Okay. You can take over with this great sharing. Thank you. Welcome. Can everybody hear me? Great. Thank you so much, Kathy. Welcome everyone. My name is Melissa Armo and I own a company called The Stock Swoosh and today I'm going to lecture about momentum and trading with momentum and really today we're going to focus on charts. I'm going to give you the information if you want to learn my method and contact me right now because we're going to spend the rest of the time talking here today looking at charts which I think will be very helpful. So here's my contact information. If you'd like to reach out, if you want more information on what I do and the strategy I trade, you can give me a call at 929-3200 Gap or feel free to email me at Melissa at The Stock Swoosh.com. Also, if you would like a trial to the live trading room, you can email me as well. You can get a free trial for the week. I also am talking on Fox Business News. You can watch me there about stocks in the market. So I teach a class on my method. It's called the Golden Gap Course. It's an online class. I teach my method. It's Saturday and Sunday. I usually do it once a month. It's a full two-day course on how to strategically find pick-and-play stocks at our professional bearish gaps. We are going to talk about momentum to the upside and the downside today just so you know. But I do like to focus on the shorts. The next class is November 18th and 19th. If you're interested, you can email me about signing up. It's from 9-5 and the class is online. You can be anywhere in the world and take it. Cost of the class is $4,999. All right. So let's pull up some charts. If you can hang on one second, I'm going to pull up some charts right here. Okay. Can everybody see this chart here of Tiva? Actually, let's go back a little bit further here. Can everybody see this chart here of Tiva? Let me know. One of the interesting things is, and I'm just going to lecture here and talk as long as we go today here about charts, we're going to first talk about this chart here in the stock Tiva. I just want to note, Tiva's in a downtrend. Okay. So the momentum in Tiva, this is a daily chart, is down. It's in a downtrend. It's very obvious now to see this. Maybe not so obvious initially back a couple of months ago. But the fact is that the stock had started breaking back at the beginning of 2016, summer of 2016, right in here. It's when the chocolate's break, actually it was the summer, summer of 2016 more than a year ago. So it's very, very important as a trader, as a day trader, no matter how much money you have, whether you're trading with a small account or a big account, to catch a momentum move in a stock to make money. It's like the difference between night and day. And I know a lot of traders do what they call scalping. They'll scalp something for five cents, 10 cents, 15 cents. I don't like to do that. I'm trying to catch a move in something. And by a move, I mean a large move, as large of a move as I could possibly get on the day because I'm day trading, although you can use my Gap method for swing trades and investments and long-term trades and options. But the idea is that it'll be a lot easier for you to make money as a day trader if you're catching a big move, because then it really doesn't matter where you get out. And the object then is obviously only making money in profits. How do you do that? You've got to get the direction of the momentum right, okay? This is very obvious here to anyone, even someone that wouldn't even have ever looked at a chart before, that the stock has been trading down. And actually, from 2014, it's hard to believe the stock was at one point well over $70. High up here was $71.78. And this wasn't that long ago if you look at it. So this was summer of 2015, actually. Two years ago, the stock was well over $70. And now today it's worth $12 and some change. Now, I'm going to go here and show you this. So what do I do? I look at stocks that are gapping. And I look at stocks that are actually gapping down first. So I do look at bullish moves, but I like to focus on bearish moves first. In other words, if I don't get a good short on the day, then I will focus and look at the longs just so you know. Anyways, here was a gap down. This was summer of this year, August. So what's a gap? I'm just going to explain this to you very, very basics who understand a stop gaps when the closing price one day is different from the opening price the next day. That's what a gap is. So in the case of Tiva, Tiva closed here the night before at $31.25. And open here the next day, this is $8.03. See this in here? This is the open of the candlestick here at $25.75. Do you see this? So the stock gap down. Here's the open. Here's the close. And actually this was a quite sizable gap down. So all a gap is is when the stock closes at one price at a different number that it opens the next morning. And the US market has a close and open time. The US market closes at four o'clock and opens the next day at 9.30. Okay. Is everybody with me? What a gap is? Does everybody understand what a gap is so far? Okay. Now what am I looking to do? I'm looking because this is before this even happens. I'm looking to see if momentum is going to come into this gap. After the fact, it's easy to see, but you don't know this. Okay. I'm looking in the pre-market to see if momentum is going to come into this gap. And also is it going to go up or is it going to go down? Because that matters too. You can have momentum in either direction up or down. In the case here of the Tiva though, guess what? The momentum was down. All right. Tiva had a big move in the day with $3 plus drop. That's momentum as a day trader. Then I want to point out it also gap down and had more momentum to the downside the following day, 8.04. Actually, the low here was almost 20 bucks. So 20.41. Should you see her, the stock had about a $6 move even in two days. Then it gap down again and continued a third day down. Broke $20, went to 18.50, three days down here for Tiva. Do you see that? And it literally kept falling. So this is a great example of momentum that comes into the stock as a result of this. It's really this, which is the gap. This was an earnings gap in Tiva that made it gap down back here in August 3rd. But it's really momentum in the gap that came in and followed through. And in this case, it was selling action. Selling action and you had shorts in here too that push the stock down. Do you see how easy it would have been here to make money short to the downside? Whether you day traded it every day short, whether you bought it put as an option, whether you did a swing trade, it, you know, very easy in order to make money with the with the momentum that came in, which was down. Now I want to show you something else.  Back then, a couple of weeks later, September 11th, as everybody see this here, September 11th, Tiva gapped up, closed here, nine, eight, 1550, open the next morning here, 1788. So this is a gap up. And he said, Melissa, okay, well then where's the momentum in this one? Is the momentum to the upside, Melissa, because it gapped up and it did really gap up. In fact, we'll just look at it here. The close was 1550. It did get up over $2 over night. But guess what? This didn't have any momentum in it in the direction of the gap, which was up. So in other words, this didn't have any bullish momentum. This had bearish momentum. This did not have bullish momentum. How do I know? The stock just opened and rallied a little bit on the day, sold off very quickly after the fact. You couldn't even get two green days out of this sucker here. Whereas you got tons and tons of red days after this gap. Do you see the difference here? Does everybody see what I'm looking at there? And ask me questions if you don't understand. So what I want you to see the difference is the difference between a good gap and a not a good gap, a gap that you would do and a gap that you wouldn't trade. Which gap did you want to trade here? I guess this is what I'm saying. Do you want to trade the gap that gapped down in August and Tiva and get all that selling momentum? Or do you want to buy the bullish gap, which was there? It really did have a bullish gap. It really did gap up $2 in the day and it really did have a rally, but it didn't go anywhere. And so my system is able to predict that. So this was a bust. Never had anything going in it. But guess what? Not everybody would have agreed with me because the stock came into support and people bought it. How do I know that people bought it? The stock did hold in here from 9-11 all the way to almost a month, 10-3. Stock did hold in here almost a month and the stock did have a little bit of a rally back. People bought this in here, in the support. In fact, I'm going to take this away so you can see this in here. Pretend none of this happened. Do you see that there? This moving average, this is the blue line is a 20-period moving average. This started to scoop up. So people, not me, I would have never said this, not people that have done my class or trading with me, but some people, traders would have thought the stock was going to lift. It was starting to lift. It was starting to scoop in the moving averages. It was starting to move back up around again and people bought the stock. How do I know? Because the stock held the support in there for a month and a rally. So there were people long stock in there, in Tiva. Whether they bought it because it had held the support in the 20-period moving average, whether they bought it because of whatever reason fundamentally, whether they bought it because of the bullish gap back from September 11th, people bought it. Whether they bought it because they thought it was going to fill the gap, which is a term that I do not use but people do and it's a horrible, horrible, horrible term. The point is that the momentum in the case of Tiva here, guess what, was not to the upside even though it had a gap up. Even though it had a bullish gap in September, it didn't follow through. It didn't have any momentum to the upside. The momentum was to the gap that happened in August to the downside. And then what happened then? You got two more gap downs after the fact and the stock now is trading at 1240 and actually had a gap down here. This was just last week 11, 11-2. Low in here was 1085. So from August, September, October, three months basically and two days into November, the stock was, the stock loss basically half its value. Look at that. More than that, if you go back from before the gap happened on 8-1 because it was up in over 31. So the momentum, the way to make money as a trader with Tiva here was very, very important to know because if you went along the stock thinking the momentum was in the bullish gap or the way it was holding the support the whole month of September, which it was and the market was making new highs than two. If you did that, guess what, you lost unless you got out in there long, which I doubt. Bottom line is that the momentum in Tiva was to the downside the entire time in here. It never had flipped directional bias. The stock was never flipping around, never changed trend, never was in a downtrend to an uptrend, despite the fact it held support, despite the bullish gap up. So it was very easy to make money in Tiva since August short. Almost every day, you could have traded it short. And in fact, if you did trade it short every day, there would have been a couple of days you lost, but not very many. You could almost count the green bars in this chart back for three solid months. Very few.  