So who here has absolutely no idea what I'm gonna talk about and has never heard of the E1 software defined interface before You know, it exists. Okay It doesn't actually yet, but That's that's the whole point right So there was a previous talk At Osmo con in 2018 where I presented kind of the state of things and here I'm gonna try to focus on what I've been working on and Which is the Like the implementation that that uses an ice 40 FPGA as a basis for the implementation of this so because I just did the Ice 40 before I'm gonna just start with the hardware. So that's the first prototype I'm not really sure if I should actually didn't before but that was based on an abduino board which is a UP 5k development board which has horrible horrible layout and is pretty much non-functional until You beef up the ground connection so that there isn't ground Bounds around and then you add decoupling capacitors and some kind of stuff. That's just to get it working and Then that's the mess of wires with my different attempts at doing an E1 Phi I made a new board Which is this one And it's meant to plug into the ice breaker that I Mentioned before so it has a dual PMOD connector And this in this includes this that's the clock part So it's a 30.72 megahertz clock Because that's pretty much the only clock if you divide it by 15 you get 2.0 48 41 and I don't remember the exact ratio, but you can actually multiply it with the ice 40 PLL Into 48 megahertz for USB and so you have a both clock from a one crystal That's the USB interface. It's really just direct connection to the FPGA pins. You just have like the series resistor for I'm not sure why but impedance matching. I'm gonna say That's the E1 Phi that uses only FPGA Ios That's the way it works so I'm still using Obviously a transformer. I tried doing without the transformer But using only capacitive coupling couldn't make it work like I can make either ticks or Eric's work But when you have both you have too much common more in common mode noise leaking from one to the other and that doesn't work So, okay, I actually have to use a transformer Technically only need a transformer on one of the two side either Eric's or takes it doesn't make sense because they don't sell half a transformer Yeah, right So the transmit side is very simple, it's basically two resistors and you just send a person one or the other So you're gonna have zero The three volts divided by the impedance or whatever and see if you use a one Right, yeah, so the the physical layer link of On E1 is you get positive pulse or negative pulse when it's a one and you have no pulse when it's zero That's the kind of levels that you would find of the line So you get a positive voltage a negative voltage or nothing And then you have a bunch of encoding to transform your bits into those pulse So that you don't get too many runs of zeros because you would lose low synchronization. And so there is bit stuffing. No, sorry No, it's not bit stuffing. It's something else or whatever there you young It's called HDB 3 encoding And so you get positive negative pulses and that's what that's basically what you need to detect either a positive pulse a negative pulse or no pulse That's kind of a trinary encoding and so here if you Toggle that IO and not this IO you get a positive pulse if you do the opposite you get a negative Negative pulse and if you don't do anything well, you don't get many pulse And so yeah takes is very easy Detecting on the Eric side is much more complicated This takes more components That's just the termination resistor like the nominal impedance of the line is one on 120 ohm. So you put a 120 ohm resistor there to terminate the line and then you need to detect Pulse is that go up or pulses that go down now this circuit is made to be entirely symmetrical That's actually pretty important because if you load one side more than the other you get asymmetries and stuff like that And so this is this has been designed to be as symmetrical as possible to get the Best possible Signal integrity and detection. I tried an asymmetric one It works more or less, but this provides better result with I think It takes like a two more capacitors and two more resistors, which is it really doesn't matter So the general idea is that you again use the FPGA differential IO as comparators and You pre-biased them to be off which means so all the P bias here are slightly lowered and negative bias So basically I'm biasing this at zero point 33 Times the Vcc so like 1.1 volts I bias this sorry this is biased sorry at a 1.1 volt this is biased at 2.2 volts, which means that by default all the comparators are off and then when a pulse Arrives in one direction or the other it will push Both IO in one direction or the other so if you look you know if you have a positive pulse it will turn The comparator more off for one of them and actually turn it off turn it on for the other I mean, yeah, if you if you look at the connection it makes sense I am not sure how to explain it, but basically yeah when you get a pulse you you just Change that bias point enough so that in in one of the case it turns it on and on the other what it Plays it in the wrong direction, which means it's already off.  Okay, right All the bias voltage in this test board they're programmable So I use a again presents the modulation was just less filtering to generate them But really if what I found You can generate them with just a resistor divider and that's that's gonna be fine That's what I'm gonna do and the final hardware version Yeah, I mean it's I wanted to test to run a like long-term Bit error rate measurements with different bias level to see exactly how much That influenced the bit error rate basically Because if if your bias is too great, then your pulse, of course, they don't Your pulse is not good enough to overcome the bias But if it's too small It will actually detect purse that aren't there. So, yeah So that's for the Hardware interface to the FPGA. So now what exactly is in that FPGA? well Obviously, I put the it's a you want to USB. So There's a E1 core and there's a USB core in there but coding everything in very log in a like in hardware Description language would be inflexible and not so software defined as a real good say And so the general architecture is that inside the FPGA I I created a custom system of on chip which has a risk 5 soft core That's you know executing a software like you would find on the at me or whatever And it just has a dedicated peripherals to accomplish this goal. And so those peripheral would be The USB core itself Which I presented before and the E1 Peripheral That does all the physical interfacing as well as all the E1 framing and D framing and it can Receive and transmits E1 multi-frames So if wait, I should have put a diagram of an E1 Give me a second Okay, so that's an E. That's what an E1 frame looks like up more or less. There's actually a bug about whatever You won't notice it If anybody can point me the bug in there Anyway, that's what an E1 frame looks like so you have a 32 time slots each of those queries is one bit, right? So if 32 time slots and then you have 16 frames when that's divided into first sub multi-frame and a second sub multi-frames And the sub multi-frames are relevant for the CSE computation basically and so the E1 core in the in that system on chip will take care of finding the alignment of that frame structure into the bit stream and You just tell him Okay, the next multi-frame you receive you write it at this particular address in memory and it will do this and you have a classic you know FIFO of buffer descriptors both for transmit and for receive for transmit instead of finding the frame alignment well, it will actually generate it and Correctly generate all the fixed bits here to provide the remote and with the With the alignment Okay So that's what the E1 coders and it stores all the data into a giant 64k buffer I mean giant in relation to E1. It's it's actually a pretty long buffer you don't have to use all of it of course and to lower the computational load on the on the soft core there is actually a DMA core that can copy data between the E1 buffer and USB transmit and receive buffers, so when you receive a multi-frame you can just Issues a couple of DMA command that copy them in the next USB frame to be transmitted The other peripheral that you find you can control the lead you you can talk to the flash which is useful to implement DFU for instance so that you can actually from USB update both the FPGA bit stream and the Software image that runs on it one interesting feature of the ISO that I forgot to mention is that it has a so-called warm boot and so You can boot by default a safe image and then the fabric itself can tell the configuration logic to go and fetch a new bit stream from the different address in the configuration flash so you can have the same bootloader and then user image that you would find in a in a classic microcontroller and have a safe update path You have a PDM which is again, presidency mediation that controls the bias voltage and Will help for clock tuning because one of the goal of course of this is to provide a stable E1 clock to the Base station because most of them will lock the internal O6 so to the incoming Betrayed of the E1 So yeah, something it's missing currently at the moment is a GPS DO. I didn't have any When I made the board but it's Really simple logic to add to the FPGA and debug you out and then you have The main RAM and the boot RAM that's actually necessary because the So as I said, it has a lot of memory in a single port RAM in one megabits The downside of this is you can't initialize it Which mean it comes and configured once the FPGA is booted That large area of RAM contains random data. It's not even zeroed out or anything Which of course your soft core still needs to boot from something Thankfully the small memory blocks those can be initialized from the bit stream. And so what I'm doing is I'm using two of those Block rams as the boot ROM mapped at the you know address zero and they contain by default a small assembly bootloader that will use the SPI peripheral to go and load the actual application program into the Large memory and then jump to it and then that small memory zone is then used as the stack space for the C run time Yeah, I think that's pretty much it for the other side of things I The software running on this is currently very Basic in the sense that I've got an E1 Test software that implements a loop back So, you know every buffer it receives it just feeds it to the transmit core and I tested that This actually works just fine Which kind of validates the receive and transmit path I Also have Working USB stack and by that I mean something that responds sufficiently good to the control transfer to be enumerated I tested isochronous transfers as well At least the receive Part I didn't test the transmit part, but there's no reason That wouldn't work, but I don't have an actual firmware that Implements what's actually needed to do that. That's something I Was hoping to be done by now, but I had some issues last week that needed debugging and Unlust a bit of time on there, so but I'll be working on that next I Did some work also on the host side of things because you need something to well talk to that dongle and and basically bridge USB to Osmo BSP and C yeah, Osmo BSC and Osmo MGW I think is going to need to talk to that and so both can't talk to the To the USB device So general idea is to have a demon a demon that we call Osmo 1d that's gonna Allow client application to open and close time slots and stuff like that And that's the That's the client API for for that demons is that you You can query different things so you have a interface level or line level and the time slots level and you can query information about them mostly well for interface you can mostly query how many lines it has and Line, I think the only thing you get as a status currently is if it's up or down and then time slots you have different mode HDLC or row mode and When you open all those communication go over unique sockets and so when you call a TS open it actually Enables the time slot and actually start transmitting whatever you send it you Because it's over of unique sockets when you send the packet to open it what you get back is an actual file descriptor Which you can just write your packets to And yeah Yes, I Since it was possible I figured that oh, yeah, so the question was if I was doing a file descriptor passing and and yes The message you get back as the status and if the if the status is okay You actually get a file descriptor through the unique sockets And that file descriptor uses Sockseck packet Yeah, I screwed it with socket pair possibly The protocol is made to be very small