Finally! It seems as though we are finally getting something to play within Motherfucking Destiny! Now if you don't know already, within the latest Bungie Weekly update it was announced that tomorrow we will receive news as of what's coming as our next content drop. I will read through what they stated within the Bungie update but if you guys want to read through the whole thing you'll find it linked within that video description. This week at Bungie we were looking toward the future. Last time this weekly ritual hit the blog Cosmo led the way, he promised that we'd detail out what you could expect from Destiny in March. A promise is a promise and March is here. So we are absolutely going to plot some waypoints on the road ahead tomorrow. We are putting the finishing touches on an announcement about the next content update for Destiny. For weeks now we've been teasing relentlessly that you haven't heard the last from the live team. We do that not to be cruel but to give our team the breathing room they need to finalise the details and bring you along on the journey as best we can. Tomorrow we'll begin the conversation about what's next including some fresh challenges for you to tackle and the sandbox changes that we previewed last week. The article will hit the blog at 9am pacific you should expect an announcement and a reveal schedule. You'll be able to update your calendars. The countdown is about to begin. If that's the only sort of news you're craving just hit that snooze button on your web browser and check back with us after a good hard sleep. If you enjoy taking the pulse of our housekeeping and player celebrations please read on. Now like I said if you want to read the rest of the Bungie update you'll find it linked in the video description. So there you have it straight from motherfucking Bungal and I mean let's not beat around the bush here. Destiny at the moment is pretty much dead unless you're a PvP player obviously as that's a different challenge basically every game. If you own Destiny for the PvE side of things kind of like me you'll be happy to know that finally after what seems like years of waiting it will be revealed what's next for us. Now I don't know about you guys but I need some fresh new content within Destiny to grind.  We finally get to see what's next. Now what are you guys hoping that comes? Now as much as I know many many people would love to see the old raids brought back to life. To me being one of them I would still like to see something new not something reskinned. Now there do state fresh challenges for us to tackle but fresh doesn't mean new. If you play something for a long long time going back to something and playing it will feel indeed fresh compared to the usual bullshit you are doing. So yeah as much as I'd love to see old raids return I also want to see something new. One thing I'd love for them to introduce which could actually be a thing is a fresh set of vendor weapons across the board. It seems like ages since we had fresh weapons for us to explore and use. Maybe even vendor armours too but in my opinion most of the weapons is what I'd love to see. The big problem here is though is the fact that we all would know that motherfucking vault space. I mean I've seen many many of my favourite weapons and armours being dismantled due to that lack of space so hopefully that's something that we get as well.  Now I'm trying not to be hyped about this but to be honest this thing needs to get us hyped it really does. Destiny like I said earlier has lost a lot of its fan base to other games.  Let me know in that comment section what you guys want to see from tomorrow reveal. Hope you guys enjoyed the video thanks always for stopping by and I'll catch you guys on that next one.


Hello everyone, welcome back to my channel. I hope you had a wonderful summer and you spent some great holiday. I've been traveling a lot on the English seaside and I have to say that I did enjoy it so much. I've been taking so many pictures with textures and things I really love to see and then I've been reading a lot and when I've been reading I kind of needed a little note but when I can take some notes from books I read it and I was thinking that maybe that can be what I will create in my next video. Hello, I've been spending some time on the seaside and when I came back this top shelf fell on me so I'm cleaning my room. I'm trying to decide what I will give away somewhere probably to charity shops. I need to make space because I do have so much stuff. Unfortunately, most of my stuffs are scraps or things which are supposed to be in the bin like old boxes and that's what I would like to use and if I will don't use it it will go to the bin and I'm gonna create it from this old oatmeal box and I'm gonna use it for creating my bookmark notepad. For the pages I'm gonna be using papers from this little notepad. I do have here in my stuff the measurement of this notepad. It's three inches by eight and one quarter. I'm gonna take only a few pages out of it about ten pages and click the uh stapled them together. I believe this amount of pages will be great to have with me in any book I will read and if I will want to make some notes this will be good. Now I can cut this box in the size I need. I'm gonna cut this side and I'm gonna be using just a ruler and cutting knife and following the original folds of this box I'm gonna just cut the side first. I'm gonna keep these offcuts for now maybe I will use them if I will don't use them they will end up in the bin. Now I'm gonna create a mark my notepad it's three inches in the width. I'm gonna mark here three and one eighth of inch slightly bigger than is my notepad three and one three and one and here is the size I have of that bottom chipboard and it's longer on both sides. Now I can cover the sprinted side with some decorative papers or book pages or t-dike paper anything I will want or maybe some fabric anything I will want. I'm gonna be using uh book pages because another thing I do have in my craft room in a huge amount are book pages. I'm gonna be using book pages and cover all the sprinted side. I have my piece fully covered with the book page. I'm gonna grab my notepad and I'm gonna start to score it. I think here I can take my ruler and just make a marks. I would like to have on the bottom a small part where I will put eyelet and maybe magnets close the bookmark together with this notepad inside. I'm gonna keep there one and one quarter of inch which is 3.2 centimeters or three centimeters will be good enough. Now from here I'm gonna count the notepad. Notepad will be ending here. The thickness of my notepad it's really small. It's one eighth of inch. It will fit in one eighth of inch and here on that opposite side I'm gonna copy the measurement from here. So I'm gonna just take these measurements. Eight and half. Here I made it eight and half. No, eight and three eighths. Three eighths and one and one quarter. One and one quarter. I'm gonna cut this long piece on my last mark where I marked this one and one quarter which I do have here as well. So I'm gonna cut the piece here like this and now on these marks which I do have here I'm gonna use my ruler and scoring board a scoring tool this ball pen and I'm gonna help myself a little bit you know to fold the chipboard at these points just to press it with my scoring tool and I have to be careful. I think the glue it's not totally dry yet and I don't want to ruin it so I need to be careful and I'm gonna fold the chipboard in these score lines and I do have this folded with the gap here in the fold and with these two flaps on the bottom I can fit my notepad inside and it's ending exactly before these flaps. For embossing I'm gonna be using this beautiful Tim Holtz embossing folder it is Sizzix, bear with me, 3D texture fades and this is called acorn, yeah of course acorns. So this beautiful embossing folder I'm gonna use also my inks I'm gonna be using smoked emerald from Spectrum Noir Harmony Line and I'm gonna add this smoked emerald to this side of the embossing folder. Now I'm gonna take my chipboard piece this will be front of my notepad and here it's the fold it's the middle fold so I'm gonna fold that middle fold this way I'm gonna place my little notepad cover facing with the front of my cover down on this colored side of embossing folder and I'm gonna try to emboss it it's quite few layers and I hope it will go well through to my embossing machine because it's quite thick oh it's really beautiful I do have embossed both sides but I don't mind that much this one I'm gonna unfold it clean my embossing folder and I have folded this gap again now I'm gonna take a brayer and try to flood this embossed part down if that will don't work but I think it will it will be okay so I'm gonna flood this side which I don't need to have embossed I do have most of that embossed effect gone from the back cover for the next part I have prepared here very strong coffee and I'm gonna be using brush and I'm gonna add a little bit of that coffee here and there just to color my