Rwy'n dechrau i'r fodd dros y gwaith i gael eu gweithio gael y DU, neu'n gweithio i'n cael sydd yn 20 a 25 ddim. Yn y modd, rwy'n dechrau am y ddweud, bod yn gwneud oherwydd, ond rwy'n mynd i ddim yn y Deyrnas Cymru, ac rwy'n credu i'r ddweud a'r ddweud i'r enghraith. Rydw i wedi'u gweithio, ond, o beth oesiaeth ar gyfer haulfiannodigaeth – am holl o meddwl newydd ac mae'r gwahanol am Caeluniad yn ei wahanol, mae'n go iawn i ddyn nhw'n meddwl yn fawr o'r abshwylwyr sydd wedi'u bod fawr amlu ac os iddo i'r melodau yn gweithio'r cyffredin iawn? Felly, mae'n gwybeth am hefyd, Mae Angela Merkel yn cyddiwbiol dyma'r ei gyffredin aspirations o'r 29 ddiwrnwnu, ac mae'n ddodd yna'r ffordd y phas i'r ffordd gwaith, Gyda this year, oedd yr ysgol yng Nghymru sefydl, mae gynnwys yma sydd llawer yn gyfloswyddiadau. Mae'n wneud bethau i ddechrau ddau amser ac yn hynny. Mae'r ysgol yma, mae'n amser yna ac mae yma niech iddynt fydd yn eu bodnod am yr Union Uni yn hyfforddiadau ym ysgol yng Nghymru. !! European Unionnym is actually in a very serious if not critical situation. We are obviously facing unprecedented internal and external challenges, the threat of terrorism from inside and outside our borders, instability in our neighbouring regions. Ieithio yn ymgyrchu, ychydig yn ei gwrth oedd yng Nghymru, ac yn ymgyrchu yma yng Nghymru, yn ymgyrchu Gwladau Europea. Mae'r llwyddoedd yma yn ymdweud, a ddiddordeb yn ymddiol, ac mae'r ddweud yn ddiddordeb yn ymddiol. Jean-Claude Juncker rydw i'r parlym yn unrhyw ymddiol yma, ymddiol yn ymddiol. Mae'n gweithio'n siŵr, mae'n gweithio, rhaglen o'r pethau a'r rhai, ac mae'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio. Ond mae'n dod i'r pethau o'r hyn sydd yn fawr. Mae'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gyntaf i'r gwrth yn gyffredigio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio.  Rwy'n credu bod ydw i'r cyfryd yn yn ymgyrch gyfrydynno'r dwyloedd yn Cysylltu. Rydyn ni'n cydnod i'r cyfrifiadau sydd wedi'u cyfrifiadau sydd wedi'i gairio'r cyfrifiadau sydd wedi'u cyfrifiadau sydd yn ymgyrch gyfrifiadau. Rydyn ni'n gyfrifiadau sydd i'r cyfrifiadau. It was precisely in the aftermath of Europe's cruelest war Started by Germany, that the vision of a strong and united Europe arose when everything seemed lost, Europeans embarked on the most ambitious democratic project in history. We have to ask ourselves, are we really, really willing to forget that.  Felly yn dweudio'r Brexit o'r ddigonol. Ond, dyma roedd yma, Maen nhw'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n Gweithwyr Sebastian Wood, y Gweithio Gweithio Gweithwyr i Germany, yn Hamburg. Hamburg is the most British place you can probably find on the European continent. There's a saying if it rains in London, hamburgers get their umbrellas out. So, I'm still quite impressed by what we heard yesterday from the British ambassador. And what so many people in Hamburg didn't understand, and you got so many questions was, why, how come one of the most internationally minded of all countries decided to withdraw from the union that connected with its nearest neighbours for 45 years? Usually political events outside Germany aren't of large concern for me or other colleagues, but never ever have I felt so sad after a political decision in a country outside Germany, like on the morning of the 24th of June. I deeply regret this result and personally think it's a serious mistake, but of course, we have to be realistic. You know that, we know that. The Prime Minister has clearly articulated so many times now, Brexit means Brexit.  From a German point of view, but this is not only a German point of view, but I hear this view everywhere in Brussels. We will be very clear on our position that as long as Article 50 hasn't been triggered, there will be no kind of negotiations with the European Union or its member states. Donald Tusk, Jean-Claude Juncker, Angela Merkel, Francois Hollande and others have been very clear no negotiation before notification and that means neither on a formal level nor on an informal level. I believe that the UK has one of the best diplomatic services in the world. That's why they are going to be tough negotiators. That's why we have to pay attention, that we keep our unity within the free European institutions, Commission, Council and Parliament and also the 27 member states have to keep together and we've got to be very firm in our response and I know that the British are everywhere trying to contact politicians and other representatives from the 27 member states. You all followed the Conservative conference on the 2nd of October, especially the key speech of the Prime Minister. At least we now have clarity that the Article 50 procedure will be triggered end of March 2017. That was an important message and something which was supported in Brussels for an important reason if Article 50 is invoked by end of March 2017. That means if you have a two-year period, the UK can leave the European Union in April 2019. That means before the next European elections. I think it would have been very difficult to explain not only to the other 27 member states but also to the British electorate that you might have seen the situation that people in the UK will be electing 73 Members for the European Parliament in a situation where the country is already on its way to finally leave the European Union. Now, at very clear point for me, how do you say in the English language 73 UK parliamentary seats are up for grabs? I don't think they should. I think we shouldn't redistribute the 73 UK seats. We ought to reduce the number of Members of Parliament from 751 minus 73. That would also mean we would have a reserve for future enlargement countries. And we would also have a reserve in case the British would come back to the European Union a few years later. Perhaps not that surprising that a German is telling you this position and not an Eastern European. I know that a lot of Eastern European colleagues are quite interested in getting a sort of amount of the MEP seats because no Member State can have more than 96 Members of the European Parliament and Germany has 96. So it's a very popular demand in Germany. You're not getting into trouble with anyone, but this is something of course which the Member States will have to decide. From a CDU point of view, we know that apart from the withdrawal treaty that you will also have to negotiate a deal for its future relations with the United Kingdom. We can't go into the details. It's up to the British to decide, but obviously there are five models. The membership of the European Economic Area and Eftelike Norway. Numerous bilateral treaties like we have them with Switzerland. A customs union like Turkey. A comprehensive free trade agreement like we have one with Canada. We will have one with Canada or in Europe for instance with Albania or Macedonia. Or finally, will it just be a simple trade relations within the WTO framework? As Ender Kenny once said, it will not be one of these five. It will neither be the Norwegian model, nor the Swiss model, nor the Turkish model, nor the Macedonian model, nor any other model. It will be a British model because we are dealing with the British. Following the Prime Minister's announcements, I considered us most likely that the UK will negotiate a tailor-made deal with the European Union. The biggest challenge for the government will be to reconcile those internal interest groups that demand full access to the single market and those that ask for restrictions of free movement of people. Some people distinguish between soft Brexit and hard Brexit. Our European position on this question must be unique. We have to stay together on this question. That means the British objective of restricting the freedom of labour while maintaining full access to the single market is trying to square the circle. Full access to the single market is inseparably linked to all four freedoms which also includes the freedom of labour. I'm saying this as a German politician because I know that the free movement of people might not be of such big concern as for our Eastern European partners and friends, but even in Germany there is no appetite for any further cherry picking that could harm the free movement of people. I hardly ever quote the President of the European Parliament, Mr Schultz, but I want to do it this time because he gave a really interesting speech four weeks ago in London where he kind of ridiculed the British debate saying it's interesting that in the UK or especially in England, Polish, Bulgarian, Romanian people who live and work in the UK are called migrants or immigrants. British people working and living in Spain, Italy or France are called expats. That's a remarkable difference and shows the mindset of some of these people who are campaigning. Anyhow, Brexit isn't everything, but it's a huge challenge of course for us. I'd say it's the biggest challenge for us in the next years. The turn of our forthcoming