Hi, so my name is Benjamin, as said, and I'm the project leader of the Gixbox distribution for quite seven years now. And we have designed a new media center application that I'm going to present to you guys now. So again, Gixbox is a major live CD multimedia distribution since 2003. Back at the time, there were only Muvix distributions for the one who might remember of it, who was also a live CD distribution, and the idea of the distribution at this time was to be able to turn the computer into full features, set the boxes. At the time, many, many computers were at difficulties playing back several kind of videos of audio codecs or video codecs, whatever. And we wanted to make some distribution that only does this purpose. So the idea was that with a live CD, one can just boot his PC and be able to run every kind of multimedia content he has, photos, videos, audio files, whatever. And we wanted it to be able to stream from various media locations. So we are able to read files from either your hard disk, from the NFS, or from Samba, for the network storage. Also we wanted to add support for the UPNP or DLNA streaming Portugal. So again, also with the CDDA support and DVD support, analog TV support, DVD playback, this kind of thing. So at the time it was a really small and tiny distribution which was at the very first release only 3 megabit big or small, depends on the point of view. But it's something that really can boot your PC really quick. And as a live CD, you can also shut it down really quick. The idea was to replace the, when it was designed to replace the first hardware set the boxes. So when it was designed it was the time of the first kiss set the boxes, the first one that were able to play the DVX files on your TV. So that was the idea of the distribution.  And as you may see on the right, this is a screenshot of the interface which honestly is quite ugly. And this is still the existing interface and we have designed the new interface which is called ENAW which aims at replacing this one. The Geeksbox project was designed by a few employer developers, including myself. And as you may see, the design is quite simple because it uses the employer as the interface. But it's also quite limited. Again as we are using right now the employer OSD interface, it is quite difficult to add any new functionalities. So what we wanted is to really split the media player interface from the user interface. So with the Geeksbox being completely based upon employer project and being employer developers we introduced many features that were not at this time in the regular employer project. So we introduced the support for the DVD NAV, announced a lot of things in the OSD menu, had some TV control, LCD display supports, RTSP streaming and things like this. Of course, nowadays all of these features have been included in the upstream project. But as a consequence, many of the users requested us that the features that Geeksbox originally proposed, they requested us for these features to be able to be used in other distributions than Geeksbox. So we had the willingness to create a new guy which had to be portable, which had to be configurable and extensible. So it has to work on any kind of display, whether it is frame buffer based or Xorg or X OpenGL based, anything like this. And again it had to be a standalone application that can run on any distribution, not just Geeksbox. So the application that we are talking about is called INA. You have on the right a few screenshots of the application, which as you can see is far different from the previous screenshot that you've seen of the current interface. INA has been designed to be the GUI for the Geeksbox 2.0 release. It's a media center application that is meant to be used as a home theater PC and is meant to run on low-resources computers. So the binary itself is only 250 kilobytes big. Of course then you add the theme files which are composed of all the GPEGs, PNG and things like this. So it's quite enhanced a bit the resource consumption. But we have decided to make the GUI realize on the Enlightenment Foundation Library project. So we will see this a bit later on. But as for the graphical interface, so we realize on the EFL and as for the all of the multimedia playback capabilities and all the metadata retrieval, we rely on two separated projects which are called LiPlayer and LiValala, which are projects that have been created by the Geeksbox folks. So here you can see quite a simple interface or view of what NR really is. So INA is in the green squares you have all the libs that have been designed by the Geeksbox teams. So INA itself which relies on the LiValala player AV framework and on the LiValala metadata engine and for the graphical interface it relies on the Enlightenment Foundation libraries or also known as the EFL which mostly are the projects called INA, EAT, EVAS, E-Core, Edge and Elementary. As for the LiPlayer framework, it relies on different media player backends. So we can control Ampere, Xen, VLC, G-Streamer and of course this player controls the audio and video render layers. EVAS itself is also used to control the video render for the graphic display but it also is used in order to control the input layer. So one of the first library we designed is called LiPlayer. This is a multimedia AV abstraction layer that was used to, I would say, to control various multimedia players. So the willingness is that some people, some of the users, we have made some complaints that we are stick to Ampere and for some reason it was good in the past, it was maybe not as good as it used to be nowadays because VLC might be better for playing the NetStreams, Xen might be better for playing DVDs and things like this. So we have designed an AV abstraction layer that actually provides a generic API and this API allows us to control all of these players, so Ampere, Xen, VLC and G-Streamer. The two first ones are pretty much stable, the two last ones are pretty, in a pretty much experimental stage at the moment. So it basically can play but with still a lot of bugs. The application or the library has been designed to be fully melted threaded and also thread safe and it allows any front end to use it to control any media players. Through various audio and video renders, so as OSS projects for the audio ones and either the frame buffer, OpenGL, LSDL, VDPIU, XL11 or X-Video for the video layers. This is some internal drawings of the LibPlayer architecture. Just to say the slides will be available on our website, so as they are a bit complicated, if you want to spend any more time to check about the architecture, they will be available on our website. As for LibPlayer, as I said, we have one public player API. This player API is used to expose the control to various media players. So what we, what you have designed is this API and the front ends, which at the moment is Ena only, but many other applications might be able to use it. Just have to send some controls to a control queue. The controls can be very simple. They are the playback, stop, pause, seeking, backward, forward, any kind of things. And through this, we have a lot of, we have a lot of internal structures that actually calls different wrappers. So when you register your player public API, you have to register a new player structure, which you first define to be one of the four players that we support. And then the wrapper engine actually translates all the public API calls into one of the, into one of the multimedia player API. So except from MPlayer, which by comparison to the other libraries, isn't really a library, isn't a library.   One of the ideas of MPlayer is to provide this video abstraction layer so that we might be able to control several new players or new things that might come in the future without having to change anything on the front end, so on the user interface. Next one that we use is LibValala. LibValala is a tiny media scanner library. It has been designed to feature high performances and multi-streaded implementation. What it does is storing various information on your media files into a SQLite database. So in order to do that, it supports, it parses the audio-video stream properties through the FFNPEG project. And it also allows to grab many information from online websites in order to fetch covers, ricks, list of actors for your movies and things like this. On the bottom, you may see the different grabbers that we currently support. So as for the offline mechanisms, we support EXIF, FFNPEG and the NFO files, and for the online, we support different websites that provide such kind of information. This we probably won't spend much time on this, but this is some mechanisms, internal mechanisms of LibValala and how it works. So we have a scanner that actually calls many grabbers that can be, again, either offline or online and retrieves the various information from different content providers and store them within a database. If you're interested in the architecture, you may check the slides on the website. So as for INA itself, again, a few more screenshots on the right. You may see it as it has been designed with embedded considerations in mind. So it has a law from print, and it also was meant to be user-convenient and plug-and-play. So the idea is that anyone without any computer skills is able to use the interface. As for now, we have many modules that have been designed, so basic features like the music player, the movie and TV show players, also a photo viewer, weather forecast activities, and some online ebook reader that uses some content providers. So we have two at the moment. One is called the OneManga website, and another is the Go Comics one. So these are two websites where we can fetch ebooks or comics and things like this and you can display them on your set-top box. As for the feature, as it was the case with Geeksbox, we support playing back from the local disk, from CDDA, DVD database, podcast, we support the UPNP and DLNA playback. Also the application supports all the dynamic media detections through the UDAV library, so it's a replacement for the HAL that is currently dying. And so we may discover how many hard drives you have if you plug in a new USB key, it automatically appears on your applications and things like this. Again it has been designed to be controllable through the keyboard, the mouse or the touch screen, and as for the mid and long term features, we expect to port it to Windows and to OS X, currently it runs only on Linux and has been packaged to Ubuntu. And as you may see, many other features that might come like video and demand, voiceover IP and things like this. We have the project is still young and a few enhancements are due to spring and it will be part of the Geeksbox 2.0 release that is supposed to be coming by the beginning of the month. So thank you for your attention if you have any other questions.


