genetic types. So they are basically four different classifications However, the common ones the type one and type two diabetes that we all hear about Yeah, and of course gestational diabetes is also pretty common. I look at pregnancy Related diabetes. Yes, I see and you've said type one and type two are the most common ones and that there are others which come from Over usage of alcohol some come from pregnancies But today we want to focus on type one and actually next week We'd like to focus on type two and see how to work around that and do stay tuned in next week as well Do send your questions for next week as well if you're interested in learning about type two diabetes Which is actually the one that's affecting our youth even than type one diabetes. Is that right? Okay, so can we talk about maybe before we go into treatment? How it affects why is it that type two affects younger people usually? Why is it that younger people tend to acquire type two rather than type one? Actually is the other way around I think so type one diabetes is the commonest type of diabetes in children and young adults is Ideally, it's actually type one diabetes So let me just go a bit in what is type one and what is type two? I'm sure viewers are wondering what the different types are okay, so you see in your body You've got this hormone called insulin So whenever you eat food which contains carbohydrates carbohydrates are the sugars which could be simple sugars or complex sugars You know the starches the potatoes rice flowers those are complex carbohydrates They're not sweet to taste, but they're still sugar So all these are converted into your stomach or into your digestive system into glucose Which is the simplest form of carbohydrate. Okay, that is taken up by your body and that is then Circulates in your blood and it gives a sensation It's like a sensor to a part of your body known as your pancreas Now the pancreas is like a master factory producing different things which help in digestion of your food Okay, one of the substances produced is insulin. Okay, insulin is like a key. You know, it's like a key which When the sugar comes in it tells the pancreas to produce this key And when the key is produced is it goes with the sugar to different parts of the body and there are some parts Which are specific to energy production So those parts then the pancreas the key opens the doors and the sugar goes in and that's how you get energy You remember we used to say we eat food to get energy. Yes, that is actually how it works Right, so whenever there's a problem in the production of these key called insulin or the action of the key Yeah, which is known as insulin resistance. So that is when you get diabetes either type one or type two specifically Yeah, right type one is when there's complete You know secession like closure of that factory. So basically there's no insulin production by the body Type two is when insulin is produced But basically it cannot work because like let's say there's a blockage in the key Let's say because of obesity excessive fat not eating the right food having a family history So type one diabetes affects about five to ten percent of all people with diabetes Whereas type two affects up to eighty to eighty five percent of people living with diabetes. Okay The point diabetes is basically so, however, even though it affects five to ten percent It is the commonest type in children and in young adults Okay, however, we are seeing more and more of type two setting in in younger people because of the fact that we have changed our lifestyles Yes, so yeah, so that's the basic core difference between type one and type two now The reason why after after now that you've defined type one and two now Let's go into the reason why it's affecting young people nowadays even more than it used to because I think this problem has actually It's exacerbated when it when it's come to the past 10 20 years It's not something that used to be there. Let's say in our parents days or something Can we maybe touch on that? Yeah, so You see type one diabetes if you you just need to understand the causes of both of them Okay, type one diabetes the exact cause unfortunately is not known However, what is thought is that there is what is known basically is that type one diabetes occurs because of destruction of your pancreatic cells which are producing the insulin Mainly because your own body's immune system for any reason it starts attacking those beta cells those cells that produce insulin Okay, and why that happens why the the immune system goes have a is not completely understood It could be because of genetic predisposition some genetic composition that you have which makes you more prone to get it On top of which probably you had a viral infection or bacterial infection in the past Which now puts you at a higher which you wouldn't even know that you had it probably or it was some some other infection Which your body detected as foreign, but now it's detecting your own body parts as foreign and that is one as auto immunity So that causes destruction of that part of the pancreas which produces insulin Okay, other causes like basically attributions have been made to you know the specific Geographic regions for example as you move far further away from the equator The risk of getting type one diabetes is more why that is exactly