I am going to talk to you today about three hard problems. Let me try this. Let me see if this works. Oh, very good. One of them is old. One is a construct, and you're going to get angry about it. And the last one is the one that we're going to solve together. So this first one, I'm going to start off. This is going to get weird, guys. So just get this thing. This is my daughter, Natalie. And she's in sixth grade. This is one of her homework assignments. And if you don't mind, let me just read this out to you. And this will make a lot of sense while we're getting into this. So Jenna tells her parents the secret number she's thinking of is the largest common divisor of the number she tells each of them. If she tells her mother 510 and her father 306 and she is telling the truth, what is the secret number that Jenna could be thinking of? OK. So the reason Natalie's doing that is because she's got to do like 50 of these problems. And this is a talk about problems, specifically hard ones. And so this is how you solve these problems. At least this is how you're told to solve them. You're supposed to take this number and then break it up into its prime factors. And so here you get 510. It's equal to 2 times 3 times 5 times 17. Great. This one here, 306, it's 2 times 3 times 3 times 17. Great. And then what you do is you kind of collect all the prime factors together. You see the 2s matches, the 3s match, the 17s match, and the 3 and 5 don't. See, knock those off. Then you re-multiply all back together and it's equal to 102. And they sell it like it's a game, like it's a guessing game. It is not a fun game. But we're going to talk about this problem is much harder than you might imagine. So it's called prime factorization. And it's a hard problem. And I'm going to define hard here as being given the size of the problem, the amount of time that it takes to solve it is way beyond what you'd ever thought it would be. So, but it's easy to write a program to solve. It's easy to write the program. The question is when you're going to get to the answer. So for example, this one, if you're just trying to figure out, like, hey, what is 5? What are the factors of 510? I just write a big old loop. And I could just keep dividing by all the prime numbers till I get them all out. And here's one to try. And I made it for you just this morning. I promise this is a product of two prime numbers. And you can take a picture of that, if you want, or remember it, because I'll give you a nice present if you can figure out what those two numbers are. And actually, this problem is so hard, will actually be remarkable if you're able to do this. But if you look at, if you're to just do that program that I've talked about up there, just write a loop and try all the prime numbers. If you just look at, irrespective of how much computation it takes, if you just took it like how much electricity, like the electric bill of the computer to run that entire program to try all those things, it would exceed the world domestic product by a factor of 10 to the 44. This is what we're calling a hard problem, OK? So you get back to here, and what's kind of interesting about this, this isn't actually the problem that they asked Natalie to solve. They didn't ask her to factor these things. They actually asked, what's the greatest common divisor? And there is a fun solution to this. And to go find that out, we'll travel back in time to Alexandria at 300 BC. And there's this mathematician, Euclid, and you might have heard of him in terms of Euclidean geometry. And he is a mathematician, but also a lot of the mathematics that we knew, even up to, say, like the 12th or 13th century, were basically distilled by this guy in a giant book. He's basically going around and getting all the mathematics of his contemporaries. And so it's ancient, ancient math. In fact, this book that is here, Euclid's Elements, it was mass, I mean, he wrote it back in 300 BC. But it was basically the second book to be mass produced after the Gutenberg Bible. And all the way up until about 1910, if you wanted to be considered an educated person, at least in the Western world, this was a book you would have read at one time. We don't read it anymore, because it's so fundamental to mathematics that are in here. It gets into our public education system. These are things about what is a prime number, Euclidean geometry, Pythagorean theorem, and so forth. But here's a fun one. The greatest common divisor of two numbers is the same as the difference between those two numbers. So if we go back here to what Natalie was doing here, and this is what we had to do before. We had to guess this thing. And that was the hard part, was guessing what the factors were. But if instead, we can just take the difference of them, and we're sure that the greatest common divisor is always the same, we can do this. So we first subtract these two numbers, we get 204. What Euclid is saying here, these all have the same greatest common divisor. Amazing. So then we can just subtract them again. These all have the same greatest common divisor. We subtract them one more time, and we just get the same number out. Nice. And that took no work. So you're talking about the gross domestic product, 10 to the 44 factor. This just flies right through. And what's remarkable is this algorithm is still in use today in a place. Let me take a drink and you can guess where. On the internet, it's hard to find a modern map of the internet, so excuse this, 2006 map. But the internet's everywhere. And where this is used, it's actually used so many places. I just want to give you an example of like, this is a thing that you encounter every day and are probably encountering right now if you're surfing and even your phones are probably doing updates and getting at this thing. This S that sits on front of a URL, this HTTBS, it stands for Secure. There is a cryptographic algorithm there that I'm not going to get into, but involves this kind of stuff, like giant primes and all kinds of great numbers here. And the difference between not having that S on there, it's the difference of being at the coffee shop and somebody listening in on your Facebooking or whatever you're doing, or even worse, injecting something into the internet stream to be like, oh, what was your password again and getting it back? Two, getting a kind of communication that if somebody's trying to monitor on the internet, it's so remarkable. It'll simply look like random noise coming out of your computer. And random in the sense of statistically testing for random is looking as random. This will be relevant. We're gonna get back to all this stuff later in a way that will be surprising. So in a real sense, this is the mother of all algorithms. It's the oldest non-trivial algorithm that we still use today. And we're definitely gonna see it again. Okay, oh, that's the first hard problem I was talking about. Okay, great. So the next hard problem, at least topically in terms of the internet, there we're gonna talk about here, Bitcoin. And the reason why we're gonna talk about this, actually how Mooney asked me as a favor, he was like, do you mind taking some of your talk to talk about this? If you don't know how Mooney is most famously one of Gretchen Daley's postdocs, probably the most famous one. And specifically the reason why he asked me to talk about this is he formed me in this article from the BBC, about 50 cent, finding $8 million worth of Bitcoin. He's like, can you just explain this thing and sorry, let me just take, this will be weird that I would otherwise be talking, let me just take 30 seconds to talk about how this happened, okay? So back in July 2014, how he was trying to buy this book online, Animal Cognition, some kind of evolutionary psychology text. And look, we have all had an autocorrect mistake in our lives. And instead what he ended up buying was the album, Animal Ambitions. And it just coincidentally was the time when 50 cent was like the first really big musical artist to accept Bitcoin payments on his album. So that's just why we're talking about that. And just so you know, 50 cent he's in a bankruptcy hearing now and so when this article came out the bankruptcy court's like, wow, you have $8 million. And he's like, no, actually, I don't have $8 million. Okay, okay, so let's get into what Bitcoin here is. So Bitcoin, you have probably heard about it, but if not, I'm just gonna give context for what it is. It's, they call it a cryptocurrency. And the premise of it is a kind of currency that is outside any control of any particular government. Like it's a really interesting problem. Like how can we have two parties that don't trust each other, maybe don't even know each other and guarantee that they've exchanged some kind of currency in a way that they cannot lie to each other. Everybody else can see and you can maintain anonymity. That's kind of the premise of what Bitcoin is. The other reason why I talk about it is because it just recently got very expensive. And so this is a plot over time of where it used to be worth like two bucks. And now it goes up and down. I actually don't know what, I snapped this the other day so it was at $8,000. I don't know, it'll be up there. Thousands of dollars for a thing that seems where it used to be kind of worthless. There's a, there's another use of this. I was talking to my friend Rob as an economist here. It's also that like, as soon as you get into something that's some illegal activity, this is Bitcoin is the thing you want to be able to do. And the other thing I want to talk about it, this recently has come up a lot in, my friend Lisa's forwards me these articles all the time of like Bitcoin is going to save the planet. And so I think it's topical about why we talk about it here. And it's also a really interesting problem. And they'll lead on to the thing we'll finally get to. Okay, so I think a good way to talk about how Bitcoin works. Let's just talk, let's just go through what a transaction would look like. So the heart of Bitcoin is this, it's called the blockchain, but I think it's better to think about as a ledger. A giant book where every transaction of every Bitcoin ever has been recorded, that's public that anybody can look at at any time.  