One for nephilometry. Depending on how you, basta, something that will help you differentiate the two, okay? Moving forward, let's go to osmometry. Osmometry sounds familiar, okay? Sounds easy. Because osmometry is the measurement of osmolality. Osmolality in where?  And usually, okay, we have osmotically active components or substances such as what? These are your glucose, your urea, and your sodium, okay? Glucose, urea, and sodium are usually when added to the solution, they increases, okay? They increases the osmolality of your solution, okay? It increases the osmolality of your solution. Having mentioned that now, okay? Having mentioned that now, sir, how do we measure osmolality? We measure osmolality how? By measuring your colegative properties. And what are these colegative properties? We have your osmotic pressure. We have your boiling point, your freezing point, and your vapor pressure. So collectively, they are called your colegative properties, okay? And these colegative properties are related to one another, but much more related to your osmolality, okay? It is related to your osmolality. So in short, we are indirectly measuring osmolality using your colegative properties. And what is the effect of osmolality to these colegative properties? So when osmolality in the solution increases, what happened? Osmotic pressure and boiling point both increases. The freezing point and the vapor pressure, this is vapor pressure, are both depressed or are both decreased. Are you getting me? So if you understand me pa ano na lang sa chat box, okay? So osmolality again, if the osmolality increases, okay? If the osmolality increases, osmotic pressure, your boiling point are affected, how? It increases. What about sir, your ano? What about my freezing point and your vapor pressure? Those two are all, what happens to them is that they are decreased. Are we clear? Clear po tayo, can you answer in the chat? Yes. So in osmometry, okay, osmometry is based on measuring changes on the colegative property of a particular solution, okay? So once that there are increase of this particular particle, take for example, there are a lot of glucose, a lot of glucose, a lot of BUN or a lot of sodium, it will now affect your osmolality, okay? It will affect your osmolality. And take note, we were mentioning a while back that we measure osmolality by measuring its colegative properties. And among those four colegative properties, osmotic pressure, boiling point, freezing point and vapor pressure, the most commonly used method for measuring your osmolality and measuring changes in colegative properties of a solution is what? Your freezing point depression, okay? Your freezing point depression, okay? Here's the thing, take for example, your water. What is the freezing point of water? Zero degree Celsius po. Zero degree Celsius, correct? Okay, so here's the thing, okay? We started out friends, Char. So the thing is, okay, take for example, you have your water. We added glucose, we added BUN, okay? We added also sodium, which are osmotically active components. What will happen? It will increase its osmolality, okay? And you would also realize that water with those impurity would take longer time or higher temperature before it boils and lower temperature, lower than zero degree Celsius before it freezes. So naging gets yung point, the more that there are those particles already, the higher the osmolality will be. And so the changes in the colegative property will also happen, okay? So is that clear, chat box? Is that clear? Are we clear with osmometer? Okay, thank you so much, okay? Okay, moving forward, let's go now to your electrochemistry. Funds familiar, okay? Sounds familiar, maybe some of you are having a deja vu, okay? Yes, these are the things that you summarized in koale before. Now we are explaining it and maybe just to remind everyone, why am I focusing now on terbidimetry down to mass spectrometry? The thing is, most of the time, they are the topics that are neglected because we are focused on spectro, flame, fluoro, chemi, and even AAS. AAS should be there, okay? AAS should be included there, okay? Included yung AAS hat. Most of the time, sa sobrang haban ng mga topics na yun and it would really take time for students to grasp the topics. It would actually cover the entire time that should be allotted for terbidimetry down, okay? For this topic. So kung mapapansinin ninyo, sabi ko I opted to really cover everything so since we're ending the semester by December, to cover everything, na ayoko naman na naloloka kayo. That's why I allotted your laboratory time for the topics number one to electrophoresis plus AAS, okay? So let's move forward to your electrochemistry, okay? For electrochemistry, electrochemistry involves now the measurement of your current or your voltage that are generated because of the activity of your specific ions. So specific ions give of specific current or voltage depending on the analytic technique that we are using. So right now, we will be differentiating four, actually plus one, plus conductance. We will be differentiating five electrochemistry techniques. One is potensiometry, colometry, voltammetry, amperometry. Do not be afraid, okay? Do not be afraid because most of these are actually terms. That's why I need you guys to read and study. And just a matter of your midterm exam will be the last week of October. So we need to really be ready. We really need to study harder, okay? It's midterms. It's time to polarography not kasama. The one that are here, Angel. So moving forward, okay? So analytes undergo electrochemical changes, electrochemical reactions specifically, oxidation and reduction. So when a particular ion reduce or oxidize, they will now affect the electrode in our instruments. And in measuring your current and your voltage, these are actually generated by the activities of specific ions. Yung ngayong sinasabi ko kanina. So specific ions have their own potential energy, the current and the voltage that are being generated. So let us go now to the first one which is your potensiometry. In potensiometry, okay? In potensiometry, the measurement of potential or the voltage between two electrodes in the solution is the basis for the variety of procedures for measuring analyte concentration. So meaning to say, we have two electrodes. In what are those electrodes? We have your reference electrode and we also have your indicator or your analytical or your measuring electrode. We'll get to that later on. But please write this down, everybody, that in potensiometry, we are able to measure the concentration of a particular substance by measuring the difference between the two electrodes. The reference and the indicator, the difference between the two that will now reflect the concentration of the ion that you are measuring. Are we clear? So let us go now to the two electrodes. In potensiometry, later naman, lalabas pauletyo. Okay, let us discuss the two electrodes. We have your reference electrode and we also have later on your measuring electrode. So your reference electrode is, of course, an electrode. An electrode that is constant and completely insensitive to the composition of the solution under study. So what are we trying to say here? That when it comes to reference electrode, the reference electrode should not be affected by the one you are measuring. So meaning to say, if I put in electrical current in the system, if I put in an electrical current in the system, the reference electrode will not get affected by whatever substance I am measuring. For potensiometry, please write it down. In potensiometry, we are usually using this in the measurement of your pH. In the measurement of your pH or, more specifically, the measurement of your hydrogen ion. The measurement of your hydrogen ion meaning to say, since we are talking about pH, the reference electrode should not be affected by your hydrogen ion. Are we clear? The reference electrode should not be affected by your hydrogen ion. So what should be the ideal characteristic of your reference electrode? Number one, it should conform to the NERS equation. Nakikita nyo nga ba kung paano ko tatanongin sa quiz? All of the following are true about a reference electrode except, okay? So dapat kilalan nyo nako by this time when it comes to the quizzes. So next, it should exhibit a potential that is constant with time, okay? Number one, reference electrode should be constant, okay? Because if there is fluctuation with the potential or the voltage within your reference electrode, it will affect your measurement, okay? It will also affect our measurement. So having said that, your reference electrode should also be able to return in its original potential after being subjected to small current, okay? So dapat nakakabalik siya agad. And of course, last but definitely not the least, there should be, it should only exhibit little hysteresis or lags with temperature cycling. What do you mean by temperature cycling? Your reference electrodes because your electrodes will be subjected into different current, electrical current, different level, so to speak. And different level of electrical current also mean different temperature. So meaning to say, magiiba-ibayong temperature niya and that reference electrode should be able to cope up to that or adapt to that fast, which just little lag, okay? Little, small lang yung lags nila. Are we clear with the reference electrode? So that is the reference electrode now. So in the laboratory, we usually use two major reference electrodes. One is the mercury-mercurious chloride and the silver-silver chloride reference electrode. So let us differentiate one from the other. So mercury-mercurious chloride is a frequently used reference electrode, although the disadvantage here is that it is low to reach a new stable voltage, okay? So meaning to say, yung hysteresis na pinag-uusapan natin, it would take time for your mercury-mercurious chloride to move into one voltage to the other, okay? One voltage to the other, okay? It would take time for it to adjust. Aside from that, okay? Aside from that, not only does we have issue when it comes to it changing in a new voltage, your mercury-mercurious chloride is also unstable at 80 degree centigrade. Wala bang magtatanong sakin? So probably you haven't did your advanced reading. So here, okay? The thing here is that in bishop, okay? Those who are using bishop, this is the one written, okay? But when you go to Henry's, Henry summarized it na, okay? Because ang nakalagay kay Henry's is that greater than 60 degrees hindi na kaya ni mercury-mercurious chloride. Let me just say it again. If it is greater than 60 degrees, higher than 60 degrees, mercury-mercurious chloride will already become unstable. Sir, what are we going to follow? We're going to follow what? We're going to follow what reference? We're going to follow the Henry 60. Well, eventually ganan din naman yan, di ba, above 80, ganan na rin yan. 80 degrees, okay? Higher than that, ang stable nasi mercury-mercurious chloride. On the other hand, we also have another electrode which is your silver-silver chloride. Your silver-silver chloride is another reference electrode that is being used. But this time, here's the thing with silver-silver chloride. It has, it can be used at higher temperatures, okay?  