The Cavalcade of America presented by DuPont, maker of better things for better living through chemistry. Years and years, a plague called Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever had ravaged the people living in the Bitterroot Valley of America's Great Mountain Range, the Rockies. To destroy it, a group of American scientists devoted the labor of their lives. We bring you their story in a radio play, The Mystery of the Spotted Death, written by Eric Bono and featuring the Cavalcade players. The orchestra and the original musical score are under the direction of Don Worries. DuPont, maker of better things for better living through chemistry, presents the Cavalcade players in The Mystery of the Spotted Death as tonight's drama on the Cavalcade of America. In Montana a century ago, a group of pioneers is searching for a home site. Ahead of them rides an Indian guiding them. As they enter a beautiful valley, the Indian suddenly stops. What's the matter? I will not go and... You said you're going to show us this valley, didn't you boys? I bring you here. I will not go into valley. Are there any Indians? No. Land looks fertile enough. Is the game those woods younger? Very good hauntings. Anything wrong with the climate? The water? No. And what's the trouble? Indians will not enter the west slope of this valley in springtime. Evil spirits. Well, man, the water's good and the land's good and the hunting's good and the climate's good. I reckon we don't mind a few evil spirits living here. Let's ride on. Have a look. White men riding confidently into the valley of evil spirits. The Bitterroot Valley. You can see where they've settled down there. You can see towns and green fields. You can see hunters in the wooded canyons. But what about those spirits? Look. See that old log ranch house crumbling? Down to the river. See that chimney standing alone? Yonder on the west slope.  Man called Tom Burton lived there with his wife until one day in 1906. Yeah. Who's on? Coming. Sit down neat. Be right with you. Annie. Huh? I got something to say. Sit down. Don't you say it? Annie, this valley's been good to us, ain't it? 40 years we lived here. If anything should happen to me, I don't want you to stay here. I want you to take the $35 we save and go to California and live with our boy. What? What's wrong? I ain't going to no California. We may come here together and you and me is going to go on. Annie, look. No. Tom. Yeah. Yeah. Spots coming in my ankles this morning. Now I'm a risk. Tom. You know what that means? I'll be dead in 10 days. No. No. We'll take the $35 and go into town and get the doctor. No, Annie. They don't know nothing. But the doctors care about the spotty fever. Folks on the other side of the valley never get it. They do it passes quickly. Only the poor hill folks this side of the valley that gets it and dies of it. They get it dead. Dead in 10 days. Don't fret, Annie. We've had a good life together. Anybody home? Who is it? Come in. I hope I'm not intruding. Howdy. I'm from Chicago, University of Chicago. My name is Rick. I'm a medical man. You do doctor? Well, not exactly. I'm a research man. Oh. I'm out here for a vacation and then well, I've been getting interested in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. I understand this is just the season when it crops up. I wonder if you know of any new cases along the hillside this year. Could you cure them? If they give you $10 or $20 or $35. Well, nobody knows anything about the disease yet. See, I want to study it. How long would it take you to study? More than 10 days. Oh, might take me a year. Oh. You see, the first thing that I have to do is to find some way of taking the disease back to a laboratory. I want to try injecting some blood from a patient into a guinea pig so I can make laboratory experiments. And by the way, what's this on your neck here? Oh, a wood tick. Plots of them around here in the spring. Well, you know, it's been suggested that these are what sped spotted fever. Well, it takes for years every spring. I never got. What are you looking at? Your wrists. Oh. Oh, yeah. Yeah, I got it. I got 10 days, I guess. Oh, Dr. A, there's something you can do. I'm terribly sorry. I know nothing about it yet. Tom Burton died 10 days later. There's his cabin running. The part of him lived on. Down yonder in the town of Missoula, down the river in a laboratory, Dr. Ricketts from Chicago injected some Tom Burton's blood into a guinea pig and its blood into another guinea pig and so on. So something of old Burton lived on. The parts that harbored evil spirits lived on in generations of guinea pigs. Ricketts, you're hopeless. What do you mean? Here, it took me months to get you started on a vacation away from your test tubes and there you are on vacation playing nursemaid to cages for a guinea pig. So, I'll tell you what I'm working on. You can help. Sure. Now, this is a wood tick from a nearby valley where there isn't any spotted fever. I ain't going to let him feed a while on this feverish dying guinea pig. Look at that guinea pig. Yeah. Spotted fever is no picnic. Now, look through the microscope. See the tick digging in a firm foothold with his eight legs?  He'll keep getting larger. He'd eat for days if we let him, but we'll move him to a healthy guinea pig. I see. The answer to the question can take is transmit the fever. Exactly. And for the answer, we'll watch our fever charts. First day, normal. Second day, normal. Third day, normal. Fourth day, 104.2. Fifth day, 106. Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Well, we've really got something now, haven't we? If this means the ticks of the villains, then that certainly makes it easier, doesn't it? Easier? Harder, I'm afraid. Much, much harder. You see those wooded canyons on the west slope cutting through the Bitterroot Mountains toward Idaho? See the white streams spilling over their banks? There's a paradise for deer and rabbits and squirrels. Ricketts and his friend descended on that paradise to hunt for ticks the size of a match head to learn the life of the tick. Oh, now you see what we're up against. Yes. In the summer, the tick larvae come out of their eggs, find up these small bushes and cling to the fur of some passing animal. Any animal. And start feeding. Right. And sometimes they inject its bloodstream with spotted fever. Some of these animals pass it on to other ticks and so on. But for nine months of the year, men don't get spotted fever because only full-grown ticks bite men. But the rest of the year, every animal in these woods is helping to keep the disease alive and vicious by playing host to the tick larvae. Well, that means if you want to stamp out the ticks, you have to stamp out every species of animal in these canyons. Yep, you would. Well, that's hopeless. Well, even if it weren't, would it answer our problem? Now, the animals in these canyons are found in other parts of the United States. So are ticks. But when people get the disease in other regions, they usually get over it. Yet right here, just in this one place on the west slope of this valley, it's almost always fatal. Why? Ticks don't explain that. The animals they feed on can't explain it. There must be something else. There must be. And I've got to find it. Ricketts didn't find it. Ricketts died. Working three years in that laboratory in Missoula, he found a similarity between Rocky Mountain spotted fever and typhus fever. So he went off to Mexico City to observe typhus fever and died of it. But like Tom Burton, Ricketts lived on because other men came to carry on his work there in the valley. In Hamilton, 1912, the scientist from Washington got off the train. He was Dr. McCrintyck of the U.S. Public Health Service. And soon he had tremendous whirlwind plans on the way. Quiet, please. Quiet, everybody. Go ahead, Dr. McCrintyck. During the past week with your help, we've burned underbrush all over the slopes of this valley. Because of what we've done, many million tick larvae will never reach an animal to feed on. Now that's a good start, but it's only a start. The next thing we're going to do is go after the animals themselves. We're going to hunt squirrels and rabbits by the thousands. We're going to pour carbon by sulphate down the holes of fairy dogs. We're going to do more than just a minute. Dr. McCrintyck, what's the matter, sir? Nothing with the heat in this hall, I guess. Suddenly felt funny. I think we'd better put off the meeting till tomorrow. Dr. McCrintyck isn't feeling too well. If nothing serious, I'm sure he'll be all right tomorrow. Dr., let me see your risk. No, no. Let me see. Impossible. Impossible. Dr., don't you think you'd better get back to Washington as fast as you can? See your wife and children? Yes, of course. Got to see them right away. McCrintyck died. Ricketts, then McCrintyck. And still other scientists came to unravel the mystery of the Valley of Evil Spirits. In 1922 came a young Virginian, also of the West Public Health Service. You see that little red schoolhouse just outside Hamilton, where the open fields begin? Young Dr. Spencer and his associates found that abandoned, empty of children. So they got permission to use it for ticks and guinea pigs. You know, the trouble with these ticks is the feeds are slowly two days from meal. Well, Dr. Spencer, you have to let nature take its course. Here's an idea. Suppose instead of putting the tick to feed, we just mash it up and, well, in an infected tick in a mortar. Yes. Make a sort of tick emulsion and eject that with a syringe. Save two days on every experiment. Let's try it. All right. I guess we better give this up. Six days, no sign of fever. It won't work for some reason. Meanwhile, we've wasted six days. Well, we found out. By the way, Dr. Spencer, some blood from an infected patient came in the day. Shall we use that? That's one thing we know never failed. Fine. Let's use it on these same guinea pigs. Right. Normal. Second day. Normal. Third day. Normal. Fourth day. Normal. Fifth day. Say, I don't understand this. This guinea pig is immune. You suppose that first dose of macerated tick made him immune? It doesn't make sense, does it? No. Shall we try it again on some other guinea pig? Yeah. Hello, Dr. Spencer. Oh, hello, Bill. Look what I got for you. Just count if you want a beautiful fat text on the mountain gout. From one of the areas we know is dangerous? You bet. Fine.  Never get careless about that. Oh, sorry. Thanks, Bill. All right, Dr. Spencer. Must be some infected ticks in this batch. Let's prepare the emulsion, then we'll inject some new guinea pigs. First day. Normal. Second day. 106.2. Third day. Dead. Diagnosis. Rocky mountain spotted fever. Say, we're up against something. Before, we got immunity. This time, the most violent case we could hope to find. Was there some difference between those two batches of ticks? Yes. The first batch was off the bushes. They hadn't had their spring meal yet. This batch had already been feeding. Feeding off a goat. And goats are immune. Well, just the same. Do you think that feeding could make the difference? That somehow the virus in the unfed tick is in a dormant state and even has protective power like vaccine? But as soon as that tick feeds once more on warm blood, the dormant virus springs to life, is reactivated and becomes deadly? Well, what do you think? We've got to test this idea with every possible experiment. A schoolhouse laboratory where scientists were getting closer. Closer than rickets. Closer than the clinic. Experiments went on.  But do you see that corner drug store down in Hamilton? An old drug store with an upstairs used as a hospital. Well, one day Dr. Spencer was up there standing by the bedside of his young lab assistant, Bill Gettinger. What does it say? 104.3. Spots all over him. He can't last long. Yeah. Poor kid. Poor kid. We've got to work on a vaccine idea. Works for Guinea pigs. Might as say, Bill. Chavin, come in. Could I have some of that injection too? Me and the vaccine we're working on? Well, that's still experimental.  