Hello, I want to start this presentation. Can you hear me well? Thanks. I want to start this presentation with a simple question. Do you know that in a Linux system, only the kernel and the browser has much more lines of codes than the compiler that was used to build those tools? How many lines of code do you think that a compiler usually has? In this case, GCC compiler. I was in the other presentation, and it was a nice graph about we have more than 25 millions lines of code today in the kernel. So any guess for GCC compiler? GCC compiler is around 50 millions lines of code. Last night, I ran a simple test for a git analysis of the repository. I cloned it straightforward, git clone. Do the analysis. And this was a nice graph with matplotlib that was generated. Sorry, git ingenieplot. And it came to me the reason of why I started this presentation with this graph. A week ago, I was reading this article, how much does a compiler cost? And it's a nice blog talking about the importance of a compiler in today's world. How much a compiler can affect our lives and how much a compiler can transcend to the performance, security, and functionality of the software that we build every day. The tool that I use with git stats. On the graph, we can see that every year, the lines of code, yes, there was a cleanup. Yes. At some point, yes. There is always a bot in the graph. I know that. But the numbers of lines of code that we have seen in the last, I don't know, four or five years has been amazing in terms of how much increment on lines of code commits a new feature unimplemented for our compilers every year. I'm not going to show all the patches that are outside. I'm just going to try to show you some of the useful tools that the compiler and the being-utils or GLC already have by now in the last two, three years. And this is a story that I want to connect with you in terms of my personal story. Before being a compiler developer and linker developer, where it's the two communities that I work more, I used to work in a hardware store with my parents. And it was nice that every carpenter or every hardware came to me and said, hey, I need a tool for this kind of activity. So I needed to look in the catalog and search for the best tool that fulfills the needs for that person. Little is the same of what we have here. I was looking for a definition of a tool change. The tool change is a bunch of tools that we give to the software developers so that they can build much more complex system and launch it to our world in different ways. We have seen since today keynotes how Linux exchanges the world in terms of graphics, data analytics, big data, and more things. So what is a tool change today? We know GCC. We know G-Lipsy. But there are much more stops. We need to have a debugger. Without a debugger, it's almost impossible to think that we can go and develop. We need to have a linker. Once the process is running on our operating system, we need to link the libraries that we're going to be using. The assembly or disassembly. In this case, it's a GNU gas that we have. The binary utilities. GNU being utils. Emulator libraries. The standard C library. Whether we like it or not, it's there. And yes, there are much more options. And we love G-Lipsy because it's always there for us. Otherwise, we will be having to develop the sign and co-sign by ourselves every time that we need it. And of course, yes, the compiler is the first one that we use mostly. So what have we built with these tools? Almost the world. We have built operating system kernel, image processing libraries, web server-side script language. PHP is built with GCC by definition. We built OpenCB. We built the kernel. You name it. There are many projects that are de facto compiler right now. And yes, I have very good friends in Clank, C-Lank, and LLBM. Yes. And as Greg said one day, we love the fact that there are much more people trying to develop another tool change. It forces us to be better as a community and also give us the capability to have much more options. We love the idea. We are friends, the two communities. So the first tool that I want to talk to you, it's about security. In the morning, Ariane was talking about security de facto. There is no way that we can argue with customers to say, well, I can give you good density or good performance, but security is going to be a luck. No way. Nobody wants to be attacked today by anything. First of the tools that I want to present to you is FC protection. There are many kinds of security vulnerabilities. We have seen security vulnerabilities in terms of hardware. I will not talk about those kind of things. I will need an entire slot of speech for that. But the kind of attacks that I will talk to you, it's about the return-oriented programming and call jam-oriented programming. Those are very horrible kind of vulnerabilities. Well, GCC-8 helps to fix those kind of things. This is a very simple Aero-P attack. For those that have never seen an Aero-P attacks, voila, this is a picture of an Aero-P attack. We will have a simple main with a simple function echo. And there is a secret function. Yes, I know. It's very simple. It's just for academic purpose. Nobody does this. Nobody calls a function a secret function. In the object, there will be very easy to attack. That function is like, come on, attack me. But it's just for academic purpose. So we will have a scan of a buffer. Whose size is 20? Yes, good. But with the scan, which is, by the way, when you compile it, the compiler by itself say, please don't use this thing. I mean, there are better things to read from the user space at a scan. This is a cool security, an entire hole in security. And we will see why for some of the audiences that have never seen an Aero-P attack. So if I run this pretty beautiful simple line to execute, I use Python just for the, I don't want to type too many times the same character. But what I'm going to do is print A 32 times. The 32 came out because 28 plus 4 is the 32 bits that are necessary to put my specific address where I want to go into the space of memory that I want to overlap and rewrite instead of the current return address that I used to have. That is the core of the return-oriented programming. The basis of that is the buffer overflow. So what I'm going to do is pass that string plus, at the end, another address, which in this case is the address of secret function. How do I know? Because with a simple object DOM, it was pretty easy to me to say, oh, secret function. So I need to go there. So hit number one, never put your secret function. And I pass that to my bold binary. So yeah, it's going to be very easy if you execute that into your Linux system. The only thing that I had to do was compile with minus M32. In M64, it's way much more complicated. It's possible to do the same thing, but for academic purpose, it's way much more complicated. On the slides that I will upload at the end of the presentation, there is the link of the source code that you can use and follow the same approach. So yeah, it put the 32 bytes in this bunch of As. And at the end, the address that I want to pass. And it will print, as we saw in the previous code. Congratulations, you have entered to the secret function. Nobody calls that function. Yet I'm able to do that. And you might say, well, that is not an AeroP attack. Yes, I know. But it's just the basic to understand how does it work. We can pass, instead of a simple address of a function that I want to execute, I can put much more execution things that I want that CPU to do. For example, in this case, I'm passing to E and X, the value of 10, and then returning. The point here of an AeroP attack is I can overwrite instead of going to the current flow that I used to have to wherever I want to go. And there are good friends over there that put shellcode database for static cases. So if you go to that web page, you will have Beam Bash or shell, or you name it. There are many kind of examples that you can use. And instead of passing the address of another function that you want to call, you can actually point to an binary that you want to execute. And you can get root privilege access to your system. You can do many harmful things with these kind of attacks. These are called gadgets. Well, GCC introduced a new option for these. FC protection, full branch return, and none. These kind of technology, it's based on something that we call control flow and force technology for a shorter name, set technology, which the good thing is that I think that will be available by this year in terms of CPU architecture. And there are two kinds of approaches for set technology. One we will see is a new instruction, and the other one is a shadow stack. How does it work, this kind of thing? The FC protection checks for a Bali-target address. And these will try to have an instrumentation inside your code and do two kind of things. In this case, it's preventing from the current return that you're trying to access, which detects that it's malicious, to the actual, that you're supposed to be going in that point. So I like this picture. Imagine that you have a single stack pointer and a program counter. So the program counter goes into the read or the scan. It has a stack pointer plus 20, and we have enough 20 spaces. And we start to write hello world at this point. And suddenly, we put, instead of the 804 or 8004 to 8001. So the stack pointer will go into here, the read, which is the next program counter where it will go, check the address of here, and will go straight forward to 8001. That is a picture of how does the return harm could happen into your binary. What this technology is trying to do, it's preventing the flow control to do an expected target. The text that, hey, wait a minute. You're supposed to go to 1004, and now you're going to 8001. How does it work in terms? Well, first of all, let's check what are the full options that we have. Full branch return and none. The value branch tells a compiler to implement checking on the branch, indirect branch instructions, for example, call or jumps instructions. The value return implements checking from a function. And the value full, it's going to be both of them, on the function and on the branch by definition. The value none will turn off this kind of implementation. It's put it just in case somebody wants to disable for debugging. The control flow technology, the set technology, it will have two things. The shadow stack and indirect branch prediction, indirect branch tracking, or IBT. The shadow stack will work in the next way. We will have a stack that will have a red address, and that red address is going to make, for example, in the stack a call to another function, or another jump, or another branch, or another whatever you prefer. At the end of the execution, we will have two return address, one in the new shadow stack and one in the another stack that it was supposed to have in the original place. We are creating a different kind of a stack, which is called the shadow stack, to compare the two return address. If, in this case, the vulnerability over a rope happens, it will detect comparing and saying, wait a minute, you're supposed to come back to this red address. Now you're telling me that you're coming to a different one. By having two stacks, we'll be able to detect