Good afternoon and welcome to the National Archives in Washington, D.C. I'm Colleen Chogan, Archivist of the United States, and I'm pleased you could join us for today's talk from Eileen Bjorkman about her new book, The Fly Girl's Revolt, the story of the women who kicked open the door to flying combat. Thirty years ago, Jeannie Levitt, then Jeannie Flynn, became the first female combat pilot to serve in the U.S. Air Force. We have a series of photos of her in the National Archives from when she started fighter pilot training in the summer of 1993.  She knew she was making history. With combat experience under her belt, today Jeannie Levitt is a major general in the U.S. Air Force. Eileen's book and the discussion today is about the long struggle for women pilots to reach the point of being recognized as equal partners in the U.S. military. Most of the women who paved the way for General Levitt and the combat pilots of today are not household names, but their grit and determination led to greater opportunities for women and a stronger U.S. military. Eileen Bjorkman is a retired Air Force colonel. She was an Air Force flight test engineer and is now a civilian pilot and the author of The Propeller Under the Bed and Unforgotten in the Gulf of Tonkin. Joining her for today's conversation is Margie Clark Boruska, a retired Air Force Lieutenant Colonel, a C-141 pilot and a member of the first class of women to attend the U.S. Air Force Academy. Now let's hear from our two accomplished guests. Thank you for joining us today. Well, thank you for the introduction and thank you, everybody, for attending today. And good morning or good afternoon, depending upon where you are. You heard in my bio that I'm a retired Air Force colonel and I get asked a lot, did you go to the Air Force Academy? And I always say, well, I graduated from high school in 1974 and women couldn't go to the Academy at that time. They didn't start going until 1976. And a lot of older people will say, oh, yeah, I forgot about that. And a lot of younger people say, really, there was a time when women couldn't go to the Air Force Academy. I say, yeah, there was a time when women couldn't fly airplanes. There was a time when women couldn't do a lot in the military. And it was really my generation of women that can make that final push to kick open the doors to flying combat. But there's a whole history there from the 1940s up through the 1990s of women who served in various capacities to show that women belonged to the military and that eventually they could be in combat as well. So there have been a lot of books written about the women, some women aviators who flew in World War II. And there's been a lot of recent books written by women, younger women who've flown in combat. But there really hasn't been a whole lot written about my generation of women, the women who flew in the 70s and 80s. And like I said, made that final push. So the book really focuses on that era. But there are a few chapters that talk about some of the earlier times as well. So I'm going to start by slides to advance here. So I'm going to start by going very quickly through some of that earlier history and then talking about aviation opening to women in the 70s. And then some of the things that happened in the events that really the final push happened in the 90s before the combat ban was eventually repealed. So a lot of you may have heard of the women's Air Force service pilots. They were a group of women, civilian women, who ferried aircraft around the country. They towed targets. They did various missions to free up male pilots to be able to go over into the combat theater. There were two groups, one led by Nancy Hartness Love, one led by Jacqueline Cochran. The two groups merged in August of 1943. So just right at 80 years ago now. And the group actually disbanded before the war ended. The good news was that they were not as loot. They were not losing as many male pilots overseas as they expected to, which was good news. But it also meant that the women's services weren't really needed anymore or needed as much. And so they actually disbanded before the war ended. And this was very, this was, you know, what all of the women who were serving during the war expected to happen. The wasps were never actually in the military during the war. They were a civilian group, but there were thousands of women who were actually serving in all of the military branches during the war. And at the end of the war, they expected to all go home because Congress had passed the law that allowed them to serve just during the war. But there were a lot of people that wanted to keep the women in, especially the senior, a lot of the generals that had seen what these women could do. And so they lobby Congress to allow women to remain in as a small force that could be expanded on if needed again in the future. So a law was passed in 1948 that allowed women to have a permanent presence in the military in the United States for the first time. There had been for a number of years women serving as nurses in the military, but this was the first time that women were allowed permanently in the military in roles other than nursing. There were a lot of limitations though that were placed on the women. The most important or impactful limitation was that women were prohibited from flying aircraft in combat or serving on combat ships. And so the actual language said that they could not engage, they could not engage the enemy in combat in an aircraft. So that wording, we'll talk about that a little bit later, that wording was a little bit problematic. So the services themselves did not allow women to fly anyway, even though there was actually no prohibition on women flying, all the women who had been washed, some of them did join the military after the war, but they were not allowed to fly. They were allowed to take on support roles. By law, the women were limited to 2% of the force. The highest rank they could hold was Colonel. And there were a very small number of women that were allowed to be colonels. They were kicked out if they got pregnant or if they had dependent children, even if they married somebody who had children, they weren't even their own children and their husbands weren't considered dependent. They did not get benefits for their husbands the way husbands automatically got benefits for their lives. During the 50s and 60s, women also fought to serve overseas. There were a lot of changes in the rules off and on. Other than nurses were not allowed to serve in Korea. Eventually some women were allowed to serve in Vietnam. But again, it was a fight to just be allowed to go over and be an intel officer, for example. There were some changes in the 60s though that started to happen in 1967. Congress did lift the grade restrictions and the 2% limit, and that did open the door for women to eventually become general officers. And then in 1969, the Air Force was the first one to open up ROTC training for women. Prior to that point, the only way a woman could get a commission was to pay for college herself, go to college, graduate, and then apply to the military to become an officer and go through some kind of a commissioning school. So in 1971, Jane Leslie Holly became the first woman to be commissioned through ROTC. So 1970 is when aviation did start to open to women. Some other things happened in that time period. Women did start to become general officers. This is a picture of Jean Holm, who was very instrumental in the fight to open up, to get women into Vietnam, to open up additional career fields.  There were also some lawsuits filed by women that allowed women to stay in after becoming pregnant and also a lawsuit that granted benefits to husbands finally. So an interesting side note is that Ruth Bader Ginsburg partially represented both of those women. She wasn't the only one, but she was one of the lawyers that worked on both of those cases that both went up to the Supreme Court. And then a couple of big things happened in the 70s that started to, started to nudge the services to bring more women in. The first one was at the ERA, Clear Congress in 1972. And the services expected that the, that the ERA was going to be ratified very quickly. It wasn't. It never actually was. But it scared them enough to realize that, oh, we maybe should start bringing more women in because once the ERA is ratified and it's part of the Constitution, then we're going to have to, to bring more women in. So that started a little bit, a little bit of a, I wouldn't say it opened floodgates, but it started to bring more women into the military. And then the other big thing that happened was the draft ended in February of 1973. And so, you know, the draft doesn't just help the army. It also people who say, ooh, I might get drafted so I'm going to go talk to the Air Force or the Navy. It helps the other services as well or help the other services as well. And so all of a sudden you had a lot of folks that were maybe, you know, maybe the year earlier, they would have considered going into the military. Now they didn't really feel the need to do that. And so, so recruiters started looking more towards women to try to fill some of that gap. But the Navy was actually the first one. To open aviation to women. The, so it was Admiral, Admiral Zumwalt. He was very forward thinking, not just about women, but about all sorts of social issues. And so he issued what he called a Z gram that said, Hey, we're going to try bringing some women into pilot training and see how they do. And so the first class arrived in 1973. And the first, Naval Aviator, first female, Naval Aviator Barbara Allen Rainey received her wings on February 22nd, 1974. The Army was not too far behind. They trained their first woman helicopter pilot also graduating in 1974. But where's the Air Force? It took the Air Force a little bit longer. And the Air Force's position was women can't be pilots because all of our pilots are combat. You know, they have to be qualified to be able to fly in combat. Even though a lot of men were not flying combat aircraft, but that was the reasoning that they gave for a number of years and why they drag their feet. So, but they did allow women to start flying in other capacities. So in particular, if you remember, Jane Leslie Holly, who was the first woman to graduate from ROTC, she by now was a captain and she applied to go to the Air Force test pilot school as a flight test engineer. The test pilot school doesn't train just for flight, they train navigators, flight test engineers, other folks. And so she, oh, she had an engineering degree. She put her application in and was accepted. And she wound up graduating in 1975. We see her pictured here with an F four out at Edwards Air Force Base. The other big thing that happened in 1975 was that Congress opened the academies to women. Again, the services were against this because they said women are, you know, women can't be in combat. The academies train people for combat. And so therefore we should not allow women in. But there were lots of people who testified that pointed out that well, in fact, not everybody that graduates from a military academy goes into some kind of a combat role. So that's kind of a kind of a red hair. And anyway, Congress agreed and they passed a, passed a, law and President Ford signed it saying, Hey, you're going to start admitting women to the Air Force Academy or to all of the academies. And that didn't actually happen until 1976. I'll