With you in this format again, we did our first exercise like that last year, and as it was discussed in the previous session with Haldoun Al-Bubarak, the world has changed since the previous edition of the World Policy Conference. So I think the conversation we are going to have is a natural continuation of the previous one with Haldoun Al-Bubarak, who focused essentially on the economic and business dimensions. And perhaps the starting point could be the following. I read with great interest, as I told you, a speech you recently gave at the Emirates Policy Centre here in Abu Dhabi, and you described, you analyzed the foreign policy of your country by formulated eight core principles. So I will not ask you to, I could read the eight core principles, but to start with I would like to focus on the very first one. The first one is, I read it, the first is that the primary goal of our foreign policy must be to promote the prosperity and security of the United Arab Emirates through an approach that blends our national values and our national interest. I like this very much because in fact any serious country could start with a sentence like this. So may I ask you to say a little bit more about your national values and your national interest?  As you said, a lot of things have changed and as I was driving, coming to the conference, I was just thinking that, you know, we've had this Ukraine war, the Ukraine earthquake really and international politics, which was not even on the horizon when we were talking to each other a bit more than a year ago. I think again, you know, without going to the principles I outlined, I really want to say that we are really consolidating what we have been starting as, you know, a direction following the Yemen war. And that consolidation really is along these two principles that you spoke about. On the one hand, to not only speak about security and stability, but also to ensure that prosperity is actually an equal pillar. So I think this is something that we have been trying to do. And I think in the previous conversation that we had with Khaldun Mubarak, you can see that very clearly. We're very, very focused on making sure that prosperity becomes a pillar that is equal to what has been traditionally a Middle Eastern country's search for stability and security. This brings about really the issue that you just asked me. So what are these principles? And in that perspective, I am really speaking purely about how we act in the international system. And I think from that perspective, our position on Ukraine is a very, very clear example. I think it's very reductionist and very simplistic to come to a country like the UAE and say the UAE is neutral on Ukraine. The UAE is not neutral on Ukraine. The UAE is affected by the crisis on Ukraine. And the UAE is trying to find the right balance between our principles and the necessity for a political solution and an end to the war in Ukraine. So if you take our principles, again, where we are, our size, our region, number one tells you that the use of force in international conflict is something that really worries us a lot. So clearly, any use of force is something that we clearly see is not part and parcel of our long-term interest, and that's a major principle here. I think the other issue here is the idea, basically, also what I would say is the attack on the sovereignty of a state is a real problem for us. I mean, a lot of countries have changed borders due to historical circumstances. I don't think there is a country, or if there is, there's one or two or three that have had fixed borders over the last 100 years or so. So clearly, this is another principle that we can see that has an implication on the region we are, on the country we are, and so on and so forth. But I think also to balance this, we don't think that the crisis in Ukraine is a crisis that can be resolved through a military conflict. I think we've seen the lessons, for example, of World War I, the Versailles Treaty, where a country is defeated but rises again to try and change the international order. And I think, from this perspective, the idea, basically, of trying to find a solution is necessary. Now, in any conflict, there's always a peace party and there's a war party, whether it is on the Russian side or whether it is on the Western and Ukrainian side. People that think that just give us four more months and we can change things. Just give us another few weeks and we can change things. You know, we've gone through that same cycle in Yemen, to be honest, where, you know, on the ground, we always thought that three more weeks will change things and will allow us to negotiate from a better perspective. Now what if that doesn't happen? So clearly, I think what we are trying to do and I think our vote in the UN Security Council and in the General Assembly and in the Human Rights Council shows very, very clearly that this country is not neutral on Ukraine. This country is trying to actually balance what it sees as its principles and at the same time, a way out of the crisis. I use Ukraine, of course, as an example because I think it is very pertinent currently. Can we thank you very much? I must say that I personally, in my own view of the world, I subscribe 100% with what you are saying. But if we can spend a few more minutes on this issue because it concerns all of us, it is difficult to be balanced. For instance, in the discussion a few minutes ago with Minister Kuleba from Ukraine, he stated clearly that he is asking about his vision of victory. Victory means kicking out the Russians from the entire territory of Ukraine in the borders, in the 1991 borders. And in his view, there is no way to start any kind of negotiation before this goal is achieved. And the last question I asked him, I told him, if I were President Macron instead of me, what would you tell me? And he said, Mr. President, thank you for this and that. But please, do not give any, I translated it with my words, do not provide any exit to saving face exit to Putin. So this approach is totally incompatible with what we are saying. Well, again, I mean, I understand for Minister Kuleba's views because he is the one where his country is being devastated and territory belonging to Ukraine also occupied. But I think also from where we are, perhaps we have more of a neutral view, so to speak, about conflict and crisis in general. And I think what, and then I have to also say that the ability of the UAE to affect these effects is not very big because we are a medium-sized country in the Middle East, on the Gulf. So our ability really to affect all this is perhaps positive on the margins, but not really central in the main conflict. But I would come and say, I would argue that the world today is much more dangerous, much more complicated. And the way that we are looking at the future is less and less assured about stability, et cetera. And I think, again, we have to centralize the idea of diplomacy and the idea of political solutions. I mean, again, I don't want to argue point-by-point on this, but I think conflicts are more likely to end in a political, through a political process than through a military process. I mean, that's just the fact. So now, compared to last year, you know, Haldun al-Mubarak answered the question of the comparison, concentrating on the globalization aspect, business, technology and all that. Looking now on the classical security dimensions, from the viewpoint of your country, what would you describe as the greatest danger, the greatest threat, a kind of worst case hypothesis? Well, again, I think on a macro level, it's about really commitments as we go further. We are a country at the end of the day that has always had a Western and specifically an American overall cover for how they see the security, not only of the UAE, but the region. Is that going to be assured for the next 30 years? Is that implicit assurance of U.S. security for the region starting from the Carter doctrine going to continue and be more explicit for the next 30 years? I think on the macro level, that's one of the big challenges. I think on the more, if we drill down, of course, the nature of the threat is changing. I think the region here today is more concerned about specific threats. We're not going to see a threat, epic threat, such as the invasion of Kuwait, for example. I don't see that as the scenarios that are transpiring. But I see, for example, more concern about four or five threats that are more specific. Terrorism remains a real threat. We keep our eyes open on Afghanistan and other places. And even on Yemen, because that remains a major threat. In my opinion, cyber is becoming more and more also of a threat, because as you see, as our society has become more modernized, our dependence really on all these systems makes us also more vulnerable. As it makes our lives easier. I think the third issue, of course, is drones and missiles. I mean, Saudi Arabia has been targeted by more than 1,000 missiles and drones. These are mostly Iranian origin used by the Houthis. But again, suddenly, this issue has not really catapulted into being a major, major issue until these weapons, such as drones, have gone into the Ukraine theater. And suddenly, the world has rediscovered this issue. Well, we have seen this as a major, major threat in the other period. And I think then we continue with security of the sea lanes, whether it's for energy or whether it is for trade, commerce and trade. So as we