Bingo, we're back. One o'clock rock here on a given Monday. Exciting Monday.  And right now we have Sarah Fagans. She's a researcher at the HIGP, the White Institute of Geophysics and Planetology. In SOES, the School of Ocean Earth Science and Technology. A world-class institution doing world-class things.  Welcome to the show, Sarah. Thank you. It's good to be back.  What did you do there? Well, this is a workshop that myself and colleagues at UH, Scott Rowland, Pete McGinnis-Mark, Bruce Houghton, we run this workshop every two to three years. And the idea is to take out graduate students from all over the country who are researching problems in planetary science, planetary volcanology especially, and who spend most of their time looking at images on computers and don't really get out into the field very much. So these workshops are designed to impart an education to these students, to take them out, show them what volcanic features look like in the field, in the flesh, as it were. Make it real for them. Yeah, make it real for them and show them how these features that they look at in their images relate to features on the ground, boots on ground. And so this is relevant for people conducting research on Mars, on Venus, the moon, Mercury, on Jupiter's moon, Io. The world, the universe is your onion, whatever it is. Yeah, yeah. And one of the key things about these workshops is you can have so many misconceptions from looking at an image about how a physical process works live. And Hawaii is such a great place for analog features to planetary features. We see a lot of features on Hawaii that look like things that we see on Mars, on the moon, on Venus, etc. And we take these students and we put them on the ground and nature's often far more complex than they think it is. But they can start to get a feel for how processes work, how features are formed, how things look on the earth. And that's a little kind of analysis. Yes, yeah, yeah. Volcanology is geology, isn't it? Yes, it's a branch of geology, kind of a specific branch of geology. And we're so lucky here in Hawaii to have these processes ongoing, people can see how things work. What about the sensors now? You say sensors and in fact the show is making common sensors from Mars. We're going to talk about Mars in a minute. But what about the sensors? What kind of sensors are you looking at when you go to Big Island with a tour like this? We have a set of images of different types for the features we see on the earth. And these are satellite images, maybe land-sat images. The images taken in the thermal part of the electromagnetic spectrum, which gives us different information about the features we're seeing on the ground. We have radar images, which tell us about surface roughness. So, for example, our airflow, which is one of these very clunky, rough features, looks very bright in radar images. Hoi hoi flows, which are these smooth surfaces. I like those better. Yeah, they're much easier to walk on. They look dark in radar images. So, we have radar data that can tell you a lot about the surface. We have LiDAR, topography data. So, we'll have these different data sets for the features we're going to see in the field. Students look at the data sets, try and understand what they're seeing, but it's only when they get boots on ground. And then we have a set of images for, say, Mars. They might be visible images or topography or, yeah. So, different types of images taken with different sensors that tell us different things about the surfaces of the planets that we're looking at. So, you show them the sensors. You show them where the sensors are, how you deploy and operate the sensors, and then you show them what's on the other end, what comes out. We show them the images. They usually have a pretty good background in the type of instruments and sensors that are being used because they focus on a particular subject area for their research. So, when we're out in the field on the ground, we're basically ground-truthing the images that we're seeing and the inferences that we can begin to make from looking at images. We're out there ground-truthing and understanding really what's going on. Okay. So, these sensors, I mean, you're interested in this because you're interested in Mars. Give us a praise, C, on Mars. So, 2020, what's going to happen? What are you doing for it? Yes, there's an upcoming mission to Mars called the Mars 2020 mission. It will launch in July, August of 2020. Take a little while to get to Mars, and then early 2021, it lands. And this is another role... It's only four years away. I know. It's coming out quick, isn't it? No pressure. It seemed like a long way away when we wrote the proposal, but things are moving along. It's going to be another rover mission similar to the MSL Curiosity mission that's currently at the surface. Let me just take a moment and say, that camera... I'm going to tell that camera, what is a rover mission? It's a mission with a robot. Yes, it is. If the spaceship drops a robot on the ground there, on the surface of the planet, and then the thing goes around and it takes measurements and has lots of sensors. Did I get that right? Yes, you did. You did. And this particular rover is about the size of a car.  You can see on the graphic on the TV screen here at the moment. It's cute. It does look cute, doesn't it? Like an R2-D2, but maybe with bigger feet. And it's packed with... It's got seven instruments on. This graphic is showing one of the laser instruments that analyze rocks, but just below that big eye with the laser coming out are two little eyes, which is the camera system. It's a stereo camera system. It's called Mastcam-Z. That's the instrument on which I'm a co-investigator. And that system will be taking photographs in stereo of the surface to basically analyze the features that we see there, help with navigation, and tell us a lot more about the surface of Mars. That is so interesting. It looks like it's out of a movie. It could be in a movie. Maybe you can make a movie before or after the trip. When the trip goes in 2020, by the way, how long does it take for the rover here to get there? It will arrive in early 2021, and then we go through a terrifying phase of entry, descent, and landing, where the rover has to make it safely to the surface. So it's like acting... It's in an orbit over the planet, over Mars? No, no. It reaches Mars, and then the landing module is deployed, and it parachutes down onto the surface. It's like a spaceship landing module, and then rover. Yeah. The landing module parachutes down. It has to slow down in order to reach the ground safely.  There's a component called the sky crane where the landing module comes down. It has thrusters to slow its descent. Then it lowers the rover down on tethers, and it's slowing itself down all the way down, and when it feels the rover hit the ground, it cuts the tethers, and then thrusts itself away. Oh, really? So it flies away? Well, it's a controlled crash landing, really. It doesn't want to crash on top of the rover, obviously. So it uses its thrusters to jettish itself away, and it lands somewhere else, and then the rover hits the surface. Yes. That's no longer needed. It's no good anymore. Well, there's gravity on Mars, so it's not going to be too light. So it's not to crash. No, and this is a big rover this time, so they had to use new technologies to figure out how to land the Curiosity rover that's currently there and this rover, the 2020 rover, which is basically an improvement, but the same basic configuration. I have another aside I'd like to make. I'm going to address the camera for a minute. Sarah is actually doing this stuff at the front end. She's the co-principal investigator of some of the equipment on this thing, and I mean, it's really exciting to talk to you. You are involved in something that all of humanity is interested in, and it's fabulous. You're making scientific history in the name of humanity, and I'm talking to you. I'm very excited to be involved in this. I had a little bit of previous mission experience back in the late 90s on the Galileo mission, but I had never been... The Galileo mission went to Jupiter, but I had never been involved in a rover mission like this. My role is that of a scientist. I'm not designing the instrument, but I will be using the instrument and interpreting the instrument's observations when we get to Mars. But in the run-up to that point, there's lots of different activities we're involved in from the whole team is involved in, you know, instrument design, planning for operations when we actually are on the surface. We have a number of working groups that are looking at different elements of the instrument itself, and we also have an education outreach component and a working group that's focusing on landing site studies at this point. Oh, we want to talk about all of that here in the next 20 minutes. OK, so how big is the team? There are something like 30 co-investigators on the instrument team, the MastCamsi instrument team. Now, there are seven instruments total, so, you know, multiply that 30 by seven. And then there are a whole host of graduate students and collaborators that are affiliated with many of the co-investigators. The co-investigators are like CDS Science personnel. And then there are all of the engineers and project staff at the Jet Propulsion Lab, which is where this mission is run out of. So it escalates into hundreds and hundreds of people very quickly. This is how you make a spaceship. This is how you outfit all the rover equipment. Yeah, yeah, we're just the little camera instrument, but, you know, there's so many other components of this rover vehicle that have to come together in harmony to make this thing work. To put it in perspective, you know, I read recently that Apple, for its cell phone, for the camera on its cell phone, there are 600 people working on the camera. That's what it is with modern high technology equipment. You have to have the people and you have to divide the work, divide the science, the technology. Everybody has a role. And then somehow you coordinate all that research in order to make the device, you know? So your principal device is the camera, the MastCamsi camera. Yeah, yeah, and it's actually... There it is, so there it is, wow. Yeah, there we are. There's the diagram of the lens assembly there. And a big improvement from the current curiosity mission that's on Mars is that this camera has a zoom capability. So there are actually two cameras. So you're looking in stereo like your eyes do so that you can get three-dimensional representations of the surface that you're looking at. How far apart are the cameras? The cameras are about nine, 10 centimeters apart, I think. Just like human eyes. Yeah, they're not too far apart. And they can zoom up so that you can see details when you're zoomed in and close to a target as small as maybe 0.600s of an inch, something like that is the pixel side. Yeah, when you're zoomed in and both eyes, both cameras can zoom in. At the same, precisely the same. They're exactly the same. And then each camera has a variety of different filters. So you can look at different wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum. Infrared, ultraviolet and all that. Yeah, that's right. You can look from basically short wavelength that are visible all the way to the near infrared. And so each camera has seven narrow pass filters and I think four broad pass filters. And we do that because different rocks and different minerals on the surface have different responses at different wavelengths. So they look, different rocks and minerals look bright at different wavelengths in a different pattern. And so what you can do by looking at the response in the different wavelengths through the different filters is interpret the compositions of the minerals and rocks that we're looking at. And this would be in coordination with other sensors that are also looking at the same materials and you get a combination of data on it. You can figure out anything you want. That's right. There are two other instruments. One's called Sherlock and one's called Supercan. Supercan. Sherlock. Yes, good acronym. And they use a variety of spectrometers and laser instruments to basically examine the rocks with lasers and at different wavelengths which will provide complimentary information to the camera system. And those two instruments are specifically designed to look for biosignatures that is evidence of the potential microbial life. And so the camera, you said the camera can look at things very small and close, but what about looking things far away? Do you tell the scopic as well? It can look up onto the horizon. It's gonna be a very useful instrument to aid in navigation of the rover as it drives around on the surface of Mars. Is it real-time? Can you see it real-time? No. Here at Command Central? No, it's not real-time. But the downlink capabilities are very good and we can get the images back basically on a daily basis. And it's 3D capabilities with mapping the terrain in three dimensions. That along with the navigational cameras which is a separate subsystem, that allows the programmers to upload a series