negotiations ought to be strict but cautious. It is neither about punishing the UK nor giving the UK a favourable treatment but it's about finding a reasonable solution. The UK will try to get as good of a deal for its citizens and we will try to get as good of a deal for our citizens. However, it must be clear that the best agreement possible with the EU remains full membership. Yesterday I was asked by the journalists from the Irish Times if Germany was interested in the Irish question and the Irish concerns about the UK leading the European Union and I'm never allowed to quote the Chancellor from the internal committee or presidency meetings of the CDU. She can be very strict but I can tell you that Angela Merkel has had several conversations in detail with a tee shock about your very specific concerns. We all are worried that the bits are going to leave the European Union but of course we understand you're the only country which shares a land border with them in Northern Ireland and that's why I would say we should all be well aware of the fact that London will need to recognise and account for the unique political situation between Ireland and Northern Ireland in the negotiations and this is something very important for us in Germany at no point may the political settlement around Northern Ireland and the Good Friday Agreement be threatened by the Brexit negotiations. Peace and prosperity must remain the number one priority for everyone involved and preparing for this meeting today at Amsterdam airport I had a lot of time I came across 170 questions from the British Labour Party presented to the British government and you probably know them but I'll just quote it's the questions 48, 49 and 50 the government has already confirmed that the common travel area between the Irish Republic and Northern Ireland which predates both countries membership of the EU will be maintained post Brexit but taking that as red please answer the following questions will the government guarantee that there will be no reintroduction of customs checks before the Maastricht Treaty in 1993? Second question How will the government enforce its proposed new system for managing migration from the EU if EU migrants can travel to the Irish Republic as they do at present and then travel on into the United Kingdom via the Irish land border and the third question will the government confirm whether and how the position on these matters would change if the Irish public was to become a member of the Schengen Agreement making travel between the rest of the European Union and Ireland much easier and very interesting questions I think even in Germany we'd like to hear and read the answers pretty soon so please you can trust me that the Chancellor listens to what the Taoiseach has to say because the Chancellor once said of all 27 heads of government in Europe he knows for British best not only because you speak the same language but because of course you're closer to the British than any other country another remark on Scotland my father came from Glasgow to Germany during the Second World War stayed in Germany married a German wife as so many there are about 50,000 living results of Anglo-German love and friendship thanks to the British military in Germany since 1945 I'm one of them but I'm completely neutral on the Scotland question because I have friends and relatives in Scotland on both sides and I don't want to get into trouble but in general I would say that in Germany the 62% vote to stay to remain in Europe were considered as being very impressive and without getting involved I thought it was fair that the Scottish voice is heard not only in London but also in Brussels I didn't understand why there was so much criticism that Mr Juncker and Mr Schultz received the First Minister the week after the referendum she was also received by our group leader Manfred Weber and of course I joined him I don't have to share all political views with the First Minister but I think it's fair that we can listen to what they have to say the Scotland question is getting more media attention than the Northern Irish question in Germany, that's my impression the First Minister came to Berlin in summer she got a seven minute interview in Tagus teaming which was rather unusual for a regional politician from an EU member state but in general in Germany we understand the Scottish and Northern Irish initiatives to remain part of the European Union to remain part of a single market we're not quite sure if this will work if it's actually possible but if in the end Scottish there's a new Scottish independence referendum I think the federal government will take the same position as in 2014 we'll just keep far away from it it's up to the people in Scotland to decide and you won't have any German interference now after the Brexit vote as I said Angela Merkel announced that the best thing for Europe would now be a phase of critical self-reflection and that's why I agree that this 23rd of June should be understood as a warning signal for the EU as a whole the EU institutions but also every single member state should consider necessary reforms and the informal summit in Bratislava in September was only the first step of a longer reflection process about the future of European integration the main message from this summit was the other 27 member states want to stay together they want to continue the European project and while we are willing to face the challenges of the 21st century together we also understand that this will require reforms and I think we have to drop the debates we've had in Europe the last 10, 15, 20 years about more Europe or less Europe it's not about more Europe it's not about less Europe it's not about the ever closer union or the not so ever closer union I think we need a more pragmatic meaning in order to get off the loop of meter discussions and effectively face the pacific challenges that no other entity can better tackle that's why we say in the CDU it's not about more or less Europe it's about smarter Europe and that can be the one or the other when needed we should focus more on the what I am convinced that vision statesmanship and a sense of historic responsibility will clear them the path to the how and apart from the agenda of the Juncker commission with the digital single market the energy union deepening the economic monetary union or getting new free trade agreements done the four key elements which the heads of governments outlined and the so called Bratislava roadmap also find my full support migration and protecting external borders internal security and fighting terrorism external security and defence and finally economic and social development growth jobs and investment on these four points and then I will close on migration and protecting our external border the new migration partnership framework with third countries as a policy very much in line with the EPP proposals and built on our approach towards migration as presented at our Madrid congress in 2015 along with the western Mediterranean model developed between Spain and African countries of a region or transit and consisting in cooperation agreements both provide examples of best practices moving forward only by working together and in partnership with third countries we can tackle the root causes of migration helping people towards a better future and preventing them from putting their lives at risk however the European Union also requires its own resources to protect its external borders effectively and to support member states need of assistance apart from a thorough reform of our European asylum system as a whole I consider the swift establishment of the European border guard and European coast guard as a step in the right direction this agency will contribute to prevent illegal smuggling activities while protecting human lives in accordance with our international obligations of the Geneva Convention second on security and counter terrorism we are stepping up our efforts to put the safety of EU citizens first as an example of the passenger named record directive and the new powers granted to Europe all will enormously help authorities from all member states to fight terrorism third remark on external security and defence the EU 27 member states have agreed on closer cooperation in this field at the Bratislava summit to some extent the situation after the brexit referendum could also be interpreted as a chance to build a stronger and more secure Europe and to strengthen European defence co-operation the legal situation is clear the Lisbon treaty already provides for the option that member states if they want to and only those who want to can pool and share their defence capabilities as part of a permanent structured co-operation in the light of outdated and inefficient national structures I consider this new German-French initiative as very reasonable member states could coordinate their different capabilities and resources better to guarantee an