I'm the Robbers of Keele, the policeman and the special Michelle of the Federal Road Safety Corps on Monday in Aramako, Aramoko, Ekiti during a raid in a bank. And the witnesses say the Robbers blew the main door to the banking hall with explosives after opening fire on the police officer on guard. The FRSC special Michelle was in his private vehicle when he was shot. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


Well Ben very kindly said I was a grandfather of CGFI. I thought, that means I'm getting a bit older. But it also means that you can look after CGFI for a day and then hand it back. So that felt pretty good too. I'm about to introduce Ian Williams and it's a particular pleasure to introduce Ian. I was lucky enough for eight years to sit on the Council of the Natural Environmental Research Council, NERC, to sort of try and help to provide a bit of a bridge between environmental science and the city and finance. It was a true joy when a few years later a NERC, along with UKRI, became the key driver really and supporter of the CERAF programme of which CGFI is part. So, great to welcome Ian Williams, strategic partner director at NERC. Ian. Good morning, everybody. It's great to be here. Thank you, Rowan, and very exciting to be here at the start of this second conference for CGFI. So, for those of you who were perhaps less familiar with UKRI, just a very brief introduction, we are the largest public sector funder of research, innovation and skills. We invest over £8 billion a year in that sector. Of course, part of that and very important part of that is our contribution to the net zero agenda, or as we often call it the net zero plus agenda. In this context, a plus refers to biodiversity, essentially, and the broader environmental context. A recent look across UKRI's portfolio, we estimate around £800 million of investment in research, innovation and skills is made to support the net zero plus agenda. This includes, most recently, a cross UKRI programme, which we call Building a Green Future, which is a £75 million programme that cuts across all the research councils in the UK within UKRI to do just that, to build a green future. As I talk for the next few minutes, we'll talk more about UKRI working together across its research councils, because as you'll be aware, no one individual research council, no one specific scientific domain can resolve the big challenges that we face in green finance, but more generally across the environmental sector. Just a quick word about NERC, Natural Environment Research Council, we study the whole globe. That means, from the top of the atmosphere, right down to the depth of the earth, the oceans, underneath the oceans, literally from pole to pole, and the land surface as well. Also, that is done through our six centres on the left-hand side of the slide. Some of those have been collecting data in various guises around the world and about the world for over 100 years. We know a lot about the world. We have a lot of data about the globe, which I'll refer to later, and what's important is how we make use of those data, as others have referred to. As Rowan said, about three years ago we started looking deeply, if you like, at developing a green finance portfolio, and that started off with what we referred to as the SERF programme at the centre for greening finance and investment. It was a £10 million investment that NERC made with Innovate UK to enable us to grow the green finance sector, to work on collaborating together with the data, but also collaborating with the finance industry as well. Since then, this portfolio has grown a little bit further. The greatest investment is the £17 million investment, integrating finance and biodiversity, to put the biodiversity question into the heart of finance as well. That is also jointly with Innovate UK. We also have an economics of biodiversity programme, jointly with the Economics and Social Research Council, and a newer programme called Renew, based at the University of Exeter, which is part of our change in the environment programme. We've seen a growing number of investments made by NERC, usually in collaboration with other research councils, to develop our green finance portfolio. Just to dig a little bit deeper for a few moments into the data and analytics, as others have already mentioned this morning. Last year, about 12 months ago, NERC launched its first digital strategy. In our context, digital strategy refers to everything from how we collect the data out in the field, using various technologies and platforms, all the way through to how that data is stewarded, looked after, curated, through to the analysis, making those data available, and then through use to enable, digitally enable decisions. Whenever I talk or come to a green finance meeting, the data is critical, and I've spent a lot of time talking about it. The stars on that cycle of our strategy is really where a lot of the green finance work sits, on the left-hand side, the use of the data, if you like. We NERC hosts environmental data service, which comprises of five different data centres, covering the main domains of the globe. You can see them here, I won't read them out. But as I said, we have a lot of data about the globe, over 30 petabytes of data, collectively across the environmental data service. The first three of these on the top, the earth atmosphere and the solar, terrestrial and freshwater, and oceanography and marine, to use those data centres, you have to register, so we know how many people are using those data. And alone, just those three have over 200,000 users. Interestingly, and very positively from my perspective, is more than half of those registered users are not from academia. So just under half are from academia, researchers, but more than half are from other sectors, which is really a good indicator that people are really using this data for all sorts of reasons. But data in itself is great, but it isn't going to get us too far. My final slide is about how we work very hard to put this data into context, to make it usable, accessible and available for all sorts of uses, but as we referred to earlier, particularly around the green finance agenda today. So we have the data service, but we put that into context. We have the Jasmine compute facility at the bottom right of the slide. This enables these very, very large data holdings to be able to be analysed essentially located next to high-performance computing facilities. It's really important when handling the large quantities of data that the environmental science community uses. We also have the Data Solutions Hub, led out of the University of Manchester, which is aiming to support the user interface, if you like, of our data, to enable the data to be more accessible and to be more easily findable, but also to help with the integration of our environmental data with other domains. That's very important. We spent a lot of time talking, for example, with the health domain. How can we link health data with environmental data? A very important component. We see this as a wider context, as an ecosystem, if you like, to support and enable the use of the vast amounts of data about the globe that we have. It's fantastic that we'll be hearing about some of that later today. I will leave it there for the moment. First of all, we stand by ready to support, particularly across the research councils, to support the Green Finance agenda. The interdisciplinarity of this work is really important. Secondly, we really want to work with you around how we can use our data, make our data more available and convert our data to information that is enabled to be used for decision-making in a whole range of industry contexts. Thank you very much. Ian, thank you so much. Please give our thoughts out to Duncan and the wider team for both the financial data and wider programme support that NERC gives.


Not once, but twice. In 1962, NASA released tens of thousands of gallons of water into the ionosphere for science. We're talking about the aptly named Project Highwater today on Vintage Space. Project Highwater is perhaps one of the least known programs in the early Apollo era because it didn't really do all that much. It really was exactly what the name is, water that went high above the Earth. So what was the point of releasing water into the ionosphere? Well, NASA had some questions in its early days about what might happen to the fuel inside the upper stages of a rocket if it exploded either because of some default or defect, or because it was destroyed by a range safety officer as it was flying into orbit. So what would happen to all the liquid fuel once it was released into the upper atmosphere? Well, NASA couldn't just replicate the upper atmosphere in a lab, so decided, well, we have a big enough rocket, let's release water and see what happens and then use that as the data points. Hence Project Highwater. Both launched on Saturn 1 rockets, which were early versions of the Saturn family that eventually began the Saturn 5. These rockets used an S1 stage as the core, an S4 stage as the second stage, and an S5 as the third stage. On both of these missions, the second and third stages were filled with water as ballast. The S1 was really designed to test the vehicle's structural integrity in its first stage, so the upper stages didn't really have to do anything, hence water as ballast. SA-2, the first highwater launch, was on April 25th of 1962. Everything went great with the launch, and after the first stage was spent, detonations on the dummy second and third stages exploded to destroy the upper stages, releasing 109,000 liters, or 30,000 gallons, of ballast water into the upper atmosphere just over 93 miles above the planet. This mission was repeated with SA-3 on November 16th of 1962. On this flight, the same amount of water was launched as ballast and released at 104 miles above the planet. Within 5 seconds of the water's release, observers saw it turn into a massive cloud stretching about 5 miles across. The test also came with some disturbance to radio frequency. There was some loss of telemetry once the cloud took shape. Because the results from Project Highwater were firm and it was successful, this was deemed the first time the Saturn rockets were actually used for straight-up science, but some people at NASA felt differently. Many believed that Project Highwater was just a thing to do because they needed a thing to do with the Saturn 1 rocket. The rockets were already launching with water as ballast, so why not release that water and see what happens? Still, I kind of love the typical 1960s innovation of saying, well, we're launching all this water, let's just release it and see what happens. Because you guys know that my favorite thing about vintage technology is that when you don't have computers to model it, you just got to do it and see what happens. So what are some of your favorite weird pre-computer testing testings that you've heard of from the Apollo era that you'd like me to look into? And what are your thoughts on Project Highwater? Have you guys even heard of this? Leave all your questions, comments, and ideas for future episodes in the comment section below. Be sure to follow me on Twitter and Instagram for daily vintage-based content. And with new videos going up every single week, subscribe right here so you never miss an episode.


