Madam Chirac, Mr. Foreign Minister and honored guests and ladies and gentlemen, welcome to the White House. And if this had been 24 hours earlier, I was going to say, and if I may, welcome to this splendid spring evening. Well, we've spoken today of the challenges that confront our two great nations. This evening, Nancy and I would like to invite you to relax. Mr. Prime Minister, Madam Chirac, you'll always be welcome friends in this house. And by the way, I hope you all enjoyed this evening's dinner wine. You see, it was produced in California as part of a joint French American venture. But no one can live in this house for long without feeling the vibrant spirit of our French and American forebears. Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin of Lafayette and Rochambeau. And I just have to believe they'd be proud to know that the common commitment to freedom that served as the foundation of our friendship so long ago remains alive in the White House tonight. But even as we look to the legendary figures of the past, we look as well to the major French and American figures of the present. And certainly there are many here tonight, many who personify the bonds between us in diplomacy, in culture and commerce, in entertainment and science. Just recently, we reached an important agreement regarding AIDS research, an agreement recognizing that French and American scientists stand together in the forefront of the battle against this tragic disease. To everyone, all of our imminent guests, welcome. This evening too, Nancy and I cannot help but recall our own travels to France during these last six years. I remember especially meeting with my summit colleagues in the halls and gardens of the Palace of Versailles, that place of immense beauty so alive with the history of France. And we remember standing on the beaches of Normandy, with the channel waters behind and the cliffs above, thinking of the men who fought and died on that terrible day nearly 43 years ago, when the fate of the free world hung in the balance, the men who fought and died for freedom. As is only befitting with close friends, Mr. Prime Minister, our discussions were frank and constructive. We covered east-west issues, arms control, the struggle against terrorism, regional conflicts, a broad agenda. We discussed our differences on trade issues and how to narrow those differences in ways that would advance the economic well-being of our peoples. I know that you continued those discussions through the day with Secretary Schulz, Secretary Weinberger and Secretary Baker, and that tomorrow you will meet with Vice President Bush. As always, our discussions were able to take almost for granted certain shared values. Yet these values, liberty, democracy, the dignity of each individual, these values are sacred. And nowhere are they more important or more in evidence today than in the strength of the Atlantic Alliance and in the unshakable commitment of the United States to share in the defense of Europe. So it is that even as we seek to negotiate arms control and other agreements with the Soviet Union, we'll continue to consult closely with our European allies. Our message is clear. To friend and foe alike, America stands with Europe. Permit me now to invite you all to join me in raising a glass in friendship. To France and to our honored guests, Prime Minister Chirac and Madam Chirac. Mr President, Madam, ladies and gentlemen, my wife and I are deeply touched by the President's welcome that you have reserved for us and this magnificent evening that crowns the day that we come to Washington under the sign of friendship, this warm reception that is associated in this famous and superb honor of Americans and French men and women of the world of art, science, and politics. I hold, Madam, to thank you all in particular because I know that the personal attention you have brought. Know how much we feel the elegance, the warmth and the friendship. I would also like to say to you, Mr President, how happy we are to be here with you tonight with you who have reconciled America with itself. Give him confidence and hope. In short, give his strength to the American dream. And you know the esteem, friendship and also the affection that you bring to the peoples of Europe, and in particular the French people. By arriving this morning, I have held to deliver this message to you from the heart. France is more than an ally. It is a faithful friend. America, who sometimes believes in unloved, does not always measure the intensity of the feelings that the French people bring to him. These feelings have not only been teased through the common trials, through which we have always found each other. These feelings are not only about the fact that we share the same values of freedom. These feelings are more than ever living, because spontaneously we ask the same questions that we face in the same challenge, and that we feel a common will to overcome them. And I find the same question that America is asking herself, the same will to go forward, to face the future, to triumph over the doubt that I have known when I was a young student here, 30 years ago. But I would also like to point out how much France, within the alliance of Western democracies, is in Europe, a solid partner that the United States can count on. This solidity owes it to the deep agreement of the whole of its people on the principles that govern its foreign policy and its national defense. The principle defined 30 years ago by General De Gaulle is that all French governments, without exception, have followed since then. No other European country benefits from such a consensus on the great lines of foreign policy, the respect of the national independence alliances present in the world. In Europe, France is in favor of the development of unity in respect of diversity. In Africa, it fights the attempts of destabilization. In Latin America, it supports the struggle of democracy against dictatorship. In the Middle East, it wants to dialogue with everyone to better search for the ways of peace. In the Middle East, it wants to contribute to harmony and to the stability of the region. Finally, France wants that a greater generosity of rich countries can avoid the growth of poverty and poverty in a large number of countries. It wants to pursue a tenacious action in this sense. No other European country knows such a consensus in favor of the development and modernization of its defense apparatus, and in particular of a force of nuclear dissuasion that allows it to be respected in all circumstances, its independence and its freedom. Finally, how can we not congratulate the unanimous agreement of the French people on the rise of terrorism and remain in solidarity and determination? But the message I am bringing to you today, Mr. President, is also the one of a new France, instilled by the lessons of the economic crisis and who, apart from the past schematics, have decided to undertake a deep mutation and to change one of its secular habits to better face the demands of the future. For a thousand years, the monarchy has forged the unity of France at the price of a necessary centralization pursued by the French revolutions and by the Empire as the foreman analysed by Alexis de Tocqueville, whom you mentioned earlier. In a country where, during centuries, everything has proceeded from power, it is a true revolution, one that today consists of giving back to the private sector the companies that had been nationalized, that of leaving to individual initiatives the means of audiovisual again between the hands of the state, that of abolishing the regulations that enthralled the efficiency of the economy, that of transferring a large number of responsibilities to local collectivities. I was appointed as Prime Minister a year ago by Mr. François Mitterrand, President of the French Republic. The government that I run has received the mission of the French people to free the energies of our country, to let free costs to these faculties of initiative and creation that have always been expressed in the field of arts and that must be revealed today in the economy and in the company. Fidel, solid, open to the world, here I am, Mr. President of France, visiting you. And I raise my glass in honour of President Ronald Reagan, President of the United States of America, of Mrs. Nancy Reagan, to whom I present my respectful tribute, to the future of friendship and cooperation between France and the United States. Thank you, Mr. President. Thank you, Madam. Mr. President, Mrs. Reagan, ladies and gentlemen, dear friends, my wife and I are extremely touched by the warmth of your welcome, as we are by this beautiful reception which marks the end of a day we have just spent under the sign of friendship in this city of Washington. I wish to expend special thanks for this warm reception which brings together in this famous and beautiful house men and women of America and France from the worlds of the arts of science and of politics. And these thanks go to you, Mrs. Reagan, especially because I know the personal part you have played in preparing this reception and let me say how much we appreciate the elegance, the warmth and the friendship of it all. And let me tell you also, Mr. President, how happy we are to be with you here tonight with a man who has managed to reconcile America with itself, to restore its self-confidence, and to give it the chance to hope anew. In other words, to restore the vigor of the American dream. And you know what I regard friendship and yes, you need affection. Europeans and the people of France in particular have for you, sir. When I arrived here this morning, what I said came from the heart. France is more than an ally. France is a faithful friend. America is sometimes convinced that she is insufficiently loved and does not always, however, set sufficient store by the intensity of France's feelings for America. These feelings are not only the result of the trials we have always borne side by side. They are not solely due to the fact that we share the same values, liberty. Today, these ties are stronger than ever before because we naturally ask ourselves the same questions, because we have to meet the same challenges, and because we share a common will precisely to do so. I'm rediscovering the same self-questioning spirit, the same will to go forward, to face the future with open eyes to make hope triumph over doubt, which I first experienced 30 years ago when I visited your country as a student. I also want to emphasize how much France and the Alliance of Western Democracies is indeed a strong European partner that the United States can rely upon, and this strength is due to the deep commitment of the whole of the people of my country to the principles that govern our foreign policy and our national security. These principles are those which General de Gaulle defined 30 years ago, and all of the governments of France, since then without fail, have abided by them. In no other European country is there such a large consensus on the main lines of foreign policy, respect for existing alliances, national independence, and being present in world affairs. In Europe, France is working both for the development of unity and respect at the same time for diversity. In Africa, she is fighting attempts at destabilization. In Latin America, defending democracy against dictatorship in the Middle East, she wishes to engage in dialogue with all parties concerned, so as better to explore the paths of peace. In the Pacific, she wishes to enhance the region's harmony and stability. And finally, France verently hopes that the rich countries of the world, through greater generosity, will be able to prevent a larger number of countries from sinking even deeper into debt and experiencing even worse poverty. And France intends to work steadfastly towards the attainment of this goal. In no other European country is there such a consensus in favor of development and modernization of defense capabilities, and more particularly in favor