Hello, everyone. Welcome to another capsule for the Shankar IAS Academy. We'll talk today about the G7 summit, which took place in Germany from 26th to 28th of June. All of you know what G7 is. The most powerful countries in the world. The United Kingdom, Canada, France, Germany, Italy and Japan. So except for Japan, all other countries are members of NATO. And they are the richest countries in the world because now richness and poverty cannot be measured easily. And Japan is the only country which is outside Europe, outside NATO. But Japan is as much part of the western world as the others are. So G7 was formed to represent the richest countries in the world. And their focus was always on the well-being of the world more than G7 itself. Because G7 did not have many problems among themselves or they did not have any economic problems of their own relatively compared to the rest of the world. So G7 meetings used to express solidarity with each other. Not only to help each other to develop their security and their development and their ability to combat whatever problems there are in the world. And then try and see what they can contribute to the rest of the world. So it was an outward-looking organization. It was set up in 1975. It does not have any, it's an intergovernmental organization. And the basic approach was to global economic governance and security. But this particular conference which took place this year in June was held against very different circumstances. At the moment, G7 is very much a target of attack by several powers, particularly Russia. So even though during the Cold War there was that struggle, but the last 20 years or so there was no real opposition from Russia against G7. In fact, at one time Russia was invited to G7 and it became G8. But later Russia was expelled from there because of certain views held by the Russian Federation. So this time the backdrop of the conference was very different. They were concerned about themselves rather than about the world. So the first important thing that you remember is G7 became inward-looking rather than outward because of their own extremely important problems. And the first and the foremost is the war in Ukraine. All these six countries as members of NATO are arrayed against Russia in a conflict. But as far as G7 is concerned is an in absentia conflict. The conflict is between Russia and Ukraine. But G7 countries, since they are NATO countries are very much in the opposition to the Russians. But fortunately it's not a physical war between them. Then it would have become a world war. But what has happened is that the NATO has decided to counter Russia and to defeat Russian ambitions. You have talked a lot about Russian ambitions. I am not going into that. But their declared ambition was to secure the security of Russia against NATO. And therefore these countries are directly opposed to Russia. And this is a situation which had not happened since G7 was formed. So they were advising others. They were giving support to other countries to develop. And when the economic collapse happened in 2008, they even agreed to have a group called G20. In which they brought in not only G7 countries but also other major developing countries because they felt that the G20, a larger group, may be able to find solution to the economic problems at that time. But G20 still continues, we'll come to that. But this time G7 was very much focused on their primary crisis, primary problem, which is the war in Ukraine. The second big problem is the post-pandemic economic recovery. Because unlike the developing world, the developed world and particularly G7 suffered a lot because of the pandemic. We know that much of the losses took place in the US. It happened in Italy and France and in Japan. So it was an unprecedented situation where the rich countries suffered even more than the poor countries. So they were all initially separately trying to settle this, but then later as G7 they were able to coordinate a little bit. The United Nations could not coordinate because of China. And somehow we seem to have reached the end of the tunnel, but still not sure whether there is light at the end of the tunnel, whether there is another wave waiting for the world. So the uncertainty of the post-pandemic period and the eternal issue of climate change. So these were the three major catastrophes or major crises that G7 discussed. Of course G7 also invited some other countries, some developing countries including India. And there was Argentina, there was India, there was Indonesia, there was Senegal and there was South Africa. Some of these countries are already in G20, but these were merely observers. They were not party to many of the decisions that G7 took. So let's take the first issue is the crisis in Ukraine because there is no clarity of how this war can end. Russia is not talking about ceasefire, they're not talking about diplomacy, any dialogue, anything. They started off by saying that they want to secure their borders. Then they said they had to secure those three republics which had broken away from Ukraine. Then they said they want direct access to Crimea, they wanted to deny Ukraine the shipping ports etc. And of course finally, Mr. Putin is visualizing an old Soviet empire coming. So there is no guarantee as to where it is going. And the success that NATO had was in holding up Russia all these three to four months. Because this was supposed to be a complete walkover for Russia, it did not happen. And for that, what did they do? What they did was giving full support to Ukraine. Even G7 leaders visited Ukraine during the war, which is very, very, very unfair. And full support to them, but no boots on the ground, no soldiers from NATO. Weapons were being given very, very much. And one of the first things they decided at G7 was, they will give unconditional commitment to Ukraine, financial, humanitarian, military, and diplomatic support. And stand with Ukraine in NATO commas so long as it takes. So this was the core of the decision taken in Germany by the G7. That they will stand firmly on the side of Ukraine. They also don't say where it will end, but they say that as long as it takes, where it takes a few more days or months or years, we will stand by Ukraine. So there is no relaxation, no concession made to Russia. And therefore, the special declaration on Ukraine, which was adopted by the G7, are full of promises of support and also criticizing Russia in very harsh terms. And the address to the rest of the world is to help G7 countries to resist Russia and to defeat Russia. So you will see throughout the declaration, all these ideas that Russia is committing war crimes, Putin should be tried for that. Then as far as sanctions are concerned, they are targeting very many things. The oil supplies, price of gold, oil prices, restricting access to technology. So all the possible opposition to Russia with the purpose of defeating it and discrediting it. And the call that goes out from this declaration to the other countries is to help them in this process. So they point out the dangers that are involved in this particular adventure by President Putin. And so they would like the other countries, the developing countries included, to support them. And G7, as you know, is a very powerful group. It has 10% of the world population, 31% of global GDP, 21% of global carbon dioxide emissions, not a positive thing, but negative, but that shows how much they are developing industry. And it plays a very big role in global trade. And also it is in the power to help or hurt other countries. So the point that they are making is that the sanctions are absolutely essential. And if the sanctions have to be effective against Russia, others have to cooperate. That is one of the reasons why G7 is not particularly happy with India, because India is accused of being supportive of Russia, not only by not condemning it, that is one aspect. The second aspect is we seem to be discouraging, bursting sanctions by buying oil from Russia and also making arrangements for rupee, ruble payments etc. Which means the complete hold of the big countries, the developed countries, the G7 countries on the economy is being relaxed by India in this phase. But India is, I mean, explaining it that this is for our own need. We have a role to play in what is going to happen in the field of energy, in the field of food. And these are going to create big problems in the world if the war continues. And therefore India has the responsibility not only to protect itself, but also to make sure that the world itself does not suffer on account of this war. So, but India was not invited to discuss the Ukraine issue, because that was discussed only in themselves. So they met to corner Russia and to hold the hold of their political and economic power. And because it had shifted to Asia, you know, China has emerged, India has emerged. Therefore there has been some kind of decline in the superior position that the G7 has acquired. So they have produced an extraordinarily long communique. And the tone is that of the old powerful group that G7 is, because they are still most powerful. But it did not sound as confident as the previous. So their anxiety too, about what is going to happen in the world. What would happen to NATO? What would Russia achieve? All these shows, they show that concern. So there is a ring of confidence in the declaration that we are still the most powerful group in the world. But they also showed some weaknesses in the