optimum outcome in the moment we have 28 member states with 28 armies and this is not effective and it's not efficient and we Germans strongly believe in the idea of pooling and sharing military capabilities something Conrad Adenauer already fought for in the 50s and 60s and finally on the point of economic development I believe we should implement further structural reforms if you want to strengthen our competitiveness growth and employment rate key to achieving these goals is to create better conditions and incentives for private investment at the end of the day it is private investment that creates jobs and long-term economic growth that's why we should welcome President Junker's announcement to expand initiatives such as the European Fund for Strategic Investments which mobilises larger private investments through targeted European funds these were a few thoughts from my side on the current situation of the European Union and what we should do next I am aware as you all that our Europe is currently facing enormous challenges and in these strenuous times cooperation on the basis of solid trust remains a key element for joint success this is why the decision of the British electorate is such a severe setback for our united Europe once again the question is not about more or less Europe anymore it's more about a smarter a more successful Europe a Europe that keeps its essential promise to provide jobs and wealth for the European people we all know the EU is far from being perfect but we cannot forget the positive impact the EU is having in our lives by constantly highlighting the difficulties the Union is our guarantor for peace and wealth the best pill against Euro depression is a good dose of practical reality nobody should fall for the illusion that going back to nation states would leave any of us better off final sentence I believe the European Union should be perceived as our home not as a threat and if we are successful in our joint efforts we will once again understand Europe as a place of democracy freedom and justice thank you


That's a rookie we're looking for it's gonna be a Ellie Dela Cruz on the two-patch auto Six out of 25 boom. There we go Douglas Top rookies to be getting there the five-tool phenom. Mr. Ellie Dela Cruz Very nice one there six out of 25. We'll get a mag on that for you Douglas Very nice. Probably the best rookie we're looking for


Team NASAC is down by 18 points US futures taking a hit this morning There are reports that President Trump has now proved tariffs on $50 billion worth of Chinese goods an official announcement is expected today from the White House The president's approval coming after a meeting yesterday with top economic officials including Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross and Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer now the affected imports would face 25% tariffs joining us now Melissa Armo of stockswish.com Melissa, let's get your take first on the response. Well first off the market response We're seeing quite a sell-off this morning. Definitely. I was surprised when I got up this morning how big we were down I mean, we're all aware that these tariffs were coming up this week But I think we're down a lot this morning And I would be shocked if we don't fall today because the market really didn't rally a whole block this week Where I thought we would after the summit I thought we'd take off like a rocket and we really did it and we kind of Just held we were strong we held and now work up and down big this morning You know it's interesting because it's kind of been an on-off situation with a potential trade where whether we're talking about the Europeans or the Chinese or the NAFTA Negotiations which are frankly falling apart between Canada, Mexico and the US of those three things What's the most the biggest concern that you have right? I think the biggest concern is tariffs that the market overall for the last few months has not liked tariffs The market reacts negatively every time we're dumping out on the tariffs And we haven't seen enough of a rally over the area for the S&P at least to get back over the highs or the Dow The the NASDAQ has had a great run though. I'll say that and that's been tech I mean Amazon made new highs yesterday Netflix made new highs yesterday But overall the market does not like tariffs and that's the biggest That's the biggest thing that I see that would hinder us from going higher in the months and then in the upcoming months You know I've got Mitch and Jack with me from Shinnecock Hills And I want to go out to both of you on this issue of the sell-off that we're seeing guys Mitch see you first that trade war Investors having a pretty rough reaction today to what has frankly been talked about for weeks that we would have a very Uncomfortable trade war going between ourselves and the Chinese now. It seems pretty pretty clear. It's gonna happen And and shall I'm a little honestly surprised at the markets reacting and I do agree that the market doesn't like tariffs But I think it's been pretty well Communicated and telegraphed by the administration that tariffs are gonna be a strategy that they're gonna use to get Chinese and some other countries Attention, we'll see how the day plays out in the markets But I wouldn't all be surprised if as the news Evolves over the day that the market could even turn around today and Jack I mean yeah Yeah, I was just gonna say you are you're you're a double threat frankly I mean you're on the financial side of the business as well as the form of football player and all of this What do you say about the markets right now, Jack? I? Think it'll recover really fast. I don't think this will be you know a long-term situation I mean we have tears but at the end of the day You know the Trump administration are using these tests also negotiate on other foreign policy Obviously with North Korea and all sorts of things so I think it's just the beginning I think you'll see a lot of backing forth over the next probably a couple months But at the end of the day you'll see some stability come back into the marketplace all right well guys I want to move on to another big story. We're following another market moving story It is official AT&T completing its purchase at Time Warner That was fast just two days after a judge ruled that the deal could proceed over objections from US Antitrust regulators. This is a cash-in-stock deal worth about 81 billion as of Thursdays closed Melissa Do you think the government is still going to come back and appeal this the judge in his ruling specifically said that's not to you Yeah, let's hold the government. We really don't advise you trying to take this any further Sure, and where would it go would it go to the Supreme Court then if they did that the probably and then we dragged on for even further So that's probably why he asked for that. Also. There's so many other Ones coming up the Fox a deal with Disney and now Comcast betting for that so this this was a big ruling and to be honest with you I don't think it's good for consumers. I don't think it's good for consumers We're gonna have less and less companies So it's a it's a big deal if the Justice Department does not go and say we want to proceed with this further because I don't think It's good for consumers. They're becoming a monopoly sooner or later There's going to be like two or three companies you can go and watch TV with and they're controlling prices and not only that now They're controlling the content so they're creating the content Controlling what you and I see and they're gonna fix the prices It's a match because I've heard the other side of the coin from other analysts that covered that space and say that they think that Consumers might get a bigger break because of this because you're gonna have you're gonna have Apple try to get into the game Or you're gonna have Amazon try and get to the game. What do you think? in a time of Rapidly evolving technology I think you can never look at who the players are today and think it's static and those are the only players if you look at Deals and other industries when there's been evolution of technology the real competitors may not even be there today So I think you have to really look at it over time I also think we're at the beginning of merger mania and the floodgates are gonna be opened We were on a judge nap the other day and he said that every law firm on 6th Avenue was Hiring in their M&A practice. I think that's right. I think you can see a tremendous amount of deals The first quarter was big for deals And I think that's gonna be something we can see throughout the rest of the calendar year if not into 19 as well and Jack one of the hottest things right now when it comes to whether it's live streaming or Distribution on a global perspective is sports whether it's soccer or golf or football and all of that could really change as well the broadcast and component of professional sports Definitely, I mean