of a nuclear deterrent that guarantees respect for national independence and liberty in all circumstances. And finally, one cannot forget the French people's unanimous agreement not to give in to terrorist blackmail and remain in adversity one and determined. But, Mr. President, the message which I bear today is also that of a new France which has learnt the lessons of economic crisis and has decided to turn its back on outdated remedies and patterns and to undertake deep change modifying century-old habits in order better to meet the requirements of tomorrow. Over the last thousand years, Monarchy has shaped France's identity and the price of this was a necessary process of centralization which under the Revolution and the Napoleonic Empire were indeed consolidated. And as you were mentioning yourself, Mr. President, to me, Alexis de Tocqueville quite aptly remarked in a country where for centuries at end everything was handed down by the top-of-the-power structure, things had to change and indeed an actual revolution is today underway in which hitherto nationalized companies are being handed back to the private sector in which the audiovisual media still under state control are being given over to private initiative in which regulations that long stifled the economy's efficiency are being eliminated in which an increasing number of responsibilities are being transferred to local authorities. Now, a year ago François Mitterrand, President of the French Republic appointed me Prime Minister. The people of France have entrusted to my government the mission to release the energies of our country and to give free rein to its creativity and can-do spirit which have traditionally found an outlet in the arts in which must today show their mettle in economy, business and industry. Loyal, strong, open to the world around it Mr. President, such is the France that is visiting you today. I wish to raise my glass in honor of Mr. Ronald Reagan, President of the United States of America which is Nancy Reagan whom I present my most respectful regards for the future of friendship and cooperation between France and the United States. Thank you Mr. President. Thank you Mrs. Reagan. I sat in my dressing room last night and watched a portion of the Academy Awards show and it was really very, very nice to see two pals online when finally the coveted Oscar won over due Mr. Paul Newman was thrilled for him and a very dear friend that I met in the early 60s the song comes from the motion picture that he starred in and was as well nominated for an Academy Award in my opinion of which I do respect should have won it but he got it last night his name is Michael Cain and this song is What's it all about? Alfie just for the moment What's it all about? When you started out Alfie are we meant to take more are we meant to be kind if only fools are kind and I guess it is wise to be cruel and if you love do the strong Alfie what we lend thank you very, very much before we go further there are three things that are extremely important to an entertainer in any form of the word entertainment they do happen to be the place that they are performing the people for whom they are performing and we refer to these incredible musicians sharing the stage with me simply as the White House strings if you please we are also going to take this time to introduce to you some folk that travel around this world with me and I do deem them all extremely special looked inside my fantasies and made each one come true something no one else had ever found the way to I've kept the memories one by one since you took me in and I know this will gain reaching back for yesterday and remember just how good it's been and I know it's on behalf of my dear friends who made it all possible Gladys Knight Carol Bear Sager Bert Backrack and myself we thank you all for believing that's what friends are for and I never thought I'd feel this way and as far as I'm concerned I'm glad I got the chance to say that I do believe I should ever go well then close your eyes and try to feel the way we do you can but to keep smiling keep shining knowing you can always count for sure good times for better I see and so by the way I thank you and then for the times when we will just close your eyes and know these words are coming keep shining knowing you can always count that's what friends keep smiling keep shining knowing you can always count and for bad time so keep smiling and count on me for sure you see that's what friends are for oh boy keep smiling thank you so very very much we heard a description of the hardships that Dionne Warwick made to come here tonight I think there's one thing she didn't tell you I have a feeling that she also came here against the advice of her doctor and I think that was pretty heroic it was typical of a performance she started on a peak and went up from there I have note here because I didn't want to make any mistakes on this a career that after two decades has seen hit after hit walk on by anyone who had a heart do you know the way to San Jose and now what she closed with her current hit features lovely melody as we know fun lyrics and meaningful lyrics of that's what friends are for and her generosity is also akin to her talent and ability because the proceeds of this last are being donated to the American foundation for AIDS research the prime minister and Madame Warwick will allow me I think that what she shared with us tonight is best described in your language Schwadiviv thank you very much thank all of you for the sacrifice you've made for being here


Welcome folks, this is Tom O'Brien of TFNN. We have five days a week, we go seven hours a day, we go 24 hours a day on the internet at tfnn.com. Always remember folks, if you think about, you bring about whatever. You focus on growth so everyone's having a great day, safe day, it's a TGIF folks, it's making a great one. Create new agreements based on respect and love. Take the responsibility to make new agreements with those you love and if agreement doesn't work, change that agreement and create a new one. And use your imagination to explore all the possibilities. Market-wise, let's take a look at it out here. We have the Dow Industries up 8184, NASDAQ up 186, S&Ps up 34, gold contract up $15.40 traded at 17.69 an ounce. We have Silver Flat, $21.70 an ounce, light circuit up $2.56 cents, $89.04 a barrel, notes and bonds, a 10-year note, down seven ticks traded in 1209, the 30 down 12 at 123, 24 and Kingdala. Kingdala's down 1800 ticks, 106, 402, the Euro is at 103, the Yen is at 138, 53, and the British pound was at 118 to one US dollar. Our phone number's<PHONE_NUMBER>, give us a call folks, I know it's going on in your world and the world of the S&Ps, let's take a look at them, what do you have? Well, we're gonna start with the S&P because the S&P isn't a confirmed ABC structure in the way up. We take a look at this and what you're gonna see out here is that, you know, we blew away the B point yesterday, took it out with volume, your price projection here is 411.73. Now, the cool thing about this folks, meaning that we have an ABC structure inside the S&P is this. So, putting together the S&P, we're gonna look at the NASDAQ and it's all about the dollar, that's my point here, okay? So it's like, you know, you have another 12 points, 13 points, at 12 points from here, no, 13 points to get to the ABC structure finishing, okay? And these are always tricky, not this, I just, I'm talking about the type of bones that we get off the bottom, that, you know, I can really, I can understand in two seconds why people think it's gonna pull back right away, my take is not. And the reason being is that because we're in an ABC structure up inside the S&P 500. And, now we watch this, okay? So you can see where we are, we're 12, 13 points away, right? We're 13 points away, okay? Then you go over to the dollar and you take a look at the dollar and, you know, bottom line is that this has been an extraordinary move, there's no doubt about that, you know, and six days we've gone from 113 to 106. Well, 104 is game, 101 is game. So I think the way this is gonna play out, if you're really looking to trade around this is have patience, keep your lungs, keep going, okay?  And at 2,000 ticks a day, you can get there on Monday. If we break the 104, you are gonna see an avalanche, man, because, you know, I've seen some currency moves, but this one is really a fast one, there's no doubt about that. Now that, if that's what we get, what would end up happening is that at the end of this move, it would look, it will look like the market is gonna never stop going up. So you will have the correlation like this, you have the correlation that you have ABC structure finishing, you have the dollar going down. Now let's go over to the Dow industrials because what this is all about right now folks is that the Dow industrials and the small caps will lead and the Dow is stronger and I'll get the small caps next. So the Dow is leading, right? You can see the Dow is a little bit weaker today, right? But the Dow is the strongest industry. The Dow is gonna go after this high of the 34,281. Now if that's the case, what you have coming up the rear, let's go to the IWM next. Cause what you have, the all, even when indices one's weaker than the other folks what I've found in the market is this, is that like right now the Dow has been much stronger than the NASDAQ, the S&P and the small caps, okay? But what tends to happen is that they all catch up with each other. That's my point. And I think the catch up is gonna be there number one and what I would do is, the rest of what I was talking about here, aim it off the dollar because when the dollar comes into that 101, if that's what we get, the market's gonna look like it's never gonna stop and that's where you're gonna take your money cause it's a one to one all the way down. You know, yeah, it might go a little bit more but that's where I suggest you take your money. We go to the IWM, we take a look at the IWM and we're probably gonna have an ABC. Yesterday we pushed into it 38 million, we need 27 million. The IWM can do 27 million, we're at 21.3 right now and bottom line on the IWM, money comes in at the end of the day all the time. The volume comes in and explosive volume comes in at the end of the day. We take a look at the Qs, what we have with the Qs is this, the Qs are going after a B point but it's not an ABC up. So the B point is 284.60, we need a volume of 59 million and you're gonna have it. We have 50 right now, you're gonna have it but it's not an ABC up because what happened with the Qs is that that basically had a contraction that's too much. Now that being said, technically you can take the 283 and you can take that bottom 254, let's say, well, let's say 260. So 260, the reason I'm taking 260 when you get a spike like this, you can see that low is 261, this low over here is 260. So the B conservative you take 260, you take the top of this which is 84, which is what, 24 and then you'll turn around and you say, okay, that's 310, right? And you get 311 is right up at the swing point also. So I expect that's what you're gonna see up at those levels. If we go over to the bond market, we take a look at bonds, notes and bonds, what you're gonna have with the note and bond market is that we went higher yesterday with good volume. It's closed today, bond market's closed today. I suspect the bond market, guess what? This thing's gonna do a counter trend bounce. It has been doing a counter trend bounce. It will continue to do a counter trend bounce. And then the bond market, just a dead cat bounce on the 10 year is 113, it's called 114. It's 113.31 and it's 32 ticks inside of, you know, one point. So I suspect we're gonna be there and guess what? If it goes above it, where are you gonna go? You're gonna do a 50% retracement. So you put those babies together, you know, and ride it.  Stay right there folks, we'll come right back. Dow's down 28, Nasdaq's up 166, S&P's up 31, we'll come right back.


