I will hand it over to Matai Momen who has the privilege of introducing the next and last panel of the day. Matai. Thanks, Sandy. And thanks to everyone for a fantastic conference so far, thanks to Karun and the organizers. This is the panel right now that gets a lot of attention every time this conference happens every year. And it's because Martin and this really amazing group of panelists are some of the people that shape our industry. There's a lot of commentary on what should happen, complaining about what does happen. But this particular group, with the decisions that you all make, help actual reality take place and unfold. And so it's for that reason that everyone's listening carefully. And Martin, with that, I'll hand it to you. Thank you very much, Matai. Great introduction. And I'm absolutely thrilled to be moderating this panel again. I was just saying before we went live, I'm actually calling from Copenhagen. I'm at a Novo Nordus board meeting at the moment. And for the finale for the session, I will be singing Wunderbar, Wunderbar Copenhagen so that you've all got something to look forward to. On a more serious vein, I truly am. I love this meeting every year. And I do have the privilege of chairing the R&D panel. I think Karun says it's 15 out of the last 16 years. And like previous years, we have a tremendous panel today. And I'm going to go to them individually. Also, we have three folks that have volunteered for asking questions. Susan Hockfield, Iris Grossman and Naresh Trehan. So I will be bringing them into the question time after I've asked a couple. But I'm going to ask the panelists just to give brief introductions. I will name them in order of how long they've been on this panel. So clearly Andy is first, Andy Plum. And at the risk of embarrassing Andy, Andy is a true visionary and strategic thinking in our industry and has been for a number of years now. So the fact that he's on this panel most years is terrific. Then David Rees from MGen. David has been on the panel a few times now. We used to call him the rookie, but as you will see, he's very adept at the questions and answers. And then two new people I couldn't be more happy with. Fiona Marshall from Novartis and Thrill to have you on board. Fiona and Dan Skavronsky from Eli Lilly. Again, delighted to have you on board. So with that, I'm just going to go around the panelists for a brief introduction before I launch into the questions. So let's start with you, Andy. Well, thanks. Thanks for the opportunity. Thanks for the really generous introduction. It's really terrific as always to be here with you, Martin. And now I can't wait to the end of this conference to hear you sing. So you've promised us you'll have to follow through. And it's great to be on the panel with colleagues that I have the respect for, David, Dan, and Fiona. As you said, my day job is the emcee of the annual USAIC Healthcare and Biopharma Summit. And then on weekends and at nights, I also double as the R&D head for Takeda. Thank you, Andy. Dave. I'm the head of R&D at Amgen, long time veteran there, thrilled to be back this year again with such an August panel. Also want to be the first to offer congratulations to Dan and the team at Lilly for tremendous results today. What wonderful news for patients and the field. And hopefully we'll get to hear a little bit more about that as we go along. We certainly will, Dave. I've reordered the order of my questions. So Dan's going to be first on when we come to speaking. Fiona. Yes, hello, hello, everybody. I am definitely the rookie on the panel, but I've heard all about it. And of course, know this group sometimes personally, but also by incredible reputation. So really delighted to join and looking forward to a wide-ranging discussion. Thank you, Fiona. And last but not least, Dan. Okay. Sorry about that. So thanks, Martin, for inviting me here. Head of R&D at Lilly. I happened to also be a neuroscientist and an apathologist by training. So excited to be here on a day when we have some long-awaited Alzheimer's news that worked out. Well, that's how we're going to start the session, Dan. I can't resist having been someone like, I think probably everybody on the panel that's worked in this area and had some really difficult times and difficult failures.  So my question was going to be, there has been great progress in neurodegeneration landscape with emerging therapies in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. But where do you think we are on the spectrum between, you know, long, long way to go or genuinely make out in progress? That was my question. So I'm going to pose that.  Please tell us about these truly terrific results we've published. Yeah. Yeah. Maybe I just quickly answer your question, which is I accept both answers. We've made tremendous progress and there's a long, long way to go. The time it needs here are huge. Really exciting today that we top-line data on a drug that's in this trial slowed clinical decline by about a third. But that leaves two thirds of clinical decline to still slow stop to get to a complete halt in disease progression. You know, I think for patients today with early Alzheimer's disease, it's incredibly more hopeful than it's ever been. This category of drugs, amyloid lowering drugs, I believe, will be important treatments for patients assuming FDA approval here. And that's great news, but we don't give up and we're not done. I think for us, the next step is go even earlier. We're doing prevention studies. I think that's probably even greater promise for amyloid lowering drugs. And then we need a tau targeted drugs too for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's is one of many neurodegenerative diseases and maybe progress on Alzheimer's empowers us to think more boldly about other neurodegenerative diseases. And maybe we can have similar progress on some of these others. The technologies are there today, actually. And we're starting to see progress on dreaded things like ALS, more to come on Parkinson's and frontotemporal dementia and other neurodegenerative diseases. Marvelous, Dan. I'll just do a quick follow-up and then go to the other panelists. I mean, just describe how you felt when you saw the data come through, please. I've been working on this for 25 years. So it's been a long journey and there've been a lot of setbacks along the way. But I had high hopes for this one, but the one thing in this business that you learn quickly is you got to stay humble and there's nothing probably more humbling than data readouts than Alzheimer's disease. So I went into it being ready for anything and this readout matched my most positive hopes for what could be achieved in this disease. So I was ecstatic for the patients, of course, but also honestly for my team, they just you watch all of these scientists and drug developers put their lives into these drugs and all you want is success so they can celebrate. And we had that today. So a lot of tears of joy here for people who've worked really hard. Well said, Dan. It doesn't happen enough for our scientists that do devote their lives to these therapies. So truly, we couldn't be more happy for you. I think it's wonderful. And as David said, wonderful for patients, wonderful for the industry actually that now live in some hope to be able to bring things forward. Fiona, maybe I could bring you in and that same question on neurodegeneration with the backcloth of the announcement. Yeah, no, very exciting. I mean, I think where we've had a real advantage over the last, let's say, 10 years is a much better fundamental understanding of some of these diseases from a sort of from a mechanistic point of view, greatly informed by human genetics. And, you know, this isn't exactly a case in point. But the challenge has been, OK, we know what the targets are. But how do we actually drug these these pathways? And, you know, we've got difficulty with obviously getting molecules into the brain, particularly large molecules. And that's, you know, I think really hampered the way forward. So I'm hopeful that, you know, advances in better delivery, for example, into the CNS will allow us to bring, you know, other modalities on these same targets that we I think we have pretty been we've been confident for some time that these are the right targets. It's just, you know, how do we actually drug them? So from our point of view, we're concentrating a lot on sort of oligonucleides therapy, antisense oligos, SIRNA, delivery mechanisms into the CNS. We're also at the same time working on, you know, neurodevelopmental disorders and rare CNS disorders where we're using gene therapy. That's been very challenging, of course, getting capsids to actually deliver to the right neurons. But again, I think, you know, a lot of work is being done now to engineer and, you know, evolve capsids that can get into the right neurons. And ultimately, you know, it would be fantastic if we rather than having to give patients, you know, repeated infusions or whatever, for me, if we can really help these patients with treatments that are not a burden to them, but also show, you know, the real benefit of the hitting these pathways. That's what we've got to ultimate the aim for. But I'm really excited. And just again, congratulate Dan and Lily. I mean, it's just a fantastic achievement in the field of Alzheimer's disease. Great. Thank you. Thank you for you. David, please. Perhaps add something that hasn't come up yet was also we're now getting proof of principle on the clinical trials methodologies, the endpoints, and the, you know, and what actually constitutes a positive result, you know, a very basic question, but one that, you know, was unanswered for many, many years in this field. To me, refining those methodologies, and in particular developing surrogates, surrogate markers of effect, is to me, has got to be one of the clear objectives in the field, because we won't want to go another 20 years for another turn of the wheel as we attempt to do things empirically. And we can't do it, you know, trial by trial, because it simply takes too long. So understanding intermediates and surrogate predictors of efficacy and safety, to me, is an area where the field needs to shine a bright light right now. Great points. And if you line it up with Fiona's answer as well, on the one hand, new modalities, better surrogates leading to better trials, it's all in train. It's just for us to execute against those now. Thank you, Dave, Andy. Well, targets, targets modalities and biomarkers. I mean, that's, that's the triad. And you had all three here took a long time. I remember my first program that I worked on when I joined the industry in 2001, as a, in an experimental medicine and clinical pharmacology group was a gamma, gamma secretase inhibitor. So I was, I was enmeshed in this as well. And it just, it's just great what's happened, Dan.  