This is Mr. Nagesh R. Thambaki, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Walsh and East Road Technology, Sholapur. Today we are going to discuss about unconventional machining process part 3. In this particular session, we are going to discuss electrochemical machining. Previously, we have discussed what is unconventional machining process and electro discharge machining process. Now, we are going to discuss electrochemical machining process, learning outcome. At the end of this session, students will be able to understand process of electrochemical machining. In this particular session, we are going to discuss what is electrochemical machining, major components, working principle, advantages, disadvantages and applications. Now, what is electrochemical machining process? Nonconventional machining system in which metal is removed by electrochemical process characterized as reverse electroplating means it removes metal instead of adding it. Normally used for mass production and for hard materials that are difficult to machine using conventional machining process. Both external and internal geometries can be machined by this particular process. Now, we will see what are the major components of this electrochemical machining process. The main components of ECMR, this is the schematic figure in which we are having the various components. First important component is power supply. Here we are supplying the power as our process is electrochemical process. We need to supply electric current with 40,000 ampere current that we need to pass with 2 to 30 volts of DC power. This is the electrical supply. Now, electrolyte, electrolyte we are using over here that is the NaCl sodium chloride that electrolyte we are using over here that electrolyte we are using. Now, tool. Tool is having a very high surface finish and very high surface finish that we are using. This is tool which is having internal hole to pass the electrolyte. The control system, the control system which gives the constant feed to the work to get a minimum tolerance. Within tolerance, we will get the machining. Therefore, this constant feeding will be acting with the help of control system. Now, entire machine. This machine we are using for electrochemical process. Here there is a electrolyte. Electrolyte is pumped through the pump with high pressure. And here there is a filter. Whatever the sludge is formed over here that will be going to filter in this particular filter. And then the temperature is controlled over here. That particular electrolyte is passed through this tool to carry out the reaction. Now, we will see the working principle of electrochemical machining process. Now, we will think about this. This particular whatever the electrochemical machining process is there. What is the principle of this process? Now, please think. This particular ECM works on the principle of paradise law of electrolysis. ECM working is opposite to the electrochemical or galvanic coating or deposition process. Here, material is going to be removed. In electroplating process, we are going to add the material. During electrochemical machining process, the reactions takes place at the electrodes. That is at the anode means workpiece and at the cathode means tool and within the electrolyte. Now, let us take an example of machining low carbon steel, which is mainly composed of ferrous alloy. And here we are using an electrolyte NaCl that is a sodium chloride. Now, here sodium chloride, whenever we are passing the current that time, it is getting ionized Na plus and plus Cl minus. And here also what is going to ionize that is H plus and OH minus. Now, as the potential difference is applied across the electrode, the moment of ion starts in between the tool and the workpiece. The positive ions moves towards the anode and negative ion moves towards the cathode and negative ions moves towards the workpiece that is anode. Now, here at cathode, the hydrogen ions takes place, takes electron and gets converted into hydrogen gas. Please see over here. This is the hydrogen plus and there is electron and we will get a gaseous hydrogen over here. In the same way, the iron atoms comes out from the anode from the workpiece as Fe plus plus ions and it is forming a ferrous. Within the electrolyte, the sodium ions combines with hydroxyl ions and forms sodium hydroxide. And ferrous ions combine with chloride ions and forms ferrous chloride. Also, iron ions combine with hydroxyl ions and form iron hydroxide. Now, here we can see Na plus OH minus, we will get NaOH that is sodium hydroxide and here Fe 2 plus plus 2 Cl minus, we will get Fe Cl 2 that is ferrous chloride. In the electrolyte, the Fe Cl 2 and Fe O H twice produced and get precipitated in the form of sludge and settle down. In this way, material is removed from the workpiece as a sludge. Here we can see, here we can see how the moment of electrons are there. Here we can see Fe plus plus and O H minus will form a ferrous hydroxide and here Fe 2 plus and Cl 2 minus, we will get Fe Cl 2 so that we will get ferrous chloride as a sludge. So, with the help of these two sludge, the material is getting removed. Now, these processes having certain advantages. Negligible tool wear is there. Complex and concave curvature parts can be produced easily by the use of convex and concave tools. No forces and residual stress are produced because there is no direct contact between tool and workpiece. Excellent surface finish is produced as here there is a control system and as that is giving a continuous constant feed. Therefore, we are getting excellent surface finish. Less heat is generated because here whatever the material removal process is there that is reversed to electroplating. Therefore, less heat is generated over here. Now, certain limitations or disadvantages are there. The risk of corrosion for tool or workpiece and equipment increases in the case of saline and acidic electrolyte. Here whatever the workpiece folding device is there that we are taking a non-electrical conductive material and whatever the workpiece is there that we are taking electrical conductive. Therefore, in certain cases corrosion will occur but in many cases we are using the material that are non-corrosive as a tool. Electrochemical machining is capable of machining electrically conductive materials only. This is one of the limitations because whatever the non-conductive non-electrical conductive materials are there that we cannot machine over here. As we are passing the electrical current therefore definitely we want a workpiece to be of electrical conductive. High power consumption will be there. As already I told you 40,000 ampere current that we are passing for carrying out this particular machining process. Therefore, high power will be consumed and high initial investment cost is there. Initial cost is high now certain applications are there. The ECM process is used for die-sinking operation, profiling, contouring, for drilling, grinding, tree panning and micromachining. It is used for machining steam turbine blades within close limits. Now for further information I will recommend some of the books that is one is Workshop Technology, Volume 2 by Raghu Moshi, Production Technology by PC Sharma that is HMT Handbook. These books that you can refer for more information. Thank you.


The presidential candidate of the All-Progressive Congress is Abola Ahmed Tnabu, his 20 local government areas of Ogun state. Tnabu won in Ikenne, Ewe Koro, Odeida, Ijabun North East, Ijabun North, Imeko Afon, Abyokuten North and Ijabu Day. The number of registered voters for the presidential election in Ogunse is 268,000. The number of registered voters for Ogunse on the 2023 presidential election is 612,000. The number of registered voters for Ogunse on the 2023 presidential election is 612,000. The number of registered voters for Ogunse on the 2023 presidential election is 612,000. The number of registered voters for Ogunse on the 2023 presidential election is 580,124,000. The total voter is 611,448,000.


Coming up on DTNS T-Mobile gets closer to being able to buy Sprint web accessibility heads to the Supreme Court And why eating crickets is not only industry 4.0, but also good for you This is the Daily Tech news for Friday, July 26 2019 in Los Angeles. I'm Tom Merritt and from studio feline. I'm Sarah Lane and from Relatively balmy Southern California. I'm Roger Chang the show's producer joining us very happy to have Aaron Carson staff Reporter from CNET back on the show Aaron. How are you? I'm doing well. Thanks. Thanks for having me We were just talking to Aaron on good day internet about her cosplaying at Comic Con You can read that story of CNET, of course Or if you're not already a patron get our conversation at patreon.com slash DTNS I would recommend doing both of those things Thanks for chatting with us about that Aaron We are going to be talking with Aaron about eating crickets and there is a technology angle to it for sure But let's start with a few tech things you should know It is Friday numbers Friday Alphabet announced it earned $14 and 21 cents per share in Q2 on revenue of $38.94 cents which beat analyst expectations search Advertising revenue rose 16% paid clicks increased 28% on the year Other revenue which includes cloud and pixel hardware Generated six point one eight billion dollars in revenue up thirty nine point five percent on the year on the earnings call CEO Sundar Prachai said that the cloud unit had reached an eight billion annual run rate doubling since February of 2018 Alphabet's other bets revenue which includes the non-Google companies like Waymo and Loon rose 12% to 162 million dollars, but lost almost one billion dollars in the quarter Amazon reported it earned five dollars and 22 cents a share on revenue of 63 point four billion dollars beating expectations on revenue But just missing those expectations on earnings Amazon web services grew revenue 37% on the year Amazon's other category Which includes its ever burgeoning online sales grew revenue 37% and physical store revenue was flat on the quarter at $4.3 billion CEO Jeff Bezos said the introduction of prime one-day delivery Raised costs more than they expected, but produced accelerating sales growth. So he's not worried What's that confirmed it now has 400 million monthly active users in India Facebook had previously announced that the app had 250 million users in 2017 so it's quite a jump from that Counterpoint research estimates that India has 450 million smartphone users overall Although what's that also is available on feature phones including those running chaos All right, let's talk a little more about the big news this morning the US Department of Justice has approved An agreement for the merger of T-Mobile USA with Sprint the merged company has agreed to sell wholesale network access some of its spectrum licenses and the boost Virgin and Sprint branded prepaid businesses to dish network as Part of an agreement with the Department of Justice the Department of Justice wanted to create another Competitor if it allowed T-Mobile and Sprint to merge so the merged Sprint and T-Mobile must also provide access To a few hundred actually maybe even close to a thousand retail locations depending on how you look at it And dish and the merged T-Mobile must agree to support eSIM Which could encourage the adoption of eSIM for its part dish promises to deploy a 5g broadband network capable of serving 70% Of the United States by June 2023 now this doesn't end the merger We're not ready to close yet 13 US States as well as the District of Columbia have sued to block the merger so that will need to be resolved before the merger can finally be called closed and The FCC hasn't actually technically approved it either. They've expressed approval But the FCC still needs to have its formal vote which should be coming soon How how much do we think that the 13 US States who opposed the merger might slow this down? Even assuming that it's going to go through eventually That's hard to say because the states are a little