A few months ago, we made a video on this channel titled Why Reading Books Is A Waste Of Time. The video discussed why most people don't read and why some people seem to think books are a waste of time but many people only read the video's title and started attacking us in the comments section. Well, books are my life. I have not met a single human who seems to love reading more than me so I can't discourage you from reading. Almost all of us need to read more this new year and that's why I want to share with you a few business books you should add to read least in the new year. You probably heard me talking about some of the books in this list before.  Simply go and read them. 1. All Marketers Are Liars I read my first book in the year 2012. It was just a book I wrote out of anger, filled with punchlines and my thoughts. A few years later, I learned that story is the most powerful way to communicate to humans so I reviewed the book and added many stories. After this, I started hearing people telling me how the stories I shared in the book helped them connect with me and what they don't tell me is this. What I teach is memorable too, simply because stories are memorable. Okay, this video isn't about how to write a book but how to build a business. You see, All Marketers Are Liars is a book by Seth Godden. The book teaches how stories make marketing a lot easier. Instead of begging people to buy your product, consume your content or buy your service, tell them a story instead.  Now you know why I started this video with a story. 2. Zero to One In 2017, I came across a book titled, What the Reach Know and Desperately Want to Keep Secret. Prior to this time, I had always looked at business as a battleground where you fight so hard to kill everyone. However, after reading that book, I started thinking in the opposite direction. I started seeing entrepreneurship as a process of creating your own kingdom, not a battleground where you have to fight and compete with everyone. Up till today, so many people still don't understand this hidden truth about entrepreneurship. That's why you should read Zero to One. In this book, Peter Thiel shows you why true entrepreneurs don't compete. True entrepreneurs look for a market to dominate. They want to be kings in the market, not warriors. I hope you like this book. 3. David and Goliath So many people in the world think they are weak and there is nothing you want to tell them to make them believe otherwise. The best thing you can do for such individuals is to allow them to know how being weak can be advantageous. You see, I was born with a sickle cell disease. That is scary, right? Well, thank God I wasn't born a strong person like most people. Today, I would have been one drug addict or an unhappy professor in one university. Maybe I will explain details of why I think this way later. Back to David and Goliath. This book tries to show that weakness can actually become useful. In fact, strength sometimes becomes a disadvantage. I've read something like this in one Robert Green's book before. The David and Goliath by Malcolm Gladwell explained it better to me. The question now is, how does this book make sense to entrepreneurs? Well, sometimes you don't have to be a big company or sell a large market. You can be the David who makes more money seven or a few people than those trying to serve everyone. 4. Mastery This is one of the best books I've ever read in my life. I've promised myself that I will never let any of my children become adults before I get them to read this book. Mastery by Robert Green is a book about building and creating things. And that's why I'm recommending it for my fellow entrepreneurs. You see, most people in the world simply don't understand how things are built. When these people want to become entrepreneurs, they look for a shortcut. They want success tomorrow. And they hope their few hours per week should make them rich. I'm sorry, Tim Ferriss sold you a book, not the truth. The truth of the matter is, before you can ever make enough money from four hours work per week, you must have worked a lot of 80 hours per week work prior to then. Robert Green is a realist, as you already know. He works you through how greatest people in history have built things and that will inspire you to sacrifice your sweat. 5. Scientific Advertising Claude C. Hupkings published his book in 1923, almost 100 years ago. And today, here is one of the best books you can read about selling. Yes, some examples in this book are not relevant to our age, but that wouldn't make this book any less relevant in the next 100 years. 6. Why You Act the Way You Do Almost all the time I get mails from people asking the types of business they can start. Well, there's no straight answer to that question.  Why You Act the Way You Do is a book written by Tim Lahaye. It's a temperament book and it should help you know a lot of things about yourself. This should help when deciding what kind of business will make you happy. 7. Gifted Hands Ben Carson's book is about how any life can change with books. He was born by poor parents and TV was their life until their mother started thinking that the rich people she worked for all have a library. Then she started making her children read. The result of that is Ben Carson, one of the most respected neurosurgeons the world has ever seen. How then does this make any sense for any entrepreneur? Well, when Mark Cuban was asked why he thinks most entrepreneurs fail, he said and I quote lack of brain and lack of effort. Warren Buffett said I sit down, read and think. Most people don't do that. I don't know who you are but I can promise that reading one hour a day can change your life faster than almost anything else. As we enter a new year, I hope you pick up some of the books mentioned in this video or other ones and look for knowledge and inspiration to make this year your best year. My name is Steve Courage. I am a Nigerian entrepreneur who lives in Lagos. If you wish to know more about me, see my ugly face to consume videos I specifically make for Africans, check the description box and join my new channel where I show my face and teach Africans how to build successful businesses. I love you.


Well, I want to thank everybody for being here today. As you can tell, we here, United as a city, both with our entire city council, our administration, our police department, our law enforcement, our various departments all coming together as we've been continuing to work on what we call Operation Hope and Order. The ongoing operation in Columbia is a multifaceted approach to address the issues of homelessness and crime. As you know, over the last year, we've had lots of discussions and we have moved forward in lots of different paths, trying different things to address the issue that is centered in the core of our city. It's continuing to grow and hitting the different pockets of our community and we're trying to address it and continue to address it by putting all hands on deck. But I want people to understand what we're dealing with and what we have been dealing with. We've had over 11,000 service calls in this corridor. In the last year, we've had 455 arrests, but we've offered over 700 people services to help them move on and get into permanent housing, treatment, mental health evaluations. This operation involves not only our police department, but DMH, Department of Mental Health Pathways Unit, which has been active in numerous calls, service, and actions taken here. The operation focuses on our transient citizens' criminal activity with significant number of custodial arrests, field books, citations, field interviews, information reports, and services offered. The operation is linked with the Department of Mental Health to provide the necessary competency to stand trial valuations for municipal level criminal offenses, helping to identify unsheltered offenders who are deemed incompetent and refer them to providers who can provide them the mental health related services. We cannot be a strong city if we're not compassionate, but we also have to have law and order. And for us to have law and order, we have to enforce the laws and we have to protect the citizens, all citizens. And living on the streets is not a way to provide somebody a safe way to live and exist in our community. We're invested in recruiting more in law enforcement. We're continuing to do what we need to do to not only enhance the talents, the training, the technology, and investing in our police officers, but looking at new innovative ways that we can address the issue and help by looking at extending our yellow shirts programs, our clean and safe programs, investing in working with non-traditional methods to help us not only address the issue, but help people get the help they need by identifying them, helping them to get in. As you know, we propped up our rapid shelter this year. And I have to commend the staff. We gave them a direction in 70 days they were able to build a rapid shelter and start affecting the lives immediately. And you'll hear more from Camisha, our director, and a little bit with the successes and the numbers of the folks that we've been able to affect. But this is a community-wide issue. That means all hands on deck. We're gonna continue to invest and do the things that we need to do, but we also need our property owners and our citizens to help. That means we need to do everything we can to secure your property and work together. We're continuing to upgrade our lighting, which you'll hear more about, trim landscaping, do the things that the city can do, but we can't do it all. And that's why we're calling on folks to continue to work with us while we continue to invest in these actions and continue to move forward in addressing the issue, not running from the issue. But that also means we gotta think bigger and