of commands which will let the rover navigate pretty much autonomously. So we don't need necessarily that real-time interaction. She's semi-autonomous then. Yeah, I mean it's- You have instructions. We give it instructions, but also it's smart enough to avoid obstacles that might present themselves if we haven't actually noticed them. You know, Sarah, this is Sarah Faggins. She's a researcher at HIGP. We're gonna take a short break, Sarah. And when we come back, we're gonna talk about whether this would have been helpful for Matt Damon on Mars. We'll be right back. Hi, I'm Ethan Allen, host of Lakeable Science on Think Tech Hawaii. I hope you'll join me each Friday afternoon as we explore the amazing world of science. We bring on interesting guests, scientists from all walks of life, from all walks of science, to talk about the work they do, why they do it, and moreover why it's interesting to you. What the science really means to your life, its impacts on you, how it's shaping the world around you, and why you should care about it. I do hope you'll join me every Friday at 2 p.m. for Lakeable Science. Aloha, I'm Kirsten Baumgart-Turner, and I'm fortunate to be able to host Sustainable Hawaii at thinktechhawaii.com. I hope you'll join in with us every Tuesday from 12 noon to 1 p.m. to see the interesting people we have to share with you their information. Aloha. Okay, we're back with Sarah Fegans. She's a researcher at HIGP in Soest that you, H. Minoa. Very exciting discussion about making common sensors from ours and cameras among them. So, I don't remember the movie with Matt Damon, DeMarshan, all that well, but did he have this kind of technology with him? It sounds to me like what you're doing now is way advanced to what we could have done even a few years ago than what they used for the movie. Yes, he had a variety of technologies that I think at one point he drives off the go and cannibalize an old rover that happened to be on the surface in order to communicate back to Earth. I don't remember it very well either. So, that was actually a pretty sound basis in scientific fact. It wasn't too science fiction, actually. He did use some reasonable, the movie did use some reasonable scientific developments. And actually, I really enjoyed the movie. It was kind of fun. There were some aspects of his habitat that were perhaps a little far-fetched. But there are projects on Earth currently ongoing looking into how to make habitats for astronauts to live in on the surface of Mars in the future.  Is that your training? Yeah. In England, way back when? Yeah. I mean, not that long ago. That's a while ago now. And you came out here because you felt that this is where the action is and the topography is especially on the Big Island, too. Apply your knowledge of volcanology, which is really an Earth-based kind of science to other planets. What is the connection between volcanology and Mars? Well, we look at the surface of Mars and it's an incredible volcanic terrain for the most part. Everything on Mars started off as volcanic, even though it may have been modified now or over time. We have these huge volcanoes scattered around the planet. We have vast... Which were established the way volcanoes always are with eruptions. Yes. Early on, the eruptions may have been more explosive. Later in Mars' history, it looks like they were more effusive. That is lava flows produced them. We have vast volcanic plains on the surface of Mars. So Mars is an obvious target of study for somebody who's interested in planets and volcanoes. And a volcanologist will be able to understand these processes on Mars because of her training in volcanology here on Earth. Yeah, and Hawaii is a great analog site for planetary volcanoes because the compositions of the lava's erupting are approximately similar. The types of features we see on Earth are very similar. Coming up on the screen here, we have a recent map of the Big Island volcano, Kilauea, and its latest lava flows. This is a new breakout that started about two months ago. And what you're seeing... This is current, this is happening. Yeah, this is current. As of last week, this map was produced. And the light red is lava flows that have happened since about two months ago. And the bright red, the dark red is new flows that have happened as of last week within the space of a couple of days. So you can see the ocean is down to the lower right. And the gray is the flow field that's been built up, or part of the flow field that's been built up since 1983 at Kilauea volcano.  You saw this live. Yes, we did. And now this is a map that was created with some of those sensors you were talking about? No, this is a map created by the United States Geological Survey. They've been mapping this flow field for decades now. And they have the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, which is a branch of the USGS, has a key role in monitoring the activity and making sure people are safe, et cetera. So they go out every week, a few times a week, and map the new areas of lava by either on foot or by flying around in a helicopter and mapping the margins of the flow. So they provide this on their website as a public service. And we were lucky enough to, within a couple of weeks before our workshop, the lava flows came down close enough for us to be able to walk to. And you can walk to it from the park side, which is the west side, or from the calipana side, which is the right side of this map. And it's kind of a, you can see the flows right in the middle of the flow field there. So it's kind of a long walk to get to. It's about four and a half miles along the emergency route road there. So you walk from the green part into the center of the grave. And then you get close to the pink and red part. Yes, that's right. And when we went out last week, the tip, the red tip was probably a half mile in from where the road passes beneath it. And this emergency route actually was put in by FEMA over the last year or two. You recall when the lava flows were flowing down to the town of Pahoa, there was a lot of concern that residents of Puna would be cut off and wouldn't have a way out around the east side of the flow field. So that's why they built it. So they put the road in there, which you can't drive on, but you can walk on. Well, speaking of walking, I mean, how close can you get to that pink and red area in the map?  Well, right at the end of that flow field, it's a very sedate kind of flow emplacement called Pahoehoe lava, which advances very slowly. You don't want to stand next to it particularly because the hairs on your arms will singe, but you can get within 10 feet or so, not particularly comfortably, it's very hot. Just be careful about where you're standing. You need to know what you're standing on and you need to keep an eye out at all times as to where breakouts from the flow are occurring. And for anybody who does want to go out and visit these flows, some things you need to know are it's a long hike. When you get off the road, it's very rough terrain. You need to wear long pants. You need to, it's good to have leather gloves or gardening gloves, because if you fall over when you're off the road, there's no trail or anything. You can cut yourself very easily. That's the a-ha lava. This is actually Pahoehoe lava, but when it fractures, it's very glassy and very sharp. So if you fall, you can cut yourself pretty badly. So you mentioned a-ha, o-o, and lava Pahoehoe. Pahoehoe, a-ha. Well, lava Pahoehoe is the place. Yes, it is, yeah. On the North Coast and the Hummelcourt Coast, yeah. So Pahoehoe is a very relatively smooth surface lava, but actually when it cools and fractures, it becomes very sharp. A-ha, I mean, you can walk over it pretty easily, well, relatively easily. That's the crumbly kind. A-ha is the really rough, lucky kind. Oh, it's a smooth kind. No, a-ha. Okay. All right.   Yeah. What's that like? What are the considerations there? Well, the whole planetary community is invited to participate in selecting the next site. And any site that gets proposed has to meet a set of engineering constraints and a set of geological constraints that are defined by the mission objectives. So the engineering constraints involve things like, where is it safe to land a rover? It can't be anywhere that's too steep. It can't be anywhere that's too dust-covered because the rover might sink into the dust, and dusty areas are no good for taking measurements of rocks anyway. It can't be in an area where it's gonna land on a big rock and get stranded. It has to be in a certain latitude band, and it has to be at a certain elevation, quite a low elevation on the planet to give the parachute enough time to slow the lander down. The atmosphere is about the same as Earth? No, atmosphere is very thin on Mars. Okay. So, to use SI units, the atmosphere on Mars is 600 Pascals, whereas on Earth it's about 10,000. So it's very thin on Mars. So the parachute is not all that effective? No, I mean, it works some, but where the mission is because this, that's why they have the thrusters on the lander to slow itself down even more. So those are basically the engineering constraints, where you can go and where you can land safely. And then the geological objectives or the mission objectives for the science include things like, we wanna go to a location that has potential for preserving or the production and preservation and exposure of microbial life. Where can we go that we're most likely to discover life on Mars? Is there really a possibility of microbial life on Mars? Yes, there most certainly is. I mean, we know now that there are many areas on Mars that had liquid water, which is a key environmental need. We need water for microbial existence. Yeah, any form of life really needs water. We need somewhere that's relatively warm so that water usually has to be liquid. So we know from all of the spacecraft that have been at Mars over the last few decades, we've characterized a lot of these places very well from orbital imagery, from sensors on board the orbiting spacecraft. And we can tell what kind of environments are there in broad term. So it needs to be somewhere where we can have produced, preserved, and exposed microbial life. We're also interested. And that usually confines us to order terrains on Mars because if life arose, it was probably early. We also, the mission objectives also want to demonstrate technologies that can be used later on for future human exploration. So that has some bearing on where we go as well. And so one of the key places that we're looking at are impact craters that had hosted lakes at some point in the past. And often you'll see channels running into these lakes and those channels can bring materials and deposit them in deltas in the lake. It's those materials that you're interested in. Yes, yeah. Life could have formed in the lake or life could have been transported and deposited in the lake. And when you form deltas in standing bodies of water, you can bury and fossilize life forms very quickly. If you're not necessarily looking for life forms that are alive today, you're looking also for historic life forms that we can find evidence that was life before. Yeah, I mean it's much less likely that there is life form existing today just because it's arid and cold now. The Mars, in all likelihood, had much higher atmospheric pressure and a much warmer environment in the past. There's no possibility of a Martian then. We won't see little men running around. I just want to be clear about that. Now you're going to be at the JPL laboratory that control what do you call it, mission control there when this happens? That's right. When the lander lands, all of the co-investigators and collaborators on each of the instrument teams, so this is many hundreds of people, will all go to JPL and spend the first 90 Martian days Wow. In operations basically. This is not during the flight, but it's upon arrival. Upon arrival when we're first navigating around. It takes about a year or two to get there. It'll take something like six or seven months to get there, I believe. Okay. So not too long, but once it lands, we all go to JPL and learn how to work together as a team. After the first 90 days, we've returned to our home institutions, but we still are involved remotely because you can do everything over the internet nowadays. Yeah, speaking of which, I'd like to make a special request, okay? Sarah, you know, we have Skype here. We do a lot of shows all around the world on Skype. And when you're out there on mission control, maybe just maybe we can have one show with you. Sure. Where you talk to us from Mission Control in JPL in Pasadena, California. I see no reason not to. Tell us what's going on. Okay, I'm going to remember this. That's Sarah Fagans. She's a researcher at HICP, involved in one of the most interesting research events and experiences you could possibly imagine. Going to Mars and learning all you have to learn about equipment and sensors and what's to look for, where to go. God, these great questions. You're at the center of it. I want to be with you. Research at Minoa. Making common sensors for Mars. Sarah Fagans, thank you so much. Sure, you're welcome.