talk about that on the next slide. But in the meantime, the Air Force was at that point still resistant to the idea of women pilots. They said, well, women can apply for the Academy, but we're not going to let them go to pilot training. So, but later in 1975, Air Force did apply for the Academy, but later in 1975, Air Force did finally agree to, to send a group of women to pilot training as what they considered an experiment. So, and they accepted 10 women into UPT undergraduate pilot training and sent them to Williams Air Force Base. Like I said, as, as an experiment, it's not clear to me exactly what the experiment was supposed to be because they already knew women could fly military aircraft from what they were doing. It seems the experiment was more about, well, how do we actually use these women? You know, given that they are going to be limited in the aircraft that they can fly, they're not going to be able to fly tactical aircraft. The Air Force had already decided that they weren't going to fly. The Navy was allowing a small number of women to fly what's called tactical aircraft. So, like an attack aircraft and a four is an example. And the women were not allowed to use them in a combat role, but they were allowed to use them in a training role, but the Air Force had already decided that we're not going to do that at best. We're going to allow them to fly training aircraft like the T 38 that you see in the picture here. This is the first 10 women who went through pilot training. The tall woman in the middle is Connie Engel. And she was a top graduate in her class. And of course, she wasn't allowed to fly a fighter, but she was allowed to stay at Williams Air Force Base. And be an instructor pilot in the, in the T 38 that you see there. So, so now I'd like to, I'd like to bring Margie into the discussion because Margie was in that first class of women that did go to the Air Force Academy arriving in the summer of 1976. So Margie, if you could talk to us a little bit about your experiences at the Academy, in particular your first year there. Sure. I'd be happy to. Eileen, as you mentioned, it wasn't until the fall of 1975 that women were actually allowed into the service Academy. So a lot of my male counterparts had been planning for years to go to the Academy. It took me just one month to get my application together. And it was very short notice, but fortunately I had decent grades. I had done a lot of athletes. And extracurricular activities. And I was offered a, a candidacy to go to the Air Force Academy. And I have to say that, that those first couple of months where I was getting my application together, I had sent off for. One of their catalogs about the Academy. And of course it was published while men, it was all still men only. And so I read that 65% of all physically qualified men would get to go to the Academy. And if they graduated, that 65% was going to go to undergraduate pilot training. So I just assumed I was very naive. I didn't know what was going on elsewhere in the Air Force. I just assumed that I was going to be a pilot. And I, I was offered a nomination. As I mentioned, and I entered with the class of us 1980, which meant we started in June of 1976. And I have to say, I was a very young naive 18 year old when I entered the Academy. A friend of mine uses the word clueless. And that's what I was. But I was very excited about it. And I was offered a nomination as I mentioned, and I entered with the class of us 1980, and I was very excited. I was anxious. And on that very first day, it was a strange feeling of deja vu because I had been to the Academy as a tourist and looked down on the cadets marching and all, but also culture shock. I had grown up in Gainesville, Florida, which was a very liberal university town. And the military were not looked on favorably as the Vietnam War was ending. And so I knew virtually nothing about the military. I just knew I wanted to fly. And again, we weren't even allowed to fly at that time, but that was in my vision. But we got off the buses and the upperclassmen started yelling at us. And our only responses were yes, sir, no, sir, no, excuse, sir. And that first day was just a blur. Lots of running around, marching, getting our hair cut. The women, we had to get our hair cut two inches all around. The men had to have their hair head shaved though. We had to eat at attention. We had to march at attention. It was truly a culture shock. But one bright point in all this was my roommate, Kathy Bishop. She was a military brat and she knew everything, at least in my eyes. She, when I walked into the room, she was already folding her socks and underwear just so and taught me how to do that. She introduced me to the contrails book, which was a book of knowledge that we had to memorize and answer questions about at any time. And anyway, with her there, and I should mention her sense of humor too, but we got through basic training without too much problem. But thank heavens I had her on my side there. But at the end of that first day, after all this running around, I remember lining up for the oath of office. And all of a sudden it hit me that I was joining the Air Force. And that I was going to be an officer one day if I made it through. Oh, that's great. Thanks. Thanks so much for talking about that. So we'll, we'll talk more about some of your other experiences here in another slide or two. So, yes. Oh, I, oh, actually I did want to ask you one question. When we had talked earlier, you had mentioned about how the women were kept separate in a separate dorm for the first six months or so, I think. Did you want to just. Yeah, sure. There weren't that many women who were starting. I think it was just over 150, maybe a little bit more. And they were worried that if they divided us up into each squadron, there would be too few women in each squadron. And they wanted us to have. I guess seven or eight per squadron. So what they did is they only integrated us into half of the squadrons. There were 40 and we were integrated into 20 squadrons, which meant that the other 20 were still all male. So there was still a very distinct difference between the integrated squadrons with males and females and the all male. So there were still some. Well, there were a lot of rumors about how the all male. Squadrons looked down upon us and did not want to be associated with us. And after six months, we found out that we were going to be integrated, half of us. And I ended up going to an all male squadron with just two of my other classmates. So we were. I should say I was scared to death about going over there, but it turned out it wasn't so bad. Our classmates were incredibly supportive. And we were able to get over and help us move all of our, our clothes, our equipment to the squadron. They were very welcoming. And I think maybe part of the reason is because we were taking the pressure off of them. But we, we managed, we made it through. And it, but it was almost like starting all over again as a basic cadet, because we had to prove ourselves and get to know the upperclassmen and their personalities. And it was tough. Yeah. And I think that's something, you know, I experienced some of that too in my career as it seems like every time I came into a unit, I had to prove myself, you know, again and again and again. So yeah. So, okay, so now I'm going to talk a little bit about the, you know, how some of the, within a year or so, some of the cracks started to appear in this combat law, this law that kept women out of combat. Lieutenant Kathy Rambo Cossand, who was in the first women, first class of women to graduate from pilot training in 1977. So just a year after she graduated, she, she went to fly C141s. It's a cargo aircraft. And she was flying out of McGuire Air Force Base in Jersey. And she was flying over in Germany. They were just doing some routine operations over there.  And her aircraft commander, who was a major, now she was just a second lieutenant still at the time, but her aircraft commander who was a major said, hey, you want to go to Zaire? And he said, and she said, sure, of course, I want to get in the action here. So, so, so you start to see now, okay, you've got a woman who's going to fly down into a hospital area. She's delivering troops and cargo. And these weren't actually US troops. They were French troops, but she's delivering troops and cargo into a hospital area. Is that engaging the enemy in combat? So, well, most people probably say, well, no, okay, but now she's in a hospital area. There's a possibility she could be shot at. Is that combat? Well, she's not engaging.  She's flying an aircraft that is unarmed. And so, and again, it was this major who made this decision and just said, hey, you're on my crew, you want to go, let's go. And after about a week, some people back in the US realized that there was a woman flying in Africa in the hospital area over there. And they ordered the crew back to the United States. So, but I guess they weren't too upset about it because they decided that the whole crew got an air medal and she got an air medal as part of that.  And it's not always in combat, but it's awarded for exemplary actions, you know, in an aircraft. So, and she was the first woman pilot to be awarded an air medal. There had been a couple of flight nurses before her who had gotten air medals, but she was the first military pilot to get one. So, so now we move into the 1980s. And I actually came in in 1980. After I graduated from college, I went to work for a year and then decided to join the Air Force because I saw that it was a more, it seemed to be a more welcoming environment. But also in 1981, we had a change in administration. And it did seem like to me anyway, you know, from where I sat as a brand new lieutenant, it seemed to me like the Reagan administration was not that supportive of women. It turned out that wasn't really the case. The Reagan administration wasn't really looking to bring in women and open new roles to them, but they also weren't interested in getting rid of women. However, there were people in the services that saw the opportunity to reduce the number of women because they believe that the Reagan administration would be supportive of that. And so you started to see all these studies about, well, you know, women had proven that they could actually do the job. So then there were studies about, well, they must be impacting, they must be impacting readiness, right? Because they get pregnant, right?   