move forward, I think the commitments of our traditional strategic allies, is it still there? Is it going to be termed? Including the U.S. And as we discussed recently here, especially the U.S. Is it there? Is it going to be explicit? Because I think it is important. If it is there and it is explicit, then this is a major cornerstone for the next 30 years. But if it is not there and it's not explicit, it means a lot of countries in the region will have to adapt. Now, my last point also on this is all this also shows that as we're going into this more dangerous zone and more unpredictable zone, I think there is a lot more for diplomacy and regional diplomacy in particular. The understanding that I might not like what the Iranian regime is doing on certain things in the region, but I have to talk to it. I have to try and make sure that the conduit of communication is open. I have to ensure that although there are things that I don't like, but I want the principle of non-interference and internal affairs to be enshrined because this is something that will also benefit me. So there's a lot, in my opinion, as we move forward that we need to do regionally. Now, I always say this is not naivety. It's not naiv, but it is just the reality and we have to get better at it. So one of the developments of last year is the failure of saving the GCPOA, the nuclear agreement with Iran. Originally, unfortunately, Mr. Trump, President Trump, is to a large extent responsible for that, but this is the reality today. How do you assess the consequences of Iran probably becoming a nuclear power in the relative linear future? Well, again, I think you need to look at also our position on the GCPOA, and ours is not only the UAE, but I think collectively Saudi Arabia and other Gulf states. I think we were very much opposed to a GCPOA that did not take into account the Iranian regional activity and Iranian missile program at the time. I don't think the word drone was in the conversation. I think we moved from that position with the sort of revival with Obama signing of the GCPOA and all the drama following that during the Trump and Biden administration to what I would call a resigned position. A resigned position meaning that this is something that has already been decided. We can't really do much in terms of changing the agreement, the revived agreement. I think today we have a different situation. I think today we have a situation where we see that the GCPOA is most probably is unlikely. There is still a small window of opportunity, but I think Iranian demands on the one hand and at the same time developments later on internally and at the same time a hardening really of Western public opinion about how they see the GCPOA, even within Europe in my opinion, makes that much more difficult. Now, as it becomes more difficult, are we worried about a breakout? Yes, we are worried about a breakout. But I think we are also more worried about this sort of massive production of cheap missiles and cheap drones within the whole region. I think the region ultimately needs some sort of, you know, some sort of, again, diplomacy is really the solution of trying to make sure that countries, not only countries, but also non-government organizations and militias and so on and so forth, being actually owners of cheap missiles and cheap drones. So I don't know where we're going right now. I know that most probably the GCPOA as it stands is most probably not going to be done. So we have to wait and see. But I think this is an opportunity for all of us really to come and revisit the whole concept. And I always say that using the five plus one format is a positive thing, because then you ensure that whatever concept you have has the sort of international force and legitimacy to back it. So in my opinion currently, we have to wait and see where this is going on. But I think we really do need to revisit the whole idea of regional intervention, the whole idea. What are the rules of engagements as we move forward? Not only about Iran, but I think about the whole region because we have to incentivize Iran also at the same time. We have to come to Iran. And we know that a lot of the turmoil today in Iran is about also economic concerns. So from that perspective, I think Iran has to be included at some stage in this sort of pillar that I call of stability and prosperity. We have to incentivize it. We can't just criticize its nefarious activity, but we have to try and bring it in somewhere. I don't see this happening immediately. But I think as we discuss and as we talk and I think as the region understands that more and more it has to be more responsible for its stability. I think this is something that is unavoidable. Last year, you expressed very elegantly, as always, the wish that the European Union were more united in terms of foreign policy. Would you say that things have improved or deteriorated since last year? I think the language that we are hearing today about engaging with the Gulf is quite positive. But I think we have to wait for the actions. I think that language is also partly driven by self-interest. Again, trying to find new gas providers, new oil providers, that whole, you know, us politic of trying to, you know, to engage with Russia I think is broken down in Europe. And as a result, this is something that will take a long time for it to mend. It is fine for European countries to prioritize or many of them to prioritize their interests in the region, to look at the region. So we are hearing some good signs, but I think it has to be strategic. It cannot be transactional, in my opinion. This is why I mention your elegance, because you wouldn't say what I say, which is that the Europeans have no strategy. Well, you said it, right? It's my responsibility. I heard it. You said it. But I think what we are hearing, and I think especially from the Germans and others about re-engaging with the Gulf, I am encouraged, but again, I would warn that it should not be transactional. I think there is huge interest between us in Europe. I think there has always been this discrepancy between some of the national policies and the French is a good example of linking with the area, and I think with some other policies that are just loading it with moralistic baggage and loading it with other interests, and politics, I think, in my opinion, has to be more along the Hans Morgenthau School of Realism if you really want any results. I am happy to say, as you know, that once again I am 100% in agreement with you. I think that politics implies being realistic in the short term and with some idealist vision in the longer term. This is not what we are doing. But also, I think we should underline the importance for Europe of the Arab world, of the Gulf countries, and to a large extent the African countries. And I think we have to repeat time again that this should be a major concern for the European Union. So I think you would not disagree with that. No, definitely. I think definitely. But as I said, you know, we need to see the actions. We need to see the sort of realignment. We need to see more contacts. But I think at the same time it has to be long term, it has to be strategic. We will always have, you see, I always say we will always have good relations with Europe. The difference is really about a relationship that is just good or a relationship that's strategic. I think that's really the big difference there. You know? Haldun al-Bagh spoke of patience and rapidity in executions. What is missing is rapidity in execution in a way. Can we spend the last few minutes on coming back to the UAE? You mentioned diplomacy many times. There is a highly, very distinguished institute of diplomacy here in the UAE. And the Emir gave your own name to this institute, which is called the Anwar Gargash Institute of Diplomacy because of the services that you have rendered to your country for many, many years. So one of the mysteries of the UAE is that it is indeed a nation, I think it's very difficult not to think of the UAE as a nation, but with a very small minority of the population being natives. And it seems to work and it works in a remarkable way. But talking about diplomacy, you need an army of diplomats, if I may say so, because to achieve your goals, that is being active diplomatically almost everywhere because you need a very strong diplomatic force. So can you tell us a few words about how you are year after year achieving this goal? Well, I think the first part of my remarks is about the UAE. I think the UAE, I think it is classic in a lot of the Gulf writings on the sort of what we call population imbalance is to see the foreign presence in many Gulf countries as a threat. I think we turned that around in a few years ago and we started thinking of it as a positive element for the UAE. If you read a lot of the Gulf writing of the different nationalities that are not only part of the UAE but part of every single Gulf countries, I think in the last few years we came to a conclusion and said for all our lives the composition of these countries of the UAE will actually include this sort of huge diversity. So why should we look at them as temporary, transient, but we need to look at them really as positive and something that will enrich our society, so to speak, a talent of pull. So this has to pull talent. This has, I think, changed the way we look at things. I think the second element also, I was looking at numbers about naturalization of people who have