And it's funny, because we're in a very competitive industry. And we value greatly from each other's successes in many different ways. And I think it's a, it's a day, it's a great moment for all of us. And in fact, Rob Califf was on earlier in a fireside chat with Bill Chen, and he was cheering these results on. He then, then made the forward-looking statement in the caveats that they would have to review the data before. It's really terrific. And I, I, I do think that it's, it's, it's, it's a, it's a step forward. The challenges are still immense, you know, in neuroscience, unfortunately, because a lot of the diseases don't have clear genetic predispositions. Still, you know, when you, when you put a drug into the CNS, it has uncertainty. There's a lot that we just don't understand about the brain. And then these trials can be quite difficult. And I still feel that the, the policy landscape and the agencies are not as forward-thinking in CNS diseases as they need to be given the large amount of medical need. Yeah. Great, great point. So I was also going to make the comment, Andy, that you just did there, that how pleased we all are, right? And it is a competitive industry, and we're up against each other at times on same programs, same diseases, that when something like this breaks, that you can just feel the enthusiasm, it's, it's all heartfelt, Dan. So again, many congratulations to you. Yeah, thanks. And of course, you know, the competition or industries is a good thing. I often, I just see us inspiring each other to, you know, try and make better and better drugs. That's for the benefit of patients for sure. Yeah, I was out and certainly sitting here, Dan, as you know, being on the board of Nova Nordisk. And I know they just, they relish the, the competition with Lilly because it makes both companies better. Yeah, I think it's a terrific example that the Lilly Novo competition in diabetes and obesity has just led to better and better drugs and more understanding of science and beneficial for patients. Dead right. Thank you. I'm going to change tack a little. We normally concentrate on, on science, rightly, and R&D, but I'm kind of intrigued at the moment with a couple of things that have happened in our industry. And just want to ask the panelists how they are managing this within their own companies. And it's to do with, you know, peer pressure pricing, for example, in the U.S., the Inflation Reduction Act and the Joint Value Assessment and the EC. It just feels to me to be a really big deal. If I think back to my time in Big Pharma, this would have consumed a lot of thinking at the moment on how we were going to manage that with our portfolios. So be really interested in the panel's views on that. And let's start with you, Andy. Well, you know, I think that there are elements of the IRA that are quite positive, actually, for patients and for access to medicine. So it's not all bad. There is a threat, though, that's, that's inherent in the IRA to innovation that we have to understand and get our heads around. And I can tell you from for us, you know, strategically, we've been focused on diseases that I don't think will be influenced too much by the IRA. So we haven't made any pipeline prioritization decisions or decisions around indications that are driven by the IRA. We certainly haven't been using the IRA as a crutch for making decisions. I've seen some companies do and I don't like it, to be honest with you. But it does affect strategically how we think about sequencing indications, how we think about resourcing parallel versus sequential activity. And I do think it's going to have some consequences that will be adverse for patients, unfortunately. But overall, on balance, I think we have to watch where it goes. And, you know, but I think it's not, it's not terrible, but it does, it will have, it will have ramifications. Very helpful, Andy. Thank you. What about Novartis, Fiona, how was the mood there? Well, yeah. Well, I mean, very similar. I'm sure all of us are having the same types of discussions. I mean, we all want patients to have access to our medicines and for them to be affordable. I mean, I think we do of course want that. And so, you know, we do want to work with policymakers to make sure that this is the case. But, you know, that there is going to be negative consequences. I mean, it's essentially a sort of, you know, price control in a way. I still want to choose the best modality for the target in the patient, rather than getting something more complicated because of this. But it's certainly exactly what Andy was saying. I mean, so many times, the first indication is just the entry point. And then you're actually going into other indications, or you have new delivery, you know, schedules, new dosing schedules. And it just becomes more difficult to bring that added value. So that's a real concern. I mean, the other sort of puzzling thing for me is, you know, I mentioned SIRNA earlier, SIRNA and Radioligin RLT, which is an area we're working on. I mean, these are very complex modalities, but they're still, you know, they're classed as small molecules at the moment. And so, I think we still need to think about, you know, what we actually mean by small molecule here. So I think there's work to be done. And I think as an industry, we need to work together to, you know, have a discussion about what really, you know, is going to bring the best value all around for the patients at the end of the day. Yeah, great, great comments. Implications at MGen, Dave? Yeah, you know, to sort of level up for a second, you know, I sort of think of four tectonic forces in a way that are going to shape this industry over the next few decades, a couple tailwinds and a couple headwinds. You know, the tailwinds are demographic change. Societies are aging globally, and we have to be an important part of the solution to deal with a host of problems. Neurodegenerative disease may be front and center. In fact, in terms of challenges societies will face. And then, of course, another tailwind is that we live in an era of just unbelievable technological innovation. And what we can do, you know, year on year, month on month, year on year is changing. Now, confronting us are a couple forces that we like to call number one, life cycle compression. You know, it used to be that when a, you know, a drugs life cycle was defined by Pat Nexbury. Now, as often and not or not, its life cycle will be defined by when it becomes technically obsolescent, which may predate loss of exclusivity by some year. So you just have to think about that when you're thinking about how you make major investments. And then the fourth tectonic force is really what you're talking about, Martin, which is price deflation. And that's a global phenomenon. There are pressures on healthcare budgets around the world. They aren't going away. They were exacerbated by the pandemic that will take years to play out and reequilibrate. And now, of course, it's been brought front and center in the United States by the IRA. So to me, that's one of the variables now that's just part of the mix as we think about how we invest in a portfolio. What's the therapeutic area mix? What's the modality mix? How are you going to stage investments? There are areas of concern, small molecule oncology development. There won't be time to do the stepwise development from late lines of therapy to the adjuvant setting, perhaps, with a small molecule. So you have to think about those development programs in a different way. In the end, I think innovation will win and innovation will succeed. But how you invest along the way it will definitely change because of this phenomenon of price deflation. Very good, David. After Dan answers, I'm going to go to, we've got some guests on that are going to ask questions. So I'll give you a heads up in the rush after Dan's answer. I'm going to turn to you first. I know it's late in India. So I would like to hear from you. But Dan's thoughts on the other panelists' comments and a view from Lily. But I just focused on one issue and Fiona was talking about it. But just to put a fine point on it, it's the idea that small molecule medicines, which does include strangely SIRAs and peptides less than 40 amino acids, sort of arbitrary distinctions here that define small molecule medicines come under price negotiation after nine years, whereas large molecules are protected for 13 years. Nine years just isn't enough for any kind of molecule. It doesn't make any sense to discriminate against small molecules, particularly chemistry projects. If anybody thought about this, no one would think it is easier to make a small molecule drug than an antibiotic. Small molecule drugs are some of the hardest things we do. And if anything, they deserve extra special protection. Small molecules are convenient for patients. They're usually oral. They're quickly genericized. So when the patent goes off, they're readily copied, essentially free for society. So it's strange that Congress should put a distant center for small molecule innovation. Strange that Congress should put a distant center for more new technologies like SIRAs or peptides. And with nine years, which is not enough time to do some projects, not enough time to do new indications or really maximize opportunities. As David was saying, our go-to strategy in the past has been what indication can we do the fastest? It's usually something small and get the drug out there and start learning and get it used and then expand the indications. There's no room for that anymore for something with nine years. So what it means is that we hold back the testing on the smaller indications. Why would we do that? Well, just if it's a really good opportunity, test it in a large population first. So depriving patients who belong to smaller categories of disease from new innovation. Just a lot of