Because, think about it for a woman, again, when she's choosing to be with a guy in a relationship, she doesn't want to be with a man who's going to be possessive, aggressive, violent, who's going to take everything incredibly seriously, who's going to be boring, all of these things. And so she's going to have to start testing to see, well, is he going to be any of these things?  If she's done something like that, really, she's doing that to see how you respond. And if you go, yeah, my gay friend picked it out for me, it's nice, huh? Then she sees, okay, this man doesn't take life so seriously, and he can handle a woman just prodding at him, and he's still okay.  Remember, again, she's only going to do it if it's all benefit to her. So please, when a girl starts prodding and testing it, good sign.  Girls don't just do that for sport. They typically do it because they want to find out what's really happening below the surface. You know, after basic biological needs, the thing that everybody wants most is a feeling of what? Any ideas? Belonging, connection, acceptance, yeah. Okay, yeah, we're all, it's all in the general vicinity. Everyone wants to feel significant and special, because on this planet there's seven billion other creatures that look pretty much the same, and are going through similar experiences, and it can be pretty easy to feel like you're not special. Like you're just another one of these insignificant ant-like creatures going through the processes of birth to death. And so people are always desperately seeking meaning out of their lives, and they're always desperately seeking a sense of being unique and special and significant. Yeah? So when you're looking at what does a woman want, okay, we all want this, but what does she want when she's with a man, is she wants to feel special and significant. Doesn't necessarily mean she needs to feel special like forever after in a, you know, monogamous marriage, but that she will want to feel significant. I was with a lover very recently who I hadn't seen since I've been away overseas, and we got back in bed together, and she just stopped me for a second and said, how did she phrase it? It was like, am I just part of a blur of women? Interesting kind of visual. And she asked that question because she knows that, okay, I'm a professional seducer, I'm here for a short time, I'm not going to be her boyfriend. She knows all of these things, and she's okay with that. But what she really needed to know was, okay, I know you're with all these other girls, but do I matter? Like, is this of any relevance to you at all? Am I just another face in this kaleidoscope of women? And women will do that, particularly when you get good with them. They'll start to ask you these kinds of questions because they want to know, are they significant? Because I think for a woman that's her greatest insecurity, is that she's not special as a desired person. And I think the greatest desire of a woman in terms of her relationships is to be desired. Like, women care a lot about the attention that men put on them. We don't so much. I think for men it's more about the fact that we desire that we want to have. Because we don't really walk down the street going, is everyone checking me out?  Do I still have it? Am I sexy? These thoughts will pop up in different ways. We will consider this stuff. But for a woman, that's heavy. That's always. Girls go out in packs and stand in the middle of dance floors and wiggle and dance just because they want to dance. We don't do that. They do that because that is about the attention they're getting from men in terms of am I special, am I sexy, am I desirable?   She wants to feel like a man desires her specifically. So in terms of we look at direct seduction, in terms of going up and being direct with a girl verbally, it's far more powerful to go up to a girl and say to her something like, I saw the way your hips were moving down the street and I had to come and talk to you. Or to say, you know, you're really gorgeous when you smile. Yeah. Or your eyes twinkle when you're talking to me or something like that. These compliments that are very specific to her are far more powerful than going up to a girl and saying, hey, you're hot. Yeah. So if you're going to be verbally direct with a girl, which I encourage you to do and to experiment with, be specifically direct. Tell her exactly what it is about her. You know, I was in Belgrade recently and I saw this girl who was my type walking across the park and I ran across the park, which I rarely do. And I ran up to her and I stopped and I said, excuse me, I ran up to you, which I rarely do. And I took a moment and she's like, why? And I said, because I am crazy about curly redheads who can walk like that. Yeah. I guarantee and, you know, she was flabbergasted within a few minutes, you know, like because I was teaching, I got a number and we had this interaction. The next night, she sent me a text and I didn't, this is her initiating it, saying, I was with, I was thinking about what happened in the park yesterday and it made me realize that the four year relationship that I've been in is not working for me. So I broke up with my boyfriend today. Now, and this, see, this is, and I was like, this is not like home record technique 101. What this, what this demonstrates is simply how women's needs are not being met in one situation. This one's been in this relationship for four years. And a stranger comes up to her and very sincerely delivers a very, very specific compliment to her and shows her why she is unique and special. Yes, she's a hot chick, but what type that she had specifically affected me. And of course, the fact that I ran over there and confidently told her this tells her that I'm a man who has choice. She's working all this stuff out.  That means I'm special. That means I'm really significant. And that means I'm not really feeling that with my boyfriend. In fact, I haven't, and she's saying I haven't felt that in years and I've just kind of tolerated and put up with it. And no, I'm worth way more than that. And so I'm ending it. She didn't end it to be with me. That was the thing. She wrote to me after that something along the lines of, you know, and I can't see you right now because I need to sort this out. Yeah, it wasn't like she broke up with him to upgrade to me.  So if you can make a woman feel special and significant, but not in a needy way, that's why you can go and tell a girl that in person, but never put that as a comment on her Facebook photos. Never. Because you'll see guys who are somehow friends with models every time she puts a photo up. Wow darling, the lighting in this photo just makes you look so amazing or whatever. Oh dudes, please stop, don't do that. That's not going to work. Because a guy who's sitting on the computer and commenting on girls who thinks it's really hard is not the guy that's running after the girl and telling her that in person. So don't do that online. But yeah, go and tell girls these specific things because that makes her feel that's what she wants. Women want to be desired by men who don't need them. They want to be with a man who chose them because that says I'm special, I'm significant. This is a really important thing to note. I got one minute left to cover sex. Here's how I'm going to try and do that. Okay, many years ago I lucked upon, well pre like any kind of me going out there and making this happen, lucked upon a girl who taught me how to have sex. It was 22, she was 28. And she was the first woman that taught me that women like sex. That was mind blowing. I think there's a point in every man's life where you go, hopefully you realize that women don't just have sex in order to get relationships.     And I was like wow, what is that? Learning that was like a breakthrough. And so this woman gave me instruction on how to be a great lover. And I'm very grateful to her. And I suggest if you don't have a lot of sexual experience, that's what you want to try and find. Is a girl who you find attractive and who is willing to help you to become good. That will affect the rest of your life, trust me. Anyway many years later she slept with a friend of mine. Now this is a guy who, can I have a couple more minutes? Yeah, because it's going to be weird. And good night. She slept with a friend of mine. And this guy, can I stop that buzzing at me over time? Okay and this guy is, in terms of I have a range of friends who are all seducers. And when I say seducer in terms of professional, that means you have had sex with 100 women plus. Which is a lot. Most men have sex with 5 to 10 in their life or something. So all the guys I know that I would consider to be really good at this, we know it's 100 plus.