Well, that's what I mean. You see, we've proved the vaccine protects Guinea pigs. We'll be not sure how good it is for humans. We couldn't try it first on other people, so we started on me. I took several injections six months ago. Since everything seems all right, we're now going to start injecting laboratory assistants. Well, of course, I'm only the janitor, but you might call that a laboratory assistant in a manner. Couldn't I have some too? Look, that vaccine is made from deadly infected ticks. We've set out to make those ticks protective instead of murderous. But we still don't know how safe our method is or how much protection it gives. Oh, I don't care about that. I just thought maybe I could help you to prove it. I don't mind taking a chance if it had helped science. Well, if you put it that way, Chavin, of course we'll couch you in. Most local people didn't have much confidence in that schoolhouse laboratory.  Eighth day. 105.2. Normal. Tenth day. Normal. Eleventh day. Normal. How do you feel, Chavin? I feel fine. Guess I licked it. I guess you did. Lick Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Man, you've made history. I guess I'm the first man in these parts. First of my age anyway that ever got over it. I'm sure of it. Of course, it was your injection that done it, Dr. Spencer. It was your vaccine. It's you I gotta thank. Let's just say a lot of people had a hand in this. People living and people who died. All working toward justice moment. The janitor didn't die. And all through this valley, thousands of hillmen have gone about their lives in safety because of an injection of the deadly tick made friend instead of full. The men of medicine won a victory. Of course, they're still working down there, working in a new laboratory, improving the vaccine, trying to unravel the mystery. Are you wondering why the fever was so deadly in this one valley? No one knows. One theory is that there are so many kinds of animals in those canyons that the disease gathers strength passing through so many. But nobody knows. The disease is about licked, but there is still that mystery. The mystery of those evil spirits. The mystery of the bitter root valley. The work of those pioneer investigators of the public health service, living and dead, to overcome the plague of the spotted death, is another triumph of American science. At Bethesda, Maryland, a million dollar building from medical research has been constructed which symbolizes the faith and confidence the American people have in the United States public health service. For the conquest of science and intelligence over pain and disease, touch all of us with that pride the world takes in the great victories of the human spirit. The importance of the mystery of the spotted death. For material in tonight's play, the Cavalcade of America expresses its gratitude to Harcourt Brace and Company for permission to base this dramatization on material in their publication, Men Against Death by Paul DeCribe. And now DuPont brings you news of chemistry at work in our world. One by one, science has convicted the insect culprits responsible for many diseases. The tick for carrying spotted fever, the flea for carrying bubonic plague, the mosquito for carrying malaria, yellow fever and dengue, the common housefly most dangerous criminal of them all in that it causes an estimated 75,000 deaths in the United States every year for carrying 30 distinct human ailments. While medical men have been studying the criminal methods of our insect enemies, other scientists have been devising police methods to use against them. Most important for home defense, chemistry has given us modern insecticide sprays.  A few puffs of spray in the air and your insect persecutors drop to the floor where they can be swept up without touching a human hand. The active ingredient of modern insect sprays is parythrom extract, obtained from dried parythrom flowers. If you happen to drive through Southern California this year, near Fontana, you may see acres of little white daisies with yellow centers. Experimental plantings to find out if it's practical to grow parythrom in this country. Foreign supplies of the imported daisies vary in both quantity and quality. So DuPont research chemists 10 years ago set out to find a new insecticide agent. One after another, they made hundreds of chemicals for trial.  Chemists bred millions of house flies and put them to death in laboratory lethal chambers to test these trial compounds. Chemical after chemical was prepared, coded, tested and rejected. IN486, IN487, on and on they went in the laboratory records, monuments to the eternal persistence of research. IN928, IN929, and finally the answer in IN930. Out of an unusual acid derived from castor oil and an alcohol from coal, air and water, chemists made a compound that answered all of the requirements. A curious compound that does not replace the pyrithrom extract but makes it possible to eliminate two-thirds of it by heightening its efficiency. It still goes by its laboratory nickname. As IN930, it is sold in combination with pyrithrom extract in a concentrate which enables American fly spray manufacturers to put out efficient low-cost insecticides of constant quality for your protection. The laboratory is an arsenal of public health and DuPont chemists count insecticide ingredients a worthy example of their objective, better things for better living through chemistry. And now the star of next week's program, Agnes Morehead of the Cavalcade Players. Long before America won its independence there was a woman of New England who fought for freedom, religious freedom. That freedom Americans have today, the right to worship God according to the dictates of their consciences. The woman was Anne Hutchinson and we hope you'll listen to her dramatic story on next week's Cavalcade of America. Our program next week, the news of chemistry at work in our world, will tell how one of chemistry's recent achievements is helping to conserve the food of our nation. On the Cavalcade of America, your announcer is Clayton Collier sending best wishes from DuPont. This is the red network of the national broadcasting company.


