So this is a fairly decent size buff room, but I'm excited that you were all able to squeeze in. So it seems that the unofficial theme of this Drupalocon is confess your sins as demonstrated by Dris. So I would like to tell you in that spirit about a self-reflection I had about six or seven months ago, and I was thinking about what I was doing, and I'd like to share with you that I've realized that I'm not so good at what I do.   I feel that I alienate myself from everybody. So again in the spirit of Drupal of being all-inclusive I would say that we suck at what we do. There. That's perfect. And I say so because I think that our definition of what we're doing is missing one key element. If I ask any random person over here what are you doing, you'll probably say I'm a web developer. What are you doing? Web developer. What are you doing? I'm a web developer. Nobody says I'm a web maintainer. I maintain my websites. Because we're constantly thinking about developing new stuff and new stuff and new stuff, we hardly think about what we currently have. And to demonstrate what I'm saying I will give a very basic example the fact that we are breaking our design once every 10 days. So maybe you do it once every 14 days or maybe once every 7 days. But the fact is that it happens quite often. And again I'm not blaming anyone. We know how it is. A junior developer is coming. We ask him please move the logo 10 pixels to the right on the home page. We deploy it to the live site and two days later we realize in some unknown page the footer is completely broken. And when we're coming to a Drupal con when we are reading Twitter, when we are reading blog posts we keep hearing about big pipe and GraphQL and headless Drupal and advanced Git and whatnot but we hardly hear about how people are actually working on maintaining their sites. And I have another harsh statement that we don't care about our live site. So indeed it's a harsh accusation so I'd like to be a bit more accurate about it is our developers don't care about it. And it's not that they don't really care. They care about it. But they're actually afraid of the live site. Here I will dictate the tweet for you. Developers are afraid of the live site. Why is that? You have a team of five people. They're the senior developer. He or she are doing all the deployments. They have the credentials. None of the developers want even to get the credentials because they simply don't want to break the site. They are afraid of it. How do we see it? Well, developers care about their local computer. They care about the live site. And we can see it through the different amount of work that they go in, you know, improving their tools. So for example, this is a snippet of a Travis configuration. You don't need to read whatever is inside. You just need to look at what you have over here. This is some developer probably sat down for a good few days and worked and make sure that they are able to mock everything, the code, the database, Apache Solar, whatnot. We're seeing crazy stuff. I mean, I've even seen that there was so much testing going in Travis that developers had to split the amount of tests because it reached the 50 minutes maximum. So this is really excessive testing. And I'm not saying this is a bad thing. This is like best practices at its best. It's a good thing. How good it is? It's an Obama holding a beer with the thumbs up doing an impressed face good. It's that good. But what happens after the client has paid us a million dollars to make their site and we really, we've done everything, all the best practices, all the tests. Travis is working for hours and hours and hours. And then we launch the site. And what do we do? Usually what we do, we connect it to Pingdom at best. Now Pingdom is a terrific service, right? It's basically sending an HTTP request once a minute asking, are you up? Are you up? Are you up? It's okay. How okay? Adjusting Bieber doing adjusting Bieber face okay. It's that okay. But the problem with Pingdom, it has no insight. It knows just if your site, it knows only about the really, the catastrophe, if the site is up or down, if something really wrong with the application or something really wrong with the server. But it doesn't know anything about the key functionality. It doesn't know if you can do a user login, if you can add to cart, if you can see the recent news item. In fact, about a year or two ago, the Hezbollah hacked Drupal or Gael. And according to Pingdom, everything was fine. But no, it was not fine. It was completely hacked. So how do you know your site is working? You have to monitor it. But before we dive into the technical stuff and all the different tools that we're using, here's the really quick two-liner value proposition, the one that I can always tell people and see if they care about it or don't care about it. I'm assuming you have a site and the site is crucial for you or for your client. And you would like to know that things are working in it. Key functionality is working. Like I said, the user login and to add to cart and whatnot.  That's the value proposition. And now from that point onwards, we can see different tools that we are using in order to try and give an answer to that problem. So today I'd like to go over different tools that we're using. One of them is something that we've developing in Gizra for the past six or seven years. It's called chuv.io. Chuv means again in Hebrew. It's an open source project. We call it four developers. By developer we started it as an internal tool to try and tackle the problems that we identified in Gizra and like 24 hours later we said an internal tool equals a public tool so it's just out there. What we are trying to do with this tool is basically try to solve the big problem using simple solutions. So let's understand the problems. Basically we're talking about two main subjects. One is visual regression. The second is live monitoring. So what is visual regression? So with its most basic thing, visual regression testing is talking about having some tool that I will be able to give it the URL and then that tool will go mimicking a human going through the browser, take a screenshot of a site at a certain known time that we know that this is working fine and then it is getting a baseline image. This image is now our baseline and from that point onward we can rerun the script over and over again. It will go to the site again, take another screenshot and compare it with the baseline image. If everything is fine, everything is fine. If something is wrong, meaning we have a regression, it will create a regression image, it will also create a diff image so we as humans can easily see the problem. Over here you can see a quick video that I took of Platform S edge. All the errors that you see are deliberate. I've created them. They didn't really have a bug. This is only for demonstration reasons. You can see that there is a baseline image. There is some regression. We are able to identify it and if it's hard to see we can click on the show diff button and see the differences. So there are many, many different tools, open source tools that allow you, open source or close source tools that allow you to create those baseline images and do this diff. Basically there are two categories. One category is sites, different services, sites that allow you through their user interface to add the URL and it will take the screenshot for you and will do all the job. The second category is using code, different libraries. What you're seeing over here, I'm using WebDriver CSS. It's an open source solution. It's maintained by people from Sauce Labs and since one month ago I'm also one of the maintainers of it. What you can see over here, the code, again you don't need to understand too much of it. Basically we're declaring it should show the homepage and then I pass the URL and the .WebDriver CSS. That's the command that does the screenshot. The reason that I've decided I want to use something that is code is because I'm a developer and my team are developers and we want all our tests, all our code to be version controlled. I want it to be part of my Git workflow. I want to be able to do a pull request. I want to be able to do a code review on it. Another very important factor and it might sound weird because we created it, there's no vendor locking meaning all our data is sitting part of Git. We know absolutely no data that is sitting somewhere else. A very important factor of WebDriver CSS and again WebDriver CSS is a completely independent tool. It has nothing to do with Shove. We just created some nice integration between WebDriver CSS and Shove. One of the good things about WebDriver CSS is that it can run all the tests and not just Phantom.js meaning not only against a headless browser but against real browsers. That's pretty important because in the end we are designing and implementing the design for real browsers to be consumed by real people. You can use it against your real browsers in the office or have your own Selenium cloud that nobody has because it's super complicated to set up or you can pay 100 bucks a month or so to browser stack or source lab. These are third-party services which basically allow you to provision