Well, come in and hopefully you've got enough. That's just our own tape. If anybody needs any assistance afterward, they can call on us and we'll be happy to provide it. Come in. That could have been an accident. Okay. So, Mr. President, first of all, our genuine appreciation to you for sparing us the time. We know your schedule is very busy and we know that time is limited, so we'd like to get down to business writing. All right. Well, then I say I'm appreciating you. I'm appreciating your paper and its upholding of our country and the principles of involved and so forth. Very refreshing. Well, we should continue to do so. Mr. President, it would seem that congratulations are in order over your efforts to bring about Lebanon's ceasefire. However, all Mid-East ceasefires seem to be fragile at best and we're wondering what are the contingency plans if the ceasefire breaks down? Secretary Schultz has said there is no timetable to pull out the Marines. Does that go for the Navy as well? Yes. I think right now, this is a first step. We know that it's a tenuous one and that it's a very complex problem. It has to be worked out. But it is right in line with the mission that took the whole multinational force there to be in a position to help preserve stability as a government of Lebanon re-institutes its sovereignty over its own territory and the foreign forces get out. So we could be hopeful and optimistic and certainly you have to be grateful that the shelling has stopped, but much it remains to be done. Mr. President, you said yesterday that the Saudis were playing an important part in helping to bring the ceasefire about. Did they put pressure on Syria by threatening to withhold their bank rolling? I don't know of any pressure of that kind, but I do know that just as we had two ambassadors there who were back and forth working virtually around the clock trying to bring the various parties together, they were most helpful in doing the same thing. And I think have to be recognized for that. So I wouldn't know what persuasion was used or anything else. Finally, we have the ceasefire. On October the 15th, Paul Laxoff and others will be formally committed for your re-election. Can you say at this stage, if you have made up your mind to run, if not will you at least endorse Mr. Laxoff's commitment? At least I would endorse what? Mr. Laxoff's commitment. Oh, well, let me just say I don't think there's, this is a time when I can make an answer of any kind to that question. First of all, I believe that campaigns are too long anyway, but I've said there is no way that I'm going to make or announce a decision until the last possible moment that it could be done because either way it's going to make things more difficult.  So I'll hold, I know there's coming a day when I'm going to have to make a statement, but not now. Have you discussed the possibilities yet with your family? Well, obviously this has come up in conversation. Will you endorse the committee that's being formed though? Is it with your blessing? That would be getting into the area of commenting that I still don't think I should. When do you think Mr. President the day may come when you'll have to make a decision in public? Do you see it within the next month or so perhaps? Well, I haven't set any specific date, and so I won't hazard one, but as I say, I know that such a day is coming and there is a day alone, says that a decision must be announced. You had a rather historic meeting of prayer with Cardinal Cook yesterday. How did you find that very brave man? Very brave, and it was just amazing. He expressed his interest in so much that's going on and in the world and some of the things that we're trying to do and it was a moving experience, but also we were so grateful for the opportunity to see him have this meeting with him. They had arranged a little prayer service in his chapel, but not with him present, but we then went to his room and he concluded the service before our visit with the final prayer. Senator D'Amato of New York and many others have been very forceful in their language calling for Mr. Watt to resign. What are your views about that? Well, first of all, I think Mr. Watt has done a very capable job as Secretary of Interior. I think we have to point out with all of this that it was an unfortunate remark. It certainly was a mistake and he has admitted that, both those points. He has apologized to the people on the commission for that, but I think in all fairness we have to recognize that yes, it was a very improper thing to say, but it certainly was not said in the sense of any bitterness or bigotry or prejudice. If I thought he was bigoted or prejudiced, he wouldn't be a part of our administration. It was an attempt at lightness that as we all have to admit fell very flat and it was unfortunate. So I think that we have to recognize that and hope it won't be repeated. Do you think it would be possible for him to continue in office? What's that? Do you think it would be possible for him to continue in office? Well, I think that's a decision that he himself would have to make whether he feels that he has made a questionable as to whether he could be affected or not. You have no plans with the President to ask him to leave? No. I accepted his apology. If it could turn to your speech at the United Nations today, which is very calm and very measured, have you had you, while you're preparing the speech, had any indication or signal of any sort that your proposals might not be agreeable to the Soviets? Well, you can always hope. What I said today, I've thought for some time, the things that needed saying, both with regard to the United Nations and to their approach to these matters, I just feel very deeply that when I remarked about governments starting wars, that the representatives of the Soviet Union and ourselves sat down at those tables, those negotiating tables with the conviction in our minds that there must not be a war, then there won't be a war, and there could almost instantly be a reduction in those terrible and dangerous arms, those weapons. I'm certain that the Russian people don't want a war, and I know our people don't. We don't. And I just do, are they willing to come to the table with that idea in mind instead of an idea as to how they can preserve some margin of superiority for themselves? Apart from hope, Mr. President, has there been the slightest signal of the overall regret expressed by some segments of the Soviet leadership, which there has been, small as it may be? Have you regarded that as any kind of general signal? No, because I don't think it's come from the kind of people that normally would give the signals, but it is an indication there of certainly recognition in the part of some. You say that this was as terrible a deed as we have said it was, and I just think the world is owed an apology plus a statement to the effect that they're going to join the rest of us in cooperating to see that such a thing can never happen again. And that could be aided and depended also if they would recognize some responsibility and compensation for the families of the victims. Mr. President, do you think there may be some sort of a high level political dispute going on in the Kremlin that the statement's about these lower level officials, which we would just refer to, may represent that in fact there isn't unanimity in there on what happened? I wouldn't hazard a guess on that, but I do say that there is evidence that is a little different than what we usually expect because usually the official reply comes out with unanimous support over there, and that's it, and that's the story everyone tells. So this has been a little different, that there have been voices that have begun now. They weren't heard for quite a while. In fact there was such a difference in the stories that it just further added to the evidence of how deliberate and despicable this act was. Most people are pretending to forget that their first statement was that they just didn't know anything about it. It just disappeared from their radar. And then when the evidence was presented that it had been shot down and that they were responsible for that, suddenly they come up with a new story about spy plane and so forth. And no one's mentioned this yet, but isn't that a pretty hard, the idea of error, a pretty hard thing to believe when that plane is one on a regular schedule that at least every week is flying that same route? And at the same time of day. Mr. President, are your plans firm for Manila? What's that? Are your plans firm for Manila? Well, the trip is still planned. If there would be any reason to change it, it would be domestic because there is a probability. We had planned that trip with the idea that Congress would not be in session, that it would go on home. And that is questionable now as to whether they're going to go home. And now it makes you wonder, can you be in two places at once? But so far, don't take that as an indication, so far the trip is still on. The First Lady has expressed her second thoughts, misgivings about that particular trip. Given the recent events, the recent and tragic events. Well, let me just say, and I sympathize with her very deeply, but since a previous experience that we had, I shouldn't use the expression she's a little gunshot. No, but she does feel a legitimate concern in many places where I have to appear. Mr. President, just to come back to your speech today and your three proposals, let me not talk for everyone because we haven't all talked about it. It struck me as being rather generous towards the negotiating position in the view that they've constantly said no. And you say, well, all right now, we'll count the aircraft and we won't count the planes and the missiles in the fiery. So that would reduce the total number to which we're responding in Western Europe. But we reserve the right to place in other areas to counter what other threats might be involved in their disposition in other areas of their missiles. And you go very far towards meeting the Soviet position over the Persians, which they've been making most noise about. Maybe that was a restatement of something that was always in our mind. The original concept of what was going in NATO in INF was going to be a mix of Persians and cruise missiles. And at one time there was a Russian voice raised that, well, they might listen to cruise missiles but not Persians at all. Well, this in a way today was a restatement that, no, there will still be a mix. But we're willing that if they agree to reductions that means that our original figure must be reduced, that reduction will be in both Persians and cruise missiles. But as I said in the remarks, I'd like to see it on the zero, zero basis. We know that can't be. Well, now we want any reduction that can be achieved is going to be better than what threatens us now and threatens our allies in Europe. And so that's what we're going to continue to strive for, is to the lowest possible point that they will come and we will meet them on an equal and verifiable basis. You've been at the UN, I mean with leaders and stuff like that, and there have been reports that out of your administration that you and some of your senior aides feel that there's a double standard operating conditions, for example, being quick to condemn Israel for its invasion of Lebanon, but not condemning the Soviet down in the airline or the Libyan invasion of Chad. Do you feel after being here that there's a double standard? Well, no, I've noticed that many times on many votes they have been able to marshal a majority of votes their way and not on ours. What I was trying to point out was again, something happens to the whole concept of the UN. If we find the UN like the world beginning to divide up into blocks, the ideal was supposed to be that every nation would be there as an individual and seeking the same thing, the things that are called for in the charter of the UN. And there has been evidence of the other, of kind of taking sides or block loading, and I was just trying to call their attention back to the original purpose. I'll tell you, may I say something else about that too? It's time that all of us recognize that maybe we're not as civilized as we were when I was a young man growing up. By that I mean that it was taken for granted for years and years, the days prior to World War II, that all the rules of warfare were aimed at limiting warfare to warriors and providing protection and neutrality for civilians. And without quite realizing it's happened, we're in a world today where not only are the civilians fair game, but the most potent war systems, weapon systems, the nuclear weapons are definitely aimed at the destruction of civilians. And wouldn't it be nice if in a forum of this kind we could get back to being as civilized as we once were? Since very New York, could we ask you a question about the Jewish vote? In 1980 you scored a very high proportion of the Jewish vote for a Republican, but since then we've all suggested that support was dwindled. Do you think it would be possible to recapture that element in your 1984 strategy? Well I never conceded that we lost them. I think we have more to offer them than the other side does. And no, I haven't felt that at all. I know that sometimes in all of this debate with regard to the peace plan and all, there were times when the Israelis and ourselves found ourselves differing on various points, but that never in any way, and they knew this as well, the Israelis knew this, that never slackened in any way or weakened to resolve this country which has existed since 1948 of a moral obligation to see that the state of Israel continues to exist as a nation. Can I just ask one last question? Mr. President, I wonder if I could ask you as a astute political observer, not as a president, who do you think amongst the Democratic candidates a president might be the toughest candidate? If I knew the answer to that one, I would give it to you. Why should I help them make their decision? As long as I say it. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Mr. President, thank you very much. Now that we're informed that I have a Teddy with you, I'm going to put in my little experiences and read them for the summit that I just welcomed. I had it all set. I had an opening line for the first meeting. And that line was going to be the effect that Margaret's nature, that if her predecessor had been a little more clever, it would be hosting the gathering. It was all set. If I may be all set down that first night at dinner on the table, and I opened my mouth, and I said, Margaret, if your predecessor had been a little more clever, she says, I know, I would have been hosting. I never underestimate her. Thank you again. How are all your meetings with the... Oh, these are all ours. We don't trust any of the equipment. I never show which one works. That's because they're all Japanese men. Thank you very much, sir. I appreciate it. Now, there used to be an old-fashioned story about that. So un-optimistic. There were suspenders in the belt. Who's going to win the America's Cup this morning? No, it's not going to. Oh, it's not. I appreciate it. I kind of regret it. The appeal is... I don't think you're supposed to be a gentleman. You have friends who compete. That's all. Thank you very much. Thank you.


Ready and go. There you go arms arms arms and everyone else Let's go arms are going Good Avery Five seconds and time. All right guys good stuff. Good stuff. All right next one nice and easy.  Okay Out out in out out in in. Okay, ready and go Good good good speed on that ends too slow too slow too slow good some up good good time Good rest catch your breath catch your breath Good relax 10 seconds We think as we're going for about 20 to 25 seconds the first 10 go if you start 9 down the last 10 That's fine for the first 10. Just burst it. Okay? All right ready and go go all in all in all in good good the first 10 All you got the first 10 all you got then you can slow down a bit. No big deal. Okay. That's class on that I'm making a well And time good job guys relax shake your legs a little bit stretch whatever you may need Get your quads your hammies especially All right guys no bad stuff now on this one We're gonna be only doing 10 seconds at a time These are way shorter. All we're gonna be doing is one foot. It helps only right foot So just in out in out in out in out in out only 10 seconds Okay, just to activate our ankles a little bit ready and go 10 seconds on that and switch left foot right away All I can't that's right. Keep on it.   Okay. Don't worry about the speed that much get the coordination down first. Yep. Good Good and time good job guys good relax. I'll give you a bigger break on this one about 25 seconds now remember it's inside outside Inside front inside outside inside back inside outside So you always reset to the inside and then you go to the side you gotta go, okay? Ready and go and then back a legal side front side back side front side back very good Okay, the class good a very good aves EK machine. No, but Both feet outside EK when you go inside. Yeah, so in in out out in in guy. Let's see and Time let me see what you're doing go Yeah, so instead of doing just the one side always reset as in like you're in here and you go out out in In out out in in out out in in out out. Okay. I guess just one more set of this one. Then we're done. Yeah Ready and click There you go. Okay class class class class class Machine well done. Well done. Good 10 seconds 10 seconds. Good good Good summer they go they go. That's right. Keep on. Keep on. Keep on five keep on keep on good good good good good and I'm all right guys good stuff. Shake it off a little bit. We're gonna get started with the ball. Okay This first one will do Yeah, go with your with your partner now coach I'm gonna do the demo the group in the middle.  So one in front one is working Say I coach you start outside. That's good. So this is gonna happen. Okay, and I'll get this ball over here to Avery that one over there to So the person here has both my apes and maybe this person for a second So it's gonna happen. Okay both goes to ends bounds One to three one to three Good bounds around Bounds one two three One two three around Boom boom boom the ball goes back in the bounce there. Okay, do we have the idea? So so let's do about 20 seconds Okay, just here watch so you get the rotation right ready and play good boom call for the ball good. There you go All right, so listen guys, those are the things that will happen Because there's so many things over here that when the ball is coming, right? You're concerned about not hitting this getting the right pass getting the steps on the hurdle going around So there's a lot of chaos going on on top of that We want to ideally add as we're going a little shoulder check and everything so we add more things to it Take your time at first then increase the speed. Do we have the rotation or do we need a demo? We good. All right ready and play Good make sure we call it for the ball. Yep. Come on Good okay Good summer 10 seconds Good good There we go and time I switch Good Yeah, first time if we if we can okay good Yeah, and the one across hands if you need to take a touch take a touch on that one. Yeah, there you go. Come on. Come on. Good Good 10 seconds There we go. 10 10 10 good good good good good and Time all right guys class well done switching is on simple ish. Okay simple ish all we're gonna do on this one Okay, both comes in for the bounce good. I bounce I check outside Tata inside I play I drop back both comes to me I take a touch across or a roll whatever you guys may want. Yes bounce Boom one two three one two three Bounce drop. Yeah shoulder checks touch play bounce boom bounce So do we have it so after the second bounce when you're coming in you just come across come back touch across And you send it again. Okay, do we have it? Yes, no. Yep ready and play good As much as we can we're scanning. Yeah, we're aware of what's around us good Good There we go. Good No bad. No bad. No bad. Good. Good. Good Good And a bit more intensity in the movements. Good Kelly you as well a bit more intensity in the movements. Good. There you go Good job. Good Good it good aives good aives good sets. Well done. Good There you go. We I spoke to some didn't I good play play play good. Good. Good. There we go. Well done. Good class Well done guys good. It's good stuff. Good stuff good five seconds five seconds and I'm all right guys. Good job switch switch switch stay loud ends. Don't hear you Okay, Lee good touches good Show the checks show the checks. Don't forget. There you go. All right girl. Good. Well, that's all right summer. They go good. Good Nice Great ends. Good. Keep calling for an ends keep calling for an ends good And I don't hear you demanded call for it be annoying. Let's go. Come on. I'm all right guys. Good stuff. Good Good well done ends. That's the ball. There you go. Good Good Even if you're the center, you have to be calling for a Kelly. Yeah, demand it. Yes. And use well. Come on Get on the habit get on the habit. Let's go. There we go. There we go. Good. Well done. That's better Good. Well done guys. Good aives touches. Well done. We come on ends Good. There we go touches. Well done aives class. Don't forget to show the check aives. Okay Yeah, now check. Yes, lovely. Good job on that. We're lucky. Take a touch across. Yeah, there you go. Good Good checks. Good. No, show the check on that one aives. Good play. Good Good. Now check. Yes. Good. And I'm all right guys. Well done. Well done. Good stuff. Yeah And I want a little bit longer just because I was coaching aives a little bit. Well done though guys. Well done That's good stuff. That's good stuff Now next one. Okay. These are it goes So on this one, I'm gonna check outside. Okay Ball comes outside. Yes ball comes in I play then when I come inside. Yeah ball comes. Okay. I'm gonna take a touch and I play okay One two three one two three ball comes in I can do the outside if I want to should be a good one Not that. Okay should be under play outside. Yeah ball comes in. Boom. Ta ta ta ta ta ball touch Play. Okay. Do we have it Bill? All right. So just bounce outside Under the band and we go with play. Okay ready and play Good. Yeah first one's outside and then you just go under the under the band. Good. Boom. Good and there you go There you go. Good. Outside right away. Don't bounce. Don't bounce there. Good. There you go. Outside Right away. Good. There you go. Good. Well done. Good. Okay. Good. 20 seconds. 20 seconds There we go. Good Good There you go. Nice. Good fix. Well done. Good. Good. Good. Good. There we go. Good job Good touch. Well done. No lucky though. Good. Let's see Kaylee. Good Touch through. Aye. Yeah, there you go. Good touch. Lovely. Good Good Kaylee. Fantastic on the lefty. Look at that. Good. Well lucky and switch. Well done guys. Outside. Good. And right away under. Good. Outside. Good. Right away under. Good. Good. Lucky. There you go. That's all right. Good fix. Good. Don't bounce it there. Right away outside. Play. Play. Play. Come on. Touch. Outside. Good. Good. Touch through. Good. Outside. Good. Touch through. There you go. Come on guys. Come on. Come on. Come on. Good. Let's eat ends. Good touch. There you go. Good. Good EK quality. Quality. Well done. Good ends. There you go. Open up. Good. Nice. Lovely exchange ends. Well done. Good. Good. Good. Keep calling for an ends. Be loud. Come on. Like you're in the games. Loud and annoying. I like that. Good. Good. There you go. Very good. Good. There you go. Play. Play. That's all right. Good. Outside. Good. Under. Good. Under. Good. Kelly. Love that. White touch. Good. Let's see our right foot. Good. There you go. Good fix. Ish. Good. Play. Good. Five seconds. Good. Good. And play. Good. All right. Relax. Relax. Good. Good. Demand it Aves. Demand it. Good. There you go. Good. And again. Yeah. Go. Good. No bad Aves. That's a good idea. Play. Good. Good summer. Good. Well done Aves. Well done. Well done. Good. Let's get it. Good. Show the checks. Show the checks. Good. Good. Show the checks Aves. Good. There you go. Good. There you go. Very nice. One lock ends. Come on. Good. Well done. Yes. And under. Good Aves. Lovely that. Lovely that. Good. And again. Good. Yes. Well done. That's all right. Good. Go for it. Good. Show the checks. Don't forget. Ah yeah. Come on. Come on. Good. And time. All right guys. Great stuff.