Ladies and gentlemen, Dean of Ohio State's Fisher College of Business, Christine Boone. For this opportunity to share my but for Ohio State story. You know I'm often asked why did we come back to Ohio after being away for about 40 years. And the simple answer that I give normally is that well I was raised here in Ohio. I have six brothers and sisters. I'm the eldest daughter of first generation Chinese parents and that's why we are back here. By the way I was actually certain growing up here in Ohio in the 1950s and 60s I was absolutely certain that we were the only Chinese people in the entire world. So you can imagine how excited I was when I took my first geography class and I learned that there was an entire country named China. That there were a billion Chinese people living there. I wondered why they weren't in Ohio but I was still pretty excited. So the narrative that I invented for myself was that the reason that we were in Ohio was that when my dad asked my mother, where do you want to settle in, raise the children. She said Oahu, my dad was a good listener, thought she said Ohio. And that's why we're in Ohio. But you know the real story is that my mom's father, my grandfather was a buckeye. His name was Wading Tom and he enrolled here at Ohio State about 100, almost 100 years ago. He got his engineering degree from what was then called Ohio State University's College of Arts, Philosophy and Science. And he became the first in his family to graduate from college. Now there's another family legend that my grandfather also played football here at Ohio State. That's my grandfather. See he towers over my grandmother. Now I stared at these family photos for hours. This was a time when I still believed in Santa Claus, still believed in the tooth fairy.  So anyway, not long after he graduated from Ohio State University he returned to China. He returned as a US citizen with all the optimism and hope in the world that this college education would open doors to incredible opportunities back in China. And it did. He first became a university professor. He went into academics and became a professor at Sun Yat Sen University. And later, only later did he start a career in business. He married, he began a family and he would eventually go on to have a family of six including my mother, his second child. But then in the 1930s war broke out in China and all those prospects for a life of opportunity in China suddenly began to look impossible. But for Ohio State, but for his American citizenship, but for the vast network of friends and connections that he made here he would never have been able to escape China at that time, come here to the United States and eventually settle in Hawaii to raise his family. I never knew my grandfather. If he had lived, he would have seen his children grow up, one to be a nurse, another an architect, a teacher, a social worker, a scientist. He would have had a chance to see his daughter, my mom, become that nurse and then be able to raise her children in this land of incredible freedom and opportunity. And I like to think that today he would have been proud of his granddaughter, me. And I think he would be smiling this huge smile to know that I'm back here in Ohio, back here in Ohio State, back here where for him it all began. So the real reason then that we came back to Ohio after all these years was in some way to give back, to give back to this incredible public institution who so many years ago gave a young Chinese man who was without wealth, without connections, gave him the opportunity to study here to earn a degree. He was made to feel welcome. He made friendships and relationships that many, many years later would make all the difference in the world to him, my family, and of course me. Because of Ohio State, everything became possible. I cannot thank this public institution more. I thank you for taking these moments to listen to my story. Thank you.


So in this video I'll show you how you can add a follow button to your LinkedIn profile. So the follow button replaces the usual connect button that is displayed at the top of your profile. Why would you want a follow button? Well first of all let's look at the difference between following and connecting on LinkedIn. If you follow somebody then you get to see their content so you get to see their posts in your newsfeed. Whereas if you connect with somebody not only do you get to see their posts but you can also message them and they can message you and you both get to see each other's content. So here's how to add a follow button. So you need to go to settings so let's go to the profile icon on the menu bar at the top. Click on that. Drop down to settings and privacy and then you need to go to visibility on the left hand side. Click on that and then scroll to the bottom of the page and then you'll see followers and then if we click on that you want to ensure that everybody on LinkedIn can follow you and then you want to enable the follow button like that and then once you've done that that will replace the connect button. Why would you want to add a follow button? Well I think if content visibility of your content is more important than making connections then that is probably the main reason why you would want to go down the following route. So that's how to add a follow button to your LinkedIn profile. Thank you for watching and if you'd like to learn more skills by watching short videos please subscribe to our channel here on YouTube and if you'd like to continue your learning journey with NILC please visit us at nilc.co.uk. See you next time.


Don any further discussion I just had two things that I was curious about the warrants and the amended resolution those were in the consent agenda right this would be when I would mention those yes go ahead uh first I mentioned it earlier but there is a lot of money available from the clean water state revolving fund if you have specific designated growth areas in the town that need any kind of water and sewer but specifically sewer I was thinking like maybe the um 40 for now I might qualify for one of those so I just mentioned that the other thing was I had two questions about the warrants what is a velocitire and what is a rocket tower I had no idea what those were Kendall I'm probably not going to be able to get you an answer tonight but if I can touch base you um and find the the uh line number the amended number and get some more information I can try to track that down with the right staff perfect yeah I wasn't there's no problem I just was what are they thank you all right and um Kendall I don't know when you when you uh read the check warrants but if you can uh get those questions ahead of the meeting maybe okay get you an answer but I will so if I have questions on that I can just send that right to Greg ask Greg yes yeah yes please if you if you um yep okay oh thank you all right uh so we have a motion in a second right that was our discussion any further discussion okay all those in favor please say aye aye aye aye opposed okay consententent has approved a reading file any board member comments I do I would like to thank Greg Marguerite Tammy Tammy's daughter Blake Annie Cooper Essex best the view and whoever else was involved in the Juneteat celebration it was awesome you guys missed out big time except for the flying cat it was really wonderful it was a job well done I know a lot of work went into it and it was truly appreciated thank you thank you yeah congratulations anything else um I wanted to make a comment about that uh I saw this week in seven days that Paula de Michelle passed away June 2nd she used to come to a lot of our meetings she did move to South Burlington I believe in 2019 she was also very active in planning commission meetings was it economic development planning commission meetings yeah so was sad to see that very active in the community and I think that's all I wanted to say was there anything else all right Ethan are we ready you want to make a motion to go on an executive session yes yes okay move that the select board enter into executive session to discuss the proposed public official appointment in accordance with one BSA section 313A3 and to include the town manager and deputy manager second thank you Ethan thank you Tracy any further discussion close in favor please say aye aye aye aye opposed okay motion passes 5-0 do you need the next one now do we have two more two more oh Tracy's gonna have to do it Ethan try to try to I move the black board make the specific finding that premature general public knowledge of the town's position concerning ongoing contract negotiations and labor relations agreements with employees would place the town at a substantial disadvantage second thank you Tracy thank you Ethan any further discussion close in favor please say aye aye aye aye opposed okay motion passes 5-0 I move that the select board enter into executive executive session to discuss contracts and labor relations agreements with employees pursuant to one VSA 313A1A and one VSA 313A1B to include the town manager and deputy manager is that everybody okay thank you Tracy have a second okay thank you Ethan discussion we need to come back into session to make appointments but I don't think we need to make Scott stay that long so we will just rejoin the meeting online and but it won't be available on the on meeting TV feed to the final appointments correct so all right said that any other any other discussion it's like our videos frozen and I will send you to a breakout room and we'll see you upstairs


Especially in terms of pro-assessment and health-related quality of life assessment, there are not as many standards established as yet as it goes for other endpoints, for example mobility, mortality etc. So raising the awareness that we need standards and to make definitions and agreements on how to interpret these data will greatly help us in doing the assessment that we do. Well as I said, if we do an assessment we not only look at mortality, mobility and adverse events but health-related quality of life is by its own an endpoint of interest. So if we have standards which increase the quality of these data and the analysis that greatly helps us in doing the assessments as quality of life is a central part in our assessment and has ever been. The thing is if we have clear recommendation, we have clear standards that also we can apply to. We obviously have to refer to the state of the art of the evidence basements. So the better the standards are, the better that is for ourselves to have a guideline on how to do our projects and how to do our assessments. We believe that health-related quality of life data are very important to assess a drug from a patient perspective point of view, although a patient representative might argue on that better than I can. But we think that is really an aspect which has not been looked into in the past as much as was needed or as much as would have been deserved and we're happy that this initiative can provide or can can stress the importance of these endpoints and we're happy we can contribute to that as well.