lots of different browsers on different platforms. What you can see over here, the gizra.com site is actually built on Jekyll, a static site generator. So whenever we're doing a Git commit we are running tests on the design of the site meaning we're asking browser stack hey, please provision an Internet Explorer 11 on the Windows 7 and check our design just before it's being pushed. And having that predictable, repeatable and locked environments that we're getting through browser stack or source lab mean we can constantly check the baseline and know that there are not differences due to suddenly something in the browser has changed. We're always checking against the same environments. And what's fun about writing those tests in WebDriver.css is you can actually write it once but target different platforms and different browsers. So again, not really important the code that's going on here, but basically I've written the test one. It just knows it needs to go to a certain URL and take a screenshot of either the whole page or certain section on it. And I can run it for the first time using a Chrome browser. It's completely arbitrary. I decided the Chrome signifies Chrome 43 and later on I can run it using IE 11. Now one of the problem and our problem as Web developers is it is so hard to really target all those different platforms, all those different browsers and all those different viewports. So again, a nifty feature in WebDriver.css I've written all my tests. It's completely agnostic to which size of the viewport I can set the screen width and tell it, listen, go into that URL now four times, one for a desktop size, one for a tablet and one for mobile. And we can actually take it even one step further and use the fact that Chrome can emulate different devices, iPhone and Android and so on and actually emulate, not just check the mobile viewport but really emulate a real device because maybe the tablet is working fine, maybe the mobile is working fine but when you really emulate it as an iPhone you might see regression. But there is a very important aspect, I think it's even more important than just saying I have features, viewports and browsers and that's the morale of the developers. I mean, we all love to assign the junior developer that just came in and tell them, listen, in the end of the office really far, far away and nobody wants to go, there is a computer, it runs Windows and it has IE11 on it, please test it.   They cannot do the job of a machine and this is something that the machine can definitely do. So obviously visual regression it sounds nice if we would have a static page but our sites unfortunately for visual regression are not static. How do we deal with dynamic content? I mean, over here you can see this video which I keep flashing and I have this flip card widget and I have the carousel that the caption is changing and every time the text is completely changing, the length of the text and the text itself. So how do we deal with that? Exclude, remove, hide. This is not just the slogan of some racist group on the run but this is a really command of web drivers CSS which allow us to deal with dynamic content. I had to take it out. So basically when we are approaching such a dynamic page, we need to decide what are the different strategies of how to deal with different elements. So when I say exclude, I actually mean I want to have a black rectangle over the element when I say, that was exclude, when I say hide, I actually want to hide the element but still keep the space that it is taking when I say remove, I want to completely remove it. So again, you shouldn't care too much about the code but I'm able to tackle it through code, through CSS or ExpassSelect or I'm able to say this part I want you to exclude, this part I want you to remove and so on and then we are reaching this part and if I would do a baseline image it would look something like that.  It's okay if you have 10%, if you have 40%, if you have 60% test coverage it's much better than having a 0% test coverage and actually that annoying dev that was asking that annoying question kind of lives inside of me because I was telling it myself as well. I mean it's okay if my visual regression isn't doing 100% test coverage it cannot but there's some functionality that I want to check I have the text over here I want to check that some text is there on the page I would love to check there's at least one paragraph there's no more than four paragraphs over there and then we move into what we call the live monitor. So before we dive into the live monitor the visual regression part that I've shown you it can run against multiple environments you can run it again the live site it has it merits or you can run it against the dev sites finding the design issues just before they are being put into the live site or you can configure your Travis like we've seen earlier on every git commit every git push to check to check the design so the idea of the live monitor is actually to complement the visual regression testing with functional test and to test key functionality so it's not just the user login it's not just to add to cart these are things that we control so maybe we have tons of tests for that but we know that you know in the end all the tests that we do on the dev sites there we're just trying to mark the live site but it's not really the live site because the live site might be using third party services right I might be using Facebook comment I might be using Stripe.js for the cart I have no control over the code but I want to know when something goes wrong right I want to know that if I have Stripe.js cart and suddenly it's not working I want to do something about it I want to be proactive about it so maybe I can send it to my developers and they can fix something and they realize it's some configuration that got broken but maybe I don't have control about it but I can do something really important I can put even a message saying you know we have a service a service interruption we are aware of that and the value of it is if you have an e-commerce site and some person is coming to buy your watch for $20 and they see that something is not working there you just lost probably more than $20 because if you don't have any message and the site suddenly looks broken and well they won't have no trust in your site so you probably lost a client and you lost some of your prestige in the community and it's really hard to put a label a price tag sorry on the prestige so here's an example of a site we monitor we do not maintain it we just monitor it for a third party service and they had a problem this is a site that has private content and public content what happens when we have private content in sites sometimes they become public why just because that's reality and who finds it usually the client but not the client-client not the client that pays us the end user the one that actually got into the site as anonymous user by habit went into the URL expecting to see an access denied and realized all the content is open for everybody so they send a kind but firm email hey something is really wrong and the developers are rushing and fixing everything and what happens next we push a fix to do the live site and what usually happens is that the developer will check it just before it goes to sleep and the day after and then after two days it will start to lose interest because they have other things to do so that bug was fixed but what assures us that it will not repeat nothing maybe you know each one with their own God so they're praying a lot but nothing that's how it is and I mean if you feel that oh my God I know it happens to me everybody else are doing it differently no everybody are doing it like that I mean all the big companies and all the small companies are doing that so over here what you can see this is a be had test again if you don't know be had it's not very important we have some tests saying given I'm an anonymous user when I try to visit a certain URL then I should not have access to that page not that complicated right pretty simple even but very valuable so the idea of shoe is shoe doesn't care it's agnostic to which framework you will use to write your tests your live monitor test it could be be had or Casper JS or cucumber whatever basically it we're taking a very similar approach like Travis when you log in into shoe you log in or you register and log in through your github so we have your github credential for your public repository or if you allow us also for your private repositories and we show of all your different repository and just like Travis when you click a repository from that point onwards shoe will start listening to the repository and every every few minutes every hour you set the interval it will get clone your repository into an isolated docker container and run your tests for you in a way it's a glorified Jenkins right it's doing this task for you over and over again you could probably set up some Jenkins instance but what we are trying to do is make it easier for everybody and in a way it's not just Jenkins because when we are running when we are running the test periodically if we are hitting an error we're not immediately sending an