People even bought this today, which is the stupidest thing in the planet. But the point is though that it was easy to make money to the downside, playing the momentum, which to me was very obvious. The gap created it. This was the guy this day here. This was the whole reason that this whole thing just dropped like a brick. In fact, I'm not sure if the stock ever gets over the high of this gap anytime soon ever again. It may not for years, certainly isn't going to before the end of this year 2017. But people in here thought it would. Okay, they thought it would fill the gap all the way up here and they went long it. And you can see that people were long in there because the stock price did hold that area between 16 something and 17 something and 18 something for a month, but it didn't ever get going. So how do you know which to pick which way to go with these things? How do you know which bullish gaps to buy? How do you know which bearish gaps are short? How do you know which ones to do? Okay, it's very, very important. Now before we get going here, does anybody have any questions about anything so far that I've discussed? Does anyone have any questions ever one about Tiva itself, the chart? And then secondly, does anyone have any questions about what I'm even saying at all? You do ask me. We have time here. I'm just talking about charts tonight. And we're going to look at other ones here too. But I'm trying to make a point. William says good so far. All right, let's look at another chart. Let's look at the app as a direction. Let's look at Amazon. Now I'm going to talk about Amazon. I think this is very obvious now today stock price closed around 1120 ish over that, that the momentum in Amazon is where it's to the upside. The momentum in Amazon is what it's bullish. Now on the live live day, this Amazon had earnings out on a Thursday night, I think it was the 27. Yeah, no, it was the 26, the night of the 26 Amazon at earnings and then the 27th that opened and had this big bar day. Here's another example of the gap. But this is an opposite direction. This is a bullish gap. So in this case here in this chart in Amazon, the momentum is forward is going up forward. So the stock closed the night before the earnings at four o'clock at 972 43 and open the following morning, Friday at 1058, a tremendous move for the stock, 132 points plus up. And then not only that, it rallied on the day on Friday and he could have bought the stock. Low on here in that day was 1050 high in that day was 1105, a tremendous move for the stock followed through the next day. The next day it followed through even more. Now I'm going to go look at the one minute chart on this 1027 day and I want to show you something here before we go back to the daily, although I do want to focus on the daily chart here. Let me just go back 1027 was Friday.  Guess what? Some trader shorted Amazon in here. How do I know the stock price dropped? And it dropped right in here in the first five minutes of the day, fell into the first five minutes of the day. And people were short this day traders thinking the stock would drop, fill the gap, fall in that they would get some kind of move short in here. It did break the low. Under the low was 1054 for where it opened and it did drop down here $3, which is really though nothing. As far as momentum goes in Amazon, just let me point that out. But Amazon was a buy. The momentum was up in the stock. It seemed aggressive to go along the stock in here. Number one, huge gap up, huge move in the, since the earnings and number two, aggressive entry in here to take it on the one minute chart while the stock was still red. All right. This is on the morning of the day of the Friday after the earnings 1027. And yet that's exactly what was the right thing to do. Why stock price was higher momentum was up this stock. Here you go. This is the one minute chart power trended almost all day. In fact, let's see if I can fit the whole day in here in the one. I'm going to squeeze it in. There's the whole chart of Amazon and the one minute chart of Amazon for the entire day of that day that a power trended higher. Look at that chart. See, we can get it all in there. You did the stock never, never, never, never, never, never, never pulled back the whole day. Continue to hire the next day, but that's momentum. That's bullish momentum. Look at this 934, 1018 for almost four, for 45 minutes, more than that a little bit, the stock traded straight up. And if you were long in the stock in there, you made money just, just watching and sitting there at your screen. And that was a beautiful, easy trade to do. I called an option in it because it's very expensive. So you could have day traded the option in it, or you could have day traded it as a stock if you wanted to. It continued all day, but the point is though that you see how easy it is to make momentum, to make money with momentum and to make a lot of money. Okay. Because you plop on the size, you also get the volatility.  Amazon had a big move. TVA had a big move opposite directions, but the gap was the driver for the move. Okay. And then guess what? There's nothing to do here, but what? Buy it. You could have bought it here. You could have bought it here. You're certainly not shorting it in here. You could have bought it here. You could have bought it today. You can probably buy it tomorrow. Stock's going to make another new high. It looks like it's, it's almost doing it now. 11, 21, 22, 79. Next target's 11, 25. So do you see here again? Gap deal idea doesn't work. You want to find gaps that have momentum going in the direction of the gap. It's not every one though, as I showed you with TVA versus the TVA bullish gap, the TVA bearish gap. Okay. Now I'm going to point out another one here for you. On the previous earnings, Amazon did not perform. Whatever. I don't even remember what it said. Going back in the summer, Amazon had a gap down on the earnings that was 728. I want to show you this, the stock gap down. The night before it closed at 1046 and it gap down in the morning. It opened at 1012. And there you have it. But guess what? If you tried to short that on the day, it was very hard to make money. You probably did not. Stock closed the green body on the day, couldn't have made money going long, couldn't have made money going short. It was nothing. It didn't have any momentum in it. So you can't short every down gap and you can't go long every up gap, just like I showed you with TVA. And in this case here, you had a bearish gap down, but it wouldn't have rated well for my system. I didn't do anything with it. Okay. Do you see that? So gaps are these wonderful amazing things, but you've got to find the ones that qualify. And this is what I do. This is what I teach on my course. I look at 26 points in a daily chart to determine if something's going to follow through with momentum and continue in the direction of the gap or not. And if not, then I don't do it at all. Okay. Cause you see here in the case of Amazon, if it's not going to follow through the direction of the gap, which this one here was down, then you just lay off of it. Cause it's still gap down. So you still don't want to buy it there. It's, it's a no play or what I call a no treat. But do you see here how easy it was to make money going long Amazon, no matter, no matter what you wanted to do. Okay. And same thing with TVA, very easy to make money and TVA to the downside. Now I'm going to go show you another one here. EMG CMG. Okay. Another beautiful chart that has huge momentum dropping like a brick. What's the directional bias going on in this? Where's the momentum? It's to the downside. All right. Ever since the gap down that happened back here, 620, I forget what this was. I think it was earnings. This is CMG. High in the day was 444.60. So the stock closed here the night before 448 and open in the morning at 444.60. Stock closed here gap down. Huge red bar in the day. Stock dropped 20 points plus on this day here, 620 could have shorted CMG and look what it did after the fact. It almost made like a slidey board and it went like that. Literally from 620, actually it was a month in one month's time, a little bit more, the stock dropped and lost more than a hundred points. And ever since then it's lost another hundred points. So there again, do you see the momentum in CMG was where? To the downside. So you can make money doing what? Buying puts in CMG, going short the stock, the momentum to the downside. And that's very obvious to someone like me. But what's the driver? What's the reason? What's making it happen? What's creating it? The gap. None of this stuff in here. The stock was starting to get bought in here, lifting. Again, you had the moving average just scooping, scooping, scooping. There were lots of green bars going on in here. Stock based and was scooping and had some buying coming in from 823. Actually for two months, actually two months the stock was hanging on in there and had some buying, but it wasn't controlling the stock. No gap ups in there moved the stock. They weren't controlling the stock. They weren't creating momentum. Not easy to make money even if you went long in there or you might have lost. Does everyone see? The way to make money trading, I'm going to look at another bullish one now here, but it's going to be the market. The way to make money trading is by trading with momentum, but you have to find the momentum and you have to know where to enter it, what day to enter it, whether you're getting out that day, where's your exit as a day trade, as a swing trade, as a put. If you're doing an option, are you doing a day trade option? Are you doing an option you're holding overnight for several weeks or months? Many, many people talk about trading and a lot of people think trading is hard and difficult and one of the reasons that people fail so often is that they simply do not get the direction right in their trades and they think that they do because they might be in a trade and be up and not get out or they might be in a trade and get out with some money but not enough or they might take some winning trades but they have more losers and winners and they don't understand what's going on, what are they doing wrong, why and they think the trading doesn't work but they're trading things that they should not be trading that make no sense in the wrong direction stocks that don't have momentum, that don't have volatility and they're in the wrong direction and they're playing them the wrong days. You can't trade every stock every single day in here even if you were to go along the market which is very, very, very, very, very, very strong or even Amazon too. You can't go along Amazon every day and make money, you can't go along the market every day and make money but these are both in two huge, huge massive uptrends. You have to pick the proper days that they will have momentum and if you choose to do something in a swing trend overnight you're going to suffer it through and wait for it to make the second momentum move could be the next day like an Amazon or it could take a week or longer, okay? Does anyone have any questions so far here? Is anything I'm saying make you to any sense at all? No questions? Is anyone listening to me? Besides Kathy who has no interest in trading but does like to listen to me talk a live one here. WTW okay is Weight Watchers. This is a live gap. I'm gonna bring it on back. What's happening tonight? It's kind of a bummer because as I told you earlier I like to short and