Alright, so I've been seeing a lot of amazing skateboard art. Now one thing that I always thought of is what happens if you use that skateboard, you're just going to ruin it. So, you know, this is an opportunity for me to make some cool art and then show you how to protect the bottom of your skateboard with art resin. It's a really clear epoxy resin that just goes over and creates a thick coat and it's actually used on the bottom of boats, so it's super durable. It's a good way to protect it. I got this blank skateboard deck. I'm going to sand it slightly. I'm going to be using some inks and some acrylic paint and maybe a bit of spray paint. First step is I'm just kind of working through some designs. I just got a blank skateboard template sketching some ideas on there. So I think I'm going to go with this one. So that's my last name, Zach, and then I have this pretty woman on a guitar. Stuff all the stuff I like. That's what I'm going to do. I'm going to just draw it on the bottom of this, paint it, and make it look awesome. This resin, in order for it to get really hard, it takes a while to cure. So if you just let it sit overnight, it'll get hard and it'll feel like glass to your touch. But I just strongly suggest you wait at least three days before you actually use it and scrape across the bottom, just to make sure that it has the complete full cure and it's actually really, really hard. So it's very easy to use. You're just going to take the two parts. It comes with the resin and the hardener. You mix them together, just equal amounts, stir it up, and then just pour it over the board and just kind of spread it with a brush. Just make sure you cover all the areas. I have it lifted off of something, so that the extra drips will just fall and the skateboard won't actually get stuck. So I'm just going to kind of wipe in the resin into the edges, just to make it look really tidy. To get rid of all the bubbles, you can just kind of blow on it with your mouth and you'll see bubbles pop. Another method is you can run a torch over it and you'll see how the bubbles just disappear. All right, so then cover it with something so you don't want to get dust or hair in it. Let it sit overnight and we'll check it out tomorrow.


How can I use Art Resin over a curved surface? Now, if you want to Art Resin a curved surface, you don't have to worry about making it level. What you want to do is you can pour the Art Resin right on top of it, spread it around with gloved hands, maybe even spread it out with a foam brush. You might have to do multiple layers, but that just makes it more fun.


To make a time. Mr Speaker, in the face of unprecedented global headwinds, families, pensioners, businesses, teachers, nurses and many others are worried about the future. So today we deliver a plan to tackle the cost of living crisis and rebuild our economy. Our priorities are stability, growth and public services. We also protect the vulnerable because to be British is to be compassionate and this is a compassionate. We are not alone in facing these problems but today we respond to an international crisis with British values. We are honest about the challenges and we are fair in our solutions. Yes, we take difficult decisions to tackle inflation and keep mortgage rates down. But our plan also leads to a shallower downturn, lower energy bills, higher growth and a stronger NHS and education system. Priorities then today. Stability, growth and public services. I start with stability. High inflation is the enemy of stability. It means higher mortgage rates, more expensive food and fuel bills, businesses failing and unemployment rising. It erodes savings, causes industrial unrest and cuts funding for public services. It hurts the poorest the most and eats away at the trust upon which a strong society is built. The Office for Budget Responsibility confirms global factors are the primary cause of current inflation. Those countries are still dealing with a fallout from a once-in-a-century pandemic. The furlough scheme, the vaccine rollout and the response of the NHS did our country proud. All have to be paid for. The lasting impact on supply chains has made goods more expensive and fuelled inflation and this has been worsened by a made in Russia energy crisis. Putin's war in Ukraine has caused wholesale gas and electricity prices to rise to eight times their historic average. Inflation is high here but higher in Germany, the Netherlands and Italy. Interest rates have risen here but faster in the US, Canada and New Zealand. Growth forecasts have fallen here but fallen further in Germany. The International Monetary Fund expects one third of the world's economy to be in recession this year or next. The Bank of England, which has done an outstanding job since its independence, now has my whole-hearted support in its mission to defeat inflation, and I today confirm we will not change its remit. We need fiscal and monetary policy to work together, and that means the Government and the Bank working in lockstep. It means in particular giving the world confidence in our ability to pay our debts. British families make sacrifices every day to live within their means, and so too must their Government, because the United Kingdom will always pay its way. I understand the motivation of my predecessor's mini-budget, and he was correct to identify growth as a priority, but unfunded tax cuts are as risky as unfunded spending, which is why we reversed the planned measures. As a result, Government borrowing has fallen, the pound has strengthened, and the OBR says today that the lower interest rates generated by the Government's actions are already benefiting our economy and public finances. Credibility cannot be taken for granted, and yesterday's inflation figures show we must continue a relentless fight to bring it down, including a rock-solid commitment to rebuild our public finances. Richard Hughes and his team at the OBR today lay out starkly the impact of global headwinds on the UK economy, and I am enormously grateful to him and his team for their thorough work. The OBR forecast the UK's inflation rate to be 9.1% this year and 7.4% next year. They confirm that our actions today help inflation to fall sharply from the middle of next year. They also judge that the UK, like other countries, is now in recession. Overall, this year, the economy is still forecast to grow by 4.2%. GDP then falls in 2023 by 1.4% before rising by 1.3%, 2.6% and 2.7% in the following three years. The OBR says higher energy prices explain the majority of the downward revision in cumulative growth since March. They also expect a rise in unemployment from 3.6% today to 4.9% in 2024 before falling to 4.1%. Today's decisions mean that over the next five years, borrowing is more than halved. This year, we're forecast to borrow 7.1% of GDP or £177 billion. Next year, 5.5% of GDP or £140 billion. Then by 27.28% it falls to 2.4% of GDP or £69 billion. As a result, underlying debt as a percentage of GDP starts to fall from a peak of 97.6% in 2025, 6% to 97.3% in 27, 28%. I also confirm two new fiscal rules. The first is that underlying debt was fall as a percentage of GDP by the fifth year of a rolling five-year period. The second that public sector borrowing over the same period must be below 3% of GDP. The plan I'm announcing today meets both rules. Today's statement delivers a consolidation of £55 billion, and means inflation and interest rates end up significantly lower. We achieve this in a balanced way. In the short term, as growth slows and unemployment rises, we will use fiscal policy to support the economy. The OBR confirm that because of our plans, the recession is shallower and inflation is reduced. Unemployment is also lower, with about 70,000 jobs saved as a result of our decisions today. Then, once growth returns, we increase the pace of consolidation to get debt falling. This further reduces the pressure on the bank to raise interest rates, because as Conservatives we do not leave our debts to the next generation. This is a balanced path to stability, tackling inflation to reduce the cost of living and protect pensioner savings while supporting the economy on a path to growth. It means taking difficult decisions. Anyone who says that there are easy answers is not being straight with the British people. Some argue for spending cuts, but that would not be compatible with high-quality public services. Others say that savings should be found by increasing taxes, but Conservatives know that high tax economies damage enterprise and erode freedom. We want low taxes and sound money, but Conservatives know that sound money has to come first because inflation eats away at the pound in people's pockets even more insidiously than taxes. We are just under half of the £55 billion consolidation coming from tax and just over half from spending. This is a balanced plan for stability. I turn first to our decisions on tax. I have tried to be fair by following two broad principles. Firstly, it goes with more to contribute more. Secondly, we avoid the tax rises that damage growth. Although my decisions today do lead to a line rates of taxation and tax as a percentage of GDP will increase by just 1% over the next five years, I start with personal taxes. Asking more from those who have more means that the first difficult decision I take on tax is to reduce the threat of the rate of tax payable from £150,000 to £125,140. Those earning £150,000 or more will pay just over £1,200 more in tax every year. We are also taking difficult decisions on tax-free allowance and maintaining at current levels the income tax personal allowance, higher rate threshold, main national insurance thresholds, inheritance tax thresholds for a further two years, taking us to April 2028. Even after that, we will still have the most generous set of tax-free allowances of any G7 country. I am also reforming allowances on unearned income. The dividend allowance will be cut from £2,000 to £1,000 next year and then to £500 from April 24. The annual exempt amount for capital gains tax will be cut from £12,300 to £3,000 from April 24. These changes still leave us with more generous allowances than countries like Germany, Ireland and France. Because the OBR forecast half of all new vehicles will be electric by 2025, to make our motoring tax system fairer, I have decided that from then electric vehicles will no longer be exempt from vehicle excise duty. Company car tax rates will remain lower for electric vehicles and I have listened to industry bodies and will limit rate increases for