little pieces spectrum noir inks are reacting with water really well so it's possible that part of that ink will melt into the coffee but I'm totally okay with that it's kind of what I would like to see and I'm gonna let this dry and after drying you can see the melting greenery ink between that coffee I really like that effect I do have here this leftover and that's what I'm gonna be using to make another layer on my cover I'm gonna be using both these sides so I'm gonna cut this and this I'm gonna tell you measurement of the base and of this so here it's eight and one quarter till the fold eight and three eight pardon me eight and three eight still the fold plus one and a half here that rest this top part is seven and seven eights so it's shorter and this is three and one eight and this is three inches same it's that backside both of these pieces I'm gonna wrap or cover from this side with this beautiful this is a roll of watercolor paper and I'm gonna use it as a cover cover on my two pieces I'm gonna do a little stamping I'm gonna be using this beautiful woodware stamp it's called snippet script I have this stamp in my collection for a last three years and I never used that so I'm thinking now is the time I'm using ranger archival ink jet black because it's nice and stable and just little stamping here again I'm gonna be using the coffee and I'm gonna cover all these pieces with the coffee then let it dry this coffee will add beautiful vintage feel and look to my pieces now I can let it dry I have added also few splatters with very strong coffee and let it dry now I can cut the window I'm not gonna be cutting window in both pieces one piece which will go on the backside that will be probably this one will go on the backside I'm gonna keep as it is I'm just gonna add a sewing all around with my using my sewing machine to add there a little bit more decoration and this part which will go here on the front I'm gonna cut the window I'm gonna cut the window in the part which will go over this embossed image for that I'm gonna take a ruler and pencil and Joe I'm gonna just measure how far I should go 16 centimeters I'm gonna make a mark here so I can go behind this line with my frame and I think I'm gonna make a frame one and a half centimeter inside of this space I draw the frame here in this space all sides of my frame are one and a half centimeter now I'm going to cut that inside rectangle I have cut that window and it will be like this okay before I will distress all edges on all these pieces I would like to create or decorate the inside and also create magnetic closure and add here eyelet for hanging maybe tassel or some decoration I'm gonna get up my magnets I'm gonna be using these small magnets uh they are they are very strong as you can see really very strong nice strong magnets one millimeter in the thickness by five millimeters in the oh mine it's R when I write it down and I don't remember the English word for that but they are five millimeters here nice and strong magnets for editing these magnets on my chipboard piece I'm gonna be using double-sided tape I'm gonna add double-sided tape here this will be back cover of my mini notepad or bookmark notepad I'm gonna add double-sided tape about one quarter of inch from the fold later another magnet I'm gonna take medical tape now this is paper medical tape very thin but with strong holding I'm gonna place it on this magnet and grab that other one and let it fall down like this and sticky side of my tape is here I'm gonna do the same with that next magnet I'm gonna grab my medical tape sticky side is here on the top place it over that magnet and let down the second magnet it's automatically twist the magnet the way it should be now I can fall down the front of my little bookmark and press on the pieces on the spots where I do have the other magnets and catch that medical tape so that medical tape hold it these two magnets and I do have them exactly on the right spots now I can put some decorative paper here inside I have placed decorative paper all inside in my cover now I can take my distress ink I'm gonna be using spectrum noir harmony line distress ink and this is called seal brown so that's what I'm gonna be using and I'm gonna distress all edges outside on both sides of this cover and also inside in that frame the other there a little bit of shades and kind of like vintage feeling so with my distress tool first I'm gonna go all around of these edges and also inside in that frame and then with circle motion I'm gonna make shades on the edges and also from inside around that frame I have my distressing done on both sides here on that cover and here I do have same paper I used for covering the inside of my notepad or bookmark it's nice and strong paper I think it's 200 gsm it's from this tropical state of mind it's 250 250 gsm beautiful card stock which I used inside of this of this notepad I do have here same card stock I'm gonna uh grab my sewing machine and here where is that middle fold I'm gonna sewn the piece of this card stock uh into that fold I think I don't need that big piece I'm gonna grab a pen this one and to try to roll it in how much I need not big piece I think somewhere here for wrapping my pen I need piece I'm gonna cut two inches it's even bigger than where I made a mark so two inches by three and one eighth it's same width like it's my cover for my bookmark and with my sewing machine first I'm gonna distress it of course nearly forgot I'm gonna add a little bit of glue here place there my card stock and I'm gonna place that card stock the way where I will have part of that card stock on the back cover as well it will be not exactly on that it will kind of overlap the fold and I'm matching these sides I'm gonna let it dry and then sewn through here I can see where is my fold that middle fold so in that spot I'm gonna sewn through with my sewing machine or I can do it you know by hand sewing just put three holes and simple sewing that maybe will be even better I don't have to pull out my sewing machine so I'm gonna do it with hand stitching easy hand stitching not sewing machine I'm gonna fold up front cover I can see where it's the back cover fold I'm gonna just poke three holes and same way like we are sewing signatures in the book covers I'm gonna sew this piece of card stock to make sure it will hold tight and make a knot now I can get up back and I just made mistake I wanted to make sewing all around well I'm not gonna make sewing all around of my cover I'm gonna keep it this way I wanted to make also sewing all around on my sewing machine so I'm gonna bring my sewing machine but for those additional pieces I'm gonna start to roll around my pen I'm gonna add the glue here and fold these together and I'm gonna secure it here with the paper clip and let it dry I think that holder looks like it's dry it's holding hopefully so I can continue I'm gonna be using these foam square pads to glue this panel on the front and this panel on the back cover I also added with my sewing machine a little sewing on this front panel to add there a little bit more decoration I'm gonna take off backing paper from these square pads and now attach the panel to the front cover press press same I'm gonna do with that backside panel for gluing down this backside panel I'm gonna actually use these offcuts they are in good size they will cover most of my little piece here so I can totally use them I'm gonna glue these two together glue the panel on the backside I do have my front decorative panel and back decorative panel glued down also I made a mark where is the middle of this small flap here where I do have my magnets I'm gonna add the there eyelets so first I'm gonna punch the hole then fix the eyelet I do have here that eyelet and I can hang there maybe tassel or maybe some charm and the last thing I need to add there the writing pad right to have there something there's some writing papers as I said I do have here stamped stapled together 10 pages from that little notepad I'm not gonna add there too much glue because this can be changeable I'm gonna add the glue just on one line here on the top and place it in this cover oh my spider here go have you seen him he just came to say hi from the ceiling I can't believe okay I'm gonna finish finish this video very fast very fast and I'm gonna call my son to deal with him don't wanna get him down again so we're gonna glue it inside he's going down again okay guys he's gonna glue it inside then you can you know close it together and here is finished finished bookmark notepad I had to cut a little bit this front cover it's kind of better to open it when you do have that front cover shortly shorter not shortly shortly shorter so it's better to open it and also this helps so much so this is how it looks like I do have fixed pen here in these strings which are from here if you will make this book and you want to attach their pencil leave these strings at least in the leg of your notepad it will be much much better to fix it in and you will have pretty much very good space