That was one of the big concerns is that they'll hurt unit cohesion. So, and there was just a lot of concerns in general about feminization of the military, you know, worries that bringing women in was going to cause the military to become feminized. And interestingly enough, we're starting to hear some of those same discussions today again. It's quite frustrating for me to see those discussions still going on after 40 years. So, but some things did start to change in 1982. This, this aircraft called AWACS, it's an early warning aircraft, you have air controllers, basically weapons controllers on your air traffic controllers, if you will, that are monitoring the skies and can use these aircraft to provide early warning of inbound enemy aircraft. And previously that aircraft had been closed to women, and it did open in 1982. So, so now Margie, I'd like to hand things back to you. So you went into pilot training in 1980. So a couple of years before they opened the AWACS aircraft, if you want to just talk a little bit about pilot training after you graduated from the academy and, you know, what was, what that was like and what, what aircraft were available to you and your, and the other women. Sure. While I was at the academy, the last couple of years there, the test program was successful and they allowed women to go to pilot training and I was qualified physically. So I got to go. I went to Laughlin Air Force Base in Del Rio, Texas, started in August of 1980 and graduated with class 8107. In August of 81. At the time I knew right away that I couldn't fly fighters and I could not fly any aircraft. And I was very much in touch with the WC-130, the WC-130's attack, reconnaissance, bombers, whole slew of aircraft. So I focused on the ones that I could fly. We were allowed to fly transport tankers and some specialty aircraft, such as Medevac or WC-130, I believe, which was weather research related. And we could be trainers. But after looking at all the missions, to fly transport aircraft and see the world and fly real-time day-to-day missions. And I was very fortunate in that I got my first choice of a C-141 to Charleston Air Force Base. And en route to Charleston, I went to Altus Air Force Base for training and that's where I met my future husband. And as fate would have it, we both ended up in the same squadron in Charleston. We were in Charleston for seven years together, which is actually quite a long time. And I could fly all of the missions that the C-141 flew except combat-related, combat-related, combat-related. We're getting a little extra there. Okay, go ahead. Just as a side note.  Yeah, somebody needs to mute, I think, so. I'll try again. No, I think you're good now. So yeah. Okay. I was just going to mention that my roommate in pilot training desperately wanted to fly fighters. And so, and she was at the top of the class. And so she was offered a trainer, a T-38, which is a fast jet airplane. So she was hopeful that if combat aircraft did open to women, she would be in the perfect position to go do that. And unfortunately, this was in 1981 and the restriction wasn't put into effect until 1993. So unfortunately, she missed that window there. Yeah. And that's a story I heard from a lot of women of your era that they were good enough to fly combat aircraft, but the laws prevented them. And by the time the laws changed, they were too old. So. Exactly. Yeah. So now another thing that happened in the 1980s is that the women aviators, there started to be enough of you across all the military services that you could start to organize, if you will. And my understanding is initially it was more kind of a social kind of thing. But also the women from World War II, the WASP, they had an organization that, I understand, reached out to y'all to kind of bring everybody together. Can you talk a little bit about the women, what became the women military aviators? I think it was called something different initially. Yes, absolutely. In 1978, the women Air Force service pilots, they already had their organization. But a group of them, a small group led by Sarah Hayden, wanted to start a new organization that would include the modern women military aviators. And so she incorporated a group called Women Military Pilots Association, or WNPA. And it was a few years later after she did this that three of the female instructor pilots at Williams Air Force Base, they were trainers, Barb Room, Karen Daniel, and Julie Tizard, decided that they wanted to create some sort of association for women. Because there were so few women flying, and I'm talking about pilots and navigators. And we all had common interests and problems. For instance, how the uniforms fit, or the equipment, how it fit, how we related to our peers, our superiors, different promotion opportunities. So they sent out a survey. I think there were about 175 women pilots and navigators at the time to see if there was any interest. And of course, there was. And during this time, Sarah Hayden from the WASP was put in touch with Barb. And they worked together to incorporate the active duty women into WNPA. And in October 1982, 86 women pilots and navigators, active duty, myself included, and 126 WASPs became the charter members of WNPA. And we had our first convention a few months later in 1983. And what was interesting about that convention is there was a female four-ship flyby at the Indianapolis 500. It was pretty amazing. Oh, that's really cool. Oh, yeah, it was fantastic. And it was really a wonderful start to the creation of WNPA. And there was a Navy organization that had also started called, I think, the Society for Women in Military Aviation. And we merged with them, or they merged with us. That was headed by Rosemary Mariner. And then a few years later, I believe 1988, we changed our name to women military aviators so that we would include pilots and, of course, navigators, but also other aircrew members, because female aircrew members needed an organization to be part of. And these are all people, women that had earned their wings just in a different capacity. And we also opened it up to all the different services. So today's membership, we have over 500 members. And we include students. We give them free one-year memberships. We have annual conferences and conventions. We do mentoring. We have scholarships, quarterly newsletter. And myself and Marcie Atwood are the historical committee. And right now, our big project is interviewing our members for our oral history project. That's great. Yeah, I think it's awesome that you're capturing all these histories, because it's a big job to do all that interviewing. And I think it's wonderful that we're going to have not just a few stories. We're going to have, hopefully, all the stories of all the women who went through in this era. And like you said, it's not just about pilots and navigators. We've got loadmasters, flight engineers. There's all kinds of women that serve in many aircrew capacities across the military. So let's see here. Get my screen back here. So OK, so now the 1983 comes along. So now we've got some more confusion about what women can and can't do, right? And you had some interesting experiences very close together in 1983. Can I talk about those a little bit? Sure. Folks may remember that the Beirut barracks were bombed in, I think, it was 23rd of October in 83. And I happened to be in Germany at the time and was alerted to go fly down there. I was actually in charge of the flight. But we decided that because of the hostilities there, actually there were a lot of unknowns, that we should fly a combat entry. Well, I wasn't airdrop qualified. I had no idea how to do that. So I turned it over to the other pilots so that he could fly that maneuver in and just keep us all very safe. And then Grenada happened just a couple days later. It was called Urgent Fury. I was able to fly three missions going down to Grenada. And it was during, it was a combat situation. But somehow I still got to go. I know some of my counterparts over on the West Coast were not allowed to fly into Grenada. But I was alerted and I flew. I just went. I don't think our higher ups really discussed it much. I think I was a warm body and a pilot and they needed me. So I went down there. But interestingly, that picture of me, I was being given the accommodation medal for going down to Grenada by Colonel Neal, who was our squadron commander. That's an interesting picture because that particular award was given for a specific Grenada trip on the 19th of November. And that's when hostilities were over. So what I was I'm thinking is that they did not recognize the fact that I had been down there during hostilities. But they did recognize the fact that I had been there after it was over. So maybe that's how I was able to get. Yeah, that's interesting. So yeah, because I remember us talking about how they were like, well, can we really, should you have been down there in the first place?  But your commanders were like, hey, she's on the schedule. She's going. And the commanders on the West Coast were like, oh, get the women off the airplanes and let's bring some guys in to replace them. And so it's yeah. So you had individual commanders who were figuring out how to apply this law because there wasn't really a lot of guidance. And just to mention, I was pregnant when I received the award, but not when I went down there. Because as soon as you were pregnant, you were automatically grounded. Yeah, yeah. So that was after the fact. Yeah, you got pregnant after. So yeah, so yeah. And that's changed today. Women can now fly. I mean, they have to work with the flight surgeon and everything, but women can now fly at least for a while when they're pregnant. So yeah. So then some additional things started going on in 1986 we had Operation Elder Auto Canyon, which was the raid on Libya. Of course, there weren't women that actually flew in the combat aircraft, but that aircraft was very heavily dependent upon aerial refueling tankers. I think they had pretty much every KC-10 in the world that was flying came over to support that operation. And there were about a half a dozen women that participated in that operation. Again, not going actually downtown and dropping bombs or anything, but again, getting close to the combat area. So about this time, they started to, there was this risk rule that got introduced. There were some things that started very gradually, looks like one weapon system at a time, some things got open to women like C-130s. But again, it was just very slow progress. And then there was also some potential changes coming along that we're going to eliminate women from flying the high performance aircraft that they could. The Air Force was going to a dual track pilot training system where they were, not everybody was gonna fly the T-38 in pilot training anymore.  And so that was going to eliminate women from being able to fly that as an instructor. The Navy was starting to contract out some of those training missions that I mentioned earlier that women were able to fly. And women just, a lot of women, Navyators started leaving because they started realizing my career is very limited here. And I'm gonna go do something else. And a lot of them did go in the reserve. So the military was still able to use their services, but there was really a lot of wasted talent going out the door in the late 80s. So, and then Desert Storm happened. So it was just, I think the door was gonna open eventually anything, but this was what I would really consider to be the inciting event that really kind of made that final push possible. Desert Storm was very much, Desert Shield then Desert Storm was very much a logistics war. You had women flying, all the tankers and the support aircraft taking material over there. There were women in Saudi Arabia from the first day that aircraft arrived. So we had women helicopter pilots, Army helicopter pilots that were there from the first day.  And the public saw this and it really opened the public's eyes to the fact that women were already in combat, were already in hostile areas. And by the end of the war, they saw that women were part of the action too. I mean, 13 women died, 21 were wounded and two became POWs. Here's just a couple of pictures from there. This is Major Stephanie Wells, she's a C-5 pilot.  