longer. What we're doing right now is short-term fixes, long-term, we need to relocate transitions. We need to relocate all of our gospel and the services into a comprehensive one-stop campus that allows us to provide all the services in one location so that we are not moving people all over town to get the services. By having services in a one-stop shop, it makes a difference. That means things like having DMV work with us to get people's licenses and IDs done on site, DHEC working with us to help people, those folks that are from here from the state of South Carolina, be able to get their birth certificates, what they need so that we can help make sure that they're getting their benefits and their services. That means having clinicians on site, healthcare on site, having the various components where we can have folks that are in temporary long-term mental health and addiction counseling in one site. We cannot continue to do it fragmented. It is clearly not working. We've seen a great influx of folks in the community and we are the capital city and we're gonna address it. We're gonna be working with our partners at the county and our surrounding counties and cities to get them engaged to help be part of this. This is a regional issue. And if the city of Columbia takes the stance that we're only gonna put down and push hard, that means we're gonna spread the problem out and create 15 other problems. We're not here to create more problems, we're here to solve problems. And the only way we solve this is have a plan, both short-term and long-term. And we need everyone in our community to understand that we're doing things every day. All these people up here today have spent hours working every week to address the issue. From Dr. Bussells and Mr. Brennan working on, and Reverend McDowell working on our homeless task for to set the stage, to our administrative staff and our police department working from everything from rapid shelter to enforcement of our existing laws to making sure that we're creating opportunities for people to get health. Working with our partners in the community, DMH, Laredak, it's not enough folks, we gotta do more. And we gotta get the red tape cut and we gotta make it a simple process. You look at cities like Houston and other cities who have adopted the one-stop-shop campus, they're making a difference. We're not gonna solve it 100% but folks, we can reduce it. And we can make sure that we not only provide hope and opportunity and a quality of life for those who are less fortunate, but we also maintain the quality of life and the law in order that our citizens, businesses, and residents deserve. We're committed to continue to do every aspect we can from our code enforcement to our city beautification. But at the end of the day, we're gonna take each one of these actions with compassion. We believe ensuring a clean safe city is a compassionate thing to do. No one is helped by living on the streets. We're partnering with the Department of Health and our governor, our legislators, and everyone to address this issue in every facet we can and use every tool that is available to us. But we're not done. We're gonna try some different things, some alternative things. Yes, maybe Operation Lawn Mower. Maybe Operation Clean Up Columbia, where we work with first-time offenders to really help make a difference in our community and provide them an alternative. The last thing we wanna do is put people in jail, but we cannot continue to allow people to break the law and continue to be repeat offenders in multiple, multiple accounts. So we're gonna try some different things. We're gonna work together. But at the end of the day, our ultimate goal is to make sure that we get each individual the help that they need in our community. And that may be some tough love that comes with that, but we're gonna do that together because our city's strengths lies within our unity and collective effort. Let's continue to work together to make Columbia safe, clean, and compassionate city for all. With that, I'd like to ask our city manager to come up and give a few remarks, followed by our chief of police, Ms. Shepherd, Camisha Shepherd, our director of Rapid Shelter, and then Robert Anderson. Good morning. I really don't have any prepared remarks, so bear with me. I'm speaking honestly from my heart. I wanna say thank you to Mayor Rickiman, Columbia City Council, the efforts that they put into resourcing what we can do in our sphere of influence here at the City of Columbia to make a difference. As the Mayor said, this isn't about recognition. It's not about us getting up here, scolding anyone or anything of that nature, but it is about telling the story because what we are finding, I think just because we are the face of it, our officers on the streets every day working with individuals who are in need or who may be doing things that they're not supposed to do. They're the visible face of this, and I think it gets lost oftentimes all of the other efforts, genuine efforts that have gone behind resourcing Rapid Shelter Columbia or beautification efforts that our public works staff so diligently does every day. Those are the things that the City of Columbia can do through its departments, through these policy makers putting a very focused effort on what needs to be done to make a difference in the lives of people who are probably at their worst. But at the same time, there must be a balance because as we're trying to help those individuals, our business owners, our families, our college students, people who want to visit the City of Columbia and participate in the commerce and growth of the City, shouldn't feel afraid. They shouldn't feel intimidated. They shouldn't feel like they can't walk down the street and witness certain behaviors. So the intentionality behind the operation hope and order is real. There's a hope that we can address these things in a way that help the individuals who need it. And at the same time, make sure and dictate that there's law and order in the City of Columbia so that we continue to flourish and grow as the capital city. Quite frankly, I'm beginning to feel that in our spirit of influence, we're up here telling that story of all these things that we're doing and you'll hear from Camisha Hubbard, our director of homeless services. You'll hear from Chief Holbrook. You'll hear from Robert Anderson, our Public Works director on the literal things we're doing, the successes behind those things, but even with all that, the system is broken and the cycle has to stop because at the end of those things that we're doing, we need mental health professionals, stabilization units, substance abuse professionals, people that understand what some of the challenges the individuals are facing that we may have to arrest, take them to court or jail and then court and they get right back out again. So again, we're doing what we can in our spirits of influence, but we need to stop all the talking with all the other elected officials, the legislature and the other policy makers and the state agencies and act. Rapid Shelter Columbia, you will hear in a moment, is scalable. It works. You will hear how it's working, but we were able to stand up 50 units on the vaccine city of Columbia to cost the taxpayers of Columbia to do this and it's working when we've got 50 individuals who are moving through a process where case managers have been hired and clinicians are working with them on site. What, and our wonderful staff that I see sitting here in the audience, what the mayor is talking about is scale that up to be something that our whole state can be proud of and our whole region can be proud of and we have multiple opportunities more than just the 50 units we have, but more opportunities than that with the right professionals on site to assist. So I stand by it. I love what this council has put their energy into. I think we are demonstrating what we can do as a city, but we cannot do it by ourselves. And so I think this today is a call for collaboration because it's honestly frustrating when you continue to do and do and do and you wonder to what end will there actually be that ultimate achievement of the goal that is gonna help individuals who so need it and continue to see our city thrive. I love it when we see the excitement and entertainment on a Saturday downtown Columbia of Soda City. But I get frustrated and this happens if not every day, every other day when I'm riding down Main Street and I see an individual and y'all in the media know me long enough and I've been doing this a long time in the city. I don't post the first time in my career that I almost posted was about two weeks ago at the intersection of Maine and Hampton and an individual who obviously no clothes on except for some shorts, no shoes, acting out in the middle of the intersection clearly on meth or something. I knew that within 10 minutes all of our metro region was gonna engage, all those resources were gonna be deployed to try to help this one individual who was acting out, disturbing others, scaring young people, and for what? Did he need to go to jail? Probably not. Did he need certain assistance? Absolutely. But those are the stories we're telling every day but it's happening all the time. So this from the manager is a call to action because I see what these elected officials are doing. They put their money where the mouth is and we're gonna keep doing it. We can't do it by ourselves. To give you a little more insight on some of those actions that are actually happening I would ask for Camisha Hepburn, our director of homeless services to share a little bit and send your briefing document you'll get today from our public relations team but she'll just highlight a couple of those efforts after Chief Holbrook talks about the efforts from a law enforcement perspective. You're gonna see a lot of presence I mean that's just it is what it is. But he's gonna talk about the why behind that. Thank you, Ms. Wilson and Mayor Rickman. It's very refreshing to have the support and funding that everybody represents is behind me. Law enforcement, public safety is absolutely our top priority and as Ms. Wilson said it's represented in an investment in that. I'd first like to say thank you to our police officers and our clinicians and our partner divisions in the city that have worked these last few weeks in particular to get this operation up and running. Our officers as you know we have challenging times in terms of staffing and our officers have not fished back one second but we've spent a lot of time in Elmwood corridor and I think everybody would agree with me we've really just reached a tipping point. You know the development and growth downtown in particular just but city wide is very exciting and with that growth we've seen an uptick in criminal activity that is being perpetrated by a few, a percent of this transient population and this is not at all been about an indictment on those suffering from homelessness. It's about criminal activity that is being perpetrated by some that are part of this population and that's really been our focus. Our pathways unit has done a phenomenal job reaching people where they are if you will referring them to services. So those are our success stories. You could argue arrests or failures but we've got to change the culture.  