more stringent than the Department of Justice seems to have been about Not wanting to raise costs for consumers not wanting to reduce competition and a lot of the attorneys general involved in that have already Spoken regarding this particular agreement saying it doesn't go far enough that that the dish Agreement isn't going to create a viable competitor at least anytime soon Which means there'll be less competition which they say will mean higher prices. I I'm kind of on the fence on that one to be honest It sounds to me like they are giving dish spectrum They're giving them retail locations and they're giving them MVNO's boost and Virgin as well as Sprint's MVNO Prepaid business. So they're setting them up. Well, but yeah, I mean Dish doesn't have any pole access right now So it's going to take a while to roll out their own service even if if they are Having the license for the spectrums, which means they would have to pay T-Mobile Sprint merged entity to get network access Which they will get access as part of this agreement, but it still costs money. There's a lot of questions there, but I Think this is probably the best you could do if you want the mobile the merger to happen Whether those 13 states are gonna let it happen. I don't know Aaron. What do you think? I think this is all just a reminder that this is not something that gets settled quickly We've been in this kind of situation for more than a year now so Yeah, there's definitely more ahead. I think it'll also be kind of interesting to see Just like the effects of how much further, you know, how this pushes the industry more towards 5g as well Yeah, I I like that they're giving dish a lot of tools I I do see that it's not rock solid that dish will be able to pull this together I mean other hand dish is very motivated because it's television business even with sling TV Is not looking promising as far as continuing to develop revenue for them So they need another revenue generator and a phone service could do that whether they have the expertise to pull it off Is really the big question until reported revenue declined by 3% on the year But revenue and earnings still be an analyst expectations and Intel's Q3 forecast is ahead of expectations as well On the earnings call CEO Bob Swan said that anxiety over trade uncertainty Drove a pull in of client CPU orders in the quarter in other words What he means is they sold more chips because companies stockpiled in advance of trade disruptions Two factories are now producing 10 nanometer chips and 7 nanometer is still on track for 2021 Intel also said it had resumed some product sales to Huawei in compliance with US regulators Yeah, Intel's not out of the woods yet by any stretch, but the 10 nanometer Factories I think surprised people how how good the ramp up is going there 7 nanometer still being on track is of course good news There is the expectation and question that you know trade disputes are not going to keep tweaking the sales up Forever, but it sounds like they'll at least carry on into Q3 enough for Intel to forecast a little better Q3 than they would have otherwise Whether they can bring back their market share dominance a little more is going to be the big question for Intel going forward Because they are they are facing declining market share It does seem like Bob Swan is continuing What Kersanich had sort of tentatively started which is focusing Intel on fewer markets Getting rid of them the modem business to Apple is is a more extreme version of that Kersanich was was doing things like selling off the Streaming TV development. They sold that to Verizon now Swan seems to be focusing it even more on Let's do what we do well and and march forward there That's a little bit of a risky decision though because you have you have less diverse markets to be able to play inside of I Do I do I do think this is a good report for Intel even though some of the revenue is down By numbers it's better than everybody expected it to be down and it's not down as much as people expected. So overall fairly positive Twitter revenue was up 18% over the last year with monetizable daily active users at a hundred thirty nine million up 14% on the year that daily Monetizable active users is a new metric this report Twitter is measuring users who are logged in and can see ads on a daily basis Not just seeing an embedded post Which is in a way more accurate just somebody Third-party Twitter App users like myself and if your focus is on advertising you want to say well These are the users that could potentially see an ad US revenue for Twitter was up 24% While international revenue rose 12% if you're curious Japan is Twitter's number two best market for revenue after the United States Twitter made seven hundred twenty seven million dollars in advertising a hundred fourteen million dollars on data licensing Advertising continues to be the predominant revenue source for Twitter and CEO Jack Dorsey Said that reports of spammy or suspicious behavior on Twitter dropped 18 percent. Well, yeah, I don't know about that one That's the one I did but Okay Yeah depends on who you're following and who your followers are I suppose but yeah, I mean it This all looks pretty positive for Twitter Yeah, considering that in the past Twitter has had you know face challenges attracting new users and retaining the users It has like this could be a sign of progress Yeah, it doesn't seem bad a lot of people are criticizing the the metric of monetizable daily active users because they say well This isn't comparable to anybody else. Nobody else does this so you can't look at Twitter's number But it's the smarter metric isn't it wouldn't this actually you would think that you know Facebook and Google and and other large social networks that are in Twitter's camp would would say Well, you know if Twitter's doing it then we need to do it as well because it actually makes more sense as a metric Yes, and no though if they if it made so much sense. Why didn't they do it before now? Well For them the monthly active user is a bigger number, right? Because over a month you can show a bigger number what Twitter was doing was seeing their monthly active users go down While their daily active users weren't so reporting daily active users was good Reporting monetizable daily active users even better because that number kept going up and up So that's the criticism is like well. Yeah, you can justify this But you're cherry picking the one metric that looks good for you Well, but at the same time monthly active users if I log into some something you know any service whatever it may be any platform once a month I'm not really using it that often, but I'm still counted in that number if I'm a daily active user I am I am very important for whatever company I am I am logging into so I I think it's smart For Twitter to be leaning into that number Yeah, Eric do you have any thoughts on on this new metric? Oh, I'm in on the new metric there'd probably be a different CNET person Detective about that, but but yeah, I mean it's it's you know in the kind of the broader life span of Twitter and how much time there was for a while where it seemed like things were just kind of going south. It's Always always interesting to I was reading something. It was kind of interesting. It was I'm talking about kind of their continued Investment and like live events like, you know sports like they're going to be Yeah partnering with like NBC universal on some limited coverage of the Olympics and whatnot and Really leaning into that idea that for a word shows or sporting events are kind of similar things There are times when people like really do flock to Twitter to talk about what's going on Three years ago Guillermo Robles filed a lawsuit against Domino's. Yes that Domino's alleging that The 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act applied to websites and apps of businesses with physical locations And said Domino's was part of that a federal appeals court ruled in favor of Robles Domino's argues that the federal government has not published rules on how to make websites ADA compliant only international standards exist in 2017 the Department of Justice reversed a 2010 announcement that it would issue rules for website accessibility Domino's now has asked the Supreme Court to hear the case the Chamber of Commerce the restaurant law Center in the National Retail Federation have all submitted a friend of the court briefs and CNBC notes that to 2200 lawsuits were filed over website accessibility in federal courts last year. Yeah, so Springport probably won't get to Deciding whether to take this up or not until the autumn session It will not necessarily be heard by the Supreme Court They could decide to just let the federal court decision stand in which case Robles wins Or they could hear it again. In which case they could rule either way. I there is some merit It's it's easy to for me Anyway to want to take the side of Robles and say yes Accessibility everywhere and Domino should do this and Beyonce comm should do this Everyone should do this because Beyonce comm is being sued too But there is some validity I think to the Domino's argument that well wait a minute if we spend a bunch of money Making our site accessible and then the government comes out with some new regulations because of administration changes and now We aren't meeting those compliances because we didn't have the guidance. That's going to be costly We want to wait until we're sure what the requirements are for these websites before we spend the money on it but I mean has as a Corporation you could always say that right you could always be like well the government might change some rules So we're not going to put money into this Well, yeah, but it's not about changing the rules though. It's about having no rules So in at least when the rules are changed you can lobby against the change in rules And you can say to someone suing you I am following the rules that exist right now There's no rules that exist for the for the websites to follow Yeah, I mean I think that aside from the specifics of the case something that kind of came to mind is that this under Lines how big of an issue accessibility is still intact because we're even just talking about like a like a basic website That you might go on to order pizza So like you the Pew Research Center has a stat that says that Americans with disabilities are 20% like less likely to go online at all And so and so I think it's you know, it's a difficult situation because we are seeing You know more companies and people being starting to be more mindful of features that could help folks with Accessibility issues, but I think that a lot of advocates would say that they'd prefer things We're just kind of baked in to the product from the get-go. Yeah After all of my you know devil's advocate arguing just now the one thing I want to make sure to say is Domino's should make their website and their app accessible anyway Whether whether it's going to help them or pace or not, right? Like Saying well, there's no guidance. So I shouldn't be sued is one thing saying there's no guidance So I'm not going to make it accessible. That's just wrong Make your site accessible You'll you'll get more people spending money on your site that don't spend their money right now because they can't That's why Robus is filing this lawsuit He twice tried to use the website to order a pizza and couldn't because it wasn't accessible and he's visually impaired So Just just do it. It's the right thing to do and and maybe you win your court case. Maybe you don't I don't know. Maybe there's something where if they tried to make their site accessible now it would undermine their case There's always weird stuff like that, but the right thing to do is to make it accessible All right, folks if you want to get all the tech headlines each day in about five minutes Be sure to subscribe to daily tech headlines dot com Uh comicon tbs was given out protein bars as a promotion for the upcoming tv show snow piercer Which uh like the movie snow piercer tells the story of a train with the last remnants of humanity living in an icy post apocalyptic world So the protein bars were made with cricket powder because well when it's the end of the world Maybe bugs are only the thing you're gonna have to eat erin you got to taste one of these cricket powder protein bars How was it? I did indeed and I am happy to report that it tasted like peanut butter and jelly And not cricket Wow Now Is that because it had other ingredients in it, right? Not just the cricket powder, right? Yeah, so the the cricket powder is just you know one ingredient along with a you know bunch of other stuff including like whole peanuts and uh fresh strawberries and and whatnot and uh, you know, I think the big distinction that These folks are trying to make is like in the show The bug bars are not good.  