or good leg to write with your pencil so you can see here I lasted really long so I can write without any issue with this pencil and I made few other designs as well I just couldn't switch on my camera because I was scared and my son took the small pepper pepper spider out and he's back actually he came back or if is it another one I'm not sure so I made this one inspired by that spider I do have that that school embossing folder from Tim Holtz I'm not sure if my camera is taking it right way but it's really cool embossing folder it does make you know these schools and it does have just lace in the back and same opening a little dango here with little notepad and it looks really amazing in book and if I will want to make you know some notes I will have my little notebook notebook bookmark with me so this is my sharing for today I hope you did enjoy it I hope you found some inspiration and you will try to declut if you are like me and you saved so many boxes and the book pages and you don't know what to do with them right now and you need to clean your area from all these things maybe this will help you to create something what you can use ah here I forgot to put my writing note but look at that but I add that add that that puzzle and this one so that's all thank you so much for stopping by today and spending your time with me I wish you a beautiful day take care of yourself and I will see you soon bye


That look like I was going downstairs. Did it look cool. How about this one escalator? That was so cool. Wait, wait, wait, wait, wait, wait Oh, make room for me, please. Ready? Ready? Ready? Ready? Ready? I used to practice that when I was younger after watching Austin Powers. Is that where that's from? I think that's where that's from. Anyway, so welcome back. You are looking so scrumptious and beautiful and gorgeous and did I ever mention that you're just like the most amazing person in the world?  Name one thing one thing just name it I'll give you five seconds five four three two one couldn't name anything. No, you couldn't so today We're gonna be watching people get some major hair extensions So let's get started watching them. Let's do it up first. We have a girl named Eden the doll She's well known for her controversies online and her very long Rapunzel like hair Eden. Hi. How are you girl? And if you didn't already know I am friends with Eden and she has no idea that I'm making this video right now So why don't we trash on Eden to start this video? Bye Get rid of that Eden What was going on? Can we do a little hair brushing before we go to salon? Maybe? Girl, whoa. There's a lot going on here.   Thanks. No, I mean It's a little messy. It's nothing that you can't fix. So let's get to new watching and see what happened Yes growing a hair Eden's face looks different too. Oh, it's 2017. That's why she got a lot more work done Just kidding. I don't think she got any work done I think she just changed your makeup. I think we never know but like rumors started here Bye Oh my god, I don't I've never seen Eden with her actual hair. It's short girl. It is short Also, can we just talk about these fingernails going on on this hairstylist? Yes, can I get more of that and a lot less of this hair going on right now? Thank you Oh Our hair looks so huge short wait Eden your hair looks so good short. Okay a your hair looks mad healthy in this video B The length is really good on you.  I I like your Rapunzel moments But the short hair looks really good.  So like let's put those extensions in she's getting 32 inch hair extensions by the way That is like majorly long.  Oh My god She's trying to one-up me, huh? I better get 35 inch hair extensions next time Okay, even the doll well Brad the doll is here to show you how it's done Yeah, it's so short. She's like quickly touch up her roots It's looking yellow Big bird yellow so a little toner And it should be good Yes, get that white air get that white air It looks beautiful. Oh My god, I don't do care to pair extensions because it is the most painful process to me at least putting every Individual little thing in their hair just seems like the most torturous Work like nah, nah, man. I'm good.  Okay, do even deal with that much hair I would have an anxiety attack every day. Okay. Are you guys ready for the finished result? I'm gonna prepare myself. Hold on In this video like freshly done is like different than seeing in pictures Listen, I'm gonna give it to you and you take good care of your hair extensions from what it looks like to me Like it is not easy to make those things not tangle and become crazy and gross and matted.  Listen, normally I'd say I Absolutely think these are way too long and way too thick and way too everything But this is Eden the doll we're talking about It is just so her aesthetic and her that I can't do anything but love it But anybody else doing this, please just stop Unless you can really pull it off and and work it like Eden does even a round of applause to you Wow, that was a really iconic hair extension video. Let's move on To another video our next video is by a girl named Charlotte Winslow She is getting hair extensions redone Oh Sure I'm sorry, but there is no grosser look than hair extensions grown out on greasy hair I'm just putting it out there is you definitely not a look and it's bad It's it's really bad. You can see each individual hair extension. It's just This is what I'm talking about. Oh, they look like little like Like dirty. Mmm. Just like dirty. Just like too much. Oh My wow Charlotte listen Charlotte, I'm curious to what's going on.  It's a look with the extension. So I get it I get it. I get it. Yeah, I'm not feeling any better Let's put the extensions back Do you know how badly I just want to jump through the screen and cut the last four inches off of her Damn hair. I just want to go chop chop chop a root Skip scop scop do all through her hair But however when you have kind of that very fine fine hair at the ends and you're gonna get extensions It does help with the blending. So I think that her hair looks actually now that it's all done I think that it would look just so good short I change my mind again It would look so good to short because you just gave it a big chop and a nice blowout But her extensions are all certainly fun, so let's watch Girl that was a transformation I changed my mind again. I like the extension. Yeah Yes, Charlotte the extensions are popping off It's always girls with blonde hair getting extensions What is with that? It's because all your hair is breaking up when it's covered up with extensions all the people that I'm watching today All are blonde and I didn't do that on purpose I would have definitely done somebody with brunette hair, but there was no crazy transformations with brunette hair these blonde girls They love their extensions. I should be getting some so I can compete with Eden And lastly, we cannot have a hair extension video without Including you guess it miss Trisha Paitas we can't I mean how am I gonna just ignore her like that? That would be just cruel to the hair extension society to not put her in this video because she is the queen of getting Weaves, so let's watch her get a weave a major major weave a major transformational weave Me Leaves the house. I just feel winded. This is just too much for me. I can't be out here with these commoners My God What is this look this is actually kind of major it's kind of like giving me near fashion week vibes kind of into it Yes, get that Yo, she came to me looking like that I'd be like Her hair is like So much better. That's so satisfying. She's taking her hair straight See that's what she needs in her life. Okay, Trisha love the long hair on you. Yes Never have short hair because the long hair is just so iconic and frames your face so well Wow, isn't it amazing what a hairdresser can do? I think all we're around to save the world from hair disasters. Yes This is so satisfying. Wow.  Thank you for putting this on the internet for me and the rest of the world to see Wow, today was just a satisfying hair moment video I enjoy hair extensions more than a lot of things in life And I don't know why something happened to me when I was younger with hair extensions I just made me love them so much. Do I have hair extension finish? Huh? Maybe I'm just a hair stylist Um, I hope you enjoyed it and if you did give me a thumbs up and Um Get leave a comment because your comments help me make enough money to buy more hair extensions So thank you so much for watching And remember to live your extra life and get hair extensions and I will see you All Next time Peace out