And aside from that, your silver-silver chloride are also compact electrode comparing it to your mercury. Am I clear? Clear po tayo. So in electrochemistry, ganito yung mga yari. Electrochemistry, you will try to differentiate potensiometry from columnetry, from ISE ang pyrometry, voltametry. And within potensiometry, punta lang mo na tayo po eq potensiometry, you should be able to differentiate what reference electrode is and what a measuring electrode is. And in the reference electrode, there are two, okay? Your mercury-mercurious chloride and your silver-silver chloride, okay? And by this time, I just want to congratulate everyone because you made this far and alam ko, there are a lot of things that you're studying right now and looking back on my third year, nakaka, ano, nakaka, nakaka, ano, nakaka, nakaka mabombard ng maraming information and I know that you're going through that right now, but I know you will, ano, you will get through this, okay? So, um, let me just clarify, mercury is unstable above 60 degrees, but silver-silver chloride is stable, stable, stable above 60 degrees, okay? Stable until 60 degrees, all right? So, I hope that's clear. Okay, let's move forward. We have your reference electrode. Now we have your measuring electrode, also known as your indicator electrode, also known as your analytical electrode, okay? Analytical electrode. Sir, can we, sir, pag sinagot ko ba indicator? Sinagot ko analytical, sinagot ko measuring, yes, kahit anong isagot mo kapatid, tama yan, okay? So, measuring electrode, sir, it was mentioned here that it should be sensitive to hydrogen ion, because in this case, what we are measuring is what again, your pH, pH or your hydrogen ion concentration. So, meaning to say, opposing now, okay, comparing it now to your reference electrode, your measuring electrode should be sensitive to the analyte that you want to measure. Your, um, your reference should be insensitive. It should not be affected. It should not be affected by the analyte that you are measuring. So, here's the thing now. In potentiometry, the concentration of your ions in the solution can be calculated how from the measured potential difference, the measured potential difference between your reference electrode and your measuring electrode. And the measured cell potential, okay? The measured cell potential is related to the molar concentration by nurse equation. So, what, sir? Medyo na lost ako dun, okay? Can you please repeat that? Ito lang yung sinabi niya. The difference or the measured potential, the measured potential that we came up with the difference between reference and the measuring electrode is equal to the concentration of your ion, okay? And if you want to, um, how is that depicted that is depicted by your nurse, uh, nurse equation. Are we clear, chat box? Okay. So, ayun ha. So we're moving now, okay? Potentiometry, okay? Potentiometry, difference ng reference electrode and ng, um, measuring electrode is equal to cell potential which is directly proportional to your molar concentration. Let's move forward to your ayun selective electrode. Ayun selective electrodes, okay? Is an electrochemical transducer capable of responding to one specific ayun. One specific ayun, sir? Yes, one specific ayun. So, meaning to say, we have one ISE only dedicated committed to your pH, one for your sodium, one for your calcium, and one for your potassium, okay? So this ayun selective electrodes, okay? This ayun selective electrodes are very sensitive and selective on the ayun that they are measuring. So meaning to say, they only want to measure what they are made to measure, okay? Hindi sila yung flexible adap kung ano yung binigay ano yung unang instruction yun na yun, okay? So there are different membranes, okay? Your ayun selective electrode are made up of different membrane and those different membrane set apart one ayun selective electrode from the other. So meaning to say, aglass, ayun selective electrode are specific and sensitive measurement of hydrogen ayun, okay? Sir, baka may nalili ito sa inyo, no? Bakit tinasin nga binis, sir? Hydrogen ayun tapos bag pH? Guys, pH is the pH measurement is equal to hydrogen ayun. Nagigets nyo ko. Yung hydrogen ayun natin, yung hydrogen ayun concentration is expressed by pH. Clear? Chat box? Okay, wala pang sumagot. Okay? I'm just making sure baka may nalulos sa atin. So glass, ayun selective electrode are dedicated for your pH. Malaya, ah, different na to. We're already on the ayun selective electrode na. Ayun selective electrode. Another, okay. So ayun selective electrode. So where was I? Okay, okay. Here I am. In the ayun selective electrode, in the ayun selective electrode, we have now the glass aluminum silicate. The glass aluminum silicate is dedicated for your sodium. Your ayun selective electrode, dioptylphenylphosphonate is for your calcium. In your ayun selective electrode that has a valinomycin membrane is specific for potassium. Okay? Guys, spent time to write this for because not only that it is in your book, lumabas na po ito sa board exam. So meron ka nang 4 points, ka patiid. You are 4 points ahead of being a top-nature on your September on the, ano, the 2022 board exam. Oh, yes naman, di ba? So moving forward now for after your ayun selective electrode, we go now to your electro chemistry, which is your columnetry. In your columnetry, we measure the quantity of electricity expressed in columns that is needed to convert an analyte to a different oxidation state. Different oxidation state.  Even your sweat sample. Yes, literally all fluid that you can imagine that is coming out in the human's body is being measured by a medical technology. Sir, even my tears, can be a sample for your bacteriology if you may want to add your tears. So moving forward now, sir, bakit po na ka bold, bakit po na ka underlying sa sweat test, what condition is it selected? Why do we measure chloride in sweat? What are we trying to diagnose or what are we trying to what disease are we looking for? Anyone from the chat box? Anyone? Okay, very good. Okay. The correct answer is what? The correct answer is okay, the correct answer is cystic fibrosis. Cystic fibrosis. CSF is not a disease. CSF is cerebrospinal fluid. Cerebrospinal fluid. So in sweat test, we are measuring chloride in your sweat to diagnose or to determine your cystic fibrosis also known as your myocovisidosis. Myocovisidosis. Sir, spelling, cystic fibrosis. Guys, eto ha, once that you hear whenever you hear whenever you hear chloride sweat test lagging cystic fibrosis. Okay, cystic fibrosis or your myocovisidosis. Myocovisidosis. Cystic fibrosis. Cystic fibrosis. Cystic fibrosis. Okay, it's on the chat box already. Myocovisidosis. So moving forward now, that is for your that is for your column 3. So let's try to compare potensiometry difference between your reference and your measuring electrode. The difference between the potential on your column 3 the amount of electricity that you need to oxidize a particular sample. So in this case, for example, for chloride it will now it will now combine with your silver ion. So the amount of the amount of silver ions released by ionization is directly proportional to the amount of chloride in the ion. So kung gaano ka daming silver yung kailangan mong i-release for it to couple with your chloride to become silver chloride, that is also the amount of your chloride, obviously. So that is for your column 3. Let's go now to your amperometry. What is amperometry? Amperometry this time is the measurement of the current flow produced by an oxidation reduction reaction. Are we clear? Let me just try to differentiate column 3 from amperometry. Amperometry. So here, here you applied electricity to oxidize so what you are measuring is how much should I need to apply for it to oxidize. In amperometry there is oxidation there is reduction in the system the thing that you are going to measure now is the current flow from the oxidation reduction. Nakikitaing difference can you see the difference guys in the column 3 ikaw nagbigay ng electricity for it to oxidize. In amperometry, there is already oxidation, there is reduction in the system. What you want to measure now is the current flow produced by the reaction and now the change in the current is measured through the cell and the change is directly proportional to the partial pressure of oxygen present in the specimen which lead me to my next point that amperometry is usually being used in the measurement of your partial oxygen. Are we clear? Hello? Are we still clear chat box? Okay. So that is for amperometry that is for amperometry. For example there is already a constant constant current flow in the system but after oxidation and reduction, there will be changes and that is what you want to measure that is what you want to measure again directly proportional to the oxygen level. Now we go to voltometry. No, we go to voltometry. At voltometry, it is a method now in which a potential is applied in an electrochemical cell and the resulting current is measured. The resulting current is being measured. The advantages guys of voltometry is that it's very sensitive and are capable of multi-element measurement. Unlike your ISE, one is to one specific is to specific. This one, your voltometry own is very sensitive and can measure multi-element can do multi-element measurement. And aside from that, it also consumes only a minimal amount of analyte. So, kunting sample ang kanyang consume. At voltometry, it is used in the measurement of heavy metals such as your lead which is your anodic stripping voltometry. Anodic stripping voltometry. I hope you guys are copying the power point and also reading your book side by side because I did technically, my power point is summarized in yung book. Nandyan po, chapter 4 and page 46 of your Henrys. So, let's go now to the last