three years for three years from 2025. The OBR expects housing activity to last two years, so the stamp duty cuts announced in the mini budget will remain in place but only until the 31st creating an incentive to support the housing market and the jobs associated with it by boosting transaction during the period the economy most needs it. I now turn to business taxes. While I have decided to freeze the employers near April 20, we will retain the employment allowance at its new higher level of £5,000. This means 40% of all businesses. That threshold is already more than twice as high as the EU and OECD averages. I will maintain it at that level until March 26. My right hon. Friend negotiated a landmark international tax deal to make sure multinational corporations, including big tech companies, pay the right tax in the countries they operate. I will implement these reforms, making sure that the UK gets our fair share. Alongside further measures to tackle tax avoidance and evasion, this will raise an additional £2.8 billion by 27.28 billion. I have also heard concerning reports of abuse and fraud in R&D tax relief for SMEs, so I have decided today to cut the deduction rate for the SME scheme to 86% and the credit rate to 10%, but increase the rate of the separate R&D expenditure credit from 13% to 20%. Despite raising revenue, the OBR have confirmed that these measures have no detrimental impact on the level of R&D investment in the economy. Ahead of the next budget, we will work with industry to understand what further support R&D intensive SMEs may require. Next, windfall taxes. I have no objection to windfall taxes if they are genuinely about windfall profits caused by unexpected increases in energy prices. I know the hon. and learned man's opposite of getting excited at the talk of windfall taxes. Can I just say that any such tax should be temporary, not deter investment, and recognise the cyclical nature of energy businesses? So, taking account of this, I have decided that from January 1 until March 28, we will increase the energy profits levy from 25% to 35%. The structure of our energy market also creates windfall profits for low-carbon electricity generation, so from January 1, we have decided to introduce a new temporary 45% levy on electricity generators. Together, these measures raise £14 billion next year. Finally, I turn to business rates. It is an important principle that bills should accurately reflect market values, so we will proceed with the revaluation of business properties from April 23, but I will soften the blow on businesses with a nearly £14 billion tax cut over the next five years. Nearly two-thirds of properties will not pay a penny more next year, and thousands of pubs, restaurants and small high street shops will benefit. This will include a new government-funded transitional relief scheme, as called for by the CBI, the British Retail Consortium, the Federation of Small Businesses and Others, benefiting around 700,000 businesses. Our plan for the cost of living delivers lower inflation, lower mortgage rates, a shallower downturn and lower unemployment, but it also involves public spending discipline, so I turn next to how we protect public services through a challenging period. The Prime Minister's vision for this country has at its heart a strong NHS and world-class education. We know that a strong economy depends on strong public services, so we will protect them as much as we can as we deliver our plan for stability and growth. We do have to take difficult decisions on public finances, so we are going to grow public spending, but we are going to grow it more slowly than the growth in the economy. For the remaining two years of the spending review, we will protect the increases in departmental budgets we have already set out in cash terms and then grow resource spending at 1% a year in real terms in the three years that follow. Although departments will have to make efficiencies to deal with inflationary pressures in the next two years, this decision means overall spending in public services will continue to rise in real terms for the next five years. Before I turn to our plan for schools and the NHS, I start with two other areas of spending. The Department for Work and Pensions has a critical role in supporting people into work, and I am proud to live in a country with one of the most comprehensive safety nets anywhere in the world. I am also concerned that we have seen a sharp increase in economically inactive working age adults of around 630,000 people since the start of the pandemic. Employment levels have yet to return to pre-pandemic levels, which is bad for businesses who cannot fuel vacancies and bad for people missing out on the opportunity to do well for themselves and their families. The Prime Minister has asked the Work and Pensions Secretary to do a thorough review of issues holding back workforce participation to conclude early in the new year. Alongside this, I am also committed to helping people already in work to raise their incomes, progress in work and become financially independent. We will ask over 600,000 more people on universal credit to meet with a work coach so that they can get the support they need to increase their hours for earnings. I have also decided to move back the managed transition of people from employment and support allowance on to universal credits to 2028, and I will invest an extra £280 million in DWP to crack down on benefit fraud and error over the next two years. The Government's review of the state pension age will also be published in early 2023. Our security at home depends on our security overseas, so I turn next to defence and other international commitments. The privilege of being this country's foreign secretary showed me first hand the enormous respect in which this country is held, because the United Kingdom is and has always been a force for good in the world. Nothing sums that up more than the courage of our armed forces, men and women who risk their lives every day in defence of our territory and our belief in freedom. Alongside them, I salute the citizens of another country right on the front line of that fight today, the brave people of Ukraine. The United Kingdom has given their military support worth £2.3 billion since the start of Putin's invasion, the second highest contribution in the world after the United States, which demonstrates that our commitment to democracy and open societies remains steadfast. In that context, the Prime Minister and I both recognise the need to increase defence spending, but before we make that commitment it's necessary to revise and update the integrated review written as it was before the Ukraine invasion. I've asked for that vital work to be completed ahead of the next budget and to today confirm we will continue to maintain the defence budget at least 2% of GDP to be consistent with our NATO commitment. Another important international commitment is to overseas aid. The OBR's forecast show a significant shock to public finances so it won't be possible to return to the 0.7% target until the fiscal situation allows. We remain fully committed to that target and the plans that I've set out today assume that odour spending will remain around 0.5% for the forecast period. As a percentage of GNI, we were the third highest donor in the G7 last year and I am proud our aid commitment to save thousands of lives around the world. So I look forward to working closely with my right honourable friend, the member for Sutton-Colefield, now rightly back in his place in Cabinet to make sure we continue to play a leadership role in tackling global poverty. The United Kingdom has also been a global leader on climate change, cutting emissions by more than any other G20 country. But with the existential vulnerability we face, now would be the wrong time to step back from our international climate responsibilities. So I also confirm that despite the economic pressures, we remain fully committed to the historic Glasgow climate pact agreed at COP26, including a 68% reduction in our own emissions by 2030. I turn to education. Mr Speaker, being pro-education is being pro-growth. But providing our children with a good education is not just an economic mission, it's a moral mission, one to which my right honourable friend, the Prime Minister, has always been deeply committed. Thanks to the efforts of successive Conservative education secretaries, particularly my right honourable friends from Surrey Heath and from Bognor Regis, we have risen nine places in the global league tables for maths and reading in the last seven years. I still, however, have concerns that not all school leavers get the skills they need for a modern economy. But for the first time ever, this country has a Conservative education secretary who left school at 16 to become an apprentice and knows firsthand why good skills matter. There are many important initiatives in place, but as Chancellor, I want to know the answer to one simple question. Will every young person leave the education system with the skills they would get in Japan, Germany or Switzerland? I have appointed Sir Michael Barber to advise me and my right honourable friend the education secretary on the implementation of our skills reform programme. As we raise the skill levels of our school leavers, I want also to ensure that even in an economic crisis, the improvement in school standards continues to accelerate. Some have suggested putting VAT on independent school fees as a way of increasing core funding for schools, which would raise about £1.7 billion. But according to certain estimates, that would result in up to 90,000 children from the independent sector switching to state schools, giving with one hand only to take away with another. So instead of being ideological, I am going to be practical. Because we want school standards to continue to rise for every single child, we are going to do more than protect the school's budget. I can announce today that next year and the year after, we will invest an extra £2.3 billion in our schools. Our message to heads and teachers and class for your brilliant work, we need it to continue and in difficult economic circumstances, a Conservative Government is investing more in the public service that defines all our... Mr Speaker, the service we depend on more than any other is the NHS. As a former health secretary, I know how hard people are working on the front line and how much they are struggling after the pandemic. The biggest issues are workforce shortages and pressures in the social