the stock is not gapping down it's gapping up so let's take it let's take a look at a live gap that's happening here right now. Let's see if this momentum in WTW is gonna fall through tomorrow as of right now anyways you never know where these things are gonna open so WTW is having earnings are reporting right now live it's 455 eastern time it's at 4950 let's take a look at this stock and here we have it so pretend tomorrow morning was 930 eastern time again I've been trading gaps for a very long time nine years I created my own method I'm not gonna take the time to rate this right now but eyeballing it knowing what I know this is a good long if it opens here tomorrow I don't know if it will open here but if it does this is a good long with momentum first target's 50 not that far away most likely targets 52 in the day the stock would open right around here so the momentum in WTW Weight Watchers is where to the upside it's proving itself it's proving that it is higher and finally doing it and it really had fallen off a clip here all of 2014 2015 2016 okay I forget when Oprah bought into this one was that does anybody remember I remember Oprah bought a big stake in this it's obviously helped the stock a lot anyways the stock then moved into a positive movement not that long ago so was it important earnings for for this stock tonight which I talked about today in the trading room it had to gap up and follow through and if it didn't it was going to be a good short but as it turns out it did not gap down it gapped up and this is looks like a good long here tomorrow so the momentum in WTW is where to the upside it's coming in it's pushing through it's getting bought okay so it will be very easy tomorrow if this opens around here to go along the stock and make money but you would have to know to do that because not every gap up in here could you have gone long and made money any questions about WTW is a live gap is there anything else that's capping right now live anybody wants me to look at actually car I'm assuming this is earnings gal I had just gave me a ticker symbol to take them oh look at this thing here a car is happening live right now stock closed at 41 43 this will hold the gap down I don't know where this opens but it's not going to turn around all right let's look at this puppy show here's car so this does not look as easy I will tell you as WTW to do this is going to be right on the cusp I don't want to rate this now again because it could look very different in the morning I think it holds the gap down but I don't know if this relays in the day or has a big sell-off I don't know this is on the cusp here this this is not as easy as WTW to read yes the stock's capping down yes it's capping down five dollars overnight but immediately looking this I'm not in love with this thing but the nice thing about having a system which I do and I do it for myself because I go through my points every morning as I just follow the system if the system tells me it's good I do it if the system tells me it's not I don't if it rates for the 26 point system I watch it and set up and do it if it doesn't it doesn't but eyeballing it here this is not as good as WTW AMC I'll look at that one too this has gotten cheap cheap cheap cheap I'm seeing what is this here looks like it did gap up now it's down um looks like it had a pop in here up at 1320 1330 1335 I'm not crazy about this either so far the three that we've looked at here WTW is the best gap and it's long for tomorrow morning but I mean there's a million things out tomorrow morning as well so I could change my mind but as of right now just with these three picks WTW looks the best again it's the idea of getting something that you feel a hundred percent conviction in it doesn't mean that every trade that I take works I've had some losers certainly in in a year's time you have losers but I don't have as many losers as I have winners and the reason is and I'm very good at spotting a finding momentum before it comes in if you can find and get an enter a trade before the momentum comes in that's how you're going to make a lot of money and not only that it doesn't matter where you get out I know I rarely get out of a stock if I'm short of the low of the day and I rarely get out of a stock of them along with the high of the day it's almost impossible anyways but the point is though that it doesn't matter where you get out if you get the direction right and you capture a piece of the move your your goal is only to capture a piece of the move anyways whatever the piece of the move happens to be uh what was the one from Wednesday what do we do on Wednesday what was Wednesday's gap Galahad this did flip this did flip I mean I'll I'll watch us tomorrow morning but this was up and then it flipped down what was Wednesday's gap Galahad do you remember the most recent thing that I did short well we can go over at Ryzen I wanted to go over what Wednesday's was I forget that was a week ago Verizon here here let me show you an example of how easy you can make money with momentum if you remember what we did Wednesday Galahad right in the room because I can't remember right now I'm too tired Verizon was a watch today here's an example I'll have that how easy it is to make money on momentum okay so the stock dropped gap down fell hard kabooms you could have done this aggressively in the morning and got out what if you didn't what if you missed it what if you didn't notice it right away you could have still played this momentum you could have played this momentum on the rally back in here to get a drop in it down in here it doesn't matter where if you would have taken it here and shorted it if you want to get out here here here here here do you see this if I was drawing like a triangle like I'm just drawing this now with my arrow here's the drop here's the triangle here's the drop here's the triangle here's the drop so when you're shorting you want to get in at the top of the triangle with the drop down there but how do you know where that is and not only that how do you know it's something like Verizon and if you're looking at this just right here at this you you may not know that's even going to work the stock really has dropped off for the last two weeks I mean the stock could have flipped today and gone green very easily the market was strong too and this was not an earnings gap either by the way so it's it I have a method that I look and I rank ups in the morning in the pre-market or at night like you could rate the WTW tonight or any of the other ones we just talked about car and the AMC and determine what to do with them the next day you still have to check them in the morning but you only need one stock you only need one trade you only need one pick every day to meet your goals to make 20 grand a month or 30 grand a month okay or 40 although I don't think I don't I don't think December is the greatest month to be stepping up your risk but you know I've thought about increasing my risk for this month because we're still on earning season it's still busy time right now bottom line is that many many people complained about trading and think it's difficult and hard it's that they don't know what to do they really don't they think they do because they make money occasionally in trades and they may know how to read charts in some form or fashion but not in an ability to predict momentum which is something that I do very well so there's one out this week there's a key key earnings out this week and I gave you a free train here tomorrow it's WTW assuming that opens around where it's at right now which which I don't know if I don't know if it will but if the chart looks the same as it does tonight here at five o'clock it's a good long tomorrow and I gave you the targets anyways this is earnings out Equifax Thursday night and it's a big one I don't know what this is going to do nobody knows because only the people of the company know what the earnings were it's third quarter report and it will report Thursday night after the bell so the stock will gap it could gap up it could gap down in fact let's look at the whole chart if the stock gaps up and I'm just telling you here again I don't know what it does if the stock gaps up here around 114 ish 115 is a lot better it's an immediate buy stock will have a massive rally be a great long it will do a correction after this horrible thing happened here with all the bad news and everything else that happened if you've been following this if not in google and read about it online actually did a television spot about it like a month ago two months ago now beginning of September and go look at my youtube anyways bottom line is if this stock gaps up on the earnings Thursday night here right here it's a great buy I don't think that's going to happen it's nothing that I know it's a gut feeling I think the stock's going to gap down I think it will continue with the momentum that has been happening for the last two months and I believe the stock will gap down and I have no idea where so until it does you don't know because again it could gap up but if the stock gaps down it could have a crushing move in the gap itself it could have a crushing move in the gap itself meaning let's just pretend it's Thursday night the close four o'clock earnings haven't reported yet stock close at 108 this stock could have a crushing move in the gap overnight from Thursday night to Friday mornings open at 9 30 and the stock would be like it's some sick number like $90 the stock could lose like $20 in the gap that can happen that does happen it happens all the time and I don't know what it'll do in the live day or if I'll trade it because I will have to read it with my system then Friday and morning to watch and see what to do but that's a possibility that in and of itself is momentum although I do not trade the post and pre-market because I think it's very wild and it's it's very risky which it is but you can make money doing it okay if the stock gaps down a normal amount three bucks four bucks five bucks whatever I'll still look at it I'll still rate it I'll still watch it to do as a down gap because I like to short I don't know where it'll go or move but I will tell you if it has a gap down at three four dollars or something like that normal size not something crazy like 90 like I just said then the stock is still on its way to 90 as a long-term trade as a swing trade as an option trade but it could do it in the gap it could I think the stock has a big move Thursday night whether it's up or down and if it doesn't I'll be surprised but I'll also be surprised if it gaps up but it could mean who knows you don't know what these companies earnings are going to say nobody knows and that's very that's that's that's so important also it's very important to know and that's one of the reasons why gaps are so great to day tree because no one knows because of the fact that no one knows okay there are very often people in it in the wrong direction and that's what makes it great to play after the fact when the gap is there but you got to know which ones to do you got to know the good ones you can't go along every bullish gap you can't short of a bearish gap you got to go with the good ones the ones you're going to have momentum is usually one every day but you don't know to get up in the morning and see him or at night you want this to go to a hundred dollars I don't I don't I'm I think this says something sick like 90 bucks or it just does a normal one a hundred is eight bucks away that would be a pretty decent sized