lived in the UAE and our rate is better than Finland, for example. Over the last 40, 50 years, a lot of people today that you see as Emirates are people who have become Emirates through nationalization. This is not something that we advertise a lot but our rate is as good as Scandinavian countries really when you look at it. Now this comes back to how do you take your limited human resources and try and put them in a larger and ambitious diplomatic outreach. In my opinion, you can't do everything. So we have, in my opinion, two, three things we need to do. Number one is we need to manage our environment. Our environment is basically the Gulf, the Middle East, the Arab world. And our environment is really turbulent, problematic, and for us, don't really expect a lot to gain back from our environment in terms of economic benefit, et cetera, but it has to be managed. So I think if you look at the first goal is to be engaged in the region in more of a management mode, but we also have good successes here. There are plans to invest in Turkey. There are already plans of cooperating with Israel and Jordan and Egypt, et cetera. These are quite positive things. I think then number two is to manage your traditional partners, the EU, national countries that are part of the EU, the United States, the rising countries in Asia, China, India. So again, trying to also understand more and manage more is another area where we need to look at. I think we've always also had a group, a layer of countries where we think are major and we need to put some effort in. And here, I mean countries like Brazil and Indonesia, where we traditionally, like Brazil, do a lot of business but are not necessarily totally engaged or understand Brazil very well, et cetera, but we need to understand it more because there are bigger partners for us trading, et cetera. And I think recently, for example, what we are doing with Indonesia is extremely important. Our trade with Indonesia is very small. It's about $2.6 billion compared, for example, with our trade with India, which is hitting the $70 billion ceiling, for example. So our idea is we need to invest more time and effort in a country like Indonesia and try to quadruple that investment and trade portfolio. So clearly, if you look at the world as 190 countries plus, we are spread very thin. But if we look at the world from the sort of circles, so to speak, of where we need to put more effort, I think this is a little bit more manageable. So last question. Tomorrow evening, I think that we will close with that. We have the visit of the Saudi Minister of Foreign Affairs, Prince Faisal Al Farhan. So what would you recommend me to ask him? I don't think you need any recommendations. But I think the first thing is it's a word about what's going on in Saudi Arabia. I think what is going on in Saudi Arabia is phenomenal in terms of societal, economic change. And I think that this is something that is positive for the whole region. I think this is a process, and a process will of course bring its own challenges. But I think strategically it's extremely positive. I think on the other hand, I see our relationship with Saudi Arabia as complementary, where I think a larger regional pie in terms of economy, in terms of investment, is something that everybody will benefit from. So clearly as you see more locations for tourism, as you see more industry, as you see more enterprise, it means that this whole pie in the Gulf is becoming larger. I think it is significant, for example, that the UAE, which is a country under 10 million population, is going to hit for the first time ever half a trillion dollars of GDP this year. And this is quite significant for a country this size. And I think how do you do that? Part of it is actually dealing with a more vibrant environment, and part of it is dealing also with a more dynamic environment. And I think definitely what's happening in Saudi Arabia is more vibrant and dynamic. So these will be my comments, and then you can use them the way you want. Thank you very much. I will remain discreet, and I will not tell him that I asked you, that has your advice. But thank you very much for your answer. Now, unfortunately, these conversations are always too short. So time is up. But I do not want to close this session without telling you again heartfelt thank you, because the WPC would never have met here in Abu Dhabi without you. Without our collaboration. Without our relations. So thank you. Thank you very much again. And I suggest that we applaud Dr. Gargash. Thank you. Thank you.


Graham, Chico, sure. You say that the work is built on mathematics. What does that continue to look like? Are we still looking to make math modules 100% Graham? 100%. What is becoming increasingly difficult for me is I can only affect 100 kids in my classroom, so I need to increase my reach. Does the work include spreading your reach? Graham, where you are right now is where I was back in the mid-2000s, early 2000s, mid-2000s.  I had a lot of students at that time and it was affecting a lot of people. I wasn't teaching in a centralized institution, so you're affecting more kids per year than I was, but I was very focused on that. Making sure 99% of my students were better off seeing me after we had worked together than before. That was my privilege because I wasn't bombarded with having a large classroom or stuff like that.  Man, that's juice, right? But I was at a state where I knew I wasn't affecting as many people as I could, hence I started writing online and then starting creating videos. And some of that was due to some of my students saying, Chico, you need to be online, you need to be producing content online, you need to be educating more people, you need to be helping out more people. So my students were really giving me a push to go online as well. So for sure, Graham, you need to start creating the content and don't worry too much about focusing on what you believe needs to be made at this time, your vision of where you want to go. Have that as a long, extended, have that in your calculus, have that as a long-term goal. But how you get there should be more fluid. My extended goal is to create modules, enough modules to teach all of high school mathematics, right? I've created a lot of content on there. And as far as my vision was going, I was assuming by now I would have had all those modules out, right? But I don't, right? But I have enough videos to create maybe 50% of the modules I need. I need to do the writing and stuff like this. But by creating content and people sending in requests for me to do this, to do this, to do this, to do this, right? I've increased my repertoire. And by doing that, if you want to think about it, my web has become larger and I'm affecting more people than possibly I would have if I stayed narrowly focused on my initial vision of the math modules I want to create. I can't guarantee you that is the case, but I am extremely happy as to where I am and my vision still hasn't changed. The modules will be coming. So my long-term calculus, my long-term plan is still in motion. It's just not going at the speed that I first envisioned it. And we talked about this during the education stream where our time, we need to free ourselves from the restrictions of the indoctrination of having to do things at a certain time period. Create, share, let it grow organically. Take the advice of people that are consuming your content, right? And focus on creating content that suits them because they're already interested in your content. And if they request something and if they want to start a dialogue on something, then for sure as an educator, you know, when a student, when you got an engagement happening with a student, that is the best thing you could do. Irrelevant if they're talking about what you're teaching now, right? That's one of the reasons centralized education is such garbage, right? They force students to go into a classroom and only talk about history, only talk about mathematics, only talk about art, only talk about cooking, only talk about whatever it is, right? Well, that's not the way human mind works. We're designed to link, right, to find patterns, right? So for me, if a student of mind wants to discuss whatever it is they want to discuss, within reason of course, right? I always, my door is always open. They can always engage me at any level they want. And I try to, you know, put in a little bit of mathematics and physics and economics or whatever I can in that discussion, right? And that's the way I've treated my engagement online, okay? So that's, that would be my advice. That's the way I do things. And by the way, I'm not saying this is the best way to do it. I've had a lot of people comment on my videos saying, I can't believe how few subscribers you have. And I agree with them. I can't believe it either. But that's a lot to do with the algorithm censorship, blah, now what do you call it? Black listing or whatever it is, right? But to me, that's beyond my control. The only thing that's in my control is to do what I'm doing and to create content that I'm proud of, right? So maybe if I was, you know, had dancing girls behind me and I was selling Coca-Cola, YouTube would promote me higher and I would have, you know, 500,000 followers or million followers instead of, you know, whatever it is, 33,000 followers, right? But the compliment that comes in is a lot of love, man. I can't ask for more than that, right? And be happy, right?