sense that they wanted the rest of the world to support them in fighting against Russia. But surprisingly also it was very critical of China, not surprisingly, because China and Russia are now new allies. So there is a G20 summit which is going to take place in Indonesia. So they are even talking in terms of expelling Russia from G20, as it was expelling from G7 earlier. So its own propaganda is being given, its own propaganda that we will recover, we will not suffer an account of this crisis. And therefore, they are themselves believing what they are saying that we are invincible, we cannot be defeated, etc. So as a group, they are saying that Russia is responsible for all this. NATO's responsibility, of course, is not talked about. You know that the first question was why Ukraine was being admitted to NATO, that is why this crisis arose. So a counter narrative against Russia and China have to be developed. And the rules-based international order has been necessary to be restored. Because now the global order is a little bit in confusion. And so they think that they should counter these by G7 by itself and as well as by the other countries. They want to rope in other countries. And they say that continued to expand NATO's lengthless expansion of NATO and repudiation of arms treaties. And Putin is being accused of war crimes. The new countries likely to join against Russia, considering that supporting the market in such a way that does not support Russia in any manner, but strengthen the other countries. Even the other problems of the world, they are saying that it is because of Russia. Hunger and malnutrition is the result of Russia's weaponization. Because they're spending too much money on weapons and progress towards an equitable world. So the point that you have to remember is that it is more weaknesses than strengths that the G7 seems to emphasize. And so that shows how critical it is. And it also shows the determination to act together. But there is no disunity among all of them, among the seven of them. And their effort was to bring in others into the act. Prime Minister Modi was present there, but he did not speak on this issue because he was invited to speak on some general economic issues, particularly climate change, energy security, etc. Which he spoke about the need for this, which would affect everyone, both G7 and other countries. But he did not join in the chorus against Russia. So he wanted the capabilities of G7. He mentioned that the capabilities of G7 should be deployed in order to give advantage to other countries to fight all these crises. The economic crisis which will grip them because of the great war, the pandemic situation is still not under control. The reconstruction after the pandemic is very urgent for others. And so what is happening is, though Mr. Modi did not say it in so many words, was that the whole structure of the world, which was set up by the G7 countries to benefit the world and now be eroded by they themselves because of this problem. So the builders of the system chipping away at the foundations of it is the feeling that people got. So Argentina, Indonesia, Senegal, South Africa, etc. They were there basically to represent the developing world and they focused issues on their own problems, the need for strengthening the UN. The questions arising out of China's expansionism, energy, environment, health, security, all this were demanded of the G7. So in India, they was very interested in finding solutions to the problems of the world and other developing countries also contributed to that. On one hand, we have this statement by G7, which is very strongly anti-Russian and anti-Chinese and on the other hand, there were planning solutions for the developing world. So the number one measure that they have established for the sake of the rest of the world. And it's called partnership for global infrastructure and investment. See, after the Chinese have brought out their BRI, Belt and Road Initiative, in order to support developing countries or at least in the guise of supporting developing countries, they were catching them in a debt trap as it happened in the case of Sri Lanka, we know. So many countries are trying to get out of BRI because all these money which was given to them as loans carried heavy interest and they were not able to pay interest because these projects were not self-supporting and they had to spend money on them. And the famous port at Habantota has been given away to China on lease. So there was a feeling, most of the countries of the world except India joined BRI. There has been a suspicion that BRI will not help. And in order to counter that, they developed this partnership for global infrastructure and investment which is called PGI to give loans, you know, is giving for building roads and bridges and belts. So developing projects in middle income countries is there. But they themselves, their expenditure is higher than their income, they themselves are in debt, but they decided that this would strengthen or at least give some confidence in the middle income countries, particularly like India. And they have decided to build a fund of about 600 billion US dollars in order to support the developing countries. That was the other aspect of the G7 meeting. So the outcome of the seven meeting is not entirely satisfactory for anybody because they did not show any new way of either ending the war or resolving the context. And because of their own difficult situation, they were not able to focus on problems of other countries. Their responsibility as the most developed, most industrialized countries, you know, the United Nations has decided long, long ago that they should provide at least 0.7% of their national income for developing countries, which nobody has pushed. So all those, and therefore they wanted to on the one hand, precise Russia and China, and then try to win away the others who are friendly to Russia and China to join them to solve these problems. And therefore they had to put up this idea of an investment fund, which would help the participants. And that was the participation, because as I mentioned that as a guest, they were addressing specific issues. But they did ask questions as to what this is all going to do. What will it amount to, how will it affect the world. And that question was an uppermost of the people who attended it from the developing countries. So G7's demands on China, their reluctance to reform the world, all these were in the minds of the people. So G7 partnership on in infrastructure and investment was a major step forward. But that did not give as much, get as much appreciation as it would have normally got with us. Their focus was on their own problems. And their objective was to get others to help them fight Russia, rather than to help the other countries. So, in a way, we cannot say that G7 summit was in any way successful, either for them or for the rest of the world. For them, it's a crisis situation. And therefore they are not able to coordinate their economic policies, because they have to spend a lot of money on arms and ammunition for Ukraine. And therefore the words in the declaration were very strong and very critical of both Russia and China. But there was nothing positive in it about themselves. They're talking more about the problems that they are facing and the solutions they could. So that way, from G7's perspective, it was not powerful enough. It was not problem solving enough. They openly expressed their views very strongly and accusing Russia and China of all evils in the world. On the other hand, the developing countries expressed their concern about the food situation, about the fuel situation, about the climate change situation. Because the years, carbon-free, carbon emission, net carbon emission free, years that have been fixed, time is running out. Where are the funds available? How can they reach their targets and all those questions? But if they're in a normal situation, it would have been G7 sitting on one side and the other sitting on the other and trying to resolve the world's problems as there has just been this in the world. That's not what happened. What happened was their clamour for support from the rest of the world. And these new measures were basically some kind of incentive for them to work with G7. And therefore the scene will now shift to G20, which is a larger body. There's no veto in G20 and it's an economic body. So G7 was just pitching for that. When they go to G20, what are they going to ask for? But G20 includes China and Russia and many other major developing countries. And therefore that's a much balanced body and therefore maybe some more cooperative and collaborative arrangements will be made in G20. So but as far as G7 was concerned, its focus was very much on Ukraine without suggesting any solution. They were simply declared that they will fight Russia as long as it takes, which is not a very happy modus operandi. It is not very happy for other countries because we really do not know just like the pandemic. We do not know where we are going and we are living with the pandemic and so now they say we have to live with the Russia-Ukraine war also. But the atmosphere in the world is such that as I wrote in an article in Hindu day before yesterday, the atmosphere is not very conducive for multilateral conferences of this kind. Because this is a time when individual countries are weighing their options. Everybody is holding their cards to their chest and wondering which way