She's got a lot of great stories to tell about flying during that time period. So, and Margie, you weren't actually, let me just do this one slide real quick. So yeah, I just remembered. So this is just showing how far inside a rack that some of the women actually went as well. So you had Army helicopter pilots, women and helicopter pilots who were moving the ground troops forward into a rack for the final push for the 100 hour war that took place at the end of February that eventually led to the cessation of hostilities just a few days later. So you had women, like I said, that were very fully engaged in this war. Maybe not going downtown dropping bombs, but they were very much a part of the war. So, and Margie, you didn't actually get to participate though, right? You were at a point in your career where you do another stuff. I was, I had accepted a position at the Air Force Academy to teach. They sent me to get my master's degree and then I owed them four years at the Academy of Teaching Academics but also flying in the T-41 flying program for the cadets. But interestingly on the 6th and 7th of August, 1990, when Desert Shield happened, I was watching it on TV while I was in labor with my second child. So I wasn't going to get to be a part of that, but I was rooting for them. Yeah, so yeah, so but a lot of your peers did fly in that war. Yeah, I've got a lot of good stories from all of them. So it'd be great if we could someday get together, maybe, and talk about all that. Yeah, absolutely. So, but the timing was perfect. The war ended, like I said, the end of February, which was just about when they started debating the Defense Bill for 1992. And so the House almost immediately repealed the combat exclusion law. And then it went to the Senate and kind of started to slow down a little bit, unfortunately, and the Sask voted against the House language. And it looked like there were a lot of, a lot of people were kind of startled by the House repealing the law. And there were a lot of people that had gone into action, trying to get the Senate to not repeal the law. The service chiefs were very opposed to repealing the law. They testified against it. You had all kinds of anti-feminist groups that were lobbying Congress. And so it was things were not looking good for the home team for a while there. And then on July 18th, 1991, The Washington Times published an article by a woman reporter who had gone down to Langley Air Force Base and had flown in the back seat to an F-15. And her take on that was that, wow, this is really hard. I don't think women should be able to do this. And that really infuriated a lot of women, including Heather Wilson, who Air Force Academy grad and had gotten out because she couldn't be a combat pilot. And she was later as a Congresswoman and Secretary of the Air Force. But she got ahold of the women military aviators that said, hey, activate your old exes. We need to really start putting the pressure on Congress. And then another woman, Carolyn Becraft, who had formerly been in the Army and had to leave the Army in the 70s because she had gotten pregnant. And she was also very heavily involved in this. And she called the WMA folks and said, get your women and come to Washington. And so there were a number of women that came from all the services. They were on leave, they wore their uniforms. They arrived in Washington on July 24th. And then they went around with Carolyn Becraft, Heather Wilson, I think there were a couple other women who actually did the lobbying because military people can't lobby, and especially if they're in uniform. So their job there was to educate the staffers and the Congress people that they talked to, the senators that they talked to. And then the other four women did the actual lobbying for them. So, and so this is, not all of these women were there that day, but this is a picture that was taken later. It wasn't taken that day. But it is a picture of some of the women who were there. And certainly all of these women played a role in that final push to get things across the finish line of the Senate. So the bill finally did pass, but there was another bill that was added to that that created a presidential commission to study the assignment of women to combat jobs because if you don't wanna do something, you study the problem. And if you don't like that result, you study it again. And so it was sort of a delaying tactic, if you will. And actually in late 1992, the commission recommended that flying in combat remain close to women. And so at first things were again, not looking good for the home team, but the day after they made that recommendation, Bill Clinton got elected president. And so with the administration change, it still took a few more months. And that's another story, but we're running out of time. So, but finally in April of 1993, Les Aspen, the secretary of defense ordered the services to open combat aircraft to women. And that same day, Merrill McPeak, general Merrill McPeak, who's the chief staff of the United States Air Force introduced the first three women fighter pilots to the public. And the first one was of course, Teenie Flynn, as was mentioned earlier. So you wanna talk just really quick, Margie, about kind of your feelings about kind of how that felt at the end of all that, when you heard that, oh, we're finally opening it. So yeah. Sure, I was very excited for the women who came after me. By that time, I had been in the service for 13 years and it was too late for me to change career paths. In fact, I had just started working with Defense Intelligence Agency and became a military attaché in Africa, flying the C-12, which is a King Air. So I had an entire different track to my career, which didn't and would never involve fighters, bombers, attack aircraft and so on. But I was very, very happy that the women behind me would get to fly. And it was a long road and I was pleased to be a small part of it with women military aviators. And now I'm even more pleased to be able to document the stories of the women who went through all that. That's, yeah, thanks. So yeah, and after we talked about that the other day, I was thinking about that myself is that I've thought about that a few times that if I had been able, when I first came in the Air Force I couldn't go to pilot training because my eyes weren't good enough. And I thought about trying to go to navigator training but I knew I wouldn't be able to fly a fighter and I was interested in flying fighters and I found a way around that. I was an engineer and I went to test pilot school and I was able to fly fighters that way. But I do sometimes wonder, if I'd been able to fly fighters, would I have maybe gone to pilot training, I'm sorry, to navigator training and tried to take that route instead. So it did impact women's careers. It's nice to have all of those options available to the younger women now. So this is just some of the women who have flown in combat or still fly in combat aircraft. Lisa, we've kind of run out of time here. So I'm gonna see if we've got any questions and if we don't, I'll kind of run through these women here really quick and then we'll wrap up. So no questions. Okay, so yeah, so let me just run through through some of these women really quick. I think a lot of you have heard of Martha McSally, she's a retired former congresswoman and senator but she was one of those first three women to go to fly combat aircraft and she flew the A-10 and she was actually the first woman to fly a combat aircraft on a combat sorority. So even though Jeannie Flynn was the first fighter pilot, she didn't actually fly into a combat situation until after Martha McSally did. I thought it was interesting we had a, we had kind of a little reunion at the Oshkosh AirVenture of two weeks ago where we brought together the first three women. So it was Martha McSally, Jeannie Flynn and a woman named Sharon Prezler who flew F-16s and we brought them together kind of as a celebration of 30 years of women in combat. And I learned at that time that that was the first time those three women had been together since they were introduced to the public. So they, because they went off to separate weapon systems they were kind of off on their own and they never really got back together and kept track of each other. I mean, they kind of knew who to each other were but I thought that was interesting that they didn't really stay in touch that much afterwards. So Kim Campbell, you see here, she's a retired colonel, also an A-10 pilot. She was hit over a rack over Baghdad and her aircraft was hit and lost all the hydraulics in the aircraft, very hard to fly the aircraft, it took her an hour, flying a very difficult to handle aircraft all the way back to her base and landed it and received a distinguished flying cross for that. Heather Penny, Air National Guard pilot, Lieutenant on September 11th. She's got a very interesting story where she took off with her flight lead. They had just come back from an exercise. They were at the DC Guard there in Maryland at Andrews Air Force Base. They had just come back from an exercise so their aircraft had no weapons on them, a couple of F-16s and they took off to look for Flight 93 which had crashed by them but they didn't know that. But they were planning to ram the aircraft with their jets if they had found it to take it down because they didn't have any other way to take it down. And then Tammy Duckworth, a lot of you are familiar with her. She was an Army helicopter pilot shot down in Iraq and lost both of her legs. Amy McGrath, Marine Corps F-18 pilot, recently ran for Senate, didn't win but just another example of women who are going on to are trying to go on to bigger and better things. And then last is Kristen Wolf, Beow Wolf, her call sign's Beow and she's currently the F-35 demonstration pilot. And the thing that I really liked about when she was picked to be the F-35 demonstration pilot is the headlines were not first woman picked to be F-35 demonstration pilot. They were, hey, meet the new F-35 demonstration pilot and then you look down way down in the article, somebody made the comment, hey, aren't you the first woman to be the F-35 demonstration pilot? And so it was not the main thing and I find it great that we are getting past this constant, hey, the first to do this, the first to that, there's no need to be doing that anymore. Women are part of this, part of the military, they're here to stay and they're doing a great job. So I don't know, Margie, if you had anything you wanted to add to that. I do not. Okay, so let me. So yeah, so again, that's kind of my book in a nutshell. Obviously there's a lot more stories in there. You've got some of Margie's stories in there and then other stories out there as well. So and then this is just my, this is me on the F-4, one of the F-4s that I flew at Edwards Air Force Base back in the 1980s. So, so my, like I said, my way of managing to get into a fighter aircraft, even though it wasn't really a fighter airplane, it was a test airplane, so. Eileen, I do see one question if you'd like to answer that. The question is asking if the oral histories will become publicly available. And that is our goal right now. They are private as we work on their transcriptions, but eventually we do intend to make them public. Okay, great. So well, thank you, Margie.  You know, like you said, it didn't really help your generation, but it's helped the subsequent generations and generations to come. So. And Eileen, thank you for writing us back into history. You're very welcome. And I very much enjoyed doing all the interviewing and writing the book. Thanks everyone. Bye.