It was just the other day we had and when I say of these axes or people that are identified as being un-sheltered we had somebody in the middle of Elmwood with a gun waving at people passing by on vehicles. Of course that was somebody that was armed career criminal had no business to possess a gun or not be in prison and then we continued to arrest over and over some of our repeat offenders that are chronically homeless to fuel their criminal activity. We have aggressive panhandling. We have theft and then we have businesses that are contributing to this that are part of this corridor. We targeted the first business that was very much part of the conversation a year ago we started looking at the blue store on North Main and how it was furthering this activity and in my opinion taking advantage of a vulnerable population and we've got two commercial stores now that the Circle K on Elmwood and the Pit Stop combined they account for over 1200 calls for service for our police officers and they're not trivial calls for service, they're serious calls for service 1200 and that's part of the 11,000 in that corridor, 11,000. That represents 38% of our North region calls for service. Why is that? Should that be significant to you? Everybody knows North region is primarily 29203. We're losing the generation to gun violence and we have very important things that we need to be focusing our attention on and the time that is spent dealing with this lawlessness in this Elmwood corridor is tearing it to fabric and the foundation of all this growth and excitement that we see and we've got to affect some change and we're doing that just in the last two weeks we've arrested 73 people and we're gonna continue to have our foot on the gas when it comes to criminal violations. We're looking at a program to where we can collaborate with a private vendor, a private security vendor in the near future to help take a few things off of our plate and in that quarter, specifically our property checks and some checks of property dealing with people that have sought shelter. 30 minutes before this news conference we had a parking, one of the city parking attendants encountered somebody sleeping in the back of a pickup truck in one of our parking decks, confronted that person, the person ended up assaulting the parking attendant, that person was homeless. This is the stuff that, that's an example of a city, a city worker that encountered somebody that was aggressive. Our business owners, our residents that are adjacent to that corridor, they experience this every single day.  There has got to be a shared responsibility to address this problem. We're not gonna arrest our way out of it, but we're also not gonna put up with criminal activity and that's our job to deal with that and we're gonna keep doing that. The Pathways Unit, that works and we work hand in glove with our Rapid Shelter folks and they're doing a terrific job and I absolutely think it's successful and it is scalable and I hope that we do that. We've, I applied the foresight of these folks up here about we've gotta move these services off the main line downtown and get them working more collaboratively at one stop shop and I think that would be a game changer for our city and the entire Midlands for that matter, but we've got to change a culture and we've talked about this for over nine years that I've been here, but we are at a tipping point. It is different right now. The population we deal with is ever changing. There is more people in mental crisis. I see more addiction. I see more aggressive activity by these folks and it seems to be new faces all the time. So in spite of all of our efforts, we've gotta do more and I think that is kind of the point of this is it's that shared responsibility and it's time for people to step up and be part of the solution. Thank you. Good morning. Thank you city council manager. So just gonna share some information about Rapid Shelter Columbia. We started in November of 2022 and since then we have received 292 referrals to provide services to individuals experiencing homelessness. We as an agency Rapid Shelter Columbia, the case managers, they have placed 111 service referrals to partners in the community, meaning they have referred clients to mental health services, substance use, whatever the need is they're making their referrals to get clients primary care services. Since November, we have placed 18 residents into permanent housing and we are still working with those individuals. We still provide services. We still make sure that they're getting what they need from the community. We have also, oh I'm sorry student. So with the overflow, we were open 63 nights of the season.  We've collaborated with our partners in the community to provide outreach services. Out of the task force recommendations, it was recommended that we have some evening weekend services and we have implemented that. We have a collaboration with Transitions Homeless Center and USC Supportive Housing where they do outreach for the city of Columbia. We have that evening person and they have conducted over 70 outreach events. They've made contact with over 200 individuals experiencing homelessness. They have made over 70 service referrals and they have provided 34 Greyhound bus tickets and that's a program that the city has to where individuals experiencing homelessness, if you have family in California and they're willing for you to come in, them help you get back on your feet, we're able to see you there. Today's meeting is about bringing everybody together filling in the missing parts and I'm behind the idea when Mayor talks about a one-stop shop with everything in one place. Not that we just wanna put something in a country someplace, but we wanna have a coordinated effort at one property that provides emergency shelter, transitional housing and permanent supportive housing. Some individuals require to be in a residential facility where they're monitored daily, where they're making sure that they're taking their meds. All of this will be at the one-stop shop but we need our community partners to do that. We need Columbia Area Mental Health and Lareda. We need mercy. We need all of the partners in the community. Every partner has their specific skill set and we need that because we don't have that. We're missing those pieces and I'm just gonna follow up and say we're calling for help from everybody. We wanna serve the population with compassion and we'll do that with your help. Thank you. Good morning. I'm gonna take a little page out of the city manager book and say that we were called to action a little bit so we were called to action a year ago or so but really this year to focus on beautification efforts in the city of Columbia. And when we got a call to action on Elmwood we took our crews out and we really inspected Elmwood and said what can we do? So one of the things, several things we've done we've repaired the fence on Assembly Street so citizens could not jaywalk across and that way it forces them into a safer atmosphere at the intersections. We're working on some fencing on Elmwood Avenue. We've mowed the right of ways. We've done some beautification efforts. One of the efforts we'd like to put forward and work with the police department on and continue to work on is being able to see through some of the bushes. So we did remove some bushes last year. We actually beautified those this year and we've actually recently put mulch out so we can see distance through the buildings so we can see where people are littering or what they can do so we can provide extra services. The last thing we did that we really think it's gonna make a big impact is we trimmed all the trees on Elmwood Avenue and we're actually still working in the corridor around Calhoun to trim trees and this is going to allow for one thing that we think is gonna help and that is this change over to LED lighting. On my way to City Hall today I did see a Dominion contractor down here actually starting to make the switch over from high pressure sodium which will be a yellow light to LEDs. We think that will light this corridor up and hopefully help make it safe. So we will continue to work with all of our partners and our police department to make sure that we provide beautification efforts that are safe. I want to thank y'all for being here and we'll open it up for any questions from the media.