if something in the execution, in the second stack, after the call jump, or whatever branch you prefer to jump, was doing some malicious code by both Herbal Flow, Aeropy Attack, or something else. So we will have two stacks, and we will save the two address in two places to say, OK, if there is a difference, something is screwed. Something is completely wrong, and I will award the execution of this point. The other thing is the indirect branch tracking. It literally adds a new instruction at the end of the branch. To check that the return code, it's actually go where it's supposed to go. And you might be wondering, wait a minute, what happened with my Haswell, Westmere, or any other hardware that is not with this instruction? Doesn't matter. If you execute this thing now, it will give you another operation. It's not harmful. We will need to wait for the real hardware to have that specific instruction. But to be honest, with the shadow stack, it's good enough for now. More information about this last year, and this is what we are trying to do in the tool change community. Last year, we joined to the Linux Plumbers for the very first time. And it was the moment that my friend HILU do a presentation about the set technology and into the Linux Plumbers. This year, there will be another micro-conference for tool change so that we can collaborate even more the two communities. Let's go for performance. Flop interchange. Well, I like this flag, especially. The flock interchange, it's kind of an optimization for the nested force that we have. It's by default enabled with minus O3, and you might be at the point. Victor, you were in the embedded Linux conference. We barely use minus O2. We mostly use minus OS because we want to do our binary small instead of faster. It was, and correct me if I'm wrong, that was true 10 years ago. Today, embedded, it's not only about size, but also about a speed. So let's take the first example. Imagine that you have a two-force, one of the, in this case, y is going to 100, and x is going to 1,000. Increasingly, increasingly, increasingly, increasingly, increasingly, going forward, forward, forward. And we will talk about doing a multiplication of x by y and assign it to the value that we have in this case, OK? What we want in software is this. What the actually hardware, it's going to be a little bit different. And we need to be aware of how does a loop stick. You might be wondering, well, if I do these one side or the other, it shouldn't affect to me. Actually, it does. We have a CPU, and we have a cache memory, and the main memory. Suppose that we have to go to the main memory for the real data to the cache memory as a beginning. What we are going to be reading with this approach is going to be k00, 1020, and 30. We read the memory by a bunch of data instead of like a line. So we will have, first, the CPU is going to have in cache these first lines from the main memory. And OK, it's nice. I have k0. Wait a minute. Now I need k1.0. So it's not in my cache line. I have to go for another cache line. So I have to go to the main memory, bring it back a different one, and discard this one. I spend CPU time going to the main memory, bringing it up to the cache, and not using just for one single unit. Memory facts. When the processor access to an array element, for the first time, it retrieves an entire cache line of data from the main memory to the cache. If the rest of the data is not used, sorry, if the rest of the data will be used soon, this is a major performance bust. So the most amount of memory that we use in the cache that was bringing it from the main memory, the best that is for us, because we spend time, power, and anything going to the main memory and bringing it to the cache. So it's better that we use that amount of data. If, on the other hand, we only use very few in the, like in my example, only one of the elements from the line that I used to have, it's a performance lost. So when we apply the F loop interchange flag, the code is transformed. And now we have x1000 here and y to the 100. So the approach is different. Now it's going to be k0, k01, k02, k03, and there it goes to the k, to the k, almost 1000. So what happened in hardware is that now I am able to access to k00, k01, k02, k03, which is in the same cache line that I have over here. So I don't have to discard of this cache line, go back to the main memory and come back to cache 2. I can use much more of my memory that I have in my cache instead of going that many times to the main memory. So highly recommended to use this F loop interchange. It's one of the main reasons why it also with minus o3 in GCC give a very good performance. Not everything it's about vectorization, also about the way that how do we access to memory cares. Got hoisting optimizations. Partial redundancy elimination, PRE. At this flag I see it's going to check my code and tell me where did I was very dumb and didn't realize that it couldn't be better. I joke with my students, I forgot to mention, I give compilers basics on university at hometown. And I joke sometimes the compilers are a little bit more smart than me, smarter than me, sometimes, just sometimes. This is one of the cases. Eliminates unnecessary codes that it's not being executed. Let's take this very simple example. And I did it yesterday for just academic purpose. Don't judge me.  So let's go. We have a test function in A, B, C, and G. We defined D and E as any integers. We check if A, anything different than zero, we go into this path or this branch. Else we go to another branch in this case. And D, it's going to be B minus E. It's going to be B multiplied by C. I can see that if I calculate one time, I can reuse in the other case, plus G. And the end, the return is going to be the value that I have even for D that will diverge according to A plus E, which will be only accessible in the case of the else. If I go into this one, it's going to be zero. If I defined it here before or anything else. And I'm going to pass one, two, three, four, not because it's important for the code, because it was very easy for me to put it there when I was coding yesterday. Well, F code hosting, it's on minus O2 optimization level. Remember, for compilers, I forgot to mention, the optimization is like an onion. We have layers. So O0, it's no optimization. O1 is just the very beginning of optimization. O2 will be O1 plus something else. O3 will be O1, O2 plus something else. And that's the limit. We don't add O4. There was a discussion in the GNU compiler list and say, do we need an O4? And we say, no, no, no, O3 is good enough. We don't want to have that more layers, not a cake. Also, this flag, it's important to mention that it's in minus OS, okay? So it's also possible to use these for doing a small, OS stands for small binaries that we want to generate. So these are the object dumps of the same test function executed in my Linux system. And let's go straight forward. In this case, with GCC hosting minus O1, which will avoid the use of that specific flag, I'm doing, in this case, two times the multiplication, doing a comparison, and then doing the addition, okay? I'm sorry, the comparison is here. And then doing the addition of this case, at the addition that we see at the end of D plus E. In this case, with hoisting minus O2, we are just doing one single multiplication and the addition over here. We are reducing the amount of times that we are doing the multiplication by definition and doing way much more or less comparison, okay? So hoisting is gonna transform, first of all, yes, it transformed the code that I'm going to pass to the CPU and it also eliminates redundancy in terms of how many instruction the CPU needs to generate. The compiler is the last defense against bad code to the actual CPU. CPU are not that smart. They will only execute in every time that a scheduler deploy a process, all the code that we want. So it's the responsibility of the compiler to provide the best code to the CPU. This is another one, and this is not for the compiler. This is for the DG Lib C. I was joking before about whether we like it or not, G Lib C. G Lib C is one of the heroes that we have in our back supporting us every day. It has all the sine, cosine, mathematical things, POWs, all the things that we will not be willing to do every day, it's there, right? One of the optimization that happened in the last G Lib C, it was introduced in November, December of last year, is the optimization for sine and cosine. I'm not a mathematical guy, so I don't know who needs sine and cosine at the same time, but there is a function for that. No, trust me, I didn't want to ask in the community so they will throw me potatoes, but yes, there are somebody outside in the industry that needs sine and cosine at the same time. And what is happening right now, it's instead of doing the approach by difficult assembly instructions, and you can see the patches, I put the links in the presentation, the elimination that HLU did for sine and cosine before this optimization to after this optimization, it's huge, it's huge, right? And he's not using vectorization or, yes, he's doing function, fuse multiplication addition, but the reason why he's doing fuse multiplication addition is because he's using the Taylor approximation. So now sine and cosine from G Lib C to 2.29 is gonna use Taylor approximation for going into them to know exactly the value that I'm asking for. I passed to the sine and cosine function the angle that I want to, or the radian variable that I want to calculate for sine and cosine. He needs to, he needs to returns to me the value of sine and cosine. That's the only job that has to do. Well, and now instead of doing with heavy mathematical things, it's gonna go with Taylor approximation, which is to be completely honest, divisions, multiplications, nothing that complicated, okay? And there are good papers outside that proves that actually this is a very close to what we used to have. Remember, Taylor approximation or polynomial P algorithm approximation, it's, I'm gonna try to be as close as possible to a function, which in this case is sine of X, using this kind of polynomial approach, the larger that the polynomial becomes, the closer that it goes to the sine of this in this case. There are some advantages of having this kind of improvement for the polynomial method. The memory requires necessary to implement, it's quite a small. So the amount of memory reduced by this improvement, the numbers for the performance improvement are on the patch, but goes around, for example, in terms of performance of execution from 20 to 40% in the micro benchmark that was rented, because yes, we have to prove that it has a performance improvement when we accept the patch. So Hulu, who is the guy to send this patch, put it on the commit, how many, the amount of performance that was gained because of these. Only requirement application addition and subtraction of floating points numbers, which is not very much CPU cycles. It's part of, I put on the presentation will be the link of where is the library that is doing this thing. But yeah, before going to the developer experience, this is one of the core things that we don't see every day, but it's there for us, right? So the first call of action is trying your operating system or in your