Oh, yeah I don't think I would have known that there was cricket in it if I hadn't Been aware in advance I've heard cricket has a nutty taste and you have actually tasted roasted crickets prior to comicon, right? Correct. Yeah, I have a cricket eating experience. Uh, the the thing that kind of stands out to me is like this multi aftertaste Uh, which I I find delightful and like the chocolate whoppers, but for some reason in crickets It's like don't like it quite as much go figure um, but I will say having had some other food that is maybe not the whole roasted crickets, but say like a granola or even a chocolate chip cookie that's made with cricket powder That's that's uh, you don't get quite as much of that undertone in there Because it's ground up and it's just kind of often the rest of the ingredients Now these bars come from a company called aspire food group out of austin texas, which you've reported on previously as well They have a 25 000 square foot building designed for cricket raising and what I noted from your article on this is they have robots For feeding the crickets. They have industrial sensors that monitor 30 million data points things like temperature and humidity They use machine learning to analyze the data to optimize things like down to the hour things like time and temp So this fits the definition of industry 4.0 industry 4.0 Is this idea that we're going to combine sensors and data analysis and machine learning and robotics Uh to revolutionize how industry is done and it looks like the the cricket food makers are already doing that Yeah, they're on it. I mean I think for them one of their big goals is to Optimize how they grow these crickets. So these folks want to know What is the optimum temperature and humidity and whatever other metric for a cricket at 3 p.m In the afternoon on day seven of its life cycle And I mean that's that's really just to get like the the best cricket possible for harvesting And I'm sure there's people like okay great, but why why Why do we need anyone even making crickets?  Sure? Yeah, and that's yeah, I mean that has to be question number one um So as fire is basically making this pitch that this is a matter of sustainability of like environmental sustainability When you compare the resources that go into Raising livestock, you know the kind of meat that a lot of us eat on a daily basis Whether it's cows or pigs or you know Any of that it takes a lot less land and water produces a much smaller carbon footprint to produce Crickets and you can raise a lot more of them and a lot shorter time frame And so they're kind of presenting this idea that in order to be more environmentally Friendly we really need to kind of dial back how much Like meat we're eating It's just it's it's more sustainable Uh to get your protein from crickets crickets are high in iron. They're high in protein calcium and uh The united nations estimates at least two billion people already include bugs in their diets of various forms So it's really just getting over the ick factor, right? Sure. Yeah, and I think that this you know speaks to the idea of how much a mindset Can impact our kind of dietary habits When you see something like two billion and there are other stats that Go even you know beyond that as far as how many people in this world or how many countries in this world eat bugs on the regular And and and for reasons of like they're good or they're tasty You kind of get this idea that maybe this is our hang up, you know But I think that something that's worth noting because I remember when I originally interviewed The ceo and co-founder of a spy or if he was saying like look You'd be forgiven for not wanting to take something that you found in your backyard That's dirty and from the ground and put it on your mouth But you know what they're saying is like this is not that we're not expecting you to go into your backyard and catch your dinner I mean you can't if you want but you should probably follow a lot of procedures to make that sanitary, right? It's it's funny You mentioned that because we had some wild mint growing in our backyard and I told my wife like hey This is actually mint we could use this and she's like did the dog pee on it? I'm like, oh Yeah Maybe I we could wash it. She's like I don't know. So yeah, it's it's a whole different situation And it reminded me of the economist did on its future of the history of the future podcast recently Regarding eating bugs and crickets was part of that the fact that potatoes Were initially thought unfit for human consumption when they were brought to europe europeans thought they caused leprosy They thought because they were not mentioned in the bible and grew underground. They were devils apples That was a nickname for potatoes and it wasn't until frances king louis the 16th and maria entoinette Yes, that maria entoinette started to push for potatoes to be used And frederick the great mandated the cultivation in prussia in 1756 that potatoes changed their image People felt about potatoes at one point the way you probably feel about eating crickets And maybe the the point there is we need like some kind of a cricket influencer, you know Right. Who is our modern day frederick the great or maria entoinette? Yeah, well because back in the day where were were potatoes coming from Well, they were coming from overseas. They were from this weird far off land At least like europeans were concerned and and you know, which may have been looked down upon for a variety of reasons, right? so the idea of eating crickets, uh, even if it's Nutritionally a great idea, you know, there there's something to get over that as well Well, you know, it's weird because that people have such a hang up about eating insects because when you eat a prawn Or eat an lobster or eat a crab Not that far off really and This is the weird thing my wife loves prawns But she will not eat the ones from a chinese restaurant because they leave the head on the legs on it just looks gross to her It's like well, what if you just take these and you just pull out the The portion that would be considered the meat, right?  You just But then you also get into the whole sort of like people not really understanding what they're eating You know, if you if you take out all the that's like 80 percent of the processed food we eat Well, sure, but you know, I I don't know if you know, I think I think that Everyone being a little bit more woke about what they're eating is a good thing in general And and part of that is knowing that yes something that you might really enjoy might have had a head And legs or a tail like for example, I was mentioning earlier in good day internet There is a natural coloring agent they use and for food coloring But they just call it natural coloring, but it's for this blue color In some instances, it's essentially just a ground of beetle like they take the beetle and they roast and they grind it into a powder to make Yeah, and they call it natural flavors And so I mean, you know, you're probably eating an insect And when you're a kid you eat an insect or two either is it dare or accidentally Erin I I think that the the company Aspire in Austin is trying to do a lot to get around that right there While they do have some packets of full crickets A lot of their products don't have the legs on or just powders that that are providing protein directly into a bar like you had Yeah, absolutely. And they're also making an effort to Kind of create I think a little bit of of mental space, you know the way that we don't say the reading cow We generally say beef or work versus pig.  Crickets, you know some some some just nice the way for a keta A keta is the new beef. There you go. You've heard it here first folks I I don't know I There's a lot of regulations about not having bugs in you know Like you're not allowed to have more than a certain amount of bugs parts per million in your cereal and stuff So there's some some regulations. They're going to have to change too to be like, no, no, we meant these bugs these bugs are These are sanitary. They've you know, they've they've been treated. They're meant for human consumption But it is in the end if you if you can get past thinking about it just protein, right? Well, thanks to everybody who participates in our subreddit. Sometimes there are bug stories Sometimes there aren't you can submit your own and vote on others at daily tech news show reddit.com We're also on facebook. We have a group facebook.com slash groups slash daily tech news show I know we will get emails about eating bugs. Uh, but what did we get emails about from previous show? It actually wasn't about bugs. This one came from paul and it was on the subject of retweets from yesterday's show Paul says I have to think that the problem is going to have to be fixed by an adjustment of social norms And any engineering fix would probably just be gamed immediately. That said I encounter this problem more on facebook when my feed is just flooded with shares What I would like is a way to just block all shares We're on twitter retweets that don't add anything to the post or the conversation I think this would make social media more pleasant and perhaps tackle the rt problem in a backward way by in By de-incentivizing Blindly sharing or retweeting something without having to put some skin in the game How do you determine whether it's contributing something to the conversation? I think that's the difficult part there or or if it's a blind share rather than something that you really cared about Yeah, that's a tough. I like the idea that paul has here. Yeah Yeah, but it starts to get into the gaming situation of like, well, how do you determine whether It is adding anything to the conversation Well, it almost seems like what paul's saying is the the quote retweet is the way to go Don't have anything extra to say then you shouldn't retweet it because then you're just sort of passing something along without without Offering your opinion, but at the same time that isn't always the case Yeah, I don't know. It's a it's a good thought though. And and I think the the idea of I wouldn't mind having an option To just turn off retweets sometimes like hey, you know, I just don't want to see retweets So let me see my timeline without the retweets. See what it looks like. Yeah. Yeah, I agree with you there Aaron Carson A wonderful person to retweet Thanks for being with us today on the show on dTns and let folks know where they can keep up with the rest of your work Yeah, so you can always find me on cnet.com and on twitter speaking of which I am at Aaron Carson Excellent and retweet Aaron Yes, uh, do that. Also, uh, support us on patreon. Uh, we have lots of great, uh, con content there That is extending the show including good day internet a a larger version of the show where we talk about other things Roger Chang had his weekly column go up, uh, yesterday If you if you're at the associate producer level or up go check out all the great ways to support our show directly Be our boss at patreon.com slash dTns We also have an email address and that email address is feedback at daily tech news show dot com We're waiting for your email. We're also live monday through friday at 4 30 p.m. Eastern at 2030 utc Find out more at daily tech news show dot com slash live. Have a great weekend. Everybody. We'll see you monday This show is part of the frog pants network Get more at frog pants dot com Time and club hopes you have enjoyed this