Hey everyone, it's Krisha Buckley with another MVP Buzz Chat interview, and I'm talking to Zoe, hello. Hey, Christian, delighted to be here.  Brilliant, thank you. So I'm Zoe Wilson, I work at Microsoft Partner in the UK called Agilisys, where I'm the Director of Innovation and Customer Success, and that is quite a mouthful, I know, but my job really is kind of getting customers excited about what the art of the possible is with technology, and that's the thing that I really love. Yeah, I love that the, I mean, there's a bit of the evangelism side to that kind of role, but it very much is the, I love the whole art of possible, and this kind of goes back like early in my career, like in fact, I wrote an article on this, like a decade ago, which was, you know, when you're introducing a new technology to a set of users, how much do you tell them about the new before you try to understand what they actually need? And then how much? Because the problem is that when you ask them, well, what do you need? People will tell you what they need through their lens of understanding of what's possible. So if you tell them though, if you start the conversation by telling them everything that's put possible, then it skews there what they need into this, you know, when we need to have dolphins that have lasers on the backs, we need to have teleportation, you know, they ask for too much there. And what's the balance there? So how do you balance that? Getting people excited versus keep them grounded and what do you really need to get to the next level? Yeah, and it is about finding that balance, but I think it's the customer base that we work with that helps with that because we work predominantly with the public sector. So they've got quite a specific set of needs. Regardless of which bit of the public sector they are, they've all got similar challenges around budget and increasing demands. So it's, I think, applying that lens to it really, so making sure that we're talking to their specific problems. And actually from a community perspective, I love it because you don't need to kind of rein it into the things that are specific to the sector. But yeah, from a customer perspective, it's finding the balance. But it really helps if you can kind of paint that picture around, you know, look, these are the possibilities. This is how you can be more productive. This is how you can do more with less and then work it back through the things that are most important to them. Yeah, and I agree. I think it's a refining process like any requirements. What do you actually need? What is the impact of that if we go and do it? Having worked in product management teams where you're actually building products and where you have to prioritize because you have a, even Microsoft as big as they are, people always say, why don't they just add this feature to SharePoint? Why don't they just do this with teams? They're like, well, there's a finite number of people working on that. And there's some big things and a lot of integration, a lot of things to think about and to work across there. And so they're also having to prioritize what they can do, what they should do, and test those things out. And then what are the stories around those? And so no matter what role that we have, like I work for an ISV, you work for an SI partner, going out and doing that to provide the solutions, we're constantly having those discussions where we're kind of tempering the, like here's what's possible in the future. Doesn't mean like, but yeah, but what's in the future, there are so many steps in between that future vision and where you are today and the necessary path to get there. Yeah, and do you know what? It sounds like such a downer. Sorry, bring me all the excited about stuff and they'd be like, no, no, no, no, maybe someday. I think it's important to be realistic about it though, because for me, Microsoft Fever was like a breath of fresh air because it gave me something that was new, it was people focused and an opportunity to go in and talk about really topical things with customers. But just from a maturity perspective and whether they're in SharePoint, whether they're using modern SharePoint, there are all of these things from a technical perspective that they have to have in place to even think about using Fever, but helping them understand what they need to do to get there and start actually making some intelligent decisions fairly early on, I think is really important because it at least helps them set the direction and understand where it is they're going and what that direction of travel is. Yeah, it's funny that you say that because I actually have done a session at two conferences now on preparing for Microsoft Fever, but so much of that is, again, I don't mean to like dampen people's excitement around things, but just fundamental things that need to be done on like an infrastructure standpoint. You know, things like going and cleaning up your information architecture, having mapped out like the permission structure and looking at that all have direct impacts and your ability to go and roll out Viva components.  Like don't make that mistake. There's a lot that you can do before you ever go and deploy a new technology to prepare for that. And then you'll get more out of that solution once you're there. Yeah, absolutely. It's like migrations are like that. There's so much that you can do before you actually use a tool or apply a script and start the process to clean up. Like, do I really need to move all of those things which I've queued up to be moved? And you know, and what's the priority? What's the, of each of those anyway? Yeah, well, what was your, so let's talk about, I like asking this question around your path to MVP. So what was your path to becoming MVP? What did it, what finally kind of pushed you over the edge into MVP them? Well, so if you take a step back right to the start of my community journey actually, you were one of the people that inspired me. So the very first community event I ever went to was SharePoint Saturday in London. I think it might have been 2017. And I remember, I remember. Matthew's organized that and a few others. And I just, that whole experience, I'm sorry, he's heavily, all I remember is Andy and what's the, what's the chicken place that was right in there he was doing consulting for. Anyway, there was a lot of talk about Nando's. Nando's, yeah. Yes, yeah. So at this point I was completely naive to the fact that this amazing community existed. And I went along because I wanted to learn about SharePoint. I didn't, yeah, I was so naive. I planned to come for the day and didn't even realize that SharePoint SharePoint in the evening was a thing. So I was very disappointed when I had to kind of toddle off in the evening because I planned something else. But yes, that just, it just inspired me. And I think the fact that, you know, you'd kind of traveled over to the UK to do this and we're sharing your experiences just really got me thinking about how great it would be to actually do that. And then it was SharePoint Saturday two years after that where I had the opportunity to actually speak for the first time. And I just fell in love with it.  I, you know, I liked the community aspect. And it's, if you go back to when I was in my 20s I was involved in kind of music communities and that kind of thing. So I've always liked community. And I'm passionate about technology and helping people. So once I started that, that was it really. And it's been an absolute pleasure getting more involved over the last couple of years. You know, I always, I always tell the story. Like my people say, well, like, are you nervous up on stage? Remember, it gets a little bit nervous. Like, but not really. But for me, and what I missed a lot of it kind of you speak to like in your 20s, mine was I was in a rock band. So in the early 90s for three years I was the lead singer of a band. So getting up on stage and singing and we did all originals, never covers. And, you know, you kind of kind of, you know, you get weaned very quickly of the way from the nervousness and going and doing things. But I loved that social aspect of that scene and the locations and talking with people and that aspect of it. And, you know, and so I just gravitated towards that type of community. So kind of a similar thing. So yeah, it's been, you know, the community is so much of what you make it to be. And so it's, you know, we need people who are and mostly like MVPs do this who step up and say, I'm not seeing enough that's happening in my local region. I'm gonna start something in the local region. I'll be the person who pulls this up. It's a lot of work to go and do that. But that enables other people then to go and kind of pick up the banner and help you or take it on and do it themselves and hand off. So it's this, you know, there's phrasing if I had been more prepared for that, that continual renewal process that I have in the community. Yeah, and so just before we went into lockdown, I mean, what is it? Almost two years ago now, isn't it? I was in Glasgow for the Scottish summit. Yep.  But the whole event was just brilliant. And then last year, when we did it as a virtual event, I actually volunteered and got involved. And then this year, I'm actually part of the organizing team for it. And it's so much more rewarding actually getting involved behind the scenes and making it happen as well. And I think I've noticed a little bit of a change maybe over the last year with tending more towards kind of that planning and organizing. And almost trying to dial back the speaking a little bit just because I have a tendency to say yes to too many things to overcommit myself. And I've got quite a demanding day job anyway as well. So. Same here. You know what the one benefit though, I keep trying to tell people is like, look, if you have never run an event, one of the things that I do for the community, and there's a lot of us that do this and said, hey, come talk to me. I'll tell you what's involved. In some ways, I mean, look, I'm not going to minimize the amount of effort that's involved with them. I mean, I've run like the largest event that I have personally organized as a lead organizer was about 1,500 people. So I've not done any massive conferences. And, you know, it's a special kind of person who will take that on. And I know like the stuff that like, Audis and Spence and others that they do, like the German event, which is massive. Like, I understand what it takes to pull something like that together. But on the community level doing something, even like a SharePoint Saturday, a SQL Saturday, we've now rebranded ours as Microsoft 365 Fridays. But, you know, it really can be simplified down into like core components. And you can be very, so there's kind of a process, a way that we found success, the patterns of success.  Here's what you need to go and do. Like, don't vary from this pattern. This we've tried all those other things. This is why that didn't work and share those nuggets of wisdom so that we see more. I would love to see more.  Online there's, look, there's still a lot of planning involved. The ugliest part of that is selecting sessions and having to tell people, I'm sorry, no, you know, that process is not fun. But- I think it's difficult with the online as well to actually get that same sense of community. Yeah, it is. It's really, really challenging. And one of my colleagues, when you saw me getting more involved in the community stuff, I was talking to her about it and we've co-presented a lot of work anyway. So we know that we bounce off each other. So I was kind of dragging him along with me and getting him involved. And for the last, maybe, I don't know, 12, 18 months he's been presenting as well. And then in the autumn of last year, he had the opportunity to do two in-person events which were the first in-person ones that he'd done. And I think he was just blown away by how different they were compared to doing them online and having that opportunity to actually connect properly. Yeah. What do you think is gonna be, I mean, like rumors of major events starting to come back but in a hybrid way? So I think, well, we'll share any info now because I'm still trying to confirm some details. But a major event that is planning to come back with about a third of the numbers of the last time two and a half years ago that they did an in-person. So they're dramatically reducing the in-person and planning to do a hybrid. From your experience, I mean, what is necessary for a successful hybrid event? I think that a lot of thought has to go into how you engage the audience who are remote because if all you're doing is, you've got some people who are kind of there physically and you're just streaming and broadcasting it to the external audience and that's just marketing. It's not giving people a chance to kind of get involved and feedback and part- An extended webinar. Yeah, you know, and it's great from an inclusion perspective because you can reach so many more people who maybe wouldn't have ever been able to travel there anyway. But yeah, if you want to do it properly and actually make sure that you're giving people the opportunities to kind of participate and interact, it needs a lot of thought. Yeah, that's the hard part because so one, well, I know with like Microsoft loves the fact that with by moving build is a great example and they have like 10 times the number of people attending, participating in those. But at the same time, what's happened is that the content has become more marketing than it has technical, is become less interactive because it's more of a broadcast that here's the message we're trying to get out. Here's what we're sharing, here's what's new, push it out there. And so there hasn't been the failure there is that we don't have the serendipitous connections that are made, you and I running into each other in the expo hall, having a 20 minute conversation, exchanging business cards, going our separate ways and we may not see each other for the rest of the week, kind of, you know, those kinds of experiences, not just that, sponsors, have sponsors get any benefit out of that. My, going to any major event, it's never about the sessions because in this day and age, especially, and we were already moving this direction, most sessions are recorded, if not streamed live for the hybrid portion of that, but the content is available within, you know, a day or a week, whatever the content's made available. And I would spend my time in the expo hall talking with the vendors, talking with the partners at Microsoft events, going and