deployment to use the latest technology that we as a tool change community deploy for you. There is a very hard work for doing that and that you can use it. The developer experience, I definitely like this one. It's my favorite in all the presentation. Had somebody realized that since the latest GCC, they defined that, hey, you don't know how to spell color. So I'm going to show you that it's color, not color, GCC detects that. And the amount of job that has to happen in the back end of GCC, it's huge. Just for us to let us know that we're spelling wrong. Sorry? Yeah. Yes, in this case, yes, I spell the decoration for this one. So the smarter fixed skins, it's included by definition in all the GCC. I mean, only, I don't know any distribution right now that remove these flux when providing the compiler. If it's providing, for example, Fedora, it's using this one. And I think that Ubuntu is also enabled in the latest version. Well, even, and you might be saying, well, that case is very simple. I mean, it's a simple typo and things like that. No, it goes way much more on typos. And for a small project for a simple few thousand of lines of codes, no more than 100, it's fine. But what happened when our, how many lines of code usually a production system based on C has? More than 100, more than 200. Increasing the lines of code in C is very simple. Very simple, right? You blink one day, you wake up the next weekend, boom, 200 lines of codes, right? Well, if diagnostic generation patch, make the patch for you. So even if you have a huge warning errors, whatever you want, run that flag and it will generate the patch for you. So you can get AM, the file, and fix all the things that you have wrong in your code, okay? So yes, come back to the font that we used to have. Can I just literally hit randomly something and the compiler will fix it for me? Yes, we arrive to the point in the future when the compiler can fix it for you. You just need to apply the patch. The next steps that we're talking in the communities, should we put a flag that say apply the patch for me? Or, now if diagnostic, it's another one, we've put a format, where it possible to select a different kind of format that we want to print. Format is text or JSON. And the reason why we added JSON as a format example for our case is because it's easy for later to post-process, right? Imagine this developer system into your teams or for your personal experience where you have warnings and instead of going one by one, you can create an smart algorithm that select them or cluster them or give you a, goes into a dashboard, anything you want. The old days where I sit in my computer, develop the code and magically after fairs comes to my mind and happened the magic is not longer what we do every day. It's a continuous integration, continuous deployment system that we have to deliver to customers in less than a month. How many months do we have for deploying an IoT system? Around three, things like that. Means really fast amount of time that we need to spend for deploying. So if we say gccdiagnostic.c in this case, this C example has some mistake and we run fdiagnostic format JSON, it will generate the JSON format in a different approach than just in the text. If I pass that through a JSON reader, for me it's way much more easy to read and for another tool to classify your cluster and things like that. Oh, and maybe the last one. I don't know how much time do we have but the last one is F3 switch conversion. We have a simple full function with switches two, three, four, five, six and the variable how it's gonna be later assigned it to 205, 305, 405, five. As a human, we can easily see that, hey, wait a minute, it's two multiplied by 100 and not five. Well, now the compiler can detect that. This is a snippet of the code of the test case that was added to the compiler in GCC night and now it transformed that into this linear function. 100 multiplied by half plus five, for this example. If I change instead of five to eight, it will detect eight, okay? So it's not hard coded, it's just for this example. And these are the object dumps because in the beginning when I realized that and in the main list, I didn't believe it. So I have to test it by myself. It's too pretty cool to be real. So yes, the full function, this is the full function without using that one, that flag, in this case, the F3 switch conversion. It's a lot of jumps, movements, jumps, additions. And this is if I add this flag. If I add this flag, I will do a multiplication and an addition. Here you will see the I mole and the I and the F exactly as I describe it here. Yeah, that's a great question. The part of generic in this term is, it has to have at least this kind of approach. We have to have an element that will be, an element that will try to take a variable plus here could be an addition, multiplication, deviation and things like that. It tries to be as much generic as possible. Remember, in the tree of the compiler, we have the lexical analyzer, the syntax analyzer, the semantic analyzer, then we generate intermediate code and then composite optimization. This is the part when the compiler sits and say, what can I do in this term? So it's as generic as we try to do it. It's not perfect, but we're trying to improve it. So yeah, as you can see, it's pretty magic in terms of, hey, I used to have this bunch of instruction that was going to be passed to the CPU and now I'm all in that and detects the logic that I maybe didn't realize myself because if I would be able to realize myself, I will not code this switch in the first place, okay? And there are more, okay? There are much more things that we can do with the latest technology. For example, FNL Diagnostic Showline numbers, pretty easy for debugging. A warning for allocation, learning and that and you put an equal here and you can pass the number. So imagine that for your embedded application, you want to check if I have an allocation more than a specific lines of, a specific amount of bytes. I will be able to do, to detect those ones with WL of larger than equal to 1024 or 2048, things like that, okay? There is also a pretty system, new system calls in JLFC 229, get CPU, get CPU will print me the CPU and the NUMA node where my application is standing. So I'm pretty sure that for embedded also for servers that it's pretty useful. If I'm able to know where am I standing? Remember, this is a wrapper that used to be in the kernel. Yes, now it's a system call, okay? If you Google search for get CPU, yes, it will find out that it has been in Man Linux page years ago in kernel space. Now we have a pretty an amazing system call that we can use in user space, okay? I want to close this part with this picture, taking advantage that we are in San Diego and there is a nice front water close to us with nice boats, I like boats by the way. GCC, JLFC, Bing Utils and all the tool change team together, we want to say that we are happy to produce more tools for you so that you can propel the software development that you do every day. And of course the LLVM and C-Line community is more than happy to develop those kind of tools so that you can create way much more things. Use the latest version, find box in our approaches for optimization, complain to us and say, hey, could you please do it this more generic? Yes, I can try to do it much more generic. Or have you think about this warning? Today in the morning somebody called me and say, we are friends many years ago and we say, is there any way that we can make much more easy to get the profiling information from the kernel on boot time from the debugger? And I was like, hmm, I don't know, could be a nice plugin, but I haven't thought about it. So when I came back, I might talk with some of my friends on the clean or Hulu about that kind of plugin. We are here to communicate to you that we can listen your needs based on your daily jobs that you have. Example of that operating system that I'm part of the community, is the Clay Linux operating system project. We have much more information on these webpages about GCC7, GCC8, all these examples are over there in code and with much more details. And there will be a GCC9, GNPC3229 tool change block also over there in that webpage. So all the code, all the comments, all the things that I present in there are a summary of these three blocks that will be public. The last one will be public in a few weeks, maybe two weeks. That's a backup, that's supposed to be say thank you. Yeah, that's a backup, thank you. I don't know how much time do we have, do we have time for questions? Yes, can you let me pass the microphone because I have problems hearing, sorry. Yeah, thank you. Oh yeah, that's a good question. So, Code Hoisting tried to, for example, detect these kind of uses of multiplication and assign to a variable and a split into maybe two or more but using less amount of variable. In, yeah, less amount of reuse as much variable. For example, in this case we'll say B multiplied by C will be assigned to D and replace these one by D in the case detecting that one it's always going to be in one, in that case. Detect that one is going to be not passing by a common line interface and go straight forward. That is the approach for that one. For the other one, I haven't tested much. The other kind of reducing of code that you mentioned. So, okay. Yeah, I will need to do that experiments because I didn't test Code Hoisting in that approach in a four or taken out of a four loop. I realize that it reduced the amount of code in my case or change it but I was not aware of that. Thank you. I will investigate about it. Yeah, can you? Yeah, I'm going to pass you the microphone. It's way much better. So, when you have an architecture that uses a register for return address like ARM, so you have LR register to keep return address, yeah. FCF protection, does it take into account scenarios or architectures which use register to hold return address? And I need to talk to you about how set it's going to be. Right, so in that case, that return address ultimately goes on the stack if there's nested function calls. So, if a function calls. Oh, for the nested. Yeah. Yeah. So, the set of a stack and the branch and the extra instruction to be the only solution. So, it will have a stack and double a stack and double a stack and double a stack, yeah. And if not, it doesn't work. Things, the return address instruction at the end of the branch that you have. Thanks. Yeah. Any other question? Oh, yeah. Yeah, yeah, it's good log. Good log, we're trying to convince him with that part. The set technology is the first step on that to having the IVT instruction to detect these kind of errors for for security but limit is the first, one of the first approaches. The set technology will be enabled for Sion and other ones at the end. I think, don't take me by heart reading but it's supposed to be in this year, posted. Well, but for that case, the problem is how long do you go to the, how deep do you go? But that is the problem as well. How do you lock it down as before? Yeah, because in the very simple example that we have over here with the hello word, yes, we said a stack pointer minus 20 but how do we know that it's not minus 40, minus 400? Any other question? If not, thank you so much for your time. Really appreciate it.