And I had a thing on here. Yeah, every transaction's recorded here. And it's a very hard problem to make a fraudulent entry. Hard problem like the running through the prime factors earlier. Then every computer that's on the Bitcoin network, it also is like just the nature of the way that this system is set up. It incentivizes everybody who wants to join it, that like you should participate in it or the whole thing just doesn't work at all. And so you're just like, and we're gonna get to this concept a little bit later too, but I think this is a really interesting one. So let's just walk through what happens here in a Bitcoin transaction. So how it comes up here, and the transaction is like very simple. The first thing Hal has to do is prove that he owns Bitcoin. And the way that he proves it is he points at the ledger saying like here, look here's where I was transferred some Bitcoin. So obviously I have it. And I wanna send it to Caroline Records. But if you remember what Rob was saying here before, here's the other part of Bitcoin. Is you don't have to be Hal and you don't have to be Caroline Records. You can be like Secret Man one, wants to transfer to Secret Man two in a way that isn't just anonymous and random. It's anonymous in a way that only Hal could ever prove that's him. Nobody else could come up and be like, actually that was me at that time. It's really interesting concept. So once you get that, that's actually the transaction. Secret person has this Bitcoin, wants to transfer it to this other secret person. Then some computer over here, the payment processing thing for Caroline Records will come along here. They'll check the ledger to make sure that works. And they'll be like, that's your transaction. There you go, you did it. And then Hal and Caroline Records can go do their business. But there's this one other part. So when they say that the transaction was good to go, they didn't write it into the ledger yet. And this is kind of the heart of Bitcoin. And this is the whole reason why there's a network of computers around the world. So as soon as a transaction goes out, there's this race to solve a really hard mathematical problem. You'll see it's not an interesting mathematical problem the same way that Natalie's guessing game was not an interesting or fun game. But it is very hard problem. So here's the first thing you do. So I'm gonna like wave hand stuff. And you know, as you're watching this, like you'll get the sense of like, oh, I kind of get what the numbers are doing and back and forth. And we're gonna tie this very at the very end into a software platform for the natural capital project. So I don't know, just let it flow over here if you like it, let's just see how it goes, okay? So the first thing we do, here's this transaction. Remember we saw this before? You can just take my word for it, we can turn this into a number. And there's lots of ways to do it. Just take every letter, sign in a number and stick them all together. So it's like literally a literal number is the thing you're getting at. Then there'd be a computer on the Bitcoin network who does this. Pick a random number and just add it to it. Just whatever random number you wanna get. And then you're gonna calculate a hash function. We're gonna talk a lot about this in the next couple slides. And you get this very weird, that's actually a number two, it's using hex notation, but another weird string out of it. And then here's the rule, here's the Bitcoin thing.  Very specific, 18 zeros. If no, just try it again. Try a different random number. Try it again, like a loop. And if yes, great, you won. We're gonna write it in the ledger. Why would you bother to do that at all? Because there is a reward. You get 12 and a half Bitcoin. And that's worth about $100,000. And so there's a financial, well, I mean it used to be worth $100,000, but it is now, and that's why there's so many computers on the network now. And the other thing is like, well, how often does that happen? It actually is tuned, the whole network is tuned, so it happens every 10 minutes, no matter what. If more computers go on, it still takes 10 minutes. If more computers drop off, it still takes 10 minutes. So it's this chunking problem that will never end and will always be driving towards this kind of thing. Okay, I don't see what popped up there. Oh, probably that green thing. Okay, we're gonna talk about this part here because we're gonna use this in our natural capital software platform a little bit later. Okay, so to get to the hash function, we traveled to another place. So rather than now examine it, we traveled to the National Security Agency of the United States. I don't know if you ever thought about what their building looks like, but like black glass and steel and like miles of concrete around it just seems just right to me. Just really beautiful stuff. Okay, so Bitcoin uses a hash, it's called the SHA-256, stands for Secure Hashing Algorithm as published in 2001 by the National Security Agency. In general, what a hash function does is it takes some kind of input and it mixes it up in a way that's always consistent.  Again, in a test for randomness, if you're looking at the values that are coming out of this function, it will appear to be random numbers, except it's not, because so long as you get the same input, you get the same back output. But the premise here is it's so, so, I mix it up so, so much, even though you know the steps I took to take it, it's gonna be very, very hard for you to figure out what my input was. And so in some sense it's like a really complicated shell game, you know, like where you put a thing under a cup and then you mix it up a whole bunch, except you can imagine like they're always gonna mix it up in the same way and then the ball is somewhere else, except it's more like this, except this is only like, I mean, whatever you wanna take from this, this is only like 10% of the algorithm on top of it. And you can see there's like 61 different rows that don't happen to be in there. This is kind of a big, like this is the thing the national security agency like, look, here's what we made and you should use this as your hashing algorithm. And we do. And I just wanted to, oh yeah, and Euclid, this guy is all over in this stuff. Like just that ancient mathematics is just deep embedded in this stuff all the time. And I just wanna mention this, Becky asked me to say this. This is something called a one-way function, meaning it's very easy to calculate one way, sometimes kind of trapdoor function. We don't actually know if these exist or not. There's been no proof of it. So whatever you wanna take from that, but it's a really, I mean, you're already factoring this giant prime number so you can figure this thing out for me later too. Okay, so this is what it looks like in practice. So it's coming along here and there's a computer here on the network. Here's how's transferring you add 123 to it and you call a hash on it, you get some random thing out here. No 18 leading zeros. So we tried again. No 18 leading zeros. So we tried again. Oh, look at that. And then you get your $100,000 here. Okay, so let's just see. I wanna get into like how hard this problem is. I don't know if I'm gonna have time to say why I have the grand canyon here, but a lot of computers are declining. Oh my gosh. Dang it. Let's cruise to the end. Oh gosh, I'm so sorry. What do you wanna do? By four minutes, do you mean four real? Here, you talked about it. Okay, so the total power of the Bitcoin network, 256 times the top 500 computers systems in the world, except that was in 2013. And if you look at it now, the total hash rate, like how fast those things are going that I just flew on the slides, you're getting 27 quadrillion of those a second across the entire network. And that's like some really, really small fraction of the top supercomputers in the world. In fact, it's an insignificant fraction of their total computing time. And it's a thing where like if you toss these things right into the computational network, it's not even gonna significantly reduce the time of when anybody was gonna get that $100,000 reward. And if you wanna get angry about this, you can look at this of like what are those computers doing? They're doing things like modeling Earth's weather systems to predict storms, to figure out if we need to evacuate a coast or not. And the holy grail of weather prediction, they're thinking to go all the way out to maybe 2030. We might get a supercomputer that has like this much computational power, and then we can model everything and have like a really good prediction of weather patterns up to like two weeks out. That's like less than 1% of the Bitcoin mining network that's just sitting there and solving this, just irrelevant problem.  Here's a recent estimate of it, and you can visit this website, and it's interesting to see how they predict that. But it's basically 1.3 of the total US energy usage. 5 million US homes could be powered by it. And even if you just engage in it and just use one transaction, the electrical energy that's used to verify that transaction, it can power 26 homes for a day. This is the largest coordinated computer system ever built. And the solution to it is just an artificial constructed problem. And you think, what's left? Someday Bitcoin will lose its value. This always happens to human constructs. And all we'll have in the end, we'll just burn a lot of electricity.  Okay, so let's go here. Okay. So after a decade of work, there's a question I think we feel comfortable answering. What services does nature provide? And here's some ways that we do that. One way is just through expert opinion.  They've been trained up for years. They all have PhDs. They work on a particular project. They work there a few months, if not years. And you get a very high quality, but I would argue expensive result because it takes so long to just get humans trained up to that stuff, right? Another way you can approach this is you can just develop new science. How does water fall down? And how do trees make less water or more water, depending on how you wanna look at it, or protect the coast with mangroves and so forth? And then this is core science. So then you don't necessarily, what you could potentially do would be like, well, I care about a coastline, so I'm gonna go read a journal article about how natural capital helps that coastline. And that's still a good quality result, except it's still a lot of effort because you have to digest a science article and get that stuff in. And then here's what we try to do with software. We try to take that stuff. We try to abstract it into a language where practitioners are actually speaking it, usually through GIS maps and so forth. So long as you have a map of your area and biophysical data, then we can give you probably a pretty good result with pretty low cost. And our platform looks something like this.  We have a big computational backend that's super hot and goes fast. We have API that sits on the front that anybody could develop their own software on this. In fact, we go to develop, we in fact develop our own software. We develop, invest off our own abstraction of what this software is. There's data that fit outside and then sometimes we expose the things on the computational backend. Like you wanna delineate a watershed really fast, we can expose that to you. And is there anything wrong with this? Not really. But let's look at this. So this is a project that Becky's been working on. Becky and many other people have been working on for the past nine months of like, well, let's do this at a global scale. Not like let's get really coarse data, but let's get down into it and get the best data we can get and the most computational power we can get. And let's see how it's going. So I'm definitely not gonna talk about the science in here. But what I wanna talk about, I wanna give you a sense that the work that we did here was very computationally complex. And so much so, I mean the first thing, it's just a lot of data. I didn't even know that your home internet had an upper limit of how much data you could download and I found out this way. So the first thing, just take rasters, just stack them, do multiplications, all that stuff. That's what our PyGeo processing package does for you really well and it's in a super fast. You will not get a memory error. Another one is it's a little bit different problem. Here's, you know, Florida. There's a, so we drop a whole bunch of points all across the world. We walk up all the coastlines and then for each point, we have to figure out like where the wind is hitting and if it's near habitat and if like what's the slope gonna be like and who knows what else. And there's, you know, hundreds of thousands of these points but they all stand alone and we have another computational framework here to help with that. If you have a problem that stands alone, like you can calculate one point over here and one point over here and they don't talk to each other. What this thing does, if you program in it, it'll just like toss those out to a bunch of CPUs and later on computers and it'll just rip through those problems. And it'll also remember if you've done it before.  