not very clear and it's not clear Exactly that is the the the the presentation. Yeah, okay, I have multiple theories. I'm not going to go into the details of that right then There's a specific age Basically although it can occur at any age from you know birth all the way even up to the age of 30 years Anyone later with the name changes to something known as Lada, but basically it can still occur even later But most common age is up to the age of 34 type 1 diabetes Okay, and yeah, basically then the treatment for type 1 diabetes I think we're going to focus on a bit later So now if you look at that to diabetes why it is becoming more and more common in younger people Like I said type 2 diabetes the Ideological the cause causative factors if you look at it, there's more known about the Potential risk factors for type 2 diabetes So having a family history put you at a very very high risk of developing type 2 diabetes I haven't happened in the fact that maybe someone in your family someone in your family So the question you asked which was very good is why the rise in type 2 or type 1 diabetes over the last few years So we have changed our lifestyles grossly Okay over the last few years What mine and your grandmother used to do is not what we are doing at all So you see they there were no cars So used to walk around they used to be physically active. Yeah, they used to eat from their farms Yeah, they used to eat fresh food organic 100% you know they used to grow their own food eat their own food And there was a lot more physical activity Then what we have there was a lot less variety of foods to eat Wow So the traditional african food is actually what the african body is adapted to your genetics are made for that kind of food You know the original Ugarli Sukumar the typical Original food, you know the the typical traditional food, right? And we have bombarded it with a lot of things which the body is not able to take the fries Burgers that you know African body unfortunately is not adapted to take that so even at a much less Weight you see people developing diabetes faster in our community in our in our people, you know in our country So that's the main reason I think which is the shift from a healthier lifestyle to more of a westernized or rather an unhealthy Form of lifestyle you see that when we changed our habits, right? So that's where things kind of went wrong And then we saw the other we saw the other side of diet when it came to how it affects us to the point that Diabetes is now being acquired by younger people and if we could now talk since we've talked about food Maybe we can talk about the diet How can we improve our food? Is it to go back to what we originally started off with and just What we came what our grandmother's used to eat should we just go back to that kind of food? And that's the best one for us is that's the kind of vibe I'm getting from what you're saying Because a lot of young people nowadays you are very right for the pizza or oh, yeah People are getting things delivered at their houses and things that become so easy true Not only that the billboards have come up everywhere with these wonderful mouth-watering pictures of french fries and burgers and I have a time I look at them I want to eat that food and so these are the things that we keep I feel Coming into minds of our youth and then they get even more interested in that and now it's affecting them in such a bad way Maybe we can talk about ways we can change these effects now that we've discussed what diabetes is who it's affecting How it's affecting them now. How can we change things? How can we turn this around a little bit? So the basic core change I think starts from attitude Yeah, we need to like I told you we know the risk factors and it's totally diabetes even high blood pressure Cardiovascular disease you hear a person of 37 years old having a heart attack. Did you used to have that in the past? No Yeah, so it's a whole basically it needs a whole overall attitude change in ourselves in our systems You know, it's fashionable now to eat out to go to KFC to go to you know different fast food places I'm not specifically talking about KFC But basically different fast food places and grab what is available the kind of lifestyles We have developed the kind of jobs. We are now at it does not give us even enough time to prepare Most of the times the right kind of foods to eat So in as much as the change has to come at multi level But at least from the point of an individual who is probably whoever is watching right now. Yes What you need to understand is that I'm not saying we go back to what our grandmothers used to it Because even when they used to eat what they used to eat they used to work it out Okay. So the whole point is the the basic take-home message is that carbohydrates is what is mainly the culprit in most of these situations Okay, so if you could just cut down on your carbohydrate portions Okay, if you're eating the carbohydrate you try to eat it You know the the right kind of carbohydrate in the right portion So let's say just as an example if you want to eat this okay, you ask me what is healthy eating that? Yeah, so they are different different types of diets which have been recommended generally It's the Mediterranean diet and the dish diet especially if you've got hypertension I don't want to go into the