There is the need for professionals in the built environment to form strong advocacy against quackery and sharp practices. The tide of incessant building collapse in the country must be stemmed. This form part of the submission of stakeholders at the 13th edition of the Lagos Architect Forum. Just in our current reports, the forum brought together architects and other professionals to share thoughts on the theme, the city of Lagos. What is Lagos? Lagos is the first capital of Nigeria known for its uniqueness as an economic hub, high flying business hub and a city that has long captivated people from all over the world. However, these architects have converged to share ideas and critical insights to effectively midwife a liveable and sustainable Lagos state. We try to analyse the physical development within the city of Lagos and see how we can get government to key into some of the suggestions that as professionals we think they should key into. When we talk of the thriving city in the world, these are cities that never sleep. What it is all about is to synergise, to interact with the private sector, the public sector, the manufacturers, the suppliers of building materials. In recent times, incidences of building collapses have become recurred, even with a city as commercial as Lagos. As one wonders how these tide can be stemmed, government is advised to ensure monitoring as enforcement does not stop when approval is given. The professionals believe that state governments should domesticate a national building code as well as show political will to stop the menace. The building code actually has some compliance forms built into the document such that at various stages of the development of the building, you have relevant professionals signing off at different stages. Are we shining away from our responsibilities? Are we ready to take up our responsibilities and to be honest with you, please be ready for more collapses because if we are not ready to do the right thing, then be sure that these tragedies will continue to occur. Until we can have a proper governance structure on the construction process, where we start to track who designed, who supervises, what are the stages of construction, what are the stages of certification, and is available on the digital platform, this is why this is the best. The NIS shows that it will continue in its advocacy role as watchdecks to promote best practices in the building procurement process to avoid ugly consequences of building failures and collapses.


Okay. Good morning and welcome to today's session from the Book of Acts. Let's pray and let's begin. Abhishek, would you like to lead us in a word of prayer today? Sure, Pastor. So Holy Father, we come before Holy Prince, right on the mighty name of Jesus Christ. Thank you for giving us this opportunity to study on the Book of At-Law. Lord, give us a listening ear, Lord Jesus, that we may understand and bless Pastor, give her wisdom, knowledge, understanding through her. Teach us, Lord Jesus. Lord, teach us that we may understand whatever we talk to the Lord Jesus. Thank you for this day, Lord Jesus. In Jesus name, we pray. Amen. Amen. Thank you. Thank you, Abhishek. So let's begin with a quick review of what we had been studying about in the last class. So we primarily talked about the second missionary journey of Apostle Paul. So I will try to put up the map for us. That way, it will be easier to review. Okay, there's just some issue with the scrolling of my computer. That is always the problem. Let me see. Okay, sorry about that. It's just not picking up. So let me see. Maybe during the second session, I will try and present the screen to all of us. But we saw how the journey restarted from Antioch of Syria. We said that Paul, this time around with Silas, went through the old route touching the cities that he had initially ministered at during the first missionary journey. And from there, he had a desire to move into new territory primarily with the Nia and the Asian region. But at that point, the Holy Spirit felt that it wasn't the appropriate time. Okay, now we know that maybe at that point, there was already opposition in some of the cities where he had ministered. So we don't know. Maybe there would have been people whose hearts were not prepared to receive the word of God and which is why God would have guided Paul to another place. He had a dream about a Macedonian man calling him to come and minister. And in this way, he was led to the Macedonian region. Okay, so from there we saw how there were certain cities that he visited. The most important city, a port town, which we discussed about was Philippi, where we saw that the gospel made an impact in every section of the society. There were also women who, if you look at Lydia, she went to the riverside and she was a religious person. So you could say the so-called religious people and the non-religious people. You had like the slave girl and also the jailer and his family. They also committed their lives to the Lord. So in Philippi, that's what we saw happen. And later on, we see that he goes to this place called Thessalonica. In my narration last time, I think I made a small mistake. I said Beria first and then Thessalonica, but it was Thessalonica first and then Beria. So in Thessalonica, we saw now we are at at 17 when what happened in Thessalonica is described. So we see good ministry that took place in verse four of at 17. We understand that the people were persuaded. So Paul, in his preaching, he also engaged with the people with what we call as reasoning. So he reasoned with them to actually convince them about the Lord Jesus and how he is the Messiah. So this term reasoning, we talked about that a little bit in the last class. And we said that it is preaching, but it's a convincing sort of a preaching where one is discussing about the subject very thoroughly and examining the subject with the listeners in a detailed manner so that the listeners are convinced. So in this way, there was great success in the ministry in Thessalonica and also we read about some leading women. So great multitude believed and leading women of Thessalonica also believed in the Lord Jesus. And then there is this instance of people in Thessalonica meeting in Jason's house. But there is trouble for Paul and Silas, because you find that probably just like the Philippian region, the magistrates in Thessalonica would also have felt threatened with this new teaching. And thereby there was this mob uproar and Jason was the person who bore the brunt of this opposition. So he was dragged out of his house and he was forced to pay a security. So something that they did to state that somebody was doing the wrong thing. So Jason was alleged to be this person hosting people who were, again, allegedly not good for the community or the society. So Jason had to pay a security. It's at that moment when he was actually let out. But we know that Paul and Silas travelled out from Thessalonica because it was not safe anymore. So we were at verse 10 in Acts chapter 17. And a couple of things that we do understand from other passages of scripture is that Paul rushed out of Thessalonica. So he also had many other things to actually tell the Thessalonians, build them up in the word of the Lord, which is why he later writes the very first epistle. And that is to the Thessalonians. So we have Thessalonians 1, Thessalonians 2. Why did Paul write it? Because he had to rush out of Thessalonica. But he had so much more to say. And he probably wrote this from Corinth. We're going to read about that city later as well. So then, you know, Beria, I know we kind of touched on it. But, you know, a little more in detail, I wanted to go over Beria. So, let's start at verse 10 of Acts 17. I want to request one of us to please read from verse 10 to verse 15. Act 17. Who would like to read? What's the verse? Yeah. So, Acts 17 verses 10 through 15. And I see Christopher also, you know, admitted. So Christopher, maybe you can read the next section from verse 16 to... I was just asking for the reference. Oh, okay. But you can read it. You read one portion and Christopher can read the next. 10 to 15, you can read. Acts 17, 10 through 15. Okay. At very night, the believer sent Paul and Silas to Beria. When they arrived there, they went to the Jewish synagogue. The people of Beria were more open-minded than those in Thessalonica. They listened eagerly to Paul's message. They searched the scripture day after day to see if Paul and Silas were teaching the truth. As a result, many Jews believed as in many of the prominent Greek women. But when some Jews in Thessalonica heard that Paul was preaching the word of God in Beria, they went there and stirred up trouble. The believers acted at once, sending Paul onto the coast while Silas and Timothy remained behind. Those escorting Paul went with him all the way to Athens. Then they returned to Beria with instructions for Silas and Timothy to hurry and join them. Yes. Thank you. So in Beria, we see that there is a description of the believers. The fact that they were more fair-minded and that they searched the scripture. So fair-minded has to do with a ready heart. So they were very open to the gospel, what was shared to them. So that was helpful for Paul and Silas to do their ministry. So it's basically readiness of mind. Fair-minded is readiness. So they received it very quickly. Then the other important thing about these people is that they searched the scriptures daily to understand whether these things were so. So it's amazing how they had this kind of a mindset. Because what mattered was the standard of God's word, the truth of God's word. They were not overcome by the personality of Paul. We know that he probably had a very attractive personality because he was a passionate individual. Now we will also see that Paul writes the many epistles to the churches and that he is even in the team Paul and Silas. He would have been the more eloquent one, the more learned one. Given all these facts, here are people who still search the word of God to ensure that what they are hearing is the truth. So there's a very big lesson for us from the Barians. It's not so much about the preacher anymore. It's about the truth which we are hearing. So we have to be very careful about what we absorb and what we receive, what we believe because it will eventually be what we apply in our lives. We cannot afford to apply anything which is contrary to the truth of God's word. The Barians were both ready to receive the word of God and they were also people who were cautious. And careful to examine what they were listening.  So even today we have so many preachers, so many teachings, so many perspectives of the word that are presented to us. And it's important to examine everything which is shared with us. So that is something we learn from the Barians.  