And the last one here with water, we basically put both of these things together and it was great. So now that we're done, now that we're done, here's like questions. I'm only using this as kind of an example of like you have probably encountered this before where we might be looking at a map. These maps are beautiful. We might go along and be like, hey, what were the data we used to run that thing? Or, you know, we have a bunch of scripts like which version of it went with which map? Or even maybe years later, like who even ran this thing? And these are really hard problems. They're not hard problems like prime factorization. These are hard problems about human nature. Like we try to do a good job and we write things down. We make readme files. We make design documents. We make metadata and still, it is fundamentally this is always a hard problem. And so what I'm gonna do here, I'm getting into like, this is the thing that we are working toward and is a metaphor I'd like you to like think about a letter that you send in the mail. So in order to get a letter to work, you gotta put an address on it and you should put a return address on it. And once you do that, it gets sent. And then the remarkable thing is this letter knows where it came from. It's just an inherent system of like, how mail works if you choose to follow the rules. So what if data were like that? What if you could just, after the fact, not like go find a file that you read somewhere, but what if the nature of the data itself remembered where it came from and how it was computed? And if that were the case, all this stuff goes away. So let's do that. We're gonna build a software platform based on all these things we just talked about. We're gonna start here. There's gonna be a couple buckets. One is all the algorithms we're ever gonna write or that might even exist in humanity. This is not an actual bucket. This is just a conceptual thing. And how are we gonna name all those? We're gonna just have unique identifiers for them. We're all that SHA-256 stuff we went through. This is how we're gonna do it. Every algorithm that could ever possibly be produced by the human species can have a unique identifier and we can store that in a table for as long as we wanna do that till we end. Same thing with data. All the data we ever collect, we can have a unique identifier for that with same with this SHA-256. Here's this computational stuff. I told you this was good. You can trust that. And here's what's gonna happen. You're gonna have a user that comes along here and is an author. And this author must have an identification. But as we know, we need not necessarily be public, but it has to be something unique. So this is the same way that Bitcoin uniquely identifies a user. You can have a user and how can be like, yeah, that's actually me. Or do you mean that I need to wanna say it at all? What how's gonna construct here? We're gonna call this thing an EcoShard. And all it's in it, in fact, I'm using this name very specifically to invoke some imagery. It's just gonna say use this particular data and use this particular algorithm. And that's it.  And it goes into a global ledger, just like Bitcoin might. And it gets passed to the EcoShard engine. And with this thing, this chews it up. Goes down and goes, I know what that data is. It's a unique hash and it rips that out. And it says, oh, I know what that software is. It's a unique hash. It rips that out. It's gonna pass this thing over here to the computational core. This thing's gonna come out. You're gonna get this result out and great. And the reason why I'm calling this an EcoShard, I wanted to invoke this imagery of a shard of pottery or something beautiful that's fractured, that's part of a whole that a story maybe isn't totally told on it. And even like this, if you could imagine picking up a piece of pottery and just flicking it with your finger and maybe like hum or it has a certain noise, just the same way we're gonna be able to take the result here. We're gonna be able to do a SHA-256 on it like bong and it's gonna have a unique identifier and it's gonna go back in here. And suddenly there's this complete loop where the map itself doesn't have any information written into it about how it was created, but the nature of using this system, which is not complicated, we'll always go back to this and we'll always know where we came from. I am gonna cruise through this fact and you can read it later and I just want to get to a final point. Can I search the EcoShard engine? I do wanna talk about, you'll be able to search by author, you'll be able to search by data, you'll be able to search by algorithm to see where things go. Okay, so this is an attempt of what we're trying to do. We're trying to unify all this growing body of data and algorithm acknowledge about nature and its value. And this is the last hard problem that I talked about. This is the one that we'll be solving together. Thank you.


Welcome to my presentation on the state of the nation and mapping. My name is Rick DeBoer. I've done software for 20 years. I've done C++, Java, Ruby on Rails. Until five years ago, I got to know Drupal. I haven't looked back since. I now only do Drupal. Why? Because in my professional career, I've never had more fun and I've never seen better results than when using Drupal. We see that all the time at the Flink Collective. We do small sites, big sites, commercial sites, non-commercial sites, government sites, and every time we're delighted about how well Drupal performs in such a wide variety of applications. If there's any doubt in your mind, or in your boss's mind, or in your boss's boss's mind about plunging into Drupal, then I suggest you watch the video of Chong Wu's presentation yesterday. We showed how a big corporation, Sun Corp, went from zero to 30 Drupal sites in just a few years and with no regrets. So why this topic? Well, simply, I love maps. I think maps are beautiful and maps are also very effective. Above all, they're very easy to make in Drupal. But most importantly, they're really attractive to use for your visitors. Maps will help your business. I started my mapping journey six months ago and I started digging into Drupal, what was out there. I embraced modules, I discarded modules, I patched modules, and I wrote modules from scratch. And so did the rest of the community. As a result, it is now easier to make beautiful maps than it has ever been. I like to share what I learned in six months with you in 60 minutes. I've got three takeaway points. These points are my KPIs. My sponsor, which is me, will not buy me a return ticket to Melbourne if you don't remember these three things. So here we go. Number one, think maps, not tables. Every time you see a map, sorry, every time you see a table, I want you to think, I can turn this into a snazzy map. Number two, leaflet. We don't know what leaflet is yet, but just remember leaflet. And number three, you can do this. You can make beautiful maps that look a million dollars in Drupal using only six modules and no coding. Quick outline of our presentation. First, I'm going to talk a little bit more about why I think maps are useful, not just in Drupal, but in general. And secondly, a bit of a field trip. I'm going to show you a few maps from around the world. And I want you to see how you feel about those. Are they good? Are they bad? And then I want to fast-track you through the jungle of Drupal map modules to present you with a set of six modules that will work 90% of the time for 90% of your customers, now and in the future. And finally, I want to put my money where my mouth is if the internet works and show you those six modules live in action here on stage. So why would you want to use maps? Because maps engage. Maps draw you in like no amount of numbers can. And engaged visitors care. And they need to care before they do something on your side. Dries said in his keynote that in order to run a business on the internet, you need to first attract, then engage, influence, convert, and retain. Well, maps are a very strong way, I feel, to engage people. But it's not just pretty pictures. Maps also help to analyze data. They alert us to outliers. They reveal correlations. And I'm going to talk about that a bit more in my demonstration, that second aspect of maps, the analytical power of them. But whether it's a pretty map or a very analytical map, in both cases maps send the visitor on a journey leading to actions. And at the end of the day, that's what you want.  You want them to do things, like pick up the phone and buy your product or your service. Does anybody care about this? Don't think so. But you've got to use maps well because maps are strong visual elements. They play a role in the image that you create and the perception that you create for your website and therefore for your business. So that may work out well, or it may work out not so well. So I want to take you on a little field trip. Oh, sorry, I forgot to mention about the image.  But if I see a really creative modern map, then I think, wow, these guys are with the tight guards. These guys are cool. So here's a little field trip. You can look at these maps anyway you like, but in order to judge them, use either your own criteria or these, if you're not quite sure. So think for yourself, is this map functional? Does it visually engage? Does it tell a story? Fingers crossed that this all works technically. So hopefully, if I click on this... Yay! Anyone remember the Great Fire of 1666 in London? Well, there it is on a real map. This is actually a real map. So you can scroll it and you can zoom in. This is done by the wonderful guys of Stamen. It's so high-tech that it doesn't work on any browser but Chrome. And actually, there is so much computation going on. I don't know whether you can see it at the end, but try this at home by all means. If you look close on the screen, then you see all these pixels changing from chimney-rare to pumpkin-orange and banana, and it's just fascinating to look at. And after a while, your machine actually heats up. The fan kicks in because that's how much computation goes on here. So, hot or cold? Hot? One arm? That was cold? Don't like it? Who thinks it's hot? Yeah, me too. I think it's red-hot. It definitely visually engages. Functionally, well, you can't really use that to go from A to B and navigate beyond the road, obviously. But does it tell a story? It does because when I see this, I think, whoa, if I ever need visualization, I'm going to call these guys because they clearly have the technology. So, yeah, interesting example of a map. Okay, this one. Maybe that one I can get live on screen as well. Yay! Okay, this is part of a website, actually. And this part is a map of print shops and design studios all over the world. What the guy has done, he's used like a printing font to match the topic, which is kind of cool. And then also the canvas of the map is a toner-style