If you've ever used a camera, then you know something about spectral remote sensing. Spectral related to the electromagnetic spectrum, which includes light that is both visible and invisible to human eyes, and remote sensing which involves measuring the properties of objects without directly touching them. The typical camera that you use measures and records visible light that objects like trees and rock reflect. This light might come from the sun, but it also might come from other sources, like light bulbs. While we often use cameras to take selfies and silly pictures of our furry friends, scientists use high-powered cameras called imaging spectrometers to measure changes in things that impact our environment, like water quality or vegetation cover in health. Imaging spectrometers mounted on airplanes and satellites help us create maps like this vegetation cover map for the entire United States. But how exactly do scientists measure changes to our environment using reflected light energy? To answer this question, let's have a look at the electromagnetic spectrum, which is composed of thousands of wavelengths of energy. Visible light, what we see with our eyes, is contained in the blue, green and red portions of the spectrum. The rest of the spectrum is not visible to human eyes, but can be detected and recorded by sophisticated camera-like sensors called imaging spectrometers. Now, there are thousands of wavelengths to record in the electromagnetic spectrum. To deal with all these wavelengths, imaging spectrometers divide the spectrum into groups of wavelengths called bands. For example, a band in the near-infrared region of the spectrum could include energy from 800 to 850 nanometers. This band is useful to map healthy vegetation. The width and number of bands is what we call the spectral resolution of an image. Higher spectral resolution means more bands that are spectrally more narrow. Lower spectral resolution means fewer bands, each of which covers more of the spectrum. Now, imaging spectrometers measure reflected light energy. You see, different objects reflect, absorb and transmit light differently, depending on their chemical and structural characteristics. For example, plant leaves are green because they reflect more green light than blue or red light. On the other hand, phytos the dog reflects more light in the red portion of the spectrum because of the chemical and structural makeup of his fur. If phytos chemical and structural makeup was the same as a plant, then he would look green. Now, when you point your camera towards your favorite canine doing something silly, the camera records the amount of light reflected from the dog in its surroundings in the visible, or red, green and blue bands of the electromagnetic spectrum. The camera creates what's called an RGB image, which is composed of millions of pixels. Each pixel in the image contains a value representing the amount of red, green and blue light reflected. We can break the image out into its red, green and blue bands, too. Here's the red band on its own. Brighter pixels mean that more light was reflected by objects in the image and recorded by the camera in the red part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The darker parts are areas where less light was recorded. When we combine the red, green and blue bands together, we get an image that looks similar to what we see through the camera lens. We can plot the amount of red, green and blue light recorded in each pixel to create what's called a spectral signature. In this signature, the amount of energy reflected in a particular wavelength is shown in the y-axis, and the full range of wavelengths that were measured by the camera, in this case, blue, green and red, is on the x-axis. The spectral signature for phytos is quite different from the spectral signature for a plant. This makes them appear visually different to our eyes, too. Differences in spectral signatures can help scientists identify different types of surfaces and objects within images. Most cameras record light in the visible or red, green and blue bands. However, plants, dogs and other objects on the Earth also reflect light that we can't see with our eyes. For example, plants reflect up to 60% more light in the near-infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum than they do in the green portion of the spectrum. This is why differences in reflected light in the near-infrared portion of the spectrum are important for mapping vegetation on the ground. To measure these differences in the non-visible portion of the spectrum, we use imaging spectrometers, which record light in both the visible and non-visible parts of the spectrum. Imaging spectrometers produce what are called multi- and hyperspectral remote sensing data. Multi meaning many bands, more than three, and hyper meaning up to hundreds of bands collected at very high spectral resolution. We use these multi- and hyperspectral remote sensing data sets to measure light energy reflected from objects on the Earth's surface and to estimate many physical and chemical properties of objects that we wouldn't see with our own eyes. We then use those measurements to classify what's on the ground. For example, pixels that have a spectral signature with a lot of near-infrared light energy are often vegetation. To review, different objects reflect, absorb, and transmit both visible light and light energy that we can't see differently. Imaging spectrometers record the amount of light that these objects reflect. The amount of light energy reflected by an object throughout the electromagnetic spectrum is called its spectral signature, which is driven by the physical structure and chemical makeup of the object. We can use that signature to identify different objects in both the photograph and across the Earth's surface. And that, my friends, is how we use reflected light energy to both map what's on the ground and measure changes in our environment.


Well, good morning again. Well, in the introductory talk, the general situation of urban geoculture throughout Europe has been briefly sketched. And present contribution will basically focus on Belgium, which is a highly urbanized area with quite some famous medieval cities, such as Bruges, Ghent, Antwerp, Iper, Brussels, Tournay, and Amur. Now, despite the numerous big excavations that took place in the center of many towns, over the last century, urban geoculture for Belgium is quite a recent development. And one of the pioneering studies in Florence was a study of the urban dark earth in the center of Ghent in 1996, 1997, which was led by Georges Stubbs and Roger Lange of University of Ghent. In Brussels, we have also in the 90s a series of pedagogical studies that have been carried out in the center of town. Most of them related to problematic of construction of the first city wall. And in the same period, we also see that there were two investigations in Wallonia, one in the center of Yesh, and one in the center of Namib. Now, a major breakthrough came basically in 2001 in Brussels. When the Brussels capital region decided to engage a gearcheologist to perform systematic gearcheological follow-up on all the archaeological interventions. And at the same time, what happened is that a specific research protocol has been developed, first only focusing on the gearcheological aspects, later also on trying to integrate other environmental disciplines. Now, just to give you an idea, these are all the excavations that have been carried out in the center of Brussels over the last 20 years, where gearcheology has been applied. Now, if we look at plunders, the situation is a bit different. Despite the pioneering studies from 1996, 1997, in the center of Ghent, we basically need to wait until 2009 with excavations in the center of Alst and Antwerp. Before gearcheological research is again performed. Now, there is a growing number of studies within towns. You can see basically all the red dots are the towns in which gearcheological research has been performed. So there is a growing number of studies, mainly in towns like Brugge, Iberg, Ghent, Alst, Audenaer, Antwerp, Liege and Michelen, and also in Tongeren. But there is still today no systematic follow-up, although the guidelines that have been installed explicitly require pedagogical follow-up on these excavations. What happens basically in most cases is that a pedologist is just called in to look at the subsoil, but not at the anthropogenic deposits on top of it. So it's a bit pity that if you have these gearcheologists at your disposition, not to use it, also to look into the urban part of the excavation. So it's a bit strange. Also in Wallonia, the first studies from the 90s did not really lead to a systematic research. Well, it's still very occasional in Wallonia to have gearchology involved in the excavations. What we see basically, it's mostly limited to some field interventions, some field observations, which have been done in quite some times now. But it's only in one town, and that's in Mons, that the gearcheological study also included a micro-mophological study. So that's the only case of today. So let's brief overview of the situation that we are facing today. Now, what are the topics that have been studied? Well, the most hot topic, of course, is still the urban photography, which is quite basic, but a crucial question. And already said it in the introduction, this can be quite a challenge, because we are often facing so many different deposits. And also sometimes the profiles that we have to study can be very limited in an extent. Its profile, we measured about, I think, 30, 40 centimeters. So it's very deep, but it's very small. The only window we have to try to reconstruct what happened. So it's not always that easy. And basically, in those we have been focusing on two main questions. And one question is about these dark earths, the Tic homogenous deposits. And the other one is on a more micro-strategraphic level, where we have these tiny layers we need to take. As for what concerns the dark earth, you've already given the definition in the introduction. Some more examples of such dark earths that has been encarned in Brussels, as well as yet. So what you can see there are quite some differences in appearance, basically what they all share is that they are dark in color and very homogeneous. And, well, the systematic study of these dark earths in Brussels has also permitted us to get an idea about what happened, which are the processes that are involved. So we're thinking about accumulation, mixing, machination, erosion, decomposition, all the types of pathogens. There are different agents. There is the human factor, but there's also everything