The Cube's live coverage is made possible by funding from Dell Technologies, creating technologies that drive human progress. Welcome to the fear in Barcelona, everybody. This is the Cube's coverage of MWC 23, day one of that coverage. We have four days of wall-to-wall action going on. The place is going crazy. I'm here with Dave Nicholson. Lisa Martin is also in the house. Today's ecosystem day, and we're really excited to have Manish Singh, who's the CTO of the Telecom Systems Business Unit at Dell Technologies. He's joined by Doug Wolf, who's the head of strategy for the Telecom Systems Business Unit at Dell. Gents, welcome. Thank you. What a show. I mean, really the first major MWC, or used to be Mobile World Congress, since you guys have launched your telecom business, you kind of did that sort of in the COVID transition, but really exciting, obviously a huge, huge venue to match the huge market. So Manish, how did you guys get into this? What did you see, what was the overall thinking to get Dell into this business? Yeah, well, I mean, just to start with, if you look at the telecom ecosystem today, the service providers in particular, they're looking for network transformation, driving more disaggregation into their network so that they can get better utilization of the infrastructure, but then also get more agility, more cloud-native characteristics on to their, for their networks in particular. And then further on, it's important for them to really start to accelerate the pace of innovation on the network itself, to start more supply chain diversity, that's one of the challenges that they've been having. And so they've been all these market forces that have been really getting these service providers to really start to transform the way they have built the infrastructure in the past, which was legacy monolithic architectures with more cloud-native disaggregated. And from a Dell perspective, that really gives us the permission to play to really given all the expertise on the work we have done in the IT with all the IT transformations to leverage all that expertise and bring that to the service providers and really help them in accelerating their network transformation. So that's where the journey started. We've been obviously ever since then working on expanding the product portfolio on our compute platforms to bring Telco great compute platforms with more capability than we can talk about that. But then working with partners and building the ecosystem to again, create this disaggregated and open ecosystem that will be more cloud-native and really meet the objective that the service providers are. Great, thank you. So Doug, the strategy obviously was to attack this market as Manish said from an open standpoint, that's sort of new territory. It's like a little bit like the Wild Wild West. So maybe you could double click on what Manish was saying from a strategy standpoint. Yes, the Telcos need to be more flexible. They need to be more open, but they also need this reliability piece. So talk about that from a strategy standpoint of what you guys saw. Yeah, absolutely. As Manish mentioned, Del getting into open systems isn't something new. Del has been kind of playing in that world for years and years. But the opportunity in Telecom that came was opening of the RAN, the core network, the Edge. All of these with 5G really created a wide opening for us. So we started developing products and solutions. Built our first Telecom grade servers for OpenRAN over the last year. And we'll talk about those at the show. But as Manish mentioned, an open ecosystem is new to Telecom. I've been in the Telecom business along with Manish for 25 plus years. And this is a new thing that they're embarking on. So started with virtualization about five, six years ago and now moving to cloud native architectures on the core. Suddenly there's this need to have multiple parties partner really well, share specifications and put that together for an operator to consume. And I think that's just the start of really where all the challenges are and the opportunities that we see. Where are we in this transition cycle? When the average consumer hears 5G, feels like it's been around for a long time because it was hyped beforehand. Yeah. If you're talking about moving to an open infrastructure model from a proprietary closed model, when is the opportunity for Dell to become part of that? Is it, are there specific sites that have already transitioned to 5G therefore they've either made the decision to be open or not? Or are there places where 5G transition has taken place and they might then make a transition to open RAN with 5G? Where are we in that cycle? What does the opportunity look like? I'll kind of take it from the topology of the operator and I'm sure Manish will build on this. But if I look back in the core started to get virtualized back around 2015, 16 with some of the lead operators like 18T, et cetera. So Dell has been partnering with those operators for some years. So it really, it's happening on the core but it's moving with 5G to more of a cloud-like architecture, number one. And number two, they're going beyond just virtualizing the network. They previously had used OpenStack and most of them are migrating to more of a cloud-native architecture that Manish mentioned. And that is a bit different in terms of there's more software vendors in that ecosystem because the software is disaggregated also. So Dell's been playing in the core for a number of years but we brought out new solutions. We've announced at the show for the core and the parts that are really starting that transition of maybe where the core was back in 2015 is on the RAN and on the Edge in particular. Because NFV kind of predated the ascendancy of cloud. So it really didn't have the impact that people had hoped. And there's something when you look back because it's not same wine, new bottle as the open systems movement. There are a lot of similarities, but you mentioned cloud, cloud-native. You really didn't have back in the 90s true engineered systems. You didn't really have AI to speak of at the volume, the data that we have. So Manish, from a CTO's perspective, how are you attacking some of those differences in bringing that to market? Yeah, I mean, I think you touch on some very important points there. So first of all, to Doug's point, a lot of this transformation started in the core, right? And as the technology evolution progressed, the opportunities opened up, it has now come into the Edge and the radio access network as well, in particular with open RAN. And so when we talk about the disaggregation of the infrastructure from the software itself and an open ecosystem, this now starts to create the opportunity to accelerate innovation. And I really want to pick up on the point that you said on AI, for example. AI and machine learning bring a whole new set of capabilities and opportunities for the service providers to drive better optimization, better performance, better sustainability and energy efficiency on their infrastructure on and on and on. But to really tap into these technologies, they really need to open that up to third parties, implementation solutions that are coming up and again, the end objective remains to accelerate that innovation. Now, that said, all these things need to be brought together, right? And delivered and deployed in the network without any degradation in the KPIs and actually improving the performance on different vectors, right? So this is what the current state of play is and with Disaggregation Armor, definitely a believer that all these new technologies, including AI, machine learning, and there's a whole area of problems that can be solved and attacked and are actually getting attacked by applying AI and machine learning onto these networks. Open, obviously, is good. Nobody's ever going to argue that open is a bad thing. It's like democracy is a good thing, right? At least amongst us. And so, but the open ran has to be as reliable and performant, right, as these closed networks or maybe not, maybe it doesn't have to be identical. It just has to be close enough in order for that tipping point to occur. Is that a fair summarization? What are you guys hearing from carriers in terms of their willingness to sort of put their toe in the water and what can we expect in terms of the maturity model of open ran and adoption? Right, so I mean, I think on performance, that's a tough one. I think the operators will demand performance and you've seen experiments, you've really seen more of the Greenfield operators kind of launch open ran or VRAN type solutions. So they're going to disrupt. Yeah, they're going to disrupt. And there's flexibility in an open ran architecture also for 5G that they're interested in. And I think the Brownfield operators are too, but let's say maybe the Greenfield jumped first in terms of doing that from a mass deployment perspective. But I still think that it's going to be critical to meet very similar SLAs and end user performance. And I think that's where maturity of that model is what's required. I think Brownfield operators are conservative in terms of going with something they know. But the opportunities and the benefits of that architecture and building new flexible, potentially cost advantage over time solutions, that's where the real interest is going forward. And new services that you can introduce much more. Quickly, the interesting thing about Dell to me, you don't compete with the carriers. The public cloud vendors though, the carriers are concerned about them sort of doing an end run on them. So you provide a potential partnership for the carriers that's non-threatening. Because you're an arms dealer, you're selling hardware and software, right? But how do you see that? Because we're hurting the keynote today. One of the telco, I think it was the chairman of Telefonica said, cloud guys can't do this alone. They need this massive build out. And so what do you think about that in terms of your relationship with the carriers, not being threatening? I mean, versus say, potentially the cloud guys who are also your partners, I understand. It's really interesting dynamic, isn't it? Yeah, I mean, I think, you know, the way I look at it, the carriers actually need someone like Dell to really come in who can bring in the right capabilities, the right infrastructure, but also bring in the ecosystem together and deliver a performance solution that they can deploy and that they can trust. Number one. Number two, to your point on cloud, I mean, from a Dell perspective, you know, we announced our Dell Telecom Multi-Cloud Foundation. And as part of that last year in September, we announced what we call as the Dell Telecom Infrastructure Blocks, the first one we announced with Wind River. And this is, think of it as the hardware and the cash layer all pre-integrated with a lot of automation around it, factory integrated, you know, deliver to customers in an integrated model with all the licenses and everything. And so it starts to solve the day zero, day one, day two integration deployment and then life cycle management for them. So to broaden the discussion, our view is it's a multi-cloud world, the future is multi-cloud, where you can have different clouds which can be optimized for different workloads. So for example, while our work with Wind River initially was very focused on virtualization of the radio access network, we just announced our infrastructure block with Red Hat, which is very much targeted and optimized for core network and edge, right? So, you know, there are different workloads that will require different capabilities also. And so, you know, again, we're bringing those things to the service providers to again bring those cloud characteristics and cloud native architecture for the network. And it's going to be hybrid. Yeah. Yeah, and you just said on something, you said cloud characteristics. If you look at this through the lens of kind of the general world of IT, sometimes when people hear the word cloud, they immediately leap to the idea that it's a hyperscale cloud provider. In this scenario, we're talking about radio towers that have intelligence living on them and physically at the base. And so the cloud characteristics that you're delivering might be living physically in these remote locations all over the place. Is that correct? Yeah, I mean. Yeah, I mean, that's true. That will definitely happen over time. But I think we've seen the hyperscalers enter, you know, public cloud providers enter at the edge and they're dabbling maybe with private. But I think the public ran is another further challenge. I think that maybe a little bit down the road for them. So I think that is a different characteristic that you're talking about, managing the macro ran environment. Yeah. If I may just add one more perspective of this. Clouds, I mean, again, the hyperscale cloud, right? I mean, that world's been great when you can centralize a lot of compute