One of the beauties I don't say joys, cos sometimes it can be quite difficult of working with autistic people is that everyone is radically different. There's always something new to learn about every person and from every person, but there is also the joy that I have never come across a nasty autistic person. I've never come across an autistic person that would steal. I've never come across an autistic person that would tell lies either to harm somebody else or for their own advantage. We seem to be much more focused on what is right and proper. Would I like it if somebody did this to me? It really is a revelation every time I speak to an autistic person. The problems they deal with, how they perceive those problems and how they perceive the interactions with other people.


Dear students, today we will learn about preparation of buffer. Buffer is a solution that can resist the change in pH upon the addition of acidic or basic component. Buffers are usually able to neutralize the amount of acid or base when added to the solution. Thus it neutralizes the pH of the solution. It is very important to maintain the pH of the solution while working in the laboratory. So buffers are usually used in most of the wet lab experiments. Let's have a look on the types of buffer. Buffers are usually classified into two main types, acidic and basic. Acidic buffers usually have less than 7 pH. Acidic buffers are usually formed by the addition of weak acid plus salt and strong base. For example, for the preparation of an acidic buffer, we will take an example of acetate buffer. How acetate buffer will be formed? First of all, we will take a weak acid and we all know that acidic acid is a weak acid. When it will combine with strong base, let's see what happens. This hydroxyl group will form a bond with hydrogen and water molecule will be released. And the remaining will be the salt of this weak acid, which will be sodium citrate. Now by combining this weak acid with this salt, we can successfully make the acetate. The second type of the buffer is basic buffer. So usually basic buffers have greater than 7 pH. Now let's see how basic buffers are formed. Like acidic buffer, basic buffers are formed by adding weak base, its salt and with its conjugate strong acid. Let's have a look on the example of the basic buffer. We know that ammonium hydroxide is a weak base and hydrochloric acid is a strong acid. When a weak base will be combined with the strong base, what will be formed? This hydrogen will form a bond with this hydroxyl and release the water molecule. The remaining product will be the salt of this weak base, which will be ammonium chloride. Now combining this weak base with its salt, we can make ammonium buffer. Which is an example of basic buffer. In order to make buffer, either it is acidic buffer or basic buffer, we should know the value of dissociation constant for acid which is pKa and this is dissociation value for the base which is pKb. Let's have a look on the preparation of phosphate buffer that how to calculate, how to done calculations before going to the experiment. So for phosphate buffer, first of all, we have sodium dihydrogen phosphate and its molecular weight is 119.98 gram. Similarly for its salt, disodium hydrogen phosphate, the molecular weight is 141.96 gram. We know the dissociation constant value which is 7.21. Now for what strength we should make the buffer? Today we will make 0.1 molar phosphate buffer and our desired pH is 7.4. So the equation will be pH which is 7.4 is equal to the value of pKa which is 7.21 plus log into B over A, which is the concentration of the moles that how much moles of base and how much moles of acid will be required to calculate the mass. So by solving this equation, here we will have this result and after that to evaluate the moles of base and moles of acid, we will calculate, we will solve this equation by giving this value of moles that we want to create for this buffer. For example, we want to make 0.1 molar phosphate buffer. So what we will do? We will kept here 0.1 and solve it with this value. From this equation, we can evaluate the moles of acid. So by solving this, the moles of acid will be 0.059 moles and from the value of moles of acid, we can calculate the moles of base which will just subtracting the required concentration of the phosphate buffer with the moles of acid. So 0.1 minus 0.059 moles which was the value for the acid, we can calculate the moles of base and the value will come 0.091 moles. Now once we have the values for the moles of base and the moles of acid, we can calculate the mass in gram that we will weigh in the lab to make the buffer. So how we will do the calculation? For the acid calculation, we will take the moles of acid multiplied by its molecular weight. The value will be 7.08. Likewise for base, take the value for the moles of base and multiply it molecular weight for the base. By solving this equation, we will have the value for the mass that we are going to weigh for acid and vein. Once we know the mass to be weigh, we can just measure and weigh this quantity of acid and base and dissolve it 1000 ml of distilled water to make the buffer. So this was pre-calculation or you can say this was the calculation before making the buffer in the lab. You have to do the calculation for all type of the buffer that you are going to make. Now let's perform the experiment. To prepare phosphate buffer in the lab, we will weigh the measured quantity of sodium dihydrogen phosphate and disodium hydrogen phosphate. So let's weigh the sodium dihydrogen phosphate. We will weigh 7.08 gram of sodium dihydrogen phosphate. With the help of spatula, first of all, we will weigh the vein balance. By measuring the desired quantity of weak acid, we will add this reagent to beaker. Afterwards, we will again weigh the salt of this buffer, which is disodium hydrogen phosphate. By measuring the quantity of base, we will also add this into the beaker. Once you have measured the quantity of weak acid and its salt or base, you will then take the quantity of distilled water in measuring slender to make the solution. We have done the calculations for 1 liter preparation of phosphate buffer. So we will take 950 ml of distilled water. First, we will take the half quantity of water in order to mix the reagents. After mixing, we will add the remaining quantity of distilled water. We will stir the reagents and water to have a colorless, clear solution. Now we will check the pH of the solution. Through pH meter, we will assess the pH of the solution. This is a pH sensor which is dipped into our neutral buffer solution. It should be noted that this pH sensor should be handled carefully in order to avoid any cooling. Just dip the sensor into your solution and observe the pH on the pH meter. The pH of the solution is 7.1, but we need buffer of 7.4 pH. So what we will do? We will, in order to increase the value of pH, we will add some drops of diluted base. So here you can see we have kept the diluted acid and diluted base. So to maintain our desired pH, we will add some drops of diluted base. After the addition of base into the buffer solution, we will again check the pH of the solution. By adding the base into the solution, the pH of the solution has been dried up. After the pH maintenance, our buffer solution is ready and we can store this buffer in reagent bottle for our future experiment. Now we will proceed towards the preparation of citrate buffer. As I already told you that citrate buffer is a type of acidic buffer. So after doing the calculation, what we will do? We will measure the desired quantity of citric acid and its salt and then we will mix with the distilled water to make the buffer solution. Let's perform the experiment. First of all, we will weigh the quantity of citric acid and its salt. Whenever you want to weigh something in a weighing balance, you must tear the weighing balance before. After the addition of both reagents, we will measure the distilled water in measuring cylinder and add hinda. First we will take the half quantity of water, dissolve it to make a colorless solution. You can also mix the reagents with distilled water with the help of magnetic stirrer on the hot plate. Now, measure the remaining quantity of distilled water. Add the remaining distilled water to raise the volume till 1000 ml or 1 liter. After mixing the reagents of citrate buffer with distilled water, we will check the pH of the buffer solution. You can simply dip the pH sensor in the desired buffer solution to evaluate the pH. In order to reduce the pH, we will add some drops of weak diluted acid. Carefully add some drops of diluted acid to the buffer solution. After the addition of some drops of diluted acid, we will again measure the pH of the buffer solution. Once you have prepared the buffer, you can store it in the reagent bottle for your future experiment. So in this practical, we have analyzed that how to make buffer and we have made phosphate and citrate buffer. In order to make any buffer in the lab, you have to do some calculations and then after measuring the desired quantity, you can easily adjust the pH through pH meter and can make buffer solution.