I should go in order to get the most advantage for us. And therefore these groups, when you go into groups, what you're trying to do is to find the lowest denominator. On what point can we all agree? And then that is very shallow. They cannot go very deep because one person or the other will object to the kind of positions you want to take. And therefore the multilateral negotiations need a peaceful atmosphere. People are not either very aggressive or they are not in very grave situations. But since the world itself is in a situation, people are reluctant to join up with this group or this side or not. So the multipolar world that we have been dreaming about, thinking about is not about to happen. So at the moment what I was suggesting in my article was basically that we must focus on bilateral discussions with countries. Find out what they're and find in bilateral discussions, find out whether there is a joint agreement. And then when the situation improves, you will know where these countries are likely to go. And then you may be able to go to the G1 or G20 or many other bodies and then find solutions for the world. But there is no time frame for it. But I pointed out also that Prime Minister's visit to the UAE after his visit to G7, after his visit to Quad and Iain Briggs. UAE, he was there only for a short while. But that was much more effective than what he did in other countries in my view. There was this crisis about somebody having criticized the profit and the Muslim world was very upset. And there are lots of rumors that Indians will be thrown out of the Gulf countries. So many things and that has been contained. And the Prime Minister's visit to the UAE at this particular moment was very, very helpful. And there are several things that Indian UAE can do together. And the atmosphere, the better atmosphere in the case of a UAE might have benefited our relationship with other Islamic countries also. So his time spent in G7 was basically to show our presence, tell them our priorities. But in UAE, it was much more specific. And the outcome was much more favorable and positive in a bilateral context. Thank you. The only similarities are one like that. NATO and G7 are united, as I said, out of G7, six are in NATO. So NATO and G7 are united because G7 is NATO and NATO is G7. It is a major countries on the one hand. But as against Russia, their position is completely solid and completely and very strong. Thank you very much.


events were stained with us. Nigeria has dropped again on the corruption perception index, CPI, published by Transparency International, TI. According to the 2021 run-kin released on Tuesday by the agency, Nigeria dropped five places. The country scored 24 out of 100 point run-kin, 154 out of 180 countries. Meanwhile, the presidency has described the report as sensational and baseless rating on Nigeria and the fight against corruption. Well, this course was made this time around as deputy director, Sarah, Kola Wale Oluwadari, and of course, we'll also have Debo Adinro, who is the chairman and center for anti-corruption and open leadership joining us as well. Good evening to you, Kola. Many thanks for joining us on the show. Good evening. Thank you for having me. Yeah, it is a pleasure. I'm sure you have followed the publication that says it was released yesterday and it has generated lots of reactions amongst Nigerians, and of course, the presidency has actually come out today to also react. But let me just get you open and thought concerning this because it is really alarming that we have been talking about anti-graft war, you know, and specifically, these index measures corruption in the public sector. What are your thoughts exactly? Is corruption getting worse on that this present administration? Thank you very much. I don't think it's alarming to anyone who has been in Nigeria and who leaves Nigeria. And to ask him about my thoughts about the fight against corruption in Nigeria, particularly under the administration of president for a mode of inquiry, we cannot say that the fight against corruption has moved on quite well. And that is, well, that is obvious really. When you watch out of events in Nigeria, what we've seen is more of a motion with that movement. Motion to that movement? Yes, talking of the fight against corruption. On that present moment of worry, the confining thing. And to put it in proper context, we knew the mantra of this administration before they came into government. They also are high, if you ask me, about the fight against corruption, but the need to appear to have been done. And there are various in this dimension to measure this. A part of which was also employed by the Transparency International India methodology. And this is quite clear for anyone who has a popular event in Nigeria, Kinley. You can look at legislation, for instance. There are key legislations that would have been the fight against corruption that the president did not accept to. And this is not about legislation not being introduced, but legislation that that kind of scales through the National Assembly, but the president refused to accept it. The key among that is the audit bill, which would have been powered the office of the Auditor General of the Federation. And to allow in or out whoever owns the office to do key work as part of the audit accountability cycle. The president refused to accept the bill. Also the proceeds of crime deal, which is a very important part of the anti-corruption would have enabled the stakeholders in that sector to manage the proceeds of corruption, to prevent these proceeds from being mismanaged. The president again refused to accept that bill. And that key legislation that should have been passed, for instance, the whistleblowers act to protect whistleblowers and to encourage people to come forward. That's not been passed. So how can we say that this administration is fighting corruption? And most importantly, as one of the key drivers of corruption in Nigeria, transparency on accountability or the more at peace, they put the lack of need in governments that added corruption in no small way. And this administration has not done enough because they've done well at all. In transparent governance, they still look big as ever. All right. We'll come back to you and we'll get more of your thoughts concerning this particular issue. But let us bring in Dabo Adena, our chairman and center for anti-corruption and open leadership. Kako, good evening to you Dabo. Many thanks for joining us on the show. Good evening. Thank you for having me. Yes, it is indeed our pleasure. Let me get your candid opinion concerning this particular issue in Nigeria, ranking 154 out of 180 countries. I listened to the presidential spokesperson this morning and he talked about how it is not just an indictment to the government alone, but also Nigerians. If I put it differently, is the government expecting Nigerians to actually stamp out corruption for it when it actually had said that it will do that when it was campaigning before it came into power in 2019? Thank you very much. We should first and foremost take notes of the fact that what we are assessing is the perception index of anti-corruption fights in the country. And of course, if there is opacity in the fight against corruption, the perception would have been different. If people are not aware of the volume, the magnitude of corruption crimes that are being committed on a daily basis in both public and private sectors of the economy. I believe that it is the volume of cases that are being exposed by the existing anti-corruption agencies that made the perception stand the way it does. And if the fights against corruption progress this, the rate thing will be even lower before it begins to look upwards. Yes, I heard that there are a number of legislations that the present administration has not signed into law. But then we have a number of other legislations that have been working for the administration's effort. The little effort that they are making, we should not underestimate it. And that is what we are doing. We can only encourage the administration to do more. The operationalization of the legislation that have been put in place by the previous administrations were not done, maybe because there wasn't political will on the part of the previous administration to make those legislations work. That is why we are still aware. If all of those legislations have been put into practice, I believe that we will have moved a much further than where we are. For example, I keep on saying that the BVL, the Threshold Single Accounts, have been very helpful. The school more, that is special control units, against money laundering. The act itself that gives the identification of impetus. So yes, so part and parcel of those that make the fight against corruption easier to fight. And prevention, they say, is better than care. There are a number of other legislations that make the commission of the crimes difficult for those who want to commit it. And that is one way by which the administration has reduced the impunity with which corruption crimes have been committed in the past. I don't know yet where we are supposed to be, but we are no longer where you used to be. It doesn't matter what the perception is as of now. But as soon as the fight progresses in the right direction, if all the agencies, all the arms of government, all the tiers of government, put their heads together and have a commonality of opinion, of strategy, on how to fight