It's time for the Lawn Jean Chronoscope. A television journal of the important issues of the hour brought to you every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. A presentation of the Lawn Jean Wittner Watch Company. Maker of Lawn Jean, the world's most honored watch, and Wittner. Distinguished companion to the world honored Lawn Jean. Good evening. This is Frank Knight. May I introduce our co-editors for this edition of the Lawn Jean Chronoscope? Edward P. Morgan and Bill Downs, both of the CBS television news staff. This evening's guest is one of the most distinguished ladies in American life. Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt. Mrs. Roosevelt, some nights ago, I had dinner with a man and his wife in Spokane, Washington. Quite sincerely, but quite seriously, they asked me two questions. They said, do these foreigners hate us as much as they seem to? And are they ever going to be grateful for the things that we do for them? Now you've just come back from one of your latest trips in far parts of the world. Could you answer those questions? Well, I would not say that foreigners hated us. I would say that many of them were a little suspicious that they did not like to feel that everything they wanted to do, they had to ask us for our help. Or some of it would come from the United Nations, and they liked that better because they were members and they felt they got it by right. And there was no one individual nation that they had to depend on. But I would say that it was always hard to be grateful for something which you felt you would like to have be able to do without asking anyone. Well, Mrs. Roosevelt, we've heard a lot about criticism of American policy and what we have done or tried to do. Is this something new or I mean, is this something to do with this administration, the Truman administration, or perhaps even your late husband's administration? Is this? No, I think it began probably when the war was over and we began to have to help people to build up again. And we were the ones who had not been bombed and who had no homes destroyed. We had difficulty in getting new homes, but we didn't have to clear away acres of rubble of old homes that once existed.  In other words, this is history rather than policy. This is history rather than politics. And I think, of course, that there is some envy in it. There is, when people say, will they never be grateful for what we've done, I think there is gratitude. But gratitude is sometimes swamped by the sense of why was this done? Was it done in the long run so we could, we who just freed ourselves from political domination, be dominated through economics? Now that's not unnatural because the history of most of these countries in Asia and in some parts of Europe is that people who do things for you expect something in return. And I suppose if we do things as we're supposed to do and enlightened self-interest that we're not necessarily expected to anticipate gratitude. Well, of course, it is enlightened self-interest because getting them back on their feet is necessary for us because we need markets. You spoke of the United Nations, Mrs. Roosevelt, and that brings up a most topical point. And before we get into the heart of it, let's explore a public reaction to it here. There seems to be a great deal of suspicion among our own people about the United Nations and its effectiveness. What is your reaction to that? Well, I think that's easily explained because you see we're a very big country in a very strong country. We have not needed any of the programs carried on by the specialized agencies which are the action part of the United Nations. We've not needed those programs in our country because we were all right. India has needed to have land cleared of malaria. Other nations have needed help to get rid of tuberculosis. There are a thousand and one things that less fortunate nations can see have happened and be grateful for from the United Nations. We don't happen to have been in that category. It matters to us what the United Nations does elsewhere because again, where people are ridden with malaria, they will never buy our goods. Well, Mrs. Roosevelt, do you think that the United Nations as an instrument of world political opinion and operation has lost ground in the last, say, five, six years in this country? I think like everything else that we started out expecting that the United Nations would solve every difficulty great just by being the United Nations. We didn't realize that the United Nations was only all the nations gathered in one place, but all the troubles remained just as they were before. And therefore we had to work to make the United Nations work and we didn't want to work and we didn't expect to have to do this work. And now we know we have to, which is healthy, I think. That brings up another point, Mrs. Roosevelt. Secretary of State Dulles has just made an important speech before the American Bar Association in Boston, the essence of which was that the United Nations Charter, I think he put it, was a preatomic age charter and therefore not flexible to the times and he recommended that the Security Council be stripped of the veto and said that in some future assembly in 55, I believe it was, that the United States would consider sponsoring such a move. What do you believe about that? Well, of course, that's a great change for the United States because we felt that unless we had the veto, we would never get the charter through Congress and that was one reason why the veto was put there. Of course, the fact that the Soviets have misused the veto, used it for a great many things that it was not intended for. What it was intended for was to make it possible for a nation, a great nation, to prevent the discussion of domestic affairs, which they considered were no business of anybody else's in the world. Whether we now are ready to submit the discussion of our domestic affairs is a question that the people will have to decide. Aren't we, in effect, or isn't Secretary Dulles, in effect, asking for a showdown, though, when he says, all right, leave us split the United Nations or let people line up on our side or their side with no veto and we carry this by majority vote. Do you think that is a possible consequence? I would hope that perhaps, just as we trust our people in the United States, we were trying the experiment of trusting the nations of the world. I hope we would do nothing, however, so definite that we really hurt the United Nations because I think this is the one great hope for eventually building peace and to do anything like making a pronouncement of a policy, a which you cannot change if you find it is unwise in the future.  