one. That is voltometry. Let's go to the last which is your conductance. Your conductance is an electrolytic conductivity is a measure of the ability of a particular solution to carry an electrical current. Conductance is the opposite of resistivity or resistance. Activity is the opposite of resistivity. So, in this particular in this particular technique, conductance is used in what? In measuring water impurity. So, the appear water would be free from ions, would be free from, they would be free from other elements. Meaning to say, it will not become a conduct. Yung hindi siya, it will not become a conductor. So, it can also be used in measuring your urea. And these are being used as detectors for your high performance liquid chromatography which will be discussed even next meeting. And also in cell counters and capillary electrophoresis. So, that is for your conductance. So, to wrap it up in electrochemistry we have five, your potentiometry we have your we have your potentiometry, kolometry, amperometry, voltametry and conductance. Okay? Voltametry and your conductance. Let me just correct myself. Okay? Let me just correct myself. Milaya, okay? Hi-O-1 Hi-O-1 pala ito. Hi-O-2-O-3. So, Milaya have a question. As or under, yung measuring electrode, yung measuring electrode natin is for your potentiometry. Potentiometry siya. Okay? So, I'll entertain your questions later. So, let's move forward to your chromatography. Let's move forward to your chromatography. And by the way, chromatography, have you done chromatography before in your clinical chem? Okay, may isa paulit question nakakatawa. Ibig sabihin nandong kayo sa Henry's kasi nakita yung I opted not to include impedance because that will be discussed in the automation and hematology. And even flow cytometry. Are we clear? So, impedance and flow cytometry are actually more specific for your more specific for your clinical hematology. The five are your ano? Potentiometry, kolometry, amperometry, voltametry and your conductors. One, two, three, four, five. Okay, let's go now to your let's go now to your chromatography. So, chromatography is a technique that separates mixture into individual components, okay? And it is used to separate complex mixtures on the basis of different physical interactions between the individual compound and the stationary phase of the system. So, later on, we'll be discussing basic components of chromatography. But let me just let me just say what chromatography does first. So, chromatography, take for example I have a water, I have a solution rather, I have a solution that contains sodium chloride and sodium potassium in chloride. Or take for example merong ano siyang merong siyang different components like drugs or different therapeutic drugs. And I want to measure each one of them, okay? I want to measure each one of them. I can perform chromatography. So, number one, chromatography separates your mixture. Take for example you have a homogenous mixture. You are able to separate each component from the other using chromatography. But not only that, okay? Not only that you separate the mixture according to its component but using chromatography you are also able to identify what specific compound that is, okay? What specific compound that is which will be discussed in matter of three slides from now. And aside from that, in chromatography okay, not only are you able to separate them not only are you able to identify them but eventually you are also able to measure them, okay? You're also able to measure them, okay? So, that is what chromatography is all about. So, let us go to the basic components first, okay? The basic components of your chromatography are first your mobile phase. Your mobile phase is a solvent or a mixture whereby your sample is added, okay? Your mobile phase. Take for example ito yung ano ito yung, take for example I am the sample. The mobile phase is obviously the mobile, okay, yung mga sasakyan that would and the stationary phase is where the mobile phase flows. So, meaning to say ito yung kalsada, okay? So, take for example, okay? We want to we want to identify one from the other we want to identify take for example, there are three students in a mobile phase, okay? There are three students I am making an analogy para may imagine ninyo. There are three students okay, there are three students hindi natin alam kung saang school sila hindi natin alam kung saang school sila tagaroon, okay? But because of but because of the chromatography, we will be able to identify them. So, all of them are on the same mobile phase and then all of them will be passing through the same stationary phase, okay? Take for example, do lang tayo sa u-belt para tabi-tabi yung school okay, you would be able to identify them because one will get off spanya, U.S.T., one will get off at gastambide, your U.E., and one will get off moraita in F.E.U. So, in that case now, you're able to identify among those students U.S.T., Tomasyan, Tamarau and U.E. Redwar yours. So, parang ganun din sa mga components natin. You're able to identify which one is cocaine, you're able to identify which is which one is degoxine, which one is ampetamin, which one is tetrahydrocannabinol because of their appearance in the chromatography. Are we still clear? So, that's separated now after from the mixture once that they are separated they will now be called LOA. So, let me just show you a picture of an LOA. Okay? This is an example. So, as you can see all of these things are belonging to the same same solution tanina. But now, we are able to separate them. So, this B1 here, B2 here, the C1 the E1 here, all of them are signifying an individual analyte. Are we clear? Chat box? Are we clear? So, all of those components okay, all of those components are separated. Okay, ay walang sumasago sa chat box. Okay? So, that is for your chromatography. Okay? That is for your chromatography. So, moving forward now moving forward how are these components separated from one another? One big factor there is because of their polarity. Okay? One reason there is their polarity. The attractive forces that encompasses the total interaction of the solvent molecule meaning to say the mobile phase with the sample molecules and also the attractive forces between your sample and the stationary phase. So, meaning to say the solution that passes through your mobile phase there is an effect causing its separation already and as they pass through the mobile phase okay, as they pass through the mobile phase they are also separated on how they interact with the mobile phase. Okay? How they interact with the mobile phase. That is how they are separated from one another because of their different polarities. Okay? Because of their different polarities. Sir, now that they are separated, I want to identify them. How can I identify them? You can identify them by using their, by identifying their retention time. Retention time, you have a formula there. Retention time is the time it takes for a compound to elute. Okay? For a compound to elute or for them to separate. Okay? So you will now ang inay naman, sorry. Okay, you will now identify okay, you will now identify a particular compound because of their retention time. So, the value is a characteristic of a compound and it's related to the strength of its interaction with the stationary phase and that mobile phase. So, meaning to say, the retention time, therefore can be used to determine the compound's identity. Are we clear? So, when I ask, how can I identify a compound's identity using chromatography? The answer is because of its retention time. Are we clear? Sir, may job pa ulit po, sir. Yung kasi may jila wala po ako. Okay, so again, okay? So, we are able to identify the identity of a compound because or due to their retention time. Okay? Due to their retention time. Moving forward now, I have only like a couple of four slides and this will be the final 10 minutes and the final coverage for the quiz on Monday. So, we have four modes of operation. Okay? We have four sir, ano po yung mobile phase ng mga analyte? The mobile phase of an analyte are the take for example, it can be usually solid siya. Eto later. Merong paper, merong merong paper, merong gel, but usually in general most of the mobile phase are solid. I want you to look, I want you to imagine electrophoresis. Electrophoresis are somehow similar with chromatography. It's just that electrophoresis has current chromatography you have the mobile phase that drives the component into the mobile, into the stationary phase. Okay? So, ayan. So later on the different chromatographic techniques actually differ on the mobile phase rather than the stationary phase. Merong tayong gas chromatography, merong tayong liquid chromatography. So, I'll explain that in the succeeding topics. Let me just finish this first. So, in the chromatography we have mode of separation that is the adsorption. First is the adsorption the partition, steric exclusion, and ayon exchange. So, let me go first to adsorption. Okay? Adsorption. So, adsorption is based on competition. So, competition between the sample and the mobile phase. They compete in the absorptive sites of the stationary phase. So, take for example, it is your Wattman paper. Okay? Your Wattman paper. Take for example, you have here your alcohol and your water. You want to separate one from the other. So, they would compete from one another. So, the molecules that is most soluble again ha, most soluble, ibig sabihin it really did again talk about the interaction of your molecule and your mobile phase and the interaction as well of your sample or your analytes to the stationary phase. So, nakatepende the solubility of your molecules okay will determine who would move faster in the in the solution. So, what do i mean by moving faster? So, as they move faster parang ito they would now be separated from one another. This is your B2, this is your B1. This one here are, we can say that this was absorbed easily because it has higher solubility or it is the most soluble between the two compounds. That's why it is the one that is up here. And moving forward usually usually your adsorption usually your adsorption is seen in liquid solid chromatography. Liquid solid chromatography. Moving forward now, let's go to your partition. Your partition, let me just clear the air immediately. The partition is usually done or usually the separation technique in your liquid-liquid chromatography. Sir, liquid-liquid chromatography, what do you mean by that? Meaning to say liquid's immobile phase liquid then see stationary phase. Liquid-liquid. So