and easy it's a few fixed size a structure which you know map one-to-one to the the query and was just in a Provision for a version number if at some point we want to to extend it or all things like that, but Yeah, at the moment it's I mostly implemented the server and client logic and how they talk to each other but there is not actually the Communication to the USB side because what the USB side isn't implemented yet so anyone that wants anyone that wants to help with that or to actually use that API to Go into Libos more abyss to add support for for it in there and in Whatever Osmo MGW uses it does it use also Libos more at the moment It's not supported at all. So you the support for you one needs to be introduced at all for Right, yeah, and That's pretty much what I have so if anybody has any questions so First of all, I think it's amazing how much effort you put into it. It's really it's a very very How can I say I enjoy very much observing it? I would love to do something with it But time is of course always a constraint So the the risk 5 this Pico risk 5 existed in using unmodified so because I think at some point you I did I did cut my own microcontroller also for the ice 40 I didn't mention it because I didn't have time to draw a Diagram for the Internet of it. And so I cut it actually my own 16 bit microcontroller With its own instruction set and compiler assembler and C compiler But because I was under the assumption that the risk 5 would be too big but Through some configuration. I I could reduce the size of the the PyCore V 32 risk 5 and Also managed to clock it fast enough Originally, I wanted to clock all the logic at 48 megahertz Which is just not possible for the PyCore V 32 At the moments, I actually don't meet timing for this But given the huge timing margin I have that I show in the overclocking thing is it was just fine even 20% faster than I I need I needed to I might so here I draw this zone is what's clocked at 48 megahertz, which is only the USB core. I Might actually implement Cross clock So it is that this block crosses clock domain for the wishbone internal bus between 30.72 and 48 I might actually run The sock itself at 24 megahertz to meet timing in the future if if need be but at the moment it works just fine, and I'm kind of hoping the open source tools will evolve enough to Meet timing is that and how much Capacity do you use in the fpga so at the moment? I'm using around 70% of the logic inside the fpga The majority of which is actually taken by the PyCore V 32 the PyCore V 32 basically takes about 1500 Logic elements, and I'm at 3000. So it's like a half the design is that Ideally in the final board, I'd like to put two E1 interfaces Because I have the Ios for it, and I think it would enable some interesting use to have two interfaces like Active sniffer or actively be able to inject the data into one time slot and not the other that kind of stuff that you can Do if you have two interfaces possibly Yeah, thank you


I've been technical diving for the better part of a decade. Something about the ocean and all its unexplored wonder has always drawn me to the deep. An entire uncharted alien world lurks just beneath us, just waiting to reveal its mysteries to those daring enough to take the plunge. I guess you could say that diving is my passion. It has been my entire adult life. Now I can't even bring myself to go near the deep end of the pool without having a panic attack. It all started when one of my best buddies approached me with the idea to go on a little excursion. Todd had a fairly formidable boat that he carved out a living with by engaging in let's just say less than legal activities. Anyway, some reputable character that Todd helps move cargo into the country had told him about a cave several miles off the coast of his own country. Truth be told, no matter how much time I spend on the background of how we found ourselves a hundred feet below sea level, I'll still never understand why or how I agreed to such a misguided idea. It hardly matters now. At 99 feet below sea level, the pressure on your body normally felt by the atmosphere is quadrupled. The sunlight feebly attempts in vain to penetrate the blackness. Darkness rules there and creatures of the dark are all that inhabit it. I checked my depth and air pressure gauges and looked up to see Todd hand singling me to follow him to the mouth of the cave. I flutter kicked silently forward floating just above the seaweed and silt covered ocean floor. Going in as much of the world as my low profile narrow lens mask would let me. When we reached the mouth of the cave, Todd dropped to the floor and clipped his line to a formation near the entrance. This is a very important step in cave diving. That line was our only way back out of the system. I held my lights on my hands while he worked, but my gaze drifted back to the mouth of the cave. The darkness was just as oppressive as always, but there was something strange. I couldn't put my finger on it at the time. The ominous black maw was somehow more intense than it should be. Then I heard it, a low pitched roar from out of the deep. A thunderous echo sounded from so far below. It was a whisper by the time it reached us. It's the strange thing about hearing when you dive that far down. You don't just hear, you feel, you feel it in your chest, in your bones. The noise echoed through me and I felt my stomach drop. We hadn't come this far for nothing though and we dutifully pressed on. Todd held the line and made entrance first and I followed behind my hand trailed along the line as it unfurled. With graceful strokes, we kicked only about 30 to 40 feet into the system before my light caught a silver glint out of the backdrop of darkness and neutral toned rock formations. Todd signaled that he saw it as well and we stopped. Kicking myself over to it, the narrow beam cast itself on the object. The eerie silence was broken only by the soft rhythmic beat of our exiles as we bubbled up to the roof of the tunnel. The glint revealed itself to be a scuba tank half buried in the silt. Many cave divers bring along spare safety rigs. Last thing you want when you're 100 feet down enclosed by a rock ceiling is to run out of air. But who would leave this behind? We clipped it off to our line with the intention of taking it back out with us when we made the return trip. Delving deeper into the system, we came across our first fork. Todd signaled to me. He was asking which way I thought we should go. My light panned back and forth between the two tunnels. It was smothered by the abysmal nothingness no more than 10 feet ahead. The ever present pressure continued to squeeze me like a python coiling around its prey. It was oppressive. I felt a slight current brush the cold dark water across my skin. It came from the left tunnel. I gestured to the left and we continued our exploration. We were 110 feet deep here. Even as an experienced diver, the pressure became taxing. Several kick paces in. Something caught the focused beam of my light. It was unnatural. It stuck out like a sore thumb among the rocky stalagmites within my narrow beam of vision. I gracefully kicked over to it, careful not to stir the silt at the bottom of the cave floor. Once stirred, silt takes a considerable amount of time before settling again. More time than the air tanks afforded us.  Reaching my point of fixation, I settled and focused upon the thing that had caught my eye. Pulling it from its sunken place in the sand, I found it to be a diver's slate. Divers can't communicate verbally underwater. So what can't be signaled through commonly recognized hand motions? Divers will write on a slate and pass to one another. Shining my narrow beam onto its surface, I made out the hastily written words, size, refrigerator, smooth black skin, dolphin-like, but some humanoid features, opposable thumbs, question mark, chilled. I passed the slate to Todd, who read it and after glancing worriedly towards me, tucked it away in his gear pouch. We pressed forward. As we neared the end of the tunnel, the walls began narrowing until they pressed against my shoulders. At one point, it became so narrow that I had to remove my tank and pass it through the opening before trying to slither through myself. For a brief moment, I became stuck. The familiar panic set in. I took several slow breaths to calm myself. Then, I exhaled every bit of air in my lungs and at last managed to become just slender enough to barely push myself through. On the other side of this obstacle, the system opened up.  Shining my light around the perimeter, I noted the horizontal boundaries. Turning my narrow beam down towards what should have been the floor of the chamber, my light was snuffed out by overwhelming blackness. To this day, I have no idea how impossibly deep it could have stretched. I settled down to the bottom of the ledge to peer over the edge. The moment my knees touched the sand, I realized my right knee was landing on something hard, reaching into the sand. I grabbed it and pulled it from its burial place. It was a video camera, clearly a high-end one too. Whoever made it this far before must have wanted to document their expedition. Fumpling with the buttons, I switched it on and positioned my light on the playback screen so I could see the last recorded video. The video started and I recognized the sight of the obstacle we just pressed our way through. The frame reached the end of the ledge we now found ourselves on and then began panning around the room. It's eerie to watch a video underwater, with no sound. It had all the effect of a silent horror film. The deja vu sense I had seeing the surroundings that I was currently in didn't put me at ease. The frame then panned down to the bottom of the cavern and back up from the abyss to rest on the figure of a diver positioned next to the cameraman. Clearly it was the dive buddy of whoever was shooting. The diver in the frame looked toward the camera when suddenly a strange dark figure shot across the frame and out of view. At first, the diver appeared just as he was a moment before. Then he clutched his throat. He clasped both hands to his neck as if he was choking. Then wisps of dark red blood stretched out from around his grip, like malevolent fingers spreading their reach across the dark water. The figure rocketed across the frame again from a new direction and out of sight. The diver's mask and regulator were gone now and so was a large haphazardly torn portion of his face. The camera frame shook in obvious shock as the blood swirled violently, dying the water in view. The still twitching body floated limply forward until the figure rocketed by again and it was gone, dragged down into the black. The frame peered over the ledge until it was smacked violently and the screen turned black. Out of the silent nothingness, a roar exploded into being. Startled, I dropped the camera. To my left, Todd motioned to go back the way we came. Kicking with all my might, I made it back to the narrow passageway and began the arduous task of shoving myself through. Barely getting through the obstacle once again, I turned to help Todd. He passed his tank through to me and I grabbed it. He fit his head, then shoulders through in a panicked hurry. His body filled up the entirety of the passageway and I could see only his head poking out through the rocks. But before he could gain any more ground, his head jerked in a sickening way. Bubbles exploded from his regulator as he screamed in pain. Blood seeped through the opening and began staining the water red. Helplessly, I tried to tug him through. But as I pulled, I felt something pulling back the other way. Todd's regulator flooded the chamber with purged air bubbles as his screams of pain propelled them violently towards the roof of the tunnel.  Horrified, I realized whatever that God-forsaken thing was, it was on the other side. The lifeless corpse of my friend was the only thing barring it from pursuing me. The aquatic roar sounded loudly as more blood poured into my side of the obstacle. I realized this was my chance. It is with shame I admit that I left my friend there, so I'd have time to make my escape. My heart pounded as I swam with all my might to the mouth of the cave system. Foolishly, I made an emergency ascent to the surface, not stopping to decompress.  It's been a month since then. I finally recovered from the bends after spending what felt like forever in a hyperbaric chamber. I can no longer bear the thought of swimming, let alone diving. I can't even explain why. All the proof I had of that wretched thing is buried in that cave with the body of my friend. I couldn't keep this to myself.  So, I'll post this here. Hopefully this will be a warning to all those seeking the mysteries of the deep.