I don't know if you want to... I think perhaps we could leave it till afterwards, I think, yes. We have more time for this. We're actually moving more in a direction of linguistics now, with a talk by Sheila Jarra-Guinal, who's a professor at the Ateneo de Davau, and she's going to be talking to us about linguistics, about the use of English, so we're drifting more away from literature into linguistics. Over to you. Thank you. Good afternoon. My paper is on beautiful English, marginal identities, and dominant positions. Through the years I have noticed that beauty pageants were not studied, mainly for anthropology and sociology, but not much on linguistics. And since Davau City has its unique beauty pageant, which includes the Lumads and the Muslims of Davau City, which is recognized by the city itself. However, as what I've mentioned, few in beauty pageants' language, that's why this paper will focus on the pattern, the structure, the content, and the meanings of the answers in beauty pageants. This paper will explore the answers of contestants in the Q&A segment to uncover patterns below, within, and above the clause, meanings embedded in the clause and the various attitudes and positions produced by the clause. The data is the hyas y cadawon, particularly the pageant on 2012. It is a local beauty pageant, organized by Davau City, participated by the selected female representatives of the various recognized Lumads and Muslims. The Lumads are the ata, the clata jangan, matig salog, ovo manuo, tagabawa. The Muslims are from the magindanao, maranao, sama, kagan, tau sug, and iranons. The participants are proficient in their mother tongue because they have a unique language of their own. However, during the pageant, they are required to speak about themselves, their tribes, and cultures using the English language. The method for this paper is via the systemic functional linguistics, but before that, it has to be transcribed because I just downloaded the pageant via YouTube. Only the transcribed texts, which is the linguistic aspect, will be analyzed, excluding the other aspects, such as para-language, facial expressions, et cetera, that will not be included. Below the clause, I used the nominal analysis by Martin. I looked into the adjectives, the numerals, the determiners' phrases and clauses, particularly in the SFL term, dietic, post-dietic numeratives, epithet, classifier, thing and qualifier. Within the clause, still under SFL, or systemic functional linguistics, I used transitivity, under which there are six types of processes. This transitivity is actually looking at the verbs. A well ago, the nominal is looking at the noun parts. Under that, we have material, mental, relational, behavioural, verbal, and existential. In other subcategories, nuclear participants and circumstantion. Below the clause, I'm sorry, for the attitudes and position, I used the appraisal analysis by Martin and White to look into the attitude. In the SFL, attitude is the system of meanings that maps feelings, which is three semantic regions, the affect from the answers, the judgement from the answers, and the appreciation from the answers of the contestants. For the results, for the nominal analysis, the dominant finding is the qualifiers. Out of the seven functions under the nominal group, this is the most dominant, like 40 something out of 60. These are examples of qualifiers, which is some of them in the typical linguistic analysis. We call it prepositional phrases or classes. But for SFL, we call it qualifiers. Seven out of the ten contestants employ the most number of qualifiers. Particularly contestant number two is crowned as he has a cadaeon employed eight qualifiers in one answer, in one sentence. These qualifiers dominate the genre of beauty pageants I noticed out of the ten contestants, like on the average, it's from eight to ten qualifiers per contestant. It dominates the genre of pageant answers, which means that majority of the contestants provide more than one qualifier just to describe one thing. That thing is the noun. In that pageant, it comes in a form of an image of a Davao emblem, such as Philippine Eagle, Durian, the Orchid, the Wling Wling, and then they would give eight different qualifiers in one answer. For the transitivity, the most dominant result is relational out of the six. The findings of transitivity and analysis show that the most number of processes used by the contestants is relational. These are samples. Out of the two principal relational clause types, identification dominates because there are two types of relational clauses. That's identification and attribution. It's identification that's the most dominant, which pinpoints to token and value, which is the main goal in recognizing identification. At first, the projected images, which are the pictures, are identified literally via the participants who were able to memorize the common name, the scientific name of the Philippine Eagle, the Wling Wling among others, the statistical facts about the city, et cetera. According to Thompson, the role of token and value depend on the pre-existing external semantic properties of the two ways of referring to the entity where value is the more generalized and the token is the more specific. This means that in one image, the contestants tend to tell plenty of basic information about it. The second, the contestants would expand their answers via non-literal or figurative representations and meanings of the images shown to them. It's just compare an eagle after telling the audience about its scientific name, they would start comparing eagle figuratively to their tribe, how brave the eagle is among others. For the third result, the most dominant is positive appraisal. Remember, appraisal has three regions, affect, judgment, and appreciation. The appraisal analysis of the pageant contestants, the effect is 100% positive. Not one from the contestants gave negative feelings or emotions. Those are examples. This means that not one contestant expresses any negative feeling towards any object. The judgment, aside from affect, is judging people's character, which differs between personal judgments and moral judgments. The answers of the contestants are highly positive again. It shows two types of judgments. The moral judgment, such as the example. The contestant, number one, positively appraises a maiden by judging the maiden's moral character as respectful because she wears the traditional dress of her tribe. For the personal judgment of admiration, contestant five appraises the Philippine eagle and her tribe Bagoboklata as great and brave by alluding the character of her tribe to the Philippine eagle. There is a negative judgment on the surface, on the literal level, but if you look at it, it still is positive, such as the use of the judgment differences and diverse. Their literal meanings are often associated negatively. However, in these contexts, they only describe what is obviously different and what is obviously diverse. The context actualizes that despite the obvious differences and diversities of culture and traditions, they gather as one community to celebrate a festival where everyone is recognized fairly and equally, which I find ironic because it tends to recognize every tribe that they are unique, yet they tend to gather together as one, which I find it contradicting, and then they have to use a language that they are not proficient of under appreciation, which is actually telling values that are given to things. Things could also be appreciated positively or negatively, and again, it is generally positive. Nothing, affect, judgment and appreciation, they are all positive. However, there is one instance when an image is valued negatively, which is common if you are from Davao, you would know durian. But in the context, the valuation is used to show only the negative side to uplift the positive, such as it looks like hell, smells like hell, but tastes like heaven. It only actually favored the taste, that's why the negative only helped in making it a lot better. Those are only samples because I couldn't give all the ten codings which I did, but based on my analysis, for functional grammar, which is systemic functional linguistics, qualifiers, which functions as post-modifiers, dominate the nominal results, and these qualifiers are the value generated in the token value in the transitivity analysis, and these token and value are subsumed under relational processes, which overshadow other types of processes. So, the result in the nominal, and the nominal analysis, and transitivity analysis are actually connected. It shows that in beauty pageants, since it's a social event, they're using verbs which are highly interrelational, tends to establish this relationship between the audience and the speaker. Also, with appraisal, which reveal a highly positive attitude of the contestants, the contestants affect judgment and appreciation of the images and symbols that are related to Davos Diti are only positive. And on top of that, linguistically, I noticed a pattern of their answers. They tend to repeat on how to begin and end their answers and somewhere in the middle. The recurring sets of texts are found within the answers of the pageant contestants, and these create a cohering structure which forms obligatory and optional elements of forming a structure. This is... I follow this one from Hassan and Holiday, but I just... The similarities, the current indicates a sequence. How do we call this? The parentheses are optional, may not be used by the contestants. The next may occur yet may be replaced with other types, and the bracket occurs yet may be replaced with other kinds. Greetings is optional, followed by a process, the same process, consistent type of process, and then followed by a token, which could be replaced by other type, and then circumstance, which is optional, and then there's value, which may occur, but may be replaced with other types. There's closing, which may occur, and may be replaced by other types. And then greeting, which may be optional, and the gratitude, which may occur yet may be replaced. By looking at that, I realized that they tend to follow what the tradition is by Miss Universe and other types of pageants. They tend to construct their answers according to what the mainstream beauty pageants are actually delivering their answers, and that shows that there's no criticality that's the next conclusion. This pattern means that the answers of the contestants are merely repeating despite the differences and the similarities in the objects or images presented to them, because each contestant was given a different image, yet they tend to say almost the same pattern of answer. Their answers appear the same structurally, and the contents are merely generalized expanded descriptions. My third conclusion is they have this conforming and uncritical answers. The pattern in the answers of the contestants implies conformity to a culture of answering in beauty pageant Q&As. The highly positive attitudes is indicative of conformity. They tend to satisfy and please the audience and the judges, of course, to win. There's no negative attitude, which is a very safe choice by avoiding being critical. They don't include any political, they don't include any social issue. The evasion reflects the answers, that the answers are only lengthy sugar-coated clauses, and they seem afraid to be judged as participants once they become critical of the image or issues related to the image or maybe related to Davos City, which organized the pageant. A projection maybe of the ideal women that have the beautiful inside through their kind and positive thoughts and beautiful outside through their lengthy, intelligent sounding answers. That's why I was thinking, what is beautiful English? The contestants translated their answers from their mother tongue. At first they have to say it in their mother tongue, but of course the judges wouldn't understand. So they had to deliver that and some of them in broken English that the judges would be able to rate them. This conforms to what the society, the audience, the judges and the organizers expect to what the society thinks is good, ideal and beautiful, which qualifies any contestant to win. Hence the beautiful English controls the hegemony of pageants without critical thinking. The contestants in the end succumb to the existing standards of acceptance by complying to the universal notion that beautiful women must be able to present themselves, speaking only kind and positive thoughts while using English despite their linguistic incapacity not to humiliate the tribes they represent. They brave the standards and the hegemony in order to be recognized and accepted. Therefore their answers during the Q&A show their compliance to the hegemony to gain public approval and recognition. That's all. Thank you.