Welcome back to day two of the National Archives Virtual Genealogy Fair. Before we introduce this speaker for this session, I'd like to let you know that there's one more hour that the hotline will be open. It'll be open until four o'clock p.m. Eastern Standard Time. This is where archivists are waiting to take your call. When you have questions about family research, sometimes you need a little bit of help on that, and this is where you can go. Here's the toll-free number. 1-855-309-8404. 1-855-309-8404. Our sixth session today is entitled Genealogy through Navy Deck Logs by Mark Mulan. At the end of Mr. Mulan's session, he will be answering questions. You can, at any time, send those questions in live to you stream and Twitter. If he doesn't have time to cover all of your questions, please feel free to direct your questions to inquire-in-q-u-i-r-e-at-nora-n-a-r-a-dot-g-o-v. Navy Deck Logs. After you've researched the basics of Navy personnel records, see what genealogical nuggets you can glean from the logbooks created by the U.S. Navy. And learn about the exciting ways the National Archives is making these available. Mark Mulan is a Navy Maritime Reference Archivist with the National Archives, where he has worked for 13 years. He is the author of two articles published in the National Archives Publication Prologue, entitled The Army Medal of Army, The First 55 Years, and The Second One Honoring Our War Dead, The Evolution of the Government Policy on Headstones for Fallen Soldiers and Sailors. Mark is currently working on two projects, including the digital imaging of U.S. Navy and Coast Guard logbooks, as well as developing a website to facilitate access to studying logbooks of all kinds in the holdings of the National Archives. Mark? Thank you very much for that very nice introduction, Nancy. It's an honor and a privilege to be part of NAR's first virtual genie fair. And thank you very much for having me. And thank you for that nice introduction. Just one quick correction. The title of my article was The Army Medal of Honor, The First 55 Years. That was a typo on my part. I take full responsibility. And so let's go ahead and we'll start off my presentation this afternoon. Log, U.S. Arctic Steamer Jeanette, Navy Yard, Mary Island, California. Lieutenant George W. DeLong Commanding, Thursday, June 26, 1879. 8 p.m. to midnight. Hazy weather, fresh breeze from south by southwest, standing down San Francisco Bay. Jerome J. Collins and Raymond L. Newcomb were this day enlisted in the U.S. Naval Service as seaman for special duty during the crews of this vessel. By order of commanding officer of rate of Walter Lee, Copper Smith was changed to machinist with pay of $50 per month to date from today. Signed William Nindeman. Log, U.S. Arctic Steamer Jeanette at Anchor, Southern Francisco, California under command of George W. DeLong, Wednesday, July 2, 1879. Meridian to 4 p.m. Strong breeze from south weather pleasant at 4, received aboard 30 cases of alcohol. By orders of COGW Boyd, Cole Heaver was this day rated second class fireman. Signed William Dunbar. Charles Tong Sing, this day enlisted in the U.S. Naval Service as seaman for the crews of the USS Jeanette, is paid to be $35 per month. Signed Charles W. Chapp, Lieutenant and Executive Officer. Log, U.S. Arctic Steamer Jeanette anchored to a flow near Herald Island Sunday, September 7, 1879. 8 p.m. to midnight, clear and pleasant light breeze from the northeast until 10 when it became fresh and shifted north to northeast. Ice in motion pressing on board, pressing on starboard beam and giving ship list to starboard. A bear approached the ship and hastily retreated. William Nintman. I just read to you three entries from the log book spanning the early days of the voyage of the USS Jeanette. Two with valuable genealogical notations reflecting the naval careers of several crewmen, the signatures of the officers of the deck maintaining the log, and one notation that provides some context and even some levity in what would become a dire situation. Three days after that last entry that I read, the USS Jeanette would become trapped in ice, would be trapped in ice for the next 21 months, drifting past the islands off the coast of the northern Siberia. Now I've been very fortunate of late to be working on several projects relating to Navy deck logs. There we go. It can be a rich source of drama as well as great genealogical information as the logs of the USS Jeanette attest. But in order to delve into the logs and study one's genealogy, one must first know the ship that he or she and later she served on and also the time frame in which he and she served on the ship. And this can be found in several ways. First, researching naval personnel. First place to start is the official military personnel file. Where's our... So in 18... the official military personnel files that are located in St. Louis for naval personnel enlisted crew members start in 1885 and the files for officers start in 1903. Prior to this time frame, other sources of information can be found in Navy pension files, which are now available through our partnership with Fold3.com. Also research into muster roles, mostly for enlisted men, as well as for officers on microfilm publications M330 and M1328. Those are abstracts of officers' services for the U.S. Navy. And those are wonderful places where you can go to find information about those who served in the Navy, what ships they served on, as a starting point. But after you have done some research and you know what vessels your subject of study has served on and the time frames, then it's time to delve into the logs and see what you can find. Here at Archives One in Washington, D.C., two main sources of log books are firstly the logs and journals kept by U.S. and officers in RG45. This is a relatively small collection of 250 volumes or so that are some of the more important log books that were used by the Naval Records and Library. However, the bulk of our log books is found in Record Group 24 and Entry 118. Logs of the U.S. Naval Ships and Stations, 1801 to 1940, are located in this building. Navy deck logs after 1940 are located in our facility in College Park at Archives Two. Okay. Now I'd like to give a moment and talk about the origin of the term of log book. What you see on the screen is a device called the chip log in the left-hand corner. It's the chip log tied with a log line. This was a tool that was invented in the late 16th century for measuring the speed of a vessel, which was necessary information for navigating an open ocean. And how the device works was that you would throw the chip log, the crewman of the vessel, would throw the chip log overboard in the aft of the ship and count the knots that were made in the log line. And every 42 feet, there was another knot. And so for during the passage of a certain amount of time, the crewman would count the number of knots that passed by, and that would be the speed of the ship. And so that is the origin of the term of the nautical speed or knots. And then after that, a few calculations, that number would be written down into a book, which was known as the log book. And so this was the speed of the vessel that was kept track of. And with the log books that I worked with, that speed was kept on an hourly basis throughout the day. All right. Okay. So in the holdings here at Archives 1, there are basically three eras or time frames of log books for the US Navy. 1798 to 1815 is 1850. That time frame has a wide variety of information that's available in the logs. But as time goes on, the log books become more standardized. More detailed information about the crew members are available, such as in the 1860s to 1915, with the establishment of the Bureau of Navigation in the 1860s. More information is included about the service of crewmen, as well as the list of officers as found in the beginning of the log book. And then from the period 1916 up through the 1980s, it's a pretty standard format for the log books with increasing amount of information about the crew members. Save for wartime in World War II where there's less information in detail, but outside of wartime you can find more information generally. Now, if you know the vessels that your subject served, the least information that a log book can provide is twofold. The locations of the voyages that your ancestor sailed to and some of a little bit of the experiences that they had in those ports. And then also the naval mission in which your ancestor was playing a part, whether that was protecting commercial shipping around the world, whether it was part of a military campaign in the War of 1812 or the Mexican War, scientific expeditions such as the exploration expedition of 1838 that reportedly discovered Antarctica and explored several island chains in the Pacific, including diplomatic missions such as Perry's opening of Japan or slave interdiction off the coast of Africa or blockade squadron duty off the Confederate coast during the Civil War. All these important roles in U.S. history are researchable through the logs and vessels that conducted these missions. All right, so now early logs generally provide just this, the locations and some context of the mission that the vessel was involved with. And here, as an example, is a deck log page for the USS Constitution dated August 20th of 1812. Described in these pages is the battle with HMS Guerrier during the War of 1812 and in addition to the dramatic battle description, it includes more typical information including weather, water depth, exercises conducted by the crew, vessel sighted and also typical genealogical nuggets include some disciplinary actions against the crew and in the case of this page, it also gives the injuries of many crew members as a result of the battle with HMS Guerrier as well as who received the prize for the capture of the vessel. As time goes on, more information about individuals and crew members can be found in the pages of the deck logs. During Civil War, Congress authorized the establishment of what would become the Bureau of Navigation and logbooks that increasingly standardized to include lists of officers in the front of the logbook. And more information about the officers and enlisted men can be found on the entries inside. Here we have an example of the page of the USS Jamestown from October of 1867, a station in Sitka, Alaska. The vessel was there to oversee the transfer of authority of Alaska from Russia to the United States. And I'll read a section from the logbook. As you can see at home, it's in the fourth paragraph, the rather larger paragraph. USS Jamestown, meridian to 4 p.m. cloudy weather and light airs from north and east. John C. Stevens to land troops at 3 hours 30. The Russian flag was hauled down from the government house. Fifteen minutes later, the U.S. flag was hoisted. U.S. steamer Ossapy saluted both flags. Surgeon D. Bloodgood reported for duty this day, signed a Fairbanks mate. So in this short entry, one can see mention of three members of her crew who were witnesses to this historic event. Fast-forwarding on. Now to the more, the later logbooks that are in our holdings from 1916 and later to 1940. I took the opportunity in my own private time to research some entries of the service of my great-uncle, Thomas C. Green. I didn't have a lot of information when I first started. I knew that he graduated from the Naval Academy in 1927. I knew that he served on several ships, and I knew some of their names, as you can see on the screen. I knew that he ended his career also in 1947. Now when I started my research back in 2006, I attempted to write to St. Louis to get a service record. However, this fell within the 62-year rule, so I had to wait a few more years before I could get that file. But luckily, I had enough information that I could