gap for this but who knows it could any questions so far from anyone at all about anything I said here it sounds like Al had the Necrophax already I'm going to pull up a PowerPoint here in one second here and you can feel free to ask me any questions but I give everybody a free trade here if this if this if this works WTW if it opens tomorrow morning which I don't know if it opens around that 4950 area so if you're interested in what I do learning my method I teach a class I said this at the beginning but some people came in late it's called the golden gap course it's a full two-day course on how to strategically find pick-and-play stocks that are professional bearish gaps the class is online it could be anywhere in the world and take it only have two more classes before the end of the year November 18th and 19th at one class in December the cost of the class is 49.99 you will learn how to trade gaps and you will learn how to predict where stocks are going to the gap in my course it's a it's a it's a mind-opening course where you will see things very very differently and I don't think anyone in the semi-class hasn't hasn't learned quite a lot even people have been trading for a long long time I'm very good at what I do I have an itch okay I don't trade a million strategies this is all that I do okay I've been doing it though for nine years and I think it's very important when you're trading to be focused on one strategy it's really about chunking it out you get up in the morning and you're looking for one thing to do and you're focused you don't have to do a million things to make money and if you're trying to make 20 grand a month and if you're trying to make a lot of money and if you want to do this for a living whatever amount the money that means for you 100 grand a year more than that okay you really really have to be focused on what you're doing you can not trade all day you can't take pot shots and stuff I firmly believe in order to make even you know 500 a day you got to trade with size and by size I mean a couple thousand shares in the trade otherwise you're doing you know 20 trades a day and the chances of you have being positive all of them is zero okay it's about quality and focus on what you're trying to do so I have a system I created and if you decide to do my course you can join my live training room you cannot join the live training room before doing the class but in the morning in the room I say what gaps I like I give my point system I give the targets I give the support I give the resistance and you just follow it okay I quickly want to go over here the results for the month of October October was a good month and I've been on tv so there were some days in here I didn't train 10-2 was off for tv 10-3 was tts I can't believe that actually 10-2 was the day of that shooting and I was scheduled to be on and I was bumped because the shooting there was another shooting yesterday if I was supposed to be on tv today I would have been bumped because that's shooting yesterday can you believe that in fact today is November 1 November 6 two shootings in the last month this world is crazy I can't believe it was that was that was two shootings in a month 10-3 was tts 1500 bucks 10-4 was tiva look at this tiva was a nice one back 10-4 10-5 no trades 10-6 is cost that was a nice one that week total 5600 and there were two days no trades 10-9 was another cost 3400 10-10 was a little one down 10-11 was a loser an hdsn wmt was a winner 10-12 jpm was a loser tiva was another winner there that day too it was a good one 10-13 was a tv day off weekly total 6525 then the third week in october 10-16 spy was a loser apple was a winner hog was a loser nwy was a winner spy was a loser 10-18 ibm was a really good one 10-19 was apple that was a great gap that was a short nap on 10-19 10-20 was g was a loser clg was a winner that was a great week 11205 the week of 10-16 then 10-23 mat was a winner 10-24 g was a loser loji was a loser i did map rick even tried to come back that day couldn't do it that was a losing day 10-24 which will happen some days 10-25 was juniper loser amd winner huge winner there was a great gap 10-26 was clg twice actually the first trade was a winner just didn't get out it bounced so i lost in the first one good one for the second one huge move in clg big day 10-27 was the tb day off and the week's total was 93 50 and then mrk was 10 30 900 profit 10 30 one was two trades in halloween one was a loser actually two trades in q com so it's free trades two two ticker symbols q com so it was a great month way more than 20 grand over 35 grand but she would have had to risk you know a thousand to 1500 dollars risk in some of those trades i will tell you that you can make money the market but the problem is a lot of people just aren't very focused i tend to get out in the morning quick some trains i did hold a little bit longer it's not often though it's certainly not every day you don't need to risk this much if you want to hit these numbers if you risked even half what i did you would have had a great month in october good results though for october it was earning season i'm going to look to continue that this month in november so is anyone have any questions here we went over the gist of everything in the charts i don't know if anybody else has anything else they want to go over if you're interested in the class or a trial you can email me i do offer free trials for one week so you could trial the room this week wtw is a long watch for me tomorrow but i prefer to short as i told you so i'll be looking for shorts not crazy about car i will watch it i will rate it the big one this week will be fx if it if it does anything at all which i don't know but it would be a great gap down if it does something significant i've got some time left here quiet group tonight ask me some questions if you want to i'm here is there anything anyone wants to ask me about any stocks any ticker symbols any trains the market anything specifically about my class if you're interested in the trial email me at melissa at the stockswish.com if you're interested in signing up for the course email me there too you will definitely learn a lot if you come and trade with me and if you've never traded gaps before i tell you they're great to trade as far as i'm concerned it's the only way to make money as a day trader there's too many different things out there you cannot buy every support level and make money or short of a resistance level make money half of the time they don't work a gap is something very unique and very different and it's the momentum that comes into stock and i showed you a couple great examples here tonight of how you really got big moves in those gaps both up to the upside of the downside and that's how you can make money easily and when you don't see something like that then you don't trade and there were days like i said we're in october you don't trade so hell do you have a question that's a unique name i'm not sure if i'm pronouncing it right i hope so i see a lot of new names here tonight if you want to ask me something feel free it's been a good year 2017 was a good year for me we'll see what the close of the year brings but i'm definitely on point this year listen here's my email i think you guys and girls were up too late watching football last night because you seemed very quiet and tired and you got an extra hour of sleep with daylight savings time you should be raring to go it's only 515 eastern you're up too late on football night all right everybody email me if you have any questions call me if you have questions if you want to try out of the rim reach out to me too hope you learned something tonight looking at these charts uh so hell has a question here melissa do you only focus on one to three stocks a day i occasionally will rate more than that but it doesn't mean i'm watching them so if i get up in the morning i may rate five things 10 things but it doesn't mean i'm watching all five or 10 okay i will be looking at a couple one or two usually not even three if i have to flip to three then you know obviously i'm not having a good morning so i'd like to focus on one or two but i might rate more than that and then i kind of put them in order and i say this one's 20 points this one's 21 this one didn't get the rating and i stack them in order so right now it's very busy we looked at three tonight those more tonight i'm sure gala had just gave me his favorites but there's a bill being more tomorrow morning so i may rate you know 15 things tomorrow so it's i only watch though usually one or two i can pretty much narrow it down mm-hmm you know these are the ones and so that's what i like to do and i do tend to go to the bearish side and and it's funny because we're in a bullish market but it doesn't matter thank you melissa you're the best you're welcome thank you very much it's have a great night people take it easy if you want to try and email me and i will see everybody else it's already signed up tomorrow morning in the room if you do w2w watch where it opens be careful good luck market looks higher tomorrow too excellent good luck thanks kathy


Hello, and welcome back to deductive logic fill 320. I'm Matthew Brown, and today we're going to talk about basic concepts in logic Before we get into the content of today's lecture. I want to share another logic puzzle with you so Have a look at this According to this puzzle the figure shows a small island on which is a tree in the middle of a large and deep lake Which is 300 yards across on the shore is another tree How might someone who is unable to swim with only a length of rope significantly longer than 300 yards long? Get from the shore to the island So that's your logic puzzle today Keep that in mind as we go through the lecture and we'll talk about it again at the end So we're going to proceed today by giving some basic concepts and definitions And applying them to some examples. We're not going to get into any formalized logic today Just going to get into core concepts Okay, we're going to start with I think the most central concept in logic, which is the concept of an argument now when we say Argument We're going to define that to mean a series of sentences any series of sentences will do Although we'll talk a little bit later about what exactly we mean by sentences. It's important But let's just start with any any series of sentences The sentences are going to be typically split up into premises and a conclusion so in the canonical form the the first set of Sentences in an argument are the premises and the final is the conclusion Although we'll see that it doesn't always work that way in ordinary English language arguments Now a good argument gives you reasons to accept the conclusion Any kind of argument that's a good argument gives you some Increased reason to accept the conclusion might not be a knockdown argument But as long as the premises are true that give you a reason to to believe in the conclusion The premises in an argument are the sentences at the beginning of the argument as I said now That's in a kind of canonical form Which we're going to write down when we analyze an argument in ordinary language arguments The premises and conclusions might be in a different order often you'll see a conclusion at the beginning You know kind of like the topic sentence and the can premises come after but We'll see a little bit about why we might or reorganize that when we're doing the analysis of the argument Again in a good argument the premises provide reasons to accept the