times are really changing in sports right now You know it's a race for content as we all know so we'll see as Mitch said a lot of different players will start coming into This market, but as it relates to sports I mean you gotta take into account also the new gambling laws I mean this is really gonna change the game when it comes to the content and viewership I think you'll be able to really hone in a lot of more streaming dollars Just because you're gonna have certain eyeballs that normally wouldn't be watching sports You know from their their laptop or from their their iPhones So I think you know you're just seeing the beginning of an industry swing right now Yeah, I mean as a consumer It's exciting, but we'll see how the business side of it plays out also guys We're looking at the US economy seems to be revving up just as other major economies are losing steam We saw the of course the European Central Bank holding it just straight steady through next summer We got that decision this week. It's been a busy week the Fed raised rates by a quarter of a percentage point yesterday Melissa, I still want to start with you on this one Simple explanation for the divergence Well, obviously the US economy is just stronger So they're holding off there because they're trying to build themselves up. They're a little bit behind us right now So that is the one positive thing right now. I'd say as far as looking at the overall market I still think the market holds the uptrend because the economy is so good And we have the savings with the tax plan for the corporations this year But the problem is right now in the next few months I know everyone was saying earlier. They think the markets gonna hold up today We were at a critical level this week and we didn't get over that level I really think we're lower right now and you know, even though the economy is great I don't want people to get all Crazy and paticky because the economy is good. It's a temporary sell-off if we have it temporary Yeah, well, we we actually talked this week on Fox News about the flattening yield curve Don't think those words have ever come out of my mouth on the business network But that was something that kind of showed that the Fed. I know Mitch is laughing about that right Mitch final word to you Who talks about that we did Yeah, and the one thing I talk about right now is the fact that the dollar is gaining strength because our economy is growing Faster than some European economies, which may not be great for markets because so much of the earnings of the S&P 500 Are earned abroad the market actually benefits when the dollars weak So we'll we'll see what happens and how that plays out. All right guys. We're gonna come back to you and Shinnecock kills We've got a lot of stories for you to comment on I know you're both ready to roll on that Melissa Armo Thank you so much for being with me. It's great to have you on FBNAM as well Very very excited you're one of my favorites. All right coming up FBI


So, this is the second part of our video on the special case of nitrogen. In the last video, we saw some interesting properties of nitrogen. We also discussed the unique ability of nitrogen to form P pi P pi multiple bonds with itself, which is not present in the higher elements like sulphur, selenium or tellurium. And we also saw that when you compared a single nitrogen bond, that is single Nn bond with the single bonds of the other elements, the single Nn bond is actually weaker because of the small size and higher inter-electronic repulsions. So, let's now talk about how the lack of any MTD orbitals affects the chemistry of nitrogen. Okay? Now, you see, unlike the other members, nitrogen does not have any MTD orbitals because there is no D orbital in the second shell, right? Whereas, if you look at phosphorus, you have the presence of MT3D orbital, arsenic has the presence of MT4D orbital, antimony has MT5D orbitals and so on. So, this means that because nitrogen has only 4 orbitals, that is 1, 2s and 3, 2p orbitals, its covalency is limited to just 4. Whereas, the other members, because they have the presence of MTD orbitals, they can expand their covalency beyond 4. For example, nitrogen can form NF3, but it cannot form NF5. On the other hand, phosphorus can form PF3 as well as PF5. In fact, if you look at PF5, you will see that it has 10 electrons around the central phosphorus atom. Now, remember, covalency is nothing but the number of shared electron pairs formed by the atom of an element, right? Now, nitrogen has 5 valence electrons. It can form 3 covalent bonds by sharing these 3 electrons, right? Like let's say with the hydrogen and it can also donate this lone pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond and this is what you get in ammonium ion. As you can see, in addition to the 3 covalent NH bonds, you also have a coordinate covalent bond. Because of the absence of the D orbitals, nitrogen also cannot form D pi P pi bonds or D pi D pi bonds. This is obvious, right? Because it has no D orbitals at all. On the other hand, the heavier members actually can form these bonds. For example, phosphorus can use its MTD orbitals and overlap with the P orbitals of oxygen or carbon to form R3P double bond O or R3P double bond CH2. As you can see here, the D orbitals of phosphorus overlaps with the P orbitals of oxygen or carbon to form D pi P pi bonding. Just like that, elements like phosphorus and arsenic can also combine with transition metals by forming D pi D pi bonds to form complexes. Because of the absence of D orbitals, such complexes cannot be formed by our tiny little nitrogen.


There are Dozens of Debian based distributions out there and they're all good or bad to varying degrees depending on how often they're updated how well they're maintained So on and so forth. One of my favorite Debian based distributions is actually called Sparky Linux I've looked at this before I've made a video on it before and it's really good Recently they came out with version 6.0 and I thought I'd take a look at it. So that's what we're going to be doing today We're gonna be taking a look at Sparky 6.0 potolo. I'm sure I'm gonna be butchering that name I probably won't use it again. So let's go ahead and take a look at what's new and then we'll install it and Take a look around. Let's go ahead and jump in So here are the release notes. This came out. I think yesterday So this is hot off the presses as they say So it's based on Debian 11 bullseye, which is very impressive considering that Debian 11 bullseye just came out like last week The fact that they were able to go through and release Sparky Linux 6.0 just a week after the stable addition of Debian was released is just highly impressive especially when you consider their other Debian slash Ubuntu releases that just take forever to get their releases out after an LTS release. So The fact that this just took a week is very impressive So like I said, it's based on bullseye. They have several Updated packages now because this is Debian don't expect bleeding edge. You're gonna find Very stable software here. That's the purpose of it. Now that being said I don't think anybody is going to be using Sparky Linux who expects bleeding edge If you're gonna if you're not if you want a bleeding edge You're either going to find a Debian-based issue that's based on unstable or you're gonna be using something like Arch So you use something like Sparky because you want a Debian-based distribution that has a desktop pre-installed for you That also has the most stable software available. So that's what Sparky Linux is What seems to be the biggest change is they've changed their Way of distributing apps from something called aptus to the app center So we're gonna have to take a look that supposedly has around 2300 Popular applications and 20 free preconfigured desktops. We'll see how that's been redesigned or how it's well I remember that vaguely I'm not sure if I remember liking it or not. I think I thought it was weird But we'll take a look at it again this time. So we also have a brand new welcome screen and We also have something called rise of VPN application pre-installed So if you're interested in using a VPN called rise up then you can use that most people probably need to use something different Sparky 6 comes in Xfce, KDE and LXQ. So if you are familiar with any of those desktops, you'll probably be fine Apparently you can also go through and look at other pre-configured desktops as well We'll take a look at that here in a few minutes when we install. So let's go ahead and just jump into the installation So we're going to be installing this in a virtual machine I've given this eight gigabytes of of RAM and for CPU cores we'll just go ahead and Get this started so we want us English will select that Very pretty startup screen. Oh, I forgot to tell you that I actually did select the plasma version of Sparky Linux this time. It's been a while since I've looked at it iso with with ice