Western United have only played seven games so far, they've got three in hand on today's opposition and they can knock them out of the top six if they win this game. They'll jump in and the Wanderers will fall out. Here goes Abini. Numbers arriving in the middle for Bernie Abini. Wilmering will keep it inside the 18 yard box and hang it up for Abini again and now to place it. What a save by Kerto and flung out the right doodaw fancy after a deflection on the Doran shot and now Abini hundered around at that near post. Took a little deflection here from Doran's and Kerto stays alive. Here's Doran's from the corner routine. Scorpion kick kind of action from Jordan Mutch and it went just wide. Ryan Scott was an onlooker. This is on target. He scores and goes all rightly McGree on us. DM Antie hangs it up and had a push to deny to Mocky M.I. That's what you want to do. You want to hit it back to where it comes from because that almost generates that power. On going on the far side and now the Wanderers inside the area. Abini to Troisi. Teeing up Wilmering and great reactions from Ryan Scott to keep it out and deny Wilmering his first day lead goal. Almost Skadardas big error. Jordan Mocky mistake from Jerry Skadardas but Jordan Mutch doesn't care and stand a chance and western Sydney lead in Ballarat. Late challenge in midfield there. The advantage is accruing Therias in a central area.  Margoosh dived and it went around the left side of the post. Hit the stanchion goes into the back of the net. Axe was Berisha blocked off. He's adamant that should be a penalty. Look it, look it, look it, look it, look it, look it. Why you guys don't look it? Why you guys don't look it? But they need to see it. I can see clearly. I don't understand this. It's DM Antie. Another tussle. It's an uphill battle. What I was saying about having someone else in that position to score that goal because that header was straight at the goalkeeper. Anything to the left right of him would have been a goal. What a chance here for the Wanderers to see this. It's the goal kick. You can see what Bruce Kamal thought was a better option. He's back in midfield. Pleased with this. Here's one from one calling the shots in the technical area in Australia. The Wanderers were vulnerable at the bottom of that top six but not anymore. A precious three points on the road to jump to third on the A-League ladder as Jordan Much celebrates a starting debut with his first goal in the A-League. And in different performance by Western United on their home deck in the absence of the suspended duo Tommy Uscock and Victor Sanchez who will return next game. At full time it's the Wanderers won Western United now.


perturbations of the area function, right? So let me make the following computation. So 0 is so the first variation of the volume of the graph. Let me indicate it in the following way, OK? Along with certain direction k. So this is kappa, actually. So now this should be the Greek kappa, but OK, tec is one thing and my handwriting is another thing. So this is the dds derivative at s equals 0 of the integral of here the square root of 1 plus gradient of v plus s kappa squared, and then I have all the minors, right? OK, so this means I'm just making the perturbation v plus s kappa, and I'm taking s arbitrarily small, and this is the usual first variation condition that you have. OK, now let me write down this first variation. So when you look at this first variation, you realize one thing, right? So this is going to be a very complicated expression, but if I Taylor expand in dv, this complicated expression has the following form. So that is, I mean, since the Taylor expansion of the functional gives you the Dirichlet energy, the Taylor, I mean, is the first order as a second order somehow. The 0 order is 1. The variation of 1 is equal to 0. Then you have the second order expansion, which is the Dirichlet energy, and the variation of the Dirichlet energy is going to be dv dkappa, right? So here I'm just indicating the Hilbert-Schmidt scalar product between the derivative of v and the derivative of kappa, OK? Then you have all these guys, but you see these guys, they are OK, these guys and the Taylor expansion for this one also, but they are quartic in dv. So if they are quartic in dv, their derivatives are cubic in dv. And so the Taylor expansion here gives you something which I can estimate as big O of dv cubed dkappa, OK? Now, let me just stress that it is fundamental that here you have the power 3, OK? I mean, this is something smooth in dv. If you were to Taylor expand, you would expect a linear part, this is dv, a quadratic part in dv squared, a cubic part in dv cubed, and so on. But actually, the Taylor expansion is skipping the dv squared. And the reason why it is skipping the dv squared is because when you look at the functional, the Taylor expansion of the functional is 1 plus dv squared divided by 2. And then there is no third order term. The next order term in the Taylor expansion is quartic, OK? So that is fundamental. If you want the fact that I'm able to make a C3 estimate, it's because the Taylor expansion actually skipped this quadratic term. So now, this is actually telling me, so for abbreviation, let me call the first variation in the following way. So let me write it as del of graph of v in kappa. So this is equal to 0, OK? And so, OK, so what it tells me is that the integral of dv dot dkappa is less or equal. And now I want to be a little bit more careful on this estimate over here. So let's put the C1, I mean the C0 norm of dkappa, OK? And then I have the integral of dv to the power 3. OK, so I actually take the C0 norm of dv over here, OK? And then I have the integral of dv squared. But the integral of dv squared, I know, it's comparable to the cylindrical excess. So the integral of dv squared I will replace by this estimate, OK? But this has a Lipschitz constant. The Lipschitz constant over here, so the Lipschitz constant of this guy is E L of L to the power 2 minus 2 delta to the power gamma, OK? Again, you see this power gamma coming. I have gamma here. I have 1 here. So I can write it as less or equal than dk constant C0. Then I have E. I have L of L to the power m plus 2 minus 2 delta times 1 plus gamma. And again, I played the game that I played before. I want actually, I mean, I've chosen delta so small that this actually becomes a little bit more than 2, OK? So I end up with the following estimate. So I have then less or equal than a constant E L of L to the power m plus 2 plus beta. And then I have dk in C0, OK? So that's interesting. But I actually want to make the estimate for the approximation F bar, the Lipschitz approximation of V. Oh, actually, sorry, I got the head of myself. So right. So I did it in the wrong order. No, I think it's correct, actually. Yes, sorry, you were saying? Sorry? Sorry? Yeah, I actually have 1 plus something on E, OK? OK, now what I want to say is actually that. So I'm not sure actually I did things in the correct order. So maybe I wanted to do this on F bar instead of doing it in V. So I might actually have mixed up the order, but in the notes you have the correct order. I actually want to claim now the same estimate on this guy. So on the F bar times dk, OK? And the idea is the following that. So I want to compute the first variation of the graph of F bar, which is the approximation, and subtract the first variation of the graph of V in kappa, OK? I know that this first variation is equal to 0. But out of simple computations, I know also that this first variation is less or equal So this first variation is less or equal than the m-dimensional volume of the difference between the two graphs, the symmetric difference between the two graphs, times the C0 norm of dk, OK? So that is a rather elementary computation. And now we already saw what is the difference in the m-dimensional volume of these guys. Well, this is less or equal than a constant times the place where they disagree. So the complement of the coincidence set, OK? And the coincidence set, we already show it as an estimate. I mean, the complement of the coincidence set, we already show it as an estimate of the following kind. So this came actually in the previous argument, if you remember, right? So we were estimating the l1 norm of fj minus fj minus 1. And what we used is that the coincidence set between fj and fj minus 1 had this estimate, I mean the complement of the coincidence set. Of course, that is because we were saying that fj and fj minus 1, they actually agree with the same function. OK, so now I was doing, so you maybe see something. OK, so this is equal to 0. Now I have this estimate on this first variation. I actually should have done the Taylor expansion, not on v. I should have done the Taylor expansion on f bar, OK? So instead of doing all the Taylor expansion on v, do all the Taylor expansion on f bar. And instead of knowing that this first variation is equal to 0, you know that this first variation has this estimate. So sorry for making this mistake, but if you did. OK, so this is not equal to 0. So the Taylor expansion must be done on f bar now. So you can repeat just all the argument with f bar instead of v. And actually, it's on f bar that we have the better estimate