which has to do with more natural factors. And there can be quite some different activities that are involved in the formation of these dark earths. So it's not just a dump of waste. It can be dealing with gardening. It can be about agriculture. It can be about soil extraction. Sometimes there are also artisanal activities involved. So it can be quite different type of activities. Now, what we have been able to do in Brussels because we had so many different excavations going on, we could also draw a map of activities. And it's quite important because for the town of Brussels, for the initial formation of the town, we have basically no written sources. So the only thing we can rely on are these sediments. And we were able to make this kind of map showing the different activity areas within the early town. But what we see is that basically there is still a very strong rural component in the origin of Brussels in the 13th century AD. Now, the second thing that we have been studying a lot is these micro-stratified layers. And these are two examples from the same site in the center of Brussels. They look very similar. It's twice a very tiny succession of dark nephazes. But if we look at the micro morphology, we see that they tell us quite a different story. The first one shows us that we are dealing with these layers of phytoliths, a lot of experiments in it. And it's basically dealing with a kind of stable. Well, the second one is much more cleaner. It's also much more carious. And basically, here we are dealing with constructed floor. So two different stories which could not be observed on a field scale. Another quite impressive example is from the center of Antwerp, where we had this succession of very tiny layered deposits, showing us also different phases of occupation, where we have phases which are more related to stabling again. And we have the more nicely clean house floors. We have also some ash layers in it. So basically, we can try to reconstruct the history of one single space two times. That was quite interesting also. So that's one aspect that we have been dealing with, was basic sites of territory. But there's something else which is also quite interesting. We have been dealing with urban soils. And well, when we look at the soil map of Belgium, which is very detailed, we have about two observations for each hectare. We see there's something very strange when we are dealing with the urban area. This is, for example, the center of Lyre, which is one of the times in the Netherlands. What we see is big black. And the reason is quite simple, it's never been mapped. So basically, we have no idea about the urban soils. How do they look like? What are they? And all the observations that we were able to do over the last years permit us to get some ideas about these soils. And what we see is that there are quite some actual soils which are very nicely preserved below the urban site. There are some feed soils, we have some movial soils. We have also examples of very nice poll soils. This is an example from the center of Mechel, which you can see below the dark earth. We have this nicely preserved poll soil. And what we also have soils which are slightly affected by human activities. Mainly how you culture these are. That is an example from Aalst. That is another example from Antwerp. Sometimes we are really lucky, and then we even find the spade marks as an example from the center of Brussels. I think it's the 12th to 13th century, the spade marks. So quite impressive. And what we also see in context, especially if we move to the more recent piece, there's a massive, often quite massive, transportation of sediments, which also leads to the formation of new soils. But we hear this quite interesting sequence. Below we have an ancient soil, which is quite well preserved during the Thracian culture, so nice polarizing. On top of that, there's a huge deficit of sediments. On top of which we see new soil, definitely, this time related to gardening. So basically, we start to have different types of plant materials in these sequence. That's another thing that we are able to reconcile. And this sequence also shows us that we are able to reconstruct ancient topography on a site level. This, for example, the site in the center of Brussels, when we see that, between the surface of the 9th and 11th century, and today, there's about three meter difference. We also see huge differences on the second site, where we have the period of the 10th, 30th century. It's about two meters below the surface of the 15th, 16th century. And then, if we go further up, the actual surface is even higher. So if we have enough spaces or sites where we can observe these kinds of surfaces, we are able to make maps showing the evolution of the relief through time. But of course, then you need to systematically look at each excavation, try to identify all these ancient surfaces. Another problematic is ancient salt pollution. These example shows that basically that we are sometimes facing a trace of ancient salt pollution, dealing with metallurgical issues, like the one's renewable grid issues, with huge peaks in the lands, and copper, for instance, and also micromoflush, you can quite often find back traces of slag. This is an example from the center of marketplace, where we also have the nice traces of slag that have been observed. And these marketplaces are also quite interesting. I've been a point of interest over the last years, because it's rarely done. It's rarely, there's rarely any geocholurgical studies on markets, which is a bit sweeter, because they can offer so much detail about the activities going on in these areas. And well, just before finishing, because I've seen I'm running out of time, there's also quite some work on the interdisciplinary approach, because it's not just geochology. It's also geochology together with other disciplines. Also, we now show you an example of this integration of geochology, which I also try to do this with our cubotanical research, as an example of study in the Santa Vale. And there's another example where we try to integrate insect analysis to decipher what exactly happened in all these floors in the center of Antwerp. We're looking at. And of course, there's also a component of trying to synthesize all the information that we have and to develop a better theory about what we are dealing with. And now just to finish, really, what are the perspectives? Well, I think there's still a lot of work to do. We need to have more observations within each town, the more the better, which will definitely help us to develop a study of the urban landscape and the soilscape and also try to integrate, not just to stay into the centers of town, but also look at what's happening outside and try to integrate the whole. So yeah, that's it. Thank you.


If you randomly select a group of women and ultrasound their uterus, the majority of them have fibroid tumors by age 50.  Half of white women already have fibroids by their early 40s, and the same could be said for African American women in their mid-30s. After getting over the shock of how widespread fibroids are, the next question becomes, why the racial disparity? Is it diet, stress, environmental exposures? Maybe whatever it is could offer a clue as to what causes fibroids. For example, African Americans tend to have a lower intake of fruits and vegetables, and fruits and vegetables appear protective against fibroids, particularly citrus, here in the Black Women's Health Study, though not apparently just citrus juice. It's interesting, if you measure the levels of beta-carotene in fresh surgical tissue samples of uterine fibroids and adjacent normal uterus tissue obtained during hysterectomies, you find significantly lower concentrations in the fibroids. In fact, beta-carotene was not even detectable in half the fibroid specimens. The same thing is actually found in cancer. Most cancerous tissues tested had undetectable levels of beta-carotene compared to the normal tissue right next to the tumor. So maybe decreased levels of beta-carotene somehow plays a role in causing these conditions? Sounds like a bit of a stretch, but you don't know until you put it to the test. But there have never been a randomized controlled clinical trial of fruits and vegetables for fibroids until never. They did do a randomized controlled trial of a kind of a fruit and vegetable at the same time, tomatoes, but for the prevention of fibroids in Japanese quail. Most of my patients are not Japanese, nor quail. The action of lycopene, the red pigment in tomatoes in an animal model may not accurately represent lycopene action in humans. And indeed, the Harvard Nurses study found no apparent link between lycopene consumption and fibroids. So yeah, fruits and at least green vegetables may have a protective effect, but we won't know for sure until they're properly put to the test. Vitamin D is another possibility as to why African Americans disproportionately suffer from fibroids. Women with darker skin are more likely to be vitamin D deficient, as many as 80% of black women may have inadequate levels of vitamin D, compared to only one in five white women. Vitamin D does inhibit fibroid cell proliferation in a Petri dish. It may be able to shrink tumors in your pet rat, but what about people? The population study did find that women with sufficient vitamin D levels in their blood had about a third lower odds of fibroids, consistent with the finding that women who report lots of sun exposure also appear to be protected, but until there's an interventional trial where women are randomized to vitamin D or placebo, we won't know for sure if vitamin D plays a role in fibroid prevention or treatment or not. African American women are also more likely to sprinkle baby powder on their genitals, which may not only double the odds of fibroids, but may increase the risk of ovarian cancer, the deadliest gynecological cancer. Internal memos show Johnson and Johnson knew about the cancer risk, but still decided to target African Americans. Think of us, Johnson and Johnson said, as a lifetime friend of the family, a lifetime cut short, perhaps, by its baby powder. Or at least so said a jury, which recently awarded a family $110 million in damages on top of the $200 million in verdicts from last year, with thousands of lawsuits pending after internal memos revealed that decades ago, their own contracted toxicologists were warning the company that there are multiple studies showing a cancer link, and anyone who denies this risk will be perceived by the public in the same light as those who denied a link between smoking cigarettes and cancer, denying the obvious in the face of all evidence to the contrary.