I think what Taylor's talking about now is related to like self-advocacy, which is also a really important part, you know, simply understanding or knowing about like differences or potential miscommunications really does sort of open you up to being able to like advocate for what you want. You know, we watched that video on from the the fourth spot talking about like ego death and things of that nature. I really like that example and I think it does, you know, sometimes feel like you're kind of like a leaf in the wind like you're trying to conform and, you know, it's just not working for you and you having all sorts of stresses around meeting certain expectations and, you know, and I think that you don't really have sort of the language or the terminology or the the awareness of your differences in order to like advocate for yourself in particular circumstances very much like feel like you're a kind of a boat on the ocean being like thrown all sorts of different directions, you don't really like have control of your end ship because you don't know how to like sort of communicate and advocate for yourself with other people. I don't think it's necessarily like you can't advocate for yourself, but I think it definitely helps a lot of us. Are you interested in learning more about the autistic experience as a late diagnosed individual? You may have found yourself perusing some of the social media or YouTube content out there on the web and thinking to yourself, you know, hey, what is this autism about? What is what is this all about? Am I autistic? I have no idea. It kind of seems a little bit more relatable now that I've watched some videos of autistic people, but I'm not too sure. And what exactly is the experience of going for a late diagnosis going to look like? Well, today we have a video from Mom on the Spectrum, Taylor Heaton, who has been on the podcast before. They're going to talk about why late autism diagnosis matters and what they wish their family and friends knew. There should be an interesting sort of angle to it. So I know that there is, you know, quite often quite a sort of social heavy component of sort of coming out as autistic as it be. Let's take a look. Hi, I'm Taylor with Mom on the Spectrum and I'm here today to talk about things that autistic adults either self or professionally diagnosed want their friends and family to know about their experiences. So if you're watching this and you're a family member or friend of someone who is self or professionally diagnosed as autistic, I would just ask that you keep an open mind throughout this video and come at it with a sense of curiosity. How can I better understand and appreciate the experiences of this person in my life who wants to share their life with me, right? That's pretty cool that they want to share their life with you. So I hope that you'll see this as an opportunity to learn and grow. And in the comments, maybe we can have some good discussion going on what this experience is like for both the autistic adult and the family and family members and friends. So this is my... We have watched a lot of videos, which has kind of gone into the aspects of sort of late diagnosis and such. But I don't think there's been any videos that we watched that necessarily putting a focus, I guess, on the reactions of other people. Because that is quite often one of the one of the big downsides of going through like a whole unmasking sort of journey and learning to be yourself. And, you know, the whole new adolescence kind of feel to it. There are some negatives to it. And those chiefly do come from like other people in your life that you know, you know, which is not the best. And people do have varying responses to when you tell them. Something along the lines of, oh, yeah, I knew this, but I didn't want to tell you because I didn't want you to take it the wrong way. Or you get people who are like, oh, no, I know you, you've always been like this. You're not different. You know, stop trying to do that.  I see you do get a variety of sort of responses when you do tell people. And it, you know, it's obviously going to be very different depending on who you're around. But also some good things. And I hope that Taylor does touch on some of the good things, some of the things that have been good about their autism journey. This is the vibe I'm going with today, robe and earrings. I don't know, it just happened and I'm rolling with it. So as I said, I'm Taylor. I was diagnosed as autistic at the age of 31 and almost 34 now. Since my diagnosis, I have spent time working with learning from the autistic community and creating resources to help us better, better understand and support ourselves and each other. So if that sounds like something that would be helpful to you or someone in your life, if you would subscribe to the channel, that would be a great gift that you could give to the channel and help extend our reach of services that we're able to provide to people around the world. So what do autistic adults want you to know about their experience? First of all, why do they need a diagnosis? Why do they need to keep talking about this? Why do they need to start talking about the fact that they think they're autistic when they're 35 or 40 and they've lived so much of their life without this diagnosis? What is it going to change now? My answer is everything, literally everything.  Totally. It's a sigh of relief. It's like coming home. It's like finally being able to breathe in your own body without feeling like an imposter.  And, you know, I definitely challenge that. I think self improvement can be important for everybody, really. And sort of staying engaged with that as you get older. I don't see anything like bad about that, but people do. Like that the label is like, oh, you're just having a quarter life crisis. Oh, you're just having a midlife crisis. You're just having a somewhat crisis, you know. And I don't think that's the best way of looking at it because a lot of the time that is just to kind of shame the person for making decisions that they want to make about their life. You know, it's good that Taylor's sort of talking up about that because that is definitely like, it's what I've seen. And it's just this feeling of like, wow, I can quit striving. Like I can quit fighting to figure out to like to be a person. Like I am a person. I'm whole. There's nothing wrong with me. I have a different way of doing things and experiencing the world and showing up in the world. It changes everything. It really does. For me, the greatest thing that it has added to my life is a feeling of self compassion and grace. And just being able to make tiny little accommodations for myself that actually add up to just be monumental differences. Like for example, I keep thinking putty with me all the time. This is not an ad. I'm not with them. But just I keep little stems with me all the time. I won't make this make sound because some of you don't like the way it sounds. But I just I keep fidgets with me all the time to help alleviate like excess tension that's in my body. I have earbuds that I wear out all the time. When I went to get my diagnosis from my in-laws, is that what they said? Are you trying to get disability? You try to get disability payments? None of my watch.  And I want to highlight that I was diagnosed when I was younger. It was only really until my early 20s that I sort of went through this kind of self-discovery, you know, period of time that a lot of sort of late diagnosed individuals talk about. I did have, you know, I was aware that I was autistic when I was younger. But I don't think I was aware to the like extent of which that kind of made me like a different person, you know, in which ways, which sort of nuanced ways it sort of changed my perception and behaviour and how I related to other people and such. So I definitely went through something similar to that, even though I was diagnosed when I was younger. I think the important thing there is that, you know, it doesn't necessarily mean you know, you get a diagnosis and then you learn all of this stuff. It is very much like you do have to kind of like put the effort in and research and understand more about it in order to like get the the most bang for your buck sort of self-improvement wise, I would say. SmartRag says, hello, we found your channel today. Well, welcome to the club. Welcome to the team. All the time that lesson sensory overwhelm for me and they make just such a huge difference in everyday life. I schedule my days differently, just knowing how much an event will take out of me so that I can have recovery time afterwards. It helps me to show up more fully in the situations that I'm in, because I can better allocate my energy and resources knowing like what's coming up and how I best show up in those circumstances and environments. So there's two images that I like to mention whenever talking about autistic adults experiences, particularly high-masking autistic adults, which just means adults who have become particularly skilled at developing social behaviors and skills. They're the imposters living among the neurotypicals or the all-istic individuals, maybe. Yeah, I mean, what they're saying about like sensory supports and sort of routine and, you know, learning to better work with yourself, I think it's all like really genuinely like really impactful stuff. Even if it's just small things like that, to be honest, there's not everything in my life that I have ironed out and sorted out and whatever, but I'm still on that kind of like personal development journey. And I don't think there'll be a point in my future which I stop, to be honest. I think it's, you know, I'm very much the kind of person, like I don't assume that sort of maturity or development just comes with age. I think it's a lot to do with like how much you engage with your own personal growth. It feels like getting a BS on your own stuff when she started to figure out everything, watching YouTube lectures, etc. I do relate. I do relate. It feels to appear like you're not having a hard time. That was a little bit wordy, but hopefully you catch my drift. Okay, so the two pictures are one in iceberg. The struggles that you see us go through on the outside tip of the iceberg. Like there's just so much more beneath the surface that you have no idea about, which brings me to the second picture of just a duck swimming peacefully on a pond. So if you're sitting on the bank of the pond and watching this duck, they look so graceful and even and at peace. But under the water, their legs are just working like crazy to get them to where they're going. So for a lot of high masking individuals, that's what it feels like every day, working so freaking hard to make it appear that everything is okay. And that's the only way that we've known how to live for so long because we haven't had the word. We haven't had the word autistic or sensory overwhelm or meltdowns or shutdowns to be able to understand our experience. So we keep pushing, we keep striving to be better to do differently, to try to maybe be able to keep up with everyone else instead of realizing that maybe those standards aren't the ones that we need to be aiming for. And maybe our own standards are equally significant and important, and we can get there in a different, more supported, well-rounded way for us. What they were talking about with like neurotypical expectations, like that stuff is really like a, it's definitely a roadblock. It's not fun, especially since like the advent of like hustle culture online and such. It can definitely feel, at least for a lot of people I've talked to, and myself I would say, you know, we're never really reaching the expectations of the people around us, that a lot of the content out there kind of talks very simply and plainly about things that we find very difficult. And I think there's always, it's always worthwhile when