incident we're not immediately sending an email because you know there could be network issues or whatever something could go wrong so we're running the test if it failed we're immediately running it on a different server on a different IP just to mitigate any any risk that something in our server is not working even if it failed for the second time we immediately run a third and only when it only when it failed for the third time we're sending an email and the idea of the test that we are doing on the life site is almost a complete opposite of how we are running tests on development on Travis meaning we're not running now a test suit of 50 minutes not at all the idea is to check really quickly the key functionality so your tests are running and you know running about one minute or so can I log in can I add to cart can I see the recent news item and when I say they add to cart I don't mean that you really need to follow the entire flow including going to PayPal and somehow paying and somehow getting a refund again watch out from that purist sound in your head that tells you well I didn't do nothing up until now but let's try to jump to do everything it would be probably enough to click on the add to cart and to see that the product was added to the cart we've already caught a bunch of errors that you know we didn't know about it before we did some live monitoring so just like Travis we have this dot shoe of YML file and we're trying to facilitate and make it as easy as possible to write the test so you can add a Selenium add on so you could basically test using real JavaScript you could actually see what's going on here we have encrypted keys so even if it's a public repository you could add you could add secret credential but this is the really nitty-gritty but let's talk about what's really the value of what or not what my goal is doing shoe so part of it being a millionaire somehow it's a nice goal but I don't believe it will it will reach or not I won't reach it immediately but my passion right now is try to make it not just a best practice because I get to show any person told them about visual regression and live monitor and they were like it's not important everybody's saying yeah it sounds right right I see a lot of things over here but if I would stop my presentation over here it would have stopped in the head nodding I feel so that's why I want to dedicate the next few sentences to what my goal is my goal is not just to declare it this is a best practice there are so many different best practices and you know in the end we have a project we have we are rushing to do it as quickly as possible we need to choose our different best practices so my goal over here is to make it a community approved best practice something just the same way that B-hat was 3 years ago when people hardly use it and now it's the defect of the way of writing your projects so I'm writing blog post oh sorry this one so a part of the blog post a part of the tweets the next thing that we've done in Gizra was create a yeoman generator so basically you can write yo shuv it will ask you for your URL and then it will scaffold all the files that you need to run your first visual regression testing to run your first live monitor testing and a dot shuv yml in shuv.io there is a bunch of different tutorials that can guide you through the visual regression testing because I know it can sound overwhelming this is for most people probably completely new and also the concept of doing the live monitoring but for the last slide or I'll say that the take away of this presentation beyond that we say that there is a visual regression testing and beyond what we're saying the live monitor and beyond the fact that we should address the fact that there are trivial things that we are all doing really really bad and they can somehow be solved is if you decide to go to take that path don't try to jump from 0% to 100% ok take a balanced approach I mean if you heard my the gizra way presentation I was saying that best practices need to be practiced even in gizra we haven't jumped and immediately started doing all our projects adding visual regression testing to all our projects but six or seven months later now 100% of our projects are with visual regression and it's enough to have one single baseline of your home page it's enough to have one single silly test that will just go to your live site and check that the user can click on user login and the form is presented and that's kind of all of it thank you questions you already know that I don't care about that awkward silence alright I can do a 15 minutes like that if they could oh my god actually doing contribution for Drupal 8 I don't know how to deal with that I should take a balanced approach but yeah you could do it I think there is an issue an issue on Drupal.org talking about different ways of running the test and this is I mean it's possible and again I think that part where I say there is no vendor login is super important I mean Drupal doesn't want any vendor with me or anybody right so the code the code is will belong to Drupal now the only question is if there is a regression for example where is the regression being pushed which is just to make our life as humans easier to identify where the problem is so yeah it can definitely use you any more questions alright thank you everybody


So, let me just say about Russia and Europe first. Europe crippled itself. Europe doesn't have to be reliant on Russia. Europe created the reliance on Russia. And it created the reliance on Russia knowing Putin, knowing who he was, remember? This is not the first war Putin is engaged in. I think it was 2008, then invaded Georgia, and basically took two provinces in Georgia and made them independent, but the parts of Georgia. He's fought two wars with the Chechens, brutal wars in Chechnya, two wars, because they tried to seed from Russia. They tried to establish their own Chechen Republic. And he just crushed them and destroyed whole cities and flattened all places. And of course, in 2014 he invaded Ukraine. And in spite of all of that history, and in spite of Putin's character and the way he oppresses his own people, the Europeans have become more and more and more dependent on Russian gas, which is not necessary. So, for example, Britain, the United Kingdom, they have natural gas. If they allowed fracking, they could get natural gas. They wouldn't need, instead of investing in fracking, which is very cheap, very easy to do. They invested in windmills in the ocean, which is very expensive, very dangerous, very risky and not very reliable.  I mean, have you ever been to Germany? There's no sun. I mean, it's not Texas. It's Germany, it's middle of Europe, it's cloudy, and yet they've invested huge amounts of money in solar panels. So, Germany used to have lots of energy capacity from nuclear. They've shut most of it down.  Japan, I understand, is bringing back its nuclear energy, which is good. You should be investing in new nuclear plants because your old ones, as we saw in Fukuyama, not very good. So, we should be investing in technologies that actually work, instead of in solar panels and in wind and all of this, that gives power to the Putin's of the world or even to the Saudi Arabia of the world. I'm not happy about the fact that the Saudis have as much power as they do. And they have as much power as they do, partially because they stole the oil that was developed by Western countries, but then also because we don't develop our own resources. The United States is different because they are allowed for fracking. So, they discovered fracking and then they let it loose. And one of the reasons the United States is struggling a little bit now is because Biden, when he came in, said he's launching a war on fossil fuels.   We are weakening ourselves. So, we need to make sure that we're not dependent on authoritarian regimes. We should have done that a long time ago with the Middle East. But we didn't. We should have not allowed Saudi Arabia to control all the oil and the Gulf countries to control all the oil. But we allowed them to do that. We shouldn't allow the Russians to have a monopoly over natural gas into Europe. And I hope Europe's learning a lesson and they're building LNG facilities. And now they're gonna import natural gas from Israel and Egypt and from Oman and from other places and different places. So hopefully they'll diversify and hopefully they can cut Russia off. Thank you for listening or watching the Iran Book Show. If you'd like to support the show, we make it as easy as possible for you to trade with me. You get value from listening. You get value from watching. Show your appreciation. You can do that by going to iranbrookshow.com slash support by going to Patreon, subscribe star locals and just making a appropriate contribution on any one of those channels. Also, if you'd like to see the Iran Book Show grow, please consider sharing our content and of course, subscribe. Press that little bell button right down there on YouTube so that you get an announcement when we go live. And for those of you who are already subscribers and those of you who are already supporters of the show, thank you. I very much appreciate it.