corruption, and they really make the existing law to work, I believe that in no time we will be singing gosana that we are getting out of that. All right. Thank you, Debo. Let me get back to Barista Kolaulina. You have been following Debo, Daniel Rosa, in opposition. Specifically, he said it doesn't matter what the perception is that the overtime would see all of the efforts being put in place by the federal government. This particular administration, it might come to light over time. But I still want to talk about the credibility and acceptability of this particular index that was just released by TI. I'm still quoting the presidency, and they have come out to say that it is baseless and sensational. Specifically, a feminist additional said that should we believe in an index or put together by foreigners, should we also be talking about either rating ourselves as a country to know what Nigerians actually perceive of corruption to be in the country? Kolaulina. I find that statement very, it's funny, actually, because you cannot divorce perception of the people from governance. So if this is a story, if this report that is based on what people perceive as a level of corruption, it is as important as any kind of research about the state of corruption itself. Public participation is a key part of democracy. And in this administration, encouraging public participation in governance is key. It does not only go to acceptability, but also conveys sovereignty, acceptability on the government itself. So for the people to perceive that the fight against corruption of progress has chosen a lot about the efforts of government either in the fight against corruption or in convincing the people that they are actually fighting corruption. And when you look at the key indices and the methodology where I employed in this report, you will see that really. It really puts in place objective criteria. For instance, it looks at the direction of public forms, instances of bribery, a prevalence of officials using public office for private gain. It looks at rectivism and bureaucracy in governance. It looks at the, for instance, effective criminal prosecution for pop-up officials. It also looked at illegal protection for whistleblowers. Also looked at the state capture and access of suicide information. It goes to transmission and accountability. We cannot downplay the effect and the objectivity of this report. What the government needs to do is to demonstrate political way to fight corruption, which, if you ask me, from 2015 to now has not been at all. And it's not for lack of opportunity. The president had enough opportunity, time and again, to demonstrate not only the political way to fight corruption, but to set an example that he would not tolerate corruption at all. And a very good example we can give, which you're all familiar with, is the report of the general of the federation that has come in year in, year out, detailing out a lot of forms that could not be accounted for. And we've seen the president do nothing about this. I've written in mind that it is the president at that point, the general of the federation under section 85 and 86 of the constitution. And for example, last year, he was a general in November 2021, released the 2019 report. And detailed now eight ministries, department allegiances of government could not account of 49 billion error. And with the great deficit in the 2022 budget of a more than six billion, you would think that the president would take action, not only to make sure that those fan copy book bodies are at a face justice, but also secretly copy of those forms, nothing has been done. And that also goes to the various funds and allegations of corruption that they made. They're in the public domain, we've not seen anything done about that. And when we look at that, a very good example will also be the budgetary allocation to agencies of government. All what we see is the yield amount budgeted to the appropriation process. But when it comes to procurement and how the budget is implemented, the capacity sets in, we do not even have enough information of that. And so in the absence of transparency and accountability, the corruption tried. And this government has not displayed enough political will to nip that in the thought at all. And then we talk about the infinity and the rule of law. This government has not tried, not at all in this domain, all that sort of thing. All right, thank you, Kola Wali. Let's try and get some last words from Debo now as we conclude on this particular discussion. Sorry, this course that is. Debo, you have been following. And Kola Wali seems to feel that and the federal government is not showing enough from political will to want to stamp this issue of corruption completely out of the country. Do you agree? And I'm going forward. How do we begin to correct all the societal errors? Because if you ask me, the issue of corruption has really eaten Dave. If you go to the public schools in the university, there are lots of open corruption for our nation and all of that. What do we begin to do as a nation to ensure that we get very good perception not only from Nigerians, but of course from the international community? Debo. Thank you very much. First and foremost, we should realize that the administration has not been advertising itself enough and it's not even friendly to the media, both social and the traditional media. And that is why some of the efforts are not known to the public and that's informed what the perception would be. But I still agree with Kola Wali that enough grants that ought to have been covered yet to be covered. And the kind of flurry of activities that we expect that the government will embark on to ensure that it is exemplary in the observation of legislations that controls corruption. The government has not given itself enough matching order to ensure that within government MDAs that corruption is made an anathema. For example, what ICPC should have been working on with Act 2, that is anti-corruption and transparency unit that's supposed to exist in all the MDAs. Government has not given it enough seats to buy it. And to even at CCB, when assets and liabilities are declared by public officials, verification of all of the declared assets have not been diligently done and nobody is being prosecuted for anticipatory declaration and a number of other cases that are stipending in the Ministry of Justice. And as a matter of fact, it's like the Minister of Justice has deliberately constituted itself or that Ministry as a cog in the wheel of progress in the fight against corruption. And that is why several cases are stipending in court and several lawyers can circumvent the course of justice and will not make it to work the way it is. All right, Deba. And the President himself should be the good example that we can cite and all of the profligacy that is still going on at the presidency. There are things that the President could do without but we still see the President condoning them. Those are some of the things that could inform the perception of the public. All right, thank you, Deba. The public will that should be garnered. So basically, the government officials should stand as a shining example, not a bad example that public will. All right, thank you so much, Deba Adenirom. You're welcome. All right, that is much as we can take. We must say a very big thank you to our panelists who have really dealt very well with this particular discussion. We must say thank you to Deputy Director of CERAP, Oluwadare and Deba Adenirom, who is the Chairman Center for Anti-Corruption and Open Leadership CACOR. Thank you once again, gentlemen. Thank you for having me. All right, thank you for staying with us Nigerians who take a short break and when we return, I'll be giving you my take. But the issue of corruption and its perception has not only eaten deeply into the fabrics of the nation's society. It's almost as though it is in our country's DNA. Now the latest report by Transparency International isn't really surprising, as what we have since so far is the absence of political will at the highest level and also the political tyranny. I wonder if institutions like the EFCC and ICPC are fast becoming toothless bulldogs. However, there is an urgent need to accelerate the fight against corruption if we are to hold human right abuses and democratic decline across the globe. I am Justin Khadunyeh. Many thanks for watching. We'll return again tomorrow. Bye for now.


There are a lot of obstacles, sometimes diaspora populations are regarded with suspicion by people who stayed at home, they're people who got out maybe when the going was tough and didn't participate fully in national development or in politics. Of course in many cases the members of the diaspora didn't have much choice when they left. So sometimes there's a suspicion of their motives or their backgrounds, other times it's just sort of a matter of different cultural acquisitions, you know, that members of the diaspora may expect things at home to be done in the way that they've become used to doing them in another country and have different ideas about what really constitutes effective communication, what constitutes efficiency, who the stakeholders are, who have to be included in a discussion, so there can be misunderstandings along the way. But I think both sides of the equation, countries of origin and members of the diaspora are making much more concerted efforts now to overcome those potential misunderstandings.