conclusion Sometimes there are some indicator words or terms that Tell us that a sentence is a premise Here's a long list right if you see words like sense in that Seeing that as indicated by Because for as given that and some of these other words and phrases Those are signals that that sentence might be a premise Now not all premises will have these indicator words But they can be signs that we're looking at premises Conclusion of an argument is the final sentence in an argument again in that canonical form right in Ordinary language arguments the conclusion might be in a different place maybe at the beginning Sometimes although more rarely it might be somewhere in the middle If an argument is a good one we sometimes say that the conclusion follows from the premises And if it's bad we say it does not follow right That is to say that In a good argument the premises should sort of push you to accepting the conclusion Conclusions can also sometimes be Have some indicator words that tell us that we're looking at a conclusion Therefore is our is a sort of our favorite and we're doing when we're talking about logic class, but also thus so hence whence where for consequently when we say Something implies that something else that that something else might be the conclusion We may infer it follows that there are many different words and phrases that might indicate a conclusion and again You might not necessarily see these indicator words, but they can be a clue when you're trying to figure out In an ordinary language paragraph, which is the conclusion Let's look at some examples So in this sentence it says corporate raiders leave their target corporation with a heavy debt burden and no increase in productive capacity Consequently corporate raiders are bad for the business community That word consequently is an indicator word that typically indicates a conclusion Which means that the rest of this argument is a premise or premises Depending on whether we think this sentence is really one or multiple statements So I've got premise here in blue conclusion in yellow. All right. Let's look at another Expectant mothers should never use recreational drugs since the use of these drugs can jeopardize the development of the fetus again Since here is an indicator word, right? Now if we go back and look at the previous the previous Argument right we have two separate sentences grammatically speaking one is a premise one is a conclusion in This argument is just one sentence, right? Can one sentence be an argument? Well Grammatically it might be one sentence, but we really have got two different thoughts Forming a full argument the since indicator word tells us that this second half is actually our premise and the first part is the Conclusion, right? So what we want to convince you of is that expected mothers should never use recreational drugs and The premise that comes after the sense about the development of the fetus is supposed to give us a reason to believe the conclusion So we see already here that sort of grammatical sentences and logical sentences don't always line up exactly the same Let's look at a longer example The space program deserves increased expenditures in the years ahead Not only does the national defense depend upon it, but the program will more than pay for itself In terms of technological spin-offs Furthermore at current funding levels the program cannot fulfill its anticipated potential. Okay Take a minute pause the video if you like and try to identify which sentences are the premises and which sentences the conclusion Okay Let me start by using some colors to separate out different sentences here Now you notice for example the first grammatical sentence, that's one sentence I've used the green and orange here to indicate that there really two separate considerations Being suggested here, which we might treat as different sentences and the purple is yet another one, right? We don't have a lot of indicator words here to help us parse this So we have to kind of think about what what we're trying to argue in favor of and Here, I think it's pretty clear that this first the first part in yellow is really the conclusion That the argument is trying to convince us of so we can rearrange this in a more canonical form We have three main premises and one conclusion Okay So that's kind of how we start to break down English language arguments analyze them To understand their logical structure Now remember I said an argument is a series of sentences, but Grammatical sentences don't always line up with logical sentences For our purposes in this class, we're gonna use a pretty restricted definition of sentence A sentence is the kind of thing for our purposes that can be true or false that can be asserted or or denied Accepted or rejected When the book and when I in lecture say sentence typically we mean a declarative sentence right one that makes a Statement and indeed some logic textbooks use the word statement instead of sentence for this Other kinds of sentences like questions or interrogative sentences imperatives or commands Exclamations, right? Those are not sentences in our sense in the logical sense Let's look at some examples. So here's three sentences Istanbul was Constantinople that that could be true. That is true, right? That's a sentence Now it's Istanbul not Constantinople It's very similar to the first sentence, but it's definitely a sentence whereas Take me back to Constantinople is Is is not something that can be true or false It's a it's a command, right? Take me there, right? That's not a sentence not the way we mean in this class, right? Look at these other two Sentences or these are the two lines four and five and Think about whether they Counted sentences in positive video if you need to Do you have it so number four a sentence you cannot go back to Constantinople is Is a sentence Why did Constantinople get the works as a question? It's an interrogative sentence in grammatical terms But it doesn't state something. It doesn't make a claim. It doesn't assert or It doesn't it doesn't say something that could be true or false, right? So that's how we're gonna use sentences in this class Next I want to talk about the term validity, which is our kind of key way of Analyzing arguments, right? We say that and when we talk about what's valid we mean deductively valid and sometimes we'll use that phrase Deductively valid sometimes we'll just say valid An argument is valid if the conclusion must be true If the premises are to so to say an argument is deductively valid is to say that the conclusion must be true if the premises are An argument can be valid even if the premises are false, right? what we're interested is in What would happen if the premises were true would the conclusion have to be true and By contrast we say that an argument is invalid if it is possible for the premises to be true and the conclusion to be false It now it's possible that you have an argument all the premises are true and the conclusion is true Happens to be true but the argument is still invalid because it's Possible that it could be otherwise that it could be that all the premises are true and the conclusion is false It's the form of the argument that tells us whether it's valid or invalid Not whether the premises happen to be true or the conclusion happens to be true Now in contrast to deductively valid arguments we Often make inductive arguments an inductive argument is one that doesn't guarantee the truth of the conclusion But that makes the truth of the conclusion more probable, right? often inductive arguments generalize from the premises to a more General and stronger conclusion. These arguments are not deductively valid But they can still be good arguments in many contexts many scientific arguments are inductive in nature Here's an example of a kind of interesting inductive argument It goes like this the meerkat is closely related to the suricat the suricat thrives on beetle larvae therefore Probably the meerkat thrives on beetle beetle larvae, right? This Argument is not deductively valid. It is a kind of argument by analogy That makes the conclusion more probable, but not it doesn't guarantee that that's that's what the meerkat eats, right? So it's a kind of inductive argument This is often a reliable form of reasoning and it's often used in science and other places But it is valuable and it needs to be checked, right? You don't you can't be sure, right? The second kind of argument let's look at this the meerkat is a member of the mongoose family All members of the mongoose family are carnivores therefore the meerkat is a carnivore This argument is deductively valid If both the premises are true, then we know the conclusion is true, right? So we say that's a deductively valid argument Here's another example, I want you to think about whether this example and then in the next couple of examples I give Are deductively valid? arguments inductive arguments Invalid arguments that aren't inductive or not even an argument, right? So this one says Bergen is either in Norway or Sweden if Bergen is in Norway Then Bergen is in Scandinavia. If Bergen is in Sweden, then Bergen is in Scandinavia therefore Bergen is in Scandinavia Take a second and think about it This is also a deductively valid argument If all of three premises are true the conclusion has to be true. There's no other possibility, right? Let's look at the next argument It is snowed in Massachusetts every December in recorded history Therefore it will snow in Massachusetts this coming December Pause and think about it if you if you need to Figure out which kind of argument this is It's an inductive argument. We generalize from some specific cases all of the December's in history To another case, right? This coming December It doesn't guarantee that it's true, right? It might be freakishly warm this December In Massachusetts and no snow, right? But it does make it pretty probable if it's always happened before it's likely to happen again, right? Here's another one all odd numbers are integers all even numbers are integers therefore all odd numbers are even numbers kind of argument is this This is an invalid argument. It's not an inductive argument. There's no generalization It's not even a good argument. It's a very bad argument, right? So we just say it's an invalid argument not an inductive not even an inductive one Here's our last here's our last argument Place your cursor in the file at the spot where you want to insert the symbol on the insert tab click symbol If you see the symbol you want listed in that gallery just click it to insert Otherwise click more symbols to open the symbol dialog box Scroll up or down to find the symbol you want to insert when you find the symbol you want double click it What kind of argument is that? Pause if you need to think about it. This is not an argument at all Why because it is not made up of sentences not made up of sentences in our sense of Statements or declarative sentences. These are all imperatives. These are all commands. They don't have truth Values, right? They can't be true or false So I just use this term truth value. It's a really important one for understanding sentences And the properties of sentences, right? so we say that the the truth value is that is The property a sentence has of being true or false if a sentence is true We say that its truth value is true What's the use of that? Well, it's a way of talking about a statement's truth or falsity Without knowing which it is now. It's worth taking a second to to talk about the word truth and how