unintended consequences here with the nine-year thing. If we could get that changed to 13, I think this is something we could live with. Otherwise, I see it as a huge detriment to a pretty significant chunk of our industry. Great point, Stan. I have to say, I think exactly the same. There's going to be small molecule medicines for a long time to come, as well as with all the wonderful modalities that are coming out. So as you say, I think an unintended consequence there. Thank you. Thank you. As I said, let's go to Nuresh first, one of our guests. He, as I say, he is an individual. Thank you for joining us this wee hours in the morning. Nuresh, over to you for your question. And you're on mute. Yeah, it's a little late. So I'm a little fading. Pardon me for some slip-ups. But thank you, Martin, for the opportunity to interact with such an imminent panel. And as I was learning a lot, I'm a heart surgeon, so brains don't exist so much in heart surgeons. But also, I am also the majority owner, I would say, and also chairman of the Board of Global Health, which owns Medanta Group of Hospitals. And we now have 3,500 beds in the system. And if you can liken it, it is more the standard with which we established, because my background is NYU. I was at NYU for 20 years. I trained there, then I practiced there, and I went back to India. We built this whole chain. The whole thing is that this represents a standard, which would you put a like and more like that of the Cleveland Clinic systems of the East. And we have a very huge academic interest. Some of your companies have already started some work with us, but my interest is much larger, that is for India. And I want to understand that what can we do from India? As you know, there has been a lot of shift in our focus that we are now hosting the G20 this year, our current Prime Minister has actually led the way in bringing India to the mainstream, and also want to be participating in every way possible with the mainstream, including R&D and development of new molecules and their translation of medicine. So now the point is with all of you who are actually one called Big Pharma or Big R&D, that what is your thought process in engaging with India which provides basically the academics, the brain power, the IT power all exists. There are some concerns which are expressed by the earlier panels to say about IPR, and that there are some reservations which we are taking back home to the regulators to say this has to be addressed. But what can we do like you do with other institutions? What can we do to be able to offer you a platform where we can work together for R&D in India? And like I said, we have a very large jeep group. We have many good institutions, but if we would ever worry about the integrity of the data, it's all electronic. We have been on it from day one, that is now 20 years. So it's easy accessibility to the quality of data and retrieval and data mining. So there are many, many things. We have millions and millions of records in our own system, and then there are available in some other institutions also, but we are driven by academia in our institution. So I would like to know from the panelists what can be done to enhance this engagement with India on a larger platform? Very good. Now last, the panelists as always, just to keep your answers quite brief so that we can get to our other guests, but maybe you could kick off Dave. Yeah. First of all, I would say we're already doing a number of things in India, as I'm sure my colleagues are here. We've been doing chemistry collaboratively, extensively for years, pharmacovigilance, data sciences. And to me, the next step is, how do we establish the sorts of collaborations that you're describing Nuresh for launching a real clinical trials platform? And so some of the things that will be top of mind at the corporate level you brought up, such as intellectual property, some of the sort rules of the road in terms of conducting clinical trials that's been evolving over the years. And I think further progress there would be a real spur to further investment in collaboration. Thank you, Dave. Very good. Andy. Just double click on what David said. I think the opportunity in the clinical trial space, and as we talked about earlier, there's been huge strides and now it's us getting in. And I think that we're primed actually to take to the mutual benefit of the industry, but also patients in India. Very good. Thank you, Dan. We also have a large center in Bangalore where we find we can really hire a lot of talented individuals. So I'm really pleased with the talent opportunities in India as a source for local, but also global talent for our company. I think, you know, when we think about, you know, the bread and butter core R&D drug discovery functions, I want to see a more favorable environment for innovation, which goes to patents, but also towards, you know, we like to invest in countries where they have healthcare systems that recognize the value of innovation when it comes to the patients as well. More of that. Very, very clear. Fiona. Yes, actually, I was out in, we have a large site in Hyderabad. And I actually went out with our CEO, Vaz, who is from India. So he was a very good host to show me around. And yeah, I was really impressed with, well, the quality, the enthusiasm of the people that we have there. So, you know, we're continuing to build further connections there. And I'm looking at, you know, what makes sense to me to have, to build out in the R&D. Definitely chemistry, I think is extremely high quality there. So we're going to be increasing the chemistry. And I'd like to put, you know, the sort of early biology space alongside, so it's co-localized with the chemistry. Some of that will be done through CROs, rather than building our own labs. But also, I think you're absolutely right, Naresh. I mean, I'm very interested in what we can do more to do sort of co-research, especially in the clinical space. I did speak to, you know, a number of academic institutes. And we talked about areas like sickle cell, anemia, head and neck cancers, a whole range of different disease areas that are high priority for the Indian government, for example, that, you know, we would like to work together to bring molecules forward. So I think there's just a huge opportunity for sure. Okay. Very good, very heartening. Yeah, no, I got the message quite clear. So I just want to know if there are top of the mind concerns, please state them and we can carry, like I said, carry the message and try to make them, get them into mainstream too. Very good, Naresh. And many thanks for joining again. It's really appreciated. Thank you. I can't believe how quickly the time is passing. And I would like to bring your other guests in. I've got a whole list of questions, but I would like to hear, maybe from maybe from you Iris first, your question to the panel, please. With pleasure. Thanks, Martin. So we are witnessing a dizzying pace of innovation across our industry from technologies, you know, the scale of DNA encoded library screens, AI, generative causal, whatnot, all the way through to high quality and deep clinical genomic longitudinal data sets. So my question to each one of you is, what is your strategy, the priorities you have for the early stage side of things, both in terms of the capabilities and the pipeline, whether you're looking to develop those internally or maybe to partner with one of us little biotechs. And I guess, just to summarize these, maybe the principles of your investment thesis, are you looking to go after those exciting new modalities? There's a plethora of those that are disposable disposal, or maybe it's more around novel target discovery or maybe those clinical surrogate biomarkers we just saw making a win after 25 years, at least, of dense career. Great question, Iris, and I can think of no one better Fiona than you to kick us off here.  What's your vision, Fiona? And I think, you know, we've got to start with the patients, the unmet need, one of the disease areas, and what we've tried to do in Novartis is focus in on a much smaller number of disease areas. Now, really, you know, five key disease areas, cardiovascular neuroscience oncology, which includes hematology, and, you know, then really concentrate on those, understand, you know, where the best targets are in those diseases, then choose what is the best modality to achieve what you need, and I think, you know, that's really my strategy. So, we will look at any opportunities to do that faster and quicker and more effectively, and that certainly does involve bringing in AI. I mean, I'm excited about, we have a collaboration with Microsoft, and, you know, generative chemistry for me is potentially, you know, a very good use of AI to, and also in terms of really combining all of the huge data sets that we have now and interpreting those as well as using AI for images analysis, but you can't do everything. So, you have to focus. And to me, it's focusing on the diseases and then, you know, focusing on the modalities that we think will deliver medicines. Great points, Fiona. Just so many choices now that you folks have to face. It's certainly more complicated than it was. Andy, you've done some really outstanding deals over, you know, a few years now to really build up the technology side in addition to the drug discovery development side and put them hand in hand for your thoughts on Iris's question. Well, you're understanding, by the way, how difficult it was for you, Martin, when you were doing this 10 or 15 years ago. It's always been a lot of decisions, but I think much in the same way as Fiona described, our focus has been more on therapeutic, on the therapeutic areas, finding the best targets and then applying the best modalities. As Martin said, we've, we turned over our strategy about eight or nine years ago where we were a small molecule chemistry company, and we became a more of a focused on disease areas. At the time, we went in every direction across all modalities and we've learned that that's tough. It's tough to be in all modalities. And we started to winnow down our focus. A great example is in our cell therapy group where we have a very substantive effort. We built infrastructure internally and then we partnered across multiple different platforms, otologous, CAR-T, alphabeta CAR-Ts. We partnered in IPSCs with