talking with the product team at the different areas and doing a deep dive and standing for hours, getting a firsthand with the owners of the products and the features, like that, like you can't do that in a hybrid, do that in a virtual virtual. Yeah, it's just not possibility. So I think it will be interesting over the next year or two as we see big in person events start to come back. I think there'll be a little bit of trial and error while they find their feet and find what works. And from a user group perspective, I'm not sure what will happen as well because I do think there's a bit of fatigue with online events and virtual events. Are you doing user groups, any local stuff? So I'm actually working with a couple of other MDPs in the UK, where there's a couple that we're just setting up at the moment that we're planning to launch within the next couple of months. And I think the plan is for them to be online initially, but, you know, we have to factor in some in person events. Yeah, you know, that's like all of us, we're trying to kind of find our footing on that. Like we're locally here in Utah, like we've been, we just decided to make it the new normal, which is we will, whether we have local or we have guest speakers out of the area that we have a space that's at a partner journey team that has a great job opens up their space, throws some food at people that show up there. And we do it more as a viewing party of that. And then the rest of us, like I'm usually have meetings going right up until that session, but I like next week, fingers crossed, I'm planning to travel. It's only 40 minutes away from my house to go be there in person for the viewing party. But you have people dialing in. And so we usually have a mix where there's people from around the world that are dialing in for such, which is fine. But the real value is that that local community. So yeah, we're all just anxious to see, at least to some degree, that open back up. But the new thing is that we'll always have anyone that wants to participate can join in, which is good for us as well. Yeah, and I think there are absolutely pros and cons for both sides of the equation on this. But I think for bringing new people into the community and making it easy for people to access content that maybe they wouldn't have thought doing before. And for giving people an opportunity to actually get involved and speak at user groups and things like that, because suddenly if people don't have to be there in person, they can apply to user groups in different countries and all around the world. And that gives them an opportunity to test content and get their confidence up. So yeah, there's some pros and cons for both, I think. And I know it will be interesting to see where this lands. So I'm interested in your perspective on people that have never presented. Like how do you get those people to present? Like what's your pitch for somebody who's thought about it, would like to get involved that's consumed a lot of the content, but to try and pull them in to this world? What's your pitch? I usually wear them down, I think. I mean, there's a young woman who I work with who, I mean, I've got her in my sights for kind of long-term grooming to MVP and she works with AI, where I don't think we've got a lot of women anyway. And when I've seen her present at work, she's just so enthusiastic and passionate and it just bubbles out of her. So I spoke to her, I think after the first time I've seen her present, I spoke to her fairly quickly after that and just had a chat with her about, you know, whether she's considered kind of speaking on a community sense. And actually I worked with her and helped her submit for the Scottish Summit who have a really good track for new speakers. So she'll actually be speaking for the first time in I think June is the new date that that was pushed back to. Yeah, what I was gonna ask is, you're part of the organizing team, what that pushback is there been a reopening of a call for speakers or is it still just locked and just moved the people over? Yeah, I think the fairest thing to do because the call for speakers was massively over subscribed anyway. I think there was almost a thousand sessions submitted. Wow. Which was just incredible. So I think nearly everybody who submitted got one session. Everybody who submitted on the new speakers track was accepted and they had the opportunity to apply for mentoring as well. And I'm not sure what will happen actually if there are people who can't attend because we're still waiting for the venue to confirm what the new date will be. So if there are people who can't make that, there may be some rejigging that needs to happen. Well, I'm hoping to... So I didn't submit because February in Scotland wasn't appealing to me to... It wasn't like being there, it's fine I have nothing against the weather but I knew what travel would be like to get there from myself. But June, much easier. So I'm committed to being there in person. I know that my company will be there. We wanna do, we're looking for more events that are starting to open up. We're sponsoring more, we're starting to pick up again. So I may actually be in an event down in Arizona in a couple of weeks. And so things are slowly, but surely starting to move back into normalcy. And I think hopefully we'll see that speed up, but I hope to be over and see everybody in person there this summer. Yeah, that would be brilliant. And I have to say, so I went to Scottish Summit that was in February in Scotland a couple of years ago. It was freezing, it was wet, it was cold. I hear there's wind at that time. Yeah, it's always wind in Scotland, I know. Yeah, I mean, I was actually thinking maybe we'll get some nice weather in June but I think it might be a bit of a lottery. Yeah, so I've been up to, look, that's my family line is we're Scottish Irish. And so heavy lines in my wife's side as well up there. So I did try to, I'll actually be in Scotland for everybody in 2023. My in-laws have rented a house for a month. And so we're like, how could we not just go and stay for at least a couple of weeks in Scotland? Cause I can work from anywhere, but to see friends there. So I might be there and participating in user groups, but I'm hoping to make it in June this year as well. But well, Zoe, really appreciate your time today. So folks that want to find out more about you, get in touch with you, what are the best ways to reach you? You can find me on LinkedIn or you can reach me on Twitter at SharePoint underscore Zoe. Excellent, well thanks so much for your time and we'll talk to you soon. Brilliant, thanks for having me on, Christian.


In this video, we provide the solution to question number 15 for practice exam number 3 for math 1060 We have to solve the triangle ABC where we know angle a is 30 degrees We know the side length a equals 1 centimeter and we know the side length b equals the square of 2 centimeters Exact answers are really great here. We don't need to know the fact square of 2 is like 1.4 or whatever This is actually a blessing to have the square of 2 right here Notice that we have an angle opposite side a os so I'm gonna use the law of science to find out the medicine information But I should caution you right we have an angle Let's see. We have a side. We have a side. We have an angle. That's the ssa. This is the ambiguous case So that's why the instructions say there could be multiple solutions There actually might not be any solutions. We have to check for that So the first thing we're gonna do is we're gonna look for sign of B again using law of science So sign of B over little b is equal to sign of a over little a This tells us that sign of B is equal to B over a times sign of a Or in other words, we get little b is the square of 2 we get little a is 1 and then we get sign of 30 degrees notice that sign of 30 degrees Is the same thing as one half so you get the square of 2 over 2? When does that happen? Well, this is something at the check remember when it comes to when it comes to sign sign is always bounded Not sim sign is always bounded above by 1 and below by negative 1 right? So you have to check to make sure this ratio is between 1 and negative 1 can't be bigger than 1 can't be less than negative 1 If it was that means there's no solution here now root 2 over 2 We're familiar with this this happens when B is 45 degrees. Well, that's if B is an acute angle We have to also check if B was an obtuse angle, right? What if it just references to 45 degrees but in the second quadrant? So that's 180 take away 45, which is 135 degrees We have to consider both possibilities. There's the possibility that B is 45 degrees There's the possibility that B is 135 degrees now when B is acute If you got past this marker, you're gonna be fine for the rest of it This one will definitely give us a triangle. So if B is 45 degrees Then that means that C is Equal to 180 degrees take away 30 degrees take away 45 degrees like so for which then 30 and 45 come together to give you 75 degrees and if you take 75 degrees away from 180 degrees you get C is 105 degrees so we're gonna label these things so C is 105 B is 45 now what we have to do is we need to solve for little C And we can use the law of we can use the law of signs to do that one So little C over sine of C is equal to little a over sine of a I'm gonna use a because that's the original AOS I had here solving for little C we get little C is equal to a sign of C over sine of a Like so little a was a one We have sine of a hundred and five degrees like so and then we have sine of 30 degrees that we have to compute here Right now sine of 30 degrees you probably remember that one That's gonna just be that's just a times one right there We don't even need the times one anymore a sign of 30 degrees That's just gonna be a one half like so sign of 105 degrees You could just plug this into your calculator and you get an approximate solution, which is acceptable But notice that 105 degrees it actually references 75 degrees because after all 180 take away 75 is 105 so if you're in the second quadrant your reference angle is actually your supplement So this is anything a sign of 75 degrees. Why is that significant? Well sign of 75 degrees You might recall is root 6 plus root 2 over 4 2 goes into 4 2 times so we get the answer of root 6 plus root 2 Over 2 as the final answer in this case the length here of course would be in centimeters Like so if you want an approximate solution, that's fine You maybe just did that on your calculator and your approximate solution, of course would be 1.932 centimeters to 3 decimal places So that's one possibility the other possibility is what if you actually were 135 degrees? We have to consider both so if B was equal to 135 That would then suggest then that C is equal to 180. Let me scooch this over a little bit It's equal to 180 minus 30 degrees. That's still a minus 135, which is now B So that would tell us that C is equal to 180 Take away 165 degrees like so notice 30 plus 135 is 165. That's not bigger than 180 So this is gonna be positive 180 take away 165 is 15 degrees So it turns out there is a second possibility You wouldn't have a you wouldn't have a second possibility if the sum of A and B turned out to be bigger than 180 Thus C is negative So then we see that little C by the law of signs It can be a times sine of C over sine of a just like we had before little a is still one We now have sine of 15 degrees Over sine of a's a is still gonna be 30 degrees. So you're gonna get a one-half in the bottom again We could again this so this is equal to two sine of 15 degrees You could use your calculator to approximate this But I'm gonna put the exact value because we know sine of 15 degrees like sine of 75 This is gonna be root 6 minus root 2 over over 4 But then the 2 and the 4 simplify to give us root 6 minus root 2 over 2 and this will be in centimeters This is the exact value the exact value is preferred But it is not necessary if you just put this in your calculator And you got 0.518 centimeters that also would be considered correct and therefore we found two solutions here Let me zoom out so you can see all of them We found two solutions to this one two triangles that work one where B was 45 and C is 105 and one where B was 135 and C was 15


This time we'll try multiplying 100 by 1000. Again, we expect we should get 100,000 out, but the work will look different in binary. So, I'll start by putting the larger of the two numbers on top, just the 1000, and I'll just copy that down from the table, and then 100 as well. So, zero times anything is zero. Zero times anything is zero. One times anything is the anything. So, I'll copy down the anything. And then I've got zero times anything is zero. Zero times anything is zero. One times anything is the anything. And one times anything is the anything. So, and now I just need to add up these three binary numbers. So, I've got a whole lot of zeros over here. Nothing else to do. Now I've got one plus zero is one. Zero, one, ten. So, one plus one is ten plus one is eleven. One, ten, eleven. One, ten, eleven, one hundred. So, now I've got two different options. I need to write down a zero. Now, I can either carry a ten, or I can look at this as carrying a one to this position. Either of these will do the same thing. We just might have to do some extra carrying later. So, if I put this here, you'll notice I'd have ten plus one plus one is also one hundred. Or I could put it here, in which case I'd have one plus one is one, and I'd have the one plus one is ten. So, that would, again, carry over to that, to this position again. So, if I do this, ten plus one plus one is one hundred. So, I'll write down a zero, carry a ten. Ten plus one plus one is one hundred. Zero, carry a ten. Ten plus one plus one is one hundred. Zero, carry a ten. Ten plus one is eleven. So, one, carry a one. And then I've got that. If I'd done this by carrying one hundred, say I'd got one plus one plus one plus one is one hundred. So, I'd write down the zero. I would carry a one to this position. And I'd have one plus one is zero. I'd carry a one. Now, I've got one plus one plus one plus one is a hundred, again. Put down zero, carry a one hundred. Now, I've got one plus one is zero. Carry a one. One plus one plus one is eleven. So, I'd write down a one. Carry another one. And I'd get the same number out, just depending on how you want to do the carrying there. And then again, I can compare this to my one hundred thousand. I've got one, one thousand. Zero, one, one, zero. Ten, ten, and zero. So, I get the same number out. Again, I get the number I expect.