you are, you know, listening to someone talk to sort of like a general audience, that the majority of that general audience and likely that individual too is not necessarily going to understand like being autistic in all of it, you know. You don't want to put yourself down just because some things you don't, you know, some aspects of your life you're not up to a certain standard by a certain age. Or, you know, and you could say even though those things are not necessarily up standard, there's lots of other areas, you know, that you do really, really, really well in and progress really, really well in. But it's not the thing that's always being talked about, you know. So there's aspects of neurotypical expectations. And I think Taylor was sort of drawing, you know, a line around sort of autistic masking, I would say as well. I do get a lot of questions from people like asking, you know, what exactly is masking? Well, how am I masking? How am I doing this? And it's always a very, very difficult thing to answer because it can be very, very subjective, I would say, you know, it's not always like cutting, cutting, drying, cleaning, going to a psychologist office and they say, okay, you're masking this way and this way and this way. Stop doing that, you know, it's not too clear. Social camouflage is sort of like an umbrella term that masking is under. It's basically anything that you do, any strategies, anything that you change about yourself, any things that you pay attention to, or change about yourself in the way that you express that you do in order to give the perception, like give the impression that you're not autistic. You know, these are all things to show that you're not different from other people. And it doesn't necessarily have to be about autism. It could just be as Taylor was talking about, you know, perhaps undiagnosed going through life. There will be things which you will start to hide from other people because you've realized that it's not necessarily, you know, what is perceived as being normal or something along those lines, you know. Paula says people who think someone would go through the process of getting autism diagnosis in order to get disability benefits clearly don't know how little money that is. It's not enough to live on. That is very true, Paula. What is the time there? What is your time zone? It is British standard time, so I am streaming very, very late and I know, and I'm aware I've been, I'm being a naughty boy. Apologies. I think it's hard for non-ASD people to recognize how much of a late diagnosis retroactively reframes your childhood and adolescent experiences and can shift your self-image 100%. 100%. Yeah. And that, that is one of the, one of the top things that I, you know, tell, say to the people who are sort of late diagnosed, go through your life with, with the autism comb, you know, you will undoubtedly change your life in various positive directions, I would say. It's not necessarily about, like, coming through it and going, okay, this isn't my responsibility. I didn't do anything wrong and you just kind of overwrite everything. It's, I think, you know, for most people, we understand, like, which are our decisions and which, you know, could be sort of autism related or related to, like, miscommunication and such. So I think it's always a really good, really good thing to do and also intermittently.  And sometimes when you're giving yourself a hard time about something, just reminding yourself that you are just a little bit different, I think, can help reframe or re-understand situations where you would have perhaps taken a bit more of like a hit to yourself. I mentioned a little bit earlier, this can feel like we're faking it every day. It can lead to this tremendous feeling of imposter syndrome, where we don't feel like we're actually an authentic version of ourselves, that we're just faking it to get by, because essentially we've taught ourselves to do that, right? Like, this social situation feels uncomfortable.  I'm going to talk when I don't want to talk. I'm going to wear clothes that make me extremely itchy and unable to focus on what anybody is saying. And so all of those decisions that we make to appear socially different actually come at a great cost. And that cost is our sense of self and our sense of being able to identify who we are and what we want and need and how we actually want to show up in the world. So that significant cost, it catches up to us, especially later in life. There's all of this huge cost to living the way that we have masking for so long. And many people will say, you know, whenever it gets to the point of them seeking a diagnosis, our demands have exceeded our capacity, our demands have exceeded our capacity. So for many, this is like a big life of it, like having kids, getting married, getting a new job, something like that will trigger this new experience of like, okay, I can no longer sustain what I was doing before, because the demands have now become too great. And there's just not enough emotional resources or not enough physical resources, psychological resources to be able to carry out these same demands that have been on my life. I think as well, like, I say that just as my brain goes completely blank. See, my brains, I know that I'm sitting in somewhat of a state of anxiety recently because my brain's just skipping out on me and going blank at very inopportune moments. So what happens at this stage is that we hit a crossroads where we have to decide, do we keep going forward living like the way we always have, masking, masking, masking, which leads to just intensely uncomfortable burnout that can shut us down for months or years. And that is one of, one of the sort of ignitions for a lot of people, I think, who are sort of undiagnosed, the more or less kind of get through life, you know, on their own terms, understanding life from perhaps not not the autism angle, but from their angle. And then comes a difficult times, difficult situations, some level of change, which, you know, as human beings, when we go through something that's difficult, we tend to try and figure out a way forward, you know, and sometimes we find that a lot of our symptoms of what we're going through might be a lot more akin to the idea of autistic burnout than perhaps a depression related thing. I think there is definitely like an air of uncertainty that comes with significant changes to your life. I think that that's that can sometimes be a very, very good thing. You know, obviously managing that whilst managing other things can be quite difficult, but it is very, you know, anything that has that I've done badly or has or had experiences where people have done something bad towards me.  Sure, well, they do they do definitely speak. Taylor does definitely speak to a lot of people, that's for sure. It's a real honor to speak to her on my pod. Or trying to find a better way to cope and understand our experiences, which is leading many at this point to pursue an autism diagnosis. And what I find time and time again for people that are late diagnosed, it changes everything, just having more vocabulary to communicate about our experiences. You know, I mentioned some earlier sensory overwhelm meltdown shutdown, burnout, autistic inertia, demand avoidance, some of these you might be hearing for the first time, needing to step all of these pieces of language and vocabulary in terms can be so helpful puzzle pieces of understanding yourself and and putting your life together in a way that finally makes sense.  Who like who am I under the mask? And and what what am I really like? What do I really want? What do I really need? And the answer to that is it's going to take some time to find out. I mean, when you've yeah, there is definitely no like one size fits all kind of way of like unmasking or processing on autism, diagnosis or identity self identifying as autistic, everyone's going to have different experiences and different things to work through. And some of it might not even be related to autism, perhaps autism is kind of like the big sort of hitting thing. But you know, quite often we realize there are a lot of like co occurring things that tend to come come alongside. And I can imagine that if you're going through that process and start learning about more about autism, you're going to hear about these kind of co occurring things that happen, and it's going to spark you even even more intriguing to like whether whether that is something that is significant about you, anyone that I talk to who's gone through like the autism diagnosis process and got gone on their own autism journey. Eventually it does turn to be a big sort of net positive to them. But there are definitely like little negatives alongside, you know, difficult times, perhaps a bit of anger and upset kind of like the system for not helping you or not picking stuff out or you perhaps your parents for not realizing that you're different over kids and a whole host of like different like thoughts that you can get. And it's very difficult to sift through, but it is very worthwhile to sift through, I think. This is exactly how I felt for most of my life. And now I finally have the words to describe how I've been feeling. Thanks for being such a great resource is resource for learning about my diagnosis. Now, where is Jeremy? I'm glad to see it's been echoed by Taylor's experience being intensely burnt out and not understanding why is what drove me to find out how to get evaluated? Yeah, exactly. It's kind of like the ignition point. Something goes wrong that you can't necessarily fix. And you don't understand why you can't fix it.  You've spent a considerable amount of your life trying to blend in a way to make other people accept you that again, that comes at the cost of sacrificing your own wants and needs. And so to that to the to the autistic people watching, I would say, give yourself grace and patience as you figure out those wants and needs that starts by one decision at a time, voicing what you actually want, choosing to go this way to work instead of this way to work because you like the scenery better, just small little choices like that that you can make throughout the day that support things that actually feel good to you. Yeah, it's a very much like a trial and error kind of thing, because one thing that works for me will not work for another person. There is aspects of like stimming, which I think is really important. I think Taylor touched on that a little bit when they showed the stim toys that they had. That is definitely something that I was very late to adopt in my autism journey. I've had to make a real sort of cognitive effort in order to like make sure that I'm meeting my sensory needs. It's difficult, isn't it? Because it's kind of one of those things which, you know, it's very important for a regulation. And I would wish for a society where people would not sort of point it out and laugh or joke and make fun, but you know, we're not living in that world. And sometimes we do face a lot of stigma for, you know, those types of things, stimming and all that. I think like the idea of like just just knowing about certain concepts on knowing about autism, it inherently gives you like a ton of vocabulary to work with. Some pieces of vocabulary that just explain like so much of your experience that you just don't know about. Like for me, though, that was something that I talk about quite a lot, which is like suffine here. Absolutely, like the most transformative aspects of my autism journey was understanding what that was. Oh my god, this explains why I feel like my brain is split in two.  