So again, another thing that we can see here from verse 14 is that immediately the brethren sent Paul away to go to the sea. So Paul is traveling alone. So in Athens, he is actually alone. But both Silas and Timothy remained there. Now, why isn't there a mention of Luke? Because at Troyas, we had Luke joining in. However, we see in Berea, Silas and Timothy, they stayed on. So there is this whole pastoral, apostolic kind of an approach, you know, in planting and equipping the churches. So Luke probably stayed on in Thessalonica. Though he doesn't talk about it, that is what we understand. So Luke remained in Thessalonica. He would have continued to encourage the believers and equip the believers and all that. When it comes to Berea, Paul left Silas and Timothy so that, you know, some of the foundations of what we believe would be taught to the believers, they would be strengthened. So you know how we are seeing this pattern, winning souls for the kingdom of God, making believers by speaking the gospel to them, but also equipping them in the word of God, in the work of the Spirit, so that they are established and they become disciples. Because in the Great Commission, that's what Jesus said, go into all the world and make disciples teaching them everything that I have taught you and then baptizing them in the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. So it's a proper work of making disciples. So notice Silas and Timothy stay on, but Paul goes to Athens. Now we will study a little bit more about the work which is done in Athens. So Christopher, would it be fine for you to please read from verse 16? You may read all the way till 34. Now while Paul waited for them at Athens, his spirit was provoked within him when he saw that the city was given over to idols. Therefore, he reasoned in the synagogue with the Jews and with the Gentile worshipers and in the marketplace daily with those who happened to be there. Then certain Epicurean and Stoic philosophers encountered him and some said, what does this devil want to say? As I said, he seems to be a crema of foreign gods because he preached to them Jesus and the resurrection. And they took him and brought him into the esophagus saying, are you saying maybe know what this new doctrine is of which you speak? For you are bringing some strange things to our ears. Therefore, we want to know what these things mean. For all the Athenians and the foreigners who were there spent their time in nothing else, but either to tell or to hear some new thing. And Paul stood in the midst of eriopagus and said, men of Athens, I perceive that in all things you are very religious. For as I was passing through and considering the objects of your worship, I even found an alter of this inscription to the unknown god. Therefore, the one whom you worship without knowing him, I proclaim to you, God who made the world and everything in it, since he is Lord of heaven and earth, does not dwell in temples made with hands.  And he has made them one blood every nation of men who dwell on all the face of the earth and has determined their pre-appointed times and the boundaries of their dwellings. So they should seek the Lord in the hope that they may grope for him and find him, though he is not far from each one of us. But in him we live and move and have our being, as also some of your own poets have said, for we are also his offspring. Therefore, since we are the offspring of God, we ought not to think that the divine nature is like gold or silver stone, something shaped by art and men's devising. Truly, these times of ignorance God overlooked but now commands all men everywhere to repent because he has appointed a day on which he will judge the world in righteousness by the man whom he has ordained. He has given assurance of this to all by raising him from the dead. And when they heard the resurrection of the dead, some mocked while others said, we will hear you again on this matter. So four departed from among them. However, some men joined him and believed among them Dionysius, Ario Faget, a woman named Demaris and others with them. Yes. Thank you. Thank you so much Christopher for reading. And I think I have been able to display the map of the second missionary journey. Are you all able to see it? Yes. Okay, great. So just to help us register what's going on, it's always good to look at the map a couple of times. So whatever I stated is here in these red lines showing the direction of the journey. And so far, you know, we've noticed that Paul has come into the Macedonian region. So, you know, the region over here is the Galatian region Galatia. And then, you know, now we have the Macedonian region where a lot of the action is. But Paul travels out from there and he comes to this place called Athens. Athens, it's said to be about 12 days by road from Berya, but it would have been, you know, for three days by sea. But, you know, somehow Paul takes the road, he travels, he comes to Athens, he's alone over here. And then we will see that he goes to the Achaean region, the Achaean region where he will spend a substantial amount of time, 18 months, roughly a year and a half in the city called as Corinth, which is a fairly large city. And so there are many important cities as far as the second missionary journey is concerned. But the point to notice that in the second missionary journey, there are some old cities, some new cities. And there is this intense approach where Paul and his team are making disciples. We say Paul and his team, we mean Silas, Timothy, Luke. And, you know, when he takes time to build up people in Corinth, we will read in the episodes, you know, many other names. So that by now we already have, you know, red names of Lydia and Jason. So a lot of new people are actually being raised up, some of whom become leaders who will work together with Paul. So in Corinth, we will also see another wonderful couple who will connect with Paul, who are Aquila and Priscilla. So Corinth is the place where he takes a lot of time in the second missionary journey, you know, building up people, believers.  He's not really going to spend a lot of time there. So he'll go to Ephesus and then he will kind of rush, you know, to Caesarea and then to Jerusalem because he has made a vow to God and then he wants to keep that vow. So that's about the end of the second missionary journey. So this portion of his travel is more about keeping the vow than, you know, going into a new place to preach Christ. And then of course he will complete the journey by going back to Antioch of Syria. So that's again a reminder of what actually is going on in the second missionary journey. And I think the last class, I pronounce Cilicia as Sicilia. So sorry about that. It's Cilicia. Okay. So that is where Paul is actually from. Tharsis of Cilicia. So here's the map for us and you can Google the map and have a look at it yourself. And just to read today, most of what I am sharing with you is, of course, from what we can understand from the scriptures in a, you know, in a plain and a simple way. In addition to that, a couple of main commentaries. The main one, of course, I said is EnduringWord.com that you can go to and you can read from David Gozik's commentary there of the Book of Acts. So that gives us some background, which I am also reading up and I am sharing from the other resource would be a good resource is the Book of Acts. The Acts of the Apostles from APC publication, revivals, visitations and moves of God. Just sharing this so that you're not disoriented. You can also read up all of this and that will help you understand what we are discussing better. So right now we are at Athens. Okay. So Paul is alone over here and what exactly happens. So let's discuss a little bit about what is going on. Okay. Coming now to Athens from verse 16. So notice it says Paul waited for them at Athens. So he's actually waiting for these people to come. So he's there for a little bit of time and his spirit was provoked within him when he saw that the city was given over to idols. So Paul, we don't know whether his intention was to quickly move through Athens and give his time to Corinth. But when he was at Athens, his spirit was provoked. These are all ways in which the Holy Spirit speaks to us. We saw that Paul had a vision and that was the communication of God. And guiding him and leading him into Macedonia. Again, there is a guidance of the spirit. What is that? The sense of feeling provoked in the spirit. So that sense would have wanted Paul to do something. He's provoked in his spirit. Why is he provoked in his spirit? Because he sees so many idols in Athens. So that shows us that the people of Athens were people of faith. They had idols because they were worshippers. Now, understanding a little bit about Athens as a city, we recognize that Athens was named after a Greek goddess known as Athena. And it is one of the oldest cities of Greece. And it was a prominent city. It was continuously inhabited for about 5,000 years. And it also is a very, you know, a city which is rich because it had philosophers growing up in it. Some of the names are Socrates, Plato, Demosthenes, Aristotle. All these people are from Athens. And this particular city, not just philosophy, but when it came to art or even science, it was a city that encouraged all of this. It housed Plato's Academy. And that, again, is a center of science, art and philosophy. So you could look at it like a city which had a prominent university that people would want to come to and learn from. So today we look at some universities, cities like Oxford and Cambridge. So comparable to cities like that. So it's a very intellectual place and other speciality of the places. As Paul noticed, there were many idols. So there were people who stated, there's a quote from one of the philosophers of the time. He said that there were more idols in Athens than there were men. So those many idols were there because people were worshippers and there was a lot of new philosophies that everyone would come up with and keep having new idols to worship. So we also noticed that there were two prominent philosophies and there is a mention, isn't it, in our scriptures here. One is Epicurean and the other is Stoic. So what are these philosophies about Epicurean? These were people who believed that pleasure in life is everything. So they thought that pleasure is the end of man and that one should pursue pleasure. So it was started, this philosophy was initiated or the person who came up with this philosophy is Epicurus. And one of his students came up with another philosophy known as Stoicism in which they believed that there are many gods and that life ends and life starts all over again. So certain kinds of thoughts that people had and they stuck to these philosophies. There's a lot more to the core beliefs of both of these philosophies but I'm just touching upon the key things, what they believe. So in Stoicism they just thought that life is just a series of or a cycle of events that sort of keeps repeating and whatever happens the gods have a meaning to why those things happen. So people as it is, they were very interested in philosophies