All right, Honourable Tarjan Abbas, the Speaker of the House of Representatives at the short night during the Federal Government's Commitment to Food, Sufficiency and Addressing Hunger and Manutrition during the inauguration of the House Committee on Nutrition and Food Security. Let me also re-emphasise the position of the House to improve food and nutrition for our people. In our resolve as a House to tame hunger and malnutrition, pursue food security and sustainable development, we prioritise agricultural development as a key legislative agenda based on our strong belief that the agricultural sector is a critical factor in growing the nation's economy and scaling down poverty rates. Honourable Chair of the House Committee on Nutrition and Food Security praised the House leadership's decision to establish a specialised Committee focusing on food security and nutrition. This is more worrisome in the context of reports that most farmers in neighboring border states now prefer to sell their produce to markets outside the country to earn more than they would have earned selling them within Nigeria on account of currency fluctuation. In the light of the above, this Committee deems it wise to propose the Declaration of State of Emergency in Nutrition and Food Security in Nigeria to address the issue with a required sense of urgency and multi-stakeholder strategic participatory approach. The mandate of our Committee can be summarised thus to urgently arrest the growing food crisis and malnutrition, which have become a serious threat to security and national development by examining existing extant laws, evaluating their effectiveness, strengthening grey areas and adopting an impactful synergy among the relevant MDAs. That's a good back to my address, Minister of Border and Economic Planning, praise the legislature's effort addressing the food crisis, alighting the Ministry of Agriculture's dual role in food security. When you called the administration under former President Mohamed Buhairi, a National Food Security Council was created, chaired by the President himself, and I was privileged to be the Vice Chair of that National Food Security, and what led to it is a recognition that food security is not an agriculture issue, it's not a health issue, it's not an environment issue, it's not a physical security issue, it's all of it, and you need to have stakeholders around the table so that we can appreciate, we can better, and the same thing with nutrition.


How's it going everybody, Dottodoi here back with another round of Dragon Ball Fighters Rank Matches, this time playing another suggested team of Adele, OG Broly, and Baste Goku. This team is comprised of a lot of characters I usually play on point, although for Baste Goku that is definitely not the position he's most comfortable in, at least in my opinion. The assist on Baste Goku is surprisingly strong, I'm so glad that Vegeta assist didn't hit me. Well, you know you can only count on so many things, Vegeta assist and Kid Buu opening me up with three hits. That Buu, I gotta eat it, I gotta eat the mix, I mean I guess I could have maybe Videl reflect it but I don't know, I don't know too much about how that works in defensive scenario.  Let's go! We are officially in there, I could have done so much more, I am so sick of this man, oh that was a low and he does get Super Dash off the backflip, I know that now thanks to the last Buu I played, let's stomp, is there hope for us here, Kid Buu assist? Just to make things a little more hard to read, oh that is sick, can I tech that, I really need to know if I can tech that or not, I'm gonna Super Dash, what?  Up on his head, go on, you did the right thing, I can't believe I lived, oh it wasn't meant to be, but that was a crazy couple of seconds, I thought Videl was going to die any second, turns out I was eventually proven right but Buu Ball actually hits, Vegeta assist gonna be down for a little while though, let's go, corner to corner, coast to coast, I'm taking it on a world tour, one, two, three, four, optimal, fake it, hup! I could have done a better combo, I could have done a much better combo, but all you need is Key Blast, no lie I did, I was panicking pretty hard there, didn't wanna miss out on that kill, that was gonna be a read, were you saying something to me from all the way over there Kid Buu because I was coming up, I was gonna let you know exactly how I felt about that, damn my Key Blast there would have been so sick, EP yeah I was going way too slow against Vegeta, too slow with not anything to back me up, can he kill here with just level 3 no, but he's gonna offer it anyway, which is probably the correct decision, what's the mix, 6M I honestly couldn't tell what that was, there was too much Broly in the way, that was not a good place to try to test my button theory, the theory of if you click buttons then you will get hits, didn't work out entirely for the boy, hard cancel actually comes through down heavy in the clutch, that's fine, no spirit bomb hits, give me that, oh no I didn't think, I didn't think that was my problem, no way the Key Blast cannon comes out, drop it, oh he don't wanna drop nothing, the Key Blast cannon was so unexpected there, that was risky, I gotta give it up that was a risky play there was a lot of things that could have gone, if I blocked that right there, I guess the Punish wouldn't have been crazy, but the Punish would have definitely still been there, by the way look at how many points you need to get out of Prozé, anybody that thinks that's happening for me is wild, I would need to play my main 24th set, I can't believe I clashed with that, still pretty good scenario for me, I'm not gonna lie, that I can't believe Majin Buu has a, what is that low, is that low part of his auto combo, I didn't know that hit low, I guess that's the thing with Buu right, his only overhead is so slow, so you're just supposed to block low all the time, but I get scared of that overhead man, I don't know what else to say, I'm gonna have to spark here, and Butt Stomp is so fast, if anything we've learned from the past week of right matches is that I can't play against Buu, okay we gotta go out into this man, are you serious he dodged the 2M just by being him, the backflip put him over it, what that, where am I going, you're not giving up, I don't think we've given him a reason to, that was a me, alright we get a sliding knockdown here which is really good, he's gonna reflect, no reflect, thank goodness we blocked but, oh big leg, oh get me out of here, get me out of here, get me out of here, I don't even want to be here bro, that's the crazy part, oh bro you could use a better 2H, that was a beam, beam beats Keyblast every day of the week, handy beam has the beam in its name, level three, okay he knows we don't have spark to get out of the mix so we're gonna have to take it but, is that true, fan game theory is that true though, Matt Pat if you're listening feel free to give me a call anytime, oh give me kid boo back, how to how to start doing the sound effects just to feel more confident, alright in the range of Vegeta, that assist, the placing on the assist is what really gets me, I can't believe that assist used to be better than it is now, that's what that's what really finds me, so that is a reset so I can block there, I mean I think I was trying to block it just didn't work, I did that one to my day himself, the vanish was not appreciated by this player, it's low, that low has gotten me every time he clicks the button, that must be his LL, it must be, it's so fast, okay crouch block against boo if you see him slow down, just mash, just mash, okay let's see if we can implement, I thought that Keyblast got full range but I think I did the wrong version, that combos yep, base Goku's down, who do we got left just OG Broly right, yeah with everybody down can you still make it, man boo has some range to him, this is the B&B, I even I know this boo combo, I actually didn't know you could get that meterless, maybe did I know that, I don't know, where's the down heavy, no get me out of here, I almost just bumped my way through that but that was too much, damn, okay okay this guy plays an insane boo and he's also got Majin boo so this man is literally just waiting on Superboo, what's his name, I think his name has boo in it right, he's literally waiting on Superboo and you know what Bandai give it to him at this point, I think he's earned it, I think he's earned it, can I get one, can I walk away from this set with one win, that was so obvious, I shouldn't Superdash this set, it's got the Vegeta assist, it really is just not a good look, three overheads, we block those, boo ball mix, what's the mix, he tried to go low, overhead three times, count it one two three, you want to look low again, you use the Superdash so we can kind of make some moves here, keep look, keep your eye on the boo, I don't know what I did there, I think I stood up for a microsecond, oh man I was still trying to block low too, am I dead, no I'm living, I'm living, I'm definitely living, let's keep, let's keep it going, let's go, finally big ups, that doesn't work, too slow again, that was this set, how did I not learn lessons, I'm the most passive individual, let's go, give him the four, give him the four, he deserves it, he knows what he did, okay that didn't work, the guard cancel was sick, I'ma do it, okay nice, we're finally cooking, too much, too much, damn I tried to fit in some ki blast there too, I'm really focused on this one, I'm trying to like do the most Broly play stuff I could do, okay I think this is grounds to call him Vegeta, bring it down, bring it down man, alright he tried, he thought we were gonna slow down, he tried to DP, I can almost guarantee he tried to DP, but now we have to face the challenge of actually getting Broly out, that was it, I could have won right there with a well timed Super Dash, oh we're not dead, wow, talk about a ki blast punish, my man just said give me that, I'm Moon Assault would make it, I was hoping for that Moon Salt, I'm looking for an opening, give it to me, invincible level three, the power of love, whoo, coming in, lot of bar to waste on a guy that low, but hey I could have DP'd, I could have just DP'd, would have killed, let's be honest, and I'm a candy boy, this is gonna kill, that was very quick, everybody gotta see it too, Goku was there, Gohan was there, it was just a bad time, but we both still have level three sparks though, that could have been so sick, nice, could have done a lot more, but okay, I'm liking what I'm seeing, oh the booball is so good it bounced back into me, I should have sparked, but we still have it, we still have it, it's not like it's gone, what can I do here, base Goku players, channel your knowledge into me, I thought I could get a block in real quick, I should have risked it, oh in full screen, oh I know there's people that are just screaming at me right now, is that enough, no, no I missed this combo, no wait are we dead, we're not dead, we're dead, he got vanished, no we're not, he can't combo into level one from here, yes he can, oh but it's not enough, even for you Hapu, we're still in it, two one, the set has not been lost with literally one HP, with one HP, oh I'm gonna pass out, I'm gonna pass out, I'm gonna pass out, I'm gonna pass out, alright we played a lot smarter that