So moving forward we'll be still working on improvements to the little boat as protocol We have a new paper coming up on several improvements that we have come up with for the protocol both getting better features and more efficiency and stronger security guarantees that will also be submitted to top cryptographic conferences and we are confident that the community will be able to attest that Once again our work and improving the protocol has achieved the highest standards of quality in cryptographic research


Welcome back after lunch, we were looking at schematic of a single Rankine cycle plant. In a course on thermodynamics when we do cycle analysis, it is necessary to emphasize the following thing, understanding what the plant is, understanding the appropriate state space on either the TS or any other appropriate diagram. One thing should be emphasized that although other diagrams are okay, whenever it comes to a multi-equipment cycle, whether it is Rankine cycle, Brayton cycle, the TS diagram is one diagram which is always relevant, it will not become irrelevant although for some purposes HS is used, in some cases PS is used. So one should have the students be familiar with sketching a cycle first as a block diagram, so you know what the equipments are and two, on an appropriate pair of properties, the common pairs are TS, HS, PV and PH, but of course if you want you can have a PS diagram and SV diagram, it is left to you, the student should be confident of sketching this on any pair that you dictate. Now at this stage we have looked at the PSPS type power generation cycle, if it is gas then we call it Brayton and if it is vapor we call it Rankine. I would prefer to introduce the students at this stage to the use of such a cycle as a refrigerator cycle and we will now look at the gas cycle corresponding to the reversed Brayton cycle called the Joule cycle and the reversed Rankine with appropriate modifications which is known as the vapor compression cycle. Let us look at the gas refrigeration cycle, we will introduce this on the TS diagram, but here one thing is important, you have to sketch the ambient temperature and you have to sketch the refrigerated space temperature and now remember that we have to absorb heat from the refrigerated space. So one isobar of the cycle in which heat is absorbed must be at temperatures not exceeding the refrigeration space. So let us say that this is the process 1 to 2 in which heat is absorbed from the refrigerated space. Now we have a compression process by which temperature has to be raised and it has to be raised above the ambient temperature and from there till such a point that if at pH if we cool it isobarically from here an isentropic expansion should bring it back to the process diagram sorry the plant diagram would look like this. Notice that on the TS diagram unlike the Brayton and Rankine cycle, this cycle known as the Joule cycle which uses a gas as a working fluid it is seen to move anticlockwise.  So this from the turbine goes as 1 goes at 2 to compressor goes as 3 to the heat exchanger comes as 4 inlet to the turbine. The flows will be heat absorbed from the refrigerated space W dot C, W dot T and this is heat rejected to the ambient. And using our ideal gas approximation for the working fluid with constant specific heats you can do a standard analysis and determine the COP of this cycle leave it as an exercise to the student it will again be a function only of R p the ratio of pH and PL and gamma. What is important at this stage to demonstrate to them emphasize on them that unlike the Brayton cycle Brayton power cycle which is shown here you will notice that you can run it with a very small pressure ratio and you can run it with a still larger pressure ratio all that will happen is the points 3 and 2 will change 2, 3 and 4 will change accordingly. When it comes to refrigeration cycle the Brayton refrigeration or joule cycle emphasize that once you have this after heat rejection the minimum temperature that the working fluid which will that will be reached will be 4. Now we want to expand it and bring it down to a temperature which is lower than T ref this difference must be positive in the sense that temperature at 1 should be lower than the refrigerated space temperature. So, that some energy can be absorbed as heat from in during the isobaric process 1 to 2. If we do not have a high enough pressure ratio then the adiabatic expansion or isentropic expansion from 4 to 1 will not be reducing the temperature low enough for the exit temperature to be below T ref. So, the requirement is that T 4 after expansion T 4 pH after expansion to T L should reach a temperature T 2 which should be less than T ref and since T 2 by T 4 is given by P L by pH raise to gamma minus 1 by gamma. We have the requirement that T 2 which is this into T 4 should be less than or equal to T ref and that means your pressure ratio pH by P L should be such that pH by P L raise to gamma minus 1 by gamma should be greater than 4 let me see yes I have turned it around should be greater than T 4 by T ref. So, this gives you an idea of the minimum pH by P L needed to make the cycle work for refrigeration. Such a restriction does not exist on the Brayton power cycle, but on the Joule refrigeration cycle such a restriction does not exist on the Brayton power cycle, but on the Joule refrigeration cycle such a restriction exists. So, that should be emphasized otherwise once that is noted everything else can be done by applying first law to various components and extracting the required parameters. Now, we have seen the Brayton cycle, gas power cycle, Rankine cycle which is a vapor power cycle, then the refrigeration cycle, the gas cycle which is the sort of reverse of Brayton which is Joule cycle, but where we have also seen the requirement that the pressure ratio pH to P L needs to have a minimum value depending on the ratio of the ambient temperature and the refrigerated space temperature. Now, it is time for us to look at the reverse cycle related to the vapor power cycle or reverse Rankine cycle in some crude sense which we call the vapor compression cycle. For this we first look at the look at A T S diagram and let us say let us now write sketch over temperatures. Let us say this is the temperature of the ambient and let us say this is the temperature of the refrigerated space. We must have a heat absorption process at the refrigerated space temperature or below it. So, let us say that on this line we will have the heat absorption process. Heat rejection process should be at the ambient temperature or above it. So, let us say that on this line we should have the heat rejection process. Notice that we cannot go below this line because that would make the heat rejection process take place below ambient which is not applicable. So, the heat rejection can go only up to this point. So, in principle I can now have a turbine which expands it from this point say 1 to this point 2 and I can do the compression from say this point 3 to this point 4 giving me a refrigeration cycle which is a reversed Carnot cycle working between T ref and T ambient. Now, as a principle of thermodynamics it is ok, but when it comes to actual application two things must be noted. First this turbine here from 3 to 4 sorry compressor here from 3 to 4 will be compressing wet steam which is not good for a compressor whether a reciprocating compressor or a turbo compressor. So, what we do is instead of absorbing heat only up to this point we will say that we will not do any heat absorption here. We will absorb heat right up to the point where the refrigerator refrigerant becomes the working fluid becomes dry saturated steam call this 3 then we will compress it I am assuming adiabatic reversible or isentropic compression till you reach a pressure which is the saturation pressure at ambient. So, this is now my P H and this is my P L. So, my compression process is like this 3 to 4 then the heat rejection to the ambient is done from point 4 first desuperating and then condensing to 1 and then instead of having a turbine from 1 to 2 which would be a turbine which will produce only a small amount of power and which will have to handle again 2 phase flow. We replace that by a very simple component known as a throttling device. The job of that component is to just reduce the pressure and do nothing else. The block diagram looks like this heat rejection heat exchanger known as the condenser heat absorption from the cold space known as the evaporator. We have a compressor and we have a throttling device the states condenser exit 1 evaporator inlet 2 evaporator exit 3 compressor exit 4. The interactions evaporator absorbs the refrigeration effect from the cold space. The compressor consumes power w dot c the condenser rejects heat to the ambient q dot reject. The throttling device has no interaction with the ambient. The throttling device is usually a capillary tube in household refrigerators and air conditioners or for larger capacity plant it could be a throttle valve. The advantage of a throttle valve is nothing but the crudest version of a throttle valve will be our water tap which is only slightly open. So, even a small amount of flow requires a large amount of pressure drop. The advantage of a throttle valve is that you can design it easily for various capacities. As the load changes and the flow rate changes you can even have an adjustable throttle valve or an automatically controlled throttle valve. Once you realize this and understand the T S diagram and the block diagram all these interactions w dot c q dot reject q dot ref can be determined using our principles of thermodynamics. Each one of these components is a simple open thermodynamic system and usually 3 is dry sat vapor and 1 is saturated liquid. These are the default states, but we may have some other specification for the vapor which may be a few degrees superheated or the condensate which may a few degrees c sub cooled. At this stage it is perhaps usual to introduce them that this cycle which is known as the vapor compression cycle is often shown on P H diagram. The advantage of using H as one of the axis is that since most of the components are open thermodynamic systems the differences in H or the increase or decrease of H across a component can be directly related to when multiplied by mass flow rate to either the heat transfer or the power absorbed or the power delivered. If you want we can even sketch the Rankine cycle on the P H diagram, but that is for some reason is not done. So, the cycle