Hey, Boilermakers class of 2020 Bruce Barker from the Cactus just want to say congratulations Hopefully most of you know, but I'm a Boilermaker class of 1994 and last year was my 25 year anniversary of graduating and it flew by and I can tell you class of 2020 that it's gonna fly by to you're gonna go out in the workforce and make a name for yourself But enjoy it, you know, this is not the way you probably in planned on an ending but embrace it and You know, even though you're not getting maybe the recognition that you feel like you deserve I want you to know that we all know your accomplishments and I tell this to everybody and I mean it besides my kids My greatest accomplishment in this world and in this life is graduating from Purdue University It is not easy to graduate from college and you should be very proud and hold on to that Don't be prideful, but be very proud. I Wish you nothing but the best come back and see me sometime and say hi Hail Purdue ever grateful ever true Boiler up All right Boilermakers. Let's hear you Where it began I can't begin to know But then I know it's growing strong wasn't the spring Spring became the summer Who would have believed you come along Touching hands holding hands Touching hands touching me. Let me hear you touch To believe Never would


All right. Good morning, everybody. My name is John Stoffaker. I am a senior security consultant, a document. Today, I'm coming to you guys to talk about cloud security, what it is, mainly what we're doing wrong as a community, as people who deploy it, as people who use it. In the hopes that once we're done with today, you'll have the ideas to go back to your companies, your installations, and work on turning things around and doing it the right way. I'm not going to give you a product. I'm not going to tell you how to do stuff, what the best recipes are to do stuff. Rather, I'm going to show you what we need to do collectively in each of our own organizations to cut down the attack surface. And speaking of attack surfaces, 1993, what was our major attack surface? What were we dealing with? I mean, 20 years ago, we had Telnet running rampant. We had NFS issues. Most of the solutions out there were all UNIX-based. Modems were a huge thing. Protecting your resources meant you had this very distinct backroom computer. All the data was there. A few ways to get to it. Fast forward 10 years. Let's go to 2003, where we're starting to have this paradigm shift that everybody wants information. They need information. How do we deliver it to them? We created this walled gardening where we had firewalls. We had all these network security things that we're supposed to keep people out and did a good job. We had what we called the perimeter. That's where we kept the bad guys at bay. A lot of people spend a lot of time trying to develop endpoint solutions that focused right around securing your perimeter. And we pretty much let the data fly inside. Nowadays, 2013, they'd tell you the perimeter's gone. With the advance of cloud applications and the prevalence of connectivity to anywhere and people needing data everywhere, the perimeter has disappeared. Every threat today is persistent and all your data is valuable. There's no data out there that isn't valuable because so much data can be linked together to form the contents of whatever people want. Whatever they need to steal can be sold. If you think today that it is nothing, to somebody, it can be a gold mine. People ask me, when should I encrypt my data? Or what data should I encrypt? All of it. Even at rest in transmission, during your APIs, during your applications. Why leave anything to chance? Why leave it to the point that someday someone tells you that some innocuous piece of data is now relevant. If we keep it all encrypted and secure all the time and treat all data as if it were the keys of the kingdom, we won't have any issues. To be effective, we need to cross the boundaries of our organizations. Developers need to talk to your network team. Network team needs to work with the help desk. Your dev ops need to get involved. Every application out there is not deployed by a single person or a single team. Any cloud application today relies on the synergy between various different parts of the enterprise and make sure they're working together. I've worked with clients, deploying solutions where I asked who's in charge of security. The network guys have wanted developers. Developers will point to the network guys. Nobody thinks to put it all together. Security must be at your forefront. Developers. We shouldn't sacrifice security for time. It may be hard. It may take a long time. It may be rough. We may not be able to make deadlines. It shouldn't be a reason to sacrifice. The SDLC was created so that we make security paramount. Ease of use is always a big question. How can we make it secure if it's not easy to use? What if our users can't do two-factor authentication? What if our users are having trouble with doing things the right way? A lot of people say, I'll just push on the rug. We'll get back to it later. Or we'll put some other control in place. It doesn't seem that important is when I hear a lot.  It's just internal. We don't need to go that far. We do that if it was external. Problem is that most of our tax today come from inside.  There was recently a large provider of help desk services that was compromised because one of their users got a piece of malware. That malware was able to infect their network and steal credentials. Did they mean to do it? No. But does that mean that we should go off and feel as if nobody's a threat inside our organization? No, things happen. Let's go to DevOps. I love talking about this one because it opens up the line. The tools you guys use to make your day easier, to make your computing easier, to make all this work seamlessly are the same tools an attacker can use to take over your network. You look at Puddy, or excuse me, Puppet. You look at Puppet, Config Engine. They're great, right? You can deploy packages at will. You can do all the system administration you want. You know what else it can be used for? I can distribute any type of malware I want using the same systems. You like storing your SSH keys on your box because it makes it easier to log in as root without having to type in that password again. What happens when your box gets compromised? You think Bastion hosts are the thing? You know you have to log into the Bastion host? Go from there? Yeah, what if that gets compromised? You see, we like to believe that the tools we use for good can't be used for bad, but the problem is, is that they are. I've been a member of a red team for some time working cyber defense challenges, and one of the things we love to do is use off-the-shelf commercial applications that are used for stuff like cloud administration and use it against people because they never think that that could be a weapon. Anything you use that can administrate your box has to have permission to do so. Therefore, it can be weaponized. The other thing I want to talk about is image security in the trusted base. People don't really think that their images would be an attack vector. It's easy enough to slide in malware inside of an image, and then with current applications, your team would go spin up a VM that had a compromised image. Well, now every VM they spin up after that is compromised. It's a great attack plane. It's a great way to come in. How do we fix that? We need to review our trusted bases. We need to make sure that everything we put out there is clean and sanitized and have some way of making sure that the original's never got compromised to begin with. Networking security. One thing I have to mention, VLANs are not security. They are an administrative tool. They are a bit inside a packet. They can be defeated by turning your Ethernet cards for misuse mode. They shouldn't be relied on as your own soul form of separating out your hosts and your networks. All VMs are vulnerable to an attack on the kernel because the kernel itself is providing all the network traffic. We are trusting the kernel to give us network traffic. What's the problem with that? What's the problem with trusting somebody to give us our network traffic? On an Ethernet network, I can sniff the packets right off it and I know that source and destination, I know that that packet is valid. But do we know what is coming from PSA software if it's giving us what we need? This goes beyond just OpenStack or any of the other cloud operations. This is fundamentally the problem with relying on software to give us such a crucial part of our security. Virtual firewalls is another fun one I like to talk about. Again, it goes to the same line that this is software. This is something that somebody wrote. Somebody could easily have modified that we're trusting to do a job for us to secure what needs to be secured, to secure the data that's important to our enterprise. Important enough that we bought the solution. Important enough that we thought we should protect it with something. Let's go right into support. Another low-hanging fruit.  They're the ones the users are calling. They're using the tools to help out other people. Unfortunately, they're the ones who could also be abused. The tools they use generally are almost the same as the admin's tools, except they're used with greater abandon. A lot of times people have the idea that let's just get it done and help the user provide great customer service to the expensive security. And we gotta fix that. We gotta make sure the processes that are followed are identity management systems are set up in such a way that we cannot exploit our own help desk internal systems to compromise more machines. What concerns me about the private cloud? Cost is one. But even so, we're prone to hypervisor attack just as I mentioned before. The worst part is it's internal. Most people don't think they should protect their internal systems from each other, right? I mean, we're all friends here. It doesn't work that way. Like I said before, most of the problems we have today stem from internal people, either by malice or by mistake, compromising our hosts and walking away with the keys. We have this idea of security zones where we compartmentalize stuff and we put applications of a particular order inside certified zones. PCI is for one. The problem is is when we start breaking that to ease of use, we have a development machine right next to a production machine on the same server. There may be two separate VMs, but we're now sharing the same hardware. We're sharing the same kernel, we are sharing the same resources. A breach in one could affect the other. Not to mention we can affect availability. We need to make sure that our zones are discreet. The problem with that is the cost. To implement these solutions, we're talking about a major investment and redo of how we do things. And the problem with that is that it's expensive. To do this right is expensive. So let's go to the next solution. Let's talk about the public cloud. So we're giving all of our data to somebody else. We're set up in a multi-tenant environment. We are assured by our provider that nothing will ever happen. But where's the transparency? Where's the audits? How do we know that our cloud provider is actually telling us and being truthful and being honest and really outlining to us what their methodologies are to handling security incidents? If your cloud provider isn't providing this information, you need to think about what does that mean? Is my truly public cloud in which I'm in a multi-tenant environment, is it secure? Do they have proper things in place to make sure that processes to make sure that when there is an incident, we take care of it? How about background checks? Do they perform background checks on their employees? Do their employees have access to my data? There are some application cloud providers that their employees have access to the data, albeit encrypted, they have access to the keys, to help, to help. You'll hear this a lot. We empower our employees to help you, but at what cost? Poor identity management is a huge thing as well. What is our RBAC system if we're not vetting the people who claim to be entered into it? If we're not asking the questions of who, what, where, is why, and what, we can't be sure that who's we're putting in and who we're assigning to our systems is actually who needs to be there, who has the authority to be there. Cloud providers, public ones, really don't ask these cloud providers, they don't require you to vet who gets access. Sometimes it's as simple as knowing just a little bit about the company and providing some sort of passphrase. Hybrid, I'll skip this one because to me it doesn't exist.  