I'm reading this murder mystery where they just discovered that the serial killer is a postmodern philosopher. He keeps leaving his victims as bodies without organs. In the very first Sherlock Holmes adventure, a study in Scarlet, Watson paints a picture of the legendary detective's quirky mannerisms.  He can identify 50 kinds of tobacco by smell, and knows what mud stains come from which area of London, but he doesn't know the first thing about philosophy, literature. He doesn't even know that the earth goes around the sun. And when Watson informs him of the fact, he says he'll do his best to forget it. Sherlock explains his peculiar behavior by way of analogy, saying that the human mind is like an attic. There's limited room for information, and every additional thing you learn is added to that space, both making it harder to find what you need and, once you reach capacity, crowding out other facts. To keep his attic tidy, he consciously decides what knowledge will be useful for sleuthing and scrubs the rest from his memory. That's a pretty wild assertion, and if you think about it for more than a few seconds, it's demonstrably untrue. An expert mathematician doesn't forget their times tables or get slower at integration if they take piano lessons. Also, even in the fiction of Sherlock Holmes, the facts that become relevant to solving these eccentric cases are definitely not the sort of thing you'd learn in the forensics reference books he studies. What spices would you need in a dish to mask the taste of opium? What pattern of hoof prints does a typical cowgate leave behind?  It's not particularly hard to imagine a mystery, where the Copernican model of the solar system would be relevant, and Sherlock, with his tidy, well-organized attic, would just have to give up and go home. Thankfully, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle realized how silly this idea was in retrospect, and later books featured a more well-rounded Sherlock, with a passing knowledge of things other than forensics.  Plenty of people are ready and willing to dunk on whole fields of study that they see as being useless for their goals, saying things like, I haven't needed to use the quadratic equations since high school, or, man, I wish the college would bulldoze that department and build something useful. There's also a form of pride that many take in not knowing certain things, as a kind of signal about what their priorities are. I don't know the first thing about sports ball, and I'm not keen to learn. It's one thing to prioritize learning certain subjects because they seem likely to be relevant to certain goals. Sherlock wouldn't be quite as weird if he was just a forensics nerd who was really into fingerprints. It's quite another thing to cultivate deliberate ignorance, to be actively hostile towards facts and ideas that don't land close enough to some predetermined criterion of usefulness. It's also a sort of self-fulfilling prophecy. Someone who refuses to learn something because they think it's useless won't experience any firsthand evidence that they're wrong. If you never learned the quadratic equation, you wouldn't be able to recognize the sorts of places where it might have been useful if you had it. And so long as you don't die in a tragic math accident, you'll always be able to confidently say, hell, I got this far without the quadratic equation. It's obviously not anything I need. A potential argument against this sort of systemic ignorance comes from, wait for it, post-modern philosophers Deleuze and Guattari, whose book A Thousand Plateaus is, let's say, it's hard to read, but by design. Often when we encounter new ideas, they're embedded in some organizing framework. Aristotelian physics, Newtonian physics, then general relativity. Children's books, young adult books, adult books. This can be helpful as it provides an organizing principle for understanding those ideas, but only one kind of understanding, often dictated by an authority with an agenda. In contrast, A Thousand Plateaus is a chaotic mash-up of musings about the state, schizophrenia, art, consciousness, anarchism, ontology, all sorts of subjects that appear and disappear in a loosely bundled maelstrom of thought without any imposed hierarchy or linearity. It's a model of what the authors refer to as a rhizome, a representation of how thoughts exist in the wild without any artificial structure. The reader is encouraged to jump around while they're reading the book, to interpret, connect, and use its ideas in whatever fashion they feel the most resonant or helpful for their purposes, creating and dissolving relationships and organizing principles, as needed in the moment to hopefully make some sense of it all. There's no real up or down in the rhizome. There are many forking paths you can follow, many ways of dissecting or grouping ideas, but none is intrinsically superior or logically prior to any other. They're only more or less useful for a given purpose. This style of engaging with the texts emulates the losing Guattari's model for how a prodigious thinker ought to interface with the landscape of ideas. Rather than getting trapped by just one way of breaking up the rhizome, they encourage fusing, splitting, tracing, chopping, and screwing, all with an eye towards discovering new, useful combinations and frameworks for understanding. Assembling sets of conceptual tools, then throwing them at problems to see what sticks. When Sherlock refuses to remember anything but the crime-solvy subjects, he's locked himself into that way of looking at the world and can no longer practice the mental flexibility that might actually be useful for solving crimes. Maybe the way the earth orbits around the sun could be used as a mental model of how a thief orbits around the object of their desire. Maybe it connects to thoughts about gravity, which makes you think of how a murder victim was too heavy to be dragged away by a small person. Maybe the Copernican principle allows you to predict the expected longevity of a criminal organization. There's a whole slew of potentially useful relationships Sherlock might build between a model of the solar system and other ideas, but he doesn't have access to any of them. Sure, maybe he's still capable of solving crimes without those mental tools. You can open a can of beans with a pickaxe if you need to, but it's not exactly the most efficacious way of going about it. This point can be leveled at anyone who refuses to engage with some field of study because it's useless, whether it's math or gender studies or sports or whatever. These categories are all just arbitrary divisions in the landscape of ideas, boxes that we draw out of convenience in certain contexts where it's necessary to distinguish them in certain ways. No more valid than ideas that start with a letter Q or ideas that involve BERTs. Deliberately excluding some random temporary subdivision in that landscape from our thinking is like deciding to throw out every fifth tool from your toolbox just for the hell of it. Maybe instead of burning mental energy as some sort of gatekeeping sorting hat trying to determine each idea's ultimate value according to some arbitrary hierarchy, it can be more productive to simply look for ways to use them. There's a practice that's fairly common in academia that has no firmly established name as far as I can tell after two weeks of research. There's certainly people who have gestured at it or given it a name in their sub-discipline, reparative reading, textual poaching, collaborative reading, pedagogical constructivism, generous reading. These all sort of point at the same behavior, actively engaging with media with an eye toward maximizing the amount of meaning and insight that can be discovered there. Whether or not that meaning is explicitly intended. Imagine someone reading a poem written by a fourth grader and noting interesting parallels with Beowulf, E.E. Cummings, and Truman Capote. Obviously those references aren't intended by the author unless they're extraordinarily precocious, but a reader who's trying to maximize what they can get out of it can still excavate that sort of interesting and worthwhile interpretation from the text. Someone who's stingier with their thinking might object to that sort of thing as a waste of time claiming that none of that stuff is really in there. But for Deluz and Guattari, nothing is really in anything. There's only the rhizome and the meaning that you can extract by playing with it. What about you? Do you think that the rhizome model of ideas and how they work is helpful for combating the closed-mindedness of Sherlock-style cultivated ignorance? How would you remix it into something that might help you solve your own problems? Please leave a comment below and let me know what you think. Quick ending note here. Thunk is pretty clearly inspired by PBS Idea Channel and in the show's finale, host Mike Rugnetta cites a thousand plateaus and nomadic thought as key inspirations for the show's format and content. I actually got to pick Mike's brain about this episode, which was extraordinarily helpful. And I'd also like to thank these very kind people for holding my hand while I was reading the book. Siri's content morning on that one, especially if you don't do a lot of drugs, reading a thousand plateaus feels like what I imagine a schizophrenic break might feel like. So, you know, take it easy. Do it with other people if you can. Anyways, don't forget to subscribe, blah, share and don't stop thunking.