game, I'm gonna get dumb, yep, yep and I'm a man of my word baby, I told you I was finna get dumb, alright but can we get patient dumb, I could have jumped back, forward, I don't know, I actually don't know what you do there, not a lot of boos have yanked me out of the sky like that, three bars, I'm not dead but I'm close, not dead but I'm close, you might even try it, maybe it is, I don't know this team, not dead but I'm close, I hate the thing on this, boo should not be able to whip his hair like that man, the amount of whipping that has got me just like, damn dude, oh yeah you're coming with me, you're coming with me for that one, I'm just gonna keep doing my thing, I hate my things, alright we need to calm down, the game's gonna get away for us real quick, what does he get here, nothing, that was not calm, I keep trying to go for straight party starter hits, like I just want to start a party, can you blot, no you can't block that, that was a full combo until the reset, alright base coup, come through, come through, come through base coup, oh no, okay that's fine, I can't hit that right, what is it with me in that two end that I can't get right, hold on, hold on, hey this is a good, this is good, this is good, oh I can't believe I couldn't get the EX there, I'm dead, no way, I'm probably still dead but, oh yeah I'm dead, hit boo level one, yep, oh no I died, I literally died, I thought I said I was dead but part of you was hoping I'd live with one health, there goes the earth, well that's gonna do it for this video, hopefully you guys enjoyed this Majin Buu beatdown but if you did let me know down below in the comments while you're down there, if you liked this video and the channel make sure to like button and subscribe and check out some of the other videos that should be on your screen right now seriously guys thank you so much for watching this all the way to the end I have been Dr. Doia and I will see you in the next video


Hi, welcome to Nursing School Explained. This is the second video of the EKG interpretation series and my new playlist. This video specifically will go into how to look at the EKG paper and what it tells us about the time and the amplitude of the impulse, as well as how to determine the heart rate in a very easy way. If you haven't already done so, I highly recommend that you watch the video about basic electrophysiology where I review the principles of depolarization and repolarization and apply them to the PQRST waves of the EKG. So the EKG paper, if you've seen it before, there are a lot of different boxes on there and these boxes help us to measure the amplitude or the electrical impulse as well as time. So here on the x-axis we have time and on the y-axis the amplitude or electrical impulse. If you look over here in terms of the amplitude, we have one small box here represents 0.5 millivolts and that is regarding the force of the contraction and the amplitude of that electrical impulse as it travels through the heart from the SA to the AV node to the bundle branches and then up the Prokinje fibers. And then secondly, probably the more important part of the EKG strips is to know the times that these boxes represent. So let's start by looking at these bigger boxes. Up here you see these lines and that means between each one of these bigger lines here we have three seconds, which means that from the beginning to the end here, which are two of those three second increments, we have a total of six second interval. And that is very important because most rhythm strips are printed in a six second strip and then this is what you use to calculate the heart rate as well as look at for determining the rhythm and we'll go into how to determine the heart rate here in a bit. Now looking at these smaller boxes here, so one of these represents 0.2 seconds and that is important to know in terms of the different intervals because certain intervals of the EKG are supposed to last a certain period of time and if they don't, then we know what kind of this rhythmia that we might be dealing with. This here is another view or another picture of the EKG paper. So again we have five of these small boxes representing one second where one of these smaller boxes is 0.20 seconds and then if we cut out one of the small boxes, one slice here, this will be one-fifth of the 0.2 seconds, which is the 0.04 seconds. Again looking at it over here, one second is five of these smaller boxes. One large box is 0.20 seconds and then a fifth of that, so one of these small boxes represents the 0.04 seconds just like over here. So these are the same. And mostly we'll be looking at the PR interval and the QRS segment because they're supposed to be discharging in a certain period of time and knowing how many seconds these boxes represent will let us determine how long the different intervals are and then we can determine if and what this rhythmia that we're dealing with. So looking at the determination of the heart rate, we just talked about that most strips are six-second strips and here again we have those three-second marks. On this example they're not very big, so if we have these three-second marks we have basically two of these sections so that again means that we are looking at a six-second strip. Now on a six-second strip we have to measure the QRS wave and we basically just look at the R wave of the QRS complex. So we count those, so one, two, three, four, five, six, seven. So we have seven QRS complexes in six seconds, so if we multiply that by ten, six seconds times ten gives us 60 seconds which is one minute and then seven QRS complexes we multiply that by ten as well which gives us 70 beats per minute in 60 seconds or 70 beats in 60 seconds which gives us 70 beats per minute. And this is really the easiest way to calculating the heart rate. Of course now if the heart rate gets irregular or there is a pause for example for some reason that this rhythm here includes a pause or something else is going on with the conduction system the rate might not be regular so this calculation might be off which is when you might need to look at a little bit of a bigger strip maybe a 12-second or 18 or 24-second strip to get a better understanding but if when in doubt then you would always get a 12 lead EKG anyway and not just a quick telemetry printout. So looking at this next slide this is another representation of the different boxes here so again the smallest box is 0.04 seconds, two of those would be 0.08, three of them 0.12, four of them 0.16, five of them 0.20 and then five of those bigger boxes in this case would be one entire second. And then over here again we have the normal EKG with our P, Q, R, S and T waves and what we'll mostly be looking at is the PRI or the PR interval and the QRS complex. Remember that the P wave represents atrial depolarization and then the QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization and the PRI is basically measured from the beginning of the P to the beginning of the R so right here where the Q happens where the up slope is the beginning of the R so this is our PRI, PR interval and then the QRS segment is from the bottom here from when the Q wave starts including the R and then all the way until the S wave returns to the J point right here. The J point, the J point is the junction point where the QRS complex and the ST segment meet and the J point is very important to look at because there is something called the isoelectric line and that is this line that starts out right here and then continues very straight and my line here is not very straight but you can see this line starts here and then comes exactly back to the same amplitude to the same height here and looking at the J point is super important because when we're looking at this ST segment is when we're looking at ventricular damage or ischemia or infarction which I'll be explaining a little bit more in the following video and so this J point is here when the S segment returns back to this isoelectric line. Now if this S segment was going to come all the way up here and then go into the T wave then we would have ST elevation and if the S segment doesn't go up but actually stays down here and then goes up into the T wave then this would mean ST depression but watch the next video for more detailed explanation about that. And then the other important interval here we're looking at is the QT which is from the beginning of the Q to the end of the T wave and the QT interval represents the entire length of the ventricular activity including depolarization and repolarization. So this is also measured because remember certain medications can prolong the QT interval and so when the patient is on this medication we have to look at that on their rhythm stripper make sure that the QT interval is normal. Next we'll look at how to determine if the heart rate is regular. There are basically two different methods. One of them is to use a tool called the calipers which you can see over here on this picture on the left side and this tool has these two pointy tips here and so you can either measure the P to P interval or the R to R. The R to R is usually a little bit easier because the R wave is up there and it's easier to measure. So you basically put one pointy tip of the calipers in this R and then the other one over here on this R wave and then you would flip this side over to the next one and see if the distance remains the same and then you know if the heart rate is regular or of course if it's irregular. Now the other not so fancy method is the mark your paper method which you don't need any tools you just need a blank piece of paper and so you have your rhythm strip right here on the top and then what I've done here is I've taken a simple piece of paper on the second picture and I've marked with a pencil right here where the R waves line up. So this white paper here is obscuring part of this rhythm strip here so the white paper is kind of lined up right there. And then what I did I've marked these R to R complexes and then simply I've just moved the paper over to the right and if these lines here line up with the R segments that means that at the same length and that the rate is regular. Here is some credits and rhythm strips also are the good resources for you to look at. So please also watch my video in the EKG interpretation playlist that includes basic electrophysiology. The next video will be EKG interpretation the basics looking at normal intervals and then rules to memorize. Now those rules are really important because if you apply them the same every time that you look at the rhythm strips and you memorize these rules you will do really well on interpreting this rythmias. And then we'll look into different rhythms which will include sinus rhythms, atrial rhythms, atrial ventricular rhythms as well as ventricular dysrhythmias. So thank you for watching Nursing School Explained. Please also check out the other videos in my EKG interpretation playlist. Leave me comments, share and subscribe and I'll see you again soon. Thanks for watching.


U.S. Marines assigned to Marine Aircraft Group 12 hosted local Australian media to tour their F-35 Bravo Lightning II aircraft and conduct interviews. MAG-12 is currently conducting exercise Pitch Black 22 alongside the Royal Australian Air Force. Reporting from RAAF-based Tindall, Australia, I'm Marine Corporal Evan Jones.