font. But it's not as simple as it may seem because you see all these balloons here. Balloons here. A click on one. It zooms in to the next level and all the underlying markers explode out. Until when I'm here, in this case in Chicago at the lowest level, we see the individual print shops. We can click on these and we get a link to the website. So it's a very natural and beautiful way, animated way to use maps to navigate the site, basically, because I'm using a map rather than drop-downs to get to a particular site. Who thinks this is a fail? No one. Cool. Yeah, fair enough. Who thinks it's a pass? Majority. I think it's a pass as well. How about this one? This one I can't see live because the site isn't live yet. This is done by someone who contacted me and said, Rick, Rick, Rick, I'm using your modules. I made a beautiful map of places where you can buy a good drink in Belgium. Yeah, so he did the right thing. He started off with the first two of my recommended modules and then I said, oh, you really have to use the other ones as well because you can get the beautiful marker clustering and you can navigate your way through Belgium. You can actually see that Belgium is there. So, unfortunately, this was the slide where he was going to redeem himself, but he never got back to me. So, sorry, young Frederick. Okay, what about this one? Let's see if I can do this one live on... Okay, this is actually four square and this is what you get when you're in Koojee and you type in Colbeer. And so, yeah, okay, it's a very attractive map. It's a Mapbox map. Four square ditched Google last year in favor of Leaflet, the rendering system, and Mapbox, the tiling system. So, very attractive looking map. Markers, well, they have just numbers in them. What do they mean? Not sure. But the thing that annoys me most, four square is all about me, right? It's me surrounded by my friends and the restaurants. But where is me? I don't get a marker, right? And on top of that, we had a good laugh at the previous slide with all those markers on top of each other looking like a scaly fish. Well, this is no better. But hold on, I can zoom in, right? So, zoom in, zoom in. Oh, yeah, I've zoomed in, but now my markers have gone north. Oh, pan, pan, pan. Do you see the difference between this one and the toner map? How easy the toner one was and how cumbersome this is. First, I still don't know where I am. I mean, I'm new to Sydney. Where is Koojee on the map? Yeah, yeah, yeah, not right on my parade. Okay, so... Thanks, mate. 22 is actually manlier, I think, mate. Oh, okay. You put me off my thread, no? So, yeah, what do we think? Hipposquare, who thinks this is really hip? Do you think this is pretty ordinary? Yeah, I agree. With all your millions for Square, you could have done better. This very cute-looking website is about New Zealand fruit stalls. So, you can sign up there and you can say, I'm selling fruit there and there, and you can put your marker on the map. It's a really cute site. I mean, I love the design of it. Also an attractive map. Again, leaflet and map box. So, the same as Foursquare. But what Foursquare failed to do, this husband and wife did brilliantly. Look at the markers again, click on it, bang, you zoom in, zoom in some more. Okay, I want to know about that fruit stall. I get extra information. The black currency is a taxonomy, so I click on the taxonomy, get other blackberry things that I might be interested with. Again, with a beautiful map. So, you see how easy this all works, and how easy it is to navigate this site. Plus, oh, we didn't get the marker, did we? Let me maybe have to zoom out a bit. Okay, I don't know, but normally the marker comes up as well. So, you see yourself in relation to the fruit stalls around you. So, very well done, I think. Yes, yeah, yeah, yeah, the H75 geolocation, that's right. Okay, so Rhyper Rotten. Definitely Rhype, very sweet indeed, I think. Okay, so in summary, what's new in 2013 compared to 2006? Does map still mean Google Maps? Well, I think we've seen some really fresh looks, and none of them were, except one, I think, were Google, so we've got a lot more choice. But there's two other aspects that have changed since 2006, and both of them have to do with mobility. The first one is that people use mobile phones now more than ever, and that means that they want to know where they are, they want to be the center of the map. And in order to do that, like Sean said, you need new technology, which is HTML5. An IP address lookup is not going to cut it if you want to look to show where someone is on a mobile. The second aspect of mobility is that phones and tablets are not as powerful as a desktop. So ideally you want to work with a mapping package that is optimized for mobile, that is lightweight, and doesn't require huge downloads or huge CPU power in order to bring the maps to you. So when I started digging around in Drupal Land for modules that would help me with my maps, I soon found that there's many to choose from, but there's really strong dependencies as well. So you can't say, OK, I'll pick that one for my coordinate storage and then I'll pick that one for filtering and I'll pick that one to show the map. It doesn't work like that because one module will only go with one or two other modules. I also found that some really obvious things that I thought every mapping module would have like calculation of proximity, filtering by distance, that sort of stuff, that they would all have that. No, not so. And of course, like any other set of Drupal modules, they have different levels of maturity, different levels of the size of their issue queue. So it is really a jungle out there. There's an attempt made on the Drupal documentation site that's this URL that shows in a tabular form the various modules, what they can do, what they can't do, what they interface with, et cetera. I'm not going through that because if you know of specific needs, then focus in on those and then soon you'll find that a number of them will drop by the wayside if you want to get deeper into that. I moved this whole story about the anatomy of maps to the appendix due to lack of time, but if you are interested after this session to read some more, I encourage you to look at those because it's got some interesting quotes from people I met on my journey as well about what they did, how they started off with, say, open layers and then ended up with leaflet for various reasons. It also explains a little bit about the four or five parts to every map and how those map to Drupal modules. For now, I want you to just remember two use cases. One is pretty much the traditional way, like the maps we've seen so far, whereby the coordinates are entered by the users of the site, either the administrator or people from the public or authenticated users that sign up and they put location-related info in. The other use case is the one I'm going to demo, which is where the data comes from an external source. This could be a feed or a spreadsheet someone gives you. In fact, that's what we found. Somebody said, you know how to do maps. You've got a spreadsheet, so show me. That's where that whole analysis of the data really comes out and you can really see how the maps start to navigate your mind, basically. It's not just looking at the terrain of navigating the site. The maps that we'll show in a minute help you think about the data and that can only be a good thing. I said there's many moving parts and you can read about all of that and the pros and cons in the appendix. However, I don't want you to go away thinking this is going to be hard because it's not. If you just have the right set of modules, then it's easy and that right set of modules has already been picked for you. Here's the great mix. Talk a little bit about that. There are at least four modules for coordinate storage in Drupal. This one, the latest version, is my favorite because it does one thing and does it really well. It also sets you up for the future. We're talking here about markers only, but if you want to do, say, the boundary, the border of a country or a suburb, then you can use polygons and that's all covered by this module as well. The second one is views. To some of you, this may be bad news because views is a bit of a cockpit. It's a bit of a beast, but you will have to tame the beast. I'm sorry. You're side builders and views goes into core version 8 and you wouldn't want to be a side builder if you don't know all of the core modules, right? If you don't know a whole lot about views yet, then now is maybe a great time to start. The third module is leaflet. Leaflet is a Drupal wrapper around the leaflet JavaScript library. It's one that is very lightweight. It's been written from the ground up to support mobile. In fact, it's only a download is about 28Ks and if you compare that to one of its competitors or alternatives maybe, let's say open layers, that one is, I think, 900Ks. Maps are built up of tiles of about 20Ks. If a map has 10Ks, so you've got 200Ks of tiles, then leaflet has already shown you four maps in the time that open layers takes to just load its JavaScript. So that's a big difference. If you use those first three, then you sort of get to the level of four square. So you don't get a marker showing your own position. You don't get coloring of markers based on a taxonomy or something else. You don't get centering options. You don't get clustering. So the next module brings it up one level above the mediocrity of four square. And then those other two are really small modules that give real bang for your buck leaflet more maps. I think it's 100 lines of code or whatever, but it gives you 20 more maps just from a drop down. You don't have to switch to a different set of modules to get a different map.  