Shinya Yamanaka in Japan. We built a couple of allogeneic platforms with an NK collaboration with MD Anderson and a Gamma Delta collaboration with Adrian Hayday in UK. And it was too much. And we started to just focus on where we thought this, our science was emerging and giving the best signals and that ended up being in these allogeneic platforms. And so recently we've decided to stop otologous and spin out our IPSC work. That's an example of, you know, going out there and then following the data winnowing down and then just doubling down on the areas that you think are most promising. Yeah, it makes complete sense. And Dan, I do agree with you. You were quite wide to begin with, but you had to find out what else was out there. Great comments. Dan? Yeah, I think if I had a mind and could force an advance in science, the number one thing might be really to what Fiona was saying, which is new ways of delivering drugs to specific cells, particularly genetic types of medicines, that could be a huge breakthrough. The other is, for some disease areas that have not seen much progress, we just need better targets. You know, I think about psychiatry and addiction and pain, unlocking great targets there. But for most of the other areas we're working, we have great targets. Just got to figure out how to get the drugs to them. Yeah, great points. Dave? Yeah, Andy illustrated, I think the challenge we all face, which is inherent, which is the inherent tension between strategic focus and then being able to capitalize on serendipity, the observation that's actually going to lead to a breakthrough and having a mind that's open and then the courage to pursue that. And so to me, there's no right answer. It is a constant balancing act. Maybe since we have a few minutes left, we have to bring up generative AI, which to me is an area of tremendous interest for us. We have integrated AI into our molecular engineering platforms, our clinical trials platforms. We use it extensively at decode genetics where we've got now well over 200 petabytes of multi-ohmic data. In fact, we can only answer certain questions using machine learning because it's not tractable through traditional techniques. This is one area where I think that the reality will actually live up to the hype. The only question is the timeline, but I think the risk to us who have been in the industry for a while is that we underestimate the impact this may have, not actually overestimate the impact. And it's usually the reverse. But here, I think we may potentially be underestimating the rapidity of progress. I recently had a chance to spend quite a bit of time in the Valley with senior leaders at generative AI companies. They're working on versions 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 right now, and each one is a log more powerful. And so it's coming and it's coming quickly. The question is how we're going to use this tool. Yeah, I'm glad you got that in David. It would have been my probably next question, but you've answered it really well. I would like to go to Susan while we have her on and again, time's moving on rapidly, but Susan, please present your question to the panel. Oh, so my big question was about generative AI. So thank you for jumping ahead with it because I'm delighted to hear your optimism. I haven't heard much optimism about it, about it mostly fear. And, you know, so I guess one of the things that concerns me, I'm delighted to hear about the, your anticipated technological use of it. But I'll tell you, one of my fears is the propagation of disinformation. And we talked about it earlier today. And I have to say, there are a few things that I found more dispiriting than in this COVID period. What we've lost is confidence in experts and expertise, the sense that there are facts, opinions that are perfectly legitimate.  Thank you very much. I'm going to take that away as my happiest discovery today. But the other side of it is, I don't know whether, you know, you all are thinking about the disinformation pandemic. And as, you know, drug companies that people have to rely on, is there anything you're doing to provide some kind of antidote to this pervasive erosion of confidence in what we have, we all grew up with, understanding that, you know, in science, there's truth and there's fiction. Yes. No, super, super question, Dan. Yeah, it's an excellent question, Susan. I don't have the answer, but I agree with the problem. And the pandemic just taught us that the things we thought were impossible, like making vaccines to COVID and making therapeutics for COVID, turned out those were doable. They were hard, but we did them. And the things that we thought might be easy, which is getting people to take a vaccine or use therapeutic, turn out to be impossible. So the social sciences just have not evolved in the same way as the, you know, biological and medical sciences. We need more investment in that area. Yeah, very good points. And Andy, your thoughts? Well, I mean, I'm just shaking my head because it's, it's, it's an amazing situation that we're in as a society. And unfortunately, there's this confounded link between this misinformation and political views, and which for some reason makes up and makes no sense whatsoever. You know, I, I've actually been tracking Rob Califf on this and engaging with him. And he's a very outspoken advocate for finding ways to deliver truth. And I, and something that he said, which I'll amplify, is that it's all of us that need to do it. And what we've seen actually, because it's very little actually that the industry can do to step up, we're regulated, and there's only so much that we can do. You know, when something is said that's incorrect, inappropriate or, you know, frankly false about one of our marketed products, there's very little that we can do within, within in a compliant way. But actually, there's a lot that academic institutions can do. And academic institutions tend to be more critical of industry, more critical of FDA. I think that there's an opportunity for academics and, and, and Congresses to step up in ways that can really help us. Well, I hope so.  As I said, this, you know, erosion of confidence in experts and expertise leaves us in a very, very untenable position. So, someone needs to think hard about it, and there are a lot of people who are trying to think hard about it, but I'm, I'm, I'm actually quite fearful about the ability of this nation to continue to, to be my leadership role.  Yeah. It's very obvious. Go on, Dave. I'm more optimistic, you know, you know, we go, we go through historical cycles and, you know, we can always be guilty of what historians call the sin of presentism, which is sort of amplifying the current moment. Now, what is different is what you're pointing out, is that the technology amplifies and extends, you know, the reach of what's been in the background for now hundreds of years in a way that we haven't grappled with before. To me, part of the answer is very simple, which is consistently and very clearly speak the truth over and over. It is, but it's frustrating and it's grindingly slow, but I don't see any simple alternative. Yeah, good point. So, I'd like you to have the last word on this, Fiona. Yeah. Patients are our best advocates, I would say. So, I think the more we can work with patients and communicate science in a clear way that everybody understands, don't use too much technical jargon. You know, I think that would be my final word given that we're running out of time. Yes, indeed. Yeah, good point. Answered your question, Susan. You know, I spend a decent amount of time in Scandinavia and I don't see that same cynicism and lack of truth teller. Maybe I've got rose tinted glasses because I'm sitting here just now, but I don't feel the same as I do day to day in the United States. So, we only have one minute left on the panel. I have had a note here to tell me to stop speaking.  You know, 15, 20 seconds. Andy, what are you looking most forward to in the next few years in your business? Well, I love self-therapy. And actually, I think that we scratch the surface with the CD19s, and I think that there's just a huge opportunity in oncology in particular to, again, inflect our ability to not just to manage disease, but to cure disease. Marvelous. Fiona. Well, at the moment, I have to say radioligin therapy because I think it's an untapped modality for now. And I'm looking forward to seeing what that can really deliver to cancer patients. We'll watch that space carefully. Dan. I wish to see and I'm excited to see the kinds of breakthroughs we've had in small orphan diseases in oncology now translate to highly prevalent diseases. And I think that's how the pharmaceutical industry have a huge impact on human health. And that's what I'm hoping for. A great wish. And the last comment of the panel, Dave. To me, it's this union of tech and biotech that I think is just going to qualitatively change how we do business. Deeper understanding from disease pathogenesis than all the way through real world data and understanding how drugs are behaving in the real world. I think we'll look back on this moment in a decade and say it was an inflection point. Things really started to change. We're in the middle of the chaos now. And so it's hard to see. But I think it's coming. And I'm extraordinarily optimistic about that. Thank you. Thank you, panelists. Once again, just truly terrific. I know we could go on for a couple more hours. Can't say enough, Dan. Congratulations to you. Terrific data. And thank you to Susan, Iris, and Naresh for great questions for the panelists. I'm going to bring it to the close now. As I go off, you will hear me sing in Wunderbar, Wunderbar, Copenhagen. But the signal's not so good here, Andy. Thank you, everyone. Thank you. Thank you, Martin. Thank you. Bye, everybody. Thank you. Could you put the slide for Dr. Plump to tell us the results of this poll? All right. Just going to enlarge it. So the question that was pulled was what does these areas likely to see the biggest step change in the next one to two years? And we had a tie and maybe a deference to our panelists, Dan Skavronsky, whose company is changing the future of patients with Alzheimer's disease and obesity. Dan, you are the big winner here, Alzheimer's disease and obesity. So thank you very much, everybody, for participating in our polls today.


