Dwi'n olygu o'n fath o gwneud ymlaen. Felly'n fath o'n fath o'r fath o'r fath o'r hollu, dwi'n gweithio o fouriard. A a fyddwn i'n credu i'r fath o'r hollu, ac yn mynd i'n ddechrau, rwy'n meddwl i'r holl. Rwy'n meddwl, rydw i'r hollu. Fyddwn i'n meddwl, fyddwn i'n meddwl i'r hollu, ond rydw i'n meddwl i'n meddwl i'n meddwl. Iebyddaeth y тыwy ar- tua, mae'r pobeid brass yn ei gydylau. Mae'n bwysig i'r gyflwydau o'r llae'r wyner. Mae'r arfer o'i ddechrau. Felly gallwch bod dyna gwaith yn cael ei bod yn cael chi'n gilyddol. Mae'n olygu i'r cydhaelio gyda'r hyn sy'n golygu o'r gyllideb. Mae rhai gydol y mae'r cyflogso iawn. Mae'n olygu i ni'n mynd yn cyflog o'r gyflog oedyn. Mae'n yn cyflog o'r gyflog o'r gyflog oedyn. Mae'n rwy'n.... mae'n gweithio, mae'n gweithio'n cysylltu. Mae'n golau eich gwasddau. Grafyn y gallwn mwy gellog yma a nes i gyd yn gweithio'n dweud mewn hefyd. Mae'n gweld i'r proses arall. Fewn i gweithio'n yng Ngheilw ngheilw gwysig. Ian i'i'n Cyth. Mae'n rhefyd i gweithio eich cyngor. Mae'n eu—— yn ychydig i'n mynd i'n gwelio'n arddangos. And you're really enjoying it. It's great. I have really enjoyed it. I have seen a couple of old team mates, the date I heard all and Gary Watson. And we've just ex-jares a few stories from the past and stuff. I'm apple of playing here with a couple of mates... One lad I've met for the first time today, but the other two I know very well. So it's been pretty enjoyable. As I said it's like 40 years since the last played. But I'll probably take it up again I think. I really enjoyed it. First one I hit the green with and then since then I've just been it in the trees every time. So it's exactly what I expected. How good is it to be alongside some fellow Bantams again? It's brilliant. It's great to come and have a game of golf and see some familiar faces and just have a good day. It's fantastic. I'll guess you out. You meet bumping to other people. Bruce, Spanish Dizier, Terry Dolan, Lest Chapman, yw'r gweithio'r blaes i'r bleru, Lest. One of the funniest men I've ever met in football. Also one of the most educated as well, so a grammar school education, Lest, so he's just finished now as kit man at Man City. So he's good, it's good to bump into these lads again. He's really good, I've still kept in touch with Hans and Billy Clark who are here. We had a really good group and it was a special time in my career. We got to the playoff semis against Millwall and just came up a little bit short. But it's a special club and one that I've tried to keep in contact with as many people as possible. The fans certainly looked after me while I was here. So yes, it's nice to come back and certainly be part of the days like this. It's nice to see that everybody from the clubs here as well. It's the first opportunity I've really had to mingle with other sponsors and just see what they're all about. Obviously, we've all got the same sort of goal with sponsoring the club, but we don't really know what everybody does. So it's nice to just get out somewhere casual. That's great, I've played in many of these to be fair over the years. And it's always enjoyable coming back and having the game, seeing familiar faces. And obviously playing with people that support the club, it's always good, isn't it? No, we're asking every former Bradford City player we speak to about this today, but just from your career at the club, what's the outstanding moment for you? Oof! Asked in the other way, scoring that goal to help get the team to where Millwall was obviously. Great moment for me and my family. It would have to be probably the Sunderland game where the atmosphere in the stadium was the best I've seen. And it was obviously a great result on a great cup run and with a group of lads who I've unbelievable memories with. So that would probably be the standout moment personally for me. As a player, I think everybody will look back to the time we beat Liverpool in the league cup. I'll never forget that, that's for sure. And the claim to a fair man, I didn't find this out until maybe two years ago, that the youngest player to score, that scored on my 17th birthday at Cambridge. We got beat 2-1 at Cambridge, so they'd just come in the league. I'd played mid mid-debyg against Chester on the Wednesday, I'd played Cambridge on the Saturday, as I say, 17th birthday. And unfortunately I got beat 2-1, but that just is... I could talk you through the goal now, it's just... Cross comes in, I was about maybe six, seven yards out, a little toe poking. It took me about three or four laps to go around before I could settle down again. But great times, that's the best memory I've got, without a shadow of a doubt. Definitely, yeah, bit of an if-you-start, should we say. I had a move from Orient back to Bradford, and it was a bit of a transition time for me early part of the season. But once I found my feet, it was a great experience for me, and like you said, just coming up a little bit short against Millwall. But no, I love my time here, and like I said, the support from the fans and the staff have always been a massive part of my career.


A very good evening everyone. Welcome to the Hindi News Analysis brought to you by Shankara AS Academy. Here are the list of news articles chosen for discussion today and our video is timestamped for your convenience. Now let's move on to our discussion. Next, let us take up this news article. See, recently our Ministry of External Affairs has asked the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, commonly called as OIC, not to allow itself to be subverted by Pakistan. In this context, let us discuss the Organization of Islamic Cooperation from the prelims perspective. We will also discuss why India is not included in the OIC and this will be important from the mains perspective. So let's begin with knowing what is OIC. See, Organization of Islamic Cooperation is an international organization and it was founded in 1969 and if you see, it is formidable. It is the second largest intergovernmental organization after the United Nations itself and the OIC has a permanent secretariat established in Jeddah city of Saudi Arabia or we can also say Jeddah is the headquarters of OIC and the OIC also has permanent delegations to the United Nations as well as the European Union. And if you see the official language of OIC are three, first is English, second is Arabic, and third is French. And initially when it was founded in 1969, it had 30 founding members but since then the membership has grown to 57 member states and spread across four continents. And some of the prominent members of OIC are India's neighbors, for example, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh, they are all members of OIC. See, the OIC calls itself as a collective voice of the Muslim world and it tries to safeguard and protect the interests of the Muslim world and that is the basic objective of this organization. But despite this noble goal, the OIC has not included India in its membership. Why should they include India in the membership? Because if you see population wise, the highest number of Islam population is in Indonesia followed by Pakistan at 11.1 percentage and India has almost 11 percentage that is 10.9 percentage of the world Islam population that is the third highest number of Islamic population. So inclusion of India in the OIC seems very logical but that is not the case. So let us see why is India not included in the OIC? See, India wants to join the OIC. Even during its formation in 1969, it expressed its desire to be a member of OIC but this was bitterly opposed by Pakistan and India has a significant minority population of Muslims. So despite that because of Pakistan opposition, we have not been granted a entry into the OIC. But Pakistan's opposition to India's entry has prevented it from being a part of the body and according to Pakistan, India's inclusion will violate a rule of OIC that a state that wishes to be a part of OIC should not have conflicts with any other member states. See, India has conflict with Pakistan. It is well known and that is why it should not be included in the OIC according to Pakistan. So because of this strong opposition by the Pakistan, the OIC has not included India as a member so far. However, India has been invited as a guest of honor to the OIC meeting of 2019 and this was considered as diplomatic victory from the Indian side. So this brings us to the end of discussion on the organization of Islamic cooperation. Let's move on to the next segment of the discussion. Now let us take up this oped article for discussion. This oped is a discussion on the issues pertaining to extradition of fugitives. So let us discuss the important points from the oped. Here is the syllabus relevant to this article. So before jumping into the discussion, let us know what is extradition. See extradition is an action wherein one jurisdiction delivers a person who may be accused or convicted of committing a crime in another jurisdiction. See it is a cooperative law enforcement procedure if you see and the two jurisdiction together try to enforce law and this largely depends on the arrangements made between them. See when I say two jurisdictions, it can be either two districts or two states or two countries, it can be anything but in our discussion we will be referring to jurisdictions as two different countries. Now coming back to the oped, the author first discusses the issues pertaining to the extradition of fugitive. So quickly who is a fugitive? Fugitive is nothing but someone who has escaped the eyes of law and who is wanted by the law enforcement agency. He is a fugitive. You may recollect a fugitive from the Fugitive Economic Offenders Act of 2018. So with that understanding, let us see the issues first. The first and foremost issue is when we are talking about India, laws on extradition are spread across the Indian Penal Code and apart from that we also have various acts for extradition. First one is the extradition act, the second one is narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances act, the prevention of corruption act, prevention of money laundering act and so on. So as you can see a lot of laws govern the extradition and this is the first issue discussed by the author. So no one law is available readily to extradite a person. So that makes the extradition process further more complicated and clumsy. Now secondly according to the author of the editorial, in India the bulk of the investigation and the prosecution work happens at the police stations in these states. So the central agencies only take up very few important cases. By central agencies we can say the CBI or the national investigation agencies and etc. So this is an issue according to the author. How? See the central agencies have developed reasonable expertise because they are focused only on the investigation and the prosecution work. So they can investigate and prosecute these cases better but they take up only the important cases. Majority of the cases are handled by the state police and the state police force on the other hand are also engaged in the law and order work. See if you see the law and order work is a very tedious work and usually takes a lot of their time. So giving an additional burden of the extradition investigation can reduce the quality of the investigation and according to the author of the editorial there is a tendency among the state police forces to close the investigations when the accused have absconded and they also lack a scientific method of investigation. For example the state police force heavily relies on the statements obtained from the accused during the interrogation. See this method of investigation is not always scientific and they also do not follow the protocol properly. For example some police stations do initiate proceedings for attachment of property and declaration of the accused as the proclaimed offender. See this is something very contentious. First let us understand who is the proclaimed offender. See the meaning of being declared as a proclaimed offender is that