trace much of his career through the logbooks in our holdings. So here, and I'll just make a quick statement that all the blue markings are mine, and they're only digital. They are not on any original paper, so there's no defacing of any of our documents. And it does look like my five-year-old son might have circled them himself, but that's my own PowerPoint skill set that you see right there. But we see that he served on the USS California. You can see this is the first page of the logbook. You see the commander. You can also see that it was the flagship to the U.S. battle fleet, and you see the timeframe and that it was in San Francisco Bay. Now, all of these logbooks have a list of the officers in the front of the logbook. Here, we can see the entry for my great-uncle, T.C. Green. He came on as an ensign. You can see his rank. And then he reported for duty 26th of August, 1927, and he was a junior officer with the W Division. And so this was his first entry onto a ship after graduating from the academy as a junior officer. And so seeing from that page that he reported for duty August 26th, I could go forward to the logbook for August 26th and find his name in this paragraph, rather large paragraph in the middle. And I wanted to take a moment to read you some of that paragraph just to give you an idea of all the genealogical information that one can find. So if you'll bear with me. Eight to 12, anchored as before. Eight hundred, the USS Reno underway and standing out. Eight 20, published the deck courts of the following name men. Bevan's L, private, USMC, offense, away without leave. Specifications approved by plea and sentenced to lose 70 cents per month of his pay for a period of one month. Approved August 25th, 1927. Gordaniar B, seaman, second class, offense, AOL. Specification approved by plea and sentenced to lose $1.20 per month of his pay for the period of one month. Approved August 25th, 1927. 845, young, C.N. Reported a board for duty from USS Reno. Nine hundred, Ensign, J.B. Stefaniek, USN detached from his ship for duty on board the USS Chalmont. Mustard on station following absence. Gregory TM, Morgan J. McKechnie, H.B., Goosey, D.R., Sewell, D.M., Murley, J.G., Gallatin, G.W., Morrison, J.C., Cantz, J., Dueling, F.X., were mustered on station and were the absentees for the day. At 10.07, USS Algorma came aside. At 10.10, Algorma shoved off from alongside the lighter, Y.E.35, held daily inspection of magazines, conditions normal. Following name men were reported on board from the recruiting ship, San Francisco, for assignment by the Commander-in-Chief, Battlefleet. Akina N., Machinist attendant, first class. Baltonado N., Machinist attendant, first class. Daldato D., and Barracuatro R., Machinist attendant, first class. Following name men were reported on board for duty aboard the recruiting ship, San Francisco, Diversion J., musician second class, Ensign Dorch, Ensign Cooper, Ensign Bennett, Ensign Kahn, Ensign Leahy, Gassie, Smith, Zollars, Nicholson, Outer Bridge, Green, Stanley, Bowling, Beasley, Hickox, Zahn, Hardison, Donahoe, Bailey, reported for duty. 1155 USS Navigator came alongside with lighter, Y.C.269, signed G.F. DeGrov. Now if any of you are still awake, I counted 40 names in that one paragraph alone, with mentions to debt courts with being away without leave, changes in pay, reporting for duty, being transferred elsewhere. And so these are the kinds of nuggets that you can find in the logbooks that allow you to track one's career. All right, so moving along. And I can continue to track his career. Here's the logbook for USS California, the first page. And there he is again in the list of officers. And I have circled again, T.C. Green, Ensign, reported for duty, 26th of August, 1927. Here it's shown that he's being transferred to the Naval Air Station in San Diego for December 2nd, 1927, where he would spend the next two months. Later on in his career, he served on the USS Pittsburgh. There he is again, T.C. Green, Ensign, with reporting for duty in December of 1929. Here we are, the USS Manley with the list of officers, T.C. Green. Now he's been promoted to Lieutenant J.G. Date of report of duty on this ship was August of 1931 and he's the communications officer. And here we are, another entry in the USS Manley. More it is before, 930 held quarters for the muster. And on that last line at 1008, Lieutenant J.G., Thomas C. Green, U.S. Navy reported on duty for duty from the USS Pittsburgh. So you can see transfers, you can see promotions and a lot of things. This was the most exciting, I think, to me, was that while he was aboard the USS Manley, he had turns being the officer of the deck and entering the information into the logbook himself. And so I got to see his signature and see the exact paper that he signed with his own hand, which was quite a thrill. And here we are again with the USS Erie. We're on in his career. Let me take a pause here. So here is the first logbook page for the USS Erie. And studying the USS Erie, I learned that it was part of the special squadron in the late 1930s. And it was conducting drills and training maneuvers with submarines and other vessels that would, for maneuvers that would be used later in World War II. So just from this page, in a little bit of research, I was able to find out what kind of role my uncle would play in World War II and how he helped to prepare. In 1939, he transfers to the Naval Academy, where he teaches for two years. And for me in this building, my trail ends, here he is. He shows up again in the list of officers for the logbook. He's a Lieutenant JJ. He's a gunnery officer, second division officer, education officer, watch officer. He was a busy guy. And before I took on this project, if someone had asked me if I had ever seen a photograph in a logbook, the answer would have been no. In my 10 years of working with Navy Records, that had been the case until I took on this project. And you never know what you're going to find until you start looking. And in the first pages of the USS Erie, I found reports of the commissioning of the ship, which happened in 1936. And here actually is a vessel, a photograph of the vessel during its commissioning. And you can see in the back of the vessel that there is a canopy in the back, right in the back of the vessel right here. And that was to protect the people from the sun or the weather during the commissioning ceremony. And so these are the days before in preparation for its commissioning. The next page, which I did not include in my presentation, because it was very fuzzy and did not look good. But it was actually a photograph of the commanding officer with a number of officers behind him as he was addressing the commissioning ceremony. And so I'm on the hunt to see if I can find out which one of the officers standing behind him might be my uncle standing behind the officer giving the commissioning speech. Okay. Now, one question that is always asked of me after I talk about some logbooks is do I have to come to the Washington area in order to see the logbooks? And thankfully the answer to that question increasingly is no. Thankfully, due to a collaboration with our friends at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, we are working together to digitize logbooks of the U.S. Navy and the Coast Guard and posting them online. So let me talk about that for a minute. Some of those images that are going up online include U.S. Revenue Cutter Bayer. Here you can see a typical page, a left-hand side that shows the weather, that is the weather recordings that I talked about. Here you have the hours of the day and then the knots and the fathoms. And here are the weather notations here for the air temperature, the water temperature, the barometric pressure. And then again, this is the afternoon data that was taken for the weather. And here is the use of coal and other kinds of information here. And on the right-hand side, we have the operations page. And so you have the entries in our blocks from midnight 4 a.m., 4 to 8, et cetera. And then you have the signatures of the officers who are on deck making the entries. And so included... So I'm going to take a quick jaunt here. Talk about our partnership with National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Two years ago, I received a call from my now colleague, Kevin Wood, who works for NOAA. And he called with an idea asking if we could collaborate on digitally imaging the logbooks for the U.S. Navy and Coast Guard so that they could take the images and post them online at this website that I'm showing you now called oldweather.org, where citizen scientists across the planet, about 10,000 of them, are reading the pages that we're digitizing here in this facility and having them post them on their website so that these 10,000 people can transcribe the weather data of the Navy and Coast Guard deck logs so that they can run weather reanalysis and understand weather patterns going back to the 1840s and 50s all the way up to our holdings up into the late 1970s. So that was a very exciting project that these logbooks that are generally used for historical and genealogical study could also be used for current scientific study as well. So we left it the opportunity. And as you can see, the logbook pages of these vessels scroll past. Here's USS Yorktown. There's USS Vicksburg. They're going up on these pages and people around the world are transcribing them to make it into data that NOAA can use. And on our end, after they have posted the logbook pages on their site, we are able to post them on our website. So here we go. If we come to our website, www.archives.gov, we can click on Research Our Records. Then we can click Online Catalog. And yeah, I'll give feedback later. And if we type in Navy deck logs. Got that right? Keep our fingers crossed. There we are. Then we come to this page and... Hmm. Bear with me. I'm sorry. You don't want to type in Navy deck logs. It's Navy logbooks. I apologize. So type in Navy logbooks into the search engine. And you'll come up with, in the second box where it says 84 descriptions, logbooks of the US Navy ships, 1801 to 1940. And you can scroll down here. Details. Includes 208 files described in the catalog. Click on that. You can come to View All Online Holdings. There we go. And so now we can see some of the examples of the logbooks that I talked about during my talk. Here we have the USS Jamestown, who was present at the transfer of the Alaska from Russia to the United States. And here is the USS Bear before it was the Revenue Cutter Bear. Arguably the most famous Coast Guard Cutter ship in history. And here we have the logbook pages of the USS Jamet, of which I quoted from earlier. And why don't we take a look at those. So now, visiting our own website, you can delve in and take a look at these very logbook pages. And at home you'll be able to zoom in. In there. So here you can see the weather readings that are taken on the left-hand side. And here you can see the notations that are made on the right-hand side. So I invite you to visit that website and check out those links and view all those web pages for yourself. And that'll conclude my talk. Thank you very much. And I'll be taking questions if there are any. Thank you, Mark. You have several questions. The first one probably is no surprise, but the Archivist of the United States has written in and asks, where would I start looking for the birthplace of the United States Navy? That's a very good question. In that it was a colonial Navy, I would start with the records of local state archives of the place you suspect the Navy was born. Or wherever many of the states outfitted their own smaller naval forces. I want to check with local state archives. Thank you, Mark. The next question, are you digitizing or working with the Marine