Hello and welcome to the session. This is Professor Farhat and this session would look at the furlough expenses or prepaid adjustments, which are one type of adjusting entries A topic that give accounting students some issues. This topic is covered in an introductory course Obviously the CPA exam. As always, please connect with me on LinkedIn if you haven't done so. YouTube is where you would need to subscribe. I have 1,600 plus accounting, auditing, finance and tax lectures. This is a list of all my courses. If you like my lectures, please like them, share them, put them in playlists. If they benefit you, it means they might benefit other people, share the wealth. Also connect with me on Instagram. If you need additional resources such as PowerPoint slides, true, false, multiple choice, CPA, if you're studying for your CPA, I do have on my website 2,000 plus CPA questions. I strongly suggest you check it out. So framework for adjustments. In the prior session, we looked at introduction to adjustments and we determined there are 4 types of adjustments. The furlough expenses, the furlough of revenue, accrued expenses and accrual revenue. In this session, we're going to focus on the furlough expenses except depreciation, which I'll have, I like to have a one session for depreciation because sometimes when you blend it with all the other prepaid, it confuses students, so I'm going to keep it separately. Let's go back and see how we prepare adjustments. So how do we prepare adjustments? The first thing is, do we know what the current account balance is? What is the current account balance that we are adjusting? Then step two, what the account balance should be? So if the current balance is 100 and it should be 100, no adjustment. If the current balance is 100 and it should be 80, reduce it by 20. If the current balance is 100 and it should be 120, increase it by 20. So what is it now and what it's supposed to be? Then take the difference between one and two and that's your adjusting entry. Okay, so let's take a look at specifically at prepaid. So this way we can illustrate the concepts. Now I'm going to be working with this trial balance. Now you can look at this trial balance as giving, but if you want to know really how this trial balance came to life, I have this from scratch. You can click on the description below to find out exactly how we build this whole trial balance. Because now it's given to you, you can work with it. But you know what? I want to know where this amount coming from. I want to know where this amount coming from. I want to know where this amount coming from. Please look in the description. I build this trial balance step by step, but for now we can work with it. So the first type of adjustments we're going to be working with are prepaid or the furrows. So what are prepaid or the furrows? Prepaid expenses are assets paid in advance of receiving door benefits. Let's go back to the trial balance and we already determined that supplies is a form of prepaid in prepaid insurance is prepaid. So those are the two accounts that we need to adjust. Examples are prepaid insurance, prepaid rent, supplies, anything that we prepay. Any prepay expense is a prepaid. Supplies also are form of prepaid. Now what's going to happen to the prepaid? I want you to think of it from a logical perspective. Let's go back to supplies. What's going to happen to our supplies account? If we have 97.20, our supplies account eventually will go down. Why? Because we use the prepaid insurance. As time goes by, it should go down. So at the end of the accounting period, we have to determine if these numbers are still correct. If they are still correct, then we don't have to worry about anything. Otherwise, we have to make the following adjustment. We have to reduce the asset. We have to decrease the asset and we have to turn it into an expense. Simply put, we're going to debit an expense and credit an asset to adjust the prepaid. We're going to reduce the asset because that's what happened to assets. They go down.   Let's take a look at this example. Fast forward paid 2400 to cover 24 month insurance policy beginning December 31st and this is properly reflected in the trial balance. So this is the current balance as of December 1st and on December 31st, it still showed 2400 unless we do something about it. Now, what happened now a month later? Well, remember, this policy covered 24 months. So what does that mean? It means if it covers 24 months, it means if we take 2400 divided by 24 months, it's going to give us 100. Simply put, $100 of this policy, it's going to expire. It's going to go down and it's going to increase insurance expense. So every month that goes by, this policy goes down by 100. So show that to me in a journal entry. Well, I'm going to reduce the asset, reduce the asset by 100 and increase the expense by 100. So I credit prepaid, which is an asset and I debit an expense, which is an expense. Now, what's my balance in my prepaid? My balance is 2300 and this is the correct balance. And what's my balance in my insurance expense? It's 100 and it's correct. So notice we prepare the adjusting entry to reflect this. Otherwise, the balance would have been 2400, which would be overstated and the balance here would have been zero, which is also overstated. So the balances would have been overstated for assets and I'm sorry, and understated for expenses, understated by 100. So it would show more assets and less expenses. So adjusting entries for prepaid, we debit, I'm just going to show you the debit and the credit, we debit insurance expense, expense goes up and we reduce the prepaid. Again, without those adjustments, assets are overstated, expenses are understated. Now, let's take a look at another prepaid account, prepaid account that happens to be supplied. Fast forward, purchase 9720 of supplies in December. Some of these were used in December. So we're starting with 9720. That's a step one. This is the current balance. What is the step two? Step two, what the balance should be? A physical count that unused supplies equal to 8670. So we counted the supplies and what we find out is we no longer have 9720. We use some of the supplies. Now we only have 8670. Do we need to make an adjustment? Yes. How much is the adjustment the difference? The difference is 1050. So we need to reduce our supplies by 1050, increase our expense by 1050. Now our supplies account show the proper balance based on the count of 8670. Once again, what we did here is we properly adjusted supplies, which we brought supplies down and we brought supplies expense up. So our supplies is correctly stated, it's not overstated and supplies expense is correctly stated, not understated. And this is the journal entry for supplies, expense debit goes up, supplies goes down. And again, those adjusting entries are done at the end of the year because the financial statements are prepared at the end of the year or at the end of the period, whatever the period we're assuming here, it's December 31st, whether it's monthly or yearly, it's December 31st. Once again, if we don't prepare those adjustments for the prepaid notice, if we don't prepare them for the prepaid notice, those adjustments for the prepaid notice, if we don't prepare them, assets are overstated, are overreported, which is not, we don't have 9720, we have 8670 and supplies are under, supplies expense are underreported. So if expenses are down, it means your net income is up, it means your equity is up.  Now, in the next session, I would look at depreciation, which is a form of deferrals, which is a form of prepaid, but I like to keep depreciation separately. As always, if you like this recording, please like it, share it. I strongly encourage you to visit my website for additional resources. If you want to invest in your career, improve your grades, do better in school, give it a shot. Good luck and study hard. Accounting is worth it. It's difficult, but it's worth it.