the accused can be arrested by any citizen of India at any time or any place. So you can see that the proclaimed offender definition as declared by the state police can be very perilous for the law enforcement. So in short the state police forces lack the time and expertise to deal with the fugitives. So this is what author considers as the first issue. Now let us take up the next issue discussed by the author. The next issue is that the lack of coordinated system or database for tracking the criminals or the wanted persons domestically and in the international scenario we have such a database to track criminals worldwide. For example we have the Interpol notices and we do not have such a system in our domestic level and see in the absence of such a system what happens is it becomes easy for the criminals from one police station or jurisdiction to meet into the population in any other area almost undetected. So what can be done for this? See we have to create a nationwide database of wanted persons. This database should be made accessible for the police agencies, the public authorities like passport and immigration office and other law enforcement offices as well. Only by creating a nationwide database we can overcome these hurdles and with that the justice delivery can also be expedited. So we have taken some proactive steps now that we have not done anything about it. So we have set up the crimes and criminal tracking network and system and we also have the national intelligence grid. The author appreciates such initiatives but a lot more is desired because the national intelligence grid is concerned more about the high level crimes but not about the other domestic level crimes. See the current databases also lack the proper integration the author notes. So we need more integration in these databases. See this can be done by creating a nationwide system of wanted persons notice. So earlier we saw about the Interpol notices right? This is very similar to that. So we have to create something of that sort. So such a system can help us track the fugitives domestically within our territory and we can also implement the US model of tracking fugitives. So what is this model? The US has a functional inter-straight extradition and fugitive tracking system. By implementing such a system we'll have a more integrated nationwide database. So what is the system is that they have a proper protocol and they are technologically connected also. So the information transfers becomes more easier faster and goes according to the procedure. So that is what is the US model and we shall also adopt such a model to extradite the fugitives. So what else can be done? The other notes that we can also establish a dedicated fugitive tracking unit. See we can also enhance the integration among the immigration agencies and state police agencies, Interpol, the external affairs ministry, the home ministry and the central investigation agencies. The communication should be untrammeled between these agencies that is what the author means to say and India can also sign more bilateral and the multilateral conventions relating to the criminal matters. So this would ease up the extradition process and the tracking of fugitives and all these steps can better the tracking and the extradition of fugitives. See currently the activities pertaining to the fugitives are scattered. We have to integrate and the entire range of activities relating to fugitives from investigation to extradition need to be incorporated in a specialized setup. This specialized setup should be headed by the Integrated International Cooperation Division. See the IICD should have linkages with the fugitive tracking units at the state level. By creating such a system we would ensure that the requisite expertise and the forward and the backward linkages are created. When we put a system in place it also creates a standard operating procedure and it would also make the system watertight which would deter the criminals from escaping the law. So it is said that the crimes can be brought down not by increasing the severity of the punishment but creating the atmosphere of certainty of the punishment for any offender. So this initiators for tracking the fugitive offenders is very much important to ensure the enforcement of law with certainty. So these are the points discussed in the editorial. With this understanding in mind let us move on to the next part of our discussion. Now let us take up this news article for discussion. This is an editorial article titled a blip. See recently the Ministry of Finance has released the grossed GST revenue collected from June 2021. It was over 92,000 crore of which the central GST is around 16,000 crore and state GST is over 20,000 crore and IGST is almost 50,000 crore and SES collected is around 7,000 crore and know that the revenue for June 2021 is two percentage higher than the GST revenues in the same month last year. So this growth in tax is a good news which is also called as the concept called tax buoyancy right but after posting about rupees one lakh crore mark for eight months in a row the GST collections in June 2021 dropped below rupees one lakh crore. Today's editorial is about this. So here is the syllabus for your reference. So before we get into the crux of the editorial let us just brush up briefly as to what is GST. You know as we know GST is a tax that customers have to bear when they buy any goods or services which can be food or clothes or anything and the concept of GST is that it is an indirect tax that is the tax is not directly paid by the customers to the government but it is rather levied on the manufacturers or the sellers of the goods and the providers of the services right and see GST was almost two decades in the making since the concept was first proposed under Bajpayee government and finally the goods and services tax came into effect only on the 1st of July 2017. It was passed earlier on 29th of March 2017 the act was passed in the parliament and after that it came into effect and we can say that GST was brought in as a revolutionary change as a India's biggest tax system overhaul from independence and if you see the GST replaced a plethora of other taxes such as states, sales tax, service tax, excise tax etc and all these were merged into a single tax regime and it was applied uniformly on all products and services and the biggest benefit of GST was that it opened up the entire India as a single unified market and what is the advantage of the single unified market this allowed for a free movement of goods across the states borders and this was opposed to the earlier scenario where the state borders became barriers where they were stopped for tax details and all thus GST allowed for a faster movement of trucks and led to the requirement of fewer warehouses across the several states so what will be the implication on the logistics the logistics cost of anything also came down however GST has multiple tax slabs for different categories of product see generally if you take GST across the world when in any other country GST is considered as a single tax for any product but our country has four different slabs apart from the zero percent slab so that makes the GST in India much more complicated so what are the slabs it is five percentage twelve percentage eighteen percentage twenty eight percentage and apart from that some goods are under GST but they are charged at zero percentage and we also have certain categories of goods which are kept outside the purview of the GST if you remember a few days ago we also saw that the petrol and diesel are still kept outside the purview of GST so this makes the GST application little more complicated in our country so that said what there are various types of GST also see the GST paid on each transaction is divided into two equal parts you might have seen any restaurants bill so the first one will be the central GST another one will be the states share of GST so this happens when the transaction takes place within the state okay and when a transaction takes place within a union territory which has no legislature there will be a different component which is called as the union territory GST and apart from these there is another category called the integrated GST this is counted when the transaction takes place between the states or the union territories or between the states or any foreign territory so this is also under a component of integrated GST remember that and in such cases the integrated GST is levied without any bifurcation on the applicable GST rate and know that there are certain exemptions from the purview of GST for example alcohol for human consumption petrol products diesel petrol natural gas so these things we just saw right so they are the exemptions and this is a quick recap of the GST now let us look into the news article what it has in store for us see as we know the GST collection for June 2021 is related to the business transactions made during May 2021 and during May 2021 if you recollect most of these states were under complete or partial lockdown because of the COVID-19 and this really has impacted the GST collections for example the evable data for May 2021 shows that in May about 3.99 crore evables were generated and in April 2021 the previous month if you take it was 5.88 crore you can see that the movement of goods itself has come down and for those of you who are wondering what is an evable see it is nothing but an electronic bill that is mandatory for transporting any goods between the state for values exceeding over 50,000 and if the movement is over 10 kilometers so that will be brought under GST regime and that is it is for that we are issuing the evable and when a evable is generated a number a unique evable number is also allocated and this number is made available to the supplier the recipient and the transporter and if you see the validity of the evable is for one day if the goods are moving for up to 100 kilometers and in the same proportion for the following days so for every day or for every 100 kilometer the evable has to be obtained and there is also penalty for not obtaining evables a fine of 10,000 rupees or an amount of tax sought to be evaded whichever was higher this will be imposed by the tax authorities on the goods so this is evable that you may have to know from the preliminary perspective so coming back to the article so May month collections were down by more than 30 percentage however with reduction in case load and easing of lockdowns the evables generated during June 2020-2021 has seen a rebound it is around 5.5 crore and this indicates the recovery of the trade and businesses and subsequently the economy of course therefore it is expected that while the GST revenue has dipped during June the revenues might have a rebound again from the July of 2021 so this brings us to the end of this discussion on this editorial now let us take up this news article see in our previous discussion dated 4th of July we have learnt regarding the current issues surrounding the Afghan politics right and aspirant shall watch that discussion for a better understanding but in today's discussion we shall know about the current incidents in Afghanistan from the world history point of view and the factors that could shape the future events in the south asian region so here is the syllabus relevant to this editorial before going to the topic let us quickly know what is happening in Afghanistan see recently the US troops departed from the Bagram air base that coordinated the 20-year-long war in Afghanistan so this measure of the united states is the result of the Doha Accord signed between the US and the Taliban insurgents so if you remember the Doha Accord was signed during the Trump regime and we are also aware that as per this accord the US pledged to withdraw all its troops earlier this year but after the Biden administration came into power the decision was taken to withdraw all the troops by the month of September and the date is very symbolic because that was the day when the