with plasma on it So I decided to choose this now. This is the brand new welcome screen We'll take a more in-depth look of that look at that once we've installed So let's go ahead and double-click the installer here and get started. So this is the calamari is installer We want American English. We'll just go ahead and run through this real quick. Detroit is fine English us default is fine. We'll erase the disk. Do we get it? We do get an option for swap we'll just do swap to file and We will go ahead and hit next we will enter my name here and That all is also fine. We'll call this Sparky. Oh s just for fun And we'll have a very nice password that no one will ever be able to guess Right here and we by default. I remember this part here. They have login automatically automatic checked by default I'm gonna uncheck that because what's the point of having a password if you're just gonna, you know log in automatically and Then we'll hit next and then we'll install. We'll see how long this takes. I'll cut the video here And we'll come back once it's done Okay, so that's done I'm going to go ahead and shut this down normally instead of hitting the restart button But if you're in this position, you could go through and just hit the restart button after you've removed your installation media For me, I have to remove it from virtual box. So I have to shut down And it actually did it for me this time. Sometimes it does sometimes it doesn't so we're just going to hit start again And we'll see what the startup times look like here in virtual box It'll probably be just fine like normal The days of linux starting up slow are pretty much gone even on You know slow hardware startup times are usually pretty good. So let's go ahead and enter our password here. This is sddm I believe for your your display manager and we got a the traditional katie Splash screen and then we have our katie desktop so This is the brand new sparky linux 6 welcome screen We have the home page, which is probably just going to take us to yeah It's just going to take us to the sparky linux home page if we close this It does bring up the welcome page again. So that's kind of nice We have forums wiki get repo It probably takes this to everything that they have on get a donate button app center Which we'll take a look at here in a minute upgrade. I wonder what this does So this is the system update tool It's just running apt in the background probably so it's just a gooey And we'll go ahead and actually Run this and see what it comes up with That's actually going to open up a terminal. So it's not even Doing all that much. It's just a button to run apt Which is nothing wrong with that so we have a Your system is up to date. Okay And it's still asking for another password. So But so this is going to be for the locale So I think we can just exit this because we already have english installed That's if you want to install another locale and that's done So we have a little box down here. I don't you probably can't see it says updates are available run system upgrade now Let's run that again. I think we're going to have the same results. We just add I'm assuming Exiting now. Okay All right, so we got update we have about system info info And then backup so backup probably uses So when you hit backup system, it takes you to wiki page Okay I'm not sure how useful that is really I would expect it to launch like something like timeshift or something instead of just being a link to a web page, but Better flow at your boat So we'll go ahead now and check out the app center Again, why you have to enter your password to get to the app center? I'm not sure You should only have to enter your password when you want to install an application You shouldn't have to do it to to launch into the app store Or at least I wouldn't think so. It seems like they're asking for root permission before they actually need root permission But we'll just go ahead and take a gander around this now. Supposedly this is brand new Whether or not I've actually looked at this before I don't remember what it was like In sparky linux 5. It's been quite a while. So we'll look at games here. So there's uh, Obviously, we always go for games Let's see what a card card games they have in here.  So let's see if we can do that again Extreme touch racer. Yeah. See it. See how it like reloads the whole app center thing. That's really odd I think he did that before I commented on that before so there's a whole bunch of games here. That's really nice Uh, I wonder about like is there like a search thing here? Let's see if steam is in here Uh type of cute. So it actually opens like a another application in order to do the the search That is weird and apparently steam is not in here. I don't Nope, no see here. Oh, yep right here steam. It's at the end So your search for steam should be at the top because there's not many things. I mean These are the I mean it's alphabetical order But still So steam is here. Lutrus is here We'll go back to here and take a look at the desktops. That's be interesting So if you want to install any of these desktops, you can do so awesome window managers here bspwm budgie I don't know what cde is Cinnamon, I don't know what draco is either. I've never heard of that enlightenment flux box gunam flashback. I'm assuming Is what is gunam flashback, you know, does it say? It doesn't say what it actually is I've never heard of gunam flashback before. Maybe it's like a gunam two version of gunam Uh, we got i3 ice window manager jwm kd plasma lumia Lumina lumina x lxde lxde. So that's pretty old. That's not even maintain anymore as far as I know lxcute mate An s cd. I don't know what that again. I don't know what that is open box open box noir peck wm never heard of that trinity uukui never heard of that again window maker and xfc Uh, so there's a big selection here and some of these are really rare like so much So I've never even heard of them. We don't have things like dwm here x more ads not here But the fact that there is even a selection is really cool. I'm just gonna install one of these I'm just very curious. So I'm gonna install bspwm and see what it looks like to install it I'm just very curious It's gonna. Oh, it's gonna change the light dm. So that's really Not great. We're gonna maintain sd dm because we don't light dm will just break For whatever whatever reason light dm hates me and breaks on everything that I touch So we'll just stick with sd dm The install time on that is actually Quite long. I usually when you install bsp, I don't remember bspwm being actually as You'll long to install when I installed it on dm before but Yeah, so this is let's see if we got like gimp or whatever graphics editors blenders here Dark tables here gimp is here inkscape is here. So this is a very well Stocked app center. It's also really weird because it's kind of like an uh, Like a web app or something. I'm not sure why it reloads between pages That's just something that it does and it's not a big deal, but it's weird The search is also really weird the fact that it opens up as like a separate application in order to Search something instead of just like a drop-down or something. That's again Weird so The way they do application the app center here is just A little out of the ordinary, but the fact that they've done this themselves And it's original and not they're not just using discoverer or Uh, gnomes software or something like that is highly impressive the fact that you've spent time to do something on your own I find that admirable whether or not it's a good app center. It would be for you to judge I think there's a lot of stuff here and it works. I think that's probably the Only two criteria that you have to have in order to be a good app store is you have to have a lot of software And it has to work if you meet those two criteria You've succeeded in what you're trying to do. So good job on that Okay, we'll close this and let's take a look now at installed software So development icon browser graphics quenview image magic Uh, library offices here is as well ocular and scanline for scanning internet. We got firefox esr kd connect kget, which I believe is a github client conversation A whole bunch of uh, obviously plasma applications that are going to be here as well quite rss, which is an rss feed reader rise up vpn in thunderbird and We had just that that menu just uh crashed interesting Uh from multiple multimedia got aliza, which is the kde music app k3b, which is a mp3 tagger Most of the stuff is just uh kde plasma applications, but we got something here called sparky tube, which i'm What exactly is this copy and paste video address below? So this is like a front end for like youtube dl cool Uh, that's really interesting. I actually kind of want this for my system And you just use youtube you youtube dl, but the fact that it's you know GUIs are kind of fun to play with every once in a while I'm a that's what i'm assuming that this is is a front end for YouTube