XO heroes episode. So today's episode, we're going to take a look at the top 10 black fate cores that we have right now as of today for XO heroes.  So we'll start with the top bottom in terms of our top black fate cores. Okay, so the bottom half of this list starts off with FC Scarlet.  She is actually fantastic in your PvP and also in your PvE actually matches. So let's take a look at her skills at first. So again, she has mana utilization, which is actually very, very good increase attack, depending on the allies mana account, then gain one mana if mana count of all allies is 10 or more on own turn. So again, she is good where she also has shell investigator against Monomas, but the one that really sets her apart is actually flop flop. This is actually one of the, you know, one of the abilities that could give you control over your enemies. And with her, she has the ability to give this through an AOE skill, which is her S1 and her S2. Okay, but down here, she also has another passive, which is baptism by fire to increase attack by 10% for each living front row ally hero, except the caster every round. Okay, front low for every living front row ally hero. So this team that she's going to be in should be heavy on the front row. Okay, so also she has summer's blessing, which actually gives immunity to frost damage, which is actually very, very crucial indeed. Okay, so let's go through her skills. So she has actually, again, an AOE for S1, so deals 178% damage to all enemies, which is three mana cost, and her next skill would be her S2. So passionate heat of havoc. So it's a required mana five, it's a burst skill, and it deals 357% damage to all enemies. So this kit of her actually is well suited for starters, well suited for mid level players. That is why I put her here in the bottom half of the list. Okay, moving on to our next. Okay, now we have here Chatty. So one of my favorites actually in terms of artwork, in terms of actually her kit. She is actually underrated as well, but she has one of the best kit for a Black FC. So let's go through her kit. So we'll start off with protect three. So she grants share health to an ally with the lowest maximum health, similar to what Garf gives. She is actually, she actually has Dragonite Blessing as well, and she has Dimension Leap. Okay, so Dragonite Blessing, she is actually very good for the dragon for any day that you can bring her, please bring her. That is why she's here in terms of her FC being one of the top 10. So increased damage dealt to dragons with dragon skill order activated by 250%. Overtime effect decreases the enhanced dragon fang effect used by Nature Element Dragon of order by 20%. Okay, that is why she is here. Dimensional Leap, she has a new passive increased dodge for self by 40 and attack by 1000. When attack removes all Dimensional Leap, mark on self after successful dodge stacks up to four times. Okay, let's go through her S1, her skill, so Mighty Chessy, so it's my requirement is three, increases own maximum health by 60% for eight turns. Okay, grants an equal buyer to 17% of own maximum health to all allies for 12 turns. That is why you bring her the dragon because of this skill. So she gives a lot of support to your heroes to your team, especially when the dragon comes. You can actually just also bring her in PvE, she's actually very good there. For PvE, she can be good for beginners and for mid level players if you want to bring her along in PvE. And for her S2, you have there deals 375 damage to one enemy afflicts the target with stun for six turns. So, but her S1 is actually what she's actually known for, giving protection, giving shields to her party or to her team. So again, very good skill with the dragon, very good skill as well in terms of PvE. And if you happen to bring her in PvP, let's hope that you don't encounter a lot of buyer destroyers like FC Iris, you have FC Shell, and now we have FCG. Okay, let's move on to the next. Okay, what we have here is FC Brooke. So Brooke is actually one of the, I still, when I think of her, she was one of at one time dominated PvP because of her relentless attacks. I'll explain everything later, but let's go first to her counters or passive. So she has counter two counters upon taking damage. She also is good with dragon hunter blessing, decreased damage dealt to dragons with dragon scale of chaos by activated by 250%, decreased damage from raging breath by 70% and all of those dragon anti-abilities. Okay, so she also has barrier well so triggers when 70% of own maximum health is taken, reduce all damage received including current damage by 50% for two turns, increases all damage received by two turns by 30% for three turns. So this is what actually she is known for. So angry lamb, her core reversed passive. So if the caster has a removable buff, recovery, positive effect applied, attacks together with an ally, when an ally attacks together with an ally, when the ally attacks once every turn. So as soon as, as a single ally attacks and she has angry lamb, she can actually attack with her basic attack after that ally attack. So this is what she's known for in terms of being relentless in terms of her attacks. So this is good. Also, you bring her in the dragon for this one.  That is why both of them are here and both of them will be able to help each other. FC chatty will be able to give her her shield and also for first dragon, if you have your first dragon, if I have your first guardian on your team for the dragon, they could also give her a shield or a barrier as well. Okay. So for her S1, it's a super cheap smash dealing 225% damage to one enemy, resets the turn if a target dies. So it's an active skill. Then the next would be your S2 Baba Rush, required mana is for burst deal 750% damage to one enemy. So again, very good damage dealer, relentless in attack, excellent with the dragon, good in PvE. She is also excellent in PvP as well. Okay. Next on our bottom five is Maggi or FC Maggi. So Maggi is again very good in the dragon. She is good as well in PvP and also in PvE, very much all around, you know, all around hero. And let's take a look at her passive. So she has mana utilization three, again increase attack based on allies mana count. She also has dragon knight blessing and she is a head dragon knight. That is why she is fantastic with the dragon. Okay. She also has the first guardian passive. So the great one grants the great one mark of all four allies with the highest attack in the same row. If an ally with a great one mark is attacked, they gain dragon's blood mark once per turn, excludes damage from rats. So dragon blood, if the mark target is attacked again, while the dragon mark is active, gain dragon blood plus one. If the mark target is not attacked for two turns, all dragon blood marks are removed. And because of that, we go to dragon skill. Once per turn upon taking damage, grants a barrier to all allies marked with dragon blood for 10 turns. Okay. Barstrand is equal to 100% of own defense for each dragon blood mark across all allies. Can't be stacked. Okay. And she has rat as well to counter. So once per turn upon taking damage, all allies marked with dragon blood will counter, dealing 50% damage for each dragon mark on them. That is why she is actually very, very good. For her S1, she has cube exterminate. Record mana is one. So deals 102 damage to all enemies. Very cost efficient AOE spell. But her best spell would be her S2. So record mana is three. It's a burst spell. Deals 178 damage to all enemies. So again, when you bring or you have FC Maggi with you, she actually has a lot of applications in terms of the game. Okay. To round out our bottom half for the top 10, we have here FC Jean. FC Jean recently was actually was actually core reversed. And I did a did a what they call this did a video on how to play his skills. So I'll put the link up there for you guys to see it.  So he has focus fire. So level one makes the focus fire mark and decreases dodge block for one round on basic attacks. He has dimension leap as well. And this is what was added to his kit. So chain reaction. When a target mark with sticky bomb is granted a barrier. Afflict sticky bomb mark on all enemies with a barrier. Okay. Sticky bomb if under the effect of command. Afflict sticky bomb mark on the enemy here that successfully hits the caster. Okay. And special when the target mark with sticky bomb receives damage deals damage equal to 120% of barrier value. And the target on the target in addition to 250% of on attack and remove thinking about mark from the target. So to sum this up in a nutshell, just I highly advise you to watch the video that I just bookmark up there. To sum this up, he applies sticky bomb to deal damage to the enemies which have shields. Bigger damage will be applied to to to enemies or heroes on the other side that has a barrier or has a shield. Okay.  