twin tower attacks happened and the incident on the day was the one which triggered the US to wage a war in Afghanistan so US is trying to pull out on the same day but unfortunately the US is desperate to leave Afghanistan with no concern for the other aspects of the deal and the Taliban is taking this opportunity and what it has done is it has started capturing the territories in the Afghanistan through its military force and another article in today's newspaper also mentions about how the Taliban has reached the outskirts of the Kabul itself and also the Taliban managed to get the US to push the Kabul government to release over 5000 Taliban caddlers in custody and in short the US ended up legitimizing the Taliban which is a terrorist organization hence in the coming months as uncertainty mounts it is said that there will be increasing Taliban presence in the countryside and this is the gist of the Taliban issue now let us know the developments that took place in Afghanistan after the establishment of the democratic state following the fall of Taliban in 2001 see various political philosophies have often influenced our society and in this case the philosophy such as communism and democracy has affected the Afghan society in the 20th and in the beginning of the 21st century and the article rightly points out the gains that Afghanistan has had after the establishment of a democratic regime see in 2001 if you see there were only nine lakh boys in the school whereas now if you see the number has reached 80 lakhs students and all the 80 lakhs one third of it are goals and also the literacy is gone up from 12 percentage in 2002 to 35 percentage very recently and in addition life expectancy has also increased it was previously 40 years only that is a person was expected to live only up to 40 years but right now it has gone up to 63 years in the recent times and alongside this the governance of democratic institutions have contributed to urbanization in Afghanistan and note that a majority of Afghans have grown up in the post-Taliban era and this has reaped very good benefits and the the credits mainly go to the democracy but today they suffer from the daily attacks of Taliban or ISK which is reported as the highest number of attacks since the US ended combat operations in 2014 and tomorrow even these limited gains will be at a risk and keeping this in mind the article highlights the factors that could shape the future events in the South Asian region and the most important factor that deals with the ideology of the Taliban see the religious radicalism propagated by the terrorist organization is seen as a threat for the peaceful existence in the South Asian region because South Asia is not monolithic it has various cultures and various religions coexisting in a peaceful manner and rise of such fundamentalist organization can be a threat of the peace in the South Asian region hence in order to dilute the Taliban's ideology the US and Pakistan have been pushing Taliban's to change their line of ideology but that has not been fruitful the Taliban leadership have given no clues about it and the next factor is the unity within the Afghan regime see the unity is an important factor that shapes the stability in the region at present it is said that the relationship between the leaders in Kabul and the government is not healthy so if this scenario continues it will adversely impact the integrity of the chain of command of the Afghan security forces that is the Afghan security forces few of them may align with the Kabul leaders and few may align with the government and if you recollect the entire thing is a security issue so the strength of the Afghan Taliban force is very vital and if the chain of command is divided this can affect the strength of the Afghan security forces and thirdly the Pakistan factor plays a vital role see it is yet to be known if Pakistan is still seeking strategic depth in Afghanistan and note that Pakistan could also change its strategy if it realizes that Taliban dominated Kabul will be an inspiration and influencer of its own homegrown extremists so the Pakistan factor is remaining to be uncertain and the last factor is that it shall be concluded that the legitimacy of any government that forms in future will depend upon its commitments to democracy and an inclusive approach for peace and coexistence so that is also an area of uncertainty we don't know who is going to form the government in the future in the Afghanistan so this is in summary of this editorial we didn't go into each and every depth of this editorial because that can prove repetitive for us because we had already discussed it on 4th of July so with this information in mind let's move on to the next part of our discussion next let us take up this news article for discussion this article reports about the Zika infection that is officially confirmed for the first time in Kerala and the virus was detected in the blood samples of a pregnant woman who had no prior travel history and as per the news 19 more samples of the health workers from the Trivandrum district who also exhibited similar symptoms have been sent to the NIV or national institute of virology Pune and among them 13 are suspected to be positive for Zika so in this slide let us have a comprehensive discussion on the Zika infection see Zika is a viral infection remember that and this is spread by mosquitoes and its vector is Aedes aegypti mosquito so few days ago in one of my discussions we had discussed that Aedes aegypti mosquito is the one responsible for the spread of dengue and chicken gunia as well if you remember and apart from the mosquito bite the virus is also transmitted through the sexual activity with the infected people and remember that the history of Zika virus can be traced back to 1940s itself it is not a new virus like corona virus it is much older and it was first identified among the monkeys in Uganda and it was first detected in humans five years later so this is in brief about the Zika infection and the vector now let us come to the concerns see generally the disease is mild only hospitalization and deaths are very very uncommon and the virus is not considered dangerous to anyone but when the virus infects a pregnant woman it becomes a cause of concern see what happens is in an infected pregnant woman the infant may develop something called microcephaly see let us understand it micro means small cephal means head so the infected pregnant woman who is carrying the fetus the fetus might develop the microcephaly see the microcephaly is a birth defect and these infected fetuses they have comparatively smaller head compared to the babies of the same size same sex and age and such babies often have smaller brains that might not have been developed properly and this may also cause the Gilean Bari syndrome so Gilean Bari syndrome is nothing but a neurological disorder that could lead to paralysis and death now coming to the symptoms most people who are infected with the virus do not develop symptoms or even if they do they'll have very mild symptoms like fever rash headache joint pain conjunctivitis muscle pain we can safely say these symptoms are very similar to any other viral infection but according to WHO these symptoms can be treated with common pain and fever medications itself and apart from that resting and plenty of water can help in recovery but if it worsens then people should seek medical help and some of the preventive measures against the infection can be usage of mosquito nets and repellents so this is the preventive measure for any disease that is being spread by the mosquitoes and apart from taking steps to prevent mosquitoes steps should also be taken to prevent the sexual transmission of the disease as well and the government should take mosquito control measures such as spraying of pesticides and the usage of mosquito repellents and the use of contraceptives should also be focused because the virus also transmits through sexual transmission and in fact WHO requires countries to counsel sexually active men and women on the matter to minimize the chances of conception at the time of an outbreak so this is all about Zika virus this is very important from the preliminary point of view so with that in mind let us move on to the next part of our discussion now let us take up this news article see this editorial is regarding the recent cabinet shuffle at the center after reshuffling the central government now has 78 members this is just three less than the upper limit of 81 that is legally sanctioned so remember that constitutions 91st amendment act 2003 amended article 75 so it introduced a new clause to article 75 including clause 1a so what does it say it says that the total number of ministers including prime minister shall not exceed 15 percentage of the total number of the members of the house of people house of people is nothing but the Lok Sabha and at present our strength of Lok Sabha is 545 this roughly translate into maximum of 81 of council of ministers and the author says that the reason reconstitution of the COM was guided both politically and administratively how the new composition of the council fits into the ruling government's agenda to bring the weaker sections under its vote bank and the author says the new council of ministers impressively represents India's diversity except in one aspect where there is an under representation of a religious minority in the cabinet so in this context let us discuss in detail about the constitutional provisions regarding the union council of ministers so let us begin with article 74 and 75 see article 74 deals with the status of the council of ministers and article 75 deals with the appointment in your responsibility qualification oath and salaries and allowances of the ministers see article 74 provides for the council of ministers with the prime minister as the head so they will aid and advise the president in excise of his or her functions and the 42nd and the 44th the constitutional amendment acts have made the advice binding on the president as well so keep that in mind and know that the fundamental principle underlying the working of the parliamentary system of government is the principle of collective responsibility so what is this principle of collective responsibility it mainly envisages this thing that is the ministers shall swim or sink together so basically the ministers although they may have privately different opinions regarding some cabinet or the council of minister decisions but when they come out in public they stand as one unit that is all the ministers will agree to the decision that is being taken if they do not agree they generally resign so this is what means by collective responsibility and article 75 explicitly states that the council of ministers is collectively responsible to the looks about so the council of ministers despite having differences of opinion they will vote for the government to stay in power in the Lok Sabha so that is what we mean by swimming and sinking together so this means that all the ministers own joint responsibility to the Lok Sabha for all their acts of omission and commission and apart from this article 75 also contains the principle of individual responsibility so what is this it states that the ministers hold office during the pleasure of the president and this means that the president can remove a minister even at the time when the council of ministers enjoys the confidence of the Lok Sabha so however the president removes a minister only on the advice of the prime minister so this is what is called as the individual responsibility and finally know that the council of ministers consist of different categories of ministers such as cabinet ministers minister of state deputy ministers so it to know in detail about the differences between the cabinet ministers and council of ministers I would suggest you to refer to our analysis on 7th of July that is just two days ago and about the ministers of state and deputy ministers we'll be discussing it in the coming days so with