details of those many but in in in short if you're looking at our Population you have to look at what is available What is affordable and what people can like you see what is your choice what you like to eat And you have to cater like a tailor it according to that So if you have your plate your portion, right? So at least half of your portion should constitute vegetables whether it is cooked or uncooked That means the salads the cooked you know Sukumas the bogas whichever you are doing the uncooked and the cooked okay Quarter of that portion should be protein Okay, if you're in a growing stage then you need more of the protein Okay, proteins means things like the meat proteins. I mean the animal proteins and the plant-based, right? Yes, I'm not advocating that we don't do animal proteins They're equally important for certain of your body function is right, of course However, if you can do more of plant-based proteins like the legumes, you know the grains you go more towards plant-based Then a quarter of your plate would constitute your carbohydrate So the smallest portion should actually be the carbohydrate, but look at our African meal What we have now moved to the biggest portion is the carbohydrate That's the rice the potato is the largest portion And there's a small bogas somewhere on the side and there's a small protein somewhere which may not even be there Yeah, so balancing your portions and going more towards eating more of You know vegetables and fruits again fruits are also important But remember if you have diabetes then you don't have to eat too many fruits at a go specifically to space them So realistically speaking the diet that we even tell patients with diabetes to follow is actually what everybody should ideally be eating You know, it's a healthy meal. It's just a healthy diet. It's something that consists of every single part of the Healthy part of diet that we should be consuming. Exactly. So you've talked about attitude you've talked about dieting and You have brought a counselor along with you and later on I would like for her to explain the importance of the counseling aspect When it comes to helping people with diabetes, but if we could finish on if we could finish off on with the treatments you've spoken of The attitude of people and also the the diet at least the most important things. There's another big portion to it That's the physical activity, right exercise. Yeah, so that is extremely important along with what you're eating Right. All right, because physical activity like exercise you ideally you should be exercising at least 30 minutes in a day at least Ideally everybody what every one of us, you know at least 150 minutes in a week of moderate intensity Physical activity which could be and the best thing is to vary it and I say if you are young if you're especially youth Even older patient even my patients who come to me with type 2 diabetes Sports is one of the best ways to be indulging in physical activity. You know why because you love doing it You see work if I tell a patient just walk 30 minutes in a day. That's really boring at times You know you can't walk 30 minutes in a day every day. Yeah, personally when it's difficult for me You have to have variation so even with physical activity. We should be more sporty I don't know why the whole concept of sports has just come out of our Systems, you know, and especially you see a person reaching the age of 35 36 They say now they're too old for sports. We need to establish again this whole culture of sports within our youth Yes, you know, they should be yes, you know availability of Opportunities to be able to go and play out there and that is literally the best form of physical activity We can indulge in that's true because the shortest distances even our young people have to either use a bike Or are you going to take a bus or an uber or if a young person is driving the shortest distances? Nobody's interested in even walking. But yeah, I would encourage even just to the kiosk or something Walk to the supermarket walk. And if you're not carrying too many groceries, that's good exercise, too Like you said change it up a little bit. Yeah, you see we say even like most of our people are working Right. We are majority for patients even in the working the working group people Yes, and so they tell you what time do I have to exercise just simple things like if you are going to work Park your car at the furthest and even if you have to take a car You know we live very far from work most of the times in Nairobi Park your car at the furthest and that you can and walk that distance climb the stairs Don't use lift right simple things which you can do, you know in your routine don't use lifts That's something we are doing too much even to the third floor. Exactly God's sake to the third floor Miss Pauline Curry was Anna we've not heard anything from you I'd like to please touch on the counseling aspect when it comes to diabetes and what it what is the importance of it and How can people connect these two aspects? So, thank you. Yes when it comes to Counseling in terms of diabetes management. Yes, it's one of the Core factors that we need to take care of Because we understand when you are diagnosed with diabetes at first It's quite distressing So most of the clients will come with what we call diabetic related distress. Yes, so If