we use it in this course Truth is sometimes a kind of intimidating term In its sort of deep sense truth with a capital T We say sometimes the kind of truth that philosophers and theologians worry about It generally doesn't have a ton to do with what we're talking about in this class, right? We could we don't even have to talk about truth We could use ones and zeros in place of truth and false falsity to talk about the truth values of statements Typically what we mean by by truth is just you know, you know, is it so is it a fact? Do we believe it? Do we accept it? You know, we Nothing too deep About the concept of truth as we use it here, right? So we talk about truth values of different kinds of sentences We have contingent sentences. They could have either truth value. They could be true or false. It depends on Some facts outside of the sentence itself, right outside of the form of the sentence itself Maybe it's empirical facts. Maybe it's some other other kinds of information We need we don't can't just look at the sentence and know that it's true or false You might say well is that's all sentences, right? No, there are some for example What we call tautologies that must be true in virtue of how they are written, right without any reference to any other underlying facts or external information We sometimes call these logical truths because they necessarily have the truth value of true And sentences that Necessarily have the truth value of false we call contradictions a contradiction must be false just in virtue of how it is written Without reference to any kind of facts. So we sometimes call these logical falsehoods Let's look at some examples. So We say if it is raining or it isn't right That's a tautology, right? That is we don't have to go outside and look to see Whether it's raining or not We don't have to check the weather report to know whether sentence one is is true It has to be true, right? Either it is raining or it is not, right? There's no middle possibility You might say well, what if it's kind of like drizzling or misting? Either drizzling or misting count is raining or they don't, right? So we might we might Argue about how the term applies, but either the term applies or it doesn't, right? It's a tautology So this number two if it's raining than a disnowing You might say well, I mean is that a contradiction when it's not it's it's contingent It it might be false. In fact, I think it is false, right? It's not always the case that it's raining and it's snowing If maybe possible in some cases Wintery mix is that what they call it in the weather? but it's raining Doesn't always go along with it's snowing. So it's a contingent statement and maybe it's false But that depends on like meteorology or other kinds of information about weather phenomena Here are some more examples, why don't you pause and do these on your own think about them for a moment on your own? Okay, do you think you have it? Let's look at these other examples number three says If it is raining, I'll wear a raincoat, right? That's contingent. Maybe I'll wear a raincoat. Maybe I won't It it's you can't tell by looking at the sentence whether it's true or false Number four it is raining and it is not the case that it's raining Both of those things both of those parts of the sentence can't be true at the same time So the same reason that number one is a tautology number four is a contradiction, right? There's a there's a this doesn't matter it could be it could say anything it It is it is snowing and it is not the case that is snowing We could substitute any term for raining and it would still be a contradiction, right? It's by the form of the sentence that we know it's false Number five is a tautology if it is raining then it is raining, right? It's always the case that if the first part of that sentence is true The second part is true and we know therefore that it is a tautology It's not possible for this sentence to be false Lastly If it is raining then it is not raining, right? That might seem like a contradiction But actually it's contingent, right? This is a little bit of a trick question It's it's based on how we kind of interpret if then sentences and if then statements If it is raining then it is not raining So if it happens to be the case that it's raining right now, right? Then we know the sentence is false, right? Because it can't be raining and not raining at the same time but If it is not raining right now It's not clear how to evaluate the sentence and for reasons that we'll get into in the next unit The way we interpret the sentence is that if it is not raining the whole sentence is true, right? So it's a contingent sentence If that doesn't make a lot of sense to you, don't worry. We'll get there, okay? Logical equivalence is Not a property of a sentence but a property of two or more sentences not an argument per se just a collection of sentences, right? Two or more sentences are logically equivalent if they must have the same truth values in all situations That's how we define logical equivalence It's helpful to think about the notion of truth value in General because it we can talk about logical equivalence without knowing whether the sentences are true or false in particular cases now All tautologies are logically equivalent to each other because they're always true all Contradictions are logically equivalent to each other because they're always false But there are actually some contingent sentences that are always that are that are logically equivalent that are The sentences could be true or false, but they're always true or false in the same situations, right? Another property that two or more sentences could have is that they could be consistent or they could be inconsistent Consistent sentences could possibly all be true at the same time. There may be other situations in which Some are true and some are false, but there is some Possible situation where they're all true at the same time that it's possible, right? We don't know if it's true or not A set of sentences is inconsistent if they could not all possibly be true at the same time Maybe they're all false maybe some are true and some are false, but they can't all be true at the same time, right? Let's look at some examples So number one is two sentences and it's a it is raining since be it is not raining Both of these are contingent sentences and They are inconsistent if a is true then B is false if B is true then a is false. There's no There's no way that they can both be true at the same time Example number two A says it is raining B says it is sunny. Are those inconsistent? consistent or logically equivalent They're consistent, right? You might have been outside on a sunny day Where it's also raining. Maybe the clouds only cover part of the sky and the sun is shining while the rain is falling It's unusual, but it is consistent Even if it never happened in the real world, it would still be consistent because you'd need to again to know some facts about the weather To know that they that they weren't both true at the same time It's nothing about the logical form that guarantees that they're inconsistent Why don't you pause the video and think about three four and five? Let's see number three says A says if it rains, I will wear a raincoat B says if I do not wear a raincoat, then it is not raining these two sentences are Equivalent they're logically equivalent ever in every case where if it rains, I will wear a raincoat is true If I do not wear a raincoat that it is not raining is also true and every every case in which a is false B is also false, right? What about number four number four is Kind of depends on the meaning of the words comprise and compose That is if a comprises B then B composes a Those are complementary terms You might say well, isn't that some outside factual information? I need to know but we typically you know We acknowledge that that kind of that kind of word the is relevant to the logical meaning, right? So we would say these are equivalent, right? To say a house comprises several rooms is to say a house is made up of several rooms to say several rooms Compose a house is to say that several rooms make up a house, right? And so made up by and make up they go together, right? What about number five a this three sentences here? They say it is warm. It is cool. It is tepid, right? Are those consistent inconsistent or logically equivalent? You might think it is consistent, right? If you don't know anything about temperatures You don't know whether it's it's true. Maybe, you know, it feels warm to me It feels cool to you feels tepid to Alice You know, they're consistent You might think that Warm cool and tepid are kind of mutually exclusive terms just like raining and not raining And that might make you think these are inconsistent, right? Not on the basis of Facts about thermodynamics or whatever but just in terms of that the terms are kind of Contraries or compliments to each other. They're mutually exclusive It's a bit of a trick. I mean it depends on how we interpret these terms I think it's probably best to see these as consistent, but it would be possible to represent them In a in a logical form that that makes them mutually exclusive in which case we would have to say they're inconsistent I just use a concept of logical form So let's talk about that logical form is the part of a sentence or an argument that has to do just with its logical structure Not its content, right? just just the the part of the The argument or the sentence that has to do with concepts like truth value logical consistency, etc That don't have that we don't have to look outside of the sentence to understand that that Really gets at this sort of formal structural information, right? and Then a formal language is a language Typically an artificial human created language that tries to capture the logical forms of everyday language While extracting Everything else away everything has to do just with the content is abstracted away Formal languages are usually made up of things like atoms connectives inference rules There are many different formal languages out there There's Categorical or syllogistic logic sometimes called Aristotelian logic is a very simple formal language and very old The two formal languages we will use in this class are Called in the book sentential logic or SL and quantified logic or QL all in other in other In other books or by other people they might be called propositional logic and predicate logic or first-order logic There's just a different names for the same type of formal language. There are other formal languages modal logics deontic logics Mathematics Is typically a formal language formal mathematics made up of formal languages No formal language captures all of the interesting formal logical formal structure In ordinary language or or other kinds of discourse The reason there are many different kinds of formal languages is that each captures different kinds of formal structures The formal lot languages are kind of models of language or models of discourse. They're abstractions That are useful for different purposes But there is no kind of one best formal language that serves all purposes equally well An important property of formal language That some formal languages have the formal languages we look at in this course have is by valence We say a formal language is by valent if No, if every sentence has a single truth value That is either true or false, right? In a by valent language, no statement is neither true nor false No sentence is both true and false. It has