Hi, I'm Zor. Welcome to a new Zor education. Continuing the topic of vector arithmetic. In the previous lecture, I was talking about how the addition of the vectors and multiplication of the vectors by a constant can be expressed in a tuple form. So let's just repeat very briefly. If, let's say, we have a vector which has a tuple representation. Well, this is a three-dimensional vector. Actually, it's exactly the same as two-dimensional, etc. Then multiplication by this vector by a constant can be expressed in the tuple representation as multiplication by each coordinate by the same constant. That's one thing which we were discussing in the previous lecture. And the second one about addition, if you have another vector in tuple representation, then addition of these two vectors has a tuple representation when you have add corresponding coordinates to obtain the coordinates of the result. Now, these two fundamental properties of multiplication of the vector by a constant and addition of two vectors are very important in proving a certain properties of the multiplication and addition. Now, the properties which we know from the numbers are commutative law, associative law, distributive law. Remember that commutative law is this one. When a and b are any numbers, the associative law is about additions and about modifications. In addition case, it's this one. You can put the parentheses any way you would like. So first you add a and b and then add c to the result or you add b and c and add this to result of this to a. Same thing with multiplication. You can multiply it this way or you can multiply it this way. And finally, there is a distributive law which is to multiply the number as sum of two other numbers is the same as multiplication of this number by the first, separately by the second and then add them together. So these very nice properties of the multiplication and addition of the numbers can be very easily extended towards vectors because what is a vector, it's just in a tuple representation an ordered set of two, three, or maybe even more numbers depending on the dimensionality of the vector. So if something is true for one number, why can't it be true for a group of two or three numbers, right? And yes, indeed this is true. So this lecture is about all these laws of associative law, commutative law and distributive law. As we know them, we will expand them towards the vectors using the tuple representation. So the group of numbers behaves exactly the same as single numbers basically. That's what we would like to show. Okay, so I presented this particular lecture in the form of problems actually and I'm really asking you to do all these problems yourself because they're very, very easy. If you use the tuple representation to prove all these properties is really a piece of cake. So I'll do it as fast as I can because it's really very, very simple thing. First, we'd like to prove that constant multiplied by a vector can be commutative. Well, very easy. Let's think about this. This is K multiplied by vector, let's say V is V1, V2. I'm using two-dimensional case, three-dimensional, with exactly the same and actually n-dimensional with exactly the same. So K times V is equal to KV1, KV2, right? Multiplication by vector is multiplication of these. Now, what is multiplication of constant by vector we were talking about? What is multiplication of vector by the constant? Well, it's actually from the definition of this, follows that these are exactly the same. Why? Because if you remember multiplication by constant, let's talk about constant equal to a natural number, like 4. What does it mean? You preserve the direction and you increase the lengths by 4 times, right? So multiplication of constant by vector should be defined actually exactly the same as multiplication of the vector by the constant because it has this physical sense. Multiplication means you will just extend the lengths of the vector 4 times or whatever number of times preserving the direction. If K is negative, you remember we were just changing the direction by opposite and it should be defined exactly the same thing. So we can actually say that this is the result of the definition of the vector. It's physical sense. And then obviously from the table representation, it's exactly the same because vk would be defined as v1, k, v2, k. And since numbers, multiplication of numbers is commutative, kv1 is the same as v1, k. kv2 is the same as v2, k because these are just real numbers. Each one of them is a separate real number. So real numbers are commutative as far as the multiplication is concerned. So that's why the commutative law of the multiplication of the vector by a real constant is obvious. Next. Next we will go to associative law, but this is not just the regular associative law. This is a combination of the multiplication of vector by two constants. So we can do it this way, right? Or we can do it this way. So first we multiply two numbers by themselves and then the result by a vector. Or we multiply one number by a vector and then the result is a new vector which is multiplied by another number. Now, why are they equal to each other? For exactly the same reason. So again, if v is v1, v2, then what is this? This is kLv1, kLv2. That's what it is. So the double representation of this is this constant, k times L, multiplied by the first coordinate and by the second coordinate. What is this? Well, these are two different multiplications. First, L times v would be L times v would be Lv1, Lv2, right? Now, whenever we multiply k by this vector, it would be k times L times v1, k times L times v2. Now, is this the same as this? Yes, absolutely, because the multiplication is associated. Same as here. I should really put these parentheses to be more precise, right? Because we first multiply by L. But now kL times v1 is the same as k times L times v1 because the multiplication of the real numbers is associated. Each one of them is a real number. So as you see, the group of numbers behaves exactly the same as single number as far as the associativity is concerned with commutative law. And obviously, we have defined all these operations on vectors exactly having in mind that these laws must be preserved. That's why it was designed this way. All right. So associative multiplication of the vector by two numbers is proven. Next, addition of two vectors is commutative. So v times w equals w times plus v. OK. Same thing, very obvious from the representation. If v is v1, v2, and w is w1, w2, then v plus w is v1 plus w1, v2 plus w2. Now, what is w plus v? Well, this is w1 plus v1, w2 plus v2. But these are equal to each other, right? Because the commutative of the commutative law of addition of real numbers. So if these two top of representations are the same, so vectors are the same, that's the proof of it. As you see, everything is very simple as soon as we switch to a top of representation because the corresponding law of, in this particular case, for instance, commutative law of addition between vectors is reduced to the commutative law of addition of the real numbers, which represent each corresponding dimension. In this case, like two-dimensional can be three-dimensional and a number of dimensions. OK. Next is associative law. Let's say we have a addition. So let's say we have three vectors. So first we add these two, and in this case we add these two. So this is associative law of addition. Now, why are they equal? All right, well, first let's just add these two. Now, this sum in top of representation would be u1 plus v1, u2 plus v2. That's top of representation of this vector. Plus w, which is this one, results would be u1 plus v1 plus w1, u2 plus v2 plus w2. That's this one. OK. Now, let's talk about these guys. First, we summarize these two, which will result in v1 plus w1, v2 plus w2. And now we have to add to this vector, vector u. And u is, I didn't write it down, but u is u1, u2, right? So that would be... So we add u1, which is u1 plus v1 plus w1, and u2 plus v2 plus w2. As you see, we have exactly the same result, which proves the associative law of addition among vectors. Now, let's talk about distributive law. Well, distributive law is when we mix together addition and multiplication, right? So in this particular case, we have a kind of a mix case, because when we multiply, we multiply vector by a constant. So the question is, what are we distributing? We're distributing addition of vectors multiplied by a constant, which is that's the distribution of addition towards multiplication. Or we distribute addition of the constant. So what are we talking about? Well, the answer is both. So let's talk about the first one. Now, v plus w in a table representation would be v1 plus w1 v2 plus w2, in a two-dimensional case. And when we multiply it by k, what do we have? Well, we multiply each constant, each coordinate by this constant, right? So it would be k times this and k times this. This is multiplication of real numbers and addition of real numbers. So the distributive law works. So I can open up these parentheses and I will have this. That's the final result on the left. On the right, I will have, first, kv1 kv2. That's this vector. And I have to add kw1 kw2. And when we add vectors, their coordinates are adding together. So it would be kv1 plus kw1. The second coordinate would be kv2 plus kw2, which is exactly the same as this one. So that's the proof of the first line. Now, let's talk about the second line. Well, when we multiply some, first, you multiply this sum by first component and then by the second component, which we can open up the parentheses because these are all numbers. So it's kv1 plus lv1 kv2 plus lv2. That's our left side of this line. Now, on the right side, well, let's multiply constant k by vector v1 and we will have kv1 kv2 in the table representation. And they have to add lv1 plus, not plus, second coordinate, lv2. And when we add these two vectors in top of the representation, their coordinates are correspondingly added together. So I will have this. That's the first coordinate and this is the second coordinate. So that's my right side. And as you see, it's exactly the same as the left side. That concludes all these very, very simple properties of the vector arithmetic. So just don't forget to add, to multiply whatever vectors is exactly as simply as you operate with numbers as long as you're using the top of representation of the vectors. So it's very easy to add vectors, to just add coordinates. It's very easy to multiply vectors, to just multiply the coordinates by whatever the constant is. We're talking about multiplication by the constant. And whatever the laws of addition and multiplication of real numbers exist in arithmetic, exactly the same laws exist in vector arithmetic. Well, that concludes this lecture. I do suggest you to exercise again these little theorems. They are all presented as notes to the lecture on unison.com. And, well, make sure that you understand all these manipulations with vectors using the top of representation, because that's actually the only representation people are dealing with when they are trying to approach things expressed as vectors analytically. Because analytically it means basically using the top of representation, not the graphics. Graphics are good for some kind of illustration purposes. When you draw a vector and then you add another vector and then this is the sum of two vectors, it's all nice pictures and it all explains quite well. But analytically you have to approach it using the top of representation with coordinates. And that actually implies the dimensionality of the vectors, two-dimensional vectors, three-dimensional vectors, and dimensional vectors, whatever. All right, that's it for today. Thank you very much and good luck.