Okay let me start we were discussing the ensemble we are discussing the probability of a state P i we showed this was e power – ? e i by q remember q is a function of n vt we said e bar is equal to sum over e i P i this is first of all here and d e bar is equal to sum over i d e i which we said partial of e i with respect to v d v this is equal to sum over e i P i – p bar d v because this was – p use small p for pressure when we said this corresponds to d e in classical thermodynamics which is T ds – p d v so we said ds was equal to is equal to 1 by beta T no I have to do this e i d P i sorry 1 by T times sum over i of e i d P i we said e i was after all – 1 by beta you take it from here take the log of all this into log of P i plus log q you had ds is equal to – 1 by beta T sum over i of ln P i d e i d P i plus ln q into d P i we said sum over P i is 1 therefore sum over d P i is 0 so this term is 0 and we rewrote this exactly for the same reason as – 1 by beta T sum over i I put the d outside P i log P i because d of log P i d P i is log P i d P i which I have here plus P i times d log P i d log P i is d P i by P i P i will cancel sum over d P i is 0 now if you take two independent systems I am going to give this argument very quickly which are rather important argument if I have two systems A and B at the same temperature and in equilibrium with one another you know that the entropy of the combined system is simply the sum of SA plus SB the corresponding probabilities of two systems are independent you know that the probabilities of independent systems are products of the probabilities so if you take the product term you will find SA plus SB being the same requires that beta T is a constant I will give you references the book that I have the only book I have read cover to cover is Hill Hill has two books one he wrote he was actually at Oregon University he was actually originally at Yale with on Sagar code and all those big people then he moved to Oregon and he wrote a book called statistical mechanics in 1950s when people said it is too difficult to read so they called it big hill they said you have to write a small hill and so he wrote another book which is actually fatter than the first book but simpler to read it is called statistical thermodynamics and both of them are really classics Terrell Hill T something else I forgotten this middle initial and is called introduction I think one is called statistical thermodynamics maybe it is called introduction to statistical thermodynamics the other is called statistical mechanics and please look at this essentially what that will tell you is if the entropy is to be an extensive property which if you have two systems and the entropy is additive and the probabilities are automatically if they are independent systems you know the probability of an event that is the probability of finding your system A in state P I and system B in state PJ is simply PI times PJ PI of A times PJ of B so if that is true then the logarithms will become additive and you will get the same result that SA plus SB is equal to the sum of the two entropies and for that to happen beta T has to be an absolute constant so we will simply say here beta T is equal to an absolute constant and then by proceeding further and deriving the properties of an ideal gas you can verify that this constant surprise is actually the Planck's constant it is surprising that there are so few universal constants this Planck's constant comes up again and again and again so this is this was not necessary for statistical mechanical theory it is exactly like your absolute temperature and the ideal gas temperature being proportional to one another with a proportionality constant of one so all I need in the theory is that this should be constant but measurement by measurement by comparison ideal gas properties you can show that it is actually K now let me get back here so S is therefore equal to minus sum over PI log PI for an isolated system we are to looking at a closed system right now but if you isolate the system then all the probabilities are equal PI is simply equal to 1 by Omega all where Omega is the number of states so if you put PI equal to 1 by Omega we will simply get S is equal to log Omega incidentally this is inscribed on the tome of on the burial stone of Boltzmann Boltzmann Boltzmann's burial stone carries this inscription S is equal to log Omega in some senses it is the most profound result in statistical physics simply tells you that the number of possible states in which an isolated system the logarithm of that gives you the entropy so entropy is about choice and if you have a larger number of such possible states then the entropy increases and the famous statement it has to be said in German to sound very profound the entropy der Welt Zimmer half a button always increases got in the word for increases in German anyway the entropy of the world always increases of the universe always increases that is the famous statement the idea is that you get more and more choices but there is nothing to prevent the system from going back to the original choices but it never does that is what gives you a reversibility that is if you have for example this is the most classical example that is always given I have the same gases say hydrogen gas on either side I have an impermeable partition at t is equal to 0 I break this partition let us say I have hydrogen gas here and vacuum here initially this is gas this is vacuum I cut this membrane at t is equal to 0 there is nothing that tells the hydrogen atoms they cannot stay on this side but they want simply very large number on an average you know with time they will spread out evenly the number of states if these two partitions are equal size the number of states available to the system has doubled because you have got twice the volume if it is doubled then the entropy will change as log 2 times the original entropy and this is this is the entropy and delta s is equal to R log 2 is the classical if you do this for v1 and v2 you will get ds is equal to if you do it at constant temperature ds is merely minus cv dt see let us let us do this okay we will write it in any in cv dt by t plus partial of s with respect to v s with respect to t then s with respect to v is partial of p with respect to t right s increases with v and this is for an ideal gas this is p by t this is r by v so as s will integrate to R log v2 by v1 right the entropy change for an ideal gas at constant temperature is R log v2 by v1 so if you double the volume the entropy increase will be R log 2 and this tells you that the number of states has doubled so the entropy will go as I should not say ln should say k but remember this is molecular entropy if you do it for one mole you will multiply by Avogadro's number so you will get R log ? and this is done per molecule but you have to actually calculate per mole because your practical chemical engineering measure of sizes in terms of moles not in terms of molecules so you simply multiply by Avogadro's number this is the result that you will use because this is by definition for an isolated system and you cannot verify it directly for an isolated system because the minute you make measurements on a system it is no longer isolated so you get into this problem of relating to an isolated system so you can only about isolated systems you can say anything you want and trouble is logic will lead you to conclusions about a closed system for which you can make measurements and you will be exposed at that time and if you are exposed nobody will read your theory afterwards so this is the final result this is the most important result that you have from statistical thermodynamics the other result is this this is an important result to I should write this as if I write this as DEI it may go back say this DE bar is equal to sum over PI DEI plus sum over I EI DPI this says the energy of a system can change only in two ways one is because the energy levels themselves changed the other is because the probabilities of occupation of those energy levels changed right and this turns out to be work where the energy levels change if the volume changes EI changes because quantum mechanics tells you EI is a function of N and V as you change V the energy levels change and as the energy levels change you do work on the system whereas the energy levels remain the same but the occupation changes the number of systems in that state changes then this energy change is because of heat so this has the interpretation of ? Q and this has the interpretation of – ? W depends on the minus sign only comes because of convention E with respect to V is – P then you will get otherwise you can say work done on the system is positive and then become plus in terms of measurable variables of course the equations are always the same but this is formally work this is heat so this is something that falls out of molecular theory naturally but this is what took Joule thousands of experiments to prove to the Royal society long after they were convinced he had to continue convincing them because he was not convinced anyway after so the biggest achievement in thermodynamics is to find that there is a perfect differential which is the algebraic sum of two quantities heat and work and there are only two quantities that you have to worry about heat and work that we have said but in statistical thermodynamics you get expressions for them the way to derive thermodynamic properties finally to make life easier you go back to L and Q you go back to