So for his S1 deals to 10% piercing damage to one enemy. And his S2 is deals 255 damage to all enemies. So it's a four minus spell dual genocide. Okay. So again, he's a valuable, he's a viable, the viable swap out in terms if you don't have FC iris or FC, FC shell, because of those pesky first guardians. So again, he could be viable for your PVP. He could also be viable for your PvE as well. But again, you could really play him in your PVP tag teams. Okay, so we have here the start of the upper half of the top half of the top 10. So we'll start off with FC Baraka. Okay, it's a bummer that you can, you can actually bring FC Baraka's blue fate core, but the black fate core is much more, you know, it's much more packed with stats because of the core memory. That is why FC Baraka, the black fate core is actually more viable in PVP nowadays. But we'll start with his passive. So yeah, we're finishing blows attacks and if an enemy keep takes damage and its health drops to 10% or less gain one mana. He has Harbinger of Awakening, so Afflix mark, mark of revenge on enemy that kills an enemy, an ally. This buff is removing the target to mark is killed or damage bar Harbinger of Awakening and Awakening. King of Wasted Reds so grants healer time that heals 25% of attack every turn to self. Increase attack speed by 25 and gains damage immunity for four turns when health is at or above or is at or below 30%. Okay, why put FC Baraka here because right now in terms of where he belongs, the number has one of the most devastating teams in terms of PVP and he is one of the stars there because actually of his speed. So let's take a look at the speed of Baraka. So his attack speed is more or less in the top there. So if he's just the minus this 125 minus 11, that's roughly around 113 base speed. Okay, so that is why he is actually talented as one of the fastest heroes and he fits well with Linombe right now. Okay, so more or less, he suits your team when you're bringing Linombe along. So if we take a look again at his kit, so S1 Assassin Art so deals 225% damage to one enemy, Reset's turn if a target dies.  Okay, steals one mana from the target and grants two mana back to the Bakaruala if the target is this heart end which is provided by FC Rachel and his S2 would be Madman's Flurry, deals 525% damage to one enemy, steals one mana again from the target and grants two mana to the Bakaruala if the target again is this heart end. So again, he steals mana, gives fuel to your team in which your team can you know can attack more frequently. Linombe is built this way to attack relentlessly as long as they have a supply of mana. So this actually pumps up the mana of the heroes that attacks after him. So basically not only does he do the killing, he also supports the other units that get the mana because mostly Linombe's teams are built one in the front and four in the back so the Bakaruala's would benefit from this immensely especially when he attacks first. Okay, let's go to FC Ramgy. So Ramgy is one of the top you know in the top five Black Fate cores because of one thing more or less it's his ability to nullify heal. So let's do the opposite in terms of skills. So his S2 is actually nullifying heal for everyone on the opposite side of PVE especially. So it doesn't really require Shufraken to apply his nullify heal. That is why he's very valuable nowadays. Very good as well with his first Guardian Passive and nullify heal is actually still a game changer in terms of PvP to nullify the pesky heals of Talia and Dorca and whoever or who the other healers that we have in XO heroes and also for his S1 we have Touch of Light so required mana is one so again it has nullify heal with only one mana. So that is why he is still in the top of the Black Fate cores in this game. So let's just go over his passive so again he has cleanse three so damage over time and debuff effects from an ally gains one mana so additionally gains one mana additionally if health of the target is 20% when triggered and the other one is at 70% when triggered. Okay so again he has dragon he has dragon blood passive is a first Guardian and more or less he has his barrier and he has actually his wrath so more or less again a very good a very good frontline hero which actually I've been I've still been using him in PvP in some matches because again he gives a lot of you know a lot of survivor survivability to the front team as long as you build up his signature force and because his only drawback is that he's very squishy so again very good frontline first Guardian he is good in pairing with FC Iris to deal a lot of flop flop damage or a lot of flop flop shenanigans to your enemies. So we're nearing now the top actually we're in the top three already for the top five we have here FC Adams I've never really appreciated FC Adams up until now I've never really I've really underrated this guy or this rodent or that matter for a very long time that is right why right now I've been building him tremendously to be to be able to help him stories with with my PvP team even for even for tag PvP let's go through his passive so again he has counter to shell investigator against monomos increased damage heart strike heart strike is it's it's it's afflicted on your enemy that has the highest HP and when you for each strike that you have there's an additional there's an additional what they call this additional effects so here's attack speed by 20 level 1 level 2 would be decreased defense by target by 1000 and level 3 is deals 200 damage to all enemies upon activation afflicts the target with blind so I'm sorry for those who have been victims of heart strike including me this is actually a big headache okay but recently he was really buffed and aside from his damage dealing let's start with his s1 so required mana is to score called crushing shadows when the target with charm is taking damage over time deals 30 additional damage this is again a very powerful addition in terms of his damage he was actually powerful ready in terms of damage before and then they add this one then when you go to his s2 it's more or less the same it's a it's a it's reaper's sickle required mana is for it's a burst skill a single target damage skill deals 750 damage to one enemy when the target marked with charm is taking damage over time deals 30 additional damage again and what can I say he pretty much bumped up his his damage as long as you bring junai with him in the team but right now he is really a good fit with junai shell and him to round out the top three heroes for your historic republic again he is a must get right now for a stories if you want to build up that nation so I suggest you try to build up your FC Adams now if you're bringing him in your team okay another another cute little fellow in our top five would be FC Morris so FC Morris a lot of people have been sleeping on him a lot of people have downplayed him when his core reverse came out um you probably know some of them and they're they really they really was you know were wrong about FC Morris when his core reverse came out because again let's start with his um with his um passive with counter heart strike again same as FC Adams he has tempering when when when the battle starts increase attack of all allies by 10% alone this is 10% damage then the next would be steel weapon trigger steel weapon once around when attack hits any attack hits um from him increase attack of all allies by 20% for for turn so that's 30% guys increase so and for his s1 he is master's tempering record minus three increase attack of all allies by 60% 62% of own attack so again this little creature this cute little creature is a badass in terms of giving um additional attacks to your team that is why he is actually a mainstay in almost all linobe teams that i've seen um except for those who have swapped him out for FC Schmidt but again you can't sleep you know you can't sleep on this guy this guy is very powerful especially when paired with linobe because of signature force um he can actually be splashed with any other team as well so for his s2 we have black smite black smith's hammer record minus five burst and it deals 1050 percent damage to an enemy so again packs a lot of punch very good support unit up there in terms of pvp and you can really bring him also in your pvp ve matches but again he's best for pve teams sorry for pvp teams and now to be able to round out the top is actually fc annery the uh sorry fc annie so wandering flame master so this flame master ever since it's been a long time since she came out of the game and ever since she has been touted as one of the top black fate cores even can be considered as a gold fate core ready with the skills that she gives or the passive that she gives and the damage that she deals okay let's take a look at her passive so it's mana utilization two to increase attack based on allies mana count mana one if mana count of allies at 10 or more on own cern so let's skip annish potential because most of you or some of you have not unleashed her potential yet so she's good with monomos so dealing damage by 20 against monomos with fire barrier and this is what she gives that gives her the a plus in terms of black fate cores so she is burning soul grants one ally accept the caster with the fastest attack speed that is why for my team i bring along fc ready and fc ready receives this one damage immunity and 300 increase in critical hit for two turns okay and also gains mana three mana every round so this is actually again a top notch scale a plus and again she can be considered a black fate core just for this one and let's take a look at her s1 so crazy pair out the active required mana one deals 1% 100% damage to an enemy a flicks target with silencer five turns so after five turns a flicks target with crazy per row that inflicts damage equal to 100% of current health so again i remember these are the orbs that you know that that fall off after after the five turns and her silence is actually very good terms of controlling tempo especially in pvp um especially if you want to disable the abilities of your opposite you know of the opposite team this is actually very good and plus the damage after the five turns so let's move on to her s2 s2 is deals three five seven damage to all enemies mana mana required is five and it's a burst skill as well so let's disregard the unleash potential but her unleash potential actually also gives her a lot of utility again fc annie is one of the top or if not the queen of black fate cores definitely hands down i'm not saying this because she's with wasted red i'm saying this because she she can be swapped with any team she can be useful also in the numbing teams i've seen team comes with with fc annie and she still works with that team and again hands down best utility best attacker in terms of black fate cores uh all around damage and utility she can support and give your team that is why until now i haven't taken her off my team and she continues to help me with my wasted red team again guys so what do you think so any comments and suggestions put them down below okay what do you think have i left off in this team in this top 10 black fate cores who do you who do you think i should have included and why and also guys please subscribe to my channel this helps me a lot and this supports me a lot around 85 percent of my viewers haven't subscribed to my channel yet so please do again guys always stay safe take care this is the warden and i'm out of here