Corps records, especially those of World War II? There is an effort afoot out at Archives II to digitize. I believe the U.S. Marine Corps muster rolls are available online through our partnership with Ancestry.com. And again, those are available free at any NARA research facility across the country, including presidential libraries. And I believe there is an effort afoot to move ahead with a project on World War II Marine Corps. I'm not privy to all the details. But if you write to inquire at NARA.gov, we should be able to answer that question. Thank you. Are there records available for Bainbridge Navy Training Center? There should be. It depends on the timeframe and let's see, if there is a training center, I was raised myself in Orlando, Florida for which there is the Orlando Naval Training Center at the time when I lived there. And those records would be much more modern in scope. If we had any, they would probably be at Archives II. I don't know when the training center was established. But if it was prior to World War II, then we should have records here. But it also could be at a local facility where the Bainbridge Training Center was built. It could be at the local NARA facility. So you might inquire there as well. Thank you. Do you have the World War II logbook of the DD-510 USS Eaton at College Park? And we probably should invite that reader to send that question to inquire at NARA.gov. That's right. If we do have it, it will be at Archives II. Is there a date range after which the Navy logs and other docks are not available? Well, the closer you get to present day, then more records that are not available here through NARA. They're still under the legal authority of the U.S. Navy. So if there are records that were recently created, then you might want to contact either the records officer or the Navy if it turns out that we don't have the records at Archives II. Thank you. And the next question. Have logbooks of any of the very early submarines been digitized yet? Not to my knowledge. Not in a project that is associated with NARA, but we do have logbooks for early submarines. And if anyone wants to take on a project, we can see what we can do to work with them. And this is our last question. My father served on a landing craft or LCT in World War II. Were there any logbooks or records? That's a very good question. There are some records of that type out at Archives II, but if I remember correctly, there are few. Those are generally small vessels, but I don't want to misspeak and I would have you contact our expert at Archives II who would know much more about World War II's records than I do. If I do know that if it was an LCT that was manned by a Coast Guard crew, then we would have the muster rolls here, because we do have U.S. Coast Guard records here for its creation in 1792, 1980s. So if you know that bit of information, we may have the muster roll here, but if it was not a Coast Guard manned crew, then your best bet is to try Archives II. Thank you, Mark. For those of you who didn't get your question answered or need follow-up, please feel free to write to inquireatnara.gov and those messages go into a bank that then gets sent out to the appropriate archivist and specialist to answer across the Nara Nation. So that concludes this lecture. At 4 o'clock we will be hearing from Marissa Louie. We had a short emergency and Sue Caron is unable to present today, but Marissa Louie will be doing her lecture for her and the title is All the Stories They Tell Chinese Exclusion Act Case Files at the National Archives and Records Administration. See you at 4 o'clock. Thank you.


Hope you are enjoying everything that the touchline is offering you, just from Musa Uchiyono on this foundation Kikooff to hope Kenya, on the way of giving back to society after playing for Kenya, for a very long time. Now we shift gears to athletics because it has been a very big week for athletics in the country and also internationally, hawa mahali para mahali, mahali kwa mahali wada. Kذika, entrepreneurs hila watakwenya na koro yos a congressa hivesi wa mahali hacedo. Kwa isa milinga risu kama mwunga la mwunga? Geni, kwa mahali uga ni siye hati, kwa mahali kwa mwunga lakwenya lakwai kenyia kama mwunga, crackedima and sportjanaist Master Mutwiri Mutwisa. Katia mwunga za NZ2008, Afrikaappedz and also digital content editor at Sportfesa. Kupani, Kawini, Karebu, Sana 2, Wai 2, Kwae 4, Forem mii mwimisha rahita heMarki kama kumisha nisa lulu kuchu mii mwenia kwenina ki mpa wusha nawe kwenisha aini kumisa dahi kuva kutiyiko kufa kuya mwa kusti hisha lulu kutya kwa kutiyiko kutya uro kwa kuja kutya kakunia kwa huna kuja IWF, Kasta, and the South Africa itself because the nation of South Africa fell behind the athlete. At some point she was ordered to take the kind of hormonal treatment now she has been ordered to do now in order to run 800 meters. But the ruling was challenged. So IWF and the Sebastian Co came up with these new rules where they tried to define exactly what are the ratio for somebody completing as a female athlete. And those gender hormonal thresholds to reduce them you have now to take drugs so that you can fill within that threshold in an attempt to level the field. And when the caste ruling came out earlier this week they said yes these rules are discriminatory but they are needed to level the brain field. So if you ask me this whole Kasta Semenya affair it has been one way of the IWF they have been trying to get rid of this problem for over a decade. Because fundamentally she did nothing wrong. She's not the one who entered herself in any race. She was entered first of all by her nation in 2009 at the African Youth Championships. They went on to enter her again into the world championships and since then she has been competing entered by her federation. So in all this affair it's a very sad affair because what IWF is trying to do now is to show us that you can apply the rules based on what is fitting at that particular point in time. For example you are saying that we cannot dope our athletes. We know we have a big problem with doping in this country. But then again you are saying it's a motherly it's allowed to take medicine or to take drugs so that they can reduce their hormones. So it's a very grey area but IWF has not covered itself in glory. Because now the question comes is what kind of president that IWF has set. Because now you are saying that you can take drugs to reduce your hormonal advantage. You can also not take drugs because you are a clean athlete. So what kind of president has this set for the future in athletics? The future of athletics now has gone into a grey area because there's an Indian athlete also who challenge those rules. And cast rule in her favor but she is a sprinter. It means that castor can run between 200 and 400 meters, skip 800 meters and 15 meters and compete from 5000 going above. So what are we trying to do here? Are we targeting her specifically because she is so good in these two distances. She won the Commonwealth gold medals last year at both distances 115. Very likely she was going to double in Doha in September and on the strength of everything she would still dominate the two distances. So what are we trying to say here? These rules have been applied selectively if you ask me. Because if you look at it she has fundamentally done nothing wrong. All she does she wants to do is to compete. But there has been other people who feel like she has an advantage that should be addressed. But this thing should have been addressed from 2009. When the problem came when it was first noticed in Mauritius during the Africa juniors they would have said okay guys please don't enter this athlete. Let us figure out how to deal with these cases. And then we can come back. But she ran in Berlin N1. Meeting Janeth Jebkowsky and Jenny Midos. I want Janeth Jebkowsky was the world champion then. And Jenny Midos from Britain. I was at that press conference after that race. The 2009 Berlin world championship. And the press conference was crazy. Generally thought of the world were asking. They were doubting her agenda first of all. And secondly whether it was unfair. And at that time the person who sat in the city of Semenu would have been sitting was the former EWF Secretary General. And he could not answer these questions. So it is one problem. But I don't think they have cleared the problem.  Because one thing that now the rules apply to 400 meters, 400 meters hurdles, 800 meters and 1500 meters to the one mile. Now what will be the difference when she goes to the 5000 meters? Because now you realize that if she is running the shorter races it's more about her muscle and the strength. But for the 5000 meters, 10,000 meters endurance comes into play. So what kind of technicalities will be looking at when she goes on for these higher races? The technicalities here are very simple. When she won Doha yesterday 800 meters she did a 155. Which is a very good time considering we are still in May. If you put it into perspective it means she said yesterday she was asked are you going to take the hormonal drugs and her answer is very emphatic. Hell no. So it means that for her to defend her title in Doha she has to start a medication when is the next week. And if she hasn't taken that medication it means she is free to run between 100 meters and 400 meters as you stated. And she is free also to compete in anything from 5000 to the marathon. So what we have opened here is a technicality where what is going to happen. If she competes after taking the medication that she was forced to do for 2 years between when she won the Olympics in London and between she became the world title Semenya was not in the top bracket of her sport but now she came back very strongly to win the world title to win another Olympics title to win two common other titles. So what the future holds is right now we cannot say we know. We just have to wait to see what reaction she has said she is not going to take the medicine. So is she going to compete in any other diamond league meeting in 800 meters or 1500 meters or does that mean it is the end of her career. Because that is one option. She tweeted some time last night about something cryptical about her considering quitting the sport. That is one option. She can actually quit the sport and decide to put an end to this matter or let's see whether she is going to step up the distance whether she can train to compete in the oberis of this hall in 5000 meters. Now the thing is the options that they are giving her to go and take into the marathon in other disciplines that they are giving her between 400 and the mile but also they are giving her an option to run with a male candidate. How will that come out to be like? Because can they prove also that the male at the level with which kastasemenias are? They can't prove it. And if you put your question into perspective or look at it in another way would she be allowed to take drugs to maybe laisak or hormonal levels to compete with the best males of this world? So that's what I'm saying. It opens a very, very grey area in the sport because now we have seen at least who are permitted to take drugs to cure a certain condition that they were born with but we are prohibiting drugs to enhance performance. So if some kastasemenia today decides to enter the 800 meters and compete with Akina Rudisha and Akina Fagasono teaches of this world and the Imano Koril will she now apply to take some drugs to enhance because her levels are considered not eligible to compete as a female in certain distances not compete as a female per se but in certain distances. So the same ratio does not fit if she decides today let me take on Akina David Rudisha. The 800 meters. So it is quite a decision that to be honest to me it doesn't make any sense. It is