capability and you can then start to do workload aggregation and use the infrastructure more efficiently. When it comes to telecom, it is inherently a distributed architecture where you have access, you talked about radio access, you're poor and it is inherently distributed because it has to provide the coverage and capacity. And so, you know, it does require different kind of capabilities when you're going out and about. And this is where I was talking about things like, you know, we just talked about, we just have been working on our bare metal orchestration, right? This is what we're bringing is a capability where you can actually have distributed infrastructure, you can deploy, you can actually manage, do life cycle management in a distributed multi-cloud form. So it does require, you know, different set of capabilities that need to be enabled. Yeah, some when talking about cloud would argue that it's always been information technology. It always will be information technology. And especially as what we might refer to as public cloud or hyperskill cloud providers are delivering things essentially on premises. It's like, well, is that cloud? Because it feels like some of those players are going to be delivering physical infrastructure outside of their own data centers in order to address this. It seems the nature of the beast is that some of these things need to be distributed. So it seems perfectly situated for Dell. That's why you guys are both at Dell now and not working for other telecom places, right? Exactly, exactly, yes. It's definitely an exciting space. It's transformed, the networks are under transformation. And I do think that Dell is very well positioned to really help the customers, the service providers in accelerating their transformation journey with an open ecosystem. You've got the brand and the breadth and the resources to actually attract an ecosystem. But I wonder if you could sort of take us through your strategy of ecosystem, the challenges that you've seen in developing that ecosystem and what the vision is that ultimately, what's the outcome going to be of that open ecosystem? Yeah, I can start maybe just to give you the big picture, right? I mean, the big picture is disaggregation with performance, right TCO models to the service providers, right? And it starts at the infrastructure layer, builds on bringing these cloud capabilities, the CAS layer, right? Bringing the right accelerators. All of this requires to pull the ecosystem. So to give you an example, on the infrastructure, you know, telco-grade servers like XR8000 with the new Intel processors that we've just announced and extended array of servers. These are telco-grade, short depth, et cetera, you know, the telco-grade characteristic. Working with partners like Marvell, Qualcomm, bringing in the accelerators in there, that's important to again, drive that performance and optimize for the TCO. Working then with partners like Wind River, Red Hat, et cetera, to bring in the CAS capabilities. So you can start to see how this ecosystem starts to build up. And then very recently we announced our private 5G solution with AirSpan and Expedo on the core site. So bringing those workloads together. Similarly, we have our open-run solution we announced with Fujitsu. So it's open, it's disaggregated, but bringing all these together. And one of the last things I would say is, you know, to make all this happen and make all of these, we've also been putting together our hotel, our open telecom ecosystem lab, which is very much geared, really gives this open ecosystem a playground where they can come in and do all that heavy lifting which is anyways required, do the integration optimization and more. So put all these capabilities in place, but the end goal, the end vision again, is that cloud-native disaggregated infrastructure that starts to innovate at the speed of software and scales at the speed of cloud. And this is different than the 90s. You didn't have something like hotel back then. You know, you didn't have the developer ecosystem that you have today because on top of everything that you just said, Manisha, there are new workloads and new applications that are going to be developed. Doug, anything you'd add to what Manish said? Yeah, I mean, as Manish said, I think adding to the infrastructure layers which are critical for us to help integrate, right? Cause we kind of took a vertical telco stack and we've disaggregated and it's gotten a little bit more complex. So our solutions, Dell technology infrastructure block and our lab infrastructure with hotel helps put those pieces together. But without the software players in this, you know, that's what we really do. I think in hotel and that's just starting to grow. So integrating with those software providers with that integration is something that the operators need. So we fill a gap there in terms of either providing engineered solutions so they can readily build on or actually bringing in that software provider. And I think that's what you're going to see more from us going forward. It's just extending that ecosystem even further. More software players effectively. In thinking about O-RAN, are they, is it possible to have the low latency, the high performance, the reliability capabilities, the carriers that are used to and the flexibility or can you sort of prioritize one over the other from a go to market and roll out standpoint and optimize one, maybe get a foothold in the market? How do you see that balance? The answer is absolutely yes, you can have both. We are on that journey. We're on that journey. This is where all these things I was talking about in terms of the right kind of accelerators, right kind of capabilities on the infrastructure. Obviously retargeting the software, there are certain changes, et cetera, that need to be done on the software itself to make it more cloud native. And then building all the surrounding capabilities around the CI CD pipeline and all where it's not just day zero or day one that you're doing the cloud like life cycle management of this infrastructure. But the answer to your point, yes, absolutely. It's possible the technology is there and the ecosystem is coming together and that's the direction. Now, are there challenges? Absolutely there are challenges, but directionally that's the direction the industry is moving to. I guess my question Manish is, do they have to go in lockstep? Because I would argue that the public cloud when it first came out was nearly as functional as what I could get from my own data center in terms of recovery, you know, backup and recovery is a perfect example. And it took, you know, a decade plus to get there, but it was the flexibility and the openness and the developer affinity, the programmability that attracted people. Do you see O-RAN following a similar path or does it, my question is, does it have to have that carrier-class reliability? Everything on day one, does it have to have everything on day one? Yeah, I mean, I would say, you know, like again, the Greenfield operators I think we're willing to do a little bit more experimentation. I think the operators, Brownfield operators that have existing, you know, deployments, they're going to want to be closer, but I think there's room for innovation here. And clearly, you know, Manish came from Metta and we've been very involved with TIP, we're very involved with the O-RAN Alliance. And as Manish mentioned with all those accelerators that we're working with on our infrastructure, that is a space that we're trying to help move the ball forward. So I think you're seeing deployments from mainstream operators, but it's maybe not in, you know, downtown New York deployment, they're more rural deployments. So I think that's getting at, you know, kind of your question is, there's maybe a little bit more flexibility there, they get to experiment with the technology and the flexibility, and then I think it will start to evolve. And that's where the disruption's going to come from, I think. Well, where was the first place you could get reliable 4K streaming of video content? It wasn't ABC, CBS, NBC, it was YouTube. So is it possible that when you say Greenfield, are a lot of those going to be what we refer to as private 5G networks, where someone may set up a private 5G network that has more functions and capabilities than the public network? Yeah. This exactly where I was going is that, you know, that's why you're seeing us getting very active in 5G solutions that Manish mentioned with, you know, Expedo and Airspan. There's more of those that we haven't publicly announced, so I think you'll be seeing more announcements from us, but that is really, you know, a new opportunity and there's spectrum there also, right? I mean, there's public and private spectrum. We plan to work directly with the operators and do it in their spectrum when needed, but we also have solutions that will do it, you know, on non-public spectrum. So let's close out. Oh, good. You have something to add there, please. I'm just going to add one more point to Doug's point, right? If you look on the private 5G and the end customer, it's the enterprise, right? And they're not a service provider. They're not a carrier. They're more used to deploying, you know, enterprise infrastructure, maintaining, managing that. So, you know, private 5G, especially with this open ecosystem and with all the open-run capabilities, it naturally tends to, you know, lend itself very well to meet those requirements that the enterprise would have. And people should not think of private 5G as a sort of a replacement for Wi-Fi, right? It's to deal with those, you know, intense situations that could afford the additional cost, but absolutely require the reliability and the performance and, you know, never go down type of scenario. Is that right? In low latencies, usually the primary characteristics, you know, for things like industry 4.0 manufacturing requirements, those are tough SLAs. They're just, they're different than the operator SLAs for coverage and, you know, cell performance. They're now, you know, 5.9 type characteristics, but on a manufacturing floor. That's why we don't use Wi-Fi on the Cube to broadcast. We need a hard line. Yeah, but why wouldn't it replace Wi-Fi over time? I mean, you know, I still have a home phone number that's hard-wired to align, but it goes to a voicemail. We don't even have handsets anymore for it. Yeah. I think, well, unless the cost can come down, but I think the Wi-Fi is flexible, it's cheap, it's kind of perfect for that moment. It's good technology. And it works great, right, for now, for now. But you wouldn't want it in those situations. So you're arguing that maybe. I'm saying eventually, why put a SIM in a device? I don't know, you know, but why not? Yeah, I mean, you know, and Dell offers, you know, from our laptop, you know, our client side, we do offer Wi-Fi, we do offer 4G and 5G solutions and I think those, you know, it's a volume and scale issue I think for the cost structure you're talking about. Yeah, come to our booth and see the connected laptop. Oh, yeah. Well, let's close on that. Why don't you guys talk a little bit about what you're going on at the show. I did go by the booth. You got a whole big lineup of servers.  So give us the rundown and, you know, let's end with the takeaways here. Yeah, the simple rundown, a broad range of new PowerEdge servers, broad range addressing core, edge, RAM, optimized for those with all the different kind of acceleration capabilities. You can see that, you can see infrastructure blocks. These are with Wind River, with Red Hat, you can see Hotel, the Open Telecom ecosystem lab. We're all that playground, the integration, the real work, the real sausage makings happening. And then you will see some interesting solutions in terms of co-creation that we are doing, right? So you will see all of that and not to forget the connected laptops. Yeah, yeah, cool. Yeah, and we mentioned it before but just to add on, I think, you know, for private 5G, you know, we've announced a few offers here at the show with partners. So with Expedo and AirSpan in particular. And I think, you know, I just want to emphasize the partnerships that we're doing. You know, we're doing some, you know, fundamental integration on infrastructure, bare metal and different options for the operators to get engineered systems. But building on that ecosystem is really, the move to cloud native is where Dell is trying to get in front of. And we're offering solutions and a much larger ecosystem to go after it. Great. Manish and Doug, thanks for coming on the program. It was great to have you. Awesome discussion. Thank you. Thank you for having us. Thanks for having us. All right, Dave Vellante for Dave Nicholson and Lisa Martin where we're seeing the disaggregation of the telco network into open ecosystems with integration from companies like Dell and others. Keep it right there for the cubes coverage of MWC23. We'll be right back.