If you're gonna hand your public data or your private data over to a public cloud provider, you need to make sure that you're willing to take the risks of securing that data. If you keep it at home, you're just as risk. That connection between your home data and your public provider is a weak point. It's another place in which we can attack. So how do we fix this issue? How do we come together? How do we find ways to fix all these issues? And that starts here in this room. It starts with you guys. It starts with everybody who works day to day with this stuff to make sure you're reaching out to developers, to your own colleagues, to everybody you work with and let them know that we need to start talking about security when the application starts, not at the end. We need to look at this from a holistic perspective from the day that the projects are announced and walk all the way through and ask the tough questions and don't yield. In California where I'm from, it cost an estimated $6.25 per data record in a database breach for PCI data. Can you afford that? Can your company afford that? Is it worth that or buying extra hardware to do the things right? Or putting in the manpower to make sure that we have addressed all the concerns and made sure that we did our best to secure something or even worse, mitigate the losses when a breach happens. Let's stop enumerating badness. I like this one because a lot of times as IT professionals, we love to enumerate what's bad in this world. Anovirus is a great example of this. We have lists of known viruses that are bad. No one seems to think that it'd be shorter to have a list of just what's good out there. There's a company that actually makes a product that does just that, application-wide listing. We need to take this approach to cloud technology as well. We need to stop thinking of what out there can get to me and rather, what do I need to protect? Let's let everything else go and just focus on what we need to protect rather than all the stuff that can happen to compromise. If we take a strong stance and protect what we need to protect, then we're not gonna have any issues. There's not a product. There's not a point solution. There's not a magic sauce that I can give you today that's gonna solve all these issues and make your cloud secure. I can sit up here and tell you that if you put these three rules into IP filter that you'll be golden or if you install X and X application, you're gonna be golden because it doesn't work that way. Every company is unique. Every application is unique. Every implementation is unique. And you need to balance and you need to make sure that what you are doing to secure yourself is in line with the application data you're handling. Some people will say, yeah, you just need a web application firewall. That works great. But it's not one single solution and a lot of it has to do with people. I was working with a customer the other day and they were asking me for my recommendations on a firewall. And it struck me as kind of odd because they're managing to go into a public cloud and with all their data, all their private data. And right now at the end of the project, they're asking me, what kind of firewall should we choose? At that point, contracts have already been signed, your cloud provider has already been chosen, the application's already been written. We're kind of stuck. We're limited in what we can choose because we didn't think about this at the beginning of the project because we thought somebody else would do it. I hear that a lot from people that they have confusion over whose job security is. Unfortunately, security is everybody's job. It's not yours, it's not mine. Collectively, it's everybody's. For the people who are writing the applications, to the people who are installing the machines in production, to even your support staff. A lot of times we look at custom APIs, for example. You have developers who are writing them and other developers that are using them. But if we don't look at it with an eye for security, those APIs too can be abused just in the same way the application itself. And we wouldn't be the wiser. I kind of touched on this before, but it's not a one-person job. It's not even a team of people's job. We need to get together. Like I said, as a community, that's why I'm starting here. In the last few years, this project from OpenStack has grown tremendously. Even by the amount of attendance here in this room and at this conference in general. If each one of you took up just a little bit from this presentation back home and started putting through some of these fundamentals, making sure that as we go through our design process for our projects and really implement and then push for security now versus security later, I think we can push through. I think we can really turn all this around if we can just focus on what it means to be secure. All right, I'm gonna open this up for Q and A because I know I've said a lot of talking. There's a lot of people in this room and I'm sure you all have a lot of questions and I'm willing to provide a lot of answers. Hello, my name is Esteban Gutierrez, I'm with Intel. Do you have any kind of, we've spent a lot of time thinking about a security framework for cloud deployments and especially for things like hybrid cloud, which is a pretty crazy space. But do you have a, other than just saying that we need to pay attention to application security and starting to integrate that at the get-go, do you have a more kind of general framework for how application security controls would fit into a comprehensive set of cloud controls? And I have some thoughts on this and I'm happy to talk about that, but I wanted to hear more about your take on that. It's interesting. My take is this, the CSA has a great document set up on the secure development model and using those controls within your agile framework and within your coding framework to match up to what we need to do with inside the cloud. I don't know if you're familiar with the document, but it's introducing the security phase into the project and keep going through it as we go through it. Yeah, and I think STL is a big issue in general and it's definitely something that we're striving for. I guess the way that I look at it from an enterprise perspective, I have an environment that consists of a ton of legacy things that have been sitting around for a long time, right? And retraining, and I also have limited resources and limited people and time and money. And so one of the ways that we've approached this is by trying to work towards priorities and establishing an equation for how to find things that are acceptable from a risk perspective. And what we look at is a combination of tenant level controls that are primarily application security focused plus a set of tenant, or I'm sorry, cloud provider controls. In some ways you can think of that as infrastructure control. So what is the provider doing for me? And what is the provider doing to secure themselves as well? And then also a set of enterprise security integration, right? So what are the things that I need to provide as hooks into my enterprise to manage and maintain and secure to the levels that I need to? An example of that would be compliance monitoring for patches, looking at what's out there, integrating into single sign-on for our enterprise applications, that kind of thing, so on and so on. And also threat management, logging and monitoring. And the sum of those three things really kind of equal the overall risk posture, right? And that helps me determine what I should be shooting for. We've also been looking at things like the ODCA provider assurance for work, which has things like bronze, silver, gold, platinum criteria for providers. And we've taken that and looked at trying to figure out how do we come up with an equivalent list of controls and things that we shoot for for whatever business capabilities we're deploying into a cloud space. So that when you look at those three things, the app, the tenant controls, the provider controls and the enterprise integration controls, we want those to kind of add up to either a bronze or a silver or a gold, depending on what we care about, right? If it's kind of like a sales and marketing website, maybe we can tolerate a certain amount of risk there. And so the tenant's control is gonna be good. I'm gonna stop you right there because this is kind of interesting. There have been a couple of cases where that line of thinking has led to, how can I put this? Led to a company getting into a bad light. Recently, a software company was compromised because someone did spin up a marketing server that they thought was just innocuous. And it wound up getting breached and we all know what happens. The acceptable amount of risk in cloud computing, I don't think there should be a question as to how we secured if we're gonna go through the whole process of what we have to do because it is a process, it's a lot of investment. I think we should look to do security as best as we can. Right. But there's also priorities, right? And limited time and resources. And so there's ways to figure out what is the baseline that you should have built into whatever it is you're deploying. In this case, let's say open stack based environment, right? We wanna make sure that that foundation is rock solid. Maybe it's hardened to like a gold level, right? But then we look at stuff that's deploying on there and we take a different approach about what levels those things should be shooting for. So I mean, I guess it's just trying to figure out for me the set of controls that existed each of those points, tenant and infrastructure. The problem where we're facing with today is that there's no clear defined rule as to what those controls should be.  