fundamentally wrong although it has been taken by the highest court in the sports and it is not practicable because it seems it's targeting one athlete and that is kastasemenia. Can she win the appeal? What might happen in that appeal? Well I think the court of application for sport is the very last option for her because when the IWF moved this through the IWF appeals board they referred the matter to the CAS so after the CAS now it means we have drawn a line under that matter but the questions still remain. So it is going to be very interesting to see what happens in the next few weeks and months if she decides to quit the sport or whether she decides to step up but one thing we know according to what she said last night is that she is not going to take any treatment meaning she can't be eligible to defend her title in Doha. Now let's move away from kastasemenia a little bit and talk about IWF and the sports and actually targeting African athletes. I might be wrong but I think there was a time when it came out that the Diamond League also and IWF wanted to scrap off the 5,000 meters and the 10,000 meters because these are events that are majorly dominated by Africans and more so Kenyans, Ethiopians. Is this something that is now coming out and to open that these are clandestine meetings which they are having to target African athletes? Well, former Olympic champion and world record meter, Italian meter record holder Sebastian Kovan he took over IWF in 2016 he had four pillars of reform one was the anti-doping and dealing with issues like semenia the other one was to make the sport appeal more to a younger audience because they were struggling to sell events they also struggling to attract the so called the young audience right now that we have the one that is so savvy on technology and social media and stuff the other pillar was integrating the sport and financial management and therefore was trying to model the sport to make it more exciting to a wider audience so one of the things we have to know is that since then the measures coming from Monaco since landed again is to what Africans are good at so what are we good at distance races on the track right? or let's say midro to long distance where there is no more competition from the Europeans and from the Asians to understand this more the sport of athletics there are three regions in the world that drive it commercially one is the Americans the second is Europe and then we have the Asia and a bit of Oceania so as Africans we provide talent to the athletics table but we don't provide the resources so that is why you see all these steps are coming from Monaco there seems slanted agnist events that Africans participating after some outcry except even from the people who have done so well in the sport people like Heile people like Elio people like you name them from Africa Isham Elgeruj and all that they said wiping out distance races from the track is detrimental in two ways one you are killing the whole idea of progression in athletics most people they should progress through the distances from 800, 1500, 5000, 10,000 to the marathon and that is why Elio is doing so well if you want to know why is because he started his career at 1500 he went to the 5000 he did a few 10,000 races to the half marathon to where he is right now you notice those athletes who go straight to the roads they are very young they do not stay for too many years you see somebody is around for 2-3 good years then that's it so there is that natural progression you are killing it secondly you are trying to punish athletes for excellence because Kenyans and Ethiopians win almost all the time in the 5000 10,000 meter races you are punishing them for being good at doing something yet you never punish the Jamaicans and Americans for being good in the sprints except when there was Mofara and Mofara was winning everything we never had these things of finishing the 5000 and 10,000 in the diamond league in fact they were even having events to add the 5000 and 10,000 for more to come and running and we are now here in him also saying he refused a chance to run for Britain in the marathon he also came back to the 10,000 meters after some protest IWF clarified because they did not say we are bound to pressure they said we have cried if I didn't say that we are going to have these races continuing but we are not going to see them on TV which again this is another question if I am running because I have a shoe contractor have a kit contractor watch contract and all that and I am not being seen on TV then why am I going to run if the only thing I am going to run for is the prize money which if you ask people who do this sport they tell you the prize money is not that much they make money from so we can say that loosely IWF they are making they are putting policies and measures that seem to be choking the African sport wow satafon let's move away from most of the negative parts and come back home here where we are dominating yesterday you were watching there the diamond league that is happening in Daw and one event that we dominated was the 1500 meters man how good were we in that race all the 7 of Kenyans went on to win it it is a very good thing that if you look at the 1500 meters the world title it has been held by a Kenyan since 2011 it has not left this country since 2011 as well as it is 2011 13 and 15 Manangwe took over in 15 one thing about Kenyan athletics over the years what I have noticed is that there is always something we call the copycat effect where if we are doing very well in a discipline you will find so many good runners in that discipline because the beauty about our athletics is whenever somebody wins they inspire a whole generation they inspire a whole for example 800 meters was dead since Birikonchela since the days of Birikonchela until Rudisha came now from Rudisha we have seen a few good 800 meters come Birikonchela, Saruni, Rotich so there is hope in 800 meters as we started doing well in 1500 meters you can see now we have said a very good deep of talent including George Manangwe's brother the two brothers he finished 7th the brother finished first so we can see we have good hope in that and when you look at even the women's reason the minute Birikonchela started beating the Ethiopians we now saw people like Fateshengia teach so this guy the beauty about our athletics is that there is that pooling of talent if we see good Maradona somebody says the records when you look at people started opening the Maradona from tears for Kenyans now we have there you keep jogging you have so many good Maradona runners around so it's one thing that shows that as long as these guys are winning they will always attract new talent to those disciplines and that is what you can see in Doha apart from Obiru you had Birikonchela you had so many other good people in midu to long track distances so the outlook for Doha if this translates to September if Obiru can do an 825 right now and it's very early in May if Manangwe can do an 132 in May it means that by the time it gets to the world championships you are expecting people like Manangwe to be in the region of 337 people like Obiru will be somewhere will be somewhere very near to close to the world record or to the championship record so the start is positive and you can only hope for better Major Ramos is killing us in 800 meters it is his time now that Rudisha is not racing well, Major Ramos is the second fastest run in history of course behind Rudisha in that final of 2012 London if we look at it this way Imanokori is a very good athlete but he is still evolving he needs to know how to win races because what Ramos has perfected over the years is how to win races of course when Rudisha was around he was always trying to look for the second for second until when he beat him in the Kono Manodin 2014 but what we need to do is that 800 meters run we have very good talent not even Korean himself we even have people like Saruni Fagason is still around Bette is still there so what they need to do is to learn how to plan the races tactically because 800 is one of the most technical races in athletics because it is very short yet very long there is no time to plan tactics if you get it wrong once because you don't have time to recover maybe in 1500 you can run from the back and catch people on the homestretch and so on and so forth so what we need to do is that our runners need to sit down and analyze races there is one thing Rudisha always kept telling me look and know your distance know your race know what is 800 meters how many splits do you have you have 200 meters, 400 meters, 600 meters then 800 meters train and plan how to run across all of them but this is a field that is open apart from almost we have people from Ethiopia we have guys from Morocco we have guys from ... 800 meters 800 meters is like a school you need to sit in wrap conditions and analyze how am I going to run this and maybe that's what Korean needs to work on because we know he has the talent he has the speed he just needs to work on the tactics and know when you want to bite Niger what do you do do you get out very fast or do you close in very fast so depending on how you analyze and analyzing the split times and I think but I know that we can push him right now he looks like he's on top but he's one guy I know that we can beat wow big conversation there when it comes to athletics where Muthiru Muthuota very good athletics journalist here in Kenya but also the greatest marathoner in the world Heliwood Kipchoga we have seen him race by race and up to where he is at the moment will there be anyone come closer to where Heliwood Kipchoga is right now in the current generation I don't think so the only thing is that Heliwood has done for the marathon sport first of all he picked up from where Wanjilo left somewhere he was the first athlete to change the course of marathon running because before Wanjilo happened especially that race in Beijing 2008 I would advise people if you have not watched just go to YouTube and look for it the rules of the marathon start conservatively then finish strongly because the distance is too big for you to attack from the off but in 2008 Wanjilo changed the rules of marathon running he proved that with the training you can actually run quickly for 42 kilometers .195 for example in London with the two Ethiopians in the 40th kilometer Heliwood did the 40th kilometer in 4 minutes and 26 seconds for somebody who has run for 39 kilometers to then again cover the 40th kilometer in 4 minutes and 26 seconds that was absolutely insane that was madness so the thing is Wanjilo and now Heliwood Heliwood has shown that there is no limit to the human abilities and even when he ran in Monza 2 hours 0025 in that formula and track he said there is no limit to the what a human can do his analysis is going back to Berlin to try and run a faster time than what he ran and few doubt against it is because like he told me sometime back he has become a good student of the marathon analyze what he did what he did last time when he went wrong and work on it on training because there is nothing that is actually one on race day everything is one on training those three months that you train for a marathon that is where everything is done for example if it is the workouts for example he ran 2 that is 7 that is 8 in London if he was to go back and break the course record in 2020 he will go through all the splits and go back to training and see here do I push myself a bit do I increase so I think what Elioda has done to the marathon world is to leave a template for anyone else who wants to follow has to work in sometime back Haile and Terigat were considered the great marathoners of their time they were asked whether running beyond 2 hours was possible and I remember Haile said