Yeah, I mean, that was definitely like really transformative for me. And I think what Taylor's talking about now is related to like self-advocacy, which is also a really important part. You know, simply understanding or knowing about like differences or potential miscommunications really does sort of open you up to being able to like advocate for what you want. You know, we watched that video on from the the fourth spot talking about like ego death and things of that nature. I really like that example. And I think it does, you know, sometimes feel like you're kind of like a leaf in the wind, like you're trying to conform. And, you know, it's just not working for you. And you're having all sorts of stresses around meeting certain expectations. And, you know, and I think that you don't really have sort of the language or the terminology or the, the, the awareness of your differences in order to like advocate for yourself in particular circumstances, very much like feel like you're kind of a boat on the ocean being like thrown all sorts of different directions. You don't really like have control of your own ship because you don't know how to like sort of communicate and advocate for yourself with other people. I don't think it's necessarily like you can't advocate for yourself, but I think it definitely helps a lot of us. If a guy says to know yourself is to find true comfort and bring cathartic release to your own self, to your own self to be true 100%. Chase says my whole life, I thought the autistic traits I had were moral failings. Yeah. And you break that is a really good point that you bring up, Joe, because like a lot of people that I've met who are undiagnosed. And I'm like, Hey, like, you know, I obviously start telling them about what I do. And they're like, Oh, I thought about maybe the fact that I'm autistic. And, you know, I kind of talk to them.  But these these individuals tend to give themselves a really, really, really, really, really hard time. A really, really, really hard time about everything. You know, they can't cope at a specific social event.  They think that they don't have the charisma or the sort of social power in order to do the job.  And quite often when you do things wrong, because of a miscommunication, it's usually you who takes the blame for it because most people are not like, well, they're not autistic, most people. So being able to like, know it's that that is that and there is differences here and the communication differences here. I think it does a lot for somebody. That will be something to work on for the rest of your life that I think can be really exciting and kind of this brave new world of exploring who you are and what else life has to offer us. Also, you can stop gaslighting yourself. There's so many of us who feel like we've talked ourselves out of our own experiences because other people experience it differently.  It's not that hard.  It's like, I think I think people can experience it that way. I think the majority of people that I talk to, they sort of express the opposite sentiment that they don't feel like the wavy of a diagnosis that they don't particularly struggle as hard as myself in certain areas.  I think a lot of people express that sentiment too. We just gaslight ourselves into thinking that our experience is not as real or intense as it actually is. And so that can make you feel crazy, honestly. It can make you feel like I don't know whose life I'm living is what I am experiencing real. And that will completely wear you down to the point where you have nothing left to give yourself or others. So this ability to quit gaslighting yourself and to look at your experiences and say, no, that's real. That's that was a really intense experience. And it affected me differently than the other people for XYZ reasons. And it's hard, isn't it? Because as human beings, we do whether we like it or not, we do care about like our circle, what our circle thinks of us even. And when we confide in people about things that we find difficult, people don't have the capacity to necessarily empathize with like the intensity at which we can experience things, you know, people might not as take it as much of a big deal. Whereas, you know, if you talk to an autistic person, you explain the situation, they'll be like, Oh, I can understand why you are feeling such intense feelings around this. And in addition to gaslighting ourselves, there's also a tremendous mental burden that comes with just thinking so hard about every decision in our lives. Like, do we want to mask and do it this way? Or do we want to be honest about how we're really feeling? And then the the burden that comes with sifting through all the associated thoughts, it's like, sometimes I don't even know how I'm able to like show up in person and have a conversation because the mental chatter is is just so convoluted and something I've gotten used to over the years of trying to go back and forth and decide how do I want to show up in the world. And so I will say since my diagnosis that chatter has lessened significantly and continues to do so every day, as I learn how to better accommodate myself and speak up for my own wants and needs. And lastly, I would just say the major thing that this has helped me with is self care and accommodations. So I think I mentioned mentioned it earlier, but just tiny decisions throughout the day that helped me better support myself that helped me take better care of myself. You know, I know that a hot bath is going to be really soothing and regulating for me after, you know, a hard conversation or a school event with my kids. I know that certain meals are going to be really comforting to me and help me come down after stressful experiences. So all of these little discoveries really amount to a world of difference in my experience every single day.  It's not that you do have all the answers immediately. It's all gives you the language and the terminology and like the ability to like search for for people who might be quite similar to you, whichever can help a lot. But yeah, it's those little changes and then they really do add up. I feel like for the first time that, you know, when I look in the mirror, I'm like, I know who that person is. Like I see me first and I don't see who I think I should be first. Like, why would you not want to give yourself that?  I mean, it's a highly misunderstood and controversial word in a lot of ways. And so there there aren't just droves of people out here like, yes, I want to apply that to my life just for the heck of it, right? People in the autistic community genuinely, genuinely before they use this term, I mean, the vast majority of people that I get to work with, we go into a research hole and we learn every single thing we can about what it means to be autistic. And one really cool thing that I hear from people on the spectrum all the time, they don't want to use this label and take it away from other people who need it more. And so there's this empathetic response. Yeah, I mean, it is it is something that I hear as well. It's like people have more or less like more on the side of being hesitant to using the word autism, rather than, you know, being so sort of willy-nilly like a lot of, you know, YouTubers, people online think that, you know, this is, you know, the autism boom is coming through, through TikTok, and everyone's diagnosing themself based on TikToks. And, you know, you got all of that. And so I don't think I've ever talked to someone who's been like that as far as I know. But most people, they're quite hesitant to do so. And even if they are sort of self-identified as autistic, they don't necessarily, like, there's some like crazes and stuff like on Instagram that I've talked to. And they are self-identified autistic. And there's quite a few of them. And I've talked to them. I said, you want to come talk about autism on my podcast?  And it's, I understand that because there can be a lot of people who sort of don't don't necessarily, they have thoughts on it, that's for sure. You know, and people think that is very much this kind of flippant, fashionable kind of label that people apply themselves to. And I definitely don't think that that's the case for the majority of people. Helpful to know this is a process of little changes, less daunting, 100%. Yeah. It's not like a sprint, you know, it's a little marathon where you take little breaks now and again. Lots and a lot of ways were we're autistic adults are like, I don't want to appropriate this term, you know, I want to make sure that I'm using it correctly. And so I just say that again, to say there's not these hordes of people out here just saying, like, I'm autistic, I'm autistic, I'm autistic. The people who are using these terms that I've worked with, and that I get to work with every day, we take this seriously, we research the heck out of it, we want to make sure that we're respecting the autistic community in every way, shape and form. And to wrap up the video today, I just want to share one comment that was left by but one life. And I really think that this just beautifully encapsulates the importance of late diagnosis. They said, I'm only just processing the realization that I'm autistic, I'm 57. I always knew I was very different, but I never put two and two together to see the answer is autism. I'm in the mind blown stage. I feel incredible relief and a whole bunch of other things I've yet to parse. My life suddenly makes sense. All these things that have caused such psychological distress no longer do. All the things that made me feel so less than can now be filtered into another box, one with which I can be gentle, that I can look at without recoiling or despairing. I'm understanding the whys, and it feels amazing. So again, if you're watching this video as a family member or friend of someone who is late diagnosed autistic, either self or professionally diagnosed, I feel it's important to respect both of those. That's a topic for another video. Thank you for watching to better understand this person's experience. I just encourage you to continue to interact with them with curiosity, not judgment, but a place of being curious about what their experiences are like and stay open to learning new things. There's so much that we're all still learning about how autism really presents in adults and especially women. And it's important that we keep this conversation going by respecting each other, by asking questions, by honoring each other's values and experiences, and offering validation whenever we can. It really changes so much. It'll help strengthen your relationships. It will help you support one another. And I'd love to hear in the comments how these conversations are going for y'all between friends and family members, what y'all are learning about each other and what else you would add to the conversation. So again, if this video was helpful to you, if you could please give it a thumb. Lovely little round up to that. I mean that quote just kind of says it all, isn't it? I like the phrase understanding you're wise. I think that's definitely something that I'm going to store in my little communication card memory bank. I mean, and as well, to be honest, with the last thing that the mom on the spectrum was talking about, I think if you've got lived experience with things, you see things in your own life a certain way, don't let anyone tell you that you're wrong about your own experience. I think talking generally about things, that is kind of the point at which like debate and opinion is important when we're talking in generalities, but no one can really disagree with your lived experience, I would say. And so feel empowered to share that. So that has been Taylor Heaton, mom on the spectrum, why autism, diagnosis matters, what I wish my friends and family knew or family of friends. Very, very good video, as always, adding to the online archives and testimonials of late diagnosed individuals. Again, if you want to go check out Taylor Stuff, I highly recommend you do give the video a like, go check out the channel, maybe give it a subscribe and drop a comment and say that Thomas sent you and he wants to do another podcast.