So, very many thanks to all those colleagues who traveled to Paris today to discuss this important topic of critical matters. We are, as the IEA Secretariat, we are humbled to see over 50 countries across the world, from 40 of them represented by the ministers, secretaries, again, 40 business leaders, mainly from the mining and energy industry, investors, academia, and civil society. In fact, when we had the idea to organize such a meeting only a few months ago, to be very frank, we didn't even dare to think that there would be so much interest on this topic. So very many thanks to all of you. We are extremely happy that we were able to get both the countries who are producing, who are consuming critical matters are here. And all the continents are Africa, Asia, Latin America, Europe, they are all represented as such. We reached one of our aims, which is having an inclusive meeting here. Dear colleagues, we are an energy organization. One of the most fortunate things to be working at the IEA is we have all the energy data at our fingertips. If anybody asks me what is the Indonesia electric car sales, I will be able to tell you, maybe just one minute after the Minister Tasrif, but I'll be able to tell you that. If anybody asks me what is the solar PV installations in the United States, we will be able to give you the number, or in terms of the clean energy investments going to Africa. This is our strength. And based on this data, I can tell you, assure you that the clean energy transitions are moving fast and faster than many people realize. I'll give you two examples only. This year, of all the power plants, new power plants built in the world, in the entire world, more than 80% are renewables, mainly solar, but also wind, geothermal, and others. In terms of transportation sector, two years ago, only two years ago, one out of 25 cars sold was electric car, one out of 25, two years ago. And this year, it is one out of five cars sold is electric, and it is growing very strongly. So these are, in our view, at this very good developments, and we are seeing that the countries around the world take climate change, energy security very, very seriously. Now, this is an unwanted good news. On the other hand, there is the issue of these electric cars, when you manufacture them, solar panels and the wind mills, when you manufacture them, you need critical minerals, different types of critical minerals across the world, and we think that looking at the current picture around the world, critical minerals, deposit, investment, production, refining, there is a risk that this clean energy transition moving fast may be hinging on whether or not the world will have enough critical minerals at the right time and at the affordable price. Otherwise, there is a risk that the clean energy transition may be slower than we think it should be. And as we see this as a risk, we thought it is important to bring all the relevant stakeholders around the table and here from them, their preoccupations, their thoughts, their plans, how we can all together bring affordable, secure, and enough amount of critical minerals to the markets. So from a point of view, why we organize this meeting, we are working on critical minerals, seriously started two years ago, when we make, and many of you know, I am sure, a study on the critical minerals, where we are today, and with the growing of clean energy transition, the amount of lithium, cobalt, rare earth materials, how much we will need and whether or not there is a problem, we saw that there is a looming challenge from this analysis, which is, which is, which drove a lot of attention from governments. And after that, last year, the IEA ministers, their bi-annual meeting came together, chaired by Secretary Granholm last year in Paris, and the IEA ministers asked the IEA to deepen its work on critical minerals. Similarly, and recently, in Hiroshima, last few months ago, Japanese Prime Minister Kishi had brought all the G7 leaders, but also the Prime Minister of Modi, President Jokowi Dodo of Indonesia and President Lula of Brazil and other emerging countries, discussed the energy climate and other issues. And G7 leaders also asked the IEA to focus on the critical minerals issue, especially in terms of how we can diversify the supply chains. So what we are doing at the IEA currently is that, again, some of you may know, we normally publish regularly oil market review, gas market review, renewable market review. We have started only two months ago our regular publication of critical minerals market review. You can find the all the relevant data production, investment prices, consumption in that, and we will repeat this regularly to provide more transparency to the markets. Market monitoring is the name of the game there, and we are making within the IEA critical minerals becoming an integral part of our day-to-day work as it is the oil, it is the renewables, it is the efficiency and others. So why we today brought so many stakeholders around the world is to hear from them what needs to be done globally and what do you want IEA to do, more or less, and we will be very happy to hear your views. From our point of view, there are three blocks of the challenge we have in front of us. The first one is how do we accelerate the supply diversification? This is the first issue that we are seeing a major challenge in front of us. The second one is how do we unlock the power of technology and recycle? This is the second one, and the third one is how we make the supplies sustainable and responsible. So if I can say a few words on this tree to provide a basis for our discussion. First of all, in the new supplies and the diversification here, when we look at both the production and the refinery processing of the critical minerals, we see a very high level of concentration, high level of concentration. And this is looking at the history of energy in the last 100 years. When there was a major concentration of one single country, one single company, one single route, there is always a challenge. Regardless of any other consideration, it can be an industrial accident, it can be a natural disaster, it can be anything. So in energy, what we learn is that the magic world is diversification. And here today, when we look at the new investments coming around the world, while the investments are growing, but the concentration is growing as well. So this is something at point that we think we all need to think about how we can reverse this trend and how we can bring more diversification, both in terms of the production but also in terms of processing and refining. The second point for us, we see as a building block of this discussion is the on the demand side, how we can use the demand side policies in order to ease the strains on the supply side, how we can do it through recycling, through behavioral change, and there are some, of course, important government experiences, policies in some of the countries around the table. I hope they will share their experiences and their thoughts with us. So this is the second building block. The third one is under, as we call it, as everybody calls it, under ESG front. How we get the ESG considerations into policy and investment decisions? And we want investment decisions to be fair and equitable for also for the communities and what kind of policies, regulations we have to put in place that the critical minerals are produced in a sustainable way and the local communities do benefit from the debt process. So this is the third area that we want to discuss and we, in fact, organize our meeting today on these three building blocks. Diversification, demand side policies, and the ESG and the sustainability part. And I can assure you that we are going to hear from many, many colleagues different perspectives, but me and my colleagues are going to note down your thoughts, your suggestions, and they'll be very important for us, for our future activities. Now, I would like to stop here. And before going to start the first session in advance, I would like to thank the three consecutive session chairs, the minister, Agnès Panier-Renéche of France. Thank you very much, Madame Minister, for chairing the next session. And the Prime Minister of Cook Islands, Mr. Mark Brown. Thank you very much, Mr. Prime Minister, chairing the following session and many thanks to the Minister, Jonathan Wilkinson of Canada, chairing the last session. With this, we are going to start with our first session. And I would like to invite the Secretary, Jennifer Granholm, from the Department of Energy, United States, to share her views. Madame Granholm, once again, thank you very much for coming to Paris and we appreciate your views. Thank you very much. Thank you so much, Dr. Birrell. It is great to be back in Paris for such an important summit. And more than that, it's great to hear about the progress that has been made on this really important point. You know, as we noted when we launched this, the IEA is a natural center of gravity for this work. It's in the IEA's DNA, because we're here because 50 years ago, a global energy crisis made us realize that cooperation is the best response to coercion. And it's a thesis that this organization has proven time and time again, most recently in the face of Russia's illegal and immoral invasion of Ukraine. And in this context, once again, we're up against this context, in this critical minerals and materials context. We are up against a dominant supplier that is willing to weaponize market power for political gain. But our global energy crisis has taken on a new dimension, which is the urgency of this clean energy transition. We know that in the fuel of this transition, critical minerals, as Dr. Birrell has said, is going to make global energy security infinitely more complex and infinitely more important over the next few decades. So today, I humbly suggest that we recommit ourselves to not just international cooperation, but also to creative thinking. And I say recommit because actually, it was U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, who once actually upon the IEA's 35th anniversary reflected that the energy crisis awakened us to a new challenge that would require both creative thinking and international cooperation in order to preserve and further our collective well-being. So creative thinking is at the heart of the IEA's DNA, too, and we have to tap into that more than ever before. When it comes to critical minerals, we have to first start by thinking creatively about what each of us can bring to the table. Among us all is an embarrassment of riches. We have brilliant scientists and research institutions and cutting-edge policy tools and infinite industry know-how that can fuel our critical minerals programs. So we need to draw on everything we've got and keep digging for new potential. And second, we have to think creatively about combining our individual contributions into a coordinated strategy. So we need to align our regulatory conventions like never before. We've got to align across our innovation ecosystems, our permitting processes, our market transparency, and more so that if supply disruptions strike, when supply disruptions strike, we'll have a broad set of tools to aid in our response. The new Mineral Security Task Force, I know, is hard at work developing that strategy, but to implement it, they're going to need buy-in from everybody in this room. And finally, we have to think creatively about more than just how to do this work, but how to do it right. We're in a race to save our planet and our people. We can't make that race a race to the bottom. We cannot repeat the exploitation of the past. That means we all need to consider costs that are beyond our balance sheets, fair wages, safe working conditions, environmental protections to be norms around the world. So I'm pleased to see so much cooperation on environment, social, and good governance investing in the IEA. I implore everybody here to commit to working with producing communities in a way that maximizes local economic opportunity while minimizing damage to the planet. So achieving any of this will not be easy. Achieving all of this will be even harder. I'm confident that with those in this room, we have more than enough partnership and ingenuity to see us through, and we must see this through because every minute that we do anything less than act, than build, than achieve, then we're