dl. Okay. That's cool. Let's go back here. Uh, vlc is our video player And then uh, we have like a I believe that voco screen is a like a screen capture application uh, library office is here And then we got the standard settings and system utilities and stuff so outside of the plasma Application packages, there's not a ton of Stuff here that is not that stuff like uh, there we have nitrogen here to change wallpapers and stuff That may have been installed when I installed bspwm So that may not be here by default Well, then all the rest of the stuff is mostly just plasma applications along with library office and a couple others So it's a very minimal install There's not a lot here and it's just using the standard. So if we open up like dolphin This is just the standard Breeze theme. So it's not like very customized in terms of theme. Uh, they did change the icons, which is nice. Um Dolphin is so good. I wish I wish you could I wish I could use dolphin on my machine But it has so many dependencies. You got to install basically the entire plasma stack in order to get dolphin to work But I I really do think that dolphin is the best file manager out there, but in terms of Light weightness or light weightedness that it's not a word, but whatever In terms of heft in terms of dependencies and stuff Uh, it kind of turns me away from it. Anyways, let's go ahead and take a look at some statistics for Sparky linux now we got to remember we've opened up some things here So this isn't going to be fresh out of the box Statistics, but we'll do first. We'll do uname dash a let's see what kernel running. We're in 5.10 So this is fairly old, but again, remember we're in debian, so we're expecting that Uh, let's go ahead and do free dash m Now remember I've been I've opened up some things. So this may not be Indicative to what you'll get Fresh out of the you know box after fresh reboot 500 and legum 11 megabytes. That's just really good. Now also Linux uses more memory Depending on how much memory you give it So if you I've given this machine 8 gigabytes, it may use less on a machine that has less memory. So At least that's what I've come to understand But then that's actually true. I don't even know, but We'll just assume it is true because I heard somebody else say it Good job, man. Anyways, we do have a swap file here as we chose before Let's see if we have htop installed by default. We do not sersudo apt install htop Oops You're gonna actually spell it right So we're just running 66 tasks 151 threads Not bad at all. I mean For a plasma desktop That's actually pretty much on the low side And Plasma isn't really a heavy desktop these days. So that's actually really impressive So that's that let's go ahead and quit of that and let's see if neofetch is installed by default It is not so neofetch gives us a Really nice little logo here. It tells us the bash version is 5.1.4 plasma is 520.5. So That's a little older than what I would hope it would be But again, this is debian. So you're gonna kind of expect that now What I find most surprising about every debian install that I've Encountered so far is the number of packages that it installs Now some of this is going to be kde useful because kde just installed a ton of packages, but Even that machine behind me that's running Just bspwm and debian's like stock debian It has almost like 1700 packages and I don't know what they are. It's really weird And This is kind of weird too because we just went through all the applications and there's not a ton of applications here. I've seen distros with way more applications than this That seem to have fewer packages installed. So what again that might be just mostly the whole kde thing But that's a lot of packages So we're running k1 window managers. This is the sparky theme So they did actually go through and do a custom theme although I say that this is mostly just Breeze the icons are tele And this is console obviously and this is your terminal color scheme. So it's really nice if you're looking for a debian based distro That is light way well put together and is easy to install Sparky is a great option And it's just as great an option as it was Back in version 5 personally I would install this over just regular debiet and the reason why is because debian hides their non-free isos and That is a terrible experience because everybody needs the non-free iso almost everybody needs it in order to get Wi-Fi work and the fact that they hide it is a pan yes, and The experience of installing sparky is better because it uses a more modern installer It also has desktop environments that are pre set up for you So they at least look somewhat good and they haven't gone through and spent a ton of time Customizing the desktop environments that I've looked at actually before. Oh, no, I think about it Let's go ahead and take a look and see what the bspwm thing looks like I'm just really curious. So let's go back here and log out and see what the bspwm thing looks like So we could go down here and choose bspwm from the selector And enter the password again and this is bspwm with what the freak is that panel? Is that That can't be polybore that has to be like something like tint. What is that panel? I don't even know I'm going to find out though x prop So this is the tint 2 panel. Okay. I've never actually used tint 2 before so I couldn't It's not surprising that I didn't recognize it. So they used the tint 2 panel by default. I would get rid of that Like right away and install polybore polybore. I think is way better But if you're more interested in a more desktop environment type panel Tint 2 would probably be a good idea for you because it shows open windows It has clickable events and clickable icons and all that stuff. It has an icon trade by default tint 2 is actually good now what What terminal is this this is the uh, this looks like x term. I bet you this is x term So, yeah, this is x. I believe that's what x term comes, you know It shows up as But yeah, so this is bsp. We beat bspwm and you can tell we got the Fibonacci layout or whatever it's called. Let's see super shift c to close. No super x to close Super q to close super shift x to close All right, well, we're going to go cd into this Unfortunately, I can't zoom in because I have no code to zoom in on an x term. Is it control page up control shift page up control shift plus No So I don't know how to zoom in so apologize for that. So we'll the cd into dot config bspwm and do an analysis here So we have the bspwm rc. So we'll cd up a level and see if we have xs at hkd I can't even see that. So I can't imagine that you can either cd sx hkd Vim into sx hkd rc and vim is not installed by default apt install all right We're just gonna pause there for a second and have a mini rant every distribution should have vim installed by default It should be a rule. I mean It should be a rule. I mean everybody uses vim. It's it's so silly that it's not installed by default And it's not just sparkly linux. It doesn't have installed by default Ubuntu doesn't have it installed by default either and that's just a travesty All right, so we'll do a vim into sx hkd rc and we'll see what The kill command is so super Super alt escape is quit. No, that's going to be quit bspwm uh, so super shift W shoots. Is that what that says? Super shift w? Super super shift w Super shift w that is the weirdest keybinding for closing a window.  I've never seen it before Uh by default that is really really odd. Yeah, so I changed that like Immediately that's really weird. So, uh, row they have rofi installed by default So they use rofi instead of dmenu. I like that. I prefer rofi over dmenu. So that's a good thing But also they use super r to show it Okay, so I've seen alt p. I've seen super d. I've seen super shift enter super space all those things super r Is never really rofi now. I can understand where they're going with it r rofi makes sense W for quit Not quite as obvious All right, so that's bspwm. I don't need to go through any of that stuff I'm just very curious what how they did the Theming and stuff on bspwm and it looks really nice because they have pycom running you can tell because there's transparency and stuff They're using x term I don't think that that's what I would actually Use as a terminal emulator by default because most people don't know how to use x term I know I don't I have no cool how to zoom in on x term And I'm assuming you use x resources in order to add that functionality and probably change the font size and stuff like that But even then I don't even know if that's true. I could be completely making that up in my mind So yeah, that is bspwm on sparky linux 6.0. I'm interested in looking at a couple of their desktops Who cares how long this video is going to be shut. Let's just so super shift w to close this which is just whatever and we'll do Actually, we'll super shift w this and we'll do super r apt apt us Yeah, this is what we're looking for And then we'll go for desktops