to be one or the other Not both not neither. Those are all the options. Those are both those two are the only options right Not all formal languages are by valent They're trivalent. They're they're they're para consistent They're all kinds of other formal languages that have different properties not by valence By valence is a kind of you know simplifying assumption But it's a powerful one. It's it's an important one And it's we'll see ways in which it's useful. It helps us Understand a lot about the kind of arguments we typically make in a lot of ordinary situations Contingent sentences in a formal language might take on different truth values Depending on other facts, right in different situations, maybe but they can only have one true value at a time That's the assumption of by valence So those are the key concepts that were we I wanted to cover today that are help set the stage for the Investigation of formal languages that will do in subsequent units in this class If you have any questions about what we talked about today, please feel free to reach out to me come by my office hours Send me an email or a message Or you could pose the question to on discord If you don't if you is a concept in this lecture that you're struggling with you could discuss it on discord With other students and I will weigh in there as well might help sort of Other students might have a way of putting it that could help you if you pose the question the right way Before we end today, I want to come back to our our logic puzzle, right? So let's have another look at this Did you figure it out? Once you have a guess, I'm not gonna again, I'm not gonna tell you today, which it is But once you have a guess, I encourage you to Go to the logic puzzles channel on our class discord server and share your solution But make sure you use the spoiler tag on discord to to Sort of mask your solution so that other people have a chance to guess before they see Your answer to the logic puzzle, okay So that's our discussion for today, I hope that that was helpful for you and I wish you good luck with With the quiz with the practice problems and the and the exam for for this unit And I look forward to To seeing you in the lecture for the next unit All right. Bye


That's right our good buddy Drew Monson aka MyToeCold is back in a video discussing why he hates men and there's a lot a lot that we can all learn from this. What is up everybody this is Chris from the Rewired Soul where we talk about the problem but focus on the solution and if you're new to my channel what I like to do is take a look at what's going on in the YouTube community try to see what lessons we can learn from them. So if you're into that stuff make sure you subscribe and ring that notification bell and if you're on social media so my baby go follow me over on Instagram and Twitter at the Rewired Soul because I love engaging with all of you tweeting back and forth my DMs are open so if you have any questions or video suggestions feel free to hit me up.  First off first and foremost I don't think I'm the only one who noticed this but Drew you lost some weight baby you looking good like did anybody else notice that let me know down in the comments below all right but anyways uh yeah there's a few topics that I wanted to dive into and kind of unpack um from his video but the first one the first one is and it's kind of ridiculous during Pride Month but anyways here's a clip of Drew explaining it. I beers my women beers that are so big you forget who you even are anyway I'm walking down the street the other day and this car drives by me and it's a group of guys and of course the first thought I have is oh my god it's a bunch of bros maybe I can go to the brewery with them and get a giant beer but no turns out they wanted to be enemies because one of the guys stuck his head out the window yelled at me literally this is exactly what he said learn how to walk straight you I'm not gonna say the word but it's the one people use against gay people so yeah like there is just no room for hate speech I just do not understand it like rule number one ladies and gentlemen don't be a dick all right like I am just I'm trying to figure out like I I'm reading a book on empathy and I'm always trying to be empathetic I'm always trying to put myself in another person's shoes and understand I'm trying to understand what kind of mindset a person could get into where the way somebody like Drew was walking angered them so much that they felt like they had to scream this out at him like who hurt this man what happened to this man that made him want to scream such a ridiculous terrible thing at another human being I don't get it I might never get it but I think it's important to realize like this kind of stuff is not okay and it almost it almost feels like and like I I just I can't even imagine being LGBTQ during Pride month because it feels like during Pride month there's even more homophobia you know what I mean and that is just insane and it's awful what else is crazy about what these people screamed at Drew is obviously there's the whole situation going on with Stephen Crowder and Carlos Mazza right and Stephen Crowder's defense of his shirt is that it says socialism is for figs right like I just want you guys to play this game real quick because this is the most ridiculous thing I've ever heard anybody say so when people are defending Stephen Crowder and his shirt like imagine if these these guys screamed at Drew Monson walking a straight line you fig like the connotation is there they're they're trying to say your thing without saying that thing you know what I mean like we know what you're trying to say like it's almost like as somebody who's half black there's some there's some weirdness around like when somebody says like in word like if somebody's came up to me as a half black man and called me an in word not the word but the in word right I'd still be offended you know so I just think that whole argument about the figs thing is absolutely ridiculous my beers my women beers that are so big you forget who you even are anyway I'm walking down the street the other day and this car drives by me and it's a group of guys and of course the first thought I have is oh my god it's a bunch of bros maybe I can go to brewery with them and get a giant beer but no turns out they want it to be enemies because one of the guys stuck his head out the window yelled at me literally this is exactly what he said learn how to walk straight you I'm not gonna say the word but it's the one people use against gay people it's no I think this is something great that we can all learn from Drew Monson now as somebody who has a lot of emotions and I have a fixed skin like I get it like turning this into a joke and like I get that it's it's good to laugh about these situations like sometimes when somebody says something so hateful like there's nothing else to do but just laugh at it trust me like when I'm going through my comment section sometimes I am just loling all day long right and we have to be able to joke about it we have to be able to like make fun of it because it is so ridiculous but at the end of the day like I don't know like I don't know Drew Monson obviously but there is some pain that comes with it like people say all sorts of things to me in my comments a lot of it has to do with my weight and things like that and like yeah it somewhat hurts but it's something that I I acknowledge is going to happen especially because I'm on a public platform so if there's anything you take away from Drew Monson making this video is learn that it's okay to laugh about it and joke about it like for some people some people like myself some people like Drew like this is a coping skill that we use and it's something that I've talked to my therapist about like we all have coping skills right then there's healthy and unhealthy coping skills and this like I've talked to like with my therapist like do you think that's unhealthy to laugh about these things and she's like no that's how you deal with it just as long as you're processing like through it if it is like affecting your day to day life you know what I mean besides that it's also just that weird like masculine thing I'm not comfortable with because it always feels like they're putting it on like it's like that's not a real personality when like a guy never shows any real feelings and all they say is like yeah and they like have that walk and they're like okay cool yeah right there right there that is one of the main reasons I decided to make this video because it's true like it's very true and this is something that is getting better in some ways and not which is men being able to open up about their feelings open up about their emotions like I can tell you this I was raised not talking about my emotions so when I got to high school and depression was hitting me anxiety was hitting later on with it led to my drug addiction and alcoholism like I just didn't talk about my emotions because we didn't do that in my house because it's not the way my father was raised so it's not the way that he raised me right and the other thing was I was like a jock in high school as well I was on the football team the wrestling team the track team and like a locker room talk isn't like yo bro I'm feeling super sad today like we just didn't do that so the thing is and something I try to do with my channel is advocate for like people being able to open up and discuss their feelings what's interesting is like throughout my life as I got older too I mainly had female friends and it might be because it was easier to open up to them or even like my gay friends like it was easier to open up to them about my feelings about my emotions because there is sort of still a stigma around men opening up about their feelings and emotions because you're not manly enough you know what I mean like you shouldn't be talking about this just man up just deal with it and if any guys out there are watching this video like just know you can open up about this stuff like something that's just amazing is when I see like groups of men like in support groups or they talk about this like I looked at a drug and alcohol treatment center and seeing like the most badass dudes I've ever met in my life being able to open up about their feelings like I'm talking about ex-navy seals firefighters policemen other veterans EMTs like some badass dudes being able to open up and discuss these things because you know what they say baby girl in order to heal you gotta feel so in this last section of the video I just want to talk about a few things that drew months and touched on I love drew I absolutely adore drew but I'm trying to take what you guys are already watching and try to teach you some lessons that I've learned in my life and sometimes I've had to help others with these lessons as well so one of them is when drew says this it's kind of been all over the place I hope you liked it I haven't made one for a little I don't even I can't just keep giving excuses like I guess this is just how I make videos I really want to get consistent with it but it's hard because I really feel a lot of pressure like sometimes I wish I was like an alcoholic because I think drinking I've never done it before but I think it would make me like more comfortable because I can't make a video without thinking like oh my god even like 10 people seeing this it freaks me out what if one of them doesn't like trust me I get it I get it he was joking I get it but as somebody who is a recovering alcoholic