this information in mind let's move on to the next segment of our discussion today so with that article we are at the fag end of today's discussion let's test the knowledge that we gained from our discussion today in that direction we have three practice preliminary questions so we'll go over it one by one let's take up the first question this is about zika infection and we are asked to identify the correct statements so there are two statements first one apart from mosquito bite the virus is also transmitted through sexual activity with the infected people so this is a correct statement we saw this during our discussion and look at the second statement it says fever rash headache joint pain conjunctivitis and muscle pain are the symptoms associated with zika virus yes this is also correct although we saw in the discussion that majority of the zika infections are symptom less some people who manifest this symptom show these kind of symptoms and it affects the fetus in a pregnant woman more adversely and which in turn manifests as gillian barry syndrome so that is about zika so from our discussion we know both these statements are right so correct option is option c moving on to the next question so this is about oic it says which are the following are the member states of oic so we have five countries in the list and we saw in the discussion that india our country is not a member of the oic so with that information we are eliminating option b and c next week we saw our neighbors like afghanistan bangladesh pakistan are all members so we can say any option that contains bangladesh will be the right answer so among option a and d we have only the d option which has the bangladesh in its option so we are going with option d which is one two three and five we are arriving at it merely by the elimination technique so here is the map and an infographic which talks about the oic students can have a look at it moving on to the next question so with reference to the responsibility of the union council of ministers consider the following collective responsibility individual responsibility legal responsibility which of the above is or are ensured by the constitution of india see from our discussion it is clear that one and two are right outrightly we know individual and collective responsibility is a part of the parliamentary form of government and in india there is no provision in the constitution for the system of legal responsibility of a minister which means in uk and all what happens is the queen signs the statute and the minister countersigns the statute so this is what is called as legal responsibility but in our country what happens is when a statute is passed by the parliament when it goes to the president the president has the final signature it is not counter signed by the minister in our country so the legal responsibility concept is absent in our legal system and besides this the courts are also barred from inquiring into the nature of advice rendered by the ministers to the president so the correct option is option c which is one and two only legal responsibility is not a part of indian statutory system so with that we have come to the end of the practice preliminary question so here we are at the comments and clarification section so it was brought to our notice on fourth july's discussion the members of the opec as we displayed had few issues so let us just clarify it right here although it was dealt with again in a subsequent discussion so opec has five countries as the founding members which includes the islamic republic of iran iraq saudi arabia kuwait and venenzuela and they are the founding members but later many nations joined them also so it was katar which joined it in 1961 indonesia 1962 libya in 1962 the united arab emirates joined it in 1967 algeria in 1969 apart from that nigeria ecuador gaben angola equatorial guinea kongo they all joined the opec but if you see the ukedar nation it suspended its membership in 1992 of december but it rejoined in 2007 and again it decided to withdraw its membership as late as 2020 so ecuador will not be a member of the opec keep that in mind and apart from that indonesia suspended its membership in january 2009 and it was reactivated again in january 2016 and if you see it also suspended its member again in 2016 november so that was the 171st meeting of the opec and apart from that we also have gaben which terminated its membership in 1995 and it rejoined in 2016 so right now gaben is also a member and apart from that if you recollect katar terminated its membership in 2019 so all these cumulatively means right now the membership of the opec is 13 with ecuador not a part of a opec so keep that in mind and we thank you for bringing it to our notice please make the necessary corrections in your notes so these are some of the main questions inspired from our discussion today write the answers and post it in the comment section with that let us wrap up our discussion today if you like the video like share comment and subscribe stay home stay safe good day


CHAPTER 32 OF THE MEN IN THE IRON MASK by Alexandre Dumas, translated by William Robson. This leave of course recordings in the public domain. WHO MR. GEN. PESSERHAN WAS? The king's tailor, Mr. Gen. Pesserhan, occupied a rather large house in the Rue Saint-Henor near the Rue de l'Abrissec. He was a man of great taste and elegant stuffs, and broideries and velvets, being hereditary tailor to the king.  The Pesserhan of that period was a Huguenot, like Ambrose Perret and had been spared by the Queen of Navarre, the beautiful Margot, as they used to write and say too in those days, because ensouce, he was the only one who could make for her those wonderful writing habits which she so loved to wear, seeing that they were marvelously well suited to hide certain anatomical defects which the Queen of Navarre used to very studiously conceal. Pesserhan being saved, made out of gratitude, some beautiful black bodices, very expensively indeed, for Queen Catherine, who ended by being pleased at the preservation of a Huguenot people on whom she had long looked with detestation. Pesserhan was a very prudent man, and having heard it said that there was no more dangerous sign for a Protestant than to be smiled upon by Catherine, and having observed that her smiles are more frequent than usual, he speedily turned Catholic with all his family, and having thus become irreproachable attained the lofty position of master Taylor to the crown of France. Under Henry III, gay king as he was, this position was as grand as the height of one of the loftiest peaks of the Cordilleras.  In that, at the very moment he felt his powers of invention declining. He left a son and a daughter, both worthy of the name they were called upon to bear, the son, a cutter as unerring and exact as the square rule, the daughter, apt at embroidery and at designing ornaments. The marriage of Henry IV and Marie de Medici, the exquisite court mourning for the aforementioned queen, together with the few words let fall by Monsieur de Basse-en-Pierre, king of the bow of the period, made the fortune of the second generation of Pesserans. Monsieur Concino Concini and his wife Galagai, who subsequently shown at the French court, sought to Italianize the fashion and introduced some Florentine tailors, but Pesseran touched to the quick in his patriotism and his self-esteem, entirely defeated these foreigners, and that so well that Concino was the first to give up his compatriots, and held the French tailor in such esteem that he would never employ any other, and thus wore a doublet of his on the very day that Vitry blew out his brains with a pistol at the Pont de Louvre. And so it was, a doublet issuing from Monsieur Pesseran's workshop, which the Parisians rejoiced in hacking into so many pieces with the living human body it contained.  At the time that Louis the Just afforded this great example of equity, Pesseran had brought up two sons, one of whom made his debut at the marriage of Anne of Austria, invented that admirable Spanish costume in which Richelieu danced a Saravant, made the costume for the tragedy of Miram, and stitched onto Buckingham's mantle those famous pearls which were destined to be scattered about the pavements of the Louvre. A man becomes easily notable who has made the dresses of a duke of Buckingham, a monsieur de Sainte-Mar, a mademoiselle niant, and a monsieur de Beaufort, and a marion de l'homme. And thus Pesseran III had attained the summit of his glory when his father died, the same Pesseran III, old, famous and wealthy, yet further dressed Louis XIV, and having no son which was a great cause of sorrow to him, seeing that with himself his dynasty would end, he had brought up several hopeful pupils. He possessed a carriage, a country house, men's servants, the tallest in Paris, and, by special authority of Louis XIV, a pack of hounds. He worked for messieurs de Lyon and Le Tellier under a sort of patronage, but, politic man as he was and versed in state secrets, he never succeeded in fitting monsieur Colbert. This is beyond explanation. It is a matter for guessing or for intuition. Great geniuses of every kind live on unseen intangible ideas. They act without themselves knowing why. The great Pesseran, for contrary to the rule of dynasties, it was above all the last of the Pesserans who deserved the name of great. The great Pesseran was inspired when he cut a robe for the queen or a coat for the king. He could mount a mantle for monsieur, the clock of a stocking for madame, but, in spite of his supreme talent, he could never hit off anything approaching a credible fit for monsieur Colbert. That man, he used often to say, is beyond my art. My needle can never dot him down. We need scarcely say that Pesseran was Monsieur Fouquet's tailor, and that the superintendent highly esteemed him. Monsieur Pesseran was nearly eighty years old, nevertheless still fresh, and at the same time so dry the courtiers used to say that he was positively brittle. His renown and his fortune were great enough for Monsieur Le Prance, that king of fobs, to take his arm when talking over the fashions, and for those least eager to pay, never to dare to leave their accounts in a rear with him. For Master Pesseran would for the first time make clothes upon credit, but the second never, unless paid for the former order. It is easy to see at once that a tailor of such renown, instead of running after customers, made difficulties about obliging any fresh ones. And so Pesseran declined to fit bourgeois, or those who had but recently obtained patents of nobility. A story used to circulate that even Monsieur de Mazarin, in exchange for Pesseran supplying him with a full suit of ceremonial vestments as cardinal, one fine day slipped letters of nobility into his pocket. It was to the house of this grand lama of tailors, that D'Artagnan took the despairing porthos, who as they were going along said to his friend, Take care, my good D'Artagnan, not to compromise the dignity of a man such as I am, with the arrogance of this Pesseran. Who will I expect be very impertinent, for I give you notice, my friend, that if he is wanting in respect, I will infallibly chastise him. Presented by me, replied D'Artagnan, you have nothing to fear, even though you were what you are not. Ah, tis because... What? Have you anything against Pesseran, porthos? I think that I once sent Mouston to a fellow of that name. And then? The fellow refused to supply me. Oh, uh, misunderstanding, no doubt, which it will be now exceedingly easy to set right. Mouston must have made a mistake. Perhaps? He has confused the names. Possibly, that Rascal Mouston never can remember names. I will take it all upon myself. Very good. Stop the carriage, porthos. Here we are. Here? How here? We are at the Hala, and you told me the house was at the corner of the rude Elabra sack. Tis true, but look. Well, I do look, and I see. What? But dear, that we are at the Hala. You do not, I suppose, want our horses to clamber up on the roof of the carriage in