Mrs. Rotaville, excuse me, speaking as Bill Downs did a moment ago of lining up on one side or the other, what is your view as to our position regarding India and the issue of her representation at the Korean Peace Conference? Well, last year I was in India and I wrote a book called India in the Awakening East as just trying to explain some of the problems of that area of the world in very simple fashion because I could only give impressions, it's not a learned treatise. My feeling is that when you insist on lining up people, what you do is put our friends with the Soviets if you insist that that's the only place they can sit. I feel it's very unfortunate. Well, Mrs. Rotaville, you have become known as the leader of what is loosely called the liberal movement in this country or what used to be called the liberal movement in this country and some people call them do-gooders and the rest of it. Could you define a liberal for us, I mean, in your own words? Well, it's very hard to put in a few words what a liberal is, but I would feel that a liberal was a person who kept an open mind, was willing to meet new questions with new solutions and felt that you could move forward, you didn't have to always look backwards and be afraid of moving forward. And that's what this National Issues Committee that you... National Issues Committee is going to try to look at the issues, to put them in simple terms so that the people can understand them as objectively as possible and to feel that they can as the liberals do move forward. Quickly a final question, Mrs. Rotaville. I'm sorry, Bill. We've been told by our experts that we may have to live in this world of uncertainty and indecision short of war in a cold war for X number of years to come.  Well, I think the study of our history, certainly the people who settled this country didn't have any great security and it's hard for the young to live in uncertainty. They love to be sure of the future, but I really think that we have the stamina, particularly if we look at what we came from. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. The opinions that you've heard our speakers express tonight have been entirely their own. The editorial board for this edition of the Laun Jean Chronoscope was Edward P. Morgan and Bill Downs, both of the CBS television news staff. Our distinguished guest for this evening was Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt. There are many, many watches which sell at prices equal to or higher than Laun Jean. So if you wish to be sure of getting a watch of truly fine character, what should you do? Well, just compare the facts you have about any other watch with the facts you have about Laun Jean. And the facts about Laun Jean prove it to be one of the finest of all the world's watches. For in competition with the world's best watches, Laun Jean watches alone have won for excellence and elegance, 10 World's Fair Grand Prizes and 28 gold medals. For accuracy, highest honors from the leading government observatories. For dependability, a position of leadership in sports, aviation, and in science. Yet though Laun Jean is one of the very finest watches made anywhere in the world, a Laun Jean watch is not excessively expensive because you may buy and own or proudly give a Laun Jean watch for as little as $71.50 and this is important. Whatever the price, every Laun Jean watch is manufactured to the highest standards of quality which have made Laun Jean the world's most honored watch, the world's most honored gift. Laun Jean, premier product of the Laun Jean Wittner Watch Company since 1866, maker of watches of the highest character. We invite you to join us every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday evening at this same time for the Laun Jean Chronoscope, a television journal of the important issues of the hour, broadcast on behalf of Laun Jean, the world's most honored watch, and Wittner, distinguished companion to the world's honored Laun Jean. This is Frank Knight reminding you that Laun Jean and Wittner watches are sold and serviced from coast to coast by more than 4,000 leading jewelers who proudly display this emblem, Agency for Laun Jean Wittner Watches. Thursday nights, enjoy the Lux Video Theater on the CBS television network.


Hello everyone. I'll be talking about Rotatable Zero Knowledge Sets, an allocable dictionary with privacy and post-compromise security. There is joint work between Zoom and my own Microsoft Research with the full list of authors listed on the title screen. Let me begin with the motivating application, intended encrypted communication systems. The scenario is that parties wish to send messages to each other while communication must go through some central server. Intended encrypted communication systems allow parties to communicate securely without the server being able to read the messages it forwards. It's used for all sorts of messaging, such as Zoom, WhatsApp, Teams, yada, yada, yada. And the most common solution is to use public key encryption. However, to use PPA, users need to know each other's public keys. If the server were to simply host a database of public keys, that opens up the possibility of man the middle of a text where the server would respond with a compromised public key. The common solution to this is to have security codes, where users directly share a short code, for example, the hash of their public key, which can be checked manually by other users. However, this is tedious and inefficient, and so we may want to automate this process, which we can do using a key transparency system, otherwise known as an audible dictionary. In a key transparency system, the server provides a commitment to the database and a proof pie for each query that the identity public key pair returned is in fact stored in the committed database. As long as all users agree on the commitment, man the middle attacks are detectable by users checking that their own public key has been stored correctly. The database may also change over time, and we don't want users to have to check their public key stored correctly after each update. And so therefore, after every update, the key transparency system will provide a proof that nothing has been deleted or changed, which can be checked by others, not by the users themselves. Key transparency systems by default do not preserve privacy, and in fact, querying the server about Alice's public key may reveal false public key as well. However, there are privacy preserving key transparency systems out there, for example, seamless and cons. But these solutions do not satisfy public's compromise security. In fact, when the server is compromised, it is clear that the full database at that time must be leaked, but it is not necessarily the case that all new public keys added later on must also be leaked. In the existing solutions, if the server state, for say, commitment one has been leaked, then privacy is also lost for all future commitments. Our contribution is to prevent this. We provide a post-compromise secure private key transparency system, which we abstract out into a primitive we call RZKS, a Rotatable Zero Knowledge Sense. The ZK here refers to the privacy aspect, and the Rotatable here refers to the post-compromise security. Our construction will rely on a new primitive of independent interest, Rotatable Verifiable Random Functions, or RVRF. In short, an RVRF is a verifiable random function with the additional ability to update the public key. When the public key is updated, for every previously queried output, the Rotatable Verifiable Random Function provides a new output and a proof that both outputs came from the same input. Notably, the rotation proof must not leak any information about the inputs themselves. For full details, read our paper, or come to my talk, Wednesday, December 7th, at 12-3 p.m.