and let's install Let's see what their i3 one looks like Because that's the only other window manager that I really care about I've used the only other one that I've really used. I've used fluxbox before I've used awesome before Let's go ahead and use install awesome. Why not? See what their awesome installer install looks like that installed a lot faster than bspwm did which is interesting So we'll just do super shift w on this. We'll just or exit I suppose super shift w and then we'll do super shift Uh escape. I think is what I said was exit bspwm Or maybe a super alt escape. It was super alt escape. Again, that's really weird Uh, so I've seen super alt q super shift q super shift x Uh, usually escapes not a key that they use But we're going to go ahead and go into awesome here And enter the password and this is what awesome looks like Uh, that is the I believe the regular awesome Bar, but it is a little theme. So if we open up a terminal here we're in the fantastic floating mode Which is Really should not be the default mode and this is going to be in x term again It is yeah, so let's go ahead and go into cd. .config awesome And we'll do ls here and we'll vmrc.lua. Oops. I don't have my I don't have my aliases here. So I can't do that So again, I'm not gonna be able to zoom in because you know awesome sauce So we'll scroll down here. I'm assuming we're gonna have probably the same really weird keyboard needs For awesome as we did with bspwm. So let's see if we can mod key k It's gonna raise the client to the top. Okay, so we got mod shift q to reach to start quite awesome Mod control r to restart awesome. That actually makes sense. That's actually the first Key bonding and either of these things that actually has made complete sense to me prompt menu bar I don't see the one to come to close Probably just missing it. I'm sure I am All right, it doesn't matter But for the most part, that's just a standard awesome configuration They've changed the color of the bar. They've gotten rid of the title bar and they've removed some of the tags So they've only given us four tags You'd have to go through and add those other tags if you wanted more tags Obviously, I would so Yeah, that is sparky linux. I I'm impressed that they have the the window managers and the desktop environments to add on to that That's really great. So like I was saying before before I got distracted with other, you know, the window managers is I would recommend this for you if you want to use debian but don't care for the debian install process because debian Has zero non-free binaries or blobs or whatever in in its standard iso The one that you go if you go to debian dot org or dot com or whatever it is And download that iso that they have on the front page and then try to install it like on that laptop behind me It's not going to work because that laptop requires a non-free driver for the wi-fi card to work and They hide those isos. So that's a big problem with debian but Moreover once you get past that hurdle The desktop environments that they offer which they offer several I don't believe they offer any window managers, but they offer several desktop environments. They're all stock In terms of looks and feel and if you know what xfc looks like stock You'll know that it desperately needs a refresh in terms of design. It looks really bad and Honestly plasma out of the box doesn't look all that great either so The minimal amount of designing that sparky has done is actually really nice They haven't taken it so far as something like garuda or something like it's not crazy in terms of design It's very minimal And it may not be to the taste of everybody not actually you can change it But the fact that it's better than what debian itself offers is nice So if you want a lightweight minimal Debian distribution that is highly maintained Sparky is a good option for you For me personally, I think that app center would drive me crazy and I'd never use it So their premiere feature that they seem to work a lot on is the app center Would go waste it on me because I just used the command line But that's probably would be true of no matter what distribution based on debian that I used because most of the App centers or app stores that they have on debian based distributions, including ubuntu and mint They're mostly trash for me. I'm just going to use the the command line. That's just me. I'm a nerd, but If you're a new user and want to use debian This is a great option because the app center is actually really good and it has a ton of software in it. I mean When you're looking at an application store The is you need to work like I said and you needed to have a lot of software in it This one had a lot of software in it and that's a win. So Definitely give sparky linux 6.0 a try If you want to follow me, you can do so at the linux cast You can support me on patreon at patreon.com slash linux cast before I go I'd like to take a moment to thank my current patrons Devon chris east coast web gentu is fun too marcus maiglin spend jack's knife and tool Mitchell mr. Fox art center american camp. Thanks everybody for watching. I'll see you next time


Consider a moving plate moving parallel to a stationary plate at a distance of 20 mm with SAE 30-weight oil at 20°C, which is a viscous fluid between them. If the moving plate has a velocity of 3 m per second, determine the drag force acting on 0.2 m2. So for us to talk about the drag force, we are going to be describing the shear stress and recognizing that that is going to be the force acting per unit area. Therefore, to answer the question, we are going to need to calculate the shear stress on the fluid and multiply it by the area, which is 0.2 m2. If we assume that the fluid is a Newtonian fluid, then we can say that the shear stress is going to vary linearly with shear rate. And the slope of that linear line we call dynamic viscosity. Therefore, our force is going to be the dynamic viscosity multiplied by the area, multiplied by the derivative of the x-component of the velocity of the fluid with respect to y. So note in this diagram that y is positive going up from our perspective and the x-component of velocity, u, is moving to the right. So u as a function of y is referring to how this velocity changes the further up you go. I am observing that it is a linear line that is 0 at a y-position of 0 and it is v at a y-position of h. So at 0, the u-component of velocity is 0 and at h it is v. Why v? Why couldn't it have been something else to try to limit our confusion with these variables? I don't know. And then because it's linear, I can say that the velocity at any point is going to be the proportion of the height between 0 and h. You are multiplied by v. So y over h multiplied by v. So if you're halfway up, that is half of h over h, then your velocity is half of v. Does that make sense? So this is the function we are going to need to take the derivative of down here. So I'm saying u as a function of y is y over h times big v. And for convenience, I can write that as v over h times y.  So my drag force here is going to be viscosity multiplied by area, multiplied by velocity over h. I know v, that was given in the problem. It is 3 meters per second. I know h, it was 20 millimeters. I know a, that was 0.2 square meters. So the only unknown is the dynamic viscosity of SAE 30 weight oil at 20 degrees Celsius. And for that, we are going to go into our appendices. So we want table A3, which is going to have properties of some common liquids at 20 degrees Celsius conveniently. And for SAE 30 weight oil, the dynamic viscosity is 2.9 times 10 to the negative first kilograms per meter second. Now it's time to just plug everything in. The problem does not specify a unit for the force that it wants. So let's just default to Newtons. A Newton is a kilogram meter per second squared, starting at my destination and working backwards into primary dimensions. So far, seconds and seconds cancel second squared, kilogram cancels kilogram, meter squared cancels meters and meters. So to finish up, I just need to convert millimeters to meters and then I can cancel millimeters and meters. That will give me an answer in Newtons. So if our calculator will deign to help us out, you can say 2.9 e to the negative first, multiplied by 0.2, multiplied by 3, multiplied by 1000, multiplied by 1 over 20. Why I'm not just dividing by 20? I don't know. Really, I'm gonna be different. Anyway, the force is 8.7 Newtons. So there are 8.7 Newtons of force acting on a 0.2 square meter section of the plate. And note that that's the drag force on the moving plate. Also with this analysis, we could figure out what velocity a certain pulling force would achieve. If you were tugging on this plate with a 15 Newton force and its surface area in contact with the fluid was actually only 0.2 square meters, then we could figure out what velocity would yield equilibrium. That is, the force going forward equalling the force going backwards.