So I like to rip into the demo if everything works. So a little bit about this data set I'm going to show. This data set was given to us as a spreadsheet with the idea of turning that into a map or multiple maps and see what we could find out about that data set but what would reveal itself. The data set is a weight loss program that was done in the Melbourne area in two towns, Thomastown and Dandenong. And it contains four groups. So there's the control group, people that did not take any special diet or did do any special exercise. Then a diet only group, an exercise only group and a diet plus exercise group. And we follow these people on their quest to lose weight through time. The website here is just a standard out-of-the-box Drupal 7.19 install. No tricks, no use, no caching, no styling, no nothing. Okay, and the map is here, hopefully. Cool. Okay, so I thought I'd start with just a satellite view. Zoom out a little bit so that you can see, yes, this is indeed Australia. We've got 41 markers under there. That's sort of 40 people taking part in the program. Number 41 is us there. So that's the HTML5 thingy that's located us. And I also attached here at the bottom, just for debugging purposes, the data that you see in the map. It's quite useful for debugging purposes. When you go live, you get a bit of that because, well, boring. Okay, so I've also put in some controls on the right. There's five of them. And these allow us to slice and dice the data in different directions. The first one is for the various groups, control group, diet only, exercise only, and diet plus exercise. And then there's a few sliders for weight. So the first one is for start weight, and then the second one is for the weight at each of the weigh-ins. So the weigh-in is also a slider there, and we can progress this through time. So to give you an idea about the slicing and dicing capability, I can, for instance, look at all the people that start with the weight over 88 and then come out with the weight under 88. And it instantly zooms in, and we can see instantly that in Thomastown there's three people that do that, and in Denderong there's six. And you can instantly ask yourself, why is that? Why do people in Denderong have a higher weight to start with, but then they tend to lose it more so than the people in Thomastown? So we're already starting to elicit information from that data set through maps. Okay, just going to put that back a little bit. Okay, and the clustering, of course, works beautifully. Every time I pick it up, I go, ooh, it's a little bit. But the clustering here is perhaps not so great if you want to compare those two sub-data sets. So we've got Thomastown and we've got Denderong, and we want to see them on the map simultaneously. And with clustering, you can only zoom in on one town, of course. So we kind of want to zoom in on both at the same time. So I'm going to have to log in as an admin. So in order to do that, I'm first going to enable another attachment. So I'll create a second map, which is basically a copy of the first one, except that this one will filter by Denderong. So I'll just enable that one. And then I'm going back to my first map. And at this point, it's probably a good thing to drive into a little bit of detail. So this is a standard views interface, and we know we've had all... We saw all these other modules, and all of them have some simple configurations. All of those configurations are channeled into one additional setting in your familiar views interface. This is the format selector that you probably know. Normally, you would not see the map Google Viya peak geolocation and the map leaflet in there. That's provided by the modules that are installed. If I had installed open layers as well, then there would be a third one saying map Viya open layers. Going to the settings, then the first thing we have to enter is the name of the field that is providing the coordinates. The reason why this is not a simple dropdown is for the esoteric cases, whereby a module may provide the coordinates in a kind of non-standard way, and then the table will have a non-standard name, and therefore we can't have a simple selector. We have to give the name like that. In this next selector, though, we can just show the fields from the view. So what we're showing in there is... In the view are the ones that we see here in this dropdown. So it's things like their name, the group they're in, the gender, their address, start weight, end weight, etc. They show up here in this dropdown for the differentiator. A differentiator is any column or any field in the view that you select that you want whose values you want to differentiate the marker colors by. Obvious examples are a taxonomy, content type, but it can be any of the columns in your view. In fact, it can even be an expression. That's what I've done here. I've created an expression in views, normal way, called weight loss, and that's simply the difference between the actual weight at the weigh-in and the start weight. You could have argued that maybe that should have been a percentage rather than just a difference, but then we get into divisions and multiplications and it sounds way too much like coding, and this is a no coding session. Just the difference. The difference between start weight and end weight is the weight loss. We can specify ranges. Over 10, we say it's green. If you lose between 5 and 10 kilos, then you get the yellow marker. If you lose between 0 and 5, orange, and if you gain weight, you're in the red zone. You can add as many of those associations as you like. Here are a few centering options. The one that is currently on is the auto box, and we saw that when I went into the map, it zoomed in exactly to the level to put a frame around all the markers on the map. That's why we had Coogee all the way up there and Melbourne all the way up there. That form of centering is now not appropriate, so I'm going to pick this one of the five others. I want two separate maps. I don't want Coogee to be in that because I want to concentrate on Thomas Town. This is where leaflet more maps comes in. It does one thing and one thing only, and it's this drop down. Without it, the leaflet model gives you one map. With leaflet more maps, you get 20 more. We've had the satellite map. Maybe I'll try the street map. I want two small maps, so I'm going to turn this into a 275px. This is the only configuration you have to do for the marker clustering. It's the radius within which a bubble guzzles up all the markers around it. If you make it really big, then you get a big radius. Now I'm going to leave it open because I don't want it at all. I never thought I would say that. Yes, but luckily this is a small population and we have lots of colors as well. There's two ways that we get around that. I forgot one thing. Of course, live demo effects. I now have to add a filter so that only the people from Thomas Town are shown in this top map. That's called the locality. Thomas Town applied to this display and I think we should be in business now. Save. Would have been nicer if views put me back to my map, but it doesn't. Here we are. Lots of colors and two different maps, map styles, if all possible. At the top we've got the Thomas Town area and the bottom we've got down and on. The colors are, as I explained, still a bit confusing at the moment because there's so many markers. Let's use our filters a bit more. The control group. They start with zero in the first way in. They haven't lost any weight. In the second way in, they haven't lost any weight. In the third way in, one person lost a couple of kilos. That's what you expect for a control group. How about the diet only? Go back to the first one. After months or whatever it is, a few oranges, so lost some weight. At the end of the program, a few greens appear, so they've done a bit better. Finally, of course, diet plus exercise group at the same point, lots of greens. You kind of expect that, but you can imagine using data sets where you have no idea what is there hidden for you, but with a simple number of sliders and colored maps, you can reveal so much information. Was it all smooth sailing though? Is there more we can discover? For instance, this lot here, they started off like so. They ended up with lots of green. What happened in the middle? Oops, a few people regressed. Some yellows have turned orange. A couple of green ones went yellow. What happened? Any idea, anyone? That's it. If you look at the balloons, then this Clarence Simpson, by the way, all the names are fake, to protect the innocent. She had a way in on the 25th of January, so that's after Christmas and in the Australian summer holidays. This person, Leonie, she had a way in on the 15th of January, so I think you're right. That's something that we would never have found by just looking at a bunch of numbers and maps have helped us to dig up that information. What do you mean? How accessible? From what kind of... Don't know is the answer. Yeah, basically, you'll have to draft the leaflet guys, the open layer guys. For debug purposes, definitely. Yeah, it's... Sorry? I guess I could do. I haven't been on a project with maps and accessibility requirements, so I can't really comment on it. But for myself, I like a table at the bottom to debug, because if a map shows up a blank canvas, you go, what's going on? Is the internet down? What's happening? And then the table will tell me whether the data is there or not. Okay, I think I'm going into my closing words. So, as you have seen, I've introduced a few other goodies. The first one is address field and geocoder. The spreadsheet that we got doesn't have Latin along in it. I mean, who's going to type in Latin along for an address? In fact, it didn't even have states and country in it because it was done for Victoria and everybody knew it was for Victoria. So, the addresses in there weren't even complete. They were just street names and towns. But using geocoder and address fields, you're able to geocode the address into Latin along. It happens under the wraps. It happens, for instance, when you create a new piece of content that has an address on it. Then the moment you save, it will go out to the internet to serve as you provide. The default one is Google, I think, and it will give back the Latin along and stores it transparently on one of the fields and you don't have to worry about it. In combination with geofield. Basically, geocoder is the bridge between geofield and address field. Yeah. Address field knows about the way addresses are done in the various countries. In Australia, it will know that a postcode is four digits and not letters as well. In different countries, it may be in a different way and it knows that. The thing I was particularly impressed with was, and I can't show this, but I alluded to it earlier, if you have a spreadsheet to turn it into maps, you first have to turn it into Drupal content. You use some sort of importer for that and the go-to module for that is feeds. When I imported the spreadsheet into Drupal content without setting anything, geocoder kicked in, picked every address from the spreadsheet, sent it off to Google, sent it all that long and after the import, everything was there. It's brilliant, really impressive module. Okay, so then you don't have to rely on the Drupal module. Okay, yeah, cool, thanks. So the second module that I sneaked in is views global filter. It's kind of your normal views exposed filters on steroids. With views global filter, the settings that you make remain valid across the entire website. So if you have a number of views and there may be tables or maps or whatever, you don't have to make the selection over and over again. So let's say I have a music site and it's got lots of bands, lots of eras and lots of areas and I would just want to know about Beatles in New York in 1967. So I would change those, make those three selections and the rest of the site will be filtered by that until I change it. So then I see my videos for that period of the Beatles only. I see the biographies, I see the concert listings, I see the top 40 all filtered by the initial selection. But on top of that views global filter adds another of a number of interesting widgets because it honors the original widget that was specified on the content type. So for instance you love hierarchical select, for your taxonomy I do. If you have that on the content type then when you may create a normal view, then it's gone. Because views does its own widget. But with views global filter it will honor that widget. Same way to complete the lux. And also the same with slide with style. That's the one that was used to do those sliders. One little problem with slide with style it uses a range. We set for a float or an integer, you don't want to be filtering for one particular value. You don't want to filter all the people that are exactly exactly 70.5 kilos. That doesn't make sense. You want to have a range. Slide problem, views doesn't accept ranges. Not as contextual filters, that's how views global filter works. It takes advantage of the views contextual filters. That's where the last module comes in. It makes views understand