What we're doing today is setting up pumps and stringing out hose lays, standard hose lays. I have a foot valve working properly. Look at that. The water is sitting there. How many buckets? Perfect. That's how the ignition happens. So, if you choke it, and you hear, you know, it's just ba-ba-ba. Ba-ba-ba. Ba-ba-ba. Now you've had that initial ignition. The chamber is ready to be fired on regular air fuel mixture.


This is a fairly short talk but Todd and I have basically been working on messing around with these cool awesome cameras. 20 minutes and 20 minutes which we actually just for 20 minutes before the talk. Our entire research project is 40 minutes long including this talk. Right. So our agenda the you know the intro that which we will cover.  Wow only a 20 minute talk and he just lost three of it that's too bad. This is completely expected. We are here. Yeah. We figure that they have spot the fed. We have shot the noob and noob has a number of meanings and so there's only one that applies. We also need somebody from the audience who's a new new person. You sir preferably a female once again. He sees midway through the change. Come on up.  You know I mean I don't know. I guess ticket prices are going to be a little higher next year you know. That's all right because we didn't really have the material. GoPro GTFO. Thank you young lady. Do I get a GoPro? You know I thought about it but no you don't. The young lady might have gotten a GoPro. Bring more booze next time. Okay so continuing on. So we'll have our brief intro. If we basically didn't already do that while drinking. We'll talk a little bit about the GoPro due to time limitations. We're going to gloss over some stuff. We're going to cite previous research because we're not the first ones to mess with this but we want to give credit where credit is due. We'll talk a little bit about what we've done so far and we're certainly not finished as well as some of the things that have kind of come out of this research up to this point. We'll talk a little bit about what we're going to do next and then finally we'll conclude with a bunch of useless slides. So first Todd. What's up? I'm Todd Manning, senior research consultant at Accuvant Labs. Horror for hire you know. I used to work at Breaking Point managing their security research team and now I turn it over to my co-presenter. Hi I'm Zach Lanier or some of you know me as Quine. I'm also a senior research consultant. I guess we'll put a whistle at. That's awesome. I'm not even wearing a dress this year. He is wearing panties though. Backwards. I'm also a senior research consultant with Accuvant Labs. Just old timey net web app mobile pen tester guy. Anyway so why did we pick the GoPro? Because I had one basically. It's an incredibly popular camera. I'm sure some of you have seen it out in the wild used in music videos featuring scantily clad men and women and skateboarders who put them on their skateboards and fall a lot like me. It's Wi-Fi enabled which was attractive because it's got all these cool features on it that you can use your phone to control the camera. One of the more interesting facts is there's this company called Amberella. It makes the eponymously named SOCs that are used not only in the GoPro but also in commercial security installations which we found to be intriguing so that's you know another future research thing. We focus mainly on the GoPro Hero 3 Black Edition which is what we've got up here. So a lot of the details that will be in here will apply but some of the hardware is a little bit different as we'll kind of see a little bit later. And plus it's really extreme. I can't say that with much more emphasis but I can.  Mountain Dew. So anyway. So an overview of the GoPro. It features an Amberella mistyped A770 camera SOC. So they basically just stamped this SOC with like an ARM V6 core with all of like all the other usual things you'd expect.   I don't know why. And there's a bunch of other stuff that's really not relevant to security or hacking this thing but in any case it has a lot of stuff that's not used. All packed into this tiny little form factor. I figured it was my turn to talk. Okay. So one interesting thing, the first thing that we kind of found when we busted this camera open, it runs two operating systems, not just one. So two for the price of one. One is the ITRON embedded operating system. It's kind of like this open source sort of real time operating system standard really. So the version that runs on here is kind of one implementation to the standard developed by a Japanese academic in the 90s I guess. So it's primarily responsible for the operation of the camera. So capturing images, doing, encoding a video, that kind of thing. And then it also runs Linux kernel version 2.6.38.  One thread is dedicated to running Linux. And so basically the Linux operating system is on there to run some of the sort of higher order functions that deal with remote control of the camera via like mobile application, that kind of thing. And so yeah, two operating systems. There's a private network that runs in between the two. The networking address is given here, 10.9.9 slash 24. The real time operating system side runs one web server that kind of handles certain requests, actually looks like it serves up some of the preview mode files. And then the Linux side runs the version of the open source Cherokee web server that handles actually taking requests from the mobile remote control applications and then passes commands from that onto the real time operating system via a mechanism we'll describe shortly. Yeah, so some previous research, right? So looking into this camera it's like somebody's got to know something about it, right? Otherwise we're screwed. So the OG of like, you know, GoPro kind of like dissection is this cat called Evil Wombat hangs out on this, the GoPro user form, super real friendly guy that I've talked to, real willing to give information about how it works. He's developed a number of open source tools that are available on GitHub slash Evil Wombat. He's got, let's see, he's an arm firmware developers. All he's told me, I know he lives on the west coast. Other than that, you know, I haven't really talked to him for more than just a few hours. Stop dropping docs, okay. Anyhow, sorry about that. Let's see. So yeah, so in his firm, in his repository he's got like tools for breaking apart the firmware updates that come from GoPro so that you can kind of like do some further analysis yourself, break some up into different sections.  There are some cases where that doesn't actually work, but yeah, real nice guy that has made some tools and so, you know, we've stood on the shoulders of at least one giant and that would be Evil Wombat.  So one of the things that Evil Wombat provided was this autoexec.ash script which we mentioned here and that's for the umbrella shell. So if you put that on the SD card at the root of the SD card in the GoPro, it will basically autoexec whatever you put in there. So it wasn't that he provided it, it's rather he discovered that the camera will execute a script called autoexec.ash that's in the root of the SD card and so there are a number of like commands that you can provide and he can't kind of give us our first foothold into understanding what it was that we could do, you know, with the camera by doing that. That's better. And so one of the things is this, there's actually a command in the umbrella shell called T and it does a lot of low level control of the RTOS and in case it actually, what you see down at the very bottom, this T app test, USB RS232, one, sets that it will just basically provide a serial console over USB. So it gives you this access to the RTOS' umbrella shell. One of the things that you should, there's a slew of commands in there that we can't even go through in even 30 minutes, but one of the things you shouldn't do is run as someone did, the T NAND op erase command, which successfully bricks your camera. So don't do that. Yeah, I would say don't do that.  