Sounds like you're looking for a tutorial on the scratch-free sound editor. Well, listen up, because in this scratch-free sound tutorial, we'll explore the sound editor and its tools together. We'll check out the YouTube audio library so that we can upload a sound, and we'll suss out the code blocks. All this coming up. Hello world, Surfing Scractor here. Teach yourself a program in bringing you the goodness of learning to code through video tutorials. If that sounds like something that you're into, consider hitting that subscribe button. Hit that show more button down below to check out a bunch of links that relate to this video tutorial. You can find a link to my funky tee here. This is Mountain LP, which you can find on Redbubble. If you suss out the link down below and purchase it, you'll be supporting this channel. But hey, let's go rock out those sound blocks. All right, we're in the Scratch Project editor. I've just set up a basic animation that is based on the loudness reporter block. If the loudness is over a reading of 40, remember that's just the microphone. I just play this little speaker animation here. We're going to be sussing out these magenta-colored sound blocks, but first we're going to jump over into the Scratch sound editor, which you can find by pressing the sounds tab here. When you start a new project, you've usually got the Scratch cat, and usually you'll have this meow sound. To hear that sound, all you need to do is press the play button. You can find more sounds in the Scratch sound library. To do that, just mouse over this sort of speaker button or the magnifying glass, and you can choose a sound. You're prompted with this dialogue box. Now, if you mouse over these purple buttons with the play button, it'll play that sound. You've got all these categories here to choose from. I kind of like the loops, the effects, and these wacky sounds here. All right, so if you want to choose that sound, all you need to do is click it, and it will now come up just like a costume would in your sprite. You've got some filters that you can apply to that sound, so you can make it faster, or you can make it slower. You can also make it louder and softer. There's this mute button. If you press it, you'll see the sound goes away. I haven't found an unmute button, so what I do is I just press the undo button. You can fade in the sound, which doesn't really have a great effect there. You can also fade out the sound. I'm just going to undo those two. You can reverse the sound, and you can also apply a robot sound. You couldn't really hear that robot filter, so let's go ahead and make a recording. Head over to the sound button, press the record button here, which is that little microphone. You're prompted with the dialogue box, and you'll see here you've got an indicator of the microphone volume. You can go ahead and press the record button. Here I am recording my voice. What Scratch does is it suggests some edits for you, so it's going to chop off the end bit and this little start bit. I reckon it should chop off a little bit more, right up until I start talking, which is about there. We can play it. Here I am recording my voice. If you're happy with that, press save if not, press the re-record button. We're happy with that. Cool. Let's go ahead and apply that robot filter to it now. Here I am recording my voice. There we go. Much better. We can let Scratch choose a sound for us by pressing this surprise button. It will just give us a random effect. The last option we have in our sound button here is to upload a sound. What I'm going to show you now is something that you may or may not be aware of. I'm here in the YouTube Audio Library. I've got a link down in the description below. If you want to go check that out. And this is like our Scratch sound library, except it has a few more sounds at our disposal. We've got all these tracks here, and we've also got some sound effects. I've also got all these flags that we can filter by, and one of the key ones is this attribution not required. It means that you can just use these sounds in your projects and videos. Pretty neat. I've gone ahead and downloaded this Cubic C1, and we'll be using it in our Scratch project. All right, let's give our song a little play. I've got this nice little intro section to our song before it skips into the song proper. All right, we're just going to leave our song there because I want to go ahead and explore some of these options up here. You can use your mouse to identify sections or select sections of your song. So say that you really enjoy the intro to that song. You can go ahead and select that range. Now you can press play. I won't spare you the experience of listening to it again. You can go ahead and copy that to a new sound file. So now what we have is that intro section, but I've got a feeling that we got the little bit on the end there. So let's go and play that. We did. So what we can do is reduce that section and we can delete it off. So we've just got that intro section in there now. And we can rename that to intro section. Cool. I really like the part where it transitions from the intro into the main part of the song. So I'm going to go ahead and copy that. And I reckon I might put that on the end of the meow. And what I can do is press the paste button there. And if we listen to our meow sound now, all right. So I think there's a little bit of a delay there that we can get rid of. So we'll delete that. And now let's listen to that. Beautiful and horrific at the same time. We're going to leave the scratch sound editor now and jump over into the code to explore all these sound blocks. The first two blocks in our sound category are these two stack blocks. Play sound until done and start sound. So there's a subtle difference between these two, but they're kind of similar. So play sound until done. What that does is it will play the currently selected sound and it will stop all the other scripts until it is finished playing. So let's go get that ricochet sound. And if we play it, that's cool. Now, if we've got this meow sound as well, what this will do is it will start the sound directly and it will execute the next block straight away as well. I'm going to play the ricochet sound until done. Cool. So you'll notice there that the ricochet sound played and after it finished, we started the meow sound. What we can do is reverse the order of this. We'll start that meow sound and then you might be able to hear the ricochet and you may not. So it was pretty hard to hear. We could go ahead and get that recording of me. That might be a little bit easier. So you can see there that this sound immediately started playing after this sound started to play. So that's the subtle difference between these two blocks. All right, let's go check out these next app blocks. I'm just going to drag them all out onto the stage just so we can see what they all do. Okay. So we're going to be playing that QBZ sound until done and we're just going to go through and see what the effects sound like when we're doing that. So if I play the sound, the sound that we know, we can stop the sound by pressing this stop all sounds block and what that does, that will stop every single sound throughout your scratch project. So use the caution. Let's go ahead and play our sound again. Now I'm going to adjust the pitch. I'm going to keep pressing this and have a listen to what happens. Okay, so when we changed that pitch by 10, it was getting higher. Let's go and subtract the value now. Cool. So you can see that when we lower the pitch, it gets a lot deeper. Okay, let's go check out the pan left or right. Unfortunately, I'm not going to be able to demonstrate this one for you because I don't have two speakers. But what this would do is it will change or shift towards the output track. So if we increase it by 10, it will shift towards the right track. And if we decrease it by 10, it will shift it towards the left track. So if you've got two speakers, you'll be able to hear the difference between these two. You can also go ahead and set the effect value explicitly by using this set stack block for these two effects. You can also use the clear sound effects to reset it all again. These last three blocks refer to the volume output for this sprite. I'm just going to go ahead and tick the volume flag so you can go see what the output level for this sprite is. It's 100. We can go ahead and play that sound. We can go ahead and change the volume by 10. And if we go all the way down to zero, that means that sound is now muted. We can increase the sound, of course, by 10. And we can set it to a specific value. So back to 100. Those with a keen eye would have seen this little music category down here. Now, there were some extra features in Scratch 2 that have been removed just to simplify it a little bit. You can go find this extension by clicking the extensions and clicking on this music extension down here. I'm not going to go through these in this tutorial, but I'll link to a future video using the card in the top corner. It's time for a scratchy question, and I want to know if you've got an awesome place where you get your sound effects and your audio loops. Share a link in the comments section below if you've got one. Hey, thanks for checking out this Scratch 3 sound editor tutorial. And thanks to VectEasy for the speaker. Like, subscribe, ring the bell if you're new around here, and have a scout of some of my other content on your screen right now. You can show your support for Surfing Scratch by checking out links to my Patreon page for these funky teas, or by joining the mailing list or links below in the description. But until then, I'm off to go find a wave. Catch in the next one.