ranges. And that sort of completes the picture. A few things we haven't shown. We only showed markers. You can do some really cool stuff with polygons. And with the marker algorithm works great and all the clustering in that up to about 5,000 markers. Then things start to fall apart a little bit. And of course, people have already come up with new solutions and they tend to involve doing all of the clustering on the server and then send the result back to the browser because all this stuff is happening in the browser using JavaScript. So I've put some references in the further reading slide, which you can see here. Also some really cool markers. The Nicholas Millay or Nicholas Mullet website has some really nice markers and you can customize them as well. Change colors and so forth. So thank you to all these people who came kind of on my journey with me. Some of the sites you've seen by the people mentioned here and of course Drupal and Drupal open source in general is such a great way to do softwares because you get so many people you get to know so many people and work with so many people without even seeing the face like I don't know any of those people except one and she is not a Drupal person. So yeah I find it always interesting. So I'd like to thank you for coming and staying till the end. I have one more thing to ask you, actually three. Remember those three points? What was the first one? That's right. Maps, not tables. You see a table, think maps. What was the second one? Leaflet, very good. And what was the third one? That's right. You can do it. Now go home and go do it. Thank you very much. Any questions? Oh, okay. Yeah, leaflet ones do. Oh, sorry. Did everyone hear the question? Oh, the question was do the maps work in mobile and that they support the pension zoom controls and the leaflet maps do. I think the answer is probably in the gray area that is between really tight clustering and really loose clustering. Remember I entered the cluster radius? I guess if you play with that by making it bigger or smaller then you may find a setting that suits your particular data set and coloring. Coloring the individual markers. Yeah, one of the maps that come up when you have leaflet mobile maps installed are a number of open street maps and in fact one of them is Open Pista which takes the base layer and then puts terrain on it and then puts the ski slopes a map of ski slopes over the top of it. Yeah, that's quite a... Now the clustering provided by this module is purely by the radius by the number of pixels so it will gobble up the visitor marker as well even though that is a different type of marker compared to the data markers. Cluster detection. Yeah, I mean the JavaScript and the math behind it is quite impressive. I had to look but I had to close it down because it was doing my head in. So it's really impressive what's happening. Not at the moment. Now, there are a number of parameters already in this particular clustering module at the JavaScript level but there's no UI except for the radius at this stage. Are you a coder? No. Shane, find a coder and let it... have him contributed. Yep. Yeah, there's a... Geofield latest version has a filter, a number of filters for views and everything is based on views so if you filter, you can filter in the view by proximity. You can give a central point and then say give me all the points within a radius of 10,000, 100,000 km of this point. Oh, I don't know of an off-the-shelf solution for that. You had a question already? Someone else? Right. And that satisfied the government requirements? Mm-hmm. Okay. Yep, two good solutions. Thanks for sharing. What do you mean by directions? Oh, and it will tell you the root. I haven't come across that as part of the basic options within this set of modules. Yeah, I've used that sort of stuff myself but now it hasn't come up as out-of-the-box options when using these modules. Okay, yeah. OpenLayers has been around for a while and there's quite a few modules that I started with maps and OpenLayers. I was baffled about how hard it is. I mean, it starts off with if you want to create one map you have to create two views. You go, what? For a beginner to get your brain around that. And Vin Jones, one of the people that I'm thinking there, also went on a similar journey. He had to use OpenLayers initially at least because that's what the company worked for used. And he also said it was quite buggy, it was hard to use. But then in the end there was one specific thing about OpenLayers that he liked or that he was required to supply that had to do with a layer switcher done in JavaScript or something. And so in the end he chose OpenLayers. But he himself also says for my money, start with leaflet and it will do 90% of your job, 90% of the time. It is there in the JavaScript but it hasn't really been brought up the surface in the leaflet Drupal module. Yeah. But leaflet is pretty new. It came on the scene in Drupal I think September, October. So there's a lot of activity and no doubt someone will provide the facility soon. Yeah, so you're saying it comes about naturally purely because all the people flock to the city and so the population of the state is pretty much the population of the city. Yeah. Maybe. I haven't researched that. But how would you mention that like a drop down for a polygon? Yeah. Right. Right, import that and say yeah, I like it. Yeah, that would be a cool feature. Yeah. Right now I don't know how to do that. But love to work with you on it. Yeah. It leaflet market cluster does it beautifully. It when you have 20 markets at the same location like 20 people living in the same, I don't know apartment building, whatever then it shows them as a sort of spiral and so each of the markers is clickable and will have its own properties. Yeah, looks good. All right. Thanks very much everyone.


Any desire that the Holy Spirit has given to you, the flesh will fight. The desire to read the Word, the flesh will fight. The desire to go to church. The desire to worship. The desire to evangelize. The flesh will fight all these, especially the flesh will fight the desire to pray. Why? Because prayer is the death of the flesh. That's why when you go to pray, it seems like there's this inner squirming, this fight, this resistance, because the flesh knows that as you pray, you are subjecting it. The flesh knows that as you pray, it's losing influence.


Obesity surgery can lead to significant weight loss and improved blood sugar control. This is due to changes in gut hormones such as glucagon-like Peptid-1, GLP-1, which are regulated by the GLP-1 receptor, GLP-1R. Two Peptids, GEP44 and GEP12, have been found to activate this receptor and increase insulin production, leading to better blood sugar control. Additionally, these Peptids can reduce appetite and promote fat burning, making them promising candidates for treating obesity. This article was authored by Kylie Estetua, Clinton T. Elfis, Therese Salome and others.


Who's idea was it for you to go to America? Terry Lawless, I wanted to get some experience. I had 21 fights, but if I could go around America, it's Vegas, it's Chicago, I even had a fight in America, you know what I mean? But to see the feeling and the vibes was out there. America's a big place, but there's some weird nutters, but there's some good nutters out there as well. What was that like for you? Were you nervous going out to America alone? No, really. I thought it was quite exciting. Me, Mark, Katelyn and Tony had them from over there. Good experience. Did you know who Mike Tyson was before you went? No, I don't think Mike Tyson knew who he was. What were you thinking the first time you've seen him? Nothing much. He's not much bigger than you, but he's compact. You know what I mean? You're compact, but he's compact. Big neck and stop treating like he breaks the ice. Yeah, that's what it's to me, I mean, you know. Yeah, because I spoke to Joe, it's Joe's... Joe Egan. Joe Big Joe Egan. He says he went sparring with Mike Tyson as well, but when he used to go running, Tyson used to sprint, he used to say, yeah, you do that, you'll tie yourself out, but when it came to the sparring, he just used to knock people out for fun.  I don't think you find too many in the world like him, but good luck to him. I think he's trying to rebuild himself and make some more money, but it's not that easy, but I wish him well. Yeah, did you feel his power the first time you sped? Yeah, he felt his power, but he felt my power as well, because he was not being foolish or not trying to be flesh. He was brought in to be my sparring partner. We designed to go to Catskill Mountains, Gleason's, is the name of the gym, it's a Jewish health farm, but they love boxing and they had a ring built down there suddenly for anyone who wanted to come down there. Was there many people there with you? Yeah, there's Jewish sparring partners and a couple of friends that Jewish brought along. Yeah, Terri brought along, Terri Lawler, sorry. So you made your pro debut at 21? In Chicago, I think, yeah. No, no, no, my pro debut was at Royal Abbey all. How was that experience? It was very scary, actually, you know? Sometimes when you go into something, and you've got a television there and you've got 5,000 people in the room. Before, when I was at Amateur, there was about, the maximum was about 200 people in the room, but it was scary, but persevered through on one different vibe, taking off your shirt and you've got to find someone, you know what I mean, professionally, it's a different cup of tea, especially when you've got to put food on the table for the baby to come and the missus as well. Did you feel that added pressure that you were a father at a young age? That's the right cause, you know what I mean? You just go with the flow. I wasn't there to really, I was ducking and diving, going to different gyms, sparring, going to different shows and gaining my experience. And 1989 was that when you fought Tyson?  Because that fight, was that not called off? So many times beforehand? Boy, it was scary, man. Even thinking of it now, it's draining, the thing at many times, it was postponed, but if you're a boxer, you've got to go with the flow, you know what I mean? But yeah, his wife, Robbie, nothing at the time. Did he have a wife?  He would sit down and bark at him under manners. And unfortunately, he didn't look at the wearer there because he must have been good sex. Blocks everything out. He tried having a wife, but I mean, I think she was good to him. Yeah, so that was 1989. You're supposed to get that fight in Wembley, but it happened in Vegas. Donald Trump and Don King got a briefcase full up with money and gave it to Mickey Duff. And this fight was postponed and moved to Vegas. I think about five, six times it was postponed. Did you want to fight Mike Dyson? So again? Did you want to fight him? Of course, when he was 15, I was 19. I knew more than what other people would know because I wanted to fight him. Do you think it could have made a difference if it was in your home top Wembley? Much different, much, much different. Same like when Donald King has his runners and judges and whatever gives him a brown envelope, sold something out for them the night before. Yeah. How were you treated in America? I was treated pretty well, you know what I mean? Not too bad in America. Yeah, you took thousands of fans came over to Donor in Vegas? For the first time, yeah. I loved it, I loved it, yeah. What was Don King like? He's not a bad guy. A lot of people can't take him, but he's the duck and divider, business man, very intelligent guy and someone not to be missed with. So when you go to Vegas, how long did you go to Vegas for before? About three weeks. Arizona first to get to get used to the heat or whatever. So Vegas was about 10 days before. And going into that fight, you're the first man to ever rock Tyson, is that correct? Well, I think so, if you say that, but yeah, I think, yeah. I don't know, rocked him, you know what I mean?  