What's up everybody, JC over Jaxby's case breaks.com we're getting away for baseball mixture spots in this filler here 2018 tops update hanger one pack break number 12 as you can see number 13 is already uploaded But this is break number 12. Just to show you guys that inscription here First we'll do the break randomized customer names in the team to shoot the hits out of the Break then we're randomized only the customer names top four names each will win a spot in the mixer and it looks like as I added a bonus If you don't place in the top four basically five six seven eight nine On the list we'll get $30 each So there you go. Good luck guys Let's do the break first. Let's roll it and we got ourselves a five and a two seven times One two three four five six seven Donnie down a hunter seven times here one two three four five six Seven hubs or Chicago White Sox down at the Cubs All right, so say to what you guys quick a little filler anyways Give you a quick minute to look at your teams though. Just I gotta go grab this hanger. So there you go Remember this is 2018 so Ronald Acuna jr. Braves was a big team soda with the Washington Nationals Of course show Hail Tony with the angels Fire as always man. I Ozzy Albie's Rodriguez Meadows 100 Ryu say gold 2018 Trout King's dream show Hail Tony Juan Soto rookie debut All right, there you go All right, there you go guys now the switch scenes Give away some spots in the mix where we're top four get in Let's roll it Two and a four six times. Good luck one two three four five and six in final time two and a four Kobe Kobe Barry and Matthew Wow look at that So top four get into the break and Then Christopher down to Hunter you guys will get $30 each and break credit back as it says here First five without a mixture spot get 30 bucks So there you go. We'll send that out to you right now as well. Appreciate you guys Jasper's case bridge.com


Hello, this is Maria Riccelli from BNC Software, the S&M Technical Marketing. Today, I'm going to show you how to use the new Business Driver Data Explorer template in building your Custom Views Intra-Sci Capacity Optimization. The Business Driver Data Explorer template has been added Intra-Sci Capacity Optimization version 11.5. It does help you to build Custom Views by leveraging your Business Driver data for the glance analysis of key trends in your business. Key features are the ability to show behavior of Business Driver metrics over a fixed time period and run performance at the glance analysis of a specific Business Driver, building some summary and details chart for Business Driver data. Main benefits are the ability to enhance visualization capabilities for business metrics and the ability to easily configure Custom Views to easily get from them values. Let's take a look to see how it works. Let's say we are building a new Custom View and we want to do a new page based on the Business Driver Data Explorer template. Let's select the type of Business Driver we want to display. In my example, I'm going to show the generic one. I can change level and then let's start configuring the tabs here. I can configure the first chart. For my example, I'm going to select the line chart and then I'm going to display the total events as metrics and I'm going to say this is total events and I'm going to apply and say. This point, the only thing that I will need to do is to select a Business Driver to display my data. As you can see here, I was able to quickly and easily configure a Business Driver Data Explorer template page. From this page, I can select another Business Driver to display the related data. In addition, as you can see here, if I edit the page, I can also configure additional charts to display more data. Let's say in this case I'm going to select one of the available templates that I already configured as Custom Analysis Template in TSC or console. In this case, I don't need to select anything else. I can only click on Apply and Save and my total volume profile will be automatically displayed. Thanks for watching.


This is the lady. I would like to welcome those who are watching on live streaming from our friends at work on. I have an email this morning from an old Liberty Street neighbor in Norma, and Norma I should be watching from Colorado, and we hope many others watch the country. I'd also like to introduce some other ladies that are here, Jane Leighy, the senator's sister mom, Mary Leighy, the senator's sister and Marcel Leighy, soul mate, spouse, and co-conspirator for 61 years. One other person I want to introduce is Maxine Leighy, who was a senator's teacher. Maxine, stand up and wave to the crowd. She is sociology. Is that right? There you go. Wonderful. Wonderful. I think his moderator today is Diane Derby. Diane served for six years as press secretary to Senator Jeffords. Can you turn the microphone? Sure. I guess. I can talk louder. Yeah, talk louder. We have 10 years, Diane served for 10 years for Senator Leighy as his local representative out of the Montpelier office. And we all know her now as senior editor at Vermont Digger. So we want to welcome Diane as our moderator. And with that, I will turn the meeting over to Diane. Everyone at the Historical Society for pulling this together. It's really great to see such a crowd and it's really important that the Historical Society just does great work to keep us all reminded of what came before us and inform us on what's to come in the future. So thank you, George. I don't think Senator Leighy needs much introduction. 48 years in the Senate. I think everybody's familiar with his Senate career, undoubtedly, but we've really come here today to talk about what his life was like growing up in Montpelier. And I know he doesn't need many prompts, but I've got a few prompts of my own here for him. Keep the conversation lively. And, you know, again, I'm not here as a journalist today asking tough questions. I've been here just in my cell role as having been fortunate enough to be his staff member for 10 years and just to have a nice fun conversation. I've promised him it would be fun. So I have to follow through on that. So for those who have read the book, you might be familiar with The Road Taken. His opening chapter starts with a scene out of the State House when he's four years old.  And I don't want to steal his thunder, so I'll have him tell that story. But I've asked him to start there and walk us through what the early memories are in growing up on State Street in Montpelier. Well, thank you, Diane. George, thank you. George Hudson's parents were dear friends of my parents. And it brings back memories just seeing him and hearing his voice. Mary and I and our late brother John grew up 136th Street and almost diagonally across from the State House. So back in the days, you didn't even lock your doors. You walked around everywhere. Everybody knew everybody else. And one of my buddies and I decided let's go explore the State House. We'd been there with my parents, but we had our tricycles. And we went up and went inside door and nobody's around. So we dragged the tricycles up to the second floor. And we're in a nice room, found out later as the Senate Chambers. And we said let's race down the halls. So we've reached down the halls. Here's an open door. We go barreling through it. Wham up against this desk, which was 27 feet high, at least to look to us. And a man leans over. He goes, yes. And we said, hi. Are you the governor? I am. Now get out. But he did give us some candy on the way out. And Mary, you can imagine the reaction of our parents. I got home and I was all excited. And I told my parents about this. They did not see the humor in it. And we weren't allowed to go in the State House. Our current governor is in there to meet with him. Not long after I became a long after he became governor. I was a U.S. Senator. And he says, it's a different desk. And don't bring your tricycle in here. So beyond that, what other memories do you have on State Street itself as a kid? And what was it like growing up in the family? You had the family business, the Leahy Press, and the back of the building growing up. Maybe a few stories about those memories. It was interesting. We rented out rooms to legislators. My mother did, helped with the bills, but they did not hear all these stories when they were in the house, which is wonderful. We rented out another apartment upstairs. But you could walk through the kitchen door into the Leahy Press. And the beauty of that, I learned to read at a very early age. One of the most formative things in my life. Can you hear this okay back there? I can never tell from here. It was formative things. I had my first library card at the College of Harvard before I was five. And that's because I learned to read so quickly in the Leahy Press. We always had a constant stream. My parents had a constant stream of friends. We learned from them and hear all these stories. And the history, my dad told the stories of the 27th Flood and how he was there with his mother and his sister. She lied before my parents had met. And it moved up to the second floor of 136th Stage 3 because the 27th Flood was coming down Stage 3. And then I came in, came up in a rowboat with a huge camera to the second floor. And Dad opened the window, let the guy into the place, tied the rowboat to the cast iron radiator, thank you. And helped him up onto the roof, passed up. The irony is I have a book with me and I was glancing through it on the way over here. My son was driving. And there is a picture he took from that window. And you can see the house next door. And what was the National Life Billion, the state office book, picture taken from up there. You know, you'd hear these stories. And then, of course, later on we had Irene. And that brought us to our home in Middlesex. The next day was a beautiful day. It flew around the state, saw everything that was going on, and saw on the phone from the helicopter to Washington seeking aid for the... And I want to go too long, but I'll just close one thing. When this last flood came, and I'm watching on the news, and in buildings of different companies at the time, but buildings where I used to deliver newspapers, the Montpey or Argus afternoon paper. I didn't want a morning paper. But buildings where I delivered it, I'd hear the businesses in them destroyed. And I was literally in tears. I have never lost, even in the Senate and everywhere else we've lived, I've never really lost that feeling of growing up in Montpey. And I went to high school with this building, and it did my sister, she's much smarter. And our brother was really smart. So we want to talk a little about how your early experiences shaped your career in the Senate. And your father was a real historian, knew everything, told these stories of the state house, you met the governor when you were four years old. How did these early experiences kind of shape you to get you involved in politics? Well, I learned a couple of things from my parents. My father had to leave school about 12 or 13 years old. When my grandfather was a stone carver and Barry, Patrick J. Lay, he died. And dad had to go out and support his mother and sister. And it was a different time. I've never forgotten the stories. The signs would say, no Irish need to apply. Or if you