we don't work with them from the word go because we understand we have to talk to them and For them to understand it's something that is lifelong, but manageable. Yes, because once you are diagnosed with diabetes then you have to Live with it. It never goes. It's never goes So they have to understand from the word go. Yes, but it can be managed in terms of medication Be cured, but it can be managed. Yes So in terms of medication because you understand like for type 1 insulin is insulin insufficient in your body So you have to understand from the word go that you have to get those jobs of insulin You get clients are afraid of the pricks, but you just walk with them that the medication is important Then you have to tell them about Lifestyle modification the way dr. Sokwala said about diet because you understand the youth junk Have a lot they take a lot of snacking. There's a lot of junk food So you just have to help them understand that they have to have a little bit of attitude change In terms of diet management for the sake of the management of diabetes This is the group that also have good Behavior risky group of behavior, you know in adolescent we have what we call identity crisis So their peers Is their world? So most of the time they'll be asking themselves why me? Why the diabetes? Why not Michael my Classmate so they might be distressed So if you don't walk with them just for them to understand that it's manageable is not going to make them Not attain their future and personal goals in life Then they are able to understand Because if you don't talk with them again, they'll start engaging in risky behaviors alcohol use Drug use because they are distressed so to capture all this and prevent all these things from happening and and even leading to depression, which is also one of the most common causes of Diabetes is one of the most common causes of Depression is it? Yes 30% 30 to 40% of people with diabetes have depression 30 to 40% of people who have diabetes have some form of depression Because they look at it like a Like a lifelong condition, right? So most of the time if there's no good support system, especially from the family level and that's why we say it's diabetes and the family You're not only dealing with the individual but the individual and the family because of all the social support system that We give in terms of emotional support Medication and finances diabetes is quite expensive and also information The right information when to do what to do and what time and we want to whom to consult is quite important I see because you know like this a non-communicable diseases. Everybody's a doctor nowadays They have all people coming Everybody we call them the people who treat us with the what we call them I Detox the form some form of detoxification So sometimes you might get the wrong information So it's just to inform them that The hospitals and the doctors who are qualified in that area who can work with you in terms of your diabetes management So it's not from the word go. Mm-hmm. There's drug at the aren't remember. You have to take insulin forever So that is the way we work with them.  And so what interests me is Kenya as a whole You know, I look and I see right what you said our food is changing We eat more like what we eat more like Westerners than most African countries do actually a lot of African countries Don't have as much fast food as we do I think it's probably us and South Africa that have too much fast for an Egypt or something But there are African countries who have stuck and they're very little fast food and they continue to eat Their homemade meals and everything. What can we do as a country?  Oh, you can never eat crisps ever again. What can we do as um an Older generation to protect our younger people when it comes to diabetes Is it is it through more advocacy is it through more awareness or what I think you see We've tried to take it from up down. Okay, that means like a lot of programs a lot of education is geared towards parents You know towards adults The way to deal with it according to me is to go down up Starting education on health right from school You know from the time the child gets into school You start that's where I think our advocacy programs should focus more on yeah So that you are starting healthy eating behaviors right from that route, you know, you see if you start shutting down places I mean, that's really not the right way to probably approach it but it is if you're looking at what is available and what is choice by choice what you go and Pick you see so if you if you are to tackle such a problem and it has to come from both ways I think from the government aspect. There's a lot that is happening at the moment There's the whole ncd alliance. We've come up with several guidelines on nutrition Physical activity even healthy food availability in schools. There's quite a lot that is going on their guidelines coming up on diabetes It's self on high blood pressure, you know for made very easy for people the public and also for the healthcare providers So that at their level is happening in that aspect. I think the aspect of looking at the whole food industry and Optimizing what is made available to the people out there also needs to look into so for example if there is a fast food restaurant Why can't they also have options for healthier eating? You