will be bounded by two pressure lines the P H and the P L. The vapor dome usually looks like this. Sometimes this line is depending on the refrigerant this line is slope to the right or sometimes it slopes inwards that is a minor detail. Assuming state one condenser exit to be saturated liquid and state three the evaporator exit to be dry saturated vapor the cycle now looks like this. This is a constant entropy process in the ideal situation brings it to state two compressor exit then condensation from two to one first desuperheating and then condensation. Then one to two is a throttling process in which the enthalpy at the inlet and the exit are the same that reduces the pressure and finally two to three is the heat absorption and now you will notice here that H two minus H three is the heat sorry the enthalpy rise in the compressor multiply this by m dot and you will get compressor power H three minus H two is delta H across the evaporator which when multiplied by m dot gives you the refrigeration effect. So, from this diagram even visually you can look up the you can visualize the C O P as refrigeration effect divided by the power consumed because the throttling device does not produce any power we have the net power just equal to the compressor power consumption. This is the advantage of using H as one of the coordinates that delta H immediately gives us the visual idea of the heat transfer rate or the power involved with this. Now at this stage we have looked at the basic power cycles and refrigeration cycles all of the essentially of the PSPS kind. So, we have looked at Rankine, we have looked at Brayton, we have looked at Rankine, we have looked at reversed Brayton which is June and a reversed vapor cycle used for refrigeration known as the vapor compression cycle. In a course in thermodynamics if you are introducing them to cycles it is not necessary to get into the details of the technology involved that is the type of compressors, the type of evaporators, the type of throttling devices and so on. Now the cycles which we have seen so far are cycles which are essentially multi-equipment cycles and the basic idea is the PSPS cycle that means two isovaric processes typically for heat absorption and heat rejection and two isentropic processes which are also which are actually reversible adiabatic processes which do the job of increasing the pressure from the lower value to the upper value, decreasing the pressure from the upper value to the lower value and providing the required amount of power input and power output. Now we come to cycles in which we use a single piece of equipment and those are now what are known as although they are traditionally known as IC engine cycles. The IC engine cycle also includes the Brayton cycle when it is implemented as a gas turbine cycle. So, see to it that the students do not get under an impression that an IC engine cycle only means either auto cycle or diesel cycle or their minor modification. Brayton cycle is also an IC engine cycle but here we are going to talk of two major cycles the auto cycle and the diesel cycle. Of course there are other cycles which are the you know there is a dual cycle I think there may be an exercise on this one dual cycle. There is an Atkinson cycle which is a modification of the auto cycle and if you want you can include that but then the number of cycles which we have is actually a very large number of cycles. In a course on thermodynamics the teacher has to decide how much is to be included and how much is to be left for the second course which would be applied thermodynamics or power plants and refrigeration. Now these auto and diesel cycles are typically used in vehicle engines. So, these are mainly required for transportation and hence these cycles need to be compact because they are always on the move the engines which implement this cycle are always or almost always on the move unlike a large steam plant or a large refrigeration plant which would essentially be stationary.  Naturally internal combustion means we have no choice, we have to have an open cycle. We have been talking about the Carnot cycle as a TS, TS cycle, the Brayton cycle and other cycles as PS, PS cycles. So, from in that terminology we can say that the auto cycle is perhaps an SV, SV cycle and the diesel cycle is an SP, SV cycles, but this is the idealization of these cycles. And the single piece of equipment which is used for this cycle is a cylinder piston arrangement and hence although we are in a course in thermodynamics some details need to be mentioned and the student informed properly. For example, we should explain in simple words using simple sketches the mechanism of the cylinder and the piston which has a reciprocating motion then rarely piston rod, but definitely a connecting rod. Then the crank, crankshaft and other peripherals like flywheel etcetera which go with the crank shaft. We should also talk about the inlet and exit ports and valves which open or close those valves as needed. If you want we can talk about camshaft and other things but if you start doing that we end up with a lot of peripheral information which needs to be provided. What we really need to understand is for simple almost an air standard type analysis that is assuming air as the working fluid and other standardized thing. All that we need to know is that we have a cylinder in which a piston moves from one extreme which makes the gas occupy the least amount of volume to another extreme in which the gas occupies the largest possible amount of volume. We should have this nomenclature ready. When the cylinder is at the innermost position it is known as the top dead center or inner dead center. The other position with the largest volume is the bottom dead center. The inner dead center and outer dead center are not so common terms the top dead center and bottom dead center are common terms. The clearance volume is a volume which will never be passed over by the piston that is the guaranteed volume which will always remain in the cylinder whereas the stroke volume or the swept volume is the volume which is swept by the piston as it goes from top dead center to bottom dead center or vice versa. We say that the movement of the piston from TDC to BDC is known as a stroke. So to execute one cycle we need a minimal of two strokes. However it is up to our choice to execute a cycle in either two strokes or four strokes or six strokes or eight strokes because cycle means it has to come back to its original position. So if a cycle begins from TDC it has to end at the situation where the piston is back at TDC. So we must have either two or four or an even number of strokes. Common cycles have two strokes or four strokes. Four stroke cycles are very common. Two stroke cycles are not uncommon. Six stroke cycles are very rarely used. We say that we have two valves typically two valves. If you have more than two valves there those are parallel paths. One is the inlet valve which can be opened or closed by means of an inlet mechanism and then exit valve IV and EV. There are mechanisms which open the inlet valve allowing gas to come in. If the exhaust valve is open and if the conditions are appropriate the gas can go out. We will look at the idealized cycles in which the working fluid will be assumed to be an ideal gas with constant specific heats and all the processes will be idealized. For example a process of compression or expansion would be considered adiabatic and reversible and hence isentropic. Similarly as we describe we will describe that some processes of combustion and movement of fluid will be idealized at either constant volume process or constant pressure process. Both the Otto cycle and the diesel cycle in their standard version are implemented in four strokes and the four strokes are from TDC to BDC first, BDC to TDC second and two more of this kind. Now the Otto cycle is the typical cycle for petrol engines also for CNG and similar engines. The characteristic of this is air plus fuel is mixed it is called premixed because this mixing occurs outside the cylinder. Earlier it used to occur in a carburetor where using a venturi the required amount of fuel and main working fluid which is air were mixed. Since the fuels are either in the gaseous form or are in a very volatile liquid form like petrol the spray simply evaporates and you have an air and petrol vapor mixture which is available for our engine. Since the engines work in a cylinder piston arrangement it is very common to show these on the PV diagram. We have one stroke in which the piston moves from TDC to BDC. So, stroke one piston moves from TDC to BDC inlet valve is open. So, when that happens air fuel mixture is sucked in essentially at ambient temperature ambient pressure. This is known as the induction stroke let us say this goes from 0 to 1. The second stroke is from BDC to TDC no valve open the air gets compressed this is assumed to be adiabatic and reversible and hence as a centriple air and fuel mixture gets compressed. Now at this state two this is stroke two this is state two we have a high pressure and reasonably high temperature mixture of air and fuel. So, a spark is used to initiate combustion because it is premixed and petrol is used very highly volatile highly reactive fuel. The combustion takes place and it takes place pretty fast. Although it takes a finite amount of time the movement of the piston is so small during this period that we idealize that the combustion leads to heat release and the state goes to 3. So, here the state goes from 1 to 2 here the state goes from 2 to 3 sorry induction is let me put I missed something I forgot to write that this is induction stroke state from 1 to 2 this is compression this line I missed 2 to 3 sorry induction is 0 to 1 compression is 1 to 2 at 2 spark using a spark plug initiates combustion and 2 to 3 the combustion process is modeled as a constant volume process because it is a premixed highly reactive mixture. Now the third stroke then is an expansion stroke combustion is over so 3 to 4. The third stroke is again from TDC to BDC again no valve open and this is the expansion stroke or power stroke and finally at 4 this is 3 to 4 at 4 exhaust valve opens and when exhaust valve opens this gas because it is now combustion products they suddenly find a passage open to the atmosphere. So, although the pressure at 4 is higher than the pressure at 1 because of the sudden discharge of gases there is a noisy outflow of these gases we need a silencer to take care of this noise the pressure in the ideal