weren't smart enough to figure that out, no Catholic need to apply. But dad became a printer and eventually won the best in the area. He started his own printing business, Lay Press, which is still there. But he regretted not being able to finish school, but he became a self-taught historian. He read everything. He had almost photographic memory of history. He'd get the newspapers and just devour them and talk about it. And so much so that kids, when they were in college, and they had a history exam coming, they'd call, let's call Grandpa Lay, he'd double check these answers. And that influenced me so much. Now my Italian mother, my grand-grandparents, emigrated to Vermont from Italy. She was born here, grew up speaking Italian. And that certainly influenced the feeling of diversity and why you need it. But the history, and probably the thing that I'm going too far off here, cherished the most and my parents lived for a number of years after I got elected to the Senate. And I could bring them to all these places that they'd read about. And I remember my dad holding handwritten notes, not copies, but the real ones Abraham Lincoln had written down. And the archives in Washington. That was a joy. But all the way through I always felt I was kind of paying back what I had because one player you could walk everywhere, you could go anywhere. I had the time to leave our bicycles on the porch. It was a different world. People helped each other. They drove down here, I think, where the fires were. And Diane, I can't tell you when you called me to tell me about the fires, how choked up I got hearing that. But some of the buildings along here, I can remember my parents going to the grocery store. And the kids would be in the car. We'd pull up to, obviously, an area where people of limited means were living.  People would come to the door and hand them the groceries. They'd say thank you and they'd leave and get back in the car. Never told us who the people were. He just said if people are in need, help them. And it meant a lot. You touched a little bit on your library card at the age of four. Yeah. Maybe you're also talking your book a little bit about being in the supermarket, looking at comic books. You had only sight in one eye. And so reading became your passion. And maybe tell us a little bit about what did the Kellogg Hubbard Library look like when you were a four-year-old? I know the Leahy Wing wasn't built yet, so we can say that. I couldn't do that. I couldn't do that at the age of four. But I was born basically blind in one eye. It's like you had severe macular degeneration in one eye. So sports are a difficult thing because of lack of depth perception. And that brought about the accident I had last year, walking upstairs. But reading, I only needed one eye. And here's why individuals are important. Do any of you remember Mrs. Holbrook? Okay, I see a few hands going, good, thank you. I'm not that old. But Mrs. Holbrook was the librarian. The library was in the basement. And it was very, very small. And I went to St. Michael's Greater School up on the top of the hill. I walked down the hill, go in the library. She said, well, Patrick, did you read the book you had two days ago? Yes, I did. Tell me about it. And I would tell her, she said, good, now here's one by Mark Twain. You might want to read or something. And I was, you know, like, first, second grade. And by the end of third grade, I'd read all Twain, all Dickens, all of these others. And history books and she just kept encouraging me to read these. And it was so enjoyable. And I know that when one of the floods here in Montpellier when that was still there, people showed up from around, say, just ran in and grabbed all the books they could off the shelves, just ran out through in the cars. And to save them, otherwise they'd be destroyed. Flood was over, they brought, every single book came back, plus about 20% more. Now, wouldn't I, I've always felt that that was one of the most important things in my life. And my parents encouraged me to read. And after I got in the Senate, I couldn't forget about that place. So the nice thing about being on Appropriations Committee, you get to determine where money goes. And they now have a beautiful new wing for the Children's Library. And, well, I commend the architects of everybody else who put wood and stone all together. But you can be somebody who has a reading problem or somebody who's reading several grades ahead of themselves and they have programs for you. Our grandchildren, when they had come up to the farm during the summer, they'd just go down. First thing they'd go down, they'd load up on books and we'd bring them back. We've got at least one six-year-old in the audience who wants to hear a little about your Batman history. Couldn't be a senator like he talked without talking about Batman. I did read Batman comics. And ten cents. Finally went to twelve cents. We would go in. I'd be there the first one at the store when the new came out. I tended to remember everything I read. And I do recall when I was in the Senate talking with people from D.C. Comics about legislation. Something was said, I said, no, no, in 1947, in our spring edition, about page five, such and such happened. And they thought, yeah, we humor the guy. I said, oh, yes, Senator, of course you're right.  Never happened.  That's exactly what happened. And one thing led to another. I worked with them on a very powerful, we got the characters on Batman comic because I was trying to ban the export of landmines from the U.S. No country had done that. And when I started off, I could count about 12 votes in the Senate. Among the things we used was this Batman comic book and several of us worked on it, including debating for two days the ending. It's a short story. Somebody worked for the Wayne industry in a combat area. Parents killed. A little girl was captured. Batman wouldn't save her. In the last panel, the helicopter was coming to pick him up and she said, look at the shiny toy. He said, no, and then boom. And she's destroyed. And the reason we debated on that, and I went to every single senator across the political spectrum. I said, read that. And they said, okay, just leave us all over here. And they said, that's a terrible ending. I said, there are no good endings in landmines. I was a medical surgical nurse. She's been in war zones and in the operating rooms and in the surgery places where they're having to re-amputate and to put process. So there's nothing happy. It's mostly civilians. And we passed the bay at 100 to zero. The only controversial bill for 10 years. So I like Batman. And the kids seemed to like it. I did reading our, I volunteered reading our one day, which is easy to come from our home, middle sex on Saturday. Jeans and sweatshirts and somebody hands me a note that Batman enemies had their pictures in the library. I could not figure out the clues. I need help. I grabbed my phone and you nearby, girl was a burst smoke in walks Batman. And you can imagine these four or five, six girls. Well, anyway, long story short, he couldn't figure out the clues, but the children did. And on the way out, he says, I want to thank you children. You're welcome, Mr. Batman. It was fun. So we're going to open it up in a few minutes to questions, but I'm hoping before we do that. I'm getting out of sequence. No, that's, I'm out of sequence. I'm hoping we can back it up a little bit just to get the visuals. What did downtown look like when you were a kid growing up? I talked to Mary a little bit in preparation. She told me a little bit about the two supermarkets in town, the two competing downtown supermarkets. Yeah, I worked in one. You worked in one? I was a meat cutter. Just tell us a little bit about that and the visuals of downtown when you were a kid growing up. That story is no longer there. In fact, there was a fire that destroyed that wing and then... The city center. Ben and Jerry's. Yeah, the city center building. But it was a part-time job when I was in high school. And I learned two things. One, I learned how to carve meat. And secondly, I learned this is hard work. And I had a lot more... I think I had respect anyway for people who worked in stores like that, but I had even more. Realizing how hard the work was to do it right. And the difference in people coming to the store, some very nice, some not so nice. But you learn that and you learn... You should treat everybody with respect. And so it was part of growing up. Most of the stores, we knew the people. We knew the people who ran the stores. I'd deliver printing there from the way he pressed. Usually I'd go to school, drop off this, such and such a place. And it was different. You had tunnels, you had all these others. Because everybody knew everybody. And it... I mean, so I'm gonna live in this...  And she forgot this, be sure to bring it to her. Whatever it might be. It was a different world. You tended not to judge people. I mean, it's a lot different than with my father. As a 13-year-old, when there were religious prejudices and others, that had diminished substantially. And I remember we used to joke about mom and dad being the Democrats. Well, that's where the Democrats live over there. In that house. But Dean Davis, who's a Mr. Republican, and his president of National Life, who's across the street, he and his wife would come in and play bridge with my parents at least one night a week. George Jetson, who introduced me, his father, the landlord, the mother, they would... My parents would play bridge at their house one night. They'd play bridge at ours. Everybody knew everybody and socialized. But helped each other. Said, my mother, where are you going? Where are you going with that food? Well, so-and-so, sick. And I just thought I might hop up. And I said, well, who are they? Well, I don't really know them, but their friends are so-and-so. And so my friend brought him supper last night. I'm bringing it tonight. And, you know, you grow up in a community like that. That's going to affect you for the rest of your life. No matter what you do. I didn't expect to be a U.S. senator, but I tried not to forget the things I learned. And so Montpey has been special. And as Marcel knows, when I watch the news of the flood here this year, I literally sat there in tears. Does Montpelier still feel familiar to you, you know, having grown up here, does it feel different as just the landscape and look at the place? Well, the landscape is much the same. And we used to when I had an office here in Montpelier as a senator in that terrible-looking post-office building. I'm not going to say what I call it, Marcel. I think I've heard about this. But we drive back to our home in Middlesex. I usually go up the hill and go over past what we call Codyville and into Middlesex on the back road. And so much that's always looked like. But the people I knew that nowhere near as much, I mean, I grew up in the high school class I was in was only 30 or 40. Is that right, Xie? 25 to 30. Just 25 to 30. And the sad thing was that more than 10% of the class was dead within a few months after graduation. Several in an automobile accident. And another one, one of my classmates, had joined the military in the paratroopers in the parachute did not open. Every time I parachute, I