But I do agree though. I think that to your point, we should separate out the controls to what should the provider give us, what should we take on ourselves, what should the infrastructure be and obviously what the application should be. I have another question for you. Do you see a need for security as a service or capabilities that are deployed out as services that can be consumed and reusable and scalable? The problem with that is aside from basic security, obviously hardening and your real general basics, every application out there is unique to itself. Every security problem that is deployed is unique to itself. To sell it as a service is giving the customer a false sense of security. We're telling them that we can wrap everything we know about cloud security up into a service that you can just purchase, glom onto whatever you have and it'll work the best way.   Yes sir, please. So if I understand that correctly, you're basically outlining the issue where as we move into the cloud we have one more independent services that are less and less segregated from each other. Ultimately, from a security perspective, that means I've got multiple entry points, each one of those goes into the whole system. It's a multiple key problem. Which as an application provider, I ultimately can't control all of that. One single bad key leads to compromising everything. So in the final analysis, I'm not convinced that securing things in and of itself is a solution even if everybody plays together upfront, there's always going to be a way in. What do you propose people should do, including developers, to find out what's actually happened and to close holes as they get disappeared? Right, get discovered. That's a great question. And from my perspective, obviously we can go into specific details of log monitoring or just being alerted, being vigilant to what's going on in your application, more information and better, specifically when we get into stuff like Sims, correlating events and making sure as a developer you're writing applications that are as noisy as they can be. Today with space the way it is, make your output logs huge. As long as we can get the most information and better, that we can make good judgments on, that we can correlate events. If we're starting seeing activity with the user somewhere, five failed logins, one accepted login, we can correlate these events and we can grab a better picture of what's going on. You're correcting your assumption. I mean, with multiple entry points, with the perimeter gone now to just nothing, we have to be vigilant and there could be the situation where we have a breach and we need to mitigate that and collapse it and compartmentalize it and stop the spread. If we have a software as a service where we're providing this application to everybody and we find a vulnerability in that application, it can spread like wildfire and we need to be able to compartmentalize and we can only do that with information. There's no magic bullet that's gonna stop a widespread compromise of a popular service but with the right information, the right monitoring, the right alerting, the right people being vigilant, we can at least mitigate the effects down to a small quantifiable sum. Sir, I can hand you my card at the end of this. Unfortunately, I can't answer it, but it's tough, right? Because yes, I'm wearing the shirt. I work for a security consulting company. If I just spend some advice right now and put that camera up, someone's gonna call me tomorrow and say, why'd you do that? But I can tell you to go in through an audit, and I've done a few, actually I've done quite a few and the toughest part is making sure that you're seeing everything you need to see and the reason I bring that up is a lot of times during an audit, we are asking some other person to provide us with some information and our audit is only as good as the information we are provided. If we're asking our cloud provider to provide us with their information, it's only as good as our marketing people will allow them to give to us or their legal department allows them to give to us. If we're asking our own internal developers for information, it's only as good as what they understand it to be. And so you can have the best frameworks in the world, but we need to do an audit, you really need to get down and dirty and you gotta go and you gotta force these people to give you what you need to be effective. Otherwise, PCI is a great example. A lot of people pass PCI, but then we still hear PCI companies getting breached. Well, if they're PCI compliant, why are they getting breached? It's because you can only audit on what you know. There are, there are a few.  If you're asking questions, if you want a dashboard, if you want this kind of information and your cloud provider can't provide it to you or won't provide it to you or won't give you information as to where you can get it, use the power of your dollar to leverage them to work better.  If you're not secure, if you don't feel secure, you're gonna tell the guy next to you, who's gonna tell three people. No provider wants that. I mean, like I said, there are many who are doing it right, who are giving their customers that access and the visibility into their own systems, but we're not seeing from cloud providers as a transparency within themselves. When I, you know, ask for a segregated cloud for my environment, how do I know that I'm the only tenant in that space? We don't. We are trusting what people are telling us. When they say they encrypt a disk and they don't have the keys, they don't give the keys to any of their employees, we don't know this without access to that information. Don't miss anyone? I guess there are things that open stack, should we do it? You know, the beauty of open stack is that it's entirely open. And what I mean by that is that it's under constant peer review. There's so many eyes looking on it, and there's so much availability to do what you need to do. If we need that insight, we can go build it. And if a lot of people have, we're ever so evolving in a situation where this release is getting better and better each time. And it's coming with the features that we need. I'm looking forward to the next release and seeing how much we are growing to get to that point where we can say that, hey, this is my environment. This is what I'm built on. And here are all the things out of the box that it comes with that gives me that transparency that everybody needs. Sir? I have a question. Yes. It is, it is, but unfortunately, when you're speaking of these events. I don't know, we're open to hear. And you know what, this is a great idea. And I pitched this before. A lot of times to get companies to move, you've got to shame them. You've got to point out what they're doing wrong and hope they're good to fix it. Problem is, most of us don't have a legal team to go up against the big ones when they, you know, take offense to you, shaming them. But again, as consumers, we need to make sure that where we're putting our stuff and where we're putting everybody else's information is doing it the best way they can, the best practices and make sure they're secure. I always take the feeling as if my information is in there. If you take that appeal, if you take that idea in your head and say I'm building this system to house my information that I'm gonna put out there, it takes a little bit, you take a bit, a little bit different look into how you operate and how you build things. Your second part. He's asked, the gentleman asked about what is the best resource if you're just getting into cloud security. I am gonna give a plug to the cloud security alliance. They have a wealth of information on how to do this. There are quite a few good books on Amazon about the subject. I'm not gonna plug their titles, but anybody else? I agree. What DCI? DCI have started providing guidance on what you think. Sir? Executives understand one thing, money. Show them the money. Show them what happens when you do get a breach. When that day happens. Come back with what you have, what you know, and how to do it the right way. And if you can present it to them in a way that shows that they're actually making money rather than losing it. Market share, brand identity. Brands are huge these days. Who wants to go through a traipsing in the media because of a breach? A breach that could have been avoided had they spent an extra $25 on security. You need to push. We need to find people up the executive chain that can ally with you and play the politics game and push and push. That's the only thing that you can break that glass ceiling. Throwing technical jargon at them is gonna turn them off. I mean, it's, sir? But if I had just a quick and making the same arguments about security for a long time and when you looked at the hard dollar costs, it's hard to see. But a point that's relevant I think to anyone in this room that's focused on cloud and security, you've mentioned don't slow down my innovation, which beyond the hard dollar costs is probably the second, if not the most important thing people will care about. And we're all here specifically for cloud to figure out how to speed up innovation in an organization. So the recommendation I get to is that from a security team, I've seen a lot of cloud teams that are running off without necessarily security expertise and then the security teams are, oh no, we can't do that. But if they learn from the beginning to work together and the security team learns to figure out how can they enable and operate at the speed that the cloud's allowing innovation to help, that goes a long way in breaking down those barriers. And then it goes back to dollars, but then you have a risk mitigation trade-off. Well, and then, exactly. And if you have, I hate to use the word cross-functionals, but if you have a cross-functional team of security professionals, developers, networking engineers, and management together that are united on a project, and you can produce a concise solution to a problem. At that point, you have a better leg to stand on as you go forward, pushing it up the chain. Throwing it down, we need such and such device just because we need to protect it just yourself is not the leverage you need. If you can come to it with a group saying, look, as a group, we got together, this is what we're doing. It makes a greater push, exactly. Their customers. As IT professionals, we tend to get lost in the engineering details and forget that the people who work with us, they think in business terms. They think of what it means to the business, what it means to their revenue, and those are the things that they really care about. They care less about the engineering and how it helps. If we can get with the business and try to match our projects up with their alignment, things work much smoother. Anybody else? All right, guys, thank you all. Appreciate it.