case reduces to 1 and this is the third stroke the pressure reduces from 4 to 1 and finally the fourth stroke where we go from BDC to TDC with EV open IV closed this is known as the exhaust stroke where the air fuel mixture after combustion. So, reacted gases they are thrown out so 4 to 1 and then 1 to we can say 4 to 5 shouldn't call it 4 to 1 because 5 is a different state the composition will be different this will be 5 to 6 where 6 is again essentially 0. So, this is 0 to 1 and this is 6. So, we have look at it there are 6 different processes 0 to 1, 1 to 2, 2 to 3, 3 to 4 and 4 to 5, 5 to 6, but there are actually 4 strokes because these 2 processes 2 to 3 and 4 to 5 are assumed to occur essentially at constant volume. Now, under these simplifying assumptions of idealized processes that things play take place at constant pressure during inlet and exhaust these 2 processes 1 to 2 and 3 to 4 assumed as reversible isentropic the reversible adiabatic and hence isentropic and if you assume 2 to 3 and 4 to 5 are constant volume processes and model them as constant volume heating and cooling then we can do for the auto cycle a standard analysis and the standard analysis we should be able to show that the efficiency of an auto cycle turns out to be 1 over 1 minus r v raise to gamma minus 1 where gamma as usual is the ratio of specific heats and r v is what is known as the volumetric compression ratio it is defined as the volume at BDC total volume at BDC divided by the total volume at TDC the volume occupied by the gas when it is at the bottom dead center divided by volume occupied by the gas which is at the top dead center this turns out to be v stroke plus v clearance divided by v clearance and the next cycle and perhaps if you want to introduce the diesel cycle not the last cycle but otherwise the last cycle in a basic introduction should be the diesel cycle you may mention to the students that for a typical auto cycle the compression ratio would usually be in this range and you should explain to them quickly without going into much detail how does 6 come across come about and how does 10 come about but actually that is a part of the power plant or IC engine scores not really a thermodynamics course when it comes to a diesel cycle explain in or explain using differences from auto cycle and may be in this case it is a good idea to sketch the p v diagram first and then talk about the differences because the students remember tend to remember the p v diagram of the auto cycle very well so have it side by side and compared to that the sketch the diesel cycle this is p ambient and you say the first stroke 0 to 1 is the induction stroke so stroke 1 0 to 1 induction as in petrol only but tell them that only air it sucked in then sketching it like this but the process is actually like this the second stroke 1 to 2 is compression again air only so at state 2 we do not have a air fuel mixture but compressed air and usually the compression ratios are larger typically of the order of 15 so this pressure is high this temperature is also high at state 2 because we have idealized the compression to be reversible adiabatic that is isentropic. Now at state 2 for some period in the next process 2 to 3 we have injection which leads to combustion injection of fuel so here in the hot air at 2 we spray the liquid fuel sometimes preheated sometimes not now because it is a liquid fuel it has to split into droplets then by heat transfer from the hot gas the droplets have to become hot and evaporate the evaporated fuel vapor has to mix with the air finding appropriate amount of oxygen for combustion and then the combustion has to proceed the temperature is high enough for the combustion to get initiated on its own but it takes time for the processes of heating up evaporation and mixing before the combustion proceeds this is a multi step process and it requires time and it requires some finite time in which we cannot by default make the assumption which we made in the auto cycle that the combustion takes place so fast that we can essentially assume that it is occurring at a constant volume when the piston is at or very near the TDC. In diesel the actual process of combustion is neither constant volume nor constant pressure but for idealization very crude idealization we assume that the combustion can be more modded from 2 to 3 when the injection is on as a constant pressure heat addition process this is a model this is assumed and then at 3 the injection stops and this is known as cut off so this is the cut off point and the ratio of volumes at 3 to 2 is also known as the cut off ratio then the remaining part 3 to 4 is expansion without combustion. So the third stroke actually begins at 2 but includes 2 to 3 injection and combustion and 3 to 4 which is expansion so the so called power stroke is 2 to 3 constant pressure part 3 to 4 an adiabatic expansion and beyond that it is very similar to the auto cycle 4 to 5 4 exhaust valve opens here inlet valve is open here no valve is open in this process also no valve is open expansion also no valve is open exhaust valve opens pressure valve drops to ambient 4 to 5 and finally 4th stroke 5 to 6 is the exhaust stroke. So we have 4 strokes and 6 processes some processes are similar to the auto engine and some processes are different from the auto engines particularly the differences are in the way the combustion process is modelled and you should now tell them that if you neglect the induction stroke and the exhaust stroke the auto cycle is made up of the idealized auto cycle is made up of a constant entropy process a constant volume process a constant entropy process and another constant volume process whereas the diesel cycle is made up of neglecting the induction and exhaust strokes a constant entropy process a constant pressure process a constant entropy process another one and a constant volume process and of course you can do a standard analysis of diesel cycle and I find always it is a good idea that I do the derivation of the standard efficiency of the auto cycle on the board the diesel cycle I leave it as a classroom exercise to the students because it is important that it derive something on their own slightly more complex stuff than the auto cycle because unless they do that if you give some modification for example the dual cycle in the examination they will not be prepared for that at all and here you should be able to show them that efficiency of a diesel cycle is a simple not very complex function of gamma r v and r c where the gamma as earlier is the C p by C v ratio of the working fluid r v is as earlier the volume in the cylinder at B dc divided by the volume in the cylinder at T dc and r c is v 3 by v 2 this is known as the cut off ratio. Now at this stage and after this stage what I prefer is bring up the exercises use these for the following purposes number one students should get a feel for numbers for example whatever you do for a typical rank in cycle whatever with the modification the efficiency will hardly exceed 50 percent in spite of reheat regeneration and things like that. But if the students do not solve a reasonable number of problems and realize that the efficiency the way we use steam today typical parameters is unlikely to exceed 50 percent and that too with a great number of modifications otherwise typically it will be between 35 40 percent. In an examination if they solve a problem and make a mistake and you end up with an efficiency of 70 percent they will not realize that they have made a mistake one of the things in growing up as a engineer particularly a mechanical engineers to have a feel for numbers and feel for typical parameters typical values. So see to it that the students get a feel by solving some exercises and two use this exercise to introduce modifications for example we have typical modifications of reheat regeneration intercooling intercooling is used only in some Brayton cycles it is not very rare and it is rather rare. I am taking a break.


President Mohammed Buhari has urged Nigerians to believe in the capability of the armed forces to safeguard and bring long lasting peace and stability to the country. Declaring open the 12th Nigerian Navy Games in Lagos, the president assured Nigerians that the armed forces would continue to sustain their operational tempo to contain the security challenges in the country. He said the security agencies would continue to ensure that all appropriate measures were in place for the safety of Nigerians. Over the years, forces have remained a tool to strengthen the ties between troops, instilling discipline, and readiness to serve a common cause in the military. I am sure that these games will create the forum for the Nigerian Navy to achieve these objectives and more. The Games would provide the needed platform and avenue for the discovery of new talents who will go on to represent the Nigerian Navy and Nigeria in international competitions. Let me assure you that the federal government will continue to encourage sporting activities in view of its importance towards national cohesiveness and unity. Let me assure Nigerians that the armed forces would continue to sustain their operational tempo to contain the security challenges in the country. It is now my pleasure to declare the 12th Nigerian Navy Games in Lagos 2022 open. Thank you and God bless the veterinary family from Nigeria. Contemporary warfare, generally described as being volatile and certain, complex and ambiguous, places a huge demand on personal combat readiness, and thus necessitates the need to sustain high level of physical fitness and mental alertness. Also gratifying is the commissioning of this ultra-modern heritage which is first of its kind. This Nigerian Navy sports complex is equipped with state-of-the-art indoor sporting equipment and world-class gymnasium. It is my hope and fervent prayers that you will find the Games a worthwhile and pleasurable experience. Thank you, God bless, and onward together. The commitment of the Nigerian Navy and the Nigerian military as a whole to the progression and development of sports is inspiring, is encouraging, and is commendable. I therefore want to charge all participants to bring to this event the full spirit of sportsmanship and fair play. The Nigerian Navy, therefore, is an important partner to us in ensuring the security of life and property of Lagosians. We will never take this partnership and support for granted. My singular honor on this note to once again welcome all of us to Lagos. Let's find out about fresh news updates.