over here. So this is really f bar. OK, OK, and this is not an estimate, so this is an estimate for this guy. OK, and then since actually you know that for this one, you have the estimate you end up having the following final estimate. So df bar product with dk is less or equal than a constant. And then you have E. So here you have this L of L to the power m plus 2 plus beta. And then you have dk c0. OK, so now if you add a PD or the m person, what do you see over here? Well, I mean, you could integrate by part and you have the Laplacian of f bar against the test function. And then you have an estimate where here that is the derivative of k actually appearing. So you can think about it as w minus 1 1 estimate for the Laplacian of f bar. That is what it is. Because I mean, if I want the w minus 1 1 estimate, I test with some test function and then there is one derivative following on the test function. That's for the minus 1. And then since I'm using a c0 estimate over here, by duality, this will be like a NL1 estimate on the other guy. So this is just to sound fancy. So now we are almost done. So I'm not going to show you the higher derivative estimates on the Laplacian of f bar, but I can show you right away the estimate on the Laplacian of f bar. So how am I actually estimating the Laplacian of f bar? For instance, in c0, not of f bar, of z. And z is the convolution of f bar with a certain kernel. So how am I going to estimate the Laplacian of this z? So I want the c0 estimate. So I just say the Laplacian of z in c0 is actually the soup with test function, say psi in L1 of the integral of Laplacian of z times psi. OK? OK, now you see this is the supremum for psi in L1 less or equal than 1, sorry. So this is equal to the supremum with L1 of psi less or equal than 1. And then I stick in the definition, Laplacian of z. So this is Laplacian of f bar star phi L of L. OK? And now the first thing that I do is I integrate by parts. So if I integrate by parts, I get gradient of f bar star phi L of L times psi. And then since I have a convolution, I can actually put the convolution on the other. So there is a derivative here, sorry. So since I have a convolution, I can actually put the convolution on the other side. So put the convolution over here. And I'm ending up with the estimate that the c0 norm of the Laplacian of z bar, did I call it z bar or z? z. So the Laplacian of z in c0 is then less or equal than the supremum over psi in L1. And then I have the integral minus the integral of the f bar. And then here I have d psi star phi L of L. OK? And now it's nice because that's exactly my kappa. So now I use the estimate on the kappa. So the integral of d f bar d kappa is going to be bounded by this quantity. So here I can actually put a constant e L of L to the power m plus 2 plus beta. And then I have the supremum over all psi in L1 less or equal than 1. And then I have the derivative of psi star phi L of L in c0. Because this is my d of kappa. And I'm using that estimate over there. OK, and now it's an obvious, it's really an obvious thing. So the elementary estimates on the convolution between two things tells you the c0 norm of the derivative of that convolution. OK, so this guy can be estimated with the L1 norm of psi. And then here you need the c0 norm of the derivative. OK, well, the L1 norm of psi is less or equal than 1. So this one you can just forget about. And what is the size of this? So phi L is, I mean, it gets a 1 over L to the power of m because of the scaling of the convolution. And then since you're taking one derivative, it gets another power of L downstairs. OK, at this constant is just the c0 norm of the function d phi of your modifier that you have fixed. OK, so now plug this inside this estimate and you see the m plus 2 plus beta is there. I lose an m because of this. I lose a 1 because of that. And my final estimate is this guy. So what happens when, because I promised you, estimates on the higher derivatives, right? So what happens if I have a higher derivative over here? Well, if I have a higher derivative over here, I will have a higher derivative over here. And I will just put all the higher derivatives integrating by parts on the convolution. And then I will put all the other derivatives always on the convolution kernel. And each time that I have a derivative, I lose a power of L in the denominator. And so if I want to estimate the Laplacian of the first derivative, I will lose this 1 of the second derivative. Then I will get the minus 1 and so on. OK, so now the L1 estimate. So if you just, I mean, OK, so for the L1 estimate, there is a specific computation. It's in the lecture notes. It's a kind of tricky computation. But the basic idea is the following. So it's obvious that you must have some L1 estimate. OK, it's kind of, I mean, it has to be the case. You can just look at the case in which the excess is equal to 0. When the excess is equal to 0, the function is just harmonic, right? So this estimate that we have here, right? This is telling you that the function f bar is almost harmonic, right? Which is actually what was already the George's intuition. So if this one is equal to 0, the function is exactly harmonic. And if the function is exactly harmonic and I'm convolving it with a radial kernel, it stays the same because the harmonic functions have the mean value properties. So by this, you can believe that the estimate is at least correct when e is equal to 0, right? OK, now if you believe that there's going to be an estimate, the scaling of the estimate is the correct one that I've given you, right? So if the derivatives are scaling, if the Laplacian of the derivatives is scaling in that way, the L1 norm of the difference must scale in a way which is compatible. And this is this m plus 3 plus beta. So it's the only natural estimate that you can hope for, OK? You could also just say, OK, so if I get an estimate out of rescaling, it has to be with that particular power of L. But then, OK, the lecture notes actually gives you proof. And, well, for once, I even finished according, well, almost according to schedule, let's say. I mean, I can for once give you five minutes for questions, actually. Thanks, OK? Right, so assume you don't have a Lipschitz graph, but you still know that you are coveting once. So the important point is to get this Lipschitz approximation theorem, right? So if you have this Lipschitz approximation theorem, as you're seeing in these estimates, what I'm really doing is I'm saying I have this Lipschitz approximation. And the difference between my area minimizing surface and the Lipschitz approximation has a certain accuracy. If I have that accuracy, then I can actually carry on exactly the same computation. So if I had a situation in which I'm not a Lipschitz graph, but I still know that I'm coveting once. So I'm not going to have two graphs which are approximating it, which is one guy. The difficult part is to get this Lipschitz approximation theorem. So that is the kind of technical way. So I can give you just one heuristics. So all I did was I used this maximal function truncation, and then I was just making comparisons. OK, so the maximal function truncation, you have to cook up a version of that in your kind of geometric measure theoretical situation, which you have a current, for instance. OK, and that is possible. And it's kind of something which was discovered actually not too long ago. Like, I mean, it's in the outcome of research in the last 20 years somehow. So the Lipschitz approximation that the Georgian and other people were using before was kind of following a different algorithm. Right, right, because OK, so this is the situation in which you cover once. Assume that you have a multiple cover. When you have a multiple cover, I don't want to actually show you that the whole object has this regularity, because it's not possible. I want to show you that there is an average. So this basic construction algorithm will actually be done in the following way. So you have a cube where your excess is small. You take the cylinder, which we took in the tilted system of coordinates. Now you don't have an approximation with a single Lipschitz graph. You have an approximation with what is called a multigraph. A multigraph is something more complicated than the superposition of two Lipschitz graphs. I mean, somehow it's generally multivalued. OK, then you take the average of these sheets, and then you make this modification. Only the thing is going to be much, much more complicated, because you don't have the Georgian's excess decay. So instead of having this regular grid, you will have an actual witness composition with several stopping time conditions on the cubes. And there is a complement which you're not covering with the cubes, which is a kind of good set, where you actually have all the possible decays, and then you actually have the stopped cubes in which you have to stop them, because essentially the graph, I mean, the multigraph kind of separated, and the sheets are far enough from each other. And the Lipschitz approximation, in that particular case, is like one single step. It requires one whole paper, actually, to do that in the multigraph situation. I guess we are on time, so thank you very much.