let us go here. So separation is based on relative solubility again solubility again of your compound inorganic and acueyo solvent. Inorganic and acueyo solvent. So what happened here is that you will be adding an immisable solvent. Usually an organic solvent. So meaning to say nonpolar. What will happen is that after adding that, sabi natin immisable, it's like water and oil. They will not mix. But you are pretty much aware that in that acueyo solution there are some organic or some nonpolar compounds. And what you want to do is to extract that which leads me now into saying that partition is also extraction. Partition and extraction are one in the same. So what happen is that molecules containing a polar in a nonpolar group in an acueyo solution when an immisable organic solvent is added and then what will happen what we will do is to shake it. You will shake it and then depending ang dinagdag mo is an organic solvent, the organic compounds in the solution will move into the organic solvent. The one that you added. Take for example, nag-add ka ng immisable organic compound. Yung organic compound na nang dun sa solution mo will be migrating to the immisable. When it gets back, it will now move it will now extract the organic from the solution. So that is the partition. So usually liquid-liquid chromatography liquid-liquid chromatography. So let us move forward. We only have four minutes. So we also have here your steric exclusion. Steric exclusion is similar to your adsorption. What is the difference? Not only is it affected by its solubility but also affected we are trying to differ. Sir Panapag, they have the same solubility. How can I differentiate them? The answer is steric exclusion because it is now based on their size and their shape. So it is a variation of a liquid-solid chromatography. Usually the solid stationary phase is a gel. So it is all known as a size exclusion or molecular exclusion or molecular sieve chromatography. Yung ano niya. Either size exclusion chromatography, molecular exclusion chromatography or molecular sieve chromatography. How does it look like? Ganyta siya. This is your size exclusion chromatography. Can you see it? Chat box. Please confirm. Take for example this ions here, the one in blue and the one in red are of the same solubility. So you would have a hard time differentiating or separating the two but it was answered by size exclusion chromatography. Your steric exclusion whereby smaller compounds will migrate faster into the stationary phase. And the larger the larger molecules would take longer time would take longer time for them to migrate into the mobile phase. Meaning to say, again you're able to identify them because of the difference now of their retention time. Are we clear with that? So ganan siya ha, it is composed of gel. The last but not the least is an ion exchange chromatography. Ion exchange chromatography solute mixtures are separated by magnitude and charge of their ionic species. So stationary phase are your resins. Your resins can be cut ion or an ion resin. So let me just try to differentiate the four ways to separate using your chromatography.  Here's the thing. So for adsorption chromatography we separate them according to their solubility. How fast are they absorbed from the mobile phase. Your partition on the other hand is based on their relative solubility. We have two phases one that is the solvent that you are adding is imesable to the other. So meaning to say hindi sila nagmimix. What you will do there is to separate the organic from the inorganic from one another and that is done through partition chromatography. On the other hand, we also have your size exclusion chromatography or your steric exclusion whereby you separate molecules not only based on their polarity or solubility but also based on their size and their shape. San Thomas helpful. It is very much helpful if both of your sample has the same absorption had the same solubility and now you want you know that there are two different components in there and you want to separate that what you're going to do is to separate them based on their size and their shape using size exclusion chromatography.  Based on their ionic charges. So if you are having an ionic if you are having an ionic resin, you will now be attracting of course the positively sign the cut ion if you have the cut ion you will be attracting now in your will be separating now the anion. So that is for the methods of separation. The rest of the chromatography will be discussed on Monday so your quiz will be from spectrophotometry up until ion exchange chromatography. So that would be all for today. Thank you so much. So I'm stopping the recording now.


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Follow us on all our social media platforms as we are live on Instagram, YouTube, as well as Facebook. And thank you so much for supporting the podcast as well as all the other podcasts that we have on private property. And just on that note, we are running a campaign where we wanna know your thoughts and your feedback as to why you love the private property podcast and all the content and information that we share on all our platforms, including our website. So please tag us on hashtag one million. And we just wanna know the one million reasons as to why you love the private property podcast and keep joining and supporting each and every podcast that we have during the week and on the weekends. I just wanna read some feedback or some screenshots or comments that we've had from you lovely audience or viewers at home that have been so kind enough to share the information as to why you love private property. And so I just wanna read a few of the comments here. We've got Vaisha Naidu who says, I love private property because they cover huge range of options and areas for properties. They're always on the ball and providing the best advice and guidance to anyone seeking to invest in property in showing that you are well-informed and equipped to make the best decisions for yourself. And she goes on to say that, the clients that come into the podcast are very friendly and they guarantee the best service as well as we're just not an agent who takes people for granted but we're always professionals in everything that we do. And so she then adds hashtag one million followers and hashtag private property. Just another comment I wanna read in before we get into our guests this evening is from Ponzo Mamelo Ntsiniye. And she says, congratulations, fam. I love the private property because of the podcasts. They are so informative and I love that you invite proper people to equip me with all the skills and knowledge I need for when I finally purchased my first property. Thank you for the free educational podcasts, fam. Hashtag one million followers, hashtag 5,000 shares, hashtag 10,000 comments. So please join the movement, hashtag one million followers, hashtag private property essay and all our social media platforms and tell us your one million reasons why you love the farming podcast. Farming podcast as well as all the other private property podcasts that we have on our platforms. But tonight's guest is a female agripreneur. I'm always happy when I speak to female farmers, female professionals, female entrepreneurs in the sector because it goes to show that there are actually females that are doing phenomenal work in the sectors and that we're not hiding in our corners somewhere, but we really are focused on growing the industry at large. And today's guest is Gugule Tumachlangu and we're gonna speak about her initiative called Farm Spaces which she holds on Twitter. And this ties into our topic for tonight's show about how to grow an online agri-community. The world is literally virtual nowadays because of the global pandemic. And so online is such an integral part in learning and gaining information, especially around a sector that not many people know of. And so if you haven't catch on to Farm Spaces, it's it. I encourage you to please follow Farm Spaces, follow Gugule Tumachlangu's work. And tonight's episode is all about what she does and we'll get a bit more detail into Farm Spaces and how they're educating an online agri-community. If you have any questions for our guests tonight, please comment and we'll be happy to answer all your questions live on to the show. Well, let's get to it. Gugule Tumachlangu, thank you so much for joining us. How are you doing? Hi, I'm Vali, thank you so much for having me. I'm doing great, so how are you doing? I'm doing awesome, thank you. Let's get into know firstly who Gugule Tumachlangu is. So what do you do and what, yeah, how are you operating in the agri-sector at large? Well, I'm a farmer. I'm currently working as an aquaponics homesoculturist for a company, I'm trying to, you know, broaden my horizons when it comes to farming and the agricultural sector. And yeah, I started Farm Spaces this year. I started Farm Spaces this year. Yeah, it feels like it's been forever, but I recently started Farm Spaces because I really wanted to bridge the gap of information when it comes to agriculture and kind of make someone else's life much more simpler than it was for me when I entered the agri-sector. That is fantastic. So you've given us a snippet as to why you started Farm Spaces and why this year? Why didn't you start maybe two years ago? Was it just because, you know, a lot of people started inquiring, started reaching out to you, asking about agri-information and even if they were, what type of information were they seeking from you that made you start Farm Spaces? That is a very good question, Bali, as to why this year, right? Because I'm sure you as a female farmer as well can agree that it's not easy being in the sector because of the lack of information access and just mentorship, someone who guides you and holds your hand as to even ways to just buy something as simple as your inputs. So it was just a huge challenge for me. And the more people started inquiring on Twitter and social medias that I use that, hi, where do we get this? How do I do this? Where can I buy my produce? Where do we even get land? How's it been brought to seed? I want to be a farmer, but I don't have that knowledge. So I just decided to take that up on myself to be like, how about we talk about this? And because of COVID, I think we, well, it made me come up with a much more creative way to reach people with inquiries. And I initially, you know, I'm always on Twitter. Twitter's one of my favorite social media apps. So I, because it's very engaging, right? We always have topics, there's always trending topics. So it's a very good tool to use to have conversations. So from that platform, they now launch this feature called Spaces. And what Spaces is, it's just audio live conversations.   