Obviously, he's getting the position, ha ha ha. Yeah. And what was that like going, world title fight then and then losing that? Was that hard? Was that a bit of a pull to swallow? Yeah, sometimes, yeah. But I'm determined to fulfill my dream and get what I wanted to do is win the WBC everywhere, sometimes it's better, but yeah. Bad day at the office. Because your friendship with Tyson became very strong over the years as you grew closer, is that correct? I think denying him from the Casco Mountains or whatever, getting him by himself, we can talk. He's very, very relaxed, but when he's got them, yes, people around him, it's very, very difficult to get through, but when he went to Miami, Paul went to Miami with me, he wasn't too bad. So when you, 93, when you fought Lennox Lewis, that was, you made history, that was the first British heavyweight fight ever? Is it? I don't know. Yeah, I think, so I don't know, I might have just got that wrong, but as far as I'm aware, it's true, yeah. Okay, you and Lennox Lewis was the British title.  If it's not, we'll just end it there anyway. Twist it up, yeah. Yeah, really good, yeah. How is the fight between Lennox Lewis and Tyson? Who was a harder opponent? I think Tyson, you know what I mean? Very, very awkward, very difficult to catch, but I think Tyson was on the slide, then he was partying too hard, and I think Lennox Lewis got him at the right sort of time, but if you go back in time, watch DVDs of Mike Tyson when he was in his prime, you know what I mean? The people he knocked out, and he's so young, you've got to tell them the situation, because not too many... I don't think there's going to be another every way who will come and deserve our show and be as dangerous as that man, and I've got to give him respect, you know what I mean, because he's a dangerous hombre. Once you won the World Title, the agreement clause was to fight Mike Tyson after that? Yes, Frank Warren let me sign that, and Frank Warren didn't let me have him in Bramon who came to represent me to find out a good contract, but I can't really talk of a spot meal because as Frank Warren was watching, he was saying I'm a grateful son, so I'm not grateful, I thank him for the bone in my heart, for raising and making a fight with Oliver McCall, but I don't know how a man could be in prison, and then he comes straight on to be number one contender for my belt yesterday, so good to have gone. Does that play in your mind, that? You don't play in my mind, but these promoters, they're very, very tricky, and I can see why some people get lawyers for their backside, because sometimes if they, they're trying to chill in your toes, they're trying to treat you, and they're making a lot of money for most, I didn't realise how much money they made, but that was yesterday, man, I'm just going for it today. Yeah, so if I fight Mike Tyson again, he's just out of prison, did you ever feel as if you had, you would have the edge then, if he was away for a few years? What, in prison? Yeah. No, man, they'd be chasing his arse all over the place. I bet he could have been down in the shower, or something like that, you know? Yeah, I'll tell you the truth, man. A lot of friends are now in prison, but I don't know. Yeah, I've been in prison to visit friends or whatever, but I don't know what it's like when they shut the door, you know what I mean? I don't know. I've got lots of friends, but I leave it as that, man, go on to the next question. So that was your last fight, Frank. Was that your last fight against Mike Tyson? Yeah, it was my last fight, yeah. How was that then, like, amazing career? It was sad in a way, but it's not the way I wanted it, but this way, the cookie crumbles, when I fought Mike Tyson for the second time, I got a detached retina from Oliver McCall in the first fight, in the first round, but I rang it and tried to go through, but it was very risky doing what I'd done. Your interview with Mike Tyson, how did that come about when your new documentary last year? They wanted us to go over to Miami to do help with the Tyson documentary, but what, we had to put things up your nose and squared it round and take this Ted and Mike outside, waiting to go and deliver it. It's crazy, but it came out all right in the end. How was that coming face-to-face with Mike again? It was all right, no hassle. Sometimes with Mike, when he's got the entourage around him, that's when trouble leaks, all the runners, you know what I mean, he shouldn't be getting involved with, but getting by himself, he was very constructive, he laughed and he went along with the flow that everything shouldn't go on. Did he have a good conversation off-camera? No, no, no, I don't think, you're never off-camera, are you? You're never off-camera, but yeah, but yeah, he was all right.  He's a gunger planner. Yeah, he's got the weed farmers are smoking when you were there? I didn't see it, I don't know, he's a mulled.  Oh, yeah, like, da, da, da. He's out, he's not.  And you can't, you can be who you want to, but you can't pick out who you want, because that's someone's child, but he's trying to explain things to him. He was thinking that he could walk on water and the people around him were getting him this, getting him that, and he was out of his box all the time, you know? Yeah, do you see that then? Because the boxers in the 90s is what I remember it from yourself, Gansett, Mike, Tyson, and Vegas, like the money, Tyson was on, like, 40, 50 million a fight back then, that some fighters don't even get that now, but because when you were agreeing to terms, like, you were only getting one-third of the pus, what was that collect? I don't know one-third at all. I know that, you know, I mean, it's supposed to be Mike Tyson at the time, he must have got 40 million, allegedly, and I was a champion, so I should have got that by B, none of them are cool, but I don't particularly can get into it, because it might wind up Frank or whatever, but if you think that a heavyweight is a champion, he should get them more money. Yes or no? Yeah. Oh, that's my case, your Honor. Just bad management, ain't it, some points, Honor? It was a little bit, but Frank will allow Henry Brammer to come upstairs to draw out a contract with me and the ex-wife, Miss Bin Laden at the time, but yeah, just strange one, just strange show, just had to sign the contract and not have another lawyer or someone look over it and willing to do things, even the money was not as good, but the money's only money.


Hello in this lecture we're going to continue on our master budget and we will be working on the direct labor budget at this time so remember what we have done so far we have to start off in this way we did the sales budget in order to know what we're going to sell we have to we sell we have to do that first and then we did the production budget in terms in terms of how much units we're going to need to produce based on the sales budget then we did the raw materials budget we need to do these two budgets the production budget before we do the raw materials budget and now we're going to work on the direct labor budget notice of course we don't really need to do the raw materials before the labor budget but we do however need to do the sales budget and the production budget in order to determine how much labor it's going to we will need in order to fulfill our obligations in the budgeting process the direct labor is a little bit easier a little bit more straightforward to my mind so this is how we're going to take a look at that


The third anniversary of the birth of the United States Victory Fleet, men of the Merchant Marine Academy and the Maritime Service parade down lower Broadway in New York City. The Victory Fleet's third birthday is dedicated to American shipping companies, whose ships and personnel have maintained the global lifelines of a nation at war. Now the Commandant of the Eastern Seaboard, the Commandant of the United States Coast Guard, and Vice Admiral Emery Lan, War Shipping Administrator. Special awards are made to 85 New York Steamship Companies, who under the War Shipping Administration have helped to carry out a great and perilous transport job. In Washington, a Chinese delegation replaces Soviet Russia in conversations on post-war security. Dr. Wellington Kuhl, China's Chairman, with Finance Minister Yong and Secretary of State Cordell Hall. Britain's Halifax, Cadogan, and America's Statenius, Dr. Kuhl expresses the spirit of the conferences. The establishment of an effective international peace organization is the united hope and aspiration of all the freedom-loving peoples, who have been making such heroic sacrifices in life, blood, and toil. We owe to them, as well as to humanity at large, to subordinate all other considerations to the achievement of our common object. Following six weeks of meetings by representatives of Britain, Russia, and the United States, the entrance of China's delegation brings the discussions into a second phase, laying a foundation for future talks among all the United Nations on organizing for security in a world at peace. Chinese homeland, meanwhile, Presidential Emissary Donald M. Nelson leaves the headquarters of the Military Council in Chongqing with General Joseph Stillwell and Major General Patrick Hurley. Stillwell recently promoted to full four-star generals rank, conferred with Hurley, production expert Nelson, and Chinese leaders, including Chief of Staff General Hou Ying Jin. Head forces move ahead. General MacArthur's infantry, knee-deep in the mud of the New Guinea jungle, move inland with their native guides toward Itape, where 50,000 Japanese have been isolated, drop supplies and ammunition to American units far from their base. With a surprise amphibious attack on Sansapora, on the western end of Dutch New Guinea, American Sixth Army troops outflank the last enemy position there. Veterans of months of Southwest Pacific jungle fighting close in on the Japanese, a relentless offensive against the final enemy garrisons on New Guinea. Following successful occupation of Saipan, the target is the Palau. Imaxing an 11-day air-sea hammering, a large United States Navy amphibious force like those which won the Gilberts, the Marshals and the Marianas, smashes at Palelio Island east of the Philippines. Amphibious combat vehicles and landing boats surge to shore under heavy fire. First Marine division go into action once again. The small rocky island of Palelio, site of the finest airfield in the Palau, is defended by 8,000 Japanese. Back with every weapon, last important bases guarding the Philippines. Seeing as severe as any in the Pacific so far, American casualties are many. The first wounded come back from the front for evacuation. Marines take this valuable airstrip. In the smoldering wreckage of enemy equipment, and in the 10,000 Japanese lives so far lost in the Palau's campaign, is evidence of the strong determination to liberate the Philippines.