Welcome to our course, The History of Mathematics. I'm Jeff Suzuki, your instructor. You might remember me from such YouTube hits as One Sided Limits and Vaccination, The Truth Behind the Numbers. This semester, we'll be talking about the history of mathematics. The history of mathematics has a unique feature that makes it worth studying in detail. If it ever worked, it still works. In other words, if a mathematical method got the answer right in 3000 BC, it will still get the right answer today. What this means is that the history of mathematics is a tremendous resource for different ways to solve mathematical problems. Throughout the course, we'll take a look at these methods and solve modern problems using historical methods. One important idea to keep in mind as we go through the course, always be aware of the difference between what is easy and what is familiar. The way we write numbers today seems easy, while the way the ancient Egyptians wrote numbers seems complicated. But is that because you've been writing numbers the modern way for most of your life and might have just learned how to write like an Egyptian? And so the question to ask is really, is the Egyptian method really harder or is it just unfamiliar? With that in mind, let's learn some history.


Welcome to Toffy TV, it is the Everton News Daily. Frank Llanpath has given his press conference ahead of Everton's game against West Ham United at the Goodersham Park this Sunday, kicks off at 2.15 live on Sky, Sky's main game due to the cancellation of some of the fixes this weekend. The manager was asked about whether or not Jordan Pickford would be fit enough for Sunday and this is what he had to say. Well, it's a really big loss because we all know what a great goalkeeper Jordan is for us, great performer, big personality. We're fortunate to have a very strong number two in Begavitch at the club who trains brilliantly, performs brilliantly and is a number one for me in terms of his performance levels anyway. So that's a plus that we can have there and that's a real strength of ours within the squad and the mini squad of keepers that we have. We just hope Jordan gets back off the other end of the international break, we hope in so with the injury that it is and we'll have him back then. Following off the back of that, Frank Llanpath praised Asmere Begavitch who will be playing obviously on Sunday. Talked about how he sees him as a number one. In fact, this is exactly what Frank had to say. Well, Asmere is a very experienced goalkeeper which is a big plus for us and he now has had a good look at this now. We knew that Jordan wasn't going to be available with Arsenal one now so we've had some time so he's had plenty of time to get his mind in gear. I think he's always ready basically and trains at a high level as I said before so I've got no worries. I think you could ask Asmere to play 30 minutes before a game and be ready for you because of how he is and the talent that he has. Dominic Calvert-Lewin should be in the Everton squad on Sunday. He was back training for almost a fortnight now. The Frank Llanpath was asked whether Dominic Calvert-Lewin was fit to start. This was his response. We're close and we'll see come Sunday whether he's ready to start a game or not. We have to be careful with him obviously because he had a difficult injury so we'll see for the weekend. Frank Llanpath de-confirmed that Abdelai Dekorey will be back in the Everton squad at the weekend. Dekorey has not featured since limping off in the first half of Everton's 2-1 defeat at Aston Villa the second game of the season. But he is back. He has been training and Dominic de-confirmed he will be back in the squad. He was asked for injury updates as well. He spoke about Andros Tansen so he's due to see a consultant in the next few weeks. He'll be at the six month period. Llanpath said he wouldn't know any more really until then. But the thought that Tansen probably will detain for the box in the game. Similar timescale maybe when we can expect to see Ben Goffrey back. But he was asked about Yeri Mina and how far away he was with that. And this was the manager's thought on that one. Myeri won't be fit for a few weeks after we come back from international break. And probably a similar sort of timeframe to what Mason is a couple of weeks after international break. Difficult injuries both of them in different ways. They won't be in those batter games immediately after the break. A follower on from na Frank Llanpath was asked about Anthony Gordon and his position over a possible new deal. And this is what the manager had to say on that particular subject. The club was speaking with Anthony and Anthony's people to see if we can get the right solution there. Former Everton boss David Moyes says that Everton are at the start of a rebuild. The manager was given his pre-match press conference. Talked about Everton, the players they've got in said it looks as though the Blues are beginning a similar kind of rebuild to ourselves. Talked about James Arkofski and Connor Cody and how good the signings they were experienced. Spoke about Amadou O'nana, confirmed that West Ham but a club we were really keen on the player as we all know before he went to Everton. Name-checked Drisigana Guy as well. And talked about the need to let things settle down. You're trying to build it is a bit more difficult. You're trying to put players together and it can take a bit of time. And that's certainly where David Moyes sees Everton right now. He was also asked about returning to Goodersham Park and facing Everton. And this is what David Moyes had to say on that one. It was a massive part of my career. I had 11 and a half years at Everton as manager. Nowadays you know if you said that to many managers it's very few managers will get to that stage at any one club. So it was a big part. I've only got thanks and good feelings for Everton for what they've done for me and my family. So always look forward to going back. But I managed West Ham and my job is to go and win and that's what I'm going to try and do. David coming back to Goodersham always loves coming back to Goodersham doesn't he? Hopefully he won't enjoy it too much. At the weekend there is a job to beat them this week. We've got to. That is it for the news daily. Make sure you give the video a thumbs up. Subscribe if you haven't. And if you want more videos join us on Trophy TV Premier. The link is in the description and the QR code is on the screen now. Have a good weekend.


Blaenau Gwent Youth Service School Project, age 11-16 Blaenau Gwent Youth Service School Project age 11-16 inspired to achieve is delivered across the whole of Blaenau Gwent. A worker is linked to all four secondary schools and the pupil referral unit. The project delivers one-to-one and group sessions to meet the needs of young people and is based where young people need it rather than where school or society expects them to be. Support includes overcoming barriers to attending certain lessons, supporting young people with long-term absenteeism issues and providing support through transitions between key stages and from education to employment. The judges like that this project offered ongoing young person-centred support for the young people and their families. Mouse Education Programme Mouse at Media Academy Cardiff is an alternative curriculum programme combining academic qualifications with a holistic support programme for young people who have been excluded from mainstream education from across South Wales. The project works with small groups of young people to transition them back into mainstream education through the use of music, photography, website design, animation and video and they are given the opportunity to achieve essential skills qualifications. The judges felt this project was a good example of an alternative curriculum that focused on the needs of individuals in order to re-engage them with formal education. The Caerphilly Young Parents' Tuition Project works with new and expectant parents of school age across the county of Caerphilly. The project was set up to combat the social isolation that young women found themselves facing when they fell pregnant and their only option was home tuition. It has allowed these young women to continue with their formal education and receive high-quality youth work intervention and support. The girls are taught for five afternoons per week and transport is provided to allow them ease of access. The judges liked that this project targeted young parents and offers them flexible opportunities to engage in formal education. Wrexham's youth work and education team works towards reducing the inequality in health, education and the economic outcomes for young people and their families and to ensure that young people in or at risk of poverty achieve their potential. The project works with schools to provide support for children and young people through key transition points in their school life. Working with secondary and primary feeder schools, the team supports vulnerable young people to remain engaged with education, maintain good attendance, avoid exclusion and offer the opportunity to achieve an accreditation or qualification. The judges liked that this project created links between young people's families and their schools.


Thomas Edison, who's the inventor of the light bulb, the phonograph, he was a pioneer of motion pictures, but did you know he was also an elephant killer? It's true. In 1903, Thomas Edison oversaw the execution of Topsy, a circus elephant from Coney Island. Now you might be asking yourself, why would Thomas Edison do something like this? Well, before we can talk about that, we need to talk about some ACDC. No, not that ACDC, alternating in direct current. An electrical current is the flow of electrically charged particles, like electrons. In a direct current, all of the electrons flow in the same direction. Think about a flashlight. You have your battery, and the electrons flow from the negative end of the battery to the light bulb, then back to the positive end of the battery to complete the circuit. Circuits like these are the kind that Thomas Edison used in his lamps and motors. So when it came time for municipalities around the country to start building electrical grids, Thomas Edison had a financial incentive to make sure those grids used direct current to power his devices. But see, there was a problem with Edison's plan. Direct current isn't very good for transmitting a large amount of energy over a vast distance. As the electrons move through the wire, they encounter resistance. This can cause the wire to overheat, and even spark in a process known as line loss. What's the amount of available energy is the product of volts, the electrical pressure, and amps, the current. You don't have to be a scientist to know high voltage is dangerous. The signs are everywhere. So in order to be safe, you want to keep your volts low. But if you want to keep the same amount of available electricity, you have to increase your amps. The problem with this is that as you increase your amps, you increase the resistance in the wire, leading to more line loss. The solution to the line loss problem would be found by a former employee of Edison, a Serbian immigrant, Nikolai Tesla. Tesla had left Edison's employment after Edison failed to pay him $50,000. Keep in mind, that's like a million dollars in today's money. Edison claimed that he never made the promise and that Tesla didn't understand American humor. Tesla would go on to found his own company and develop his own means of electrical transmission, alternating current. Unlike a direct current where all of the electrons flow in a single direction, in an alternating current the flow of electrons periodically switches directions. This allows for the transmission of energy with very low currents, meaning you can send the electricity over long distances without line loss. Tesla was also able to develop step up and step down transformers, meaning he could send high voltage energy over long distances, but then step down to a lower, safer voltage closer to the customer. George Westinghouse, an entrepreneur and engineer, took notice of Tesla's alternating current. He worked with Tesla to license Tesla's ideas into lamps, motors and home goods. This led to a huge marketplace rivalry between Westinghouse and Edison. Edison attempted to frame alternating current as the more dangerous of the two. He tried to coin Westinghouse as a term for when someone gets electrocuted. He hired two men to work on the first electric chair and make sure it ran on alternating current. He even went as far as public executions of animals, which brings us back to topsy. Edison hoped that demonstrations like these would scare people away from using alternating current. But all the scare tactics in the world couldn't make up for the fact that alternating current was the better, more efficient way of transferring energy over long distances. Want to learn more about alternating than direct currents? Thomas Edison, Nikolai Tesla, Elephants, CheckoutSailor.org, like this video? Check out some of our other videos. They're all equal to or better than this one. Tesla was also able to develop transformers. Now I can think of transformers like Optimus Prime coming in here, should be right there.