gonna lose the war against this climate crisis. This is ground we are in no position to seed. So at next February's ministerial, the IEA's 50th anniversary, the eyes of the world will once again be upon us looking for that action, that momentum, and that achievement. So I hope we can show them, again, that cooperation is the best response to coercion and creative thinking is still at the core of the IEA's DNA. Thank you, Dr. Birrell. Thank you very much, Madam Secretary. You started with Intangible Cooperation and you finished with Intangible Cooperation. Thank you very much for underlining this very important vital concept for all the energy issues, especially when it comes to critical minerals. Now, dear colleagues, let me turn to an emerging powerhouse in critical mineral supply to Indonesia. Minister Tasif, it is very nice to see you again in Paris at the IEA. Thank you very much. Over to you, sir. Well, thank you, Dr. Birrell. First of all, I shall congratulate the IEA for successfully organizing the first for high-level international summit that bring together such distinguished speakers with various background, both from mineral producing and then also from the consuming countries to discuss on the secure and sustainable supply of critical minerals and in its important role in clean energy transition. G20 countries and ASEAN member states has pledged to achieve net zero emission target in around mid-century. Achieving net zero emission target require a comprehensive approach, including the development of clean energy technologies such as solar, wind turbines, batteries for electric vehicles, and many others. These technologies need critical minerals such as nickel, copper, cobalt, and other elements as a substantial component to meet the increasing clean technology demand. Indonesia has such potential of critical mineral resources and reserves. Taking advantage of such potential, we are committed to further developing critical minerals processing and refining capabilities. It is crucial to support our ambitious and comprehensive electrification strategies to reach net zero emission target by 2064 transportation, industry, commercial, and household sector, including an integral and stable electricity infrastructure provision. By doing so, Indonesia will be able to meet the growing domestic demand and to support the emission reduction program globally. We do understand that these resources have strategic value for the economy and national defense security. In the past five years, the IA Critical Minerals Market Review stated that the market for minerals that support development of clean technology, including electric vehicles, wind turbines, and solar panels has grown twice the size. Demand for energy transition minerals, such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, and copper is rising rapidly, reached about 320 billion last year. With clean energy transition is picking up the pace worldwide, critical mineral demand is projected to continue increasing in the coming years. However, since it is very limited, we have to manage critical minerals resources effectively by increasing reserves through extensive exploration activities, optimizing and boosting efficiency through the utilization of processing residue. Recycling is a crucial enabler for responsible critical mineral management. It involves recovering and reusing these minerals from end-of-life products like batteries, electronics, and magnets. Recycling will produce a massive impact in conserving resources. We have to strengthen equal collaboration, including innovative technology development and industrial scale to ensure a successful transition. In addition to government, to govern partnership, equal and mutually beneficial collaboration with business communities and investors are essential to develop massive downstream industry. On this slide, I believe IEA can play a pivotal role in taking the lead to address the challenges on managing a secure and sustainable supply of these raw materials effectively. This IEA critical mineral and clean energy summit can be the perfect avenue for all of us to jumpstart on collaborative action in maintaining and securing the mineral supply chains. It is hoped that strong and solid cooperation can provide the best benefits for critical mineral professions in energy transition to achieve net zero emission. Thank you. Thank you very much, Minister Tasif. It is exactly our impact aim to provide a venue for the governments, for the industry, investors, civil society come together and discuss how we can further clean energy transition in a secure way. Now, let me now turn to Commissioner Terri Breton, who is leading the EU's efforts on this front. Thank you very much, Mr. Commissioner, and coming here and looking forward to hear you about Europe's perspective. Well, thank you very much, dear Executive Director, dear Dr. Biol, dear Fatih, I would like to say thank you for organizing this very important meeting, ladies and gentlemen, dear Ministers. Dr. Biol, not only you monitor all the data beautifully, but then you translate it in your speech even more beautifully. So that's why I will reduce my speech because you stole all my introduction, but much better that I should have done it. So I will then, now we all understand why we're here and why it's so important to convene here all the stakeholders involved and why it's necessary and why at the end of the day we are all together in this discussion fighting for climate change. Let me tell you then what we do in Europe now to cope with this extremely important challenge. And I should say that Europe has been for long successful in mining and in mining tradition. And today, EU industry remains a world leader, I should say, in mining equipment, as well also as something which could be very important, which is recycling facilities. But it's fair to say that we lost our competitive edge in mining and in processing. For many reasons, fewer reserves than in other regions, of course, administrative complexity, fighting against that, that might deny fight. You know this very well, Fati, but it's a never ending fight. But we are progressing. Energy cost, but also let us be honest because we have maybe too long considered that decarbonizing meant relocating outside of the EU. And this was wrong. So now we need to change that. And I would like to say that the new geopolitics, I'm calling this the new geopolitics of supply chains, has definitely reverted the trend. And we are now clear that in the EU that we cannot replace a fossil fuel dependencies with a raw material one. And as you say, Mr. Secretary, we know that some could weaponize against us these dependencies. It's not the only reason, but it's one of them. And we paid the high price in Europe on this. We all know that after the invasion of terrible invasion of Ukraine by Vladimir Putin. So don't get me wrong. It doesn't mean that we want to produce again everything in Europe. Never. We want just to engage into mutually and reinforcing partnerships. But we can only do this if Europe is a strong partner. And that is why, and this will be my second point, the Commission proposes a critical raw material act to create, let's say, a framework for boosting mining, refining, and of course, recycling manufacturing capacities in Europe, but also to increase preparedness, develop stress tests, and also coordinate stockpiling. And by the way, this is where we need data. So producing domestically is absolutely key. But no country is, I would like to say, an island, at least not metaphorically. Metaphorically. That is why a core part of our approach is cooperation with like-minded partners like we do today. So let me just briefly recall what we have done. We signed in this objective strategic partnerships on raw materials with many countries here on the table, like Canada, Argentina, Namibia, and many other countries. We are still negotiating a few more. It will be finalized in the next few months with the Democratic Republic of Congo, Australia, and many others. And we want, of course, to team up with our partner to create a mutually beneficial industrial project and share that value. Such initiative can be complemented, where relevant with our global gateway strategy and financing tool, where the EU can, for instance, again, support strategic infrastructure at large for other projects and around, and also capacity building on the countries of our partners. The work under the G7 and G20 is also absolutely essential. But this work, we believe, could be maybe even more inclusive. And we want to complement this with a critical raw materials club. It will meet for the first time later this year to bring research, rich, and consumer countries around the same table. It will be a form to cooperate, to invest more, to address sustainability issues, and also to assist resource-rich countries in their ambition to develop local, local processing capacities. And ultimately, of course, to have a value change that are more secure and resilient. So to conclude, of course, I would like to say that securing access to reliable and sustainable raw materials is, of course, a global challenge, our global challenge. And as such, again, I would like to praise the work of the IAA, which is absolutely vital in bringing, of course, all the diverse aspects around the same table, and not only looking at the data, but also at the raw materials market, at sustainability, and at measures to prevent supply chain disruption or distress, which will be absolutely key for our future. So thank you very much again. And of course, you could count on the European Commission and Europe to be a reliable partner in this endeavor. Thank you. Thank you very much, Mr. Commissioner, for your perspective for Europe and also globally. So dear colleagues, you might have read in your notes with the invitation that this session is live streamed. And as I just got from my colleagues for us, it's a record. Some 50,000 people around the world is following this session, once again highlighting the importance of this very topic. Now, may I turn now to India? We are fortunate to have Mr. Kanta Rao, who is the Secretary of Minister of Minerals of India. Mr. Secretary, I believe critical minors are of essential importance to India to realize it is clean energy ambitions. And we are very much looking forward to hear your views. And please also accept my congratulations to India, Indian government, for a very successful G20 presidency. Over to you, sir. Thank you. Thank you, Dr. Virul. Good morning to all my fellow speakers in this session and a galaxy of dignitaries representing governments, industry, academia, and civil societies. I'm just wondering that this is probably the most compact galaxy in the universe with so many stars around. Warm greetings from India to the members of IEA and all the delegates present here. I want to congratulate Dr. Virul and his team for organizing this event on such a relevant and timely topic. Thank you for inviting me and giving an opportunity to present the work done by India to this August gathering. At a very broad level, India proposed a lifestyle for environment, what we call life. This is an initiative to tackle climate change. And following that specific to the goals, India has taken up a 45% drop in emission intensity and 30% EV market share by 2030, as well as, of course, achieving the target of net zero emissions by 2070. In fact, IEA conducted a study on the adoption of the life principles and behavioral changes and sustainable consumer choices would actually reduce annual carbon dioxide emissions by more than 2 billion tons in 2030. This is about one-fifth of the emissions which are needed by 2030 to put the world on the pathway to net zero emissions. During the recently concluded G20 Summit, as Dr. Virul mentioned, India has taken a voluntary action plan to double the pace of energy efficiency by 2030. The country has taken giant strides in adopting clean energy through solar projects and initiatives in energy efficiency, clean mobility, circularity. And additionally, India has proposed establishing a green hydrogen innovation center and global biofuel alliance within its borders towards fulfilling the commitments to clean energy solutions. In the G20 declaration, it has taken note that outcome of energy transition working group, which worked on the voluntary high-level principles for collaboration on critical minerals