I would be remiss in my responsibilities if I did not just talk about it real quick this is one of the main reasons why people drink or use drugs I'm somebody who used to have crippling social anxiety like a lot of people who meet me now have no idea how bad my social anxiety used to be but when I found alcohol it got rid of all that stuff so when Drew is talking about like why he doesn't upload that much and get on camera and everything and you know hey you know maybe if I drink and everything like that like that can be dangerous the reason being just the way dependents work is that we start to train our brain to whenever we're going into a social setting because a lot of you out there are not youtubers but what that could be for you is every time you're going out to a bar or you're going to like a work party or a regular party or whatever it is you might train yourself to drink in order to talk to people and for somebody like me somebody who has addiction that runs in my family like this can be dangerous because the way my addiction began to progress was I needed it to function in any setting I started needing to drink at work right I needed to start drinking just to go to the grocery store and interact with like the cashier and all of those things so I know Drew was joking but just to like put that out there it can be dangerous if you start to use alcohol for your social anxiety I'm sorry I'm trying to sell you stuff I'm just I just need money I'm trying to get rich again I used to have like tens of thousands of dollars now I have like a few hundreds sometimes a thousand dollars but honestly I act rich when I'm not even rich like I think I've said this before but if I have over like four hundred dollars I just stop looking at price tags like I just turn into Kanye West now the last thing I want to touch on real quick is I think a lot of you might be able to relate to what Drew was talking about just in regards to money so something that I do as a youtube creator as somebody who just looks at you know society and human behavior and everything like that I see people like Drew Monson or even Garrett Watts obviously their friends and everything and like these these guys they have like a ton a ton of fans huge fans right and when I hear them talk about money problems I'm like bam like you just got to get up and go to work and I know it's not that simple but this is where like therapy helps me this is where my antidepressants help me they get me to that baseline where I can get up and support myself and you know I also have a son so I got to support him as well but I think a lot of you might be able to relate to that as well and this is why taking care of your mental health is so so so important like there are instances where people get like disability for their depression or their trauma but we are not at a place in the American healthcare system where this is something that happens to a lot of people where a lot of people get benefits when they're not working for example when I first got sober seven years ago I was pending disability for almost a year and then I got denied because during that year I started to get better all right so if you realize that your mental health is affecting your work if it's affecting your ability to get work if it's affecting your ability to make money to support yourself like because this all just progresses the illness even more and it will make you even more depressed by not being productive by not being able to provide with yourself which then leads to anxiety like how am I going to pay my bills how am I going to put food on the table and all these other things like please please please go out there and get help like as of right now if you're 26 years old or younger you can still be covered under your parents medical insurance so you could probably get therapy all right but if you're somebody who does have insurance just talk with a doctor talk to your insurance company see if they can recommend a therapist for you if you would like to use some affordable online therapy I personally use better help online therapy and I'm an affiliate of them so if you would like there's a link down in the description below what that does is you get cheap online affordable therapy and a little bit goes back to help the channel as well but if your depression your anxiety is affecting your life and your ability to function and provide yourself like there's no no no shame in asking for help all right but anyways that's all I got for this video if you like this video please give it a thumbs up if you're new make sure you subscribe and ring that notification bell and a huge huge thank you to everybody supporting the channel over on Patreon you're all amazing and if you would like to help support what I'm doing here click the top on that Patreon icon right there all right thanks again so so much for watching I'll see you next time


Welcome to the session on 8086, Assembler Instruction Format. Learning outcome at the end of this session, students will be able to describe different instruction formats. Let us see what is instruction format. For every instruction that is executed in the 8086 microprocessor, an instruction format is available that is the binary representation of that instruction. A machine language instruction format has more than one number of fields. The 8086 instruction format vary from 1 to 6 bytes in length that is instruction format can be coded from 1 to 6 bytes depending upon the addressing modes used for instructions. And first field is called operational code field that indicates the type of operation to be performed by the CPU and the second field is called operand field. So instructions have different components that specify the operation to execute and how to treat the associated data. A machine language instruction format has one or more number of fields associated with it and the first field is awkward field which indicates the type of the operation to be performed by the CPU. And the instruction format also contains other field known as operand field that is also called as data field. Now instruction format 1 byte length, this format is only 1 byte long and may have the implied data or register operands. The least significant 6 bits of the opcode are used to specify the register operand if any otherwise all the 8 bits form an opcode and the operands are implied. So in figure 1 the opcode may be of 8 bit or may occupy 6 bits of the first byte and it defines the operation to be carried out by the instruction and the remaining 2 bits are of d and w bit. So as we discussed the first byte always consists of the opcode, the opcode may be of 8 bit or may occupy MSB 6 bits of the first byte and it defines the operation to be carried out by the instruction and the remaining 2 bits, the first bit is d bit that is nothing but direction bit which defines without the register operand in byte 2 is the source or destination operand. If d equals to 1, specifies that the register operand is the destination operand and if d equals to 0 indicates that the register is a source operand and the w bit is nothing but data size bit which defines whether the operation to be performed is an 8 bit or 16 bit data. If w equals to 0 it indicates the 8 bit operation and if w equals to 1 it indicates 16 bit operation. Now we are moving for instruction format of 2 byte length. This format is 2 byte long, the first byte of the code specifies the operational code and width of the operand specified by w bit. And the second byte of the code shows the mod field register operands and rm field. So here in figure 2 first byte of code consists of operational code of instruction and the width of the operand specified by d and w bit. And the second byte of code consists of mod reg and r oblique m field. So here in this mod indicates the displacement is present or not. If present then it is 8 bit or 16 bit. And the register reg indicates the name of the register that is source or destination and r oblique m indicates whether source or destination operand is located in register. So in following table in the second byte of the MSB 2 bits are defined as mod field. The mod field defines whether the r oblique m field is for register or memory. And if it is memory then there is no displacement or an 8 bit displacement or a 16 bit displacement. These 2 bits are encoded as if mod equals to 0 0 rm for memory with no displacement. If mod equals to 0 1 rm for memory with 8 bit displacement. If mod equals to 1 0 rm for memory with 16 bit displacement. And mod equals to 11 rm for register. Now we are coming to the point the register field which occupies 3 bits these field identifies a register that is one of the instruction operand and depends upon W bit. In the table shows the selection of register code depending upon W bit. When W equals to 0 all 8 bit registers are selected whereas W equals to 1 all 16 bit registers are selected. Thus in a number of instruction and mainly in immediate to memory variety register is used as an extension of the opcode to identify the type of operation that is 8 bit or 16 bit. So the next fields are rm field which occupies LSB 3 bits. In the rm field along with the mod field defines the second operand as shown here in this particular table and for mod equals to 11. In this operation data movement is within the register either 8 bit or 16 bit as mentioned in this operation and the register field identifies one of the instruction operands. Now if the second operand is memory then the mod field will be either 0 0 or 0 1 or 1 0. In our previous field we checked about if mod field equals to 11. Now we are moving if mod field equals to 0 0 or 0 1 or 1 0. Now depending upon how the memory is addressed. So following table shows the encoding of the rm field along with the mod field for mod equals to 0 0 comma 0 1 and 1 0. When mod selects memory mode then data transfer is register to or from memory. In that case rm field indicates how the effective address of the memory operand is to be calculated. So instruction format 3 or 4 byte long this type of instruction format contains 1 or 2 additional bytes for displacement along with 2 bytes the format of the register to or from memory without displacement. So in figure 3 instruction requires 3 or 4 bytes for coding. The first 2 bytes contain the information regarding opcode mod and rm field and the remaining 2 bytes contain 1 or 2 additional bytes for displacement along with 2 byte format of register to from memory without displacement. If w bit in instruction format value is 1 then the operand is of you have the 4 options please choose the correct answer. So your answer is see that is if w bit is 1 then the operand is of 16 bits and if it is 0 then the operand is of 8 bits. Now we are moving for the instruction format of 5 or 6 byte long this type of instruction format requires 5 or 6 bytes for coding and in this particular the first 2 bytes contain the information regarding opcode mod register and rm field and the remaining 4 bytes contain 2 bytes of displacement and 2 bytes of data. So in this particular figure instruction requires 5 or 6 bytes for coding the first 2 byte contains the information regarding opcode mod and register and rm field and the remaining 4 bytes contain 2 bytes of displacement and 2 bytes of data. So instruction template are used for each basic instruction to generate the opcode by filling the bits in the template corresponding to those instruction. In other words the opcode are generated on a bit by bit basis. So these are the references which I used thank you.