Okay, so it's 12 noon, we'll start, so our next talk will be about the well-renowned project, VLC, by the founder and president of the Videlane Association, Videlane Organization. Please welcome Jean-Baptiste Kempf. Hello. Yes, can you hear me? Please come and sit. Okay, ça c'est sûr. Please come and sit, don't stand up in the air. So, as often I come and talk about some updates about the Videlane Project and mostly VLC, and I'm going to speak about what's going to happen next. So for those who don't know, I think that's getting less and less people in this room, I'm the president of the Videlane Non-Profit and I've been working on VLC since my left basically. So we're going to speak about VLC. Just a few slides about VLC 3.0, which is going to be released on Tuesday, and probably Thursday for the time we do all the building.  And it's going to ship next, whatever, and of course it didn't. But actually now we are the release candidate eight or nine, so it's actually happening and it's already packaging the good distributions. So 2.2 was WeatherWax, was a very stable release, which helped us to get a lot of work on 3.0 because people were not bitching too much about the stable one, which allowed us to do a lot of stuff. But when you look at it, it's quite old. We forked it in 2015, so three years later we're going to actually work on 3.0. We had around 200 million downloads on our website, so that, of course, outside the release distribution and outside all the corporate environments. So that gives you a good idea of the desktop size of VLC on Windows and Mac, which is good. Not that many regressions. The biggest issue we had was, of course, 4K and UHD coming. Well, coming soon, since HEBC is almost dead. Thank you, AV1. So 3.0. Just a few numbers and ideas. We're talking about 18,000 commits on VLC Core, around 3,000 for each of the mobile ports, which is Android, iOS and UWP, which is quite big. It was, of course, too long to come, but it's a very strong release, and the reason why it took so much time was to finally have one release for all the platforms. And it was the same number, right? So many of our users don't understand because it's, of course, solidical that the version on iOS is 2.8.5 and the version on Apple TV is 1.1 and Android is 2.5. I mean, no one understands anything. So we're moving to a way that the first number is actually the Core version. So the next version is going to be VLC4 and so on, and the mobile ports and can have different release schemes. But at least for the users, they understand that the big number is the support of formats and codecs, which is what most people care about. So that's why it took us a long time, mostly because with mobile and with 4K and 8K and so on, we needed to have hardware decoding by default. And getting that was quite difficult. As our old mentor told us, mem copies murder, so in VLC3.0, on all the platforms, we got zero copy decoding and displaying. So we are now finally, the architecture is finally done so that we can just bypass from the decoder to the filters to the output, just a reference to the frame and so that we don't have mem copies and so everyone is happy, almost. The results are quite good. We get 4K on the iPads. We get 8K on the Galaxy Note so we can have 8K 60 FPS decoding on just a normal high-end Android phone. The last i7, the last two versions also get you 8K with VLC. We have less CPU consumption and GPU consumption than movies and MPCHC. So we have some very good results. We support 360 video. You care about that so much because VR is the future, like 3D. But mostly, some more important parties that we support now, network shares.  We even have SFTP support for the few people who do that. But also that means, and that was quite difficult because we had to have password management. So now we integrate, we use your Cowlet or your Libsecret to your password inside VLC because of course, VLC is going to crush and you're going to get your secrets leaked. So we don't do that. But we had to do a lot of integration for that. As I said, common codebase. We now support 10 bits and 12 bits. Of course, 12 bits is, there is no display. But we support some kind of HDR using LiPlaSable from the MPV project which means that we can do ton mapping correctly for once. But if you have a Windows machine with a correct driver and the correct moon and the correct cable and the correct screen then you can get maybe some crappy UHD. HDR correctly path through. It's going to work some day on other platforms. Probably Android first. We spend a lot of time also on HDMI path through. For a long time VLC was not able to do anything else than DTS and Dolby path through for audio. That was very problematic for everyone using VLC as HTPT.  Then a lot of new formats. A lot of work on the adaptive streaming because no one wants that. A lot of support on subtitles. So we support TTML, ASMC or you had the talk before. We even support Web VTT a CSS engine in VLC. Yeah. We are so happy about that.  By default now we are using OpenGL on Linux. And we have experimental Wayland support. It's of course not perfect but that's probably because of Wayland. Well, I'm going to pretend and not us. And also we have a new and we have also a new subtitling rendering stack. Don by a Syrian developer. I already talk about that. Refer to my talk last year. Which gave us some yes, some support of this language that you all recognize as Maya Lagan. The one who did not please take extra relations. But yeah, we have a full text rendering engine that is not Q, that is not GTK or KRO, that is our one. Lib VLC so because it is quite technical crowd we have done quite a bit of work on Lib VLC. One of the main reasons is that Lib VLC is actually the API we use for the mobile port. So we finally added a lot of functions. Demo of directly that was a bit of of course macOS 10.7 and Android from 2.3 and iOS 7. So that's very large. And this is the last version where we suppose that the platforms 3.0 is going to be a kind of LTS by LTS I mean just back port of security issues because we won't maintain it correctly I'm afraid. But still they