for energy transition and voluntary action plan on doubling the global rate of energy efficiency improvements by 2030. All these efforts will increase mineral requirements for energy transition. India is committed to securing critical mineral supply chains and promoting sustainable economic growth in line with our net zero goals. India's total non-fossil fuel-based install capacity today stands at around 186 gigawatts, which is around 44% of the total power capacity. And India ranks fourth in terms of installed renewable energy capacity. India has an ambitious plan to increase installed capacity from non-fueled sources to find at gigawatts by 2030. To deal with emissions from the transport sector, which is a huge challenge for the country like India, which has large and aspirational population, India is taking rapid strides towards achieving its target of 30% electric vehicle market share by 2030. We are witnessing a strong growth of electric vehicle sales. As Dr. Birol mentioned a few statistics on this. In India, it is a staggering 150% year-on-year growth. And India's EV market is expected to grow at an impressive compounded annual growth rate of 50% from 2022 to 2030. The aim is to electrify 100% of two-wheelers and three-wheelers and 60% to 70% of buses by 2030. I want to mention about some of the initiatives the Indian government has taken. One such initiative is the production-linked incentive launched in 2021 for about five years, where we provide a support of up to $2.3 billion US dollar for domestic manufacturing of advanced chemistry cells, which are the basic raw materials for electric vehicles. And we, of course, are dependent on the requirement of lithium cobalt, nickel, and graphite. In this line, we have taken up a lot of exploration and R&D activities. And today's event gives us an opportunity to engage with partners and countries across the world in achieving some of our goals. The focus on critical minerals in India has been enhanced through more exploratory activities through the geological survey of India. And we have, over the last couple of years, we have about 124 new projects that have been lined up in the area of critical minerals. We have even incentivized exploration activities for critical minerals, where we give a 25% incentive for any exploration agency that takes up critical minerals within the country. To speed up the exploration of critical minerals, we have made necessary amendments in our Mines and Minerals Law. And we have come up with rules that will allow the auction of these mineral blocks. And I'm happy to mention here that about 20 blocks of critical minerals will be auctioned on my return to India in the next one week. I will take this opportunity to invite the companies present here to go through the process and see if it suits the investment needs of your companies. We have also set up a special purpose vehicle company called Kabul, which explores opportunities outside India. And it is engaging with a lot of partner countries and companies across the world in ensuring that the supply chains of critical minerals are available. In June of this year, we released a report on the critical minerals for India, which identified the priorities and the strategy to go forward and the way in which we will engage with partner countries across the world in ensuring the supply chains. During our prime minister's visit to the United States, we also joined the Mineral Security Partnership, which is working on bolstering the critical mineral supply chains globally through public and private investments. India welcomes partnerships with other countries and also the private sector, the academia, and the civil societies in its efforts to diversify critical mineral supply chains and ensure a sustainable future for everyone. I take this opportunity to engage with the governments, the industry, the academia, the civil societies, which are present here today for building a better future for all of us. And I once again thank IEA for giving me this opportunity. Thank you very much. Thank you very much, Mr. Secretary. I am sure your appeal is very clear for all of us in India, one of the brightest spots of the global economy today, and we wanted to work with different countries and the companies in terms of developing the critical mineral resources in a sustainable manner and provide diversification. Very well heard, sir. Now, may I go to another continent now to Africa? I would like to invite Minister Oliver Raka Tomalala, who is the Minister of Mines and Strategic Resource of Madagascar. We all know that Africa is the region with enormous potential to contribute to building secure and resilient supply chains. Mr. Minister, we are looking forward to hear from you your views about Madagascar, Africa, and beyond. There are several African colleagues here. We will hear their views as well throughout the day, but we start with you, Mr. Minister. Thank you very much, sir. Thank you, Dr. Pirol, for giving me the floor. Hello to all of you. It is a great pleasure and a great honor for me to be here with you today for this global debate for the critical mineral resources. Wait a minute. Sorry, sorry. I will continue. Yes, absolutely. Yes, welcome everyone among you to this event, which was therefore a crucial importance in the quest for the solution of the world solutions for a cleaner and more sustainable future. Dumbledore, I would like to warmly thank Dr. Pirol and the International Energy Agency for the organization of this committee. For having organized this very prestigious summit, it is prestigious because it brings together many leaders from the world of investment, from international organizations and from different countries will work together. Speaker's microphone is off. My apologies. So as I was saying, this summit brings together very important figures from the public and private sector, and this will fuel very rich discussions, discussions which will unlock the potential for recycling technologies, for employment, all the while speeding up projects to have more diversified mineral supply chains. Supply chains will be more responsible, more sustainable and more dependable. Madagascar, my country, is particularly proud to be able to join this effort, to be able to work together and engage for carbon neutrality and in order to reach this ambitious goal, it goes without saying that the use of clean energy is the road that needs to be taken and the only viable option. The energy transition presents us with many opportunities, especially when it comes to supply chains in critical minerals. Ladies and gentlemen, for Madagascar, we are a country that has critical mineral reserves. We have a very specific geological situation that means that we have a lot of critical minerals. Presently, we are in an exploratory phase, but we are already mining some of these resources. There is a Japanese consortium that is working on mining cobalt and nickel that produces around 60 million tons of nickels and 5 million tons of cobalt. This is the largest private investment, the largest Japanese private investment in Africa, and it is a project that has created a lot of employment in the country and has also helped our exports. When we, for us, storing energy is a big issue, which requires special, important elements, for cathodes, anode, and electrolytes. Graphite is one of the 10 largest producers of graphite in the world, but there is still a lot of untapped potential in the country. As I said, we are in an exploratory phase, but we are already exporting a lot of these elements. Since colonization, so over 80 years, we have been exporting graphite, but there is still a lot of untapped potential. All this to say that we're still open to investment in order to develop our resource market. We have adopted a law on mines that was about a month ago, which creates opportunities for investment when it comes to strategic minerals. This is to avoid speculation so that mining blocks do not remain in the hands of a few players, and so we are looking to work with serious companies that will work in the field of critical substances. All this to say that critical minerals and strategic minerals are very promising substances for the mining sector of Madagascar, given the international situation in these last years. Coming back to our event, I am strongly convinced that each one of us will bring added value to this common cause. Following the summit, we will be able to identify priority actions to be taken in order to guarantee the security of supplying critical minerals. Madagascar would like to reiterate its commitment to be a part of the authors of Change and its desire to work together for our common future. Let's work together for the future of our world and for that of all of humanity. Finally, I'd also like to reiterate, I'd like to thank once again Dr. Birrell and the International Energy Agency and to all of those who have contributed to organizing this important event. I hope that all the activities that we will undertake in this forum will be able to go smoothly thanks to our cooperation. Thank you for your attention, ladies and gentlemen. I'll note it, including your rich potential for nickel, cobalt, and graphite, these are all key ingredients for clean energy transitions across the world. So dear colleagues, we heard from governments, from Americas, from Europe, from Asia and Africa. Now, as I said, we have different stakeholders here from industry, civil society, from investors, academia. Now, I would like to, as the last speaker of this opening session, I would like to invite Mark Henry, CEO of BHP, to share the view from the private sector. Over to you, Mike. Well, thank you, Dr. Birrell, and thank you, Secretary Granum, Minister Tesrif, Commissioner Breton, Secretary Rao, and Minister Raketa Malala for your thoughtful remarks. Dr. Birrell, the IEA must be commended for your work on deepening our understanding of potential decarbonization pathways, including towards the Paris Line 1.5 degree scenario, as well as for raising awareness of the critical role of minerals and metals in the energy transition and for energy security. And thank you, Fatih, for the opportunity to be here for this discussion and to share an upstream perspective as a global metals and minerals supplier. We're here, obviously, today in recognition of the fact that the world needs to significantly scale up supply of certain minerals. And this need is driven not just by the historical drivers of urbanization, industrialization, and population growth, but also by the more recent drive to decarbonize the world's energy system, which in itself is going to require significantly more of certain commodities like copper, nickel, lithium, and even steel-making raw materials. But in the face of this need, the world is encountering some growing challenges. This is going to be hard. The grade or percentage of metal in a given volume of ore is falling at existing operations. And this means that more ore is going to be mined, need to be mined just to stand still. Newly discovered and developed deposits are, on average, incrementally lower grade as well. They're increasingly hard to find, oftentimes deeper and oftentimes smaller. Opportunities are being pursued in jurisdictions with less well-developed or less-established mining industries, institutions, and governance. And of course, societal expectations in respect of ESG and how value gets created for all stakeholders has grown, and rightly so. These difficulties and growing expectations have some very important implications. Firstly, collaboration is going to be ever more important. We must work together to go about this in the right way, guided by common global standards and with good governance throughout the whole of the value chain. Secondly, this effort is going to require a significant and growing quantum of capital. I'll use the example of but one of the commodities needed, which is copper. BHP's estimate is that under a plausible 1.5-degree scenario, the copper industry could require around $250 billion in growth capital over the next seven years to 2030. And that is over and above sustaining capital. But currently committed growth projects over this period only amount to around $40 or $50 billion today. More projects need to be identified, permitted, and given the green light by those who are to invest in them. Governments and communities need to be supportive of these projects