Give a warm applause to Dr. Jonathan Dongus. He is the co-lead of the flagship project, Copan at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and all information about it. He will provide and he will introduce about more information for you. Thanks. I'm in a lucky position that my colleagues in two talks already gave quite a nice introduction to climate change and climate impacts and what can be done about it, maybe vegan becoming vegan. And so I can build on that and talk a bit about the what we see as a bit of the frontier of assistive modeling and some of the key challenges. And I try to create connections to things that are maybe of interest for people here at different places. So, well, again, to emphasize this again, this challenge of global warming here from a paleoclimate perspective. So this starts 20,000 years ago in the late, in the maximum of the last glaciation, where we had about four degree cooler climate than today, between three and four. And the mammoths were around there, right? And then there was a slow warming of about three degrees which took 10,000 years. It's actually quite slow. Then we have, there were 10,000 years nearly of a nearly very steady climate. That's the Holocene, the blue curve, right? That's where human civilization prospered, developed, where humans developed agriculture, technologies. The Industrial Revolution took place and then suddenly there's this kink, very comparably very fast warming there. That's the Industrial Revolution, driven by human anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases and land use change, mainly. This is all from paleoclimate data, from ice cores and other sources. Now these head crew data, these are measurements and they confirm the earlier sources here. There's still this quick warming and it's really important to mention that it's not only the amplitude of warming that's important here. We have about one degree of warming in this red curve already compared to these three degrees of warming since the maximum of the last ice age. But what is also very important is the rate of warming. You know, it's a hundred times faster than what happened from the last ice age to the Holocene. This anthropogenic warming, 100 times faster. And that's actually what creates a lot of problems for adaptation. Then if we go further into the future, this gets even more extreme, right? This is one of the quite extreme greenhouse gas emission scenarios which is actually a business as usual scenario. So that's what is projected to happen when we just continue with business as usual emitting. And this goes up to three degrees or four degrees. So we've seen that before as well. So again, 100 times faster, very extreme. So what is this doing? This is actually bringing us to a new geological age which has been termed the Anthropocene where social dynamics, social technological dynamics actually has become a dominant process in the earth system. The earth system is very complex. Lots of different processes are interacting on global scales, on local scales, regional scales, on different temporal scales. But humans have created these networks which we call also globalization, right? Networks of information flows, networks of trade, networks of resource flux. And it's actually these technological systems, these technological networks that have created, that have enabled this global warming, these huge greenhouse gas emissions. So it's really a social technological dynamics that has been driving this. So that's kind of relating to the title, right? That's the Anthropocene. There are some challenges. Then again, this curve here, the paleoclimate view on global warming, the last 20,000 years, but this also brings in some more information. One is the tipping elements, in so-called tipping elements in the climate system. These are parts of the climate system that have a non-linear response to global warming. So they can tip, they can tip like something that is standing on a set. They can tip over if a certain threshold is exceeded and the threshold is indicated by these uncertainty ranges there from yellow to red. So if, and a lot of them, actually a lot of these thresholds, they cluster in a range between 1.5 to two degrees. That's this cluster of tipping elements possibly switched within the Paris range. And these include important ice sheets on the earth which could create a huge sea level rise, but also a pink glaciers and coral reefs. And that's actually where this Paris agreement, temperature range comes from 1.5 to two degrees, has been agreed as a limit to global warming in the Paris Climate Agreement two years ago. But if you look at this curve, it shows that really most of the scenarios, these RCP scenarios that have been studies, they will shoot beyond that and they will hit even these upper clusters of tipping elements which are, for example, Amazon, rainforest, boreal forests, thermohyline circulation of the oceans. And only if you have a very nice sustainability transformation, this RCP 2.6 scenario, you might avoid these tipping elements to tip. So that's the picture of current climate science. And these might even interact and create tipping cascades. So this is from a paper that is just in press. But now there are not only climate changes an issue, but as Benny has pointed out in others as well, there are also other sustainability dimensions that humans have had an impact on. And they are summarized in the planetary boundaries concept and it's just important to mention that not only climate change is a problem, that all of these are a problem and these different dimensions like biosphere, integrity, destruction, climate change, but also chemical pollution or deforestation, they are all interacting and they are taking the earth system away from something that has been called the safe operating space for humanity. By people like you and Rockstream with Stefan. And the challenge for sustainability transformation is to basically return to the safe operating space, which is the only state of the earth system that is known to be a good state for human societies to prosper. And you can then bring the social dimension in and ask, well, for what earth system states are these planetary boundaries not violated, but where also certain social foundations are met. So they are basic needs of humans like food, water, income, but also jobs, voice, gender equality. So, and the safe and just operating space proposed by Kate Rawers is a hypothetical space of earth system states that allow for these two things, the environmental ceiling and the social foundation to be met at the same time. And that's of course what some people call earth resilience. So the question is in which what are future trajectories of the earth system where the earth system and human societies in it are resilient. And we are currently on a business as future trajectory, which takes us out of such a resilient state clearly and might take us even to hot house states similar to those where the dinosaurs lived. That's why the T-Rex was there on earlier slide. But then the question is are there actually non-linear social transformations that can maintain the earth system in a manageable state in a state of higher resilience? So that would be the curve that goes down, right? Or are there intrinsic feedbacks and tipping test kits that take the earth system up to such a hot ice free state? And now the problem is really that current models of global change cannot really answer such questions in a satisfactory degree. And why this is so, I will try to explain in the next slide. So this is the challenge of integrated earth system modeling that through macroscopes of computer simulations that Benny has already talked about. And the challenge that Chen Huber has already outlined in 1999 and even before that. And the idea is to look at the earth system as a co-evolution space of where there are environmental dimensions of the biophysical climate system but also social dimensions of human societies. And you can look at trajectories of the earth system in this space. There might be catastrophic domains where you don't wanna go where the tipping elements are tipping. There are inaccessible domains where you cannot go because they violate for example, basic physical laws, energy conservation or something like that. And then, but then there might also be parts of that space that are something like a safe operating space in the sense of the planetary boundaries or even a safe and just operating space in the sense of Kate Rower's in the sense of the so-called Oxfam donut. And the challenge for such an integrated whole earth system analysis is really to ask for example, are there even, is there even something like a safe operating space in the sense what is the size of it? What is its shape? What is the resilience of societal states within this space? Under which conditions does it exist? These are really systems questions where you need a complex systems analysis to answer them. So you have to run huge ensembles of complex models. You have to do uncertainty analysis, probabilistic things and so on and so forth. And even becomes a bit more complex so they are different dimensions of such an analysis which are very important and just to mention them very briefly, such new, such a kind of integrated earth system analysis we think needs to take into account really the dimension of human agencies or models have to represent agents and they cannot, and their macro dynamics that emerges from agent behavior. For example, people making decisions, sharing information on social networks, what macroscopic dynamics emerges from that that might be relevant, for example, for climate policy. Then actually taking these