front of us. No. Nor the carriage in front of us to mount on top of the one in front of it, nor that the second should be driven over the roofs of the thirty or forty others which have arrived before us. No. You are right indeed. What a number of people! And what are they all about? Tis very simple. They are waiting their turn. Bah, have the comedians of the Hotel de Bourgen shifted their quarters? No. Their turn to obtain an entrance to Mishir Pesaran's house. And we are going to wait, too? Oh, we shall show ourselves prompter and not so proud. What are we to do, then? Get down. Pass through the footmen and lackeys, and enter the tailor's house, which I will answer for our doing if you go first. Come along, then, said Porthos. They accordingly alighted and made their way on foot toward the establishment. The cause of the confusion was that Mishir Pesaran's doors were closed, while a servant standing before them was explaining to the illustrious customers of the illustrious tailor that just then Mishir Pesaran could not receive anybody. It was brooded about outside. Still, on the authority of what the great lackey had told some great noble whom he favored, in confidence, that Mishir Pesaran was engaged on five costumes for the king, and that, owing to the urgency of the case, he was meditating in his office on the ornaments, colors, and cut of these five suits. Some contented with this reason went away again, contented to repeat the tale to others, but others, more tenacious, insisted on having the doors opened, and among these last three blue ribbons intended to take parts in a ballet, which would inevitably fail, unless the said three had their costumes shaped by the very hand of the great Pesaran himself. D'Artagnan, pushing on Porthos, who scattered the groups of people right and left, succeeded in gaining the counter, behind which the journeymen tailors were doing their best to answer queries. We forgot to mention that at the door they wanted to put off Porthos like the rest, but D'Artagnan, showing himself, pronounced merely these words, the king's order, and was let in with his friend. The poor fellows had enough to do and did their best to reply to the demands of the customers in the absence of their master, leaving off drawing a stitch to knit a sentence, and when wounded pride or disappointed expectation brought down upon them two cutting of rebuke, he who was attacked made a dive and disappeared under the counter. The line of discontented lords formed a truly remarkable picture. Our captain of musketeers, a man of shore and rapid observation, took it all in at a glance, and having run over the groups his eye rested on a man in front of him. This man seated upon a stool scarcely showed his head above the counter that sheltered him.  He was looking at D'Artagnan and the rest with his chin resting upon his hand like a calm and inquiring amateur. Only on perceiving and doubtless recognizing our captain, he pulled his hat down over his eyes. It was this action perhaps that attracted D'Artagnan's attention, if so the gentleman who had pulled down his hat produced an effect entirely different from what he had desired. In other respects his costume was plain, and his hair evenly cut enough for customers who were not close observers to take him for a mere tailor's apprentice, perched behind the board and carefully stitching cloth or velvet. Nevertheless, this man held up his head too often to be very productively employed with his fingers. D'Artagnan was not deceived, not he, and he saw at once that if this man was working at anything, it certainly was not at velvet. Hey! said he addressing this man. And so you have become a tailor's boy, Monsieur Molière. Hush! Monsieur D'Artagnan! replied the man softly. He will make them recognize me. Well, and what harm? The fact is, there is no harm, but... You were going to say there is no good in doing it either, is it not so? Alas! No! For I was occupied in examining some excellent figures. Go on. Go on, Monsieur Molière. I quite understand the interest you take in the plates. I will not disturb your studies. Thank you! But on one condition, that you tell me where Monsieur Père Saint-Anne really is. Oh, willingly, in his own room only. Only that one can't enter it? Unapproachable. For everybody? Everybody. He brought me here so that I might be at my ease to make my observations, and then he went away. Well, my dear Monsieur Molière, but you will go and tell him I am here. I? exclaimed Molière, in the tone of a courageous dog from which you snatched the bone it has legitimately gained. I disturbed myself! Mr. D'Artagnan, how hard you are upon me! If you don't go directly and tell Monsieur Père Saint-Anne that I am here, my dear Molière, said D'Artagnan in a low tone, I warn you of one thing, that I won't exhibit to you the friend I have brought with me. Molière indicated porthos by an imperceptible gesture. This gentleman? Is it not? Yes. Molière fixed upon porthos one of those looks which penetrate the minds and hearts of men. The subject doubtless appeared a very promising one, for he immediately rose and led the way into the adjoining chamber. End of Chapter 32. Recording by John Van Stan. Savannah, Georgia. Chapter 85 of the Men in the Iron Mask by Alexandre Dumas, translated by William Robson. This LibriVox recording is in the public domain. The old age of Athos. While these affairs were separating forever the four musketeers, formerly bound together in a manner that seemed indissoluble, Athos, left alone after the departure of Raoul, began to pay his tribute to that foretaste of death which is called the absence of those we love. Back in his house at Blois, no longer having even grimoire to receive a poor smile as he passed through the parterre, Athos daily felt the decline of vigor of a nature which for so long a time had seemed impregnable. Age, which had been kept back by the presence of the beloved object, arrived with that cortege of pains and inconveniences which grows by geometrical accretion. Athos had no longer his son to induce him to walk firmly with head erect as a good example. He had no longer in those brilliant eyes of the young man an ever ardent focus, at which to kindle anew the fire of his looks, and then must it be said that nature, exquisite in tenderness and reserve, no longer finding anything to understand its feelings, gave itself up to grief with all the warmth of common natures when they yield to joy. The compdel affair who had remained a young man to his sixty-second year, the warrior who had preserved his strength in spite of fatigue, his freshness of mind in spite of misfortune, his mild serenity of soul and body in spite of Milady, in spite of Mazurine, in spite of Lavallier. Athos had become an old man in a week, from the moment at which he lost the comfort of his later youth. Still handsome, though bent, noble, but sad, he sought since his solitude the deeper glades where sunshine scarcely penetrated. He discontinued all the mighty exercises he had enjoyed through life when Rahu was no longer with him. The servants accustomed to see him stirring with the dawn at all seasons were astonished to hear seven o'clock strike before their master quitted his bed. Athos remained in bed with a book under his pillow, but he did not sleep, neither did he read. Remaining in bed that he might no longer have to carry his body, he allowed his soul and spirit to wander from their envelope and return to his son or to God. His people were sometimes terrified to see him for hours together absorbed in silent reverie, mute and insensible. He no longer heard the timid step of the servant who came to the door of his chamber to watch the sleeping or waking of his master. It often occurred that he forgot the day had half passed away that the hours for the two first meals were gone by. Then he was awakened. He rose, descended to his shady walk, then came out a little into the sun as though to partake of its warmth for a minute in memory of his absent child. And then the dismal monotonous walk recommenced until exhausted. He regained the chamber and his bed, his domicile by choice. For several days the comp did not speak a single word. He refused to receive the visits that were paid him, and during the night he was seen to relight his lamp and pass long hours in writing or examining parchments. Athos wrote one of these letters to Van, another to Fontainebleu. They remained without answers. But we know why. Arama said quitted France and D'Artagnan was travelling from Nat to Paris, from Paris to Pierre Fond. His valet de chambre observed that he shortened his walk every day by several turns. The great alley of limes soon became too long for feet that used to traverse it formally a hundred times a day. The comp walked feebly as far as the middle trees, seated himself upon a mossy bank that sloped towards a sidewalk, and there waited the return of his strength or rather the return of night. Very shortly a hundred steps exhausted him. At length Athos refused to rise at all. He declined all nourishment and his terrified people, although he did not complain, although he wore a smile upon his lips, although he continued to speak with his sweet voice. His people went to Blois in search of the ancient physician of the late Monsieur, and brought him to the Comp de la Faire in such a fashion that he could see the comp without being himself seen. For this purpose, they placed him in a closet adjoining the chamber of the patient, and implored him not to show himself for fear of displeasing their master, who had not asked for a physician. The doctor obeyed. Athos was a sort of model for the gentleman of the country. The blazois boasted of possessing this sacred relic of French glory. Athos was a great senior compared with such nobles as the king improvised by touching with his artificial scepter the patched up trunks of the heraldic trees of the province. People respected Athos, we say, and they loved him. The physician could not bear to see his people weep, to see flock round him the poor of the canton, to whom Athos had so often given life and consolation by his kind words and his charities.  He remarked upon the cheeks of Athos the hectic hue of fever, which feeds upon itself, slow, fever, pitiless, born in a fold of the heart, sheltering itself behind that rampart growing from the suffering it engenders, at once cause and effect of a perilous situation. The comp spoke to nobody. He did not even talk to himself. His thought feared noise. It approached to that degree of over-excitement which borders upon ecstasy. Man thus absorbed, though he does not yet belong to God, already appertains no longer to the earth. The doctor remained for several hours studying this painful struggle of the will against superior power. He was terrified at seeing those eyes always fixed, ever directed on some invisible object, was terrified at the monotonous beating of that heart from which never a sigh arose to vary the melancholy state, for often pain becomes the hope of the physician. Half a day passed away thus. The doctor formed his resolution like a brave man. He issued suddenly from his place of retreat and went straight up to Athos, who beheld him without evincing more surprise than if he had understood nothing of the apparition. Mr. Lecompt, I crave your pardon, said the doctor, coming up to the patient with open arms. But I have a reproach to make you. You shall hear me. And he seated himself by the pillow of Athos, who had great trouble enrouting himself from his preoccupation. What is the matter, doctor? asked the comppt after a silence. The matter is, you are ill, monsieur, and have had no advice. I, ill, said Athos, smiling. Fever, consumption, weakness decay, monsieur Lecompt. Weakness, replied Athos. Is it possible? I do not get up. Come, come, monsieur Lecompt, no subterfuges. You are a good Christian. I hope so, said Athos.  