thought of that. Well, I think on that note we can open it up for a little Q&A from the audience. We've got Catherine with the microphone here. Oh, or George, sorry, George. You understand with both Catherine and George, I want to really date myself. But Mary and I knew their parents. And there was such good people growing up. Just bring the microphone over maybe. Thank you. I do have a question, Senator, but first, are my parents and yours or friends also? I'm Stan Sloan. Is that microphone on? Hold it close. Hold it closer. Okay. That okay? Yep. And subsequently I worked for the congressional research service on international affairs and to work for you and your staff as well. But my question, and I delivered the pre-press. I have my morning routes going up East State Street. I've never been a morning person. No, I wouldn't do it again. So I would rather have the arguments about no question about that. But my question is what values do you think that you came away from growing up in Montpelier that influenced the way that you acted as a Senate as a U.S. Senator? Because I know that I took a lot of important values that are still important to me today. And I'm sure you did as well. And I'm sure you're exactly how you see that. Well, thank you. It's a good question. I think the values continue at all levels of light. When I was state's attorney in Chittenden County, I was on call seven days a week, 24 hours a day. You don't see that today. Several nights a week I'd be out at two or three o'clock in the morning with the police. See, what happened when people did not treat people the way they should. And I thought back to where growing up in Montpelier where people tried to help each other. When I went in the Senate, I realized the worst thing could do is to automatically catalog somebody. People talked about that when I was chair and when I was vice chair, the appropriations could be the close relationship I have with Dick Shelby in Alabama. We're poles apart philosophically. The only thing we have in common is the two of the biggest people in size in the Senate. But we always kept our word to each other. We always worked things out. We always said, what's the bottom line going to be to the people who are affected by it? And we were talking about this just the other night when I called Dick just to check on how his wife was doing. So I think these are the things I learned I tried to carry in the fact that it came from a small town. People would call us by our first name. They would say, oh, great to see you. I saw your sister last week or I saw your cousin or whatever it might be. And you realize this is real life. Maybe the best way to answer it is I grew up in a real life. Some of the people, and this is why there's been such deterioration in the Senate and especially in the House for our presenters.  And that's not America. Did you feel the same way about it? I do. Grab the mic. Okay. Thanks. Okay. I grew up with the sense of strong community respect for other people. And as you pointed out, not prejudging people and understanding that there are things going on in their life that may be influencing what they're doing and what they're saying. And it's always important to look at that. And in Washington, I didn't see that that always happened. No. I couldn't say it better than you just did. Precious. Senator, I realize you're probably younger than this, but I wonder if you ever had a chance to ride on the Montpeil, your O'Bells River Railroad. Oh, damn. I guess that's a yes. As I said, I didn't know my paternal grandparents because they both passed away before my parents even met, but my maternal grandparents immigrated from Italy and we still have a lot of relatives there. And Senator in South Brigham, my grandfather's a stone carver, and he and his brother started the example of stone shed. And his kids would sometimes go over to visit our grandparents for a few days. We'd get on the train right out here, and my folks would put me on the train. The conductor knew who we were and said, don't worry, Mr. and Mrs. Laidale, I'll get them off. We'd bribe in South Brigham. There was a stop there. My grandfather would be there and he'd say, Mr. Stamble, I got your grandchildren here. Oh, I don't know what to say. And he'd take us off. I don't know. And wave goodbye. What else are you doing on a train? Since then, I've taken the train a lot between New York and Washington, Washington, Philadelphia. It's a little bit different. But we've had grandchildren up here at such memories that we have several times taken our grandchildren. We've gotten on the train in Waterbury and written down to White River. Got out in White River. Somebody from my office had been us there. We'd have lunch, go to the Montshire, and drive back to Middlesex. Those kids still talk about it years later doing it. It's a special way to see Vermont. Tom, yes. Well, thank you for being here. I imagine that being a senator might be a little stressful. And I wonder, just Tom. I'm Patty, Casey. I'm just wondering what you do to take care of yourself to stay so vigorous. I'm fortunate that I married way above myself. I married a compassionate, wonderful registered nurse. We had to wait until she finished nursing school before we could get married because somebody had to have a job. I was a lost. But she has gone all over the world with me. We've done things together.  Now, I'll tell you a secret. Don't tell her I told you this. But when we first started dating, she and her parents would only speak French at home. And I had to dramatically improve my French. So I can understand what they were saying about me. Is that right? Yeah, it's nothing wrong with that. But I think that being able to come back home, I would hold them several times a month. And the nice thing is it's not that long of a flight from Washington during the time I was in the Senate. And I'd get to see people in the grocery store, pick up my newspaper, do whatever I was doing. And people would stop and talk. And you realize what you're hearing from people in the store walking down the street might be a lot different than what you're hearing on pundits on national television from the right or the left. And that helped keep me, keep me anchored. I think I know I've had different senators who have come up here in both parties and stay with us at the farm and go around. And every one of us said, this is different than my state. And I think that's a compliment because of the way we could be. And even when I was president for 10 and I walk around with this entourage and harm guards because you're third in line to the presidency. There was only one time that I was really glad to have him and I was hearing from him. Then that was, I was in St. Johnsbury. And this little guy comes up to me and he says, Pat, do you remember me? I said, I'm sorry I don't. He said, well, we met before. And I said, well, when? He said, 1974. And I said, well, I wasn't in the Senate in 74. I was state's attorney.  And I've been wanting to talk to you about it. Now, I had an airplane to catch. We were in St. Johnsbury, even with these guys with their police guys. I said, I got to catch a plane. Oh, he said, I've been meaning to talk to you. I think this guy's been meaning to talk to me for 40 years. I don't want to talk to him. One of the agents who's a lot taller than I am leans over to why don't you talk with me? I got caught. I have no idea. I felt like saying, you weren't the only person I prosecuted. I was there for eight years. I'll also just add this quick addition to that. I think you wake up very early in the morning and read every local paper in the state of Vermont, even when he was in D.C. Because I'd call him in the morning with some news because I was his eyes and ears for Montpelier for many years. And he'd already know it. There was nothing I could tell this man that he hadn't already read by seven in the morning. So that kept him young, I think. I think Digger in seven days is so good at getting stuff out. And the other newspapers I can read online. I think local news is very important. And it's diminishing because of the cost and everything else. And you lose on that. And I think it's, maybe that's one of the effects it's having in the Senate and the House, that they're interested in what's going to be on that 30-second bite. Somewhere in national dues. Senator, can you hear me? Yep. Okay. My grandparents were sort of on different sides of the aisle during the strikes in Barrie. My grandfather was the Comptroller for the Rock of Ages. My grandmother was the cousin of the socialist mayor. Oh boy, that was a fight at home. Well, they seem to get on okay, despite all that. And I'm just sort of wondering if you have any memories of that time. The other thing I remember is, like, I grew up more in New York, sort of back and forth between New York and Vermont. But in Vermont, there was a big competition between Barrie and Montpelier. Montpelier was bad and Barrie was good. That's how I understood it. And so anything you want to comment on. The strikes were before my time, but I do know that you go through one of the cemeteries in Barrie and you see a tombstone with Patrick J. Leahy on it. Now, some of my opponents have said, damn, wrong one. But that's my grandfather. My father was born in Barrie. And we always had friends in Barrie and Montpelier. My grandfather, my Italian grandfather, would come to Barrie and be with a lot of his friends that have lunch in one of the restaurants. I forgot what it was, but I was about six or seven years old. He'd bring me with him. And they'd be going in Italian, French, English. And I just sat there and listened to him. And I had a lot of classmates here at St. Michael's who came here from Barrie. So I never felt the animosity between Barrie and Montpelier. And I could never understand what I had been told about. Thank you. Hello, Senator. My name is Liz Dodd. And I moved here from Washington, D.C. about 42 years ago. And my husband was Tom Dodd. And we've spoken about this before. And Tom was with WDEV. And he was a reporter for WDEV for many years. But I wonder now, given everything that this wonderful community has been through in the last few years, in the last year particularly, in the last few months, what advice you have that you, in the wonderful career that you have and the wonderful giving person you are, any advice that you have about how we might best get through what we have to deal with in coming through where we're at now? Any suggestions? Of course, WDEV, we knew well when the lady pressed it. Printing for WDEV. Lloyd Squire, as a little kid, I knew Lloyd Squire and his wife would come into their house. And while Barrie, she'd be making cookies or donuts. And as a kid we thought, boy, that's really, that radio station is important. We're getting hot cookies here. But we sometimes forget how small our state is. And there's some trends that bother me. Our graduation rate from high school is diminishing. Too many of our young people are leaving the state. And we are, the ages, the average age is going up. I worry about those who say, well, do we want to bring this business or not? We want to bring businesses that require an educated workforce and then make sure we have the education and we push for it. We've seen this in some of