The Roman conquest of England began almost 2,000 years ago in 43 AD under the Roman Emperor Claudius. Prior to this, both Julius Caesar and perhaps Calibula had tried to conquer the island of Britain, but they were largely unsuccessful. Following his second invasion of Britain in 54 BC however, Caesar had managed to establish a system where some British tribes of ancient southeastern England paid tribute to Rome with these arrangements potentially still in place by the time of Claudius' invasion. This system built links between Rome and these tribes with the elites of these British tribes of southeastern England developing a passion for Roman customs, having a love of wine and fine imported tableware for instance. Furthermore, some of these elites of southeastern England may have grown up in Rome after being exchanged as children during negotiations with Rome. Despite this, most of Celtic England still remained outside of Roman control in any strict sense, something Claudius sought to change. But why was Rome so intent on conquering ancient England and Britain? Obviously, a great conquest like Britain would look great on Claudius' CV. The initial pretext for the invasion however was to reinstall the exiled British client king of Rome, Verica. He had recently been expelled from the lands of the arch rebates which occupied an area around Sussex during a revolt. Britain may also have been seen in the eyes of many Romans as more of an enemy than an ally. During the Roman conquest of Gaul, led by Julius Caesar for instance, the Gauls of modern France, Belgium and other regions had received reinforcements from the Britons. More importantly however, the Roman Empire wanted to control Britain because of its natural resources as it was home to cattle, vast deposits of tin and iron. Whilst the inhabitants of ancient Celtic Britain used gold coins, in 43 AD the invasion began when Roman legions landed in coastal Kent. The legions were comprised of Roman soldiers mainly from Italia, Hispania and Gaul and they probably departed from Bologna. The English Channel was patrolled by a Roman naval fleet known as Classus Britannica or British Fleet. Under the command of the Roman senator in general, Aulis Plotius. The Romans made progress in taking large parts of southeastern England along the way. Rome won important battles, including in 43 AD at the Battle of Medway on the banks of the River Medway in the modern County of Kent. In a battle that raged for two days, the Roman Eagle finally triumphed. The Romans then soon consolidated their position in the southeast using war elephants in the process, with the living British tribes eventually surrendering and pledging loyalty to Roman rule. The Romans celebrated by establishing their capital in England at Comilodonum, which is modern day Colchester. The Romans had to overcome many instances of resistance in the early period of their campaign in England however. A notable rebel against Roman conquest was Characticus. Characticus initially fled from Colchester to south Wales to stir up resistance to the invading Romans, going on to resist Roman rule for years. Characticus was particularly effective when he and his army utilised guerrilla warfare tactics. In pitched battles however, the organised and disciplined Roman army tended to prevail. After defeat in one such battle, Characticus fled north to a territory controlled by Queen Cartomangioa of the Brigantis tribe. Queen Cartomangioa, who was loyal to Rome, captured Characticus in 51 AD and turned him over to the Romans in chains. He was taken to Rome in sentence to death, but after making an impassioned speech before the Emperor Claudius, his life was spared. He later died in Rome after consolidating their position in southeast England. The Romans moved west, under the leadership of the Roman general Vespasian, who would later become the Emperor of Rome between 69 and 70 AD. Vespasian and his legions overcame all resistance as they moved west, reaching as far west as Exeter in southwest England. Exeter became a major base of Roman operations between 55 and 75 AD. It was not all plain sailing for the Romans however. Resistance to Roman rule continued in areas, with the Druids serving as a core point of Celtic resistance against Roman rule. And in fact, it was during an attempt to quell the Druids of Anglesame Wales that the most famous rebellion against Roman rule in England occurred in 61 AD under the leadership of Boudicca. Initially things were very different for Boudicca. When the Romans invaded Britain decades earlier, Boudicca's husband Prasitagus, who was king of the Ancieni tribe at the time, allied his kingdom with the Romans. Father Prasitagus allied with the Romans after attempts to resist Roman conquest were defeated, or whether he surrendered without a fight are not quite clear. Regardless, the Ancieni tribe was an independent ally of the Romans going forward up until his death. In his will, he left half of his kingdom to his daughters and the other half to the Roman emperor Nero. When he died however, his will was ignored and his kingdom was annexed by Rome and his property taken. His wife, Boudicca, was flogged and abused in the streets and his daughters were raped. Naturally, Boudicca as a mother and a widow snapped. Boudicca, who was known as a very tall woman with her fierce gaze, organised others who had been aggrieved by the Romans. She led her Ancieni tribe, which occupied the region around the Norfolk area of Easter in England, along with other tribes, including the Tunavantes, which occupied the region corresponding to parts of modern-day Essex and Greater London and rebellion against Roman rule. It started when the Roman governor of Britain, Gaius Setonius Paulinus, who was on campaign against a druid's stronghold in Monet, modern-day Anglesey and Wales, with Paulinus and his army out of the way. Boudicca seized their opportunity. The Celtic Queen and her army sat Camillodinum, modern-day Colchester, overpowering and surprising the Romans guarding the city. Boudicca quickly moved on to attack Londinium, modern-day London. Paulinus, who had received word of Boudicca's success in Colchester, marched straight for Londinium to head off Boudicca's advance. Paulinus did not have sufficient numbers to defend Londinium, however, and ended up having to evacuate the city, leaving it for the Celts. Boudicca and her army taught Londinium as a demonstration of power and moved on to sack and burn other Roman controlled towns in England. In her campaign, Boudicca and her army killed an estimated 70-80,000 Roman troops, many by torture. Her uprising was so impactful that it apparently even made Nero the Roman Emperor at the time. To consider withdrawing his forces from Britain altogether. Paulinus eventually reorganised his forces and despite being outnumbered, the Romans defeated Boudicca's army in a decisive battle that suppressed the revolt. The fate of Boudicca herself is debated, however. Some sources argue that she killed herself to avoid being captured, whereas others say she died shortly after the battle due to illness. With Boudicca's rebellion suppressed and much of southeastern and southwestern England under Roman control, Rome looked north. The northern parts of England were finally conquered by Gaius Julius Agricola in around 78 AD. This region was controlled in large part by the Brigantis tribe. The leadership of the Brigantis had changed hands around a decade prior to the Roman conquest, after Queen Cartomangio, who we met previously in the story when she handed over Caracticus to the Romans, was forced to flee to the Roman side after a rebellion led by her husband, Venetius, removed her from power. After conquering the Brigantis, Agricola moved north to tackle Caledonia. By this point, Celtic England was under Roman control. The Roman position in England was fully consolidated after the completion of the Stingate Road in 87 AD. The Stingate was a Roman road that ran across northern England between Carlyle and Cor Bridge, linking two Roman forts that patrolled river crossings. Hadrian's Wall was later built just north of the Stingate, with construction of the wall starting in 122 AD. The Roman Empire would go on to control most of England and large parts of Britain for hundreds of years, until around 410 AD, when Roman imperial authority was withdrawn by the Emperor Honorius. The legacy left by the Romans is still felt today, from the cities they established to the roads they built. Thanks for watching, please subscribe and hit the bell to turn on notifications. You can also support this work through buymeacoffee.com and Patreon, all the links are in the description below. Thanks again, speak to you next time.


The paper proposes a novel Siamese-based Spatial Temporal Attention Neural Network for Remote Sensing Image Change Detection, CD. The proposed method models the spatial temporal relationships between pixels in two coregistered images taken at different times, which improves the performance of CD methods. The self-attention module calculates attention weights between any two pixels at different times and positions to generate more discriminative features. The proposed method is partitioned into multi-scale subregions to capture spatial temporal dependencies at various scales. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms several state-of-the-art methods on a public remote sensing image CD dataset. This article was authored by Hao Chen and Zhen Weishu. We are article.tv. Links in the description below.