I'm Salveg. Here you have my contact info. I use food software and especially Debian since quite some times now and I also contribute to Tails so my interests are in privacy. Okay, no? Yes? Do you hear me? So I do some non-developer things and in Debian I found a way to contribute without coding or maintaining packages which is to 3-H bugs. So bug-to-aging it helps it's like a it's kind of non-visible but it helps Debian as a whole because maintainers don't always have the time to deal with all their bug reports. Some packages have a lot of bug reports like the kernel or xorg also it's a good way to improve the package quality so when some packages have a lot of bugs open against them it can make it harder for the maintainers to know which ones are solvable actionable and they can get a bit over the head so when you 3-H bugs you help everybody have a better experience with Debian. So you want to do it first it's easy you don't need to learn any new tool supposing you already know how to read and write email so that's low threshold to start it's very rewarding the maintainers are happy when you help them even if you don't touch their packages just if you sort some of their bugs they'll be happy and the users who submitted them will be happy that somebody looked at them so it can be very joyful. Also you search when them bugs for packages you don't necessarily know so you learn about a lot of software and Debian and some of them are really really surprising and you what what does this do and that's kind of fun and of course it saves kittens so so on this page there's a so the bug 3-H page is a how-to page I made some years ago with tips and this part especially has a list of teams that added themselves so that they want you to help sort their bugs. So those are the teams I worked with they are really really nice they don't bite they will let you know if you did an error they will answer your questions you can work together. I don't recommend closing random bugs like if you go and touch packages from people you have not one or who are not willing to have somebody touch their bugs you might have backfire so to start I think it's good to go to packages that you know people are happy if you help with. So the first tool to 3-H bugs is a UDD I don't know if you have ever tried it the interface is really great I yeah that's a UDD so it's a bit hard like this but it allows you to select this tool it allows you to select many many types of packages we can see that later then you can choose a team or other criteria and then when you're happy about your criteria you search and it will give you a list of packages corresponding to your criteria and you can select what some more info you want listed here so that's UDD search so I usually ignore the package is a bug report that somebody has touched in the last year so probably somebody else will look at them let's look at those that are lost in the limbo's I select won't fix more info upstream or unreproducible so those are those that probably you can do something on and then you choose a team preferably one of those that is listed in the page we saw before so once you have selected a bug and something to do on it you'll have to document what you do because you can change many many stuff on the bug you send your comments to control but it's always nice to put a small sentence or two or three to say what made you conclude that is the right change and so that's so also make sure the email where you do the commands is sent to everybody interested because by default it only sends it to the maintainer and submitter in some cases so if other people insert the bug report saying hey I have the bug too or if the upstream came by to explain something it's good to see all of those who interacted on the bug report and put them all in copy and ideally people can receive the email read what you're saying and don't have to go back to the bug page to read it again so that you should sum up the sweat if it was long and have them know everything oh thank you if you do massive tree age you should have a few generic messages so you keep the messages and just replace the words as needed it saves you a lot of time also it allows you to put a lot of nice things in your generic email that people are always happy to read without more effort so you know they add a little thanks for submitting the bug or that was very interesting construction discussion or something like that so that let's keep the positive energy flowing so there are many ways to create one of them is trying to reproduce bug reports so in the UDD we saw earlier if you select unreproducible oh no those that don't have the tag confirmed there are bugs that one person submitted but nobody knows if they're really still up to date or if it's just somebody submitted it but if it's confirmed there's more chance that the maintainer can will look at them so if they're really old maybe they have been corrected and nobody bother to close the bug if they're new maybe you should have them too so see if it's a case so if it's a case you write to this address so the NNN is the number of the bug and you add the tag confirmed so that's how we interact with the control at Debian so the all the bug tracking is on an email interface so found bug number version number so you that's a command that the control will recognize so you give the bug number and what version you're running you add the tag confirmed since you found it so you're too so it's confirmed and thanks you always have to end your emails to control with thanks or thank you or whatever variation of it you want the control is a very very polite beast and likes you to be the same so if you don't put the politeness it won't work actually it's to tell them the comments are done but let's be polite also with machines so if the bug was not confirmed so you try to reproduce it and you couldn't so you could add the tag unreproducible or more info so depending if you're quite sure that it if there were if you're not the first thing I can't reproduce it or if you're sure you have exactly the same setup as the original submitter then you should put unreproducible if it might be reproducible for other people but just not use and you should ask more info so that the original submitter gives more details on how to reproduce their bug and it also requires you to be polite at the end of the command another very useful thing is to forward them upstream so some of streams follow the Debian bug tracker but a lot of them don't so maybe somebody reported the issue in the Debian bug tracker but upstream is not aware of it and most Debian maintainers are not gonna solve the bugs themselves are more probably gonna wait for it to be corrected upstream so we need the bugs to go back to where it will be corrected so yeah and in a lot of cases it's also it can be because upstream considers it not a bug so won't fix it so let's say it on the Debian bug too or maybe upstream is not aware of the bug so okay okay that's very tiny at least you have all so here you have the command to add upstream bug tracker's number so forwarded bug number you put the value in the upstream's bug tracker and then you say thanks again so yes so that's what I was saying before so you can also report it upstream if it hasn't been already sometimes the upstream bug tracker is more up to date so in upstream it's fixed so it's good to let know to the Debian bug tracker and say at the tag fixed upstream and it's good to be to say in which version so that we the maintainer maybe maybe motivated to update to the new version so in a lot of cases the bug reports are tagged more info which is somebody said it doesn't work which sorry for you but there's no chance it's gonna be fixed with that so in lots of cases the bug is tagged more info to say this bug doesn't give enough info to be solved or sometimes as a new the maintainer packages a new version and you think probably the bug is solved and you also need to ask the original submitter if they still have the bug or somebody said oh I'm gonna do some text next weekend and it's two years later and no natural they actually did the test they were saying they would do oh so info were asked and it it's like the bug is hanging so in those case it's helpful sometimes to send an email to the person who said I'm gonna do something or who needs to answer knowing if they still have the bug and saying hey so that's a sender gentle ping you said you would test or can you still reproduce the bug and so that you can update the status of the bug on the bug tracker it's okay don't it's good to wait like a good amount of time before bothering people about this kind of thing like I usually wait one year like I told you probably shorter might be good but it's good also not to have as people they have a life so sometimes the bugs have been tagged more info or one fix for a long time and the more info the info is not given or it's unlikely that somebody else wants this non bug fixed so teams have different policies but most of them will be happy if you close the bug that nobody's gonna do anything about so like if the tag was tagged more info more than a year ago and nobody answered to give more info or if a major release came out and probably the bug is fixed but original submitter doesn't answer then it's good to close them in most cases depending of the team but it's good to ping them before you close like give them a with an abal amount of time to try to test it again okay we don't have the bottom of the page but so the command to the command to close the bug is to number of bugs slash done at control and closing the bugs is kind of one of the most satisfying things to do like I speak with my maintainer friends and I say hey I close 25 bucks today and they're kind of jealous because when you have to actually work on the bugs to close them you can rarely fix 25 in one day so it's kind of the perks of doing bug-tweaging you how a lot of you know less bugs than the bug tracker I'm very efficient today so but don't close random stuff but you know when you find useless stuff to close it feels good okay we missed the last sentence earlier when trying to reproduce a bug you pay should pay particularly attention to the game steam you know like people open bug reports against the game steam and then oh no you have to install a bunch of games to try to reproduce the bugs so you know but for work so you install a lot of games and you try to see if they're buggy so that's also another part of creating bugs you get to try all the latest games so another thing if is when people open a bug and didn't check if there was already one open so it ends up being two bugs for the same two reports for the same bug so it's good to merge them so that clear so the two bug reports must be on the same package with the same severity in the same state otherwise you can't merge so you have to send further commands to do that like I showed before and at the end you tell the bug tracker to merge so that was seen so you can okay we can't really see the bug so I was giving an example of my standout message I paced when I close a bug and we don't see the end but I'm gonna do it from memory so it says hi I'm closing these bugs in since in twastag more info for years without answer if you still experience the issue please feel free to reopen it or ask me to do it because some people don't know how to reopen a bug that has been archived so that's a very standard message no nothing it's not very long and it's very so it's but it's good to have a model so that you can just paste with niceness in it if you're not sure about the bug report you read through it and you're still not sure what to do because let's be clear I don't always understand what the issue is what you need to understand to create is what the status of the bug report is I create bugs for the kernel I don't understand anything about the kernel like most human beings but if you can without understanding the bug report you can