regressing, and capital providers need to be flowing the capital to those companies that uphold the high ESG standards that must be met. These challenges can be overcome, but it will require shared perspective, common aspiration, and a high degree of collaboration. Now let me be a bit more specific about what's needed. Governments must provide predictability and stability to attract capital at lowest possible cost and as quickly as possible. This means stable fiscal settings, streamlined planning and permitting processes, and harmonized standards. Today too often we still see short-termism in government policy or policies which seek to meet near-term political objectives, but which show limited understanding of what drives investment. And this slows up deployment of capital and will ultimately make the energy transition harder and more expensive. The flip side of course is that governments that do provide this certainty and stability will be the winners in this race to meet the world's need for critical minerals. We should also be mindful of the fact that while subsidies can in some instances help to accelerate, they can also distort markets and handled poorly can inadvertently actually undermine our long-term goal of securing sufficient and low-cost supply. Capital markets should work in a way that promotes the objective of low-cost and stable supply and indeed uses their firepower to enable or to constrain access to capital. My third point is responsibility. Get these settings right and the more responsible the project, the more capital should flow. Miners should be granted access to resources based on the value they create, including for host communities and First Nations peoples. Opening a mine, done well, creates sustainable wealth and jobs. It brings tax revenues, which in turn fund public services like health and education. It creates jobs both directly and indirectly and it generates a base of skills that can be leveraged into other industries. But of course this must be done with the least possible impact to the environment. We need a small set of common standards upheld by all and where performance against those standards is a greater and increasing determinant of access to capital. And I think the functioning of the market in this regard is still maturing. We also have too many standards for the same ESG dimensions. This leads to confusion and dissipated effort. Convergence on this front would be welcome. It would result in more focused effort for higher positive impact. We must also not lose the opportunity to improve natural resources governance across the board so that countries endowed with resources see economic value trickle down. Key to natural resources governance are policies such as transparency around taxes paid, strong anti-corruption frameworks and transparency around approvals processes. And I commend the EITI for its work on this front. It would be remiss of me of course if I didn't mention recycling. While recognizing that some metals are starting from an already high base, there is an opportunity and need for continued lifting of the rates of recycling to reduce the need for fresh metal units and therefore the amount of mining required. It's now for the private sector to turn that into reality. We also need to recognize that recycling alone won't offset all of the challenges. A combination of pragmatic international cooperation and competition can accelerate the energy transition and it's much needed and I think that's reflected in this room today. In closing, the magnitude of the challenge is significant and change is coming fast. But with that comes great opportunity this opportunity will only be realized on through concerted effort and collaboration across industry, investors and governments putting predictability and responsibility at the core. Thank you again Fatih for the opportunity to be here today and I look forward to the discussion ahead. Thank you very much Mike and hearing the views of the private sector here is of crucially importance and one issue you mentioned the harmonization of the ESG standards. This is I think critical and it is the reason why we have dedicated a session here the session three on the ESG issues including the strict standards and how to harmonize them in the right manner across the countries. So dear colleagues, very many thanks for this I would say excellent start of our discussion. This is the session that was open to public, the live stream and now we are with the next session we are going through a closed door mode and the next session as I mentioned is going to be chaired by the French minister, Minister Panier-Renoucher. Madame Minister, the floor is yours to share the next session please. Thank you. Thank you very much dear Fatih and we'll now switch to French if you'll allow me.


Goodness me. The bells are ringing. Let's get into it. We are reacting to... Feliz. We are reacting to... Sounds like a beverage in the canteen in Star Wars. I'll have a large Jaga-Jozos. Oh, it's Disney. Yeah. Jaga-Jozos. Jaga-Jozos. Apparently it's Disney, which is strange. Jaga-Jozos. But, uh... Disney. Oh, where'd my Mickey Mouse cup go? Disney? Disney. Disney or Disney? Walt Disney. Disney. Or Disney. I named it Disney Walt. Walt Disney. Disney's lotion. Oh, but I believe... You can do it. I don't know what this is about, but this is... I believe it has Ran beer in it. Ran beer? Beer. What's your name? It is. People at war. That's why I say it in my village, that my voice is a bit like... What kind of weapons have you been using? Rodex. Talk about a lifetime. It's like, okay, I need to figure out. Because I think... It's a musical... Yeah, the concept is interesting. It's a guy with... And so the way he speaks correctly is to sing, and so that's kind of interesting. And he's perfect for that kind of role. I mean I forced Gumby to me in terms of maybe a legendary role for him. He feels like he likes oddball characters, I feel. At least from what we can relate to them and plan really well. But yeah, the one is Disney. How often do they produce content in India? Well, we haven't seen one yet. They basically are taking over the world. I'm sure they own a bunch of guys over there. But I haven't seen one of them yet. I haven't either. This was just everywhere. And did you recognize the other guy singing with the goatee, the older gentleman? We've seen him in several things, including he was the main inspector in Barfi opposite Ranbeer. Oh yeah, that's right. And that girl is in something too. Yeah, I'm sure she is. She's bullying quite a few things. I was really captivated by his face in the opening sequences, but then it just went... I've never seen a trailer like that. That was one of a kind trailer. There was so much happening. So I'm wondering if this was good or if it was a complete... That's like total treatment. It failed miserably. Chonjoga, a gifted teenage detective. Yeah, I got that vibe. I got it was like a little bit... It might be kind of Sherlock Holmes-y where he's a genius. And people don't get him. And also kind of underhandish in that he sees something and knows who the killer is. I haven't seen this. Yes you have. I just watched it with you the other night. I didn't know he was... I can't remember all of these. I didn't know he was playing a teenage. He's a little old to be a teenager. So do the teenagers in Greece. With the piano. That's true. And Tabu as the main lady. I don't want to give too much away. Same director as Barfi. It feels like Barfi in many respects. She doesn't see Barfi. I know. You've got to see Barfi for Priyanka. So it is Katrina Kafe that we saw in a bunch. She's in the Deborah film. The Deborah film. You know what? What? I didn't see him in that. He must have a really small role. Please let us know.  I don't know that. People have requested this. I don't just pick these out of thin air. If it's good, please let us know. We'll watch it. With Barfi, we didn't love the trailer. Correct. I do. I liked the hits at the classic comedy. But weren't really captivated by the trailer.  We watched it. Please let us know if this was actually good.  Away from this now, don't ever. I'll tell you what. Most off the wall crazy weird trailer. I've never seen a trailer like that. Definitely had. It felt like a Disney trailer though. It did. Because it almost felt like a Latin in some spots. You could tell there was money thrown at it as well. It doesn't mean the visual effects area. That's what they like to do. And then it had this happy-go-lucky feel almost. Very, very good. Let us know. I have no idea if this is going to be good. Or if this is going to be completely another garbage show. Let us know.


Bismillahirrahmanirrahim. Alhamdulillah, Lord of the worlds. Wassalatu wa salamu ala Sayyidina wa Habibina Muhammadin wa ahli baytah al-tayyibin al-tahireen. My dear brothers, sisters, friends, community members. As-salamu alaikum wa rahmatullahi wa barakatuh. This is a message of hope, inspiration, and calmness. We all know that we are going through a very difficult time. The outbreak of this pandemic, COVID-19. Many people are overwhelmed with fear and anxiety. But we have God. We have faith, strong faith in God. We have the Holy Quran, the best source of assurance, the best source of calmness and peace. God says in the Holy Quran, Those who say our Lord is God, they are connected to Him. They remain firm. They stand firm, steadfast. Angels are going to descend upon them with this beautiful message of assurance. God says in the Holy Quran, And then God says in the Quran, If God should touch you with a flexion, nobody can remove it from you except Him. And if you want to do good, And if God desires goodness for you, relief for you, Relaxation, then nobody can hold it back from you. So we believe in God. And we have to strengthen our relationship with God during these dire times and difficult times. We have to do two things nowadays. Number one, to strengthen our immune system, the physical system. This is necessary. To follow the instructions of the public health officials. To adhere to them. And the second thing is to strengthen our spiritual immune system through resorting to dua, the prayers, the Quran. What does Imam Ali say in Dua Qumail? You protected me against afflictions and calamities and disasters in my life. How often times you protected me against evil, against tragedies. So the same God is there. We have to have hope in Him. Do not be overwhelmed with fear. Fear and anxiety are very dangerous. Very dangerous and detrimental to your health. Be strong, follow the instructions and be always hopeful in God's mercy. Inna maa al-usri yusra. Inna maa al-usri yusra. With every difficulty there will be ease. And insha'Allah together with our unity and solidarity with each other, we can defeat this outbreak of this nasty disease. Wassalamu alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh.


When you're thinking about your brand strategy and what I mean by that is the way that you're going to communicate your messages to Convert your customers there's one key element to think about and first of all it's about that conversion because in most cases But the understanding of the word conversion means conversion of a sale a stranger straight into a sale Would you know what things have changed? And here's the thing the thing that's really changed now is that because you have so many more competitors out there There's something you've got to do to make sure that you are the chosen expert in your field And that's by differentiating yourself because you are not talking now about converting from a stranger to a sale We're talking about now converting from a stranger into a friend Someone who is now starting the trust process Because when you think about brand it's all about building trust So what can you do to differentiate yourself from your competitors make yourself the Obvious choice expert in what that you do and why they should see yours as the most compelling reason to buy Because it's only then will they start to look into what you have to offer and start a process of becoming a friend first Before they even get to the point of looking to buy and invest in your services So think about your brand strategy in terms of how you can start converting your customers From the point of strangers to friends first My name's Miles. I'm from how to build a brand and I'll come back to you with another great tip very very soon