networks into account that make up globalization, modeling them explicitly, that is where complex network theory provides a lot of tools for doing that. That's the second point, representing these networks in our macroscopes. And the third point is really to capture the core evolution of nature and societies in these models and to really go beyond what just doing optimization calculations like economists often do with actually good reasons but if you wanna look at resilience, if you want to look at these questions like does a safe operating space exist at all? You cannot do it with optimization models. So a novel type of models is needed for doing this type of analysis which we call world earth models. Such models currently don't exist. And so we are doing some modest efforts in the coupon project to create such models. And for example, again, these models should allow to represent social network dynamics, opinion formation, social tipping points, tipping interactions, to address questions like how do actually these climate tipping elements like the green land ice sheet and Arctic ice sheet interact with potential social tipping elements? What are potential social tipping elements? For example, opinion formation is known to, has the potential to be a tipping element. Climate policy can be a tipping element. The divestment movement, the social movement on divestment from fossil fuels can be a tipping element. There can be tipping cascades in this network. And this is something we have to, so we have to tuvat. And this is just showing the types of global change models that are out there. The two dominant types of models that are out there right now are so-called earth system models and integrated assessment models. Both are focusing respectively on the biophysical dimensions of the earth system. These are the earth system models. They focus on the climate system. And the integrated assessment models, they focus mainly on the socio-metabolic or economic dimensions of the earth system. And then these new types of models that we envision should focus on a process, detailed representation of things going on in the socio-cultural domain. So really, again, what is socio-cultural? This is, again, opinion formation, creation of institutions, dynamics of organizations, and such things. And why do we even think that we can do that? Because it seems to be a huge, very difficult task. And we've seen that, even though we've come a long way since the Limits to Growth Report, 1972, I mean, there have been a lot of developments since then, 40 years past, or even more, 45. And there has been a huge progress in computing power since then, of course. So comprehensive earth system modeling is advancing fast already, and we can exploit this progress further. There are advances in complex systems theory, social ecological systems modeling, social simulation, and similar fields that allow really computer simulations of certain aspects of social macro-dynamics. So for example, again, this opinion formation example, we've done a study on how smokers have been marginalized in social networks in the US through the past 40 years or so, and we can do, at least on a qualitative level, quite nice projections of social network dynamics, and we can understand why certain things are happening the way they are doing. And this is actually possible through mostly agent-based modeling approaches, where you simulate the dynamics of thousands of simple agents and study the macro-properties that emerge from that. For example, the fraction of people that have a certain opinion and how it changes over time. Then the third point is that big data on social dynamics is increasingly available. And of course, this is valuable for science, but you have to be, of course, very careful about issues that can happen when you have too much data like that. And in most cases, you don't have it. That's one of our main problems. I mean, the data are there, but we cannot get it as scientists. And the fourth point is there are emerging research networks that aim at fostering such inter- and transdisciplinary research. So this is really about integrating natural and social sciences to a degree that is much closer than has been done in the past. And this is, of course, very difficult because everyone speaks different languages. But there are these networks, progress is slow, but there's some hope. And now this is a bit more concrete on what we are doing. In the COMPAN project, we are developing a software framework which is called COMPAN Core because it's our core activity at the moment. So it doesn't really have a meaning as an acronym so far. Maybe it has at some point. And the idea is really to provide a framework to build such models that has the potential to represent these different spheres of the earth system that I talked about before. So there's the environmental sphere than nature, which we call the biophysical taxon, which where, and then there's this metabolic sphere and the cultural sphere. And there are different entities in the model. So different things that are. And one thing that is very simple to an easy to understand are cells. So these are basically grid cells where typically a lot of biophysical dynamics are going on, but also, for example, agents, individuals, which is a different type of entity lives, can live in a certain cell. And then there's another type of entity that we highlight here. These are social systems. These are things like aggregate systems of parts of society like a nation state, for example, or a city that are described more on a macroscopic level by some aggregate variables, for example, like production, harvesting, wealth, capital stocks, and so on. And these different entities are of course interacting. They are somehow related to each other. And they are different modeling approaches like agent-based modeling, adaptive networks, differential equations, stochastic equations that we can use to model the dynamics of these entities. So they are. This is another type of another look at that, which is more like an UML diagram. So this shows how the different entities in the model are represented by classes, by objects, and how they can be related to each other. For example, an individual can live on a cell or a social system owns a number of individuals. So individuals can belong to social systems and so on. Then, OK, software design. We have a reference implementation in Python. It's object-oriented. We put a lot of effort in providing a good documentation test framework and to allow for parallel simulations on our cluster, because that's super important. And this is, of course, all work in progress in a way, because we have relatively low resources for doing that. But it's basically made in a way that people can really plug and play their models together. So it's a role-based modularization that allows for different levels of involvement of people. So they can be model users that are just using models in a scripting kind of way. They can be component developers that develop different parts to represent different types of system processes, for example. And they can be framework developers like us who are really providing the sourcing and trying to make it more performant, for example, or to port it to a different programming language or something like that. And we hosted on GitHub. The link is down there, but unfortunately, we are not allowed yet to put it open source because of our administration, but it will be, hopefully, open source early next year. And we designed this to be very, very flexible and modular so we can connect it to other models, for example, like these land use and vegetation models that Benny just talked about. And we try to follow these standards of open source open science here and to enable people from these different networks, but also maybe people from this community here to contribute to this. And yeah, this is an example how a typical script looks like that model run. So this is just in 30 lines of code here because this thing is highly modular. And this is just showing how simple this can be, actually, for a model user. And this is now a bit even more concrete. This is an illustrative example model that we put together to show that this whole thing works. And so the white boxes here, they are model components that a model component developer would provide. For example, a global carbon cycle. So this determines how carbon is, for example, diffusing between the atmosphere and the ocean, how carbon is going from the vegetation into the atmosphere. For example, entities involved in this carbon cycle component would be the world. So the whole planet, which is one entity, and then also cells because photosynthesis and, in general, biology happens on cells. And entities are, for example, also represented. Individual social systems are there. And then also, each of these entities is involved in different processes. So just to give one example, if you look into the social learning component, this is showing how people imitate each other. So it's a very typical human behavior to look what your friends are doing, and then you want to do it as well, many times, if you think it makes sense. And then the individual has this learn environmentally friendly process that it participates in. So this is, if you see your friend is environmentally friendly, maybe you want to be environmentally friendly too. And then we put this all together, and then this gets a bit complicated. Again, this looks more and more like the limits to growth model. And yeah, you can look into the paper for details here. But we have, of course, some results here. This is just really for illustration. So these are not predictions of any kind. They are