the places like an Essex Junction. I know some people are worried that they might want too much parking for this electric airplane, electric helicopter they're making in Burlington. I look at what they're paying, the people who have to have all kinds of education and I'm thinking, build a parking lot if you want. If you need these people there, the ones who are going to buy homes and the ones who are going to raise their children. We have got to have more emphasis on the education of our younger people. But then we've got to have the jobs that appeal to them. There will always be minimum wage jobs, I understand that. But we've got to ask them, we can hold out to them and say, you graduated from high school. You learn this, maybe you go to a trade school, whatever you do, or to college who find ways to pay for it. But there will be jobs available and jobs in Vermont. If we don't, I worry about Vermont. I felt very privileged, especially in my last 20 years or so in the Senate because of my seniority, we could get money for things. When COVID hit, I remember calling the governor and said, I put in a small extra appropriations under the laying small state minimum. He said, oh, how much? I said, a billion, 500 million. It was a positive. He said, do you say billion? I said, don't forget the 500 million also. He said, how'd you do that? It helps to be chair of the committee. But I wanted to do that because we could have been devastated with COVID. We could have been devastated the next generation. We could be devastated generation of my age. I was going to have fine medical care. I saw a lot of people in Vermont were not, and we wanted to get that money out here and protect our state. But then we have got to encourage the younger generation that there will be things here and work to have jobs for them and work to have things they can do. Global founders, as a conjunction, I was concerned when people, some people oppose legislation to fund them. Where do you want to build these chips in China? I want to build them here in the United States. And if we're going to build them in the United States, let's do a state alphabetically starting with V-E-R-M-O-N-T. Senator Leahy, I'm curious. George Edson here is kind of our N-C. And I'm wondering if you have any reflections or remembrances of his father's Landl's C-H Cross bakery. Oh, I do. I also deliver newspapers there. And I love the smell of coming in, and I would get the de-arthenies, the government de-arthenies worked there and others, but I'd come in and talk, deliver the newspapers. I remember first, when you grow up with an Italian mother, you get used to home-baked things, and this cross-baking was close to home-baking we could. But I also saw the pride that people took in cross-baking. And I think, George, I think your father really instilled that in them and encouraged them in that. So it's the kind of thing that made Montpellier special. Patrick, I have a question. Tell us about your neighborhood. What did you do as kids? And do you remember the Montpellier curfew? I remember that. You knew when the curfew was. What was it, 10 minutes of 9 or 10 minutes of 9? How's that for memory? But the curfew was suggested, recommended. But I think our parents liked it because, told us to get home. We had friends. State Street did not have many families around where we were. Our friends were up the hill or other places and it reminded us to come home for our friends' houses or for them to go home from ours. A sister with Barbzia diathlete and others would. But you get used to playing with it. Well, in fact, down the street from us, on the other side of the street, was a big open lot. They had a soft ball diamond there. People would play all kinds of sports there. A lot of us would go up to Hubbard Park.  We'd go sledding in the park in the wintertime. We'd climb up there, climb up the tower. That 3,000-foot-high tower when you're five years old. And then they had a whole area, I don't know if they still do, where you'd cook out. First come, first served. It would be so many families there. It was, you knew families. You knew which door was never locked.  I behaved myself. I worried about my brother and sister. I got a look. My sister was listening. Yes, sir? Senator, it's good to see you again, especially in this capacity. You did good things. You do good things. And you continue to do good things. I don't have a question, but I'll sit down quickly after this comment. I said you do good things. My wife and I arrived here in the States going on 40 years. And what you represent is one of the reasons that we're still here. I said you do good things. The fact is, in church this morning, the pastor kept saying, thank you, God, thank you, God, thank you, God. I don't think God would mind if I said thank you, Senator, thank you, Senator, thank you, Senator. And as I close, I'm looking around as I hear you talk about values, from human values, family values, vision. And as I look around here, I see one or two youngsters.  I spoke to Elizabeth here to my right, and my question was, is this your first of a series of interactions? I don't know. However, I do hope it's not your last as you go across this state. Our young people need to hear you. You're an icon of what you want to call a role model, et cetera. You and the Mrs. Senator, okay. That's factual. They need to hear that. I read about your being here today in the seven days. And I said, I'm going to be wearing a suit tomorrow because I'm going to church. In other words, I'm going to keep on that suit because I'm going to hear a person who continues to make a difference in our society. In our human family, our kids need to hear that. I'm active, that is, I participate very actively in our school board meeting there in Fairfax. And the adults, some of the adults who come bring some very negative and provocative stuff. And I've heard more than one student at that school shush some of the adults because the adults are not bringing some, a percentage, but a distinct percentage, a bringing verbiage that's not good, either for the students or our teachers or administrators, et cetera. Again, I say, the body, us as a state, just say nothing about the nation and foreign stuff. It needs people like you to be. You're doing good things. You'll do more. There's a scripture that says in gospel that we are expected to do more and greater things. Your presence encourages people to do that. Your profile encourages people to the reality that it can be done. And I thank you again. Thank you, thank you, thank you. Sir, that means so much to me because you only do your best on things. And it's not always the easiest. I can do all the luxurious trapping and being in the Senate. As the dean of the Senate, I have the nicest rooms and all that. But that's not what the Senate is. The Senate is how you act, what you do for the country. Do you follow your conscience? And one of the reasons I like coming home so much, that people like you, others would renew in me, it's not about me, it's about all of us. And it means people coming together. I think of the battles that we still had in segregation when I first came there. I remember talking to people like Hubert Humphrey who talked about how he fought that. I think of two of our granddaughters, one white, one black, walking down the street here in Montpayer, the white granddaughter was here. She was asked, well, who's this? She said my sister. And I don't think I could have done 48 years or done the things I'm most proud of if I couldn't come back to Vermont. And my son and I talked about this when a few years ago we're basically making up our mind not to run again, even though I knew I could be reelected. And we wanted to come back here. We were both born in Vermont. Our roots are here. We believe in Vermont values. And so we came back. And the reasons for coming back, we see every time we're going to the grocery store, walking down the street to get a paper or whatever we're doing, we run into people and we hear it at all ages, all income levels, everything. And we just hear the reasons why we come here. People agree or disagree with me on issues. We can at least discuss it. And I watch how the House and Senate had degenerated. People forgetting they have an oath to the Constitution. They have an oath to respect all of us and they're not. They're respecting their own individual advancement or whatever else. And that's wrong. That, one thing I pray for is that that will change. And we made our first trip back to Washington a couple of weeks ago. Two or three days and running into some of my friends that I was pleased to hear those who wanted to change. I'm distressed at those who don't want it to. And that's a terrible mistake for our country. We're a good country. We have good values. But we have to fight to keep those values. When children go to school, they have to be taught those values. Real values, not sloganeering. They have to, I'm thankful. I'll stop with this. I'm thankful. Other times that I finally realized why my parents stopped on the way home after leaving the grocery store. I had enough of those rickety stairs, knocking on the door, leaving a bag of groceries. And I think of all the, you know, we're saying the same thing. It's keep our values as Vermonters. I wish to hack the rest of the Congresswood. And your teacher is going to get the final word. I had not planned this, believe me. What grade was it, Maxine? I had you twice a day, every school day for a whole year. What grade? Senior. You were a senior. Chemistry and sociology. And why you are still here after that chemistry class? I do not know. I decided not to become a chemist. I knew about chemistry was mighty little, but I was one of the sisters of Mercy and you went and taught what you were told to go teach. And you were the first class I had for chemistry. And it's a miracle, and I'm not religious anymore, but it's a miracle you're here. It's a miracle this building is still here because we didn't blow it up. That's right. I want to ask you, do you have any good memories of your time in this building? And this, of course, was the gymnasium without that ceiling. And do you have any that you'd like to share with us? Just seeing my friends walking in. It would walk from home. I'd walk home for lunch. Sometimes down the railroad tracks, but it... No, just seeing friends and talking with them. I didn't spend that much time in gymnasium because with my lack of depth perception, I wouldn't be good at... Although I didn't have one part of this thing. We had... Oh, what was the coach's name? Sheridan? Yes. And Roger Sheridan, Mary, just from my... Roger Sheridan was a good-sized person. And they named me... I was over six feet tall by the time I was a freshman in high school. And they named me the manager of the team. So Coach Sheridan and I would drive to a town we probably hadn't played before and go there to set things up. And we'd walk in and everybody would look at me and say, what position do you play? I said, I was too short to make the team. I know it was a little bit of a lie, let's be fun, but it sure had an effect on me. Okay. Thank you all for coming. Thank you, Senator Lehi. Thank you, and Diane Triggy. Yeah, I want to thank Diane because Diane is more tired on this one. Thank you all. Thank you.