in Athens. So it is a challenge for Paul because he's coming to a very intellectual community. How is he going to approach this community and how is he going to actually share the gospel in this community? So we also noticed here that Paul engages in sharing the gospel. So let's look now at verse 17 where we read, therefore he reads it in the synagogue with the Jews and with the Gentile worshippers and in the marketplace daily with those who happen to be there. So in this intellectual place, Paul has an approach. One is to meet the religious folks. The other is to meet, they may or may not be religious but the marketplace, people in the marketplace. So one is he goes to the synagogue. That's a good place to find religious people. Both the Jewish and the Gentile worshippers, he talks to them about Jesus. The marketplace, it's also known as a Gora. In the Greek culture, the marketplace was known as a Gora. So he would go to a Gora and he would speak to the unbelieving in God or who did not know about the Jewish God. He would speak to them and minister to them. So he was trying his best to reach out to every section of the community. That was his approach. Now coming to what happened next. He encounters these Epicurean and Stoic philosophers and they actually call him a babbler. Why do they call him a babbler? Firstly, because they didn't know who Paul was. He was definitely a very learned person but he didn't show that off. The second reason is that these philosophers were very proud of their knowledge and they thought that they knew better than anybody. So their first way of assessing Paul is babbler. What does he want to say? And they recognize that he's proclaiming a foreign God which was interesting to them. So you see it's a land of philosophies anyway. So come, let's add to it. Let's find out what new philosophies this babbler has to bring. So recognizing this, they invite him to a place known as Aeropagus. Aeropagus, you can imagine with me that it was this arena. It was this arena where people would gather and speakers would show and they would share from their own philosophies and just present it to the people. Today we have this whole concept of the TED talk and all that. People come and share and others listen. So it's something like that. Aeropagus was that place in Athens where one could come and share their independent thought. So it's amazing that Paul got an opportunity to go there and introduce this foreign God. Aeropagus is also known as Mars Hill. It's also known as Mars Hill. So he goes there and people ask him, tell us what is this new doctrine that you speak of and we heard that you're bringing some strange things to our ears and we want to know what these things actually mean. So Aethanians and foreigners. So it just goes to tell us that people from the surrounding regions visited Athens because they also were interested in learning new philosophies. So they were just attracted to new things and then begins Paul's talk to these listeners from verse 22. So Paul stands up there. He talks to the men of Athens and you see the way Paul presents his message, we have to notice this everywhere. Paul and his team, they try their best not to give offence to anyone. They contextualize their message as much as possible. They try to be as law abiding as they could possibly be. So they are very respectful of every culture. So they come here to Athens and over there, we see that Paul goes from what they already know. So he brings up this thing that I saw an alter and the inscription said it is to the unknown God. To the unknown God. So let me tell you more about this God that you don't know about. So he is contextualizing it and starting from things that they are aware of and taking them to a place where he introduces the Lord Jesus and the God that he is actually preaching.  I'm at verse 24 where he says God who made the world and everything in it since he's the Lord of heaven and earth does not dwell in temples made with hands. So basically he's describing Christ and the Trinitarian God but he brings it in a way that they can understand and then you will notice after he describes God as a creator and the fact that we are created beings. So maybe he was also pointing to the fact that they were creating all these idols but there is a God who has been created who cannot be confined to man's creation. So he was trying to get across that point and he also brings it later on we see that he will say as some of your poets have said. So again in a contextualized manner he says some of your poets have said in verse 28 he end of that he says for we are also his offspring and so he points out that God is a creator and here we are his children and we must not forget that he's a great God that there's going to be judgment and righteousness is important and all of this and why he is talking about it he comes to a place where he's talking about the resurrection of Jesus Christ. So he introduces the Lord Jesus and he begins to talk about the resurrection. So verse 31 he says because he has appointed a day on which he will judge the world in righteousness by the man so that's how he's introducing Jesus by the man who he has ordained who is Jesus Christ. He has given assurance of this to all by raising him from the dead. So there is that reference to resurrection in what Paul is stating about the Lord Jesus and at that point some of the listeners were not interested anymore because they found resurrection not very impressive and maybe not very acceptable. So they start mocking Paul and they just dismiss his talk and they say okay we will hear you again on this matter at another time. So Paul went from there but at least he got an opportunity to share Christ with these intellectual people and what is the effect of that? We love that God is always faithful. There will be naysayers, there will be people who will not listen to the gospel but there were people whose hearts were open and they believed what Paul was sharing with them. So verse 34 gives us a few names it says however some men joined him and believed among them Dionysius the areopagite a woman named Damaris and others with them. So you see an intellectual person Dionysius an areopagite. So he is from this whole culture and this whole region of reasoning new philosophies he puts his faith in Jesus. There is a lady called Damaris who also believes in Jesus and others with them. Whenever the Bible says others with them there could be so many other names which we don't know but there were other believers here in Athens. So let's now move on we move on to Acts chapter 18 but before that any thoughts any comments about what we are doing so far. So now we will see Paul go to Corinth and a lot of good ministry will happen there. So any thoughts? Yes Kennedy. What I just wanted to inquire what influenced the culture of this people in the Siberia so a normal people or the people what was the cause of the incident actually? Okay Kennedy sorry I cannot hear you clearly. It's not clear. What influenced the culture of this people this is called Beria. What made the people who are listening what was the reason behind the Liberia? Okay frankly I haven't studied too much about the people of Beria so I don't know. If there is anyone else you know a little bit more about Beria could you share with us. We know their attitude but I don't know why they had this attitude. Sorry what else you question I couldn't hear it properly. Okay so I think what Kennedy go ahead Kennedy you can state it. What made what was the influence that made them be normal people of Beria because the people who are understanding what was the reason what was the culture behind that. So Kennedy is asking why were the people of Beria the way they were bare-minded searching the scriptures. So why did they have this good attitude? Anyone? These are all Jews I believe because they were searching the scriptures probably he was speaking to Jewish community and why they were doing it we have no idea probably they are interested. First also I would like to know that is Beria and will it be present in which country? Exactly. Yes thank you Vada Vanohar. I think he gave us a good answer there where he said they were interested first of all they were Jews so they had they had this habit of studying the scriptures and the habit is one thing the second thing that we noticed is that they were interested so whenever there is an interest we can expect people to actually search the scriptures so that is probably the answer now what was what external factors were there I have no idea but I think that's quite a satisfactory answer there. Now coming to the question where Vada Vanohar asked you know the current places so the Asian region Vada Vanohar that we saw where your episodes and all those places that was known as Asia Minor some years ago but presently it is Turkey presently it is Turkey and the other places through which he went through Thessalonica, Philippi and all those places that is Greece so present day Greece is what we are talking about Philippi, Thessalonica, Berya, Athens you know Covent so it's all present day Greece. The entire region comes under Greece now. Yeah Greece so you see how when Paul actually wanted to go to Asia he had the desire to minister in the same continent but God gave him a dream to go to Macedonia which is actually another continent Paul would not have understood all that right so we know like today for us what happened was the dream or dream of vision it took Paul from the Asian continent to the European continent okay so that is how this ministry actually began to happen yeah so I hope that helps Vada Vanohar Yes Christopher you wanted to say something Yes I just wanted to add something I am not sure if I understood it clearly in Acts 17 I mean my view on the people in Berya was that they were they were easily swayed or they were open to to what other people were saying because in verse 13 they say that it mentions that but when the Jews from Thessalonica learned that the word of God was preached by people in Berya they came there also and stirred up the crowds so that in itself that means that I am not sure if that was something that kind of made the crowds sort of changed their religious to hear what Paul was saying and there was a negative aspect to the way the Jews from Thessalonica stirred up the crowds because the next verse immediately says that means that the residents didn't fall away so I mean my view on this is that they were fair minded but they were also easily swayed Yeah I think that does make sense Christopher so readiness and openness it can have they were open to everything which would have been helpful but at the same time which could have been dangerous but thank God I see another aspect there where readiness is talked about with daily searching the scriptures so hopefully these people were not they knew how to filter out the wrong doctrines so alright let's stop here we could take a break come back in 10 minutes and then pick up from Acts chapter 80 thank you