Never, doctor. Well, monsieur, you are in a fair way of doing so. Thus to remain a suicide. Get well. Monsieur Lecompt, get well. Of what? Find the disease first. For my part, I never knew myself better. Never did the sky appear more blue to me. Never did I take more care of my flowers. You have a hidden grief. Concealed? Not at all. The absence of my son, doctor. That is my malady, and I do not conceal it. Monsieur Lecompt, your son lives. He is strong. He has all the future before him, the future of men of merit, of his race. Live for him. But I do live, doctor. Oh, be satisfied of that. Added he with a melancholy smile. For as long as Rahu lives, it will be plainly known for as long as he lives, I shall live. What do you say? A very simple thing. At this moment, doctor, I leave life suspended within me. A forgetful, dissipated, indifferent life would be beyond my strength. Now I have no longer Rahu with me. You do not ask the lamp to burn when the match has not illumined the flame. Do not ask me to live amidst noise and merriment. I vegetate. I prepare myself. I wait. Look, doctor, remember those soldiers we have so often seen together at the ports, where they were waiting to embark, lying down, indifferent, half on one element, half on the other. They were neither at the place where the sea was going to carry them, nor at the place the earth was going to lose them. The baggage prepared, mines on the stretch, arms stacked. They waited. I repeat, the word is the one which paints my present life, lying down like the soldiers my ear on the stretch for the report, that may reach me. I wish to be ready to set out at the first summons. Who will make me that summons? Life or death? God or Raul? My baggage is packed. My soul is prepared. I await the signal. I wait, doctor. I wait. The doctor knew the temper of that mind. He appreciated the strength of that body. He reflected for the moment, told himself that words were useless, remedies absurd, and left the chateau, exhorting Athos's servants not to quit him for a moment. The doctor being gone, Athos evinced neither anger nor vexation at having been disturbed. He did not even desire that all letters that came should be brought to him directly. He knew very well that every distraction which should arise would be a joy, a hope, which his servants would have paid with their blood to procure him. Sleep had become rare. By intense thinking, Athos forgot himself for a few hours at most, in a reverie most profound, more obscure than any other people would have called a dream. The momentary repose which this forgetfulness thus gave the body still further fatigued the soul. For Athos lived a double life during these wanderings of his understanding. One night he dreamt that Raoul was dressing himself in a tent to go upon an expedition commanded by Monsieur de Beaufort in person. The young man was sad.  What is the matter? asked his father tenderly. What afflicts me is the death of Porthos, ever so dear a friend? replied Raoul. I suffer here the grief. You soon will feel at home. And the vision disappeared with the slumber of Athos. At daybreak one of his servants entered his master's apartment and gave him a letter which came from Spain. The writing of Aramis thought the compt and he read. Porthos is dead, cried he after the first lines. Thanks, thou keepest thy promise, thou warnest me. And Athos seized with a mortal sweat, fainted in his bed without any other cause than weakness. End of chapter eighty-five. Recording by John Van Stan. Savannah, Georgia


Welcome back to corporate governance and today we are going to talk about a very important component of the economic policy. We talked about monetary policy which actually has an overarching role and the second one is the fiscal policy. So, today we are going to see what are the different elements and important ingredients of the fiscal policy. Most of the time we hear about the monetary policy because what happens is that it has a direct influence on the common man. It directly influences everyone, poor, rich, industrialist, students, educationists, any sector of society. The fiscal policy also has its own implications. It does have an effect on all of us. However, it tends to be a little bit more overarching. It tends to have a more strategic role. We see that after the Great Depression of the 1930s, the importance of the fiscal policy basically emerged according to Kaini's influence. And now what we see is that the world realized that if we do not want to have a repeat of the Great Depression, then having positive, constructive, engaging and well thought out fiscal policies are extremely important at the national, regional and global level. And therefore it became mandatory for governments to have very coherent and very well thought out strategic fiscal policies. Now what we see is that these fiscal policies have an influence on changes in government expenditure. And another very important element is that it affects the revenue programs that aim at the different levels of engagement. And also what we see is that the economic stability also emerges from it. And therefore all of this tends to constitute the fiscal policy. Now what we see is that the government has many heads of expenditure and the major ones are definitely its own expenses, its admin expenses, its pay structures, its balance of payments. Its return of loans, its interest payments and all of these different areas which are basically called non-development expenses. Then we have the development expenses which are taking place and these development expenses again are different development programs which we see where we see construction of roads, where we see construction of dams, whereby we see that different facilities are being provided to the common man where different institutions are being developed. So all of that becomes a part of their development program and then the non-development budget. So all of this together tends to mesh up into the fiscal policy and again to ensure that there is a proper balance in how all of this is done. What we have seen in the past 20 years is that there has been an explosion of expenses which have taken place, which have basically resulted in us taking a huge and massive of loans from the international community and the IFIs and that has contributed towards great pressure on our return of payments and also on payment of interest. So what we see is that we are now in a whirlpool whereby we are just moving around and changing our gaps and trying to ensure that balance through fiscal policies and another thing that has emerged is that it is very unfortunate that wrong fiscal policies or incoherent fiscal policies or discontinuing fiscal policies has led to the fact that our governments have become postage to international players like IMF or the World Bank or other IFIs and that again is a very, very dangerous situation which has emerged. So therefore the fiscal policy has a very, very important impact on a more strategic context of how governments and nations are moving forward. Ladies and gentlemen when we are talking about the government expenditure programs then we have to see that is it expansionary in effect or is it contractionary and again how does it become contractionary when there are a lot of taxes and we see that taxes can be direct or indirect and again I will talk about it as you move a little bit forward that how direct taxes have an impact on our lives and what we see is that the expenditure program of any country is expansionary in context whereby job opportunities are being created whereby money is given into circulation and things like that and with more taxes then definitely the economy tends to constrict because then everyone comes into the ambit of taxation be it direct or be it indirect. Now ladies and gentlemen the attainment of full employment is also regarded as a primary objective of fiscal policy so just like the economic policy, the monetary policy, the fiscal policy also looks at full employment because if there is full employment then what happens is that we would have a better stability within the country there would be a lesser gap between the rich and poor. And another thing that we are looking at is that the stability of the general context of the economy that is also a very very important thing when we talk about stability of general price levels and that again is to control the inflationary context which is taking place within the economy and right now for example we are seeing at a global level due to post-COVID this has a upward trend and is causing havoc and problems in nearly every country around the world especially what we see is the price of petrol going up so high and with the price of petrol going up then everything is affected directly or indirectly. In Pakistan we see that the tax regimen is more indirect everything is taxed I mean from food to medicine to clothes to anything that is there it is taxed and then there are multiple taxes I was just going through the different taxes and I saw that we have about 37 indirect taxes which are here I mean it is a long long list and then we have direct taxation also we are talking about improving that base unfortunately again indirect taxation either it is the exporters who are directly taxed or it is the salary class and that is also very bad because we have a very small tax base and that tax base has to increase so that the government can get more revenue and the pressure is released from the salary class or from the exporters because what we see is that the gray market or the black market exists more in Pakistan rather than the white market there is great need that through proper fiscal policies the black market and the gray markets are controlled and the white market is brought up so that they can be more balanced between the different stakeholders and there are more opportunities created for the citizens at large because without that they would always be pressure on both internally and externally and that is being seen as very evident how things have swirled out of control and right now we see that we are in this high inflationary context and we really have to emerge out of that so that tends to affect growth rate also definitely we need to through fiscal policy improve the levels of education technical and organizational skills and higher rate of capital accumulation in the context of growth with equity resource mobilization and income redistribution to reduce income inequalities is also a very important aspect of the fiscal policy and we have to see that all of this is done through a better inclusive and participatory approach and the different players of fiscal policy do not succumb to personal motivation but they have to look at national motivation national integration and the fact that a more equitable equitable context tends to emerge within the nation and there is a benefit for all and it is very important to control expenses and also to reduce the indirect taxes and maybe to improve the increase the direct taxes and increase the tax base so that there is a better cash flow within the government and we can reach out to our balance of payments in a better way and we do not have a default situation like that which is awkward in Sri Lanka and that would basically be through a proper holistic participatory inclusive fiscal policy so what we basically see is that income redistribution to reduce income equalities is also a very important byproduct of fiscal policy but through fiscal policy it is very important that we achieve full employment we also ensure that there is lesser indirect taxes improve our tax base in a better way we ensure that there is a control of government expenditure and also the fact that we are able to negotiate with different different finance providers in a better way and that we can attain a higher level of giving back on our debt and the loans that we have taken previously and we tend to minimize the loans in the future and we tend to take them with a better package with better interest rates which would then have an overall impact on the betterment of the common man on the economy and also on the inflationary trends which tend to exist and the overall financial stability of Pakistan. Thank you so much.