And it was mind blowing, you know, because when we got there, we realized we have so much to speak about. And I think that's when Farm Spaces was born. And yeah, it wasn't even called Farm Spaces. I think I called it Farmers Q&A, something like that. I'm not sure. But it wasn't, you know, as established as it is now, it was more of an idea. Hey guys, I know this guy's into cattle, that guy's into cattle, please come. People wanna know questions. I can't answer because I'm not into cattle. So that's how it started. Wow. And just for any of our audience watching tonight that is maybe not familiar with the, you know, with the Spaces platform within Twitter, how does one get involved? Do they just follow you on Twitter and then just wait for your turnouts when this conversation is gonna happen? And even when it does happen, how do people engage? Do they engage by asking questions, just typing them? Or do they get the opportunity to speak to you directly and maybe to the farmer that is on that live audio platform? So maybe just take us slowly into how Farm Spaces work and how aspirant farmers and farmers alike can really participate in this dialogue of Farm Spaces. All right, so firstly, it is on Twitter. So you would have to have the Twitter app on your phone. I know Twitter is working to get it on the desktop but it's not, to my knowledge, that hasn't happened yet. So you'd have to have Twitter. So most of the time, farmers really aren't so social media savvy. So I'd kinda have to tell them, hey, please download Twitter, even beg them sometimes. Please just download Twitter just for this occasion. So how it works is that you'd have to have Twitter. You don't necessarily have to follow me because Twitter generates a link that I can send to people. And now you can schedule your space. So if you go on my page, I have a schedule space for 5 p.m. I mean, 6 p.m. So you can sit a reminder for yourself. And once you log in, it's an audio conversation. So it's almost like a podcast. There's no video, it's just audio. And then we have experts. I usually choose a topic, but I love to engage with just the Twitter online community in terms of farmers and emerging farmers, aspiring. Anyone in the agricultural sector, I asked them, what do we need to be speaking about? What kind of topics do we need to really talk about and let people understand or create awareness? And from then, that's when I start the topic and I bring our speakers, experts in the topic, in the field, and then we have a conversation. We have a conversation from how to start, where to go, what to do, and then usually I open up the floor for listeners to ask them direct questions because I started Farm Spaces not really knowing where it would go, but now I've found that what is really important for the agri-community online is information. So they are now driving Farm Spaces in the sense that they are able to be like asking you, hi, Mali, how do I do this? How do I do that? Where do I go? And then you can give them an answer. And I really feel like it's such a fulfilling platform because you hear it from the horse's mouth. So that's where people can find it and that's what it's about. It's a casual conversation in terms of the questions. If you can't, maybe people are shy sometimes. If you don't want to speak, you can just send me a DM. I usually also read the questions that people take to me. Yeah. I think it's such a great initiative because we can never have enough information, especially around the sector because every farmer is different. Everybody cultivates or farms differently, raises them cattle, livestock, chickens differently. There's not one approach to make it a success in this industry. So it's a great platform that you want on and especially also roping in experts because we all have different journeys going into the sector. And as farmers, we're all farming in different geographic regions. So what might work well in KZN might not work well in the Northwest in Bumalanga, vice versa. Just again, on the farm space, as you mentioned, it's all about Twitter. How long do the conversations last? And how do you manage an influx of questions where then people start saying, I want to come to the farms and visit because as much as farming, you might learn from a theoretical aspect, there's still a practical, physical element into farming. So how do you then manage people who say, I want to now visit farms to the farmer in that floor or the expert who's providing expert advice? How do I then go visit farms to actually get practical training? How do you solve inquiries such as those? Balie, I think because we are bringing experts who are willing to share information, who are willing to spoon us on a certain topic, they are opening themselves up. They are saying, hey, if you need any further advice or if you'd like to touch base with me, you can contact me at, then they leave their details. And that will be up to the farmer and the aspiring farmer or anyone else to take that next step. I think what farm spaces is doing is that we are just trying to provide a platform for conversations and we are providing a platform for learning so that tomorrow you are able to know that perhaps the government institutions have certain funding or programs available to you. Maybe you did not know that or that starting on a Hector is more wiser than starting investing all your money on a 10 Hector. So it's these conversations that get people really clued up about how the agri industry works and from then on, they now had the responsibility to use that information as they wish. Wow, this is fantastic. And I just wanna know as well, what are some of the frequently asked questions that have come up onto the farm spaces? Just if you could share some of them so that we also know what people really wanna know about the agri sector. So it will be interesting to know what are the frequently asked questions that time and time again, week in, week out, you're getting within the farm spaces platform. I think it's very difficult to answer that one because there's so many different topics we've covered. We've done a recent, we've done beekeeping, we've done cabbage, we've done exports, we've done so many different topics and they all have their own different needs. So, but I really feel like number one topic will always be profitability. People want to know, can I make a career out of the space that I'm venturing into? Can I make money? Is this worth my time? Is this worth my investments? Is this worth me going to school for, taking up courses? Is this even worth me leaving my job? So people wanna know that the agricultural sector is profitable, is able to put food on the table for themselves. I feel like farmers would tirelessly to put food on the table for the nation, but are they making income? So that for me, I feel like is the number one question, or rather, question mark on the agricultural sector. Where is it going? How profitable is it? Do we have the right channels to ensure that new emerging farmers are able to be commercial and be there for a long time, not just open up a farm and try something and it doesn't work out and then you go back to your day job? So really the passion that is around agriculture, how do we turn that into careers? Right. And am I correct in saying that a lot of the audience members that joined the farm spaces are aspirant farmers. Is it people that just wanna go into farming that maybe have land at home and they haven't started anything and they're just curious about how do I enter this industry, like you've said, based on the frequently asked question. So majority of the audience members within farm spaces or that joined this dialogue aspirant farmers or have you found that there are many farmers who are still seeking to upscale their own knowledge and information about the agri-sector? Great question. Yes, funny enough, it is always emerging farmers. Farmers actually want to upscale. So it's farmers that are already in the industry looking to be profitable. So something is not working where they are. And it's interesting, I think, that we have all these farmers in the agricultural sector. I feel like I was one of them. So we are in the sector, but like how do we become profitable? How do we move from point A to B? I've been in point A for maybe a year or two years and I don't see growth. So that is the information that people really want to know. How do I become a data farmer? How do I become profitable? Is it possible for a small-scale farmer like myself to mechanize? So it's such questions that farmers really need more information on. How do they make this a career? Where do they go when they want to get extra funding or capital so that they can grow their businesses? So it always comes from that aspect. And obviously they are aspiring farmers on the space that really want to join agriculture. I feel like agriculture is always that attractive sector to go in because of all, I guess misconceptions about it. People think it's rose and sunrises and sunsets, but it isn't attractive sector, but people need to now understand how do we grow in the sector? How do we start making money? And most importantly, how do we transfer skills? We have so many skilled and wonderful farmers in the agricultural sector that are a good source of mentorships. How do we access that knowledge? So that's something that I've picked up on Farm Spaces that a lot of us need information on how to really make these careers. Fantastic. If you're just tuning into the Private Property Farming Podcast this evening, we are speaking to Ukulea Tumashango. She's a farmer and agripreneur and also the founder of Farm Spaces. And she's just pretty much summarized what Farm Spaces is about. It's a platform on Twitter where you get to engage in interactive dialogues, topic-specific related to agriculture. And she's mentioned that so far she's hosted dialogues around beekeeping, cabbage, exports, et cetera. And a lot of the people that join Farm Spaces are aspirant farmers who want to know about the dynamics that the industry holds, access to finance, markets, information, transfer of knowledge, transfer of skills. And you just need to follow her page on Twitter. And she will tell us her Twitter handle at the end of the show. But if you're just watching and you're just curious to know who's this female farmer that