This paper presents a novel approach called Interactive Frequency Comvolutional Neural Network, IFNET, for motor imagery, MI, decoding. It uses cross-frequency interactions to enhance the representation of MI characteristics, which are extracted from low and high-frequency bands. The proposed method outperforms existing methods on two benchmark datasets, demonstrating its superiority in terms of classification accuracy and speed. This article was authored by Jiahung Wang, Lin Yao, and Yu Ming Wang.


So, we have polarity dependent rate constants that is for sure and there is some effect of hydrogen bonding. So the second piece of experiment that they did earlier one remember what it was? It was mixtures isoviscus mixtures at room temperature. Second experiment is in isoviscus liquids at different temperatures it is important to understand what we are talking about here. As you change the temperature I think it is very well understood that viscosity of a liquid is going to change. Does it increase or decrease usually when I increase temperature and what about a gas why? For a gas viscosity increases with increase in temperature that is right for a liquid it decreases the molecule collision that is liquid you understand nicely right. What about gases? So you think of laminar flow there is exchange between different lamellas that is why okay but right now we are talking about liquids anyway. So what it did was they painstakingly determined the viscosities of neat liquids at different temperatures and then of course you have to eliminate the you cannot compare an alcohol with a non-polar solvent okay and then at different temperatures they took different solvents keeping in mind that viscosity has to be same for all these points. So solvent A at 25 degree centigrade, solvent B at 35 degree centigrade, solvent C at 45 degree centigrade so on and so forth the common factor is that at 25 degree centigrade whatever viscosity solvent A has is the viscosity of solvent C at 45 degree centigrade okay. Isoviscus neat liquids in different temperatures and then they observed the surprising result that the rate of TICT increases at lower temperature that is not a very usual phenomenon right. It is not as if it is unknown again if you go back to Atkins physical chemistry book or any standard physical chemistry book you will see that if there is a pre equilibrium then you are going to have certain conditions are met you can have a decrease in the rate constant with increase in temperature okay. But here the explanation is this this here let us say is your energy surface for the locally excited state this is the energy surface for the charge transferred state. So what they said is that the charge transfer state is going to be stabilized further if polarity is more yeah and polarity is more at low temperature yes so what will happen you can see there are two surfaces here for CT the upper one and the lower one if suppose there are two temperatures which one will correspond to the lower temperature which one will correspond to the higher temperature yeah lower one corresponds to higher temperature or lower temperature lower temperature actually because at lower temperature your polarity is more or less oh I did not even discuss that we only talked about viscosity sorry at lower temperature actually polarity is more because at higher temperature what would happen is your solvent dipoles to rotate and all that would cause a decrease in dielectric constant. So at lower temperatures due to greater polarity this would be stabilized you might think that that should have no effect on the on the activation energy anyway because you are stabilizing the product what does that have to do with your activation energy actually something is there what is there look at this diagram carefully. If it comes down what is the activated complex it is a point at which the two potential energy surfaces for LE and CT cut right. So if the LE surface is where it is and the CT surface is lowered then what will happen is that the two surfaces will intersect at a lower energy point okay that is what will least lead to a decrease in activation energy at low temperature okay. So Arrhenius equation is not violated Arrhenius equation gives you the expectation that if you increase the temperature rate should increase but that is true only for constant activation energy scenario here the activation energy itself becomes smaller because it is not only temperature that you are changing and this is instructive because you have to remember when you try to understand the photo physics of any molecule that you change some parameter it is not the only thing that is changing it can have a domino effect. So to be very careful about what you are actually looking at you think you are only changing temperature are you affecting viscosity are you affecting polarity are you affecting molecular aggregation or de-aggregation one needs to think of that. So now to conclude the story they observed this empirical expression but EA equal to EA0 minus A into ET30 minus 30 now it is accidental degeneracy the second 30 is nothing to do with the first 30 the first 30 is a roll number second 30 is a number that arises out of experiment it is fortuous that they are the same or maybe they made sure that maybe they changed the roll number so that this becomes roll number 30 so that both are 30 but these two 30s are actually not related okay. So from here what they established is that the activation energy of alcohols is greater than the activation energy of nitrile and more interestingly the difference between the activation energies of alcohols and nitrile is 6 kilo calorie per mole does this number ring a bell 6 kilo calorie per mole what is it the 6 kilo calorie per mole it is the energy of a hydrogen bond so this difference in activation energies of alcohols and nitriles is due to hydrogen bond so hydrogen bond also has a role to play and this one later contains so much of information and it is so instructive it is imperative that we all read this paper and understand it there is more to it than what I have presented of course it seems important that we understand everything please read this paper great to conclude this story even though we have overshot the time a little bit we will finish this and then maybe today we will stop. So TICT in DMABN DMABN is the champion molecule of TICT this what champion is used very commonly especially now in the head is of material science people make devices they make 200 devices and the one that is best performing is called the champion device. So there is no harm in learning from there and calling DMABN the champion molecule of TICT but then that is the not the only prominent TICT molecule there are plenty two other these are also champion molecules classes of molecules are Nile rate and TNS or ANS for that matter T for toluidino A for anilino so these are all TICT molecules and Nile rate and TNS ANS these the claim to fame of these molecules is that they are used extensively by people who try to understand proteins using fluorescence these are very well established protein stains extrinsic protein stains and the idea is and you can see so this is the data that we recorded I think when I was a PhD student or something I think this is ANS or TNS I forgot maybe ANS. So this is the spectrum in water but multiplied by 66 so if I do not multiply by 66 it will be a baseline right and you see when we put it in my cell there is a huge increase and there is a blue shift why this is the TICT emission that you see in water and since TICT state is energetically closer to the ground state non-radiative deactivation of that state is much more that is called the energy gap law if the energy gap between 2 states is small then the rate constant of non-radiative deactivation between these 2 states is an exponential function of that energy gap widely used in things like metal ion complexes and when it is put in my cell then the micropolarity is much less that is why the locally excited state is selectively populated that is much more energy and more energy okay. So this is these are 2 examples and there are many applications that are worked out this is not such a great example I do not know why you have put this one there are if you read the work of say P. K. Bharadwaj of IIT Kanpur they have made numerous devices and all not devices sensors and all and their strategy is always you have an ICT molecule initially ICT is there since ICT is there fluorescence is quenched then you bring in a metal ion or whatever you want to sense and that engages the lone pair so ICT is stopped and fluorescence shoots up that is what makes turn on sensors. So you can read this it is not so bad also you can