will get at least security updates. Release is supposedly Tuesday and on your stores and so on Thursday when we update the website and we finish all the builds and test them. So cool 3.0 is there. What's after? VR. There is a lot of people who talk about VR and there is a lot of formats. Every camera is doing something different. Every headset is doing something different. Most of the VR apps are using a 500 megabytes download of unity and so on and they are all quite shitty. And if you just want to just look at it it's very difficult. So in 3.0 we supported all the 360 playback with your touch, with your mouse, with your keyboard, with your clicker and so that's just a normal one. And of course we had a new 3D ambisonic audio renderer. Sima also talks about that. But then some people actually want to play some HMD and there is still the question of how do we support 3D in VLC which so far we've not done. So we are going to work on open HMD integration which we are going to have in the main VLC and in a very simple way so it's not going to make you your VLC to raise one Alibaby Codec, finally merge the MVC support. Anton, please. Yeah, good luck, I know. But also we are going to have a kind of mode that is called virtual theater which is basically you have your 2D screen inside a kind of sky map but the thing is that it's going to be a minimal integration, quite simple and it's not going to change much on the VLC the change is mostly on the open GL video output. And then we are going to work on integration for Unreal and Unity using the same API on FBO passing that we used to do the demo. So after VR we are going to do VLC 4.0 called Autoshrick. Autoshrick is a vampire photograph please refer to the whole this world books if you need. What are we going to do in there? New video architecture new input and playlist media library integration and UI and dropping platforms. So video output we discussed about that actually yesterday we are going to rewrite most of the video output of VLC because now basically we are using a model where you are asking the hardware what it can support and then we go back upstream to reconfigure everything back to the decoder and put the converters.  Now that almost everyone has opened GL on Direct 3.11 we are going to do the other way around which is pushing pushing the frame from the decoder up to there and in the end with hopefully some magic with shaders and le placebo we are going to get it better. Which means we write most of the video outputs in VLC which means also probably dropping some of them which we can do because we are dropping platforms. Via recycling so that you don't have this very annoying effect when you move from one video to another one that sometimes the video output close it shouldn't happen but still it happens when we'll have that it's going to be easier. Support for 3D and VR well that's not that difficult to do side by side in OpenGL and probably more HDR because there will be 2 new different formats of HDR this year or maybe 3 or 4 and then people are going to ask for SDR2 HDR support and so on and so on and probably a video filter API in VLC finally Remy promised us thank you Remy he doesn't know about that yet. Input manager we are going to rewrite the input because now in VLC the audio output and the video output are owned by the playlist which allows you to get smooth transition of course it's not smooth because it's not done well between one input to the next one. So we are going to split the playlist and the input manager which is going to, the input manager is going to own the audio output the video output, the stream output and this one is the one who is going to manage the input and this one is just going to know the next input. It's going to simplify a lot the playlist and this might give us some gapless playback in VLC or even like cross fading wow for those people who care but also it's going to simplify a lot of code because now the playlist of VLC the VLM of VLC, the media player of the libvlc are doing different stuff and so everything is going to be at the same place which means we write of the playlist we are going to drop the current playlist which allows trees and we are going to have a very simple flat playlist and this one will have like a 1-1 relationship with input manager. Media library we are going to do, to integrate a media library, the one that we have on Android, on the desktop so small details, it's C++ and SQLite it's going to be quite simple we are never going to look like Cody it's not the goal for those people who use VLC which is double click from Notillus or Dolphin it won't change anything this will not be activated when you need, but for the people who need it then they will just double click especially on Windows where there is a lot of requests for audio playlist and media how it's going to look, I have no idea yet but the idea is to keep it quite fast, or at least fast as possible so it's not going to be like Amarok which brings us to a new UI this is the current VLC version for Windows Store UWP this doesn't mean it's going to look like that it just means that we should do something better for the media library integration in a playlist, so if you have inputs or ideas please share them if you are a designer or if you have strong opinions on how it should look if you care about the fight between GNOME and KDE and Wayland about client side decoration and DWD please also give me your inputs oh yes, I forgot in the input we are going to rewrite the way the timestamp are going to be managed because now when you play back with VLC after the demux between the demux and decoders, if we write all the timestamps to be closer to your output which means that if you transcode then basically you're fucked because all your timestamps are gone this is going to be a big change we'll do the first part in VLC4 and the next part in the next version and the final part in the version after but this is going to be quite important to get frame accuracy and correct transcoding so as I said we're going to drop platforms Windows XP and Vista the Chinese people are not going to be happy