Those are medieval robots. My friend watched a video that I had no ability to even watch, and I mean, this video never existed for me. Only some people have seen this video and one of them is my friend and my brother. Is this the Mandela effect? No, it's too real now. No, I couldn't watch it. I wish I could, but I don't know what the video is and I haven't met my friend since 13 years. The video I watched for myself is just a black screen and from whatever I heard of, it was published from 2006 on YouTube. This video was at least, say, a couple minutes long. My brother went missing a year ago, so I had to contact my friend on what this video was even about. He kept this video a secret when I first saw it. I just viewed a black screen for a couple of minutes. I couldn't leave that answer as a remaining mystery for the rest of my life. The video was titled, All A Drive, and was apparently uploaded around October 25th, 2006. I viewed it around 2007 and was apparently bored by this video. That wasn't you I heard about All A Drive from plenty of people and it was actually not just two videos. But plenty of them, here were the videos other people would randomly see. The first video is probably what my friend saw. The video starts with a man driving to a hotel at night. He checks into the hotel and sleeps at night.  After breakfast he leaves and the video cuts to black for a few minutes. The second video is a man walking to a parking lot and argues with another man. The other man apparently gave up and gave this man what appears to be a trophy.  The third and final video was black and white footage of a person who was walking outside with another person. He cracks jokes with him and keeps on walking to what appears to be a forest. The two men walked farther to the forest and got lost. Now they need to survive. But the video was getting quieter and the volume was lowered down until you could never hear the men even saying, it was just muffled voices and eventually things got worse. There was what appeared to be an argument between the two. Then the camera turned around to what appeared to be something inhuman and just terrifying. What was there wasn't anything good and the men ran as fast as possible. Some people managed to actually catch a glimpse on what this thing was. They paused and one of them caught a screenshot of this. It was a creature with four legs, one right arm and two left arms. It had a deformed face with the left tip of the head missing skin which exposed its muscle. Its face was very distorted and unusual. It possibly has two mouths or maybe no mouth, but at the same time it looked like it was smiling. Its right eye was a body part that looked normal, but missing its left eye. That image just gives me the absolute creeps, it looked so unnatural. I'm glad I've never seen that video of the creature, but otherwise I told my friend about this and he said, it was the second video. He was pretty much watching that. I was always wondering how that creepy thing managed to even be real. What kind of weird looking creature is that anyway? My question isn't known.


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session, we will learn about cardinal properties of sets. For this, first of all, consider two overlapping sets. A, this green diagram, which shows three overlapping subsets of the universal set. That is, the universal set is represented by U and it is having three overlapping subsets, which are the set A and such B. Now let number of elements in A minus B is equal to A, number of elements in B minus A is equal to B and number of elements in A into section B is equal to C. Now here, this portion of A excluding this portion, which is common to both A and B, is A minus B. Now it is given that the number of elements in A minus B is this portion of B of the intersection and number of elements in B minus A into section B. That means this region, which is common to both, is given to us as number of elements in A minus B is equal to number of elements in A minus number of elements in A into section B. That implies A is equal to number of elements in A, which further gives number of elements in A is equal to A plus C. Number of elements is equal to number of elements in B minus number of elements in A into section B. Now this implies this in A into section B is this. So this will be B is equal to number of elements in B minus C, which further gives number of elements in B is equal to B plus C. Now the next property is number of elements in A union B that means elements which are in A or in B or in A and B both equal to number of elements in A minus B plus number of elements in B minus A plus number of elements which are in this common portion. That means number of elements in A intersection B. So this is equal to number of elements in A minus B plus number of elements in B minus A plus number of elements in A intersection B. Now other properties which we have discussed earlier elements in A union B is equal to number of elements in A minus V is equal to number of element minus number of elements in A intersection B plus number of elements in B minus minus number of elements in A intersection B plus number of elements in A intersection B. Now, these are cancelled in each other. So, this implies number of elements is equal to number of elements in A plus number of elements in A intersection from this ring right is equal to number of elements A complement which are in the universal set but not in A. Therefore, is equal to number of elements in A plus number of elements in A complement. Number of elements in the universal set is equal to number of elements in B plus number of elements in B complement. B complement is a set of those elements of the universal set which are not in B. So, this will be equal to number of elements in B plus number of elements in B complement. Now, let us discuss an example by using the cardinal properties of set hundred people in a restaurant where 50 people like continental food, 25 like darling food and 30 people do not like any of these kinds of only continental and therefore how many like. Now, let us start with its solution by using cardinal properties of sets that in a group of hundred people in a restaurant 50 people like continental food, 25 like Italian food and 30 people do not like any of these kinds of foods. Now, let set is represented by U which is equal to the set containing people. Number of elements in A is equal to and let B is equal to the set containing people. Now, the people who like Italian food are 25 therefore number of elements in B is equal to 25. U in diagram is equal to 50. Number of elements in B is equal to 25. People do not like any of these kinds of food. That means those elements will be inside this rectangle. Now, number of elements in A union B is equal to number of elements in universal set which are hundred minus number of elements which are outside this portion of A union B rectangle which is representing the universal set. So, this is equal to which we have discussed earlier in A union B is equal to number of elements in A plus number of elements in B section B is equal to this in A plus number of elements in B minus number of elements in A union B. So, here number of elements in B are minus 17 which is equal to 5 elements which are common to both A and B are number of people in A minus B is equal to number of elements in A minus number of elements in A intersection B and number of elements in A intersection B is equal to 5. So, putting these values here it will be 50 minus 5 which is equal to 45. Therefore, the number of people that means these are the elements of B which are not in A that is these are the people who like Italian food only. Now, B minus A is a set containing the people property. Number of elements in B minus A is equal to number of elements in B minus number of elements in A intersection B which are equal to now number of elements in B is equal to 25 values here it will be 25 minus 5 which is equal to 20. Therefore, properties of sets enjoy the session.


You have a sperm, you have an egg, they merge and they create another human. And that baby is made of those two people, the people that produce the egg and the sperm. Nothing more than those two people and nothing less of those two people. All people, all things are the same of God because all that ever was, is and will be, is created from God, of God. Nothing more, nothing less. So in essence, our individual realities are created from our experiences combined with the immense powerful beings that we are that God created us to be because we are solely created from God. We are the creators of our universe, of our reality.