read this paper for description of this sensors that they made of different things okay. Now we go back once again to 1993 and show you some data where people have tried to do structural modification of DMMBN I am going very fast on this part because I want you to actually read this papers this is homework I will I do not expect you to understand everything I am saying right now it is just an introduction but the crux of the matter is people tried to make DMMBN derivatives of several different structures one in which this coplanarity will be maintained one in which coplanarity is forcibly destroyed and all these studies what they inferred was that the twist takes place if you do not allow the molecule to twist you do not see that TICT band okay if you force it to be at 90 degrees you only see that TICT band but then there are problems also because if you make the linkers a little too long then all results go awry. Now before leaving this subject I should at least show you some real ultrafast dynamics data so let me do that and this is where we will show the data we promised okay. In this 2009 paper what you see is this is what data is this can somebody guess up conversion right what up conversion with the difference as we will see. So this is the dynamics in the blue end of the spectrum okay one is not one day I think it means monitored at 350 nanometer emission emission wavelength you see there is a decay and the decay constant is 3.07 picosecond ignore that 2 in bracket and when this trace is recorded in the red end of the spectrum you get a rise associated with 3.07 picosecond. So this tells that 3.07 picosecond is the time associated with the charge transfer locally excited state to charge transfer state transformation okay and this is a kind of a nice way of putting it and it gets nicer when I show you the time resolved emission spectrum here they are something strike you here these are not fitting curves these are actual fluorescence spectrum recorded at different time delays the entire fluorescence spectrum is recorded together okay and now again I want to give another homework the homework is this we are actually going to our lab and looked at the FOX setup and saw how it worked femtosecond optical gating depends on generating a sum frequency and as we have discussed earlier for different wavelengths well the gate light is the same wavelength for different emission wavelengths some frequency generation would take place at different tilts of the non-linear crystal and over the last 10 12 modules we have learnt why tilt is important also okay. So what common sense would tell us is that the tilt at which we get some frequency for a particular emission wavelength lambda 1 should not be appropriate to generate some frequency using another wavelength lambda 2 is that right this is the tilt it is optimum for lambda 1 which means some frequency for lambda 2 is not going to take place then how do I generate the entire spectrum the entire spectrum is recorded at one go like our transient type of spectrum how has that been done it can be done in two ways first the hard way or the more time consuming way use a stepper motor on the sum frequency generation crystal itself right and keep tilting so this tilt may be the angle for say emission wavelength of what is given here 350 nanometer this may be the actual the appropriate tilt for 355 nanometer so keep on tilting the crystal okay and as you know we use uniaxial crystals so tilt is the only parameter and keep on recording data okay hence construct the spectrum but if you want to do that do not forget how it is done fix the tilt then run the scan so essentially you generate the decay at that wavelength then change the tilt again record another scan that is a decay so in this method if you want to do it in this method you actually generate the decays first and from there you construct the time-resolved emission spectra okay the other way of doing it and that is something that we have not really discussed is to use a very thin crystal in which that tilt is not important you can get some frequency for all the wavelengths what I want you to do is I want you to read this paper and tell me next day which method has been used in this paper is it a variable tilt or is it a crystal at a particular angle but thin enough so that you can get all the wavelengths together okay and in the second case how does it work next day we start with this question right so we have talked about TICT we have shown plenty of evidences for it and we have discussed the ultrafast dynamics of it we have discussed your applications of it as well the only thing that remains to be discussed now is the opposition to TICT because remember I started off saying that this is perhaps the most controversial excited state process ever discussed may be not if you get time we will talk about the proton transfer debate between Tahara and Zoel 7 as a Indole dimers and I say Tahara and Zoel because Tahara turned out to be right Zoel turned out to be wrong in that debate that lasted a decade but why do I say it is controversial TICT that is because there has been a school of thought a minority school of thought which has said from day one very vigorously that this twist is not important and that school has been led by professor Zacharias K. Zacharias and in areas of TICT whenever I read their papers I felt that this guy is making too much of sound for no reason but then in 2004 or so there was this paper from Zacharias group and this is a pump probe experiment but it is a UV pump X-ray probe experiment and it is easier said than done it is not so easy to do an X-ray probe experiment it is quite in why if you read this paper you will see that there are things that we need to do beyond what we have discussed what is a good thing about having an X-ray probe who are the people who love to do X-rays in chemistry department of course inorganic chemist why because they have such strange complicated complexes right so X-ray crystallography is what tells them what the structure is and it is not only inorganic chemist even protein crystallographers love to do it okay so X-rays give you the structure so what this paper did is that it showed now you are doing pump probe and probe is X-ray so it basically gives you the structure of the molecule in the excited state and when once you know the structure of the molecule in the excited state the question of whether it is tilted or whether it is straight in the excited state is late to rest forever because you can see the structure analysis is not trivial and also the molecule they used is a little different but what they saw there is they said that there is an a greater amount of linearization in the excited state compared to the ground state they are completely opposite view TICD says the ground state is planar coplanar excited state is twisted what these guys say is that the ground state is not planar it is something like this excited state is more like this linearization so all this discussion falls apart what does not fall apart is the fact that the charge transfer state is highly polar and there is a viscosity dependence okay after this paper not many papers have been written on the TICD but it is not as if the debate is over I leave you I leave it to you to read this paper by Catalan I will only highlight the acknowledgement what you wrote there is that I am indebted to professor Zacharias whose apt criticism of my recent paper on the photo physics of DMABN encouraged me to devote the past 3 months to carefully revisiting existing evidence for this compound so even though the intensity of debate has gone down frequency of papers has gone down it does not look like anybody is giving up so over the last 30 35 years maybe there is intense discussion about what exactly goes on in so called TICD molecules one thing is for sure that charged so ICT part of TICD there is no problem whether it is T or whether it is P or whether it is nothing that is where the debate lies and the useful byproduct if you want to call it that of this debate is that we have first of all got a lot of useful information on these kind of molecules based on which some applications have been designed to me what is more important is that in the attempt to understand this the intricacies of this process we have actually learned a lot about how to perform experiments and how to interpret data if you are going to attempt to answer a question like this to me that is the biggest outcome of this entire debate stop here today we talk about something that is another fundamental that is about another fundamental question how much time does it take for a solvent shell to form around a polar solute or in other words solvation dynamics.