care sector, so today I address them both. On staff shortages, the former chair of the health and social care select committee put forward a case for a long-term workforce plan. He even wrote a book about it, which I have read. I have listened carefully to his proposals, and I believe they have merit. The Department of Health and Social Care and the NHS will publish an independently verified plan for the number of doctors, nurses and other professionals we will need in five, 10 and 15 years' time, taking full account of the need for better retention and productivity improvements. I have also listened to extensive representations about the challenges facing the social care sector. It did a heroic job looking after children, disabled adults and older people during the pandemic. It is 1.6 million employees work incredibly hard, but even outside the pandemic, the increasing number of over 80s is putting massive pressure on their services. I also heard very real concerns from local authorities, particularly about their ability to deliver the Dilnot reforms immediately. I will delay the implementation of this important reform for two years, allocating the funding to allow local authorities to provide more care packages. I also want the social care system to help free up some of the 13,500 hospital beds that are occupied by those who should be at home. I have decided to allocate for adult social care additional grant funding of £1 billion next year and £1.7 billion the year after. Combined with savings from the delayed Dilnot reforms and more council tax flexibilities, this means an increase in funding available for the social care sector of up to £2.8 billion next year and £4.7 billion the year after. That is a big increase, but how we look after our most vulnerable citizens is not just a practical issue, it speaks to our values as a society. Today's decision will allow the social care system to deliver an estimated 200,000 more care packages over the next two years, the biggest increase in funding under any government of any colour in history. The NHS budget has been increased to record levels to deal with the pandemic, and today I'm asking the NHS to join all public services in tackling waste and inefficiency. We want Scandinavian quality alongside Singaporeian inefficiency, both better outcomes for citizens and better value for taxpayers. That does not mean asking people on the front line, often exhausted and burned out to work harder, which would not be possible or fair, but it does mean asking challenging questions about how to reform all our public services for the better. So, with respect to the NHS, I've asked former health secretary and chair of the Norfolk and Waveney integrated care system, Patricia Hewitt, to help me and the health secretary achieve that by advising us on how to make sure the new integrated care boards, the local NHS bodies, operate efficiently and with appropriate autonomy and accountability. I've also had discussions with NHS England about the inflationary pressures on their budgets. I recognise that efficiency savings alone will not be enough to deliver the services we all need. So, because of difficult decisions taken elsewhere today, I will increase the NHS budget in each of the next two years by £3.3 billion. The chief executive of the NHS, Amanda Pritchard, has said that this should provide sufficient funding for the NHS to fulfil its key priorities. She said it shows the government is serious about its commitment to prioritise our NHS. £3.3 billion for the NHS, £4.7 billion for social care, a record £8 billion package for our health and care system. That is a Conservative government putting the NHS first. The NHS in schools in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland face equivalent pressures, so the barnic consequentials of today's decisions mean an extra £1.5 billion for the Scottish government, £1.2 billion for the Welsh government, £650 million for the Northern Ireland Executive. That is more resources for the schools and hospitals in our devolved nations next year, the year after and every year thereafter. Mr Speaker, our support for public services means that despite needing to find £55 billion in savings and tax rises, we are protecting the amount going into public services in real terms over the five-year period. But if we are going to sustain our public services and avoid a doom loop of ever-higher taxes and ever-lower dynamism, we need economic growth. I now turn—well, they have never been interested in growth, but we on this side—I want to get to the end of the budget statement like the rest of the people of this country. The Chancellor of the Exchequer. Let's start with a difficult message for the party. You cannot borrow your way to growth. Sound money is the rock upon which long-term prosperity rests, but it isn't enough on its own. Our plan is designed to build a high-wage, high-skill economy that leads to long-term prosperity. In his May's lecture, my right honourable friend the Prime Minister identified the keys to doing this—people, capital and ideas. Today's increase in the education budget demonstrates our commitment to people and skills. I now outline three further growth priorities—energy, infrastructure and innovation. Cheap, low-carbon, reliable energy must sit at the heart of any modern economy, but Putin's weaponisation of international gas prices has helped to drive the cost of our national energy consumption right up. This year we will be spending an extra £150 billion on energy compared to pre-pandemic levels, equivalent to paying for an entire second NHS through our energy bills. In 2019, a third of global emissions came from energy supply, so unless we act radically to change our approach, we will both bankrupt our economy and harm our planet. Over the long term, there is only one way to stop ourselves being at the mercy of international gas prices—energy independence combined with energy efficiency. Energy independence, so neither Putin nor anyone else can use energy to blackmail us and energy efficiency to reduce demand and climate impact as much as possible. Britain is a global leader in renewable energy. Last year, nearly 40% of our electricity came from offshore wind, solar and other renewables. Since 2010, our renewable energy production has grown faster than any other large country in Europe. We need to go even further, with a major acceleration of homegrown technologies such as offshore wind, carbon capture and storage, and above all, nuclear. This will deliver new jobs, industries and export opportunities and secure the clean, affordable energy we need to power our future economy and reach net zero. So today I can announce that the Government will proceed with a new nuclear power plant at Sizwell Sea. Subject to final Government approvals, the contracts for the initial investment will be signed with relevant parties, including EDF, in the coming weeks. This will create 10,000 highly skilled jobs and provide reliable low-carbon power to the equivalent of 6 million homes for 50 years. Our £700 million investment is the first state backing for a nuclear project in over 30 years and represents the biggest step in our journey to energy independence. But energy efficiency is just as important. So today we set our country a new national ambition. By 2030, we want to reduce energy consumption from buildings and industry by 15%. Reducing demand by this much means in today's prices a £28 billion saving from our national energy bill, or £450 off the average household bill. This must be a shared mission with families and businesses playing their part, but so will the Government play our part. In this Parliament, we are already planning to invest in energy efficiency a total of £6.6 billion. Today I am announcing new funding from 2025 of a further £6 billion, doubling our annual investment to deliver this new national ambition. Our commitments to the British people is over time to remove the single biggest driver of inflation and volatility facing British businesses and consumers. My right hon. Friend the Business and Energy Secretary will publish further details on our energy independence plans and launch a new energy efficiency task force shortly. If a modern economy needs secure, clean and affordable energy, it also needs good roads, rail, broadband and 5G infrastructure. Such connections matter because they allow wealth and opportunity to spread to every corner of the country, and that is why infrastructure is our second growth priority. Thanks to decisions by this Conservative Government, right now workers right across the country are building or maintaining thousands of miles of roads and railways, installing mobile masks and broadband cables to connect the remotest parts of rural Britain, building and repairing hospitals and constructing new wind turbines in the North Sea. When looking for cuts, capital is sometimes seen as an easy option, but doing so limits not our budgets but our future. So today I can announce that I am not cutting a penny from our capital budgets in the next two years and maintaining them at that level in cash terms for the following three years. That means that although we are not growing our capital budget as planned, it will still increase from £63 billion four years ago to £114 billion next year, £115 billion the year after, and remain at that level more than double what it was under the last Labour Government. Smart countries build on their long-term commitments rather than discard them. So today I confirm that because of this decision, alongside Sizewell C, we will deliver the Core Northern Powerhouse Rail, HS2 to Manchester and East West Rail, and the new hospitals programme, and gigabit broadband rollout. All these and more will be funded as promised, with over £600 billion of investment over the next five years to connect our country and grow our economy. Our national Conservative mission is to level up economic opportunity across the country, and that too needs investment in infrastructure. So I will also proceed with round 2 of the levelling up fund at least matching the £1.7 billion value of round 1. We will also drive growth across the UK by working with the Scottish Government on the feasibility study for the A75, supporting the advanced technology research centre in Wales and funding a trade and investment event in Northern Ireland next year. To unlock growth right across the country, we need to make it easier for local leaders to make things happen without banging on a white hall door. Our brilliant mayors like Andy Street and Ben Houchen have shown the power of civic entrepreneurship. We need more of this inspirational local leadership. So today I can announce a new devolution deal that will bring an elected mayor to Suffolk and deals to bring mayors to Cornwall, Norfolk and an area in the northeast to follow shortly. We are also making progress towards trailblazer devolution deals with the Greater Manchester Combined Authority and West Midlands Combined Authority, and soon over half of England will be covered by devolution deals. Taken together, that £600 billion investment in our future growth represents the largest investment in public works for 40 years, so our children and grandchildren can be confident that this Conservative Government is investing in their future. Energy and infrastructure, and now our third growth priority, innovation. Mr Speaker, we have a national genius for innovation. Britain is the land of Newton, Darwin, Fleming, Faraday, Franklin, Gilbert and Berners-Lee, the home of three of the world's top 10 universities, the country with the largest life science and technology sectors in Europe. Thanks to successive Conservative Governments, we remain a science superpower, and I salute the work of the former Chancellor George Osborne, my right honourable friend from Tumbridge Wells and my honourable friend, the Science Minister, a member for Mid Norfolk, for laying the vital foundations to make this possible. 