about that but the problem is that we still have 8% of our traffic on vidoland.org that is coming from XP and that is actually increasing yeah macOS 10.7 8.9 are going to be dropped like most of the others I think we kept it longer than most other bigger even projects on Linux I think OpenGL is going to be required like there won't be any other way around sorry guys and from Android we are finally going to drop Android 2.2 and 2.3 and 3.0 and so on and for iOS 7 8 are gone so what's after that we have two fun research projects the first one is VLC.js and when I mean VLC.js I'm actually meaning VLC and not like oh I'm going to wrap around a few HTML as API and that is possible because of WebAssembly coming soon it's a kind of TS and HLS in javascript in order to remix it in mp4 to make the browsers don't respect correctly the mp4 stack and the mp4 specification so the idea is to get VLC running directly inside the web browsers and that's possible with WebAssembly and threads currently we have to work on that we have something working on Firefox with ASMGS and pthread so not with WebAssembly because WebAssembly doesn't support threads yet it's going to come last June and I wish I wanted I wanted to give you a demo but I can't give you a demo because I upgraded my Firefox and they disabled shared array buffers because of the specter security issue but if you look at my talk that was recorded at at forms you could see the demo and I can give you the pages for the people who care we managed to play normal WMV video the wide life video, the one from windows so I'm really sure that it's not possible that it's decoded by the web browser actually works fine even on my machine 720p h64 was easy and we were talking like everything done in ASMGS so no asmggs nothing else will it go on? yeah probably some people from Chrome said that they were open to discussing the hardware decoding exposed directly and as we were outputting with WebGL and off-screen surfaces that was actually quite powerful the problem is mostly audio output because if anyone has tried WebAudio sorry about that it's completely insane there basically no way to have a simple sync and give PCM and get the information back from how much has actually been playback like any other audio API you have awesome 3D filters in WebAudio and amazing filters and so on but the basic is not there so we'll see another project we're working on is sandboxing for sandboxing is that basically vlc and all the multimedia frameworks have so much shit in it and so one of the good way is to put everything inside a sandbox but if you do that then vlc is going to ask for access to your graphic card which means basically canal mode it's going to give you access to your audio and so on and so on and in the end you check all the boxes from the sandbox which means basically your sandbox is useless if you need a map of the location of the filming it will be required so this is difficult what we're looking at is doing the kind of things that Chrome did which is having the access the demoxer and the decoder in different processes and do shared memory sharing in a cross-platform way I see some people are laughing it's going to be difficult it would be very nice we have a demo of that which is just based on on ptrace and about end threads yes I know my time is up and as Christophe says and that's good because I've finished any questions any questions I have a mic don't be afraid do you want 5 more minutes which HDR formats do you support now what do you mean by PQ, HLG so the question was which HDR formats so far I mean in the normal way of HDR the only way we support that is Windows 10 and that is only HDR10 wow that's not easy when we do tone mapping with HDR10 it's limited to liplicebo it's doing now HDR10 it should be able to do HDR10 plus and I think HLG should be easy to do I don't know exactly but if you want you can ask Yann he will tell you but basically as tone mapping it's easy the problem is when you're not in tone mapping is that you need to actually discuss that on the HTML link which we don't have access to that's so far only on Windows 10 and Android and only on selected devices on Android so far it's very annoying yes I want us to be able to find FLC on the fdroid repository and last week I didn't see it anymore is that something in fdroid projects yes they don't want to build it because it's too difficult I'm sorry guys but we help them because we build it on Jenkins they could pull it we help them to get a special way of like Ugo help them they don't want it because it's too difficult because it breaks so much but I mean it's a distribution that doesn't want to distribute what can I do right we check that VLC is using the least amount of permissions we need we drop them down in the last release we have no trackers nothing so we are like really clean it's not like Firefox issue on fdroid they just don't want to build it and their only solution is oh you could do a repository but then the user needs to go and click and add the repository no one is going to do that I don't I don't know what I can do more I can even give them versions that are built on the release but not signed they are on keys if they want so far they are just like no sorry thank you for trouble Raspberry Pi it's working on Raspberry Pi but the user interface has some problems did you find some better solutions because usually the output when you are using the hardware exploration then you have less space over for the user interface on fix the M mal hardware acceleration and video output display it's quite difficult to build for Raspberry Pi to be honest but there is a it should work now correctly but the problem you're referring is a problem between Qt and mal fighting against each other and so we've been starting to look at that with two of the community member and we'll probably backboard that for 3.0 but I don't think the big issue is fixed on the full screen when you have something about it thank you G-Bate thank you if you have any other questions I'm around follow the cons and there is a booth where you have big prize to win in the second level of K