I'd like now to move on to one of the main components of our seminar today and that is performance-based design. As we all know, performance-based design is facilitated through the National Construction Code. In 2012, the ABCB commissioned a study that quantified in dollar terms the value of regulatory reform, three particular regulatory reforms, one of which was the introduction of the 1996 performance-based building code of Australia. That study estimated that performance-based design had generated an annual $700 million productivity gain to the industry. The study also estimated that that productivity gain could be readily doubled through the further promotion, acceptance and application of performance-based design. Now the methodology of building design using performance requirements is undertaken through what we call performance solutions, which is one pathway for achieving compliance with the NCC performance requirements. Compliance can also be achieved via deemed-to-satisfied solutions or a combination of either. Each of those three pathways is independent and each is equally valid. Some people have commented in the past that quantification of performance may not necessarily equate to the same metrics that can be derived from deemed-to-satisfied. There are many ways of quantifying performance. The fact that you have differences in outcomes is not significant. Either pathway is valid. So what is a performance solution? In essence, it's anything other than compliance with a deemed-to-satisfied solution. So if you want to implement a component of building design that is other than deemed-to-satisfied, it becomes a performance solution and it becomes a performance solution irrespective of the quantity of variation between the deemed-to-satisfied and the performance solution. While the ABCB produces the National Construction Code, which facilitates performance-based design, the administration of performance-based design is governed by specific requirements of state and territory governments. We're now going to move on to one of the main topics of today's seminar and that is to provide information on how to develop a performance solution. The answer is simple. Just follow the ABCB guide. We've produced a guide called Development of Performance Solutions. It looks like that. There's a copy of the four-page guide in your pack. And there's a copy that's also available on our website. The guide establishes four steps in a process to develop a performance-based design, a performance solution. We're going to discuss that four-step process in the next few slides. And then after we've discussed the four-step process, we'll apply that process to a hypothetical case study. So we'll learn what's required generally, and then we'll look at application of the process to a hypothetical proposal. Maybe easier to follow the discussion if you retrieve the copy in your pack. Don't necessarily need it, unless you want to write on it. We'll have all the information up on the screen. So this four-step process that we're going to go through, it can be applied to any proposed performance solution. It can be applied to energy efficiency requirements, stair geometry, size of window openings, number of sanitary facilities. Anything at all. When the process is applied, it should be applied with respect to the assumed complexity of what's being proposed. If you're proposing a complex performance solution or a number of performance solutions that will interact together to produce a complex outcome, that's what our guide describes. It is comprehensive, it is thorough, it is a complete solution for a A to Z performance process. Therefore, in that context, if you have a very simple proposal, you may still be governed or you may still need to consider the content of our guide, but apply it to a simpler degree than what's described in the document. First step of a four-step process, we need to prepare a brief. This slide shows a copy of page one of the four-page document and I don't expect anyone to be reading this. I'm going to talk to it. I'm going to break it down into bits and pieces. But the essence of the document of this page is to prepare a brief. So what is a brief? A brief is a document prepared in collaboration with stakeholders. That, when completed, becomes the agreed basis for the development and assessment of a proposed performance solution. The development and the assessment of a proposed performance solution. So when this document is prepared, who should manage the preparation? Who should manage the process? It doesn't really matter who does it. Typically, a designer, the principal designer, perhaps, the architect, or the approval authority of a performance solution. They may be suited to managing the preparation of the document and to nominating initial key stakeholders. And I say initial key stakeholders because the key stakeholders that start the process may not continue through the whole process and others may be called in at a later time when it's determined that someone additional to the existing number of people is needed. One of the key stakeholders in any performance solution will be the approval authority. And the involvement of the approval authority in step one of this process, the preparation of the brief, appears to be generally accepted as not being a conflict of interest for the purposes of legislation within each of the states and territories. Typically, it's considered that the approval authority should not be involved in a design of a building that it is going to approve or consider for approval. So in our four-step process, because the step one is the preparation of a brief that describes what's going to be done and how it's going to be done, it's not considered to be part of the design and therefore the approval authority can participate in the development of the performance solution at step one, but then must not participate in the process for steps two, three, and four. The involvement of the approval authority in the development and assessment of a performance solution is generally considered necessary to cease at the end of step one. So who would be our key stakeholders? Who will be the group that will consider the development assessment of our performance solution? The selection of stakeholders typically depends on the characteristics of the building that will be the subject of the performance solutions and the scope and the complexity of the performance solutions. We'll consider who should be stakeholders when we look at our case study, and you'll probably gain an understanding of why certain people may or may not be considered to be a key stakeholder for the purposes of this process. So the stakeholders are going to prepare the brief. What does it record? The information that's circled here is presented in the flowchart under step one in your guide, and we're now going to talk about this component. The content of a brief records data relevant to the characteristics of the building. It records data relevant to the scope of the proposals, the agreed performance requirements, the agreed assessment methods, the agreed acceptance criteria, the scope of required evidence, and the format of the final report. So we're going to talk about what is in, what's required to be recorded under each of those headings, and then we'll have a look at our case study. Under step two of the guide, we test the proposal. So in step one, we've recorded all the characteristics that we think are relevant to the performance solution. The approval authority steps out of the process. We're then going to test, analyse, model, whatever word you want to use, whether or not the performance solutions will comply with the NCC. Each proposal will require specific analysis, modelling, or testing relevance to its complexity. For some particular issues, there may be generic methodologies that are used, but each of the performance solutions has to have its own testing, analysis, evaluation process. The role of the stakeholder group is to ensure that the brief describes an appropriate scope of analysis. It has to agree on what's required to demonstrate that the performance solutions will comply. Step two, testing of the proposal is generally carried out by respective experts. So if you're performance solution related to stair geometry, for instance, one of your key stakeholders may be an ergonomist. They will be the relevant expert which will test or provide a means of determining compliance with the relevant NCC performance requirements. So the outcomes of step two, the outcomes of your testing method, of your testing process should be documented and should be presented to the stakeholder group for review. So under step three, the stakeholder group will consider the results of step two. They will collate and evaluate the results. During the conduct of step two, it may be necessary to undertake multiple design scenarios. What that means is that you can take the opportunity when you're testing something, if it is demonstrated not to work, to make a variation to the proposal to find out whether or not a slight variation will work. For instance, a travel distance. If you're looking to extend travel distance, your original proposal is to extend it by 30 metres. During step two, the experts determined that that's not appropriate. At that time, they might test whether 25 is appropriate, whether 20 is appropriate. They will be optional design scenarios. So in step three, the outcomes of step two must be evaluated and conclusions will be drawn by the stakeholders as to whether or not the outcomes achieve