it is impossible to be in sanity but the way Elioda is doing it it's very possible maybe he might not be the one to achieve it but someone can but he has left a template for people to sit down and study because everything in sport there is a lot of science it's not just waking up and deciding I want to run you must train yourself you must know your body you must fit your body to the conditions you must know the conditions of where you are running the weather conditions must be right because you can see what happened to him in Bialinos it in 2016 I think when the insor of the shoe came out he was on course to run a record but such things so every variable must be right and you do the right timing and you know that you are not just running against the clock there are also other runners who are very good and big champions also so you have to beat a very good field you have to be at the best of your conditions and the conditions themselves from your shoe to everything must be right but I believe that wherever LUD is right now he is untouchable but I think the biggest thing he has contributed to the sport is he has now given us a manual to run the marathon big one there for LUD lastly our team is going to the Yokohama Japan world relays which gold medals will you be expecting will we improve from our performance or from the Bahamas I think when it comes to the little team we have not yet found a good team that is capable of winning let's say the best performer was about the first edition when we won three good medals I think the second edition we did not fare very well I think we have not yet grabbed the concept of this really or there is some because it is happening too very early in the outdoor season and most of our athletes are conditioned to look for medals in the world championship because that is where they know if you are a world champion for the next two years you will get good appearance fees and all that so I think that you have not entirely embraced the concept of the relays but the team but you cannot put anything away from the Kenyan team so I think maybe we will can expect at most one or two gold medals I can not let you go without talking about your favourites English Premier League team how you feel how you feel your team is so far with the new coach and everything as you know the season has a mixed bag has been a mixed bag but to be honest even the most optimistic as an old fund did not expect they would be in this position at this particular point in the season which position are you talking about we are talking about with one foot in the finals of the Europa League last season at a time like this it was all over when Atletico came and beat them one nil at the Emirates and also in a position to challenge for the top four of course losing nine points was not ideal from a good position but with two games to go they are still in it with Chelsea, Manchester United and Tottenham as well so if you would have asked any optimistic as an old fund we will be here at this particular point of the season they also would have been unknown because for the last four seasons and Asen Wenga the club was in decline there were very few players of quality you can compare with the Asen old team that was beating everyone so at this point Una has done very well we are just hoping that when it comes to the close season Mr. Kronka will open his pastings and will fortify their sides because we cannot understand why people like Mustafa call themselves professional footballers people like we also have Mavropos and so many other defenders yes they are good players we are not refusing but they are not the class of the kind of a team that Asen old could be expecting at Maninator at the moment you find that the club has got players who are good but not the class of the team that was there before as we see Manchester City and Liverpool and Tottenham to some extent are running away with it so we can say that it's not been it's not been good it's not been bad for Asen old whatever we can get now we can take it if it's top 4 or 5 if it's the Europa League trophy but you love the consistency in that now the team is growing step by step consistency has been a problem because they had gone there's a time they went to 22 games and beaten then they started losing games right now they had a very good home record I think winning the last 10 but the last 3 have not come out to be like that Christo Paris came and shocked them so they have still not yet become a consistency like what we can see from Liverpool Man City and Tottenham like even when you have a blip it's not for so long because losing 3 games in a row if you add 9 points to their talent today they will be up in that so those are what you are talking about so there is this likelihood they can take their chance and there is this likelihood also they can miss it all so that's what I'm saying it's been a mixed season who do you predict to win the Champions League? at this moment you don't see an outside Barcelona because for one thing they have been there before of the remaining clubs Liverpool lost the final last year the last time the Liverpool one was in 2005 and most of those players have moved on they have since moved on from the team so sometimes it's all about the experience being there and knowing Barcelona they were there I think 3 years ago with most of the count and squad they were there with the message of these old booskets we have people like what is this in Suarez others guys were there so they know when it comes what to do at the business end of the season I ask it's been what 20 what years since the last since 1995 there's a last time they got 96 in 96 that's when they have been reaching in a position to reach the final Tottenham I've never gone this far so we can say that among them Barcelona have the know-how how to win this trophy and sometimes that's what makes the difference because talent wise you can't get to the semifinal if your team is not talented they have beaten very good teams along the way we have Man City, Rout eventas Bayan Munich they have actually not lost any much so we can see that at the start of the season Messi told and he rarely speaks but he told the crowd at Kampunu this is only going to get this so there is that also single focus single minded focus amongst a group of players that leads them to the trophy but then again this is football crazy things have happened but if you ask me the money is on Barcelona well thanks a lot Mutuiru Mutuota really appreciate having you here to talk to us on all matters athletics that is Mutuiru Mutuota the digital content editor at Sport Pesa that's it for us here on this interview when we come back for now we'll be looking at an nostalgic feel of Eliud Kipchoke and all the marathon he has run in because he has run in 13 marathons and he has won 12 of them only losing one marathon how good is Eliud Kipchoke plus some other highlights from the UFA Champions League and the Europa League when we come back we'll be talking all matters fan zone


Siding with the U.S. Empire is always wrong. Notes from the edge of the narrative matrix. If you get the feeling that all this Ukraine flag-waving is one more vapid mainstream propaganda initiative used to manufacture consent for an agenda that has nothing to do with what you're being told, it's because that is exactly what is happening.  It's nuts that there are still grown adults who think Putin invaded Ukraine for no other reason than because he is evil and hates freedom. Focus less on the Azov battalion and more on the fact that the U.S. deliberately provoked this war with the goal of toppling Moscow and is threatening all our lives with increasingly reckless breakmanship against a nuclear superpower. People who promote a U.S. NATO war with Russia are more dangerous and depraved than racists, homophobes, transphobes, and anti-Semites, and they should be treated accordingly. They are the most dangerous extremists on Earth. This should be completely uncontroversial and obvious to literally everyone. More Americans know Marge Simpson's sister's favorite TV show, then know their government is waging a deliberately provoked and profoundly dangerous proxy war against a nuclear superpower. This is because mainstream Western media, all of it, is propaganda.  If you're on the side of the U.S. Empire on any issue, you are on the wrong side. This doesn't mean the other side is always necessarily in the right. It just means a globe-spanning empire that's held together by lies, murder, and tyranny will always be in the wrong. Yes, it is that simple.  Twitter is nature's way of dispelling the common misconception that liberals are smart. If I was the world's biggest narcissist, I'd probably try to become the richest person on Earth and do everything I can to make sure everyone's always talking about me and convince everyone I'm going to save the world with my technology so I get a weird cult to worship me. Twitter being biased in favor of one nation's government is vastly more consequential than Twitter being biased in favor of one U.S. political party. So far, we're only seeing emphasis on the latter, indicating that Twitter will continue functioning as a U.S. propaganda censorship apparatus. It should probably get more attention that it's effectively impossible to have any kind of major media company in the U.S. and not have it be absorbed into the U.S. propaganda machine. The Assange case is very simple. The most powerful government in the world is trying to criminalize journalism about its nefarious behavior anywhere in the world. You can sum it up in a breath. It is only narrative spin and smears that makes it seem like a big complicated thing. Empires haven't disappeared as the world grows more conscious of the evils of empire. They've just gotten sneakier and bitchier. They used to just nail you to a piece of wood in public if you defied them. Now they've got to go through this whole deceitful lawfare process just to kill one journalist. Empires used to just openly conquer foreign territories because they want to own them. Then it became about civilizing them. Now they pretend it's about freedom and democracy, and they don't even make you change your flag to theirs. Empires used to exterminate entire towns who dared to disobey them. Now they have to launch these giant bitchy propaganda operations to psychologically manipulate populations into hating their enemies. Empires are just really sneaky, bitchy, gossipy, backstabby versions of what they've always been. They're just as oppressive and violent, but the fact that there are more eyes on their behavior now means they have to be so much more manipulative and covert about what they do. The more visible things become, the more hard work and cleverness is required to run an empire. That's why they're working so hard to make things less visible via censorship, propaganda, Silicon Valley algorithm manipulation, and the criminalization of journalism. The biggest mistake you can make is to trust that your leader's actions would seem more sensible and appropriate if you knew what they know and understood what they understand. The wars really are as horrific and pointless as they appear. The escalations in tyranny and exploitation really are as bad as they seem. It's not that you don't understand what you're looking at, it's that you're not a sociopath. Your thoughts and opinions matter. Know how you can tell? Because every single day the world's most powerful people pour an immense amount of wealth and energy into trying to manipulate them. When a loved one is very self-destructive, you can't control their fate. At some point you've just got to let them make their mistakes and hope something in them wakes up before they wind up dead. That's pretty much how you've got to be with the entire human species at this point.