we're talking to? It's Ukulea Tumashango. And we're talking about how to build an online agri-community. And specifically for this topic tonight, we're talking about Farm Spaces. So, I just want to find out, because we've seen on social media, you are doing Farm Spaces alongside Food from Zanzi as a brand. And we've had Food from Zanzi on the show as well. So how did that partnership or collaboration come on board? And if you could just please give us some insights into that. Food from Zanzi is an online digital platform that really promotes agriculture and food in general. And I really feel like I got attracted to them very instantly because of just the work that they do, forever rooting for the farmer, big and small. And so I have been featured on Food from Zanzi and I have a good close working relationship with them. They had a program, Sinelies with Journalism, Sisters in Journalism program that I applied for. And I got accepted and it was a year long program. And I won for Northwest Province. So I'm officially a Sisters in Journalist for Food from Zanzi. So with that partnership with them and that relationship that I built and them seeing what I was doing, I think they picked it up very easy because they're so good at that. They're so good at looking out for the real stories in our sector. They were like, we really love this platform and we want to collaborate with you. And I was like, absolutely. I definitely am aligned with what Food from Zanzi is doing and I knew that they already have the stories that are out there. So we could make a perfect partnership where they expose me to the wonderful farmers that they've interviewed and I can bring the space that I am working on and we could speak about it and really promote the farmer because so many times people want to get information and not really understand that farmers work very hard for that information that they want. So with that partnership that I had with Food from Zanzi, we decided to look at the stories that are most impactful and decide on topics that, okay, let's feature this farmer because they had covered an article on him or her and get them on the show. And so it's been a very smooth transition for me as founder of Farm Spaces, because I had to do everything alone. I had to get the farmer. I had to call, I had to DM. Sometimes I had to, you know, please beg and be like, please, please come. We really need you here. So with this partnership, it's made it very easy for me and it's working very well. Yeah, I love what you're saying about getting the farmers onto the show because I know farmers are just by nature introverts.  So tell me about that process of actually getting the different farmers who have different skill sets to get onto the show. How's that journey like? It's hard. I don't want to lie to you.  Sometimes, you know, there's no network and it's like, this was your guest and now like there's nothing you can do because you can't even hear them. So it's those challenges. But you know, I mean, my heart was in the right place. I think everyone needed that. Okay, she really tried to bring the speaker. You know, stuff happened, they're on farms. So they understood. And I was still starting out. So which ones are in that partnership kind of also helped mitigate that, you know, because then, you know, they give me their stories way in advance and I am able to communicate with the farmer, you know, way in advance. So we can also, I can brief the farmer that, hey, this is how it's happening. Maybe do a mic check, you know, one to answer with them. You know, also just brief them so that they can understand what they are exposing themselves to because farmers are introverts, you're right, Mali. And you know, they just want to keep space. They just want to farm. They're not really interested in much. So it's such a privilege to always have them on the show because they're imparting so many valuable lessons. And I always get such positive feedback every farm space that, wow, you know, thank you so much for bringing this farmer. It's a farmer that I looked up to and they really made me understand, you know, maybe how to grow spinach or, you know, when to irrigate or maybe they even shared their fertilizer programs with them. So it's stuff like that, that really make it worthwhile. Wow, that's, it's just incredible to see how far you've come from just starting it from an idea to working with food from Zanzi to obviously creating an impact and creating a space that becomes a knowledge hub for people who want to farm or be in the agri sector. I just want to ask as well, with the audience that have been a part of farm spaces, have you picked up that we're getting, you're getting a lot more females onto the platform or young people, you know, what's the interest like? Who are you attracting within farm spaces?  There's not enough females in the sector. There's not enough youth in the sector. So what have you found since you started farm spaces? Are there a lot more females being attracted to the space or being participating in the dialogues as well as are there a lot of youth participating in the dialogues as well?  And, you know, we have a lot of Africans, you know, from Zem, from Uganda, to Ghana, Kenya especially, and they all come to the space. And it's mostly males, I have to admit that it is mostly males, but there are females that are coming into the sector, coming into their own. I think a lot of times females are still feeling, what's the word now? I don't want to say, I feel like there's a bit of fear when it comes to females, especially maybe even to ask questions, you know, on farm spaces because the males are dominating so much. And we know I am hoping to change that by inviting more females speakers on the topics that I have, just to ensure that there's always a female voice so that we can encourage an uplift females so that they can see that, you know, agriculture, you know, commercially in livestock, in crop production looks like this. So currently it is still male dominated, you know, and it's males from all across Africa, but we are trying our best to change that recently with our beekeeping episode. We had a wonderful lady from Eden Roots who makes her own products. She's a beekeeper and she makes her own products. So that was a very inspiring session for the women involved because they now were able to ask a lot of questions and they started, you know, speaking to her directly and trying to find out more on the fields because they kind of saw a presentation of themselves.  You know, we don't have a long way to go there, but it is slowly changing. Right. And whilst we're still on the topic of females and considering that we are still in a woman's month, what advice would you give to females in the agriculture space, you know, not necessarily farmers, but young graduates who have graduated in any agri course, to farmers, yes, to agri, to professionals working for agri corporates of Africa, to women working in associations, what advice would you give to females in the sector as part of women's month? I think my advice to women in the sector would be to gather as much information as you can. You know, information is power and equip yourself with some sort of training or education because I think that really does go a long way and most importantly, get yourself a mentor. You know, I think we always hear this amongst ourselves, but we really don't appreciate the value that a mentor can break, you know, because a mentor can really help save your time, you know, so that you are able to do the right thing from the onset. So I would advise, you know, try to get a mentor. I know farmers are very, very busy, you know, and maybe time is not on their side, but, you know, try shadowing them, try shadow them. Also, you know, don't have the fear of being intimidated by the male-dominated industry that we are in. I feel that women need to really find their inner voice, really find their inner power, because, you know, once that's unleashed, you can really only go to the top from there.  You know, you can do the job just as better as the next person. So I really feel like, you know, just that industry fear, women need to rise above that.  So I'll definitely encourage women to take up space, you know? Yeah, hashtag take up space. Thank you so much for your time this evening, Coco. We are really, really, really appreciate your efforts. And with this platform or dialogue that you started with Farm Spaces, I hope people or our audience watching tonight could just follow you. If you could just end off the show with maybe your Twitter handle so that people maybe could follow you and then look out for the dialogues in future. And yeah, I think that is it from us, but thank you so much for your time. But please, if you could just share your Twitter handle for us. Okay, thank you so much, Mbali. My Twitter handle is Googleetu underscore C for cats, M for mommy, and the same with my Instagram. But I really, Twitter is my favorite app ever. Please reach out to me on Twitter. So yeah, thank you so much. It's a pleasure. Thank you so much, Coco. We were just speaking to Googleetu Matlango and our topic for this evening was how to start an online agri-community. And we got to learn about her initiative or space within Twitter called Farm Spaces, which is pretty much a dialogue where an aspirant farmer or a farmer can join in and ask questions and maybe educate transfer skills, transfer knowledge through this Farm Spaces platform and assist each other. It's all about community sharing, sharing knowledge, providing valuable insights and advice. And maybe you might just grow a successful farm from all the experts that she brings on to the show. So she did mention a Twitter handle, Googleetu underscore C M, I believe, and just follow her on Twitter. She is best on Twitter, as she mentioned, and look out for her posts regarding Farm Spaces. But before we end the show tonight, I just wanna read one last comment with regards to our one million followers that we've reached on our Facebook platform. And this one is from Gatheko Agape. She says, I love private property because it goes beyond property advertisements. Private property is a trendsetter in the property space. It is a networking and educational platform that is in touch with its clients, its buyers visiting it to shop, agents and sellers as well as advertisers, their properties. This is not an organization that exists to make profits but is generously giving back to the community. Thank you, private property. Thank you, Gatheko, for being part of the private property community, supporting all our podcasts that we have on private property and continue to like, share, comment on our social media platforms. Go on to our YouTube channel, subscribe, subscribe, subscribe. We've got tons of content there. And also thank you for supporting the farming podcast. Be sure to catch me on Thursday at 8 p.m. with another wonderful guest. However, this is it from me. See you on Thursday. Take care.