Q this is true of I have done this for the canonical party canonical system that means the closed system Q is simply sum over e power – ? E I so let us look at partial of Q with respect to ? this Q is a function of N V and ? ? is 1 by KT okay it is not I am writing ? instead of T ? remember is 1 by KT it is the more natural variable in statistical mechanics so if I take partial of Q with respect to ? I get – ? over EI e power – ? EI if I divide this by Q divide this by Q this becomes – ? over EI P I which is – E bar the second result it is a function only three variables so let us differentiate with respect to all three variables partial of Q with respect to V is – ? over I am differentiating this I am going to – I am going to get – ? ? EI by ? V e power – ? EI now you know the game divide by Q divide by Q both sides this ? EI by ? V is – P so this is equal to – pressure in the ith state there is a ? of course times P I which is the probability so this is equal to – ? P bar and then ? Q by ? N let me divide by Q in anticipation would be – ? again sum over partial of EI with respect to N e power – ? EI because I have divided both sides by Q is also a Q there at the moment I am going to write this as – ? Mu I will tell you why the minute or actually I will go to an easier proposition then we will get this result let me do this let us look at a is E – Ts so this will be E bar – Ts incidentally we do not put an S bar or an A bar you write only E bar I told you the averages can be calculated only for mechanical quantities quantities that are defined in the individual state which will be pressure energy entropy arises because of the existence of multiple states so it is not an average of a property in a particular state you do not take the average value over several states it exists only because there are multiple states and you have a choice if you had exactly one state if ? was 1 and that is the that is how the 0 law comes up 0th law of thermodynamics tells you that entropy of a perfect crystal at 0 degrees K is exactly 0 and that comes because the number of states in which a crystal a perfect crystal can exist a perfect crystal is simply a monatomic substance in a crystalline form at 0 degrees so it cannot have translational kinetic energy it cannot have vibrational rotational energy if it is a monatomic substance such a crystal we can exist only in one state it has no choice therefore entropy is 0 what I want to show is that this is equal to E bar we have seen this is okay let me write this out this is sum over E I into P I minus T into sum over entropy is K into P I log P I what I want to show I have to do some I have to show a is equal to minus KT log minus K log KT log Q you see if that is easy to show yeah this is sum over that is quite easy E I plus this is 1 by beta I have log P I times P I but you know log P I is is minus beta E I plus log Q so log P I by beta plus E I is log Q by beta log Q times sum over P I by beta so this is simply log Q by beta so you have this result Q is equal to minus KT I am sorry A is equal to minus KT log Q so the whole aim of molecular theory is to calculate Q if you can calculate Q you take the logarithm you get A then you can differentiate with respect to A with respect to V for example at constant and at constant temperature will give you S right you know DA is this is for a closed system DA is minus STT minus PDV so if you want the pressure you differentiate A with respect to V you differentiate A with respect to T same thing you do here set when you differentiate Q you differentiate with respect to beta because beta is a more convenient variable. So in fact I could have started with any system I started with NVT system this is called the canonical system okay I could have done the NVE system which is an isolated system this will this is called micro canonical because it essentially if you take the NVT system and say all systems will be in state EI one particular state it becomes an isolated system so it is called micro canonical you can have an open system you can have sorry VT mu N is not constant but I can have a system in which VT and mu T represents equilibrium with the surroundings mu represents again equilibrium mass equilibrium so this system would be called grand canonical system and so on these are different ensembles there is also another ensemble it is convenient use which is called the NPT ensemble or isobaric ensemble because it holds the pressure constant the point is molecular theory has very different ways of looking at a system but you know the thermodynamic properties of a closed system I mean classical thermodynamic properties are completely fixed if I give you this and if I take a closed system and give you two variables all other variables are fixed in classical thermodynamics in a pure system you can extend the argument to mixtures readily then the question is if you have different ensembles will you get different answers you are not supposed to so you have to show that you do not actually get different answers the flip side of it is simply here that after all I calculated energy as an average quantity is there a fluctuation in the energy so the energy itself is sum over EI times PI what is the fluctuation in the energy by fluctuation I want to know what is E minus E bar the whole squared or I will calculate E minus E bar the whole square essentially what I am going to do is to calculate this average quantity E minus E bar average is 0 but E minus E bar squared average will give me the fluctuation to do this what I do is simply take this EI minus E bar whole squared and PI any quantity if I want to find its average I simply find the quantity in state I am multiplied by so this is sum over I this is sum over EI squared minus E bar squared minus 2 EI E bar into PI sum over I this EI PI is E bar so you will get 2 E this is plus so these two will cancel I will get simply sum over I EI squared minus sorry EI squared PI minus E bar squared so what I do is go back to Q Q is the source of all inspiration now in the God you worship now is a new God it is called the partition function so Q is sum over E bar minus beta EI if I want to bring down EI I differentiate with respect to beta so I get delta log Q by delta beta is sum over EI E bar minus beta EI is that the minus sign sorry delta Q by delta beta so if I want to bring down one more EI I differentiate again with respect to beta squared it is a thing we never grow up near a kid you do the same thing again and again right you do the same thing here except that you do it in a very sophisticated way with symbols that others do not understand therefore you appear very clever so we just differentiate again with respect to beta I have got EI so this is the quantity that appears here because if I now divide by Q I get EI E squared bar but this can be rewritten what is delta log Q by delta beta and take delta squared log Q by delta beta squared this is delta by delta beta of delta log Q by delta beta which is 1 by Q delta Q by delta beta which will give you 1 by Q delta squared Q by delta beta squared this is one term minus 1 by Q squared times delta Q by delta beta the whole squared sorry what I am trying to do is find out what E minus EI squared bar you know that quantity the reflux variation in the energy that I can expect is in terms of thermodynamic properties to do that I have to always go back to Q log Q and its derivatives now log Q this I know because log Q with respect to beta is minus E bar minus delta E bar by delta beta right this is the same as this delta log Q by delta beta is simply minus E bar this is equal to the quantity I want is this it is equal to this quantity here 1 by Q this is this is what I want okay these two are the same this is 1 by Q delta squared Q by delta beta squared minus this is delta log Q by delta beta the whole squared that is simply E bar squared. So I have got both these quantities I wanted EI squared times PI right which is EI squared bar EI squared bar accordingly or E squared bar is therefore equal to this is this is E bar squared this is E squared bar so E squared bar is equal to E with respect to beta what is E with respect to beta minus delta E bar with respect to beta is CV remember this is a canonical ensemble when you differentiate with respect to beta you are holding V and T constant I mean V and then constant so it is for a closed system at constant V so you will get CV if you differentiate with respect to T times dou T by dou of 1 by KT this is minus KT squared times CV it is minus KT squared. So E squared bar is E bar squared plus E bar squared plus dou E bar by dou beta dou E bar by dou beta is this actually it is minus dou E bar by 2 so it is plus KT squared CV in what you are interested in is E minus E bar the whole squared you are interested in E squared bar minus E bar squared E squared bar minus this is KT squared into CV and I want to find what this is with respect to I want to find the relative deviation I want to show you that this is of the order of 1 by n because CV if you are doing it per mole CV is NK this is NKT of the order of NK this is of the order of NKT so if you square this you will get an N squared here you will get only 1 N in the numerator so the ratio will be simply 1 by n so what it tells you is that sigma E is of the order of sigma E by E sigma E is this squared minus this the square root of that is of the order of 1 by square root of n that means any fluctuations that you observe in the calculated energy will be of the order of 1 by square root of n compared to 