From theCUBE Studios in Palo Alto in Boston, bringing you data-driven insights from theCUBE and ETR. This is Breaking Analysis with Dave Vellante. Last week's AWS re-invent brought it to focus the degree to which cloud computing generally and AWS specifically have impacted the technology landscape from making infrastructure orders of magnitude simpler to deploy to accelerating the pace of innovation to the formation of the world's most active and vibrant infrastructure ecosystem. It's clear that AWS has been the number one force for change in the technology industry in the last decade. Now going forward, we see three high-level contributors from AWS that will drive the next 10 years of innovation, including one, the degree to which data will play a defining role in determining winners and losers. Two, the knowledge assimilation effect of AWS's cultural processes, such as two pizza teams, customer obsession and working backwards, and three, the rise of super clouds. That is, clouds that run on top of hyperscale infrastructure that focus not only on IT transformation, but deeper business integration and digital transformation of entire industries. Hello everyone and welcome to this week's Wikibon Cube Insights powered by ETR. In this breaking analysis, we'll review some of the takeaways from the 10th annual AWS re-invent conference and focus on how we see the rise of super clouds impacting the future of virtually all industries. One of the most poignant moments for me was a conversation with Steve Malaney at AWS re-invent. He's the CEO of networking company, Aviatrix. Now, just before we went on the cube, Nick Sturriel, one of Aviatrix's VCs, looked up at Steve and said, it's happening. Now, before I explain what that means, this was the most important hybrid event of the year. You know, no one really knew what the crowd would be like, but well over 20,000 people came to re-invent. And I'd say at least 25 to 26,000 people attended the Expo and probably another 10,000 or more came without badges to have meetings and side meetings and do networking off the Expo floor. So let's call it somewhere between 30 to 40,000 people physically attended the re-invent and another 200,000 or more online. So huge event. Now, what Nick Sturriel meant by it's happening was the next era of cloud innovation is upon us and it's happening in earnest. The cloud is expanding out to the edge. AWS is bringing its operating model, its APIs, its primitives and services to more and more locations. Yes, data and machine learning are critical. We talk about that all the time but the ecosystem flywheel was so evident at this year's re-invent. More so than any other re-invent. Partners were charged up. You know, there wasn't nearly as much chatter about AWS competing with them. Rather, there was much more excitement around the value that partners are creating on top of AWS's massive platform. Now, despite aggressive marketing from competitive hyperscalers, other cloud providers and as a service or on-prem slash hybrid offerings, AWS's lead appears to be accelerating. A notable example is AWS's efforts around custom silicon. Far more companies, especially ISVs, are tapping into AWS's silicon advancements. We saw the announcement of Graviton 3 and new chips for training and inference. And as we've reported extensively, AWS is now on a curve, a silicon curve that will outpace x86 vis-a-vis performance, price performance, cost, power consumption and speed of innovation. And its nitro platform is giving AWS and its partners the greatest degree of optionality in the industry, from CPUs, GPUs, Intel, AMD, NVIDIA and very importantly, arm-based custom silicon springing from AWS's acquisition of Anaperna. AWS started its custom silicon journey in 2008 and has invested massive resources into this effort. Other hyperscalers, notably Microsoft, Google and Alibaba, which have the scale economics to justify such custom silicon efforts are just recently announcing initiatives in this regard. Others who don't have the scale will be relying on third-party silicon providers, a perfectly reasonable strategy. But because AWS has control of the entire stack, we believe it has a strategic advantage in this respect. Silicon especially is a domain where to quote Andy Jassy, there is no compression algorithm for experience. Be on the curve matters a lot. And the biggest story in my view this past week was the rise of the super clouds. In his 2020 book with Steve Hamm, Frank Slutman laid out the case for the rise of data cloud. A title which I've conveniently stolen for this breaking analysis, rise of the super cloud. Thank you, Frank. In his book, Slutman made a case for companies to put data at the center of their organizations rather than organizing just around people, for example. The idea is to create data networks. Well, people of course are critical, organizing around data and enabling people to access and share data will lead to the democratization of data and network effects will kick in. This was essentially Metcalfe's law for data, Bob Metcalfe was the inventor of Ethernet. Ethernet, he put forth that premise when we both worked or the premise when we both worked for Pat McGovern at IDG that the value of a network is proportional to the square of the number of its users or nodes on the network. Thought of another way, the first connection isn't so valuable, but the billionth connection is really valuable. Slutman's law, if I may says the more people that have access to the data governed, of course, and the more data connections that can be shared or create sharing, the more value will be realized from that data, exponential value in fact. Okay, but what is a super cloud? Super cloud is an architecture that taps the underlying services and primitives of hyperscale clouds to deliver incremental value above and beyond what's available from the public cloud provider. A super cloud delivers capabilities through software consumed as services and can run on a single hyperscale cloud or span multiple clouds. In fact, to the degree that a super cloud can span multiple clouds and even on-premises workloads and hide the underlying complexity of the infrastructure supporting this work, the more adoption and the more value will be realized. Now we've listed some examples of what we consider to be super clouds in the making. Snowflake is an example we use frequently, building a data cloud that spans multiple clouds and supports distributed data but governs that data centrally, somewhat consistent with the data mesh approach that we've been talking about for quite some time. Goldman Sachs announced at Reinvent this year a new data management cloud, the Goldman Sachs financial cloud for data with Amazon Web Services. We're going to come back to that later. NASDAQ CEO, Adina Friedman spoke at the day one keynote with Adam Salipsky, of course the new CEO of AWS and talked about the super cloud they're building. They didn't use that term, that's our term. Dishnetworks is building a super cloud to power 5G wireless networks. United Airlines is really in my view they're porting applications to AWS as part of its digital transformation but eventually it will start building out a super cloud travel platform. What was most significant about the United effort is the best practices they're borrowing from AWS like small teams and moving fast. But many others that we've listed here are on a super cloud journey. Just some of the folks we talked to at Reinvent that are building clouds on top of clouds that are shown here. Cohesity, building out a data management cloud focused on data protection and governance. HashiCorp announced its IPO at a $13 billion valuation building an IT automation super cloud. Databricks, Chaos Search, Zscaler. Zscaler is building a security super cloud and many others that we spoke with at the event. Now we want to take a moment to talk about castles in the cloud. It's a premise put forth by Jerry Chen and the team at Greylock. It's a really important piece of work that is building out a data set and categorizing the various cloud services to better understand where the cloud giants are investing where startups can participate and how companies can play in the castles that are being built, that have been built by the hyperscalers and how they can cross the motes that have been dug and where innovation opportunities exist for other companies. Now frequently I'm challenged about our statements that there really are only four hyperscalers that exist in the world today. AWS, Microsoft, Google and Halibaba. While we recognize that companies like Oracle have done a really excellent job of improving their clouds, we don't consider companies like Oracle IBM and other managed service providers as hyperscalers. And one of the main data points that we use to defend our thinking is CAPEX Investment. This was a point that was made in castles in the cloud. There are many others that we look at, other KPIs, size of ecosystem, partner acceleration, enablement for partners, feature sets, et cetera. But CAPEX is a big one. Here's a chart from Platformonomics, a firm that is obsessed with CAPEX showing annual CAPEX spend for five cloud companies, Amazon, Google, Microsoft, IBM and Oracle. This data goes through 2019, it's annual spend. And we've superimposed the direction for each of these companies. Amazon spent more than $40 billion on CAPEX in 2020 and will spend more than 50 billion this year. Sure, there are some warehouses for the Amazon retail business in there and there's other capital expenses in these numbers. But the vast majority has spent on building out its cloud infrastructure. Same with Google and Microsoft. Now, Oracle is at least increasing its CAPEX. It's going to spend about four