Well, very good. Yep, we'll go ahead and get started. We have, we have a roll call. Looks like we have quorum. Everybody agree on that? Yep. Very good. Looks like the second item is to welcome our new board members. Looks like we have Al. And Justin, Justin's not on. So Okay, he's the one. I would just suggest that we have Al just introduce himself and tell us a little bit about him and then let's have all the rest of the board just introduce themselves. Perfect. Sounds good, Jeff. Al wants to go ahead. Hello, everyone. Thanks for the time and thanks for making me a member of the board. I appreciate it. It's kind of nerve wracking, but exciting. And I know most of the pros of the golf courses and I'll talk to Tim and others. So I'm not a lifelong Colorado resident. I moved here 12 years ago for work. I worked at the Valley Lab. You may now know as Medtronic. I retired a year ago and I mostly with COVID display golf now and enjoy my grandson. So I was an IT manager. I manage all of IT infrastructure. They call it desktop, PCs, users. And prior to that, I had a career as a journeyman steamfitter while working in shipyards, building ships. I've had two different careers. I'm married for over 30 years. I have seven children, the hers, mine and ours. And we have 11 grandchildren who recently moved out. So it's really quiet here right now. Inside of the house painted. So Yeah, I enjoy sports. I'm not a Bronco fan. I'm not really a Rockies fan. I'm a Giants 49ers fan and, you know, I do hope the best for the Broncos because they're in the AFC. And I do want the Rockies to do better than they have, although they're in the same division as the Giants. So That's pretty much about me. I used to go on a motorhome. I traveled quite a bit in the western part of the United States. And in the future, with a wife and I'd like to see more of the eastern part of the United States. And I haven't seen enough of Colorado. Really, I have a lot left to do here in Colorado to see and do. So that's about me. Great. Thanks, Al. Yeah, my name is Earl Engels. I'm headed into my third term here with the board. Still working. Thank goodness. Aside from aside from the code stuff working at home, which is good, playing a lot of golf as well.  Marshall Allen. This is the beginning of my second year on the board. Moved here from Oklahoma 13 years ago. I loved every minute of it. Ready to get back out and play golf as the wind will stop and the snow will stop. That's it for now. Marcia Elgar. This is my second year on the board as well. I've been in Colorado since 84 and had a long career in finance and retired three years ago and picked golf back up and I'm Keith's new best friend. I think at Twin Peaks, I had up the ladies 18 hole league out there and I'm trying to start a new casual league at Creek for ladies 18 holes. So love golf. Love being outside. Thank you, John. You're on mute there, John. Testing. Hello. So I'm graduating from the Naval Academy in 1961. I was in the Navy for 10 years in submarines. I wanted to fall if you ever worked on a submarine. And after I left that got into healthcare software have installed major hospital information systems, lab systems, pharmacy systems, radiology systems. Well versed in the healthcare field. Moved here about 12 years ago. Prior to that, my wife and I, the previous 20 years had moved 20 times. So we never had lived in one spot. And so it's very unusual for me to be in one area for any length of time. And the house I'm living in now is the house I've lived in more than any other house in my whole life. So it's quite an experience. We love Longmont love playing golf. I always only started playing when I was 55. But really, really enjoy it. I love being the people on a golf course and then the in the pro shop, et cetera. So I feel very fortunate to be on the board. I really look forward to it and I hope I can provide some help and service to our community. So thanks an awful lot. Thank you, John. Jeff, do you want to go through yourself and Tim as well? No, let's let Tim go. And I do want to do a couple of introductions of some new staff that are on here tonight, but let's let Tim go first. Good evening. I'm a member of the city council now for three years and appreciate the fact that I was assigned as liaison to the golf committee before before getting on council. I was trying to figure out how to become a member of the golf committee and I couldn't qualify. So I was able to get on city council. So you ought to know that it requires more become a member of the golf committee than it does to become a member of city council. In terms of connections and status. I retired in 2014 from a 45 year career in education. I've been an avid golfer for since I was 13. And in these days when people say, what do you do? I said, well, I'm a professional golfer with a negative cash flow. So and then I would like to introduce Dan Reese and Ryan Hennings. In this past December, we had a very unusual thing for the last 27 years up to 39 years. We had two golf supervisors that had been with the city that long and they both decided to retire in December. So Ryan and Dan are acting golf supervisors. Dan is at U Creek. Ryan is over Twin Peaks and sunset. So thank you guys for being here tonight. Thank you guys for welcome. Welcome to the team here. Appreciate it. So the other item here on number two is to elect a chair, elect a vice chair. Do we have any nominations for chair? I'll let you, Earl. One second. That's Marshall. Okay. Thank you very much, Marsha. Appreciate that. Accepted. Elect a vice chair. So we do need to have a vote. All right. If there aren't any other nominations for the chair. Agree. I move he'd be elected by unanimous vote. Okay. That needs to be seconded really. I'll second that. Thank you folks. Appreciate that. Second item is a vice chair. We have a nomination. I nominate Marsha. I'll second. Thank you. All in favor. Hi. Hi. Looks like we have unanimous there, Marsha. Great. Thank you. Next agenda item number three, approval of the agenda. I hope you all had a chance to look over that. We have a motion to approve the agenda. So made. Second. I'll second it. Then we have approval of the previous month's minutes. We had that last October. We have a motion to approve the minutes. I move that we approve October 26 minutes. I'll second. And a second. Got it. Very good. Second agenda item number three, group into the next item. Communications with our team members at the different golf courses. The monthly report wants to go first. Keith you're on screen already.  All right. Can everybody hear me? Yeah. All right. Very good. Well, we ended up the year in rather impressive fashion. I think Twin Peaks we got 38,000 38 rounds for the year. rounds for the year which is in my 15 years at Twin Peaks the most rounds we've ever played in one year and that reflected very nicely in the revenue at Twin Peaks we got to 1.157 million that's just amazing so as difficult of a year as it was for everybody and it was difficult and it was a hard year to you know get through as far as all the different protocols and the different things and it was a moving target all the time and it still is we managed to just pull it all together and had a great year I can't say enough about maintenance crew putting put together a golf course that could withstand that amount of play and how busy we were and all the disinfecting of the carts and Ryan was in charge Ryan who we all just met was in charge of the disinfecting for the carts and scheduling that and hiring people to do that and that was a big deal and I mentioned back to October Jeff Jeff's leadership through this time was amazing for all of us and none of us knew what to expect or what was coming next and to have to have a record year and I mean you can look at the numbers and see how we did and see there at the very bottom right of the the money report we had a really good year in golf so super thankful super appreciative and you know the customers were a little rough early on on us and as the summer wore on everyone got more patient and more understanding and we're just really thankful to be on the golf course yeah and and the guys at the front desk didn't have such a hard time with people not wearing masks and everyone started to wear masks and it got a lot it got a lot easier and I'm not going to say it felt normal but it definitely got a lot easier as the summer went on for all of us so I think that's all for Twin Peaks I take any questions if anybody has any um I actually have a question I think the um COVID protocol will probably stay in place for a while it sounds like probably even maybe through summer um what are the plans for the pins and the rakes see that is uh probably something we're going to be determining we have a meeting this week and I think uh in our meeting it'll be you know the maintenance uh group and golf staff and pros and Jeff and we will uh be revisiting what we can and can't do as far as all that stuff goes and hopefully we at some point can get those back out are you going to try to be consistent with all the with the three courses as well then too yes as of as of last Wednesday there have been no change to the guidelines so it's here to stay for a while I think yeah that's what I figured yeah okay good job Keith thank you thank you Keith uh Ryan well for sunset um I mean I can't I kind of have to follow suit with what Keith was saying there with you know maintenance side of things and with Jeff being with everything going on in the world and all the different projects and everything that had to be put on hold and issues that would come up because of COVID I mean the leadership that we have is unbelievable right now um for sunset uh we ended the year at 31211 rounds that is definitely the highest rounds I've seen at sunset um and revenue uh just breaking over a half a million dollars um which was about just under a hundred thousand more than we did in 2019 um so I mean we did to see that kind of growth and the amount of people that we've had um I can I'm pretty sure it's going to be the same for all three facilities but the amount of players that we've seen that we