not even projections, but they are just illustrations of the space of possibilities of Earth system dynamics, if you assume all the things that we have assumed. And this is a very legitimate thing that models have to do as well, or that we think models are important for as well, to explore the space of possibilities, to really understand how the world Earth system works. And you don't have to do predictions to have a good model. And this is, for example, we show here trajectories of the Earth system in the next 100 years without social processes, where, for example, the environmental friendliness of individuals is fixed, where certain subsidies, emission taxes, and fossil fuel bands are fixed. So here we have, then these things are not changing. We put them into the sociocultural dimension. Then there are, on the sociometabolic dimension, on the economic dimension, these are the shares of different energy sources that the societies use. So in this example, we have five social systems that are running at the same time, each has 100 individuals. And in this example, for example, you have a strong increase of biomass in the beginning, even later increase of renewable energy sources and a decrease of fossil resources, which is not very fast. And then the Earth system here on the biophysical dimension responds accordingly. And then if you switch the social processes on, so these are now really, people can do social learning, so they can learn to be environmentally friendly from their peers. There can be renewable subsidies can be implemented under certain conditions. Emissions taxes can be implemented and the fossil fuel band can be implemented basically by certain voting processes among the individuals. So we emulate the democratic decision-making process here. And then we see that all these things, they are switched on quite fast. And this leads to a rapid decrease here of the fossil energy sources and to a faster increase of the renewables compared to the case without social dynamics. So we get a completely different dynamics, which is of course what you would expect because we changed the model to a large degree. But this is what this type of modeling is about to really understand what is happening when you make plausible assumptions. And now, okay, what's the status of this? Copancore, it is already under operational use. It is ready for community integration and we have a description paper submitted actually today. And the open source lounge of the software is planned for early 2018. Now, okay, two, I want to give two outlook slides for types of research questions that I would find really interesting, important to look at. So in the context of this conference here, so one is really to look more into the competition trade of those synergies between these really, the two maybe main transformations going on in the 21st century. And well, one is that the digital transformation is ongoing rapidly and is just happening. And the other one is this necessary, maybe we think necessary, social ecological sustainability transformation. But there can be a competition even between them. For example, we've seen that before, there's a large and strongly increasing energy consumption of digital technology. So the internet in general is consuming huge amounts of energy. Then the blockchain and Bitcoin mining now is becoming, is mentioned a lot as an example because Bitcoin mining consumes the same amount of energy as a small country already. And it's just increasing exponentially. Then a bit more on a more subtle level, the influence of digital communication and online social networks and public opinion formation and governance processes that maybe relevant, that are relevant for sustainability transformation. So this is really the issue with debate about fake news and echo chambers and all these things, whether they are really there or not, is of course up to debate. But this is really relevant to study this more also maybe using these types of models. And then the last point is things that are a bit more far off maybe, but that people are seriously concerned about like emerging general artificial intelligence and then asking really what would be the earth system consequences of such events. And this is of course a bit, yeah, then maybe a bit even more philosophical idea, but there's this interesting debate about the so-called techno sphere. So this is looking at basically the complex of global technological networks and connected to human societies and what this actually has to say about sustainability. And Peter Huff has written a lot about that and we've made a small contribution to that debate and maybe this type of modeling that I talked about might also shed some light on how human societies are actually interrelated with these technological macro structures that we've created and what this means for really the viability of sustainable development in the future and also this actually highlights some deep ethical questions again about what sustainability actually is and how this depends on basic humanistic principles. So that sustainability is really mostly about humans and what do you do with that concept if it's true that humans don't really have agency anymore as some people claim like Peter Huff to some degree, right? So these are all open questions and now the take home messages, computer simulation models that are earth system macroscopes and the big social ecological data analytics they are really essential tools for understanding sustainable development in the Anthropocene. We think a new class of world earth models is really needed to capture key aspects of this dynamics and really one central challenge of this century I think is really how to reconcile the sustainability and digital transformations and yes, please contact us, maybe contribute and to that. You used your time perfectly, which means that we have just two minutes for two questions. If there are any, please go to the microphone or via internet. I see one question here and one perhaps there. So we have two questions. Amazing work, really interesting talk, thanks a lot. So I'm working more in the earth system modeling community and there we also have, we have the tendency to make our models more and more complex and what we've observed is that as we make them more complex the less we understand them, we do less understand what's going on and I've seen that a lot of your work you try to do the same, right? You try to integrate all the processes that you're interested in and then we've observed that a lot of the uncertainties we know that we have are coming from the parameters. So each time you integrate a new module into your model, at some point you need to parameterize some values you don't know and for us it's been very hard to measure some of the quantities and my question would be I guess for you it's even harder, right? What are your parameters and how do you try to estimate them? Thanks a lot. Right, so I mean there are of course, this is always the challenge with modeling and for example, some parameters that are typical for these types of social dynamics modeling they are concerning rates. For example, what is the rate of imitation of behaviors or opinions between people compared to the rate of the network dynamics? So how fast the network changes due to processes like homophily for example which is the process that typically people are more likely to interact with other people that are similar to them than with people that are different and so these different timescales, they can be parameters and of course, you can address that by doing simulations with on parameter spaces, model robustness tests. One thing that we do a lot in the coupon project is actually to do these huge agent based simulations that I've shown you today but we also do conceptual modeling and careful theoretical work where we try to really understand what the models are doing in a more simplified way. So actually most of our work so far has been working on very simplified models of such things that we can still understand mathematically sometimes even derive analytical mathematical approximations and this works quite well but of course this is always a challenge. I saw that there is one question from the internet so I asked you please go afterwards and speak with him, we don't have time because of the next speaker. So internet, what is your question? Yeah, it's somehow connected. How does your group especially and your scientific community in general validate models and how do you convince people that predictions using this model actually have some validity? So I tried to address that during the talk already but very briefly I think the one thing is that in this social dynamics modeling particularly it's very difficult to do quantitative predictions and that's also why what we try to do more is to so we validate the models doing reproducing qualitatively what past developments. For example in this study on the smoking change in smoking behavior and how people were marginalized in social networks we were able to do that quite well. So these are types of and if you can then look at different properties of a social network at the same time and you see that okay my model can reproduce the change, the decrease in eigenvector centrality and the decrease in clustering or the increase of clustering of smokers and the decrease of centrality at the same time under a lot of different parameter settings then this is a good validation in a qualitative sense for that model and then again I would like to highlight that we really don't try to predict things but we want to explore the space of possibilities really. Okay then a big applause for our speaker, Dr. Jonathan Donges. Thanks.