billion, but it's de minimis compared to the cloud giants. And IBM is headed in the other direction. It's choosing to invest, for instance, $34 billion in acquiring Red Hat instead of putting its capital into a cloud infrastructure. Look, that's a very reasonable strategy, but it underscores the gap. Okay, another metric we look at is IaaS revenue. Here's an updated chart that we showed last month in our cloud update, which at the time excluded Alibaba's most recent quarter results. So we've updated that, very slight change. It wasn't really material. So you see the four hyperscalers. And by the way, they invested more than $100 billion in CAPEX last year, it's going to be larger this year. They'll collectively generate more than $120 billion in revenue this year. And they're growing at 41% collectively. That is remarkable for such a large base of revenue. And for AWS, the rate of revenue growth is accelerating. It's the only hyperscaler that can see that that's unreal at their size. And they're going to do more than $60 billion in revenue this year. Okay, so that's why we say there are only four hyperscalers. But so what? There are so many opportunities to build on top of the infrastructure that the three U.S. giants especially are building as folks are really cautious about China at the moment. So let's take a look at what some of the companies that we've been following are doing in the super cloud arena, if you will. This chart shows some ETR data plotting net score or spending momentum on the vertical axis and market share or presence in the ETR dataset on the horizontal axis. Most every name on the chart is building some type of super cloud. But let me start as we often do calling out AWS and Azure. I guess they're already super clouds, but they're not building necessarily on top of other people's clouds. And they are a little bit, Microsoft does some of that. Certainly Google's doing some of that. Amazon really bringing its cloud to the edge at this point, it's not participating in multi-cloud actively. Anyway, AWS and Azure, they stand alone as the cloud leaders and you can debate what's included in Azure and our previous chart on revenue attempts to strip out the Microsoft SaaS business. But this is a customer view. They see Microsoft as a cloud leader, which it is. So that's why its presence on the horizontal axis and its momentum is very large and very strong. Stronger than even the AWS in this view, even though it's IS revenue that we showed earlier, Microsoft is significantly smaller, but they both have strong momentum on the vertical axis as shown by that red horizontal line. Anything above that, remember, is considered elevated, that 40% or above. Now Google Cloud, it's well behind these two, we kind of put a red dotted line around it. But look at Snowflake, that blue circle. I mean, I realize we repeat ourselves often, but Snowflake continues to hold a net score in the mid to high 70s. It held 80% for a long time. It's getting much bigger. It's so hard to hold that. And in 165 mentions in the survey, which you can see in the inserted table, it continues to expand its market's presence on the horizontal axis. Now all the technology companies that we track, of all of them, we feel Snowflake's vision and execution on its data cloud, and that strategy is the most prominent example of a super cloud. Truly, every tech company, every company should be paying attention to Snowflake's moves and carving out unique value propositions for their customers by standing on the shoulders of cloud giants as CEO Ed Walsch likes to say. Now on the left hand side of the chart, you can see a number of companies that we spoke with that are in various stages of building out their super clouds. Databricks, ThoughtSpot, DataRobots, Zscaler, I mentioned Hashi, you see Elastic, Confluent, they're all above the 40% line. And somewhat below that line, but still respectable, we see VMware with Tanzu, Cohesity, Rubrik, and Veeam. And many others that we didn't necessarily speak with directly at re-invent, and or they don't show up in the ETR data set. Now we've also called out Cisco, Dell, HPE and IBM. We didn't plot them because there's so much other data in there. That's not apples to apple, but we want to call them up because they all have different points of view and are to varying degrees building super clouds. But to be honest, these large companies are first protecting their respective on-prem turf. You can't blame them. Those are very large install bases. Now they're all adding as a service offerings, which is cloud-like, I mean, they're behind, way behind, trying to figure out things like billing and they don't nearly have the ecosystem, but they're going to fight rightly. They're going to fight hard and compete with their respective portfolios, with their channels, and their vastly improved simplicity. But when you speak to customers at re-invent, and these are not just startups we're talking to, we're talking about customers of these enterprise tech companies. These customers want to build on AWS. They look at AWS as cloud and that is the cloud that they want to write to. Now they want to connect. They're on-prem, but they're still largely different worlds when you talk to these customers. Now they'll fully admit they can't or won't move everything out of their data centers, but the vast, vast majority of the customers I spoke with last week at re-invent have much more momentum around moving towards AWS. They're not repatriating as everybody's talking about or not everybody, but many are talking about. And yeah, there's some recency bias because we just got back, but the numbers that we shared earlier don't lie. The trend is very clear. Now, these large firms that we mentioned, these incumbents in the tech industry, these big enterprise tech giants, they're starting to move in the super cloud direction and they will have much more credibility around multi-cloud than the hyperscalers. But my honest view is that AWS's lead is actually accelerating. The gap in my opinion is not closing. Now I want to come back and dig into super cloud a little bit more. Around 2010 and 2011, we collaborated with two individuals really shaped our thinking in the big data space. Peter Goldmacher was a celled side analyst at Common at the time and Abhi Abhishek Mehta was with Bank of America. And B of A was transforming its data operations and Abhi was leading that. Now Peter was an analyst, sharp analyst at the time. He said, you know, it's going to be the buyers of big data technology and those that apply big data to their operations who would create the most value. He used an example of SAP, he said, look, you couldn't have chosen that SAP was going to lead an ERP but if you could have figured out which companies were going to apply ERP to their business, you would have made a lot of money investing. So that was kind of one of his investment theses. Now he posited that the companies that would apply the big data technology, the buyers if you will, would create far more value than the cloud errors or the Hortonworks or a collection of other number of big data players. Clearly he was right in that regard. Now Abhi Mehta was an example of that and he posited that ecosystems would evolve within vertical industries around data. Kind of going back to Frank Slutman's premise that he put data at the core and that would power the next generation of value creation via data, machine learning and business transformation and he was right and that's what we're seeing with the rise of super cloud. Now after the first reinvent, we published a post seated on the right hand side of this chart on Wikibon about the making of a new gorilla, AWS. And we said the way to compete would be to take an industry focus or one way to compete, would take an industry focus and become best of breed within that industry. And we aligned really with Abhi Mehta's point of view that industry ecosystems would evolve around data and offer opportunities for non-hyperscalers to compete. Now what we didn't predict at the time but are now seeing clearly emerge is that these super clouds are going to be built on top of AWS and other hyperscale clouds, makes sense. Goldman's financial cloud for data is taking a page out of AWS. It's pointing its proprietary data, algorithms, tools and processes at its clients just like Amazon did with its technology and it's making these assets available as a service on top of the AWS cloud. A super cloud for financial services if you will. They are relying on AWS for infrastructure, compute storage, networking, security and other services like SageMaker to power that super cloud but they're bringing their own IP to the table. NASDAQ and Dish similarly bringing forth their unique value and as I said earlier United Airlines will in our view eventually evolve from migrating its app's portfolio to the cloud building out a super cloud for travel. What about your logo? What's your super cloud strategy? I'm sure you've been thinking about it or perhaps you're already well down the road. You'd love to hear how you're doing it and if you see the trends the same or differently as we do. Okay that's it for now, don't forget. These episodes are all available as podcasts wherever you listen. All you have to do is search breaking analysis podcast. You definitely want to check out ETR's website at ETR.plus for all the survey data. Remember we publish a full report every week on wikibon.com and siliconangle.com. You can email me if you want to get in touch at david.volante at siliconangle.com. You can DM me at dvolante on Twitter. You can comment on our LinkedIn posts. This is Dave Vellante for theCUBE Insights powered by ETR. Have a great week, stay safe, be well and we'll see you next time.