Let me just put it that way. One of the other commands that Yvo Wombat shared or discovered and shared was this LU util command and what this effectively does is allows the RTOS to talk to the Linux task over this IPC channel, and one of the things that it does is there's an exec parameter and that will effectively allow the RTOS to instruct Linux to execute any command as root like you do. So in this case, these snippets here, as provided effectively by Yvo Wombat, kill the Cherokee web server and start Telnet D listening on 80 because 8080 externally is forwarded to 80 internally on Linux, so that's really the only port that you can, one of the only ports you can get to externally on the Linux internal operating system. So it effectively just kills Cherokee and runs Telnet on 80, which drops you directly into a root shell like you do. So, you know, we are here, hey cool, we got root on a camera. Yay, everyone go home. Todd's a badass. So a little bit about the methodology and kind of findings that we did. One of the first things that we actually looked at while maybe drinking was looking at the GoPro app mode of the camera. So it runs in one of two modes, Wi-Fi remote or GoPro app, the first of which is this GoPro app mode. And that allows you to install a Linux or iOS app on your device. The camera acts as an access point. You associate with it with your mobile device of choice. And it connects to those two web servers. The web server that it talks to on 80 is the one running an ITron that it uses as a control channel and for retrieving and setting configuration directives. And then on 8080 it actually retrieves this streaming preview. And what's interesting about this is, and by the way, the Wi-Fi backpack uses <IP_ADDRESS>. There are a few interesting things about this. One, it uses MDNS for discovery as what we kind of observed, but it connects to <IP_ADDRESS> anyway. That's hard coded in there. So I don't know if it's a fallback or what, or whatever. The other thing is that it uses IMPECTS for streaming of the preview video, but what it does is it continually retrieves this playlist, like an MUA file or whatever. And in that file each time are 8.3 second video files that it retrieves. So it's not really streaming the data directly so much as just retrieving these 0.3 second files, playing one, retrieving the next one, playing that, retrieving the next one, playing that, retrieving the playlist again, and then retrieving a new set of files. And this just kind of rotates through. You can actually just point quick time or VLC or whatever insecure media player you like at the MUA file and effectively just stream the preview video from the camera, kind of turning it into a surveillance device if you so actually were able to authenticate and associate with it. We'd ask that the NSA not avail themselves of that offensive technology, please. Right. So the other mode that's notable is the Wi-Fi remote mode, and this one we actually find to be a little more interesting, which we can discuss in the hallway track. In this case the Wi-Fi remote, which I don't know if we have with us, it's the smaller device, a little key chain device. In this case the camera acts as a mobile station or client and associates to the AP, which is the remote. When you first pair them it just scans for an ESS ID of hero-rc-xxxxxxx where those are the last three octets of a given remote. Once it's paired it'll record that information and prefer that, but you can always pair it to a new remote. So you can draw your own conclusions as to what attacks might be possible there. It's also totally open. There's no security whatsoever, so you can just associate with a remote if you see one. We're still sort of exploring what the implications are about attacking the remotes, but anyway. Network attack surface. The Cherokee web server runs as root, even though it listens on an unprivileged port on the Linux side of things. We notice that there are absolutely no additional mitigations. The compiler options and the linker options are available like on the file system of the camera, so you can totally have fun there. The executable base itself is not randomized, so reliability of a payload is not really difficult if you find a bug, which some people might have. We're at five minutes, so...itron side. Okay, so like we said, two web servers on the real-time OS side, on the on-site. There are these URLs that the remotes connect to to engage different behavior of the camera itself.  Basically, you know, once you connect to the Wi-Fi access point, you can just hit these in a browser and kind of reconfigure the camera willy-nilly. We're working on a Ruby-based library that basically access the control. Let's see. And then it actually, it passes the passphrase in. And I haven't found the code path that cares about that, and I'm not sure why that happens, but it seems kind of silly. I mean, I guess it's, you know, the key is protected by WPA, so whatever, but yeah, it seems kind of strange.  If you find like a Cherokee bug, for instance, then you've got some work to do there to bridge the gap over to the real-time OS side. In terms of local attack surface, again, everything runs as root, so there is no privilege separation. Everything except for the actual, so sorry, all the libraries are loaded at randomized addresses. The web server itself, so Cherokee and the Cherokee worker load their images at hex 8000. There's actually a couple of sections that get mapped there. Sorry, 8000, and then like hex 8300. Let's see. It runs busybox, so there's, excuse me, there are some useful, you know, busybox utilities there, but there's no, you know, build tools or no netcat.  I feel like you want to break in there, my friend. So basically it's just in the, ASLR is enabled system-wide, but the, pretty much every executable base is mapped at a static address, or always mapped at static addresses, so it's not terribly difficult to get like reliable code exact. I feel like I had already said that actually, but you know, maybe not. So there are a number of like interesting, you know, quote-unquote services that are running. A couple of them listening on TCP ports, 78, 78, and 78, 77. They handle JSON, while one of them handles JSON-formatted messages from the I-tron side, which I thought was kind of strange. They, basically it's, you know, their mechanism of communicating across like these two operating systems, so they share the same memory and they're kind of using like this Q-based message passing thing. And hey, it's a great time to talk about that. So the, we're like two minutes left, so we'll probably breeze through all this. Whatever, running IPCS-P, we see that there are these message queues that are there, and they point to this AMBA MQ handler, which is the Amborella MQ, message queue handler, which is for receiving and sending messages from Linux to I-tron. Worth exploring. They're on the Amborella or the I-tron side, and Amshel, you can run IPC Prague, I know it's probably hard to read, but it just spits out like a thousand bajillion lines of all these different IPC programs that are registered, so it's kind of like SunRPC-ish. There's like a program ID that maps to a specific program that's actually listening in this IPC channel. And that's basically all we're going to talk about for there, because we're running out of time. Future research, remote monitoring, legitimate monitoring, using like bespoke or third-party clients, using the camera to spy. That sounds really cool. Next thing would be to dump firmware from the Wi-Fi remote, as well as deal with this fancy little GoPro 30-pin bus interface, which is remarkably similar to the Apple iPod 30-pin connector, and it uses things for like LCD and a bunch of other stuff. Backdoors, persistence, blah, blah, blah. So with that, we're going to be releasing code eventually, maybe like tomorrow when we're sober, at github.com slash coin slash GoPro GTFO. So watch that space over the next couple months. We'll have some stuff up there. And finally, if you want to reach us, T-manning on Twitter, coin on Twitter, or email us, and then these are really cool people down at the bottom. And if you aren't on that, and you should be, we're really sorry. We're out of time, so we'll take questions in the hallway track, I guess. Thank you for coming. Lovely Todd.