1 so if you have 10 to the power 23 molecules unlikely that you see any difference at all if you have 100 molecules you have a good chance of seeing 10% deviation so you get the smaller and smaller and smaller numbers your prediction basically your assumption in classical thermodynamics is that you do not worry about the constitution of matter that all properties vary continuously in particular the density varies continuously density never varies continuously because you can only add a molecule and take away a molecule but if you add a molecule to 10 to the power 23 molecules you will not notice that the differences not differential but if you have 10 molecules and you add and take away a molecule you have trouble which is why nano systems are so special in the sense that in nano systems you have number of molecules is so small that if you add or take away a molecule the average property will change significantly that is if you predict an average property for nano systems you could have if you have only 10 molecules in the system then you could have a deviation of 1 by square root of 33% a priori deviation is permitted that is why human behavior is also very predictable because you are talking of a billion people in India it is even more predictable then in a small country but fundamentally you are talking of large numbers all these are laws of large numbers in fact the whole concept of irreversibility and time arrow and all that comes only because of large numbers it is only when you have large numbers because if you had this box it and only two molecules and this set and a vacuum on this set and you open this up these two molecules the high probability that they will stay on the left side and nothing to make them move so there is no it is very difficult to predict that arrow of time you will say I will watch it after a time if molecules are on both sides then I know time has passed all that bunker won't work with two molecules but if you have a million molecules maybe very sure that about 500,000 will turn up here the law of large numbers is so true that people have applied it to animate systems although the fundamentals of these are not applicable to animate system because fundamentally you assume here that every system has a state which is described by variables that are not a function of history right that is one basic assumption I started with internal energy the proof this two laws of thermodynamics simply established that you internal energy and s are functions of state in an animate system they are not functions of state they depend on memory in the system so if you have memory is not applicable but one of the schools of thought it is called social economics and so on is that even in animate systems the law of large numbers is so overwhelming that memory does not matter they will still behave the same way so you can predict social behavior based on that it is also a reasonable assumption in except in traumatic cases if you have a second world war and the Jews have been exterminated for a long time Jewish populations behavior will defend depend very strongly on that persecution so other than such traumatic events normally seems true that in social dynamics also the law of large numbers works to large extent the predictions are valid there is a book by Georges Q Roma Georges Q what is his name as Nicholas Georges Q sorry count Nicholas you got the Nobel price for economics in 60s essentially applying second law of thermodynamics to the equivalent of the second law to economic problems it is a very beautifully written book there is a variation of that by Jeremy Rifkin it is a popular book okay let me get back I will just do thermodynamic properties of an ideal gas very quickly to show you that all this is not just talk I want to calculate Q e power – beta ei there are several ways of doing it I will do it in the classical mode this is summation over I this means you multiply by ?i which is 1 right you take integral counts you say state 1 state 2 state 3 etc I changes by 1 so you multiply by 1 if I want to convert this to an integration I must do it over all the unit cells in phase space so I go to phase space I have P and R I already told you that a cell in units in this space if I have only Px and x for example I know that this cell has to be greater than or equal to H so if it has to be minimum this size that is what quantum mechanics tells me so all I do is divide this phase space into cells of size H then ?i will actually be I will rewrite this e power – beta ei will be P squared if I write it in continuous form I am going to write this as integral P squared by 2m plus potential energy d of here I integrate over dpi and dr I will have to do this right now I do this by H I have to take a product over many of these cells because one there are actually 3n of them so I will write 3n if you like actually what I mean is I have Px P ypz like that for every particle so it is P1x P1 yp1z and so on since these are independent particles actually I know this is going to be Q is going to be of the form Q power n where Q is for individual particles so I can take or I will write Q power 3n e power – integral – beta Px squared by 2m plus the potential energy is 0 so I have dpx and dx I am sorry this is Q I will write small Q as this and capital Q as Q to the power 3n this will give me L times this is simply e power – beta x squared dpx and the momentum in the x direction can go from – infinity to plus infinity the integration over x also has to be done this will be from 0 to the container size let us take a cubical container eventually the properties do not depend on the shape of the container so you will get L times this integral e power – beta Px squared by 2m into dx dpx this is the error integral do you remember what its magnitude is something like pi by the square root of this right e power – ax squared dx do you remember – infinity to plus infinity e power – ax squared dx is equal to square root of pi by a you recall that it is of that form I mean there may be a factor in front put it as proportional to that means if I do this integral I will get Q is of the form L times this is kt 2m kt will come the denominator so we will get square root of pi into 2m kt so Q cube will be L cube will be the volume V then square root of pi 2 pi m kt so Q will be simply Q to the power 3n so it is V cube I am sorry V to the power n 2 pi m kt to the power 3n by 2 Q cube is this to the power cube this is volume this is cube at this stage actually if you go back to quantum mechanics you have to in quantum mechanics you will get the correct answer in classical mechanics you make a small mistake because the particles are indistinguishable you have to divide when you calculate this this way you have not taken into account that the particles are indistinguishable so this is what is called the correct Boltzmann counting and write down in quantum mechanics you do not need this if I had done it quantum mechanically I would have got the correct answer in all this will be the same divided by you have to divide by the number of permutations that are possible of the particles and we would not write n factorial because in quantum mechanics in statistical mechanics n factorial is very ugly so we will write it as n by e to the power n using sterling's approximation so this will be if I write this as n by e I will get e V to the power m 2 pi m kt to the power 3n by 2 divided by n to the power n if you do not put n to the power n you will get you can show that entropy is not an extensive property effectively so this does appear sneaky but it actually comes in automatically if you do quantum mechanics because quantum mechanics recognizes the distinguishable indistinguishable states in classical mechanics you do not make that distinction that is the only difference now once I have Q I take log Q to get the pressure I am going to differentiate with respect to V to get the energy I am going to do differentiation with respect to T so I am only worried about T and V dependence so I will get n log V on top and then T dependences plus 3n by 2 3n k by 2 or 3n by 2 log T I am looking at plus some function of n and if you like mass so what is my energy this is k if I take kt log Q I get the Helmholtz energy a is simply kt log Q think there was a minus sign minus kt log Q so if all I have to do is multiply by the kt n kt log V minus 3n kt by 2 log T plus a function of n and m, m is the molecular weight the mass of a single molecule it is not the molecular weight mass multiplied by Avogadro number will give you molecular weight so if I want for example if I now want the pressure P is minus partial away with respect to P at constant volume so I will get nk by V nkT by V is something the matter kt log Q I get some out terms and not so I am sorry this is with respect to V and what I am writing yeah partial with respect to V so only one term this is RT by V low and behold you have the ideal gas so it looks like you start with obscure assumptions and get to a beautiful result gives you complete mechanistic picture it talks I think really you have to look at these things in historical perspective but the whole result is beautiful you can either classical thermodynamics does not have much scope in terms of derivations because you have to imagine mechanisms and do it in statistical mechanics you can go to the equilibrium part and derive these results you can also discuss things like diffusion yes other things and stop there as far as the course is concerned it is over now formally declared closed.