understand if somebody asked for info and nobody provided it or for example a for the kernel all the bug reports that were for the nouveau driver that is not supported anymore they work there it was possible to close them because nobody cared about anymore so you don't necessarily need to understand what the bug is about to do something about the bug report but sometimes it's a bit more complicated you're not sure just close the bug report move to the next one there's probably another one that's you know low branches take the easy stuff because if you do something wrong or if you bother the maintainer to ask what should be done then you're not really helping you might be taking time from them that would be best invested somewhere else so small warning there are some people who really don't like you teaching them bug reports I wish you not to encounter them if you do just either ignore them or ask the maintainers of the of the package you're to aging to step in and help or you can also contact the anti harassment team but it's very rare and the most of deviant people are very nice people and they'll be happy to cooperate and discuss with you and back to aging is fun and rewarding and easy so those are the links to the things that are useful to create so the first one is okay somebody okay the first link is bad I'll correct it so the second one is how to create with all the different commands that are useful the third one is server control so where it remind of all the different instruction you can send to server control which is the way to interact with the bug report the last one is about only closing because you don't and you don't interact with control you write to bug number done so that's a different email destination so the idea what to have was to have a workshop so this was the explanation part and now let's close some bugs or sort them maybe


What's good, George, but Ross back again with another video. So your boy has finally did it. I think all of us expected it to happen. Gunther has finally broken the record of WWE's longest intercontinental champion of all time. And I think a lot of us can agree that is rightfully deserved. The guy has put the intercontinental championship back into the limelight. Where it belongs. Um, it's been quite some time since we've had an intercontinental champion that feels this important. He makes the championship seem like the most important championship in the company. Um, it's always been coined as the workhorse championship and he has been putting in fantastic matches to retain and defend that title. So congratulations to Gunther a.k.a. Walter for getting that momentous achievement. We're going to check out this article from inside the ropes, man. This is just fantastic. And I think a lot of us expected this to happen. Um, so we're going to check this out. Uh, Gunther has officially overtaken though the hunky tongue man as WWE longest reigning intercontinental champion of all time. It's a record that stood for a staggering 35 years. Mammoth names in the sport of professional wrestling have held the intercontinental title, including Stone Cold Steve Austin, The Rock and Roman Reigns. Even though, you know, I don't think many people remember Roman Reigns is intercontinental championship run, but none could surpass the hunky tongue man's lengthy reign. It was a 1987 episode of superstars of wrestling where the hunky tongue man defeated Ricky steamboat for the WWF intercontinental championship. His record setting reign extended into 1988 when the ultimate warrior eventually stopped him in just 31 seconds at SummerSlam. That's crazy. A legendary reign engine 31 seconds. That's crazy. Overall, the hunky tongue man record set for set at 454 days. That's until today when the current intercontinental champion Gunther has officially reached the 455th day with the strap. It has not been an easy road for Gunther to reach the milestone since defeating Ricochet on July 10th of June 20, 22 edition of Smackdown. Gunther has successfully defended the championship on 67 occasions. If you count the house shows, okay, I was about to say. Damn, I didn't know it was 67 occasions, but if you count the house shows, that makes sense. Damn, that's a lot of defenses. Names like Rey Mysterio, Shinsuke, Nakamura and most recently Chad Gable. He's had some fantastic matches with him have attended to defeat Gunther for the title along the way, but the ring general has dispatched them one by one to finally earning the right to become the longest reigning intercontinental champion of all time. There's no there are no signs of his reign coming to an end. Either either Gunther defeated Chad Gable in a 16 minute epic on this week's Monday Night Raw. He now awaits his next challenger safe in the knowledge that with every day he holds on to the intercontinental championship, a new record is set. This isn't Gunther's only longest reign for those who don't know. It is often forgotten that Gunther isn't just the longest reigning intercontinental champion back in 2019 when he wrestled under the name, under the name Walter, he defeated Pete Dunn for the WWE United Kingdom Championship. Walter would hold hold the championship for eight hundred and seventy days before losing it to Illyana drag Illyana. I can always mess up his name. Illya Illya dragging off. I think I'm still mispronouncing at NXT takeover 36 fantastic match. Got a chance to watch that just five star classic. His reign was record setting and will seemingly remain that way as the belt was unified with the NXT Championship in 2022. But yeah, man, this the guy deserves it, bro. He's put on some of the best work we've seen in WWE, at least on the main roster. Dude, it's just his work rate is fantastic. Dude came in Vince was wanted to see what he can do, but he wanted him to lose weight. He lost the weight came in did what Vince asked him to do and they put the they put the strap on him. I mean, Vince put the strap on believe before he left that he was the Intercontinental Champion before he left before he quote unquote retired Vince retired and he came back. But man, this is fantastic. And this is how you need to book. But it's simple. He's he's a guy that barely loses. He is. He has not been. Uh, I don't think he's taking a pinfall. Yeah, he hasn't taken a pinfall loss on the main roster and I think whenever he does and needs to be the somebody that they're going to have, you know, be the next guy up in the midcard division. The guy is a formidable opponent. One thing I like about his title reign is he doesn't need to cheat to win and I can appreciate that. It's okay if a heel does cheat to win, but it makes it even better when they just beat out the baby face clean because then it's like, damn, he he's just he's just better than him at that moment. And when they do cheat, it gives that it gives the cheating factor that that extra extra to it or or it enhances the baby face's story.  Like he couldn't beat him on his own, which makes the baby face look that much stronger that a strong heel has to resort to anything to finally beat that person. So and we haven't seen him on television have to really resort to cheating as much. He can literally beat people clean and I appreciate that. He'll he'll sent. He'll tell his his, uh, Imperium brother brethren to go in the back. I can take care of this and I love that he's down to fight whenever whoever he doesn't care and I appreciate that. I appreciate it. Honestly, I just don't see you. I don't see him dropping that title for a while. I don't see anybody. Um, I was thinking maybe Chad Gable at some point, but they may have to revisit that later down the road. But honestly, he's beaten damn near almost everybody. So I don't I don't right now. I can't see anybody taking that off him. I know some people are like Jay and it's like, I think the story with Jay, if he was to do that, that would be very interesting. And it's just a timing with that. I don't think Jay should come in and just beat him first say, but yet I know they're trying to build up something for WrestleMania. Obviously Jay versus Jimmy at WrestleMania. That's the story that they're going to want to tell. So you don't really have unless you have him win relatively soon. Jay win relatively soon, only for him to have a short title reign, unless the Intercontinental Championship will be on the line between the brothers, which I don't think a title should be on the line for the brothers to have a match at WrestleMania. So that's why I say time and wise, I don't know if I would go with Jay to be the one of the throne Roman. Would that be impressive? I mean that would be. I mean, his record precedes him. He's the only one that's paying Roman Reigns in the past three years. So if there's anybody that could get the job done, maybe Jay, he's on the streak of pinning people that don't get pinned that much. So I don't know. It'd be quite interesting to see if that is the situation that goes forward. But honestly, as it stands right now, I think Gunther is in a great position. I don't think he should be losing it anytime soon. That's just my personal opinion outside of maybe Jay, but that's they would have to build up to that. I don't I don't think that should be rushed. But right now Gunther is doing some great fantastic work. Most of his Intercontinental Championship matches are damn near best of the show highlight of the show must watch. It's rare that you see a match from Gunther that you just is boring. Like he knows how to make the baby faces look good. He knows how to, you know, sell. He knows how to make things look believable.  His matches are brutal entertaining and he's he will go down as one of the greatest Intercontinental Champions of all time. And we are we are truly blessed and lucky to be able to say if there's anybody that deserves a long title reign, a lengthy title reign and has been putting that Intercontinental Championship in those matches for all of us to see and been putting in the great work. If there's anybody that deserves it, it's Gunther man. So congratulations to him looking forward to seeing how long this record how long this record stands. I think it's going to stand for a while depending on how long he holds it. He may hold it for as long as this NXT his United Kingdom Championship. He may hold it just as long as that. So and it may never get broken because I don't see nobody for a long time breaking this record. You know, the record is still at the test of time for almost 30 plus years.  He's he's a legit as they come when it comes to the wrestling world, man. So comment down below. Let me know what's your favorite Gunther match while he's at the Intercontinental Championship. What's your favorite match from him while he's at the Intercontinental Championship by appreciate all the love and support road to 250k and I'm still young to be the U2 resident champion world. Appreciate y'all kicking me. See y'all next one. Peace.


Tonight, Iran launched a large scale of coordinated attack on Israel. The regime in Iran fired a massive swarm over 200 killer drones, cruise missiles, and ballistic missiles towards the State of Israel. Together with our allies and partners across the region, we are operating at this very moment to defend Israel from Iran's attack. So far, we have intercepted the vast majority of incoming missiles by Israeli systems. So far, we have intercepted and are continuing to intercept dozens of attack drones as well as cruise missiles and ballistic missiles outside of Israel's border. A number of Iranian missiles fell inside Israeli territory, causing minor damage to a military base with no casualties. Only one little girl has been hurt, and we hope she will be well. The Iranian attack is ongoing. Our plans are in the air. Tonight, white-scale attack by Iran is a major escalation. Together with our allies and partners, we are operating at full force to defend the State of Israel and the people of Israel. We will continue to fulfill this mission.