the acceptance criteria set out in the brief. And then finally, after their evaluation and conclusions are drawn, the whole process is finalised by the preparation of a report. A report that demonstrates the brief was produced, testing was undertaken, the outcomes of testing were assessed, and the stakeholder group concluded that the proposal met the performance requirements of the NCC. So that's an outline of the four-step process. And you'll note that in step one, one of the issues that we addressed was the need to agree on appropriate assessment methods. To assess a performance solution, you need to accept that while the deemed to satisfy provisions of the NCC are deemed by regulators to comply with performance requirements, performance solutions must be assessed specifically to determine whether they comply. So deemed to satisfy are taken as complying, performance solutions must be specifically assessed. And the NCC describes how these performance solutions must be assessed. In volume one, clauses A03B and A05 will describe how performance solutions are to be assessed. In volume two, clauses 103B and 105 will describe how performance solutions are to be assessed. And equally, volume three has similar provisions. Volume one, as an example, volume one A03B says, a performance solution will only comply with the NCC when the assessment methods used satisfactorily demonstrate compliance with the performance requirements. The other provision that will relate to the assessment methods for a performance solution are in A05. And A05 includes four assessment methods of which any combination of them can be used to determine that a performance solution or a deemed to satisfy solution complies with the performance requirements as appropriate. First form that's acceptable is evidence. Evidence to support that the use of a material or product form of construction or design meets a performance requirement or a deemed to satisfy provision as described in A2.2. We spoke earlier this morning about the evidence of suitability handbook that the ABC has produced to assist in the application of clause A2.1 and A2.2. So the second assessment method described in A05 relates to verification methods. The term verification methods is in italics and therefore it's a defined term within the NCC. And it refers to verification methods that appear in the NCC or other such verification methods as the appropriate authority accepts for determining compliance with the performance requirements. So you can use other verification methods than those included in the NCC. The third assessment method listed in A05 refers to expert judgment. Once again, the term's written in italics and it's defined in the NCC. And basically it's a provision or a methodology that relates to an assessment undertaken by an expert suitably qualified expert. The fourth assessment method is to compare the performance of the performance solution with that of a deemed to satisfy provision. So the assessment method is a matter of comparing the outcome of the application of the deemed to satisfy solution to the outcome of the application of the performance solution. And providing it's a suitable comparison that's deemed to be an appropriate assessment method. When it comes to performance solutions there is a lot of education material on our website at the moment. This slide presents an outline of some of that material and I encourage you to go to our website and have a look at the information that is available. I think you will be pleasantly surprised.


This is stock number 927-0X, we are here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. You're new and used heavy duty truck headquarters. We are checking out this super clean 2011 Ford F350 crew cab long box single rear wheel. This truck has a 6.7 liter power stroke diesel. From this HD video, you'll be able to tell that this truck is extremely clean all the way around. It has a black steel elite heavy duty front bumper and grille guard. Ignat silver is the color. This one has Goodyear Wrangler Duratrack tires and they are on the painted and polished aluminum alloy rims. These are 275-70R18 tires and they have right around half the tread left, maybe just a hair bit more than half the tread left. This is a Lariat package. I didn't see any dents or dings on the front fender or the hood. The grille is in excellent shape. Headlights are nice and clear. We shoot all of our videos in 1080p so if you have HD capabilities on your computer tablet or smartphone device, turn them on now because it's like you're right here looking at the truck with me. As you go down this side of the truck, you can see just how clean the body is, how reflective and glass like that paint is. You take these HD videos so if you are far away, or even if you're close by and you just cannot make the trip down, but you're still interested in purchasing the vehicle, you can still see the truck here, the truck, and of confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at before you even get here. We want to make sure we get the most accurate representation of the vehicle as possible so that when you do get here, there are absolutely no surprises.  This back rim is really nice condition as well. No major scuffs or scrapes. Back tires have a little bit less than half the tread left, but still definitely some good tread there. The frame and underbody has the camper package and the frame and underbody is in really nice condition. A little bit of light duty, a little bit of light corrosion there, but nothing terrible has all the factory remaining exhaust and the lower lips look pretty good on this truck. I didn't see any dense or dings down this side of the vehicle. Another bumper is in excellent condition. No dense or dings on that. Has backup sensors, full towing package, which includes the recieverage 4 pin and 7 pin wiring. Also you can see a spare tire back there. Tailgate is in excellent condition as well. No dense or dings on that. Has a locking tailgate, spray and bed liner. Has the 5th wheel rails in it for a 5th wheel hitch, 7 pin wiring back here. This is a linex spray and bed liner. Tailgate shuts nice and solidly and as you go down this side of the truck, it is just as clean as the passenger side. I didn't see any dense or dings down this side of the vehicle. Driver side door code entry has the power folding mirrors. These are the telescopic tow mirrors or the power scope as they call them. So what happens there is, press that button and they telescope out. They also power fold in and they are heated with built in directional signals. Power windows, power locks and power mirrors. Has auto headlamps and power pedals. Factory floor mats throughout this truck. The Lariat package gives you the black leather seats. Both of these seats are power. No rips or tears on this seat. Smells very clean inside this truck. I don't believe it's ever been smoked in. Has 57,244 miles. Leather wrap steering wheel. On this side you get cruise controls and your information center controls. And on this side you have your Bluetooth and radio controls. Has a CD player, dual climate control. Your turned out four wheel drive. Also has the factory brake controller or tow command. Power sliding rear window. Headliners nice and clean. Passenger seat is very clean as well. No rips or tears on that. We got factory floor mat on that side as well. You can see it does have the sync system so you can pair it to your Bluetooth phone. Also has an AUGS and USB jack. Downhill assist control and electronic roll stability control. Take a quick look at the back seats. Back seats are very clean as well. No rips or tears back here. Very very clean. Has the power sliding rear window. Underneath the seats is a lockable storage area. That locks right there with the ignition key. You can see the carpeting floor mats back here are very clean. And it also has a 110 volt, 150 watt plug-in back here. Behind the seats we have the factory subwoofer. As well as the latch tether anchors. Which if you have car seats you can still put those back here. They don't have the little latches down here. But they do have the ones in the back for the tether anchors. Take a quick look under the hood. Very nice truck inside and out. It was very well maintained. Engine bay is very clean, runs very smooth. This truck has been fully safe and inspected by our service shop. Has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off. Has been gone through mechanically 100%. And the truck is 100% ready to go. And to see more pictures of this truck are one of our other 400 new and used cars, trucks, SUVs, minivans, wranglers, halftons, recorder tons, one-tons, you name it, we got it.  Videos of every single used vehicle that we have. All at summitauto.com, thanks for checking out this video. If you want to make this truck yours, give us a call right now,<PHONE_NUMBER>. Ask for one of our sales associates to make this truck yours today. Once again, that number is<PHONE_NUMBER>. Thanks for checking out my video. If you want to check out more, go to youtube.com slash summitauto. Remember to like, subscribe, and share on all those videos. In fact, in a second, you'll see a link to subscribe to our YouTube channel on your left. A link to more used heavy 2D truck videos like this one on your right. If you haven't been to our website on the bottom, a link to this truck on our website. Click those, check us out, check the truck out. We really look forward to helping you with this super clean 2011 Ford F350 crew cab long box, single rear wheel, power stroke diesel. Thanks again.