Hey everyone, it's Michelle here, and I want to talk to you about Turtles All the Way Down by John Green. I recently finished the book, and let me just say how excited I was to begin off October with another John Green book to read. I was one of those people, as I'm sure all of you were at some point, who was absolutely obsessed with John Green, to the point that I remember going to bring my sister to the next town over, which is like an hour and a half away, to go see this VIP, you get to see the Faulkner Stars in theaters before the Faulkner Stars actually came out literally like 24 hours later. There was no reason I needed to drive that length of time just to go see that movie. But either way, I absolutely loved John Green, so even just hearing that a new book was coming out, I was freaking out a little bit, obviously, because it's just like it's John Green. He shaped my childhood, he wrote books that I can relate to so well, and yeah, let me just get into this talk because I only have 15 minutes before I need to get to class. So to start things off, I'll say that this was not my favorite John Green book. I really, obviously I want it to be. Obviously every time you read a new book, you want that book to be your next favorite one. But of course, to say in that I did not hate it, I would describe this book as fine. Like if someone came up to me on the street and was like, hey, like, how do you enjoy like the new John Green book? I'd be like, you know what? It was good. I like, I would recommend it because it is a good book, but it wasn't my favorite. It was just okay. It was just another book that I read, but it did have its goods and it did have maybe it's like where it was lacking. So I will get into that in this video. One of the things I would say it did really well obviously was capturing Asa's anxiety. They, John Green did that so well to the point that like you would almost get anxiety while you read it. So there is a big trigger warning on this. If you do have anxiety, maybe reading it really wouldn't put you in a good mind space. There was chapters that left me not in a good mind space afterwards. So if I do recommend reading this to some people, I would recommend maybe being in a good place while you're reading it and maybe being able to like detach yourself when you do because John Green does write it really well. He captures anxiety really vividly and everything like that. And it is to the point that anxiety is the villain almost in the... No, anxiety is 100% the villain in this book. And he captures that so well to the point that like the climax is because of anxiety. The everything in the end all has to do with this and like to see a young adult novel that has to do with mental illness instead of falling in love with someone was like really, really amazing. And of course you did throw in love there. It's a John Green book. But to say that the left side is I guess where it really falls flat. There's kind of like two separate plots. One plot is in Aisa's head and the other plot is like internal, external, or like surroundings. And the other plot is about her old childhood crush named Davis is like a billionaire and his dad goes missing. And his dad goes missing and everyone's looking for him. And so because of that Aisa and her friend are like, we should probably reconnect with the old childhood crush because we want this like reward to go see him. So because of that, they do reconnect with Davies and there is a separate plot that is Aisa and Davies kind of like kind of falling in love, kind of just connecting with each other, being able to like help each other through their problems. It wouldn't be I would say like the most captivating plot line that could be there. But saying that we all have read John Green before and we all know that sometimes the plot of John Green is not what a John Green book is about. Sometimes it is just simply about the quotes and the concepts that John Green comes up with such as the great perhaps behind looking for Alaska or in this book, it would be the turtles all the way down or the spiral of anxiety that you really like that is the main theme of it. When I read a John Green book, I like to give like I see two sides of it. I see the plot side, which might be a little lacking. And then I see the deeper meaning of it, which held really well in this book wasn't something I related to entirely, but it was really beautifully done. And there was the whole plot side, which the plot side really like I didn't feel emotionally connected to any character besides Aisa. Aisa I didn't care for her best friend who I forget her name. Davies was just kind of like you cared for him, but nothing like really like a lot of things just really fell flat with him. And especially because his storyline just wasn't something that I was interested in like his lost dad that I just kind of like didn't have my whole heart in it. I would argue that the storyline itself just wasn't explained that well. I could say that maybe if they like beefed up the love part of it that it might be a better thing. And then to lead into that, the ending really fell flat for me too. Especially because it felt like the entire book was leading up to a really like dramatic ending, which like it always does in like every book you read, but like this book for some weird reason. I was like, no, like their dad's missing. He ran away. He's a fugitive. Something's going to happen and something big is going to happen. And don't get me wrong, it like something big didn't happen, but it wasn't super satisfying. And the ending, I'm going to give you a spoiler or a free review. I just decided that. But the ending just sort of like hit the mark that I wanted. So saying that just go into the book expecting it not to be satisfied in the end, but go in knowing that it will be a good book overall. And it was a fast read. It was a book that I like opened and within like a week or two I was finished, and which is pretty impressive because it was midterms. So saying that do it, but do it in a critical way. Also, I'm reading the Goodreads Reviews as you can tell over here. And you know what? Everyone's else seems to really love it. I think there was a few reviews that really agreed to me, but there was some people who'd like say it's the book of the year. So do go and read it. Do get your own opinion on it. No matter what, you're not going to hate this book. You can't hate this book. You can't hate this book because this book is about a girl and you can't hate this girl because this girl is though supposed to be annoying to her friends. She's like just a girl who's going through problems and you sympathize with her. So overall, if I had to get it a rating I believe I gave it, well check how much I gave it. I gave it a 4 out of 5 stars. Maybe I would give it a 3 out of 5 stars if I had to like rate it again just based on what I said plot-wise and how it was lacking. But I do think it was a good book overall. Go and read it. It's John Green. You can't go wrong with John Green. Oh, another thing I'll mention though is that John Green books always have really, really good quotes and I found it hard to find a good quote to put on like my Instagram caption when I took a picture of the book.  Like I can still quote so much of like looking for Alaska and the Fault in Our Stars. And like I just really wanted more good quotes. There are some just not like relatable enough. Oh, also I'll say this. The reading books where they're talking about like 16 year old people I find I just don't relate as much anymore. And I think it's getting to the point that like I'm looking at a 16 year old girl and she's like talking about love and I'm like, oh, but like that's not your real love. Like if I reread Twilight right now would I like not enjoy Twilight as much because I'm like, no, like Bella, please, this is not like your forever kind of thing. I don't know. Okay guys. Well, that was a really short review, but I do need to get to class. Thank you for watching. Thank you for being patient with me and thank you for not noticing that my hair hasn't fully dried since I got out of the shower. Have a good one guys. Bye.


I think this is a new strategy adopted by RSS, BJP, VHP people, that they will go around in the country and have these kind of lynch mobs and create an environment where the minority sort of withdraws further, okay, they are not even able to give their opinion or voice their opposition, so that is the strategy to scare everybody, to create an environment where people forget protesting, where they are afraid of protesting and I think it is very important that we all come out on streets and protest because it is finally about what is I think my country should be like and we are all here because we love our country and we also love when I say we love our country it is not without people it has to be without with people and with all the diversity this country has.