21st century economies will be defined by new developments in artificial intelligence, quantum technologies and robotics, but we need to be better at turning world-class innovation into world-class companies. So as a former entrepreneur—I had to get that in somewhere—I want to combine our technology and science brilliance with our formidable financial services to turn Britain into the world's next silicon valley. We learned from the success of Nigel Lawson's Big Bang in 1986 that smart regulatory reform can spur investment from all over the world. So today, using our Brexit freedoms, I confirm the next steps in our supply side transformation. By the end of next year, we will decide and announce changes to EU regulations in our five growth industries—digital, life sciences, green industries, financial services and advanced manufacturing. I've asked the chief scientific officer, Sir Patrick Vallance, who did such a brilliant job in the pandemic, to lead our work on how to do this. The second lesson of Nigel Lawson's Big Bang is that the most important driver of global success is not tax subsidies but competition. So we will legislate to give the digital markets unit new powers to challenge monopolies and increase the competitive pressure to innovate. To further spur competition, I've listened to requests from businesses and today I'm removing import tariffs on over 100 goods used by UK businesses in their production processes from car seat parts to bicycle frames. I'll also change our approach to investment zones, which will now focus on leveraging our research strengths by being centred on universities in left-behind areas to help build clusters for our new growth industries. My right hon. Friend, the levelling up secretary will work with mayors, devolved administrations and local partners to achieve this with the first decisions announced ahead of the spring budget. I've heard some speculation that we might cut the research and development budget today, but I believe that that would be a profound mistake. In our 2017 manifesto, we announced a target to invest 2.4% of our GDP in R&D, and the latest ONS data suggests the UK is close to meeting that target. I want to go further, so today I protect our entire research budget and confirm that we'll increase public funding for R&D to 20 billion by 2024-25 as part of our mission to make the United Kingdom a science superpower. Finally, Nigel Lawson's Big Bang inspires us today, but nearly 40 years on, we must stay true to its mission to make the UK the world's most innovative and competitive global financial centre. To further support investment across our economy, I also announced that we're publishing our decision on Solvency 2, which will unlock tens of billions of pounds of investment for our growth-enhancing industries. Three priorities for growth, energy security, investment in infrastructure and a plan to turn the United Kingdom into the world's next Silicon Valley, transforming British intellectual genius into British commercial success. Alongside British genius, we must remember another great national quality, British compassion. So this final part of our plan protects the most vulnerable, and it's to that I now turn. Mr Speaker, strong public finances aren't just to make accountants happy. It's because we took difficult decisions in 2010 that we could afford record funding increases for the NHS, the landmark furlough scheme and now the energy price guarantee. Today the discipline that we've shown means we can provide targeted support to help our most vulnerable citizens with the cost of living. One of the biggest worries for families is energy bills, and I pay tribute to my predecessor, the right hon. Member for Spellthorn, and the former Prime Minister, the right hon. Member for South West Norfolk, for their leadership in this area. This winter we will stick with their plan to spend £55 billion to help households and businesses with their energy bills, one of the largest support plans in Europe. From April we'll continue the energy price guarantee for a further 12 months at a higher level of £3,000 per year for the average household, with prices forecast to remain elevated throughout next year. This will mean an average of £500 support for every household in the country. At the same time for the most vulnerable, we'll introduce additional cost of living payments next year of £900 to households on mean tested benefits, £300 to pensioner households and £150 for individuals on disability benefit. We'll also provide an additional £1 billion of funding to enable a further 12 month extension to the household support fund, helping local authorities to assist those who might otherwise fall through the cracks. For those households who use alternative fuels such as heating oil and LPG to heat their homes, I'm today doubling the amount of support from £100 to £200, which will be delivered as soon as possible this winter. Before the end of the year, we'll also bring forward a new targeted approach to support businesses from next April. But I want to go further to support people most exposed to high inflation. Around 4 million families live in the social rented sector, almost one-fifth of households in England. Their rents are set at 1% above the September inflation rate, which means that, on current plans, they're set to see rent hikes next year of up to 11%. For many, that would just be unaffordable. So today I can announce that this Government will cap the increase in social rents to a maximum of 7% in 2023-24, compared to current plans that is a saving for the average tenant of £200 next year. This Government introduced, I thought they cared about the most vulnerable. This Government introduced the national living wage, which has been a giant step in eliminating low pay. So today I'm accepting the recommendation of the Low Pay Commission to increase it next year by 9.7%. That means from April 23, the hourly rate will be £10.42, which represents an annual pay rise worth over £1,600 to a full-time worker. It's expected to benefit over £2 million of the lowest paid workers in our country and keeps us on track for our target to reach two thirds of media earnings by 2024. It is the largest increase in the UK's national living wage ever. Mr Speaker, there have also been some representations to keep the uplift to working age and disability benefits below the level of inflation, given the financial constraints we face. But that would not be consistent with our commitments to protect the most vulnerable. So today I also commit to upgrade such benefits by inflation with an increase of 10.1%. That is an expensive commitment costing £11 billion, but it means 10 million working-age families will see a much needed increase next year, which speaks to our priorities as a Government and our priorities as a nation. On average, a family on universal credit will benefit next year by around £600 and to increase the number of households who can benefit from this decision are also exceptionally increased the benefit cap with inflation next year. Finally, Mr Speaker, I've talked a lot about British values of compassion, hard work, dignity, fairness. There is no more British value than our commitment to protect and honour those who built the country we live in. So to support the poorest pensioners, I've decided to increase the pension credit by 10.1%, which is worth up to £1,470 for a couple of £960 for a single pensioner on our most vulnerable households. But the cost of living crisis is harming not just our poorest pensioners, but all pensioners. So because we've taken difficult decisions elsewhere today, I can also announce that we will fulfil our pledge to the country to protect the pension's triple lock. In April, the state pension will increase in line with inflation, an £870 increase, which represents the biggest ever increase in the state pension, and to the millions of pensioners who will benefit from this measure, I say now and always this government is on your side. Mr Speaker, there is a global energy crisis, a global inflation crisis and a global economic crisis, but the British people are tough, inventive and resourceful. We have risen to bigger challenges before. We aren't immune to these headwinds, but with this plan for stability, growth and public services, we will face into the storm. There may be a recession made in Russia, but there is a recovery made in Britain. We commit to our plan today with British resilience and British compassion. Because of the difficult decisions we take today, we strengthen our public finances, bring down inflation, protect jobs. We build the first state-backed nuclear power station for 30 years. We continue the biggest programme of capital investment for 40 years.  We protect workers with the biggest ever increase in the national living wage, and our pensioners on the triple lock with the biggest ever increase in the state pension. This is a balanced plan for stability, a plan for growth and a plan for public services. It shows that you don't need to choose either a strong economy or good public services with Conservatives and only with Conservatives you get both. I commend this statement to the House.