Hey, it's Anafa and this will be a short one. Someone requested that I show him how to make a Vinyl record scratch sound and I thought well, let's try it out So I have Zinatsub FX 3.0 opened. This is Zinfusion, a new interface And I have my MIDI keyboard connected. This is the same synthesizer The same Zinatsub FX but it has a different interface because everything now is routed through OSC open sound control so it can be Driven with any interface you want. I guess one could even create a web interface for Zinatsub FX if he wants so Let's think We want to make sound like a scratch vinyl So we need some broadband signal because scratch vinyl is basically the sound of At least the noise of the record or sometimes just noise or some music That is changing the speed. So you're changing the speed of the playback and all the pitch of the material goes up and down So we need to change pitch and we need a broadband signal So let's try a saw wave For our bass sound so this is VCE 1. I'm gonna use VCE 2. This is the voice 2 No, I probably have two of them so I'm gonna In the voice. Yeah first voice. Let's make it silent. Can you hear it? I'm gonna make the whole thing louder Better better Better now better better now. All right, should be good So we have the voice 2 which is gonna be I Saw wave is a saw wave and Now we need to make this wider in spectrum Probably like hopefully more noise like because this is too much of a regular normal sound So let's use Modulation I'm gonna use phase modulation and use them voice one which is this one and The cool thing now is I can change the voice one to noise and we basically have a Saw wave modulated frequency modulator, sorry phase modulated by noise We also can use DC offset But well, we probably would need Okay, that doesn't do anything Pink noise is gonna be even nicer However, that's too much. So I'm gonna go to voice to and voice to I'm gonna Lower the amount of modulation Also, I want to disable the velocity sensing So for quiet notes and loud we have the same amount of phase modulation All righty that could do we could also try Yeah, giving this two units and voices Tiny tiny amount of detune.  All righty. So what do we need now? We need to change the pitch of this stuff up and down Let's see. We have voice frequency. We could use an LFO. Let's try it This these are randomness some amplitude randomness and frequency randomness We also have a Lopez filter the global filter. So I'm going to global filter That's our filter and it's got Velocity sensing so I disable this all right. So our LFO Yeah voice frequency always starts at the same place which is Silly All right Kind of sorter, but we need to make this monophonic. So I'm gonna go legato. Maybe And we can also enable portamento I'm playing different notes. You can see the keyboard Just two notes we can lower the portamento time I think we can get some interesting sounds from this that sound like scratch scratch like record scratches I wonder what else we could do To make this more more Real maybe let's try a little bit of distortion So I'm gonna insert an effect for part one Distortion let's not use any time-based effects because that's gonna break the illusion of us playing with a record Well, that's way too much. Also we have We have no stereo. Well, that's still too much. We could maybe make our LFO more aggressive or Have ourselves another pitch LFO because we can have one for the voice Which is this one and we can also have the global one which is here Now we have two pitch LFOs one on top of another Let's give them LF. Let's get this one also randomness Well, it's too fast and I guess we need longer portamento time Maybe if we disabled the velocity sensing it all together Yeah, that's gonna give us a better result because I'm unable to press You know two notes with the same velocity and that creates a disconnection in the sound because the velocity Changes when I press another key and that all influences how the distortion works So the all the sound is different and when I disable velocity sensing for the whole instrument Right here in the part settings then Well now I guess it's just a matter of putting the right MIDI notes and hoping for the proper LFO Setting or maybe sampling a whole bunch of your performances on this Onto an audio track and cutting out what is what suits your needs Or instead of using the LFOs Use automation and have total control over the pitch So I'm going to disable LFOs Let's go here and voice LFO also. No. Oh, I don't need this. I just have to just do this We can also yeah, all right So I'm gonna use the pitch wheel because pitch wheel you can modulate the pitch wheel You can automate it within the DAW with order for example But we need to set up how the pitch wheel is going to respond. I want to make this for the Hello, where is it? Oh I wish I could see that Pitch wheel motion here looks like I can't all right, so Range of MIDI pitch wheel That's probably it Yeah, that's it. However, we have some arbitrary number there So I'm now playing with a key and the pitch wheel But you can use automation to precisely do something that sounds like a scratch It's hard to perform that You see I got better results with automation if I wanted to perform this live because the automation created this sign-like slope That emulates the inertia of the turntable because the turntable is very heavy If you ever played with a real vinyl player Music player portable not portable it The turntable is heavy if you try to push it and pull it it's got inertia. It's it's like You're trying to stop it and go going there further and and you're trying to reverse it and it's going Oh slowly so it takes a lot of force to actually move it quickly. So These DJs they need to either have very light turntables that are precisely did for scratching Or they I don't know they have Armstrong sort of whatever So here's some ideas Enjoy it. I hope you liked it if you learned something Rejoice Yeah See you in the next one. Bye


Welcome to Nursing School Explained and this video on cirrhosis which is in-stage liver disease. Cirrhosis occurs because of the liver over time with chronic damage gets very scarred and then eventually the tissue itself becomes fibrotic and is unable to function properly. And the most common causes of liver failure or cirrhosis are due to chronic increased intake of alcohol as well as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as well as chronic hepatitis B and C so this chronic inflammation of the liver eventually will lead to scarring and fibrosis of the organ. And then cardiac causes involve right-sided heart failure. So when the right side of the heart is not working properly the fluid backs up into the periphery. We can see it evidenced in peripheral edema but it also eventually causes congestion to the organs of the abdomen such as the liver and the spleen and then when the liver gets so congested all the time it just ceases to function. So cardiac causes can also lead to liver failure and if any of these causes here happen in combination so if the patient for example had chronic alcoholism as well as some underlying hepatitis or heart failure then the liver fails sooner so we really need to educate our patients on the causes and try to eliminate those. And so in terms to really understand the signs and symptoms of liver failure I've broken them down into the function, the many functions of the liver and then the signs and symptoms that we're seeing in our patient if the patient's liver is not functioning properly. And so first of all we know that the liver conjugates and excretes bilirubin and if it's unable to do that when the liver is failing we'll see the buildup of that bilirubin in the patient who exhibits jaundice. And that might be as simple as just seeing a slight yellowing of their sclera but the patient might also have very much yellowing of the skin in general or maybe even the mucus membranes that we can see. The liver also detoxifies our bodies from medications, drugs, alcohol but also hormones as well as it excretes ammonia and converts it to urea. Now if the liver is not functioning properly this detoxification is either slowed or completely not working at all which will lead to a buildup of medications in the patient's system and we'll have to be very careful in administering certain medications to patients with liver failure because they can build up this toxicity because the liver is unable to break the medications down. Due to the increases in hormones the estrogen is not being able to excrete it which will lead to gynecomastia so enlarged breasts, decreased libido as well as cysticular atrophy in male patients and because the liver is unable to convert the ammonia it builds up in the system and then causes hepatic encephalopathy and we'll talk more about this complication later. Another function of the liver is also to metabolize aldosterone which plays a very important part in the RAS system random angiotensin aldosterone system that helps us keep our blood pressure up and aldosterone works by reabsorbing sodium and water at the kidneys so that we can have a stable blood pressure but if the liver is not able to metabolize the aldosterone it'll build up and will have increased sodium and water retention which then has dire consequences and we'll look at those again. The liver also stores certain minerals and vitamins copper, zinc, magnesium, iron as well as the fat soluble vitamins A, D, E and K as well as vitamin B12. Now if the liver doesn't function properly this will lead to vitamin and mineral deficiencies as well as B12 deficiency can lead to pernicious anemia and then also peripheral neuropathy that unfortunately is irreversible once it happens. The liver also plays a major role in helping us with our blood glucose levels by storing glycogen so if there is a decreased intake or decreased circulating glucose in the bloodstream it secretes the stored glycogen and then by the process of gluconeogenesis helps us to keep our blood glucose level stable but if it's unable to store glycogen or it doesn't release it at a very constant rate it can lead to fluctuations of our blood sugar levels. The liver also plays a huge role in protein synthesis and the one protein that we always need to pay particular attention to is albumin because albumin helps with the oncotic pressure to keep the fluid in the blood vessels but if the liver is unable to synthesize proteins we'll have low protein levels, low albumin levels as well as low oncotic pressure and that will lead to edema and acides. The liver also plays a huge role in blood clotting function as well as clotting factors so if it's not functioning properly usually the PT and INR will be elevated there'll be a tendency to bleed and the patient will have low platelets so when the bleeding occurs there are usually not enough platelets to help stop the bleeding. And then it also plays a role in the production of immunoglobulins so when we now have decreased function here it'll suppress the immune function and because the patient is at such high risk for acides and the fluid is now seeping into that peritoneal cavity this will put the patient at risk for bacterial peritonitis because of these acides and the fluid that's sitting around in the abdomen. And then from a physical standpoint when the liver is not functioning it causes this congestion because the way that it's supposed to work with the blood vessels transporting certain molecules all these things into the liver and it's congested and it can't really process them it'll lead to a liver enlargement and then in turn it'll also lead to spleen enlargement which is hepatosplenomegaly and that leads to portal hypertension and because of the spleen plays such a huge role in the turnover of the red blood cells it can also lead to anemia and then as the blood backs up into the liver as well as the spleen it also affects the kidneys and then this is a term that we use here leading to hepatorenal syndrome so liver failure eventually will also lead to kidney failure so these four major complications of hepatorenal syndrome, portal hypertension, edema, acides and hepatic encephalopathy are those complications that we want to really know on how to assess our patients for and also know how to treat so we'll go into those complications here in more detail a little bit later diagnostic tests for patients with cirrhosis we want to assess their liver function as well as their ammonia level because we know it can lead to this hepatic encephalopathy we want to assess their protein and specifically their albumin levels to see how the