Hello, I am Dr. Bhaskar Ashanay, Head of the Department of Pediatrics and Chief of Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases at Manipal Hospital, Bangalore. There is no age limit to give the vaccine, but each vaccine will have their own prescribed age at which we have to give. For example, BCG is given at birth, ideally and preferably given at birth. At polio also, we start at birth and then comes the DPT, which we start at 6 weeks, 10 weeks and 14 weeks.  So each vaccine will have its own time schedule so that the maximum benefit is achieved.


What is going on everybody as you can tell it is a chilly day in New York City right now I just currently like 30 degrees or so so I do have to dress a little warmer now on these colder wash Blocking to work right now. It's early in the morning. That's really actually came in about 8 a.m. Today So not a big deal, but the reason I'm filming this video because I haven't done a Straight-up day in the life of a doctor video or a day in my life as a doctor video in a very long time I usually do these vlogs while I'm on call, but I haven't just done a Straight-up day in my life where I take you around on my entire day at work So first of foremost as usual walk into work. It's a chilly day And I have some pretty big cases to do today, which I'm pretty excited about I'm also really out of breath right now for some reason, but I'm going to bring you along for the ride as usual and we'll see you what we can get into if the cases are good I'll try to make some educational Content about it or whatnot. So we'll see you where it goes All right, so this video is sponsored by board vitals now you may have heard my prior video on Passing the core and what my thoughts were on the core examination last year when I did this video and I discussed how the Hands-down best resource for this exam is the board vitals question bank The questions are almost identical to that on the actual core exam The explanations of the questions are second to none. I learned so much from this Q bank I can't even recommend it enough even if this video wasn't sponsored I would still tell you all that this is the best Q bank far and away That's how much I loved it all of my colleagues who also passed the core exam felt the exact same way about this Q bank So do yourself a favor and use my code Dr. Chalini to get 20% off the entire board vitals website with the exception of the CME gift card products So use my code dr. Chalini now get 20% off your board vitals radiology question bank and pass the core exam now Let's get back to the video I guess people are still taking city bikes to work every day As you know, I'm a huge fan of city bikes, but I haven't used them Quite a bit of time because it's too cold to and like whenever it gets a little warm out I feel like and still use a city bike, but I get on it and the wind starts blowing all over my face Yeah, I'm come freezing so I just stick to walking right now Now I will say when it's this cold outside for some reason my nose always runs I don't know how many of you all your nose runs when it's freezing outside But mine runs like crazy. Maybe it's because I have a big nose. I don't know But I do like wearing masks in the winter I will say way better in the summer because it actually keeps you warm and keeps the wind off of your face The only downside of that is my nose just runs all in my mask the whole like 20-minute walk So that's kind of annoying, but the benefit of working at a hospital is that I can just get a new mask When I get to work, it's not half bad. Also, I haven't told you what I'm actually doing this week I'm not on call as you can probably tell since I'm not filming a week in my life on call video But I'll tell you what I'm doing as soon as I get in the hospital because my hand is frozen from holding this phone in the cold weather All right, so my case is officially delayed Currently, well the bad news is I look terribly tired right now But the good news is we have a really cool case coming up right now that nobody is covering Which means I am the fellow that gets to cover it and that is a tips procedure Which I think I mentioned it on my last week on call video It is a transgenular Intra-hypotheic Porto-systemic shunt and it is done for portal hypertension in the setting of cirrhosis So people with bad liver disease have portal hypertension which can cause a host of issues such as hepatic encephalopathy predisposition to hepatic cellular carcinoma can also cause refractory ascites and Bleeding varices as well So we do the tips procedure to essentially relieve some pressure and create a bypass Essentially which allows the pressure in the portal system to kind of decrease a little bit and prevent some of those Complications I just mentioned if I can find a good diagram online or something So you know exactly what I'm talking about But is it pretty complex procedure that has become not so complex over the years It used to be like the it thing to do an interventional radiology But now it's kind of like not bread and butter, but it's not as challenging as it used to be So all right, let me go check on this patient and get this room ready and we'll do a procedure and hopefully check in afterwards All right, so that was a complete change of plans, which has happened there So instead of what my hair looks good today, right? So instead of a tips ended up doing a Semi-urgent pulmonary artery Embolectomy or thrombectomy whatever you want to call it So that was completely different than the tips that I thought I was going to do so. Yeah, it was actually a pretty fun case We don't get too many of those but during the daytime I should say usually we get called in for those in the middle of night So it's kind of nice to do that in the daytime with you know a lot of personnel around so basically this patient came Into the ER did a CAT scan showed a large pulmonary embolism taking up almost the entire Main and bilateral pulmonary arteries So we call that a saddle pulmonary embolist because it kind of rests on the main pulmonary artery trunk like a saddle wood I think I did a video on pulmonary embolism, which I will link up here So you can go check that out and I talked about where pulmonary embolism come from or pulmonary embolize come from and usually DVT's in the Lord's chimney, but if you need a refresher I did it with imaging link up here So I'm actually it is 5 p.m. By the way at the moment and I'm actually starving So hold on a second. Let me get a snack Otherwise, I won't be able to continue this what happens now after I finish your procedure We just brought the patient up to their room and right now I have to do all the like post-op stuff Like I have to do the brief op note Which is like you know a brief little note telling everybody what I did so that they know what happened during the procedure And then after that I will have to actually dictate a summary of the entire Operation or the entire procedure in which I go into detail about like what vessel I was in what catheter I used all that kind of stuff We do have templates for that But it does take a little time and you want to be pretty accurate because if you say something that's not accurate That could be medical fraud much like surgeons who do op notes our dictations are everything op note orders Tell the team everything that happened do my dictation then I can get out of here Okay, so just finished dictations I'm about to put my jacket on because it's freezing and head home And wait for angina to get off work So we're gonna eat dinner together because I know it's as every time but even I'm not on call this week My mother-in-law brought us a roasted chicken dinner. I don't know why she does this so much But I'm down for it and I'm here for it. So we're gonna have a nice dinner again tonight So I forgot to mention though I did take a video of the pulmonary embolectomy that we did and I'll show you the results of it But you may have already seen it on my tiktok I don't know I'm making a tiktok video in this video at the same time And I don't know which one's going to be out first So if you follow me on tiktok, you may have seen this footage already Otherwise, I'm going to put it in this video and it's kind of shot in portrait mode because it was for tiktok originally But you'll see some pretty cool Stuff here and you can see me playing with the clot that I actually pulled out of the pulmonary artery through a big catheter Which is crazy. So I am headed home right now All right, so we just finished the pulmonary artery embolectomy or thrombectomy and we do this for patients with large PEs or pulmonary emboli in the main pulmonary arteries of the heart What we do is we take a large bore catheter The size of this little if you look on the ruler right here, you can see that little circle that says 24 That's actually the size of the catheter It looks like a very large straw that we insert into the right common femoral vein And using our x-ray machine We use live x-rays to advance that giant catheter all the way up from the common femoral vein and the groin To the heart and we get into each branch of the pulmonary artery and suck out this clot And this is actually what the clot looks like. It's this slippery Bloody tissue that kind of forms together and blocks off the pulmonary arteries And we have to get this out because the heart cannot pump blood against this blockage in the pulmonary arteries And if you don't get proper blood flow to the lungs, you won't get oxygenated blood Which means you won't get oxygenated blood sent to the rest of your body And this is the importance of getting this clot out And this is just me playing with it all over the place because I don't know it's kind of fun to play with So I hope you all enjoyed it Okay, so everything's all wrapped up now and my least favorite part about leaving Even though it's only like 5 20 right now is you'll see why It's literally pitch black outside Which is not fun at all It's definitely cold enough to wear a nice beanie out So that's what I have to do now so my face doesn't freeze off on the way home today That about wraps up this video You all enjoyed coming along with me for a day in the life like the good old fashioned times that we used to do If you have any questions leave them in the comments below Make sure you follow me on instagram and also tiktok because I've been posting some good stuff over there Otherwise as always I'll see you all on the next video


The product pick of the week this week is the push button power switch breakout. This is an analog latching power switch that allows you to cut power or turn on power to your project at the push of a button. My favorite feature and one of the reasons I wanted to show this is this kill switch.  You have a project with a battery, you want to be able to press it, have it do something and then have it turn itself off until the next time you come by. You don't have to screw around with any sort of low power watch dog timers and things like that. You can just have the thing after some task has been completed or after some amount of time the microcontroller can essentially cut its own power which is pretty cool. The push button power breakout switch.