see so it could still be fast food, but it could be a healthier fast food option You get it. I see preparing a salad is I think equally not going to take equal Not so much time as preparing chips for example, right? So if you are preparing the fast or a sandwich a healthy sandwich You know always like the whole point is the fast foods if they're just added on to this aspect of you know having Basically policies that you should have a healthier option as well Something like that just something simple then from schools Can teens you know advocating what the can teens are providing health education in schools and Basically providing more time for play Providing more time for physical activity. You get it. I can nowadays even schools You see what happens in schools a child goes from morning. In fact, they are schools which open at seven I was surprised for a four five-year-old So you start the child goes to school at seven seven thirty and all the way till three. They are there You know and then they come home with home activity, you know and hardly any physical activity you go to the school There's hardly one you know their playgrounds, but they're empty yeah many a time So I think if it starts from that grass root level it really will make a difference I am telling if you walk if you if you are even on our roads. Do you have a bicycle lane? No, there's no bicycle. We're whatever. I mean if I was a cyclist I would be I would fear the road like anything because there's no place where you can cycle you Cycling to work a simple, you know option which happens in many Europe. Yeah, and many you always have a set in mind Yeah, people are in suits and they're cycling to work and that's healthy.  How many people can afford going even to a gym? Or even to a club, you know a sports club It's really very limited people who have access to those if you make more of these available and advocate for the same Think we'll hit it at a larger level. I see. Thank you so much for that Then also at home. Okay, okay, you understand even in homes nowadays Then people the children are now having indoor games instead of out there either on their phones For PlayStation, you know like our days when you'd go out and play a game called cutting and what not Then you'd come back to the houses You really burned a lot of calories and then it would be helpful nowadays even at home We can even start at home. We're just so that yeah, you just don't fall on you're not on PlayStation Which is not a helping for the kids so we can advert Make parents help the children understand that physical activity like bicycle riding, you know Because of the way dynamics of life bicycle riding nowadays It looks more classy, but it's still physical if you can buy a bike or if those ones who cannot afford can Just go out and play the normal usual games. Then it will help out Yes, I do appreciate you inside Unfortunately, I am being told that we do need to wind up and we do need to pay for it for the next show Which is going to be youth and politics with here the world baby, but before we do that, please remember that sorry by the way Internet is not really working today, and I've not been able to get you the questions that Our viewers were supposed to do that But next week we are covering diabetes type 2 and we do expect for things to run the same And I hope that we can still have you on set. Maybe we can focus more about the counseling aspect and also Learn a bit more about diabetes part 2. Thank you so much for coming Dr. Sokwala and also fully macho. Thank you so much. I do appreciate your time My name is Joy Machache coming up next is Hilda Wadidi and do remember that if you have anything ready for next week That you want to ask Dr. Sokwala do do so on our Facebook and our Twitter And you have to do hashtag health on Monday and ask anything you want to ask about diabetes and Dr. Sokwala will be here or our counselor fully macho will be here to answer the questions next Monday. Thank you so much Thank you. Thank you You


Who has made it to the list is Prasoon Joshi, McCann World Group, India. Prasoon wears many caps in addition to leading McCann World Group, which is a constant presence at Khan. An author, lyricist, national award-winning writer, Prasoon is also the brain behind unforgettable ad campaigns of brands such as Wreck-It Ben-Kisser, Coca-Cola, Mastercard, J&J, Puffetti, Nestle, GM, as well as social campaigns for polio eradication, malnutrition and women's empowerment. Joshi often leverages the digital medium smartly to tell the stories of these campaigns. Prasoon Bhai for joining us and many congratulations for being on the list and gracing this occasion by being here with us. I know you're in Delhi, it must be cold, you were at the parliament yesterday, I'll not take too much time, I know you also have a global call going on. But first of all, congratulations. I hope you're doing well. Thank you. Thank you. It's always a pleasure to be part of Exchange for Media celebrations, acknowledgements, awards. It's been a long journey and in my journey, Exchange for Media has always been there. One has grown with, I've seen you grow, you've seen me grow. So that's how long back we go. But thank you once again and congratulations for having this event, even these difficult times. Yes, so my best wishes for and then congratulations to all the winners.