don't necessarily know or recognize from the community has it's it's just unbelievable the amount of players I've never seen a t-sheet at sunset with uh without limitations or with these limitations 100% and during the summer June July once we got really kicking August it was it was hard I mean you're trying to squeeze people into a t-sheet if you have an availability to do so but when we are limited with the carts the cleaning procedures that needed to be done to help disinfect and protect the customers I mean it was it was a struggle but we made it work and I'm excited I'm hoping this year continues that trend of uh keeping those golfers here you know I hope they're here to stay okay any questions for sunset nope got one twice sold all right thank you Brian appreciate appreciate your time uh Sam the same one there you are can y'all hear me can you see me okay yes sir hi everybody welcome to welcome board members and Al welcome to the board buddy we're looking forward to working with you I got to know Al pretty well this uh this last couple of years it's kind of funny I want to share a little bit of a funny story with you but when you start at the golf course I have a tendency of um finding nicknames for people and uh when I first met Al I noticed this guy's got these forms like this I started calling him Popeye and he said you know Sam I used to work on his shipyard and my nickname was Popeye so uh his nickname continues on he's a great guy I look forward to working with you Al um so yes uh it was a great year but also one more thing right before the meeting today I was checking my emails and I got this email from a golf advisor and Ute Creek I just brought the certificate off was rated they do the top 25 courses in the state Ute Creek was rated number 19 yeah but listen to this I went on and checked it all out and uh Ryan you may not got the email yet but you're rated number 15 so great job buddy wow awesome the lawnmower in the top 25 so that's really some cool news that's awesome yeah very cool well that's good and bad it makes me get into tea time a lot harder just take some of that spinach you'll uh get some of that spinach to that pipe and you'll get right on buddy that's a great job by all of you I mean I told you this in person and I told Jeff this man it's just been an amazing year playing golf and lawnmower and the people I meet that come from all over Colorado are playing these courses thanks Al okay yeah as Keith and Ryan mentioned 2020 really was a very unique and very good year for golf um our rounds were 40 almost 42,000 rounds which I didn't think we'd ever see a year over 40,000 it's reached 42,000 was really quite remarkable we had 30,408 in 2019 and our revenues in 2019 were 1,334 2020 over 1.7 millions we did over 300 almost 373,000 dollars in revenue more in 2020 than 2019 2019 was a record year after 2019 going into 2020 we knew we'd be hard pressed even to ever see those kind of numbers again and we blew them all the water it was really just an amazing year so all of us um all of us golf course operators we need to do everything we can to um make golf accessible to all these new players keep it fun and do everything we can to keep these folks in the game so I'm looking really forward to 2021 a couple other numbers I just I just really want to mention um we had to really try to cut down on our points of contact we're talking about sanitizing carts and everything but we also had to be very careful about people coming in the door we did online only um for a while there which we have got to continue that because we had um about 25 of our rounds were prepaid which tremendously helped with our utilization our revenue per round we had to do very little discounting this year because the demand was so high so our per round revenue was um 41 dollars our typical year is like 35 dollars per round so in every single way it's been a great year looking forward to 2021 looking forward to getting things back to normal hosting tournaments again um Marsha looking very forward to that lead coming out thank you very much for doing that that's going to be fun but um yeah and no face mask can't wait for no more face mask again that's all I got any questions for you Greek thanks thank you that's great Sam thank you yep Jeff do you have anything that you want to add for this section here no I I just would echo what Brian and Keith and Sam said uh they did a great job all the three pros and all their staff and the maintenance guys I can't say enough about them either they were out there every day never complained and uh did a great job so thank you to all of them yep you're here yeah very good thank you I'm not aware of any public that needs to be heard but let's just check hey Steph um unless Dan you all had anyone who contacted her that they wanted to enjoy them it wanted to join the meeting then we don't have any and I don't believe that uh we had anyone do that okay we we don't we don't have anybody okay all right very good appreciate that uh any old business that looks like from an agenda perspective there's no old business any items the last minutes no okay can I just ask um what did the city council decide on the youth creek maintenance building what did the council did it go to the council after we need no it it didn't um let's let's go through the new business and then I'll talk about that under items from staff kind of let you know where we're at that's great okay from a new business perspective we're looking at a meeting day in time uh the proposed the fourth Monday and I'm guessing we're still looking at a 6 p.m. time we have uh motion or any other ideals associated with that any emotion on that yes I'll make the motion Marshall second it okay uh meeting location currently obviously under protocols we'll I imagine we'll still be doing zoom but in other cases we have twin peaks as our location do we have a motion I'll move that we continue to meet at 12 twin peaks I'll second chef designation for posting the agendas and the agenda calendar look for your yep guidance here we we have new direction from our legal staff and we are asking that the board designate the city website as the official location for people to find our agenda and packet and past agendas we will still continue to post those at the recreation facilities but we would only make the motion that the online would be our primary location so that would even that would be even in lieu of distribution by way of email for the committee no that that's just for the general public if they want to find out what you all are doing okay and they've been posted there before right on the city website yes they have but that's the official one and no other one at this time got it okay so based upon that information do we have a motion uh for posting to the city website for agendas in packets move it be approved I'll second second very good into item number nine items from the staff so we still had one item d agenda calendar on under new business oh okay yep I apologize so we included in in your packet uh proposed schedule for the 2021 meetings and just wanted to know if you had any feedback on that or if there were any items that you wanted to have added we have listed some months where we have no meetings a couple of years ago the board had made the decision to meet every other month we can meet every month based on your interests but trying to take a combination of that we proposed not meeting in march june september and then possibly november december depending on what we have for business yeah I agree with that okay I agree with that calendar anybody else have any other input associated with that looks good to me motion to accept the calendar well made second motion passed items from the staff minister freeze yep so uh each every couple of months we'll talk about the current status of the bond projects that were passed in 18 we're about ready to go to bed for the irrigation design for sunset and at twin peaks um the the maintenance building we had moved forward with uh the central location and a couple of weeks ago we ran into uh an issue with the neighbors where we we made a what I will call a significant mistake in what was included in the submittal to the planning department and our consultant used some language in there that really wasn't I will say too polite to them and we needed to do a better job so we have pulled the submittal for the maintenance building from planning and we with the city manager will start revisiting other options as we move forward in the next month or so so that that project's really on hold right now anybody have any questions associated with that at all for Jeff the um I just had a question what was going to bid that the irrigation system for both was it for both sunset and twin peaks or just sunset both of them for the design okay is there any significant impact having to resubmit for the maintenance building you know the wording I thought I listened to the council meeting they were just gonna have to reword it well we're gonna take a step back and look to see if there we need to be good neighbors and we need to make sure that we're having additional conversations with them as well as looking at other options for the design bill to that that facility I'm hoping that by the February meeting I will have some more to report to you on that in the status any other items a topic that you wanted to talk about Jeff nope all right on to agenda item number 10 any items from the board I don't know how important this is can you hear me number one this is an aside I have a master's degree in computer science in 1968 and I can't figure out when I'm muted and not so I just want you to know that um I'll also I've got an annual pass and I've got some friends that have the annual pass that are over I think over 70 or 75 or whatever it is we were closed what for about a month this last year or how long much were we closed I think it was 36 or 37 days should we consider adding a month to these annual passes or not what we've decided to do is for the number of days that we were closed we'll add that to all of the annual passes oh okay thank you that number is 37 thank you thank you and it and they've already been added oh wow thank you great perfect any other items from the board no okay that looks like our full agenda any last-minute items at all if not uh we'll motion to adjourn so moved a second very good folks certainly appreciate your time everybody have a great evening we'll see you next time around good night everybody take care see you thank you thank you thank you yep take care