level of their oncotic pressure is and the acides we also want to assess their platelets and their coagulation, PT, INR as well as maybe take an ultrasound to visualize the liver a fibroscan is a more detailed scan of the liver that will kind of determine the degree of the fibrosis but the gold standard is a liver biopsy taking a small sample of the liver and determining the degree of the fibrosis and the degree of the liver failure by analyzing the actual cells of the liver and come into determination there let's now take a closer look at the complications of cirrhosis what happens physiologically what signs and symptoms are we going to see and then what's the treatment at nursing care associated with these complications so first of all, portal hypertension now there is altered blood flow through this fibrotic liver that is so scarred up which leads to an increased pressure in the portal circulation as well as the spleen because they're both related and close to this portal circulation system and then because there is no congestion and the blood can't flow through the liver what the body does it develops these collateral veins and those large collateral veins you might have heard about those before in relation to cardiac issues so whenever there's a blood vessel that is obstructed or there's any problems with it this doesn't just happen over time this is chronic liver failure so the body tries to figure out a way of how to make the blood flow work through the organ so it develops these new blood vessels that are kind of like a u-turn around this fibrotic liver and these collateral veins kind of imagine them being as kind of very close veins that you could see protruding from a patient's lower extremities so they're very torturous they're not very thick wall and they're very pliable and they break very easily and these collateral veins then can lead to gastric or esophageal varices so these are those torturous veins that now kind of surround the stomach and the esophagus because they're trying to kind of make this u-turn around this fibrous liver and these varices they are very prone to bleeding so now signs and symptoms that we might see here is what's called Medusa so think about Medusa with the snakes around her head so we might see those around the patient's umbilicus or also around the entire abdomen and these are kind of like these torturous veins that you might be seeing these kind of varicose veins on the patient's abdomen and again this is end stage liver disease and then hemorrhoids may also form around the patient's rectum because there is this increased blood flow now so all the way to the rectum now when these varices these collateral veins because they are so fragile they tend to bleed so the patient might have black bloody or tarry vomit or stools and that is definitely something that we have to be aware of and act very quickly because there's a high risk for bleeding or actually hemorrhage and then hepatomegaly because the liver again is so that we might be able to palpate it underneath the cost of margin where it's not supposed to be but now it's enlarged and we can detect this on our physical exam so for treatment and nursing care for the portal hypertension we want to prevent the bleeding by decreasing the pressure in this portal circulation and beta blockers actually work really well to do that we want to tell our patient to avoid alcohol and sets an aspirin that will just make them more likely to bleed and if there is bleeding we want to do as always our A, Bs and Cs so have suction equipment ready maybe the patient will need to be intubated if there is now a GI bleeding that continuously vomiting blood and then certainly we also need to administer IV fluids to keep the blood pressure up even administer blood products and then the way to really stop the splitting of the varices is for the GI doctor to perform an endoscopy and do a band ligation to kind of just clamp down that bleeding blood vessel or do a balloon thumping out where they kind of put pressure from the inside on these bleeding varices there is also a medication called sandastatin or vasopressin that vasopressin constricts the blood vessels and helps to decrease the bleeding in that regard by just putting more pressure on the blood vessels now then over here the peripheral edema and asides because we know that the liver has to do with protein production now if we don't have enough proteins we have decreased oncotic pressure and this portal hypertension will lead to peripheral edema that we can see in the patient's lower extremities but also these proteins now shift from the intravascular space into the lymph tissue and then from there the lymph tissue gets so overloaded that now it backs up into the peritoneal cavity and this peritoneal cavity then gets so filled with fluid that we can actually visualize as asides and then what also happens this osmotic pressure pulls additional fluid from the intravascular space into the asides into the peritoneal cavity and then even contributing more to the asides and then remember that we said aldosterone is metabolized by the liver so if the liver is not functioning we have increased aldosterone which leads to sodium and water retention and then again this increased leak into the peritoneal cavity because now we are retaining all this fluid but we don't have the plasma proteins to keep the fluid in the intravascular space it leaks out making the asides worse and in addition it drops the blood patients blood volume and blood pressure which then the kidneys don't get perfused leading to renal impairment so signs and symptoms that we might see here is the peripheral edema and the asides as well as probably your low urine output because now the kidney might be acutely or actually chronically failing if this is something that's been going on for a while as for treatment we want to have the patient on a low sodium diet so that we're not retaining all these fluids we want to put them on diuretics and spironolactone which is an aldactone antagonist so it counteracts this increased absorption or decreased secretion or excretion really of the aldosterone it works really well here spironolactone now it is a potassium sparing diuretic so we have to be carefully monitoring the patient's electrolytes as well because of the sodium the decreased sodium in the diet if the asides gets so bad that it's just completely distended and it needs to be drained then the provider will perform a paracentesis where they basically place a needle under sterile technique into the patient's abdominal cavity and drain that fluid out and then we can also administer IV albumin because that will help create the synchotic pressure and pull the fluid back from the edema in the lower extremities as well as the asides pull it back from that third space into the intravascular compartment and help stabilize the blood pressure and excretion here now third we have hepatic encephalopathy which occurs to the increased buildup of the ammonia which crosses the blood-brain barrier and is neurotoxic that is very bad in patients with insatural disease many times will come in they will be altered they might have inappropriate behavior or they might be completely obtunded because this ammonia will bring the brain onto the brain cells and they might also have these acerixes which is this kind of a tremors that they have in their hands so you would ask them to hold their hands out and then they just tremble they just can't control it and that is the ammonia that's building up in their system so what do we do about that? Lactylose is a nice medication that helps to bind the ammonia and it can be given P.O. but if the patient is altered they might not be able to swallow so it can also be given rectally via an enema or by an NG tube but for an NG tube I would always caution you to be very careful because of these gastric and esophageal barices that tend to bleed so you might have the GI doctor or the physician perform the placement of the NG tube to make sure that you are not nipping the blood vessel as you are placing this NG tube and then for hepatorenal syndrome so now these waste products are building up in the patient's system just like when the kidneys are not working the liver is unable to detoxify which leads to esotemia so build up of these waste products and decrease urine output and then because we have this tractable acidity so there's just all these mechanisms that just build up the leakage of the fluid into that intra-abdominal cavity so now the fluid is third spacing it's in the space where it's not belongs it leaks out of the intravascular system which then drops the patient's intravascular volume their blood pressure and we know when the blood pressure drops there's not enough perfusion to the important organs and that also leads to decreased renal vision which then can cause renal failure signs and symptoms we'll see decrease in urine output and certainly decrease in blood pressure because of this decreased intravascular volume and the treatment for that is everything that we talked about here for treating the asides there are a few other treatment options available for patients with in-stage liver disease or cirrhosis that cannot only be medically managed but are more of a permanent solution to the hepatic failure so first is a procedure called a TIPS procedure which stands for trans-juggler intra-hepatic portal systemic shunt I know it's a mouthful so let's think about this so there's a catheter inserted through the jugular vein into the liver through to make a shunt from the portal vein to the systemic vein so the inferior vena cava and so basically what happens usually the blood will enter the liver from the GI tract and the spleen through the portal vein and the liver will process the nutrients and the blood and detoxify and do all those good functions that it does and then it leaves the liver by the means of the hepatic vein and there's usually not a connection between the two because the liver performs all these functions in between now when the liver is not functioning we have this portal hypertension that we're dealing with because now everything is being backed up causing a very season all those things so the TIPS procedure is this catheter this artificial U-turn if you want to call it that that is between the portal vein and the hepatic vein to kind of bypass the liver is really what that is and so it's this catheter in the jugular vein to the hepatic vein shunts the blood between the systemic and the portal vena systems decreases the portal hypertension decompresses the varices that are so highly likely to bleed and helps to control that bleeding in turn so it's a very nice procedure that can be done of course we have to do all these other measures still to keep the patient from detoxifying their system helping with the asides and any of those other complications we already discussed and then number two there is a liver dialysis that's very similar to renal dialysis where basically a machine is just used to filter the blood and detoxify it's just not as common as kidney dialysis now when everything fails and the patient qualifies they can be put on a transplant list to receive a new liver which then in turn will replace the diseased organ and hopefully the patient through a rejection medications will be able to tolerate the transplant and then be back to normal functioning and one thing that's also always important is nutrition and so patients with liver failure because of all the pathophysiological mechanisms that are going on now if they don't have any of these tips, procedure dialysis or liver transplant or even if they do we want to keep them on a high calorie diet a high diet in complex carbohydrates and also low to moderate fat because we don't want the cholesterol to be building up and then low in protein so that we don't have this accumulation of the plasma proteins that just leak out making the society worse thank you for watching this lengthy video on serosis I hope it has helped you understand really the pathophysiology complications it can lead to signs and symptoms as well as treatments available and that you now have a better understanding of what is going on and I'm a firm believer that if you understand what's going on physiologically you're better able to understand signs and symptoms complications and then also this will help you in taking your exams as well as the big exam at the end of your nursing career the influx so thanks so much for watching give me the thumbs up if you enjoyed the video see you soon here on nursing school explained