My name is Christina Rombita-Stilbriel, I'm from the Rockefeller Foundation. I just facilitated a panel on engaging the private sector in supporting local adaptation. One of the main messages that came out of this session is not whether we need to engage the private sector in supporting local adaptation, but really that that's a necessity and we need to think harder on how to do that. How to use the skills, expertise, access, influence of the private sector to support broader adaptation. And that there are multiple roles that the public sector, NGOs, civil society, donors and others can provide in terms of getting the private sector to work for adaptation, in particular to reach the poorest and most vulnerable. I think there was a really interesting question on how do we make sure that the poorest are reached through these private sector mechanisms and examples that were discussed by the panelists and some associated questions around, well, how are the rights of these communities protected? How do you ensure that they get good quality services and inputs and products in especially particularly vulnerable or marginalized groups? And if we're talking about very remote or not market-connected areas, how do we reach them? How do we extend the services, meet a insurance services or market-based value chains? How do you make sure they get to some of the poorest communities? And there were a lot of good answers in terms of how to do that. A lot of it is around supporting farmer organizations and user groups and empowering them to ensure that quality is maintained, give them voice, strengthen their capacity to negotiate and bargain with private sector entities. And then also recognize that farmers, input providers are also private sector actors and so we need to strengthen their abilities, their access to finance and the like. I think there's divergence in terms of how much faith different people have in the private sector to support adaptation. I think for some it's a marginal activity at best and really confined to CSR types of engagements or the private sector, you know, climate-proofing their own footprints and their own business operations but not really extending beyond that to communities. And then I think there's another camp that thinks that engaging private sector and market-based mechanisms for adaptation are an important route to scale and to scale up action and really argue that we need to be engaging more of these entities to support adaptation. I think they're both right and have an element of truth to them and so this is a tricky subject that needs more work to negotiate. One of the key advocates he asks is to really require private sector entities to dedicate funding to adaptation and climate-risk management and investing in resilience. Several countries have laws that require certain environmental investments or civil society investments above a certain profit level or certain percentage. So how can we scale that up and make sure that some of those funds are used to support climate adaptation.


So, just basically what the filter is, it is a block of the ESP block which is designed to pass only certain frequencies. It can be low pass, high pass, bend pass or completely custom and typically used to filter out some noise on a useful signal. In this case, if we use low pass filter and if the signal looks like this, the output will be like this. And then if you do it the same in the frequency domain in the low pass filter will cut all these above frequencies and it shall be zero. So again, if we take the third filter, finite impulse response filter, we take the mathematics, I think I've covered this already. So what you need to do is to multiply and accumulate many, many times to get your result. So the basic benchmark of DSP is how many operations of multiple and accumulated MAC operations it can do in one second. There are several techniques how to develop the filters. This is an example how to create or how to make this analog filter equivalent in digital domain. So if you got such filter in analog domain, it's a second filter, active filter with op-amp, you can do the same with a set of delays and multipliers and additions. So again, multiplication and addition. So another filter, another example, but again we come to the MAC operation. This is more to compare the filter and air filter, but we will have a demo later on.


Hey everyone, it's Gabrielle. I'm over here today at Oxmore Toyota So you guys as you can see I have three beautiful trucks here behind me, but you guys they're not just ordinary trucks These are TRD pros So we are the only dealer within 300 miles that have three TRD pro trucks in stock So you guys I want to take a minute and show you some of the features and I just show them off So let's go. All right guys, so on the dichoma. I'm gonna show the dichoma first So you're gonna see that really aggressive front now Exclusive to the dichoma TRD pro is the LED headlights and it's housing the the pro logo right here So that is exclusive to this trim Now you do have the rigid LED fog lights You have those I believe 16-inch TRD black alloy pro wheels and also I wanted to show the skid plate real quick You have that TRD pro skid plate down there So the vehicle has a 3.5 liter v6. It's the direct injection engine There's also a crawl control on these It's 6,800 pound towing capacity or the payload capacity up to 1,440 pounds So you have the multi-train select. There is like hill start Assist you have the multi-train monitor as well. So that's gonna like let you check your immediate surroundings All right guys, so you are gonna have things like Apple CarPlay Android Auto There's a 360 degree panoramic view monitor for a camera Now you do have the multi-information display, which is above that steering wheel There's a power rear window and now it also is going to have Toyota Safety Sense P So that comes with pre-collision pre-collision system with pedestrian detection You have that dynamic radar cruise control. It has a lane departure alert And then it also has the automatic high beams. Now you do have that leather interior On the seating you have a 10-way power seat. So it's gonna be really comfortable All right guys, let's talk a little bit about the tundra that we have back here So this is the TRD tundra pro now this is the crew max so it has a 5.7 v8 engine Now you do have those rigid LED fog lights so This one has the TRD pro skid plate as well down there You're going to have 18 inch forged BBS wheels with the five spoke satin black Wheel locks and the lug nuts as well So this vehicle has a TRD tuned Fox suspension if you look back here, you will be able to see that Now you also have the black door Handles and the window trim is also blacked out. So the vehicle in the interior you have a sunroof You have a leather trim seating. There's the TRD pro logo stitch on those seats There's also the TRD leather an aluminum gear shifter Now you're gonna have a backup camera You've got blind spot monitoring with the rear cross traffic alert now this truck has eight airbags So it's extremely safe You're gonna have Apple CarPlay Android Auto There is a 4.2 inch Multi-information display over there by the steering wheel and then I believe the interior There's an 8 inch touchscreen with the navigation All right guys, so moving on to the back.  So one on the left one on the right All right, everyone, I hope you enjoyed this little walk around now these trucks just got here They literally just got here today. I was trying to get them all ready for you so I could shoot this video now with these vehicles They typically have a turnaround date around two to three days. So they are not going to last very long So if you all are interested, I would come on out here right now leave work Do whatever you have to do. I'm just you know come on out and take a look If you guys have any questions, we'll let us know all of our contact information listed right there Thanks to you all for watching. I will see you all soon. Bye guys


So what happens if one of our boundary curves is not the x-axis? So for example, as opposed to we want to find the area between the graph of y equals 2x plus 3 and y equals x squared minus 2x minus 2. So again, we'll begin by graphing these two and we see we do have a top, the line, the bottom, the parabola, and our left and right are going to be determined by the intersection point. And so we locate the intersection points which will have the same y values. So y has to equal y, but equals means replaceable. So y is x squared minus 2x minus 2 and y is also 2x plus 3. So we solve. And remember the differential variable is controlling. Everything has to be expressed in terms of whatever the differential variable is. So we'll jump about half a minute into the future and see what our differential variable will be. Some, the areas of those rectangles.  You'll say, sorry to interrupt, but I just need to check on the differential variable. Wait a minute. I could say something different, you know. Well, you could, but I'd know about it because I would have said it. Oh right, time travel. Sorry to interrupt, but I just need to check on the differential variable. Yep, it's dx. So back to my own time. So thanks for our handy time machine. We know that we only need to worry about the x values. So we don't actually need the y-coordinates, so we won't compute them. But again, if it's not written down, it didn't happen. Let's go ahead and label the beginning and ending with those x values. And we'll draw our representative rectangle. And here we see the top is on the line y equals 2x plus 3. The bottom is on the parabola y equals x squared minus 2x minus 2. And so the height, top, minus bottom. The width is dx. And so the rectangles will have area negative x squared plus 4x plus 5 dx. And we'll sum the areas of those rectangles.  You'll say, sorry to interrupt, but I just need to check on the differential variable. Wait a minute, I could say something different, you know. Well, you could, but I'd know about it because I would have said it. Oh right, time travel. Sorry to interrupt, but I just need to check on the differential variable. Yep, it's dx. So back to my own time. You know, I wish I could remember to ask about stock tips. Anyway, where were we? Oh, right. So we can sum the areas of the rectangles from where we start at x equals negative 1 up to where we end at x equals 5. We'll anti-differentiate and then evaluate. Or maybe let's find the area between the graphs of y equals x cubed minus x squared plus 3x and y equals 5x. Now, since every other problem of this type began with graphing, we'll do something completely different. Wait, no, that's not a good idea. Let's go ahead and graph and find the intersection points. So again, where the graphs intersect, the y values are equal, but equals means replaceable. We know that y is equal to x cubed minus x squared plus 3x and y is equal to 5x. So we replace and solve and we get solutions 0, 2, and negative 1. So notice that the area of interest actually consists of two regions. Now in the first region, we draw our representative rectangle and we see that it has a top on y equals x cubed minus x squared plus 3x, a bottom on y equals 5x and a height top minus bottom. The width is a tiny portion of the x-axis, dx. So the rectangles will have area x cubed plus x squared minus 2x times dx and we'll sum the areas of these rectangles from x equals negative 1 to x equals 0. We also have this second region. So again, if we draw our representative rectangle, we see the top is on the line y equals 5x. The bottom is on the line y equals x cubed minus x squared plus 3x and the height top minus bottom negative x cubed plus x squared plus 2x. The width is a tiny portion of the x-axis, dx, and so the rectangles will have area negative x cubed plus x squared plus 2x times dx. And again, we'll sum the areas of these rectangles from x equals 0 up to x equals 2. We'll anti-differentiate, we'll evaluate, and we'll sum to find the area.