So this is going to be a demonstration of the thoracic wall anterior thoracic wall, which we have removed from this cadaver here Now I'm going to turn the chest wall and I'm going to show the inner surface So now we are seeing the inner surface of the chest wall First of all we can see this is the manoeuvrabium sternum There's the body of the sternum. This is the zephyte process We can see two muscles attached to the manoeuvrabium sternum. These are the muscles of the infrared strap muscles of the neck namely The sternum thyroid and the sternum hyoid. We shall not talk about them any further This shiny structure that we see here and we can see it very closely when I lift it up and we can see that here This is the parietal peritoneum. The parietal peritoneum is very thin and it is misothelial like And now further laterally on this side we have removed the parietal peritoneum and we can see this membrane structure here This is the endothoracic fascia, but the endothoracic fascia is thick And this is the one which may have a little bit of fat also as we can see here And this is the one which covers the muscles and here we can see the internal intercostal muscles much more clearly after removing the endothoracic fascia The innermost intercostal the subcostal and the transversal thoracis are the layer number three and Between layers two by three is the neuro vascular bundle We cannot see the innermost intercostal and the subcostal because the subcostal muscles are usually Located more on the posterior aspect in relation to the angle of the ribs But we can see the transversal thoracis muscle here We can see these fibers going up from the lower end of the sternum internally and slips of muscle fibers are going up like this Similarly on this side also we can see These are the transversal thoracis muscle fibers They also belong to the same pair that is the layer number three and I'm going to reflect it just now Now let's take a look at the neuro vascular structures. First, let's take a look at the intercostal nerves So we have removed the endothoracic fascia to show the intercostal nerves I have picked up the intercostal nerve below the second rib here We can see it here Then this is the third intercostal nerve This is the fourth intercostal nerve This is the fifth intercostal nerve and this is the sixth intercostal nerve The next structure which we notice are these Blood vessels on either side of sternum. This is the internal thoracic artery and vein also called the internal mammary artery and vein We notice that the vein is located medially and the artery is located laterally Above the second rib it is a distinct vein Below the second rib it becomes a vinae commitante and we can see the vinae commitante of the vein Accompanied the artery. The internal thoracic artery comes from the first part of the subclavian artery Internal thoracic vein drains into the brachial cephalic vein on each side The internal thoracic artery gives rise to two anterior intercostal arteries in each space And these last almost with the posterior intercostal artery and the collateral branch of the posterior intercostal artery in the intercostal spaces The internal thoracic artery gives anterior intercostal arteries up to the sixth space This is the sixth space and From the seventh to the ninth space a branch from the internal thoracic called the muscular phrenic gives the anterior intercostal arteries The 10th and the 11th space do not have any anterior intercostal arteries So therefore, let us reflect the transversal thoracic muscle on this side to show the course of the internal thoracic artery So I have reflected the transversal thoracic muscle on this side and we notice that the internal thoracic artery as it comes down It runs between layers number three, which is the transversal thoracic and layer number two Which is the internal and we find that as it goes down. This is the Seventh rate. This is the sixth rate. So therefore, this is the sixth intercostal space till here It gives this branch. This is the anterior intercostal artery and after that it divides into a muscular phrenic Which has been removed here along with the structures of the abdominal wall and superior epicastric Which runs into the anterior abdominal wall. So that is how the internal thoracic artery Terminates by dividing into a muscular phrenic and superior epicastric. That is why a little while back I mentioned that the muscular phrenic artery, which is one of the terminal branches of the internal thoracic Gives anterior intercostal branches to the seventh, eighth and ninth space So these are the structures that we can see on the inner surface of the chest wall and with the neuro vascular contents Before I conclude I need to tell you some very important clinical correlations. The internal thoracic artery is used for coronary artery bypass drafting, especially the left side and it is known as left internal mammary artery bypass. The advantage of that is One end is already attached to the supply vein artery. So therefore only the distal end needs to be cut and anastomers to the Coronary artery beyond occlusion. That is one important clinical use of the internal thoracic artery Now let me again turn back the structure here When we need to do a procedure called pericardiocentesis We use the left side of the cv sternal joint in this position here And we insert the needle into the pericardial space where my instrument has gone in This area is referred to as the bare area of the pericardium because in this region The parietal pleura moves a little away from the chest wall and therefore the hyperus pericardium is in direct contact with the chest wall So therefore we can do a pericardiocentesis without entering into the Pleura and finally There is one approach for thoracotomy that's called the anterior approach where what we do is what I am doing right now We split the pericardium by means of an edge-shaped incision We make a transverse cut like this as I've done with my instrument and then we make Vertical cut and a vertical cut and we lift up the pericardium up and down and we shall have the cartilage from under the So like that we get to in several spaces and then we can enter the thoracic wall anterior This is the anterior thoracotomy of course There are other procedures something called a posterior lateral thoracotomy where we cut through the rib We reflect the periosteum and we enter through the bed of the rib That gives us the space above and the space below and a greater exposure That is what we do for a posterior lateral thoracotomy So these are some of the surgical procedures and clinical applications of the chest wall. Thank you very much for watching Dr. Sanjay Sanyal signing out. If you have any questions or comments, please put them in the comment section below. Have a nice day


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