Y Llywodraeth Cymru hwnnw, Mike Rumbles. To ask the Scottish Government what its response is to figures showing the average income of commercial farms decreased by 48 per cent in 2015 to 2016. Cabinet Secretary, furt is doing. Presiding Officer, I agree with Mr Rumbles that, although those reductions were not unexpected, they were still disappointing. As a fundamental part of the rural economy, it is important that agriculture performs well. There are a range of complex reasons behind the decline in farming incomes, primarily the lower revenues received for crops and livestock. Finding solutions to all of this is key, which is why we have appointed four industry champions to explore all the issues and take forward our vision for agriculture. They will also have a role to play in the working group currently being set up, as per Mr Rumbles' amendment in the debate on farming earlier this year, which will consider principles and policy for future rural support. One bright spot in those figures is that costs also fell and that shows that our farmers and crofters are working hard to improve their efficiency. This Government will continue to support them to do that and to help to diversify income streams as well. Mike Rumbles, those are catastrophic figures and they are compounded by the Scottish Government's continuing failure to deliver farm payments on time. The average farm business income in this survey was just £12,500, which included support payments of £38,000, with a third of businesses making a loss. Just and half of farm businesses have had this year's payments processed by the Scottish Government so far. This should all have been done by December. On taking over ministerial responsibility for those shambles almost a year ago, the minister said that getting this right was his number one priority. Does he accept responsibility for the continued failure to deliver what is due to our farmers? I accept the responsibility that befalls in my portfolio, however, as Mr Rumbles knows or should know, and as I have already explained, the reduction in net farm business income arose primarily because of lower prices. That is simply a fact, but what is also a fact and should be made clear is that the CAP payments, the timing thereof, does not impact on these net farm business income figures. If Mr Rumbles was seeking to imply that it did, then I am afraid that that is incorrect. The payment window for this year's pillar one payments, of course, takes us to June, to next month. I can assure Mr Rumbles and all members that terrific efforts are being made in order to achieve those targets this year, and indeed a deal of progress is being made. Of course, I regularly report to the Rural Committee of this Parliament to answer questions on those matters, but I share the headline concern of all members about the reduction in net farm business incomes. What they show above else in conclusion is the absolute essential nature of the EU financial support payments to farmers and crofters, and I hope that that is a point around which we can all agree. Mike Rumbles, we cannot have sloping shoulders here. The NFU said on Thursday that the viability, let alone profitability of every Scottish farming business, relies on three cogs working together—costs, markets and government support. It concluded that these are conspiring to threaten the very existence of many farms, and I would have thought that the cabinet secretary would agree with me that this is a crisis. I could just say that, to date, less than half our farm businesses have had their payments processed. How confident is he—he mentioned the June figure, the June date—how confident is he—with only half done that they will reach the 95 per cent of payments before the end of June, before the European Union takes out infraction proceedings against the Government? Are farmers need this support money and it is not forthcoming? Of course, Mr Rumbles is well aware that these are extremely serious matters and one that I take absolutely thus. It is reasonable to point out, however, something that he has omitted, namely that precisely because of the difficulties in the administration of those payments, there has been loan schemes issued to farmers last year in respect of ELFAS and in respect of pillar 1 this year and ELFAS this year. Those loan payments have been substantially appreciated by great many farmers that I speak to. In response to his second question, we are working extremely hard to ensure that payments of pillar 1 are substantially made in accordance with the timescale that is set out. I am quite sure that the rule committee, who deals with the detail of the matter, will have the opportunity to ask me about the matter in the next few weeks. From his earlier response, it appears to me that the cabinet secretary agrees with me that the biggest risk to farming incomes as this research makes plain is Brexit and the loss of EU funding. Can he advise what guarantees he has had from the Tories at Westminster on future funding for Scottish farming and has he had any success at persuading them to keep their promise to address the convergence issues? The biggest risk of all to farmers in the future is that the EU support is not matched post Brexit according to the UK's plans. I regret to report to the member that, despite having asked orally in writing and in person UK ministers George Eustace and Andrea Ledzim on numerous occasions to confirm that the UK Government's plans are post-Brexit to match EU funding worth to the rural economy £500 million a year. I have had no answer whatsoever on that matter, despite the fact that there are, by my calculations, less than 24 months to go before the onset of the post-Brexit responsibilities. We are completely in the dark about that, because, although EU funding is entirely a reserved matter, we have received zero information from the UK Government on what their plans are post-Brexit to support farming and rural payments. On the second point that she raises, which is about convergence funding, the convergence funding to the sum of £190 million was granted by the EU precisely because Scotland, at only Scotland, qualified on the basis that the payment on average per hectare was the lowest in the UK. Despite that fact, that funding has not been passed on to Scotland, and therefore we have repeatedly asked the UK to pass that money to Scotland because it was intended for Scotland's farmers who receive far, far less per hectare than farmers in England and Wales. I hope that that is a policy that the Conservatives will support when we continue to demand that the money is repaid to Scotland where it rightly belongs. I begin by declaring an interest as a farmer and a food producer. Presiding Officer, the First Minister and the Cabinet Secretary have both already apologised to Scottish farmers and crofters for the delay in the 2015 cap payments, and those apologies are, of course, welcome. Notwithstanding the cabinet secretary's response to Mr Rumbles, can he tell Parliament how many farmers' incomes in the financial year 2015-16 were affected by the later-than-expected payments and what impact that had on the dramatically reduced income figures under discussion today across Scotland, but particularly in our less-favourite areas and crofting communities? As I have made clear already, the timing of cap payments to farmers does not impact on farm business income. I accept that, if payment is later than expected later than was delivered in previous years, obviously there is a delay in receipt of payment to farmers. That is a matter of fact, Mr Scott. Fairly points it out. That is precisely why, as Cabinet Secretary, I have instructed and we are in the course of arranging the latest loan scheme on elfast payments and why I arranged the loan scheme last year. Incidentally, that is why the loan scheme last year issued, in most cases, the substantial majority of payment due earlier than had been received before precisely so that farmers and crofters were able to manage their financial affairs as they received the funds by and large in the first fortnight of November. It is precisely because of that aspect that this Government decided to issue a loan scheme so that that money would be in the hands of our farmers and crofters and thereby in the rural economy of Scotland. However, I take all those matters extremely seriously, as I think Mr Scott realises and will continue to work day and daily, as I have today, I have yesterday, I had on Sunday, on Saturday and every day. I personally reply to farmers who email me about their complaints to say that they will be dealt with. I hope that that does not trigger another several hundred of emails, but I take those matters very seriously, Presiding Officer, and we are working around the clock to sort out those matters. Thank you, and that concludes the topical questions.