Before we get into this episode of questions from subs, I got to give a special shout out to the newest team keeping clean patrons Kevin and Kayeen Appreciate y'all now normally when somebody becomes a patron they'll send in a question from subscriber But they would like now we're just gonna become patrons and just stay in the background and cheers. Okay. That's cool too So seriously, I appreciate y'all. Thank y'all for what y'all doing and thanks to all the team keeping clean patrons Appreciate all of y'all if you want to become a team keeping clean patron You can go to patreon.com slash engraving vids if you don't want to if you can't don't feel bad It is really okay. Um, the fact that y'all support a lot and it just that that means everything Because as y'all can see stuff has picked up a lot stuff has gotten a lot crazy a lot busier There's been a lot of tour days as far as videos not not workouts But there's been a lot of tour days because stuff is just Jumping it's going crazy right right like we're here the season's here So it's only gonna get crazy, but I appreciate everybody for supporting now first question Because oh over the weekend. There has been a lot of just I don't know a dissension and arguing and back and forth amongst Ravens fans Some Ravens fans upset at other Ravens fans for Ravens fans having thoughts So what's new what's new people always looking for a reason to be mad people always looking for a reason to argue And it's like for what why just let people feel how they want to feel anyway First question came from my god terry and his his subject was in all But what is he in all about? Well, y'all saw the thumbnail y'all see the title of the video He said what's up in graven? I know I sent a question for himself a couple days ago But I'm sorry. I have to say it. We should have drafted george pickings instead of david a job I wasn't mad at the pick with us selecting david a job, but why not get a ready uh a ready injured player Oh, excuse me. Why get a not ready injured player david a job When you could get a major impact player of need in the second round with pickings that allowed you to give him last Guaranteed money quality depth and gives us an opportunity to sign another impact player from the jump at the edge position Is it cool if I can get your thoughts on this and if there's anything you will fix What would it be if you don't mind telling? Thanks. Hope for the best keep going at it and trust Appreciate it terry. What a way to start us off um george pickings There's a lot of ravens fans that do wish we would have drafted george pickings and if y'all don't want to speak up I will I did I sure did And you can go look at videos and I kept saying the same thing. He's a wide receiver um And then I when we when they track when they traded hollywood away. I was like, oh, yeah They definitely drafting receiver for sure without a doubt It's definitely happened because they they just traded away Their top target He's going And we know rishad babin is probably gonna get into that role now, but I was like they traded their top target away They ain't gonna roll with the guys if they got no way No way. They yeah, they traded for somebody. I mean they drafted somebody. Nope Oh, they traded for somebody. Nope But george pickings was sitting there. He posted up. Yeah, he had the little injury that that that dropped him out of the first round but a ball is a ball and Raven's like, oh no, we good They drafted david a job when we know david a job would have been a really high pick Maybe top 12 top 15 pick. Uh, had he not gotten the achilles injury But he did get the achilles injury And this year, uh, I would say anything you get out of him as a bonus I wouldn't really count on him till next year I know hardball did say that he expects him by mid or david a job Oh actually said that he expects to be back by mid season. It's okay. Hey don't rush him ravin But it's like you Any draft pick is a question mark Any single one is a question mark because you just don't know how they're gonna do But if you get an injured draft pick Then it becomes an even bigger question mark because one, you don't know what they're gonna do But two, you don't even know when they're gonna do it Now david a job. I hope he falls out. Um, when he does hit the field eventually whenever that will be But who knows when he's gonna hit the field george pickings, like you mentioned, it was a position of need Especially with them getting rid of hollywood Um, it was a position that would he could have had an immediate impact And I I loved everything about him and I told you that there were uh Character concerns. That's I know that's something that a lot of ravens fans bring up Who who who don't like other ravens fans talking about george pickings. They say, oh character concerns edc would never He would never But guess what didn't he sign dad's brian? And he signed that brian, this doctor concerns. I think he did Oh character concerns Who's the guy that I kept comparing george pickings to on defense? I said george pickings was the offensive version of this person Marcus peters had character concerns edc not only He went and traded for marcus peters traded for him So I don't want to hear about that character concern stuff Because that's false false george pickings would have been just fine He would have been just fine The character concerns that people were talking about was him getting into some fights on the field him I think That is so Marcus peters too him like spraying a water bottle in somebody's face That that ain't nothing but Marcus peters, man But and and so many ravens fans. Oh man, we miss Marcus peters Of course for his play, but we just miss his swagger. We miss his presence We miss his energy You wouldn't want that same energy on offense too If you if you saying you missed it, but then you saying oh well the ravens They shouldn't have drafted george pickings because he got character concerns Then you cannot say that you miss marcus peters So that sounds like a beautiful double standard to me buddy But anyway It is what it is. Um george pickings would have been great um and still as they they obviously have a history of doing a phenomenal job of drafting and developing Wide receivers. Hopefully the ravens can turn the page on that and we'll see what they do with the guys that they got now um But george pickings he's been doing nice and the thing with him. Um, he's been as advertised The same thing that he's known for excuse me I didn't even eat breakfast yet, but the same thing that he was known for in college It's transferring to the pros right now. He's known for making plays But known for running his mouth too, but he backs it up And of course the the talk of it all the training camp all george pickings this george pickings that what a crazy catch by george pickings Oh, man, he got another touchdown in training camp. He balled in training camp. You kept hearing this stuff But then it's like, all right. He's doing it in training camp. That's cool. Let's see what he does when it's a game He did the same thing in the game same thing in the game Even did a little tonio down tonio brown dance to a sound.   You want to talk about how good he is? Go be a stealer fan, buddy. And it's like it's not that serious. It's it's not it's not george pickings is balling right now And ravens gonna have to deal with that two times a year Two times a year at least could possibly be three if both teams make the playoffs and they match over each other But they're gonna have to deal with that two times a year So ravens they better come with it And again george pickings is being everything is advertised in this grid now another thing that a lot of ravens fans have done They try to be like oh Since you you you're you're you're celebrating george pickings doing good You're talking about how good george pickings is and that you wish we would have drafted them That means that you don't like our own guys No, that doesn't mean that at all That doesn't mean that That's what we talk about but like It there's a lot of ravens fans that just they look for things to be angry about and it's not worth it They look for reasons to be like hey I'm the best ravens fan that there is there was and there ever will be shout out to bread heart by the way And it's like You don't have to put your fandom against other ravens fans to try to show hey This is the real way to be a fan and you're not being a real fan Please no don't do that. It's it's not necessary. It's really not Seriously, it's not Stop policing how people fan stop please It's not worth it's not worth the energy. I promise you there's so many other things that you could be doing with that energy It's not worth it It's not worth it Just because a lot of ravens fans are acknowledging how well george pickings is doing Doesn't mean that oh man.   No nobody's saying that Well, there probably is somebody out there saying it, but most people aren't saying that they just like all right Hey, we wish that we could have got george pickings, but they stay still gonna hope that the ravens guys do well too That that's it. That's it I wish we got it would have got george pickings, but they didn't okay. Cool. They didn't get them All right, they didn't get him. He would have been nice with the ravens. Okay, but they didn't get him You know, brother's wagon to the ravens on over and but hey, they didn't get them They didn't get them Okay, so let's hope the guys that the ravens do get and did get they could ball out But I do understand people's argument when specifically the pickings and a job oh Because best ability is availability and again, we know We feel bad for uh, david a job before happening to him It sucks It really sucks because it messed up everything for changed everything for um, but The bottom line is when when you're being straight up about it Pickings is on the field david a job. Oh, it's not and like we said earlier Every single draft pick is a question mark But the answers to george pickings questions are getting answered a lot faster than the david a job both questions That's it. That's it. They don't need to fight about anything. No need to go back and forth It is what it is All right, first question came from my guide terry next question came from my guide taren So I guess this like tear episode anyway He said you may want to read it all before responding. Oh, okay Here we go. You know how we could talk and get it. Anyway, is it angry even I know you have said that That you hold everyone accountable on the team, but I don't think that's the case. Uh-oh. Oh, it's another person But something's saying about me and that's okay. He said when have you ever criticized Lamar Jackson as much as you have a receiving court our offensive coordinator or tyler huntley You must not have been around last year You I you must not have been around last year I think um, this is uh Even earlier this off season we did a video specifically about Accountability people different people on the ravens from top to bottom being accountable specific on everybody We talked about steve bishadi. We talked about edc. We talked about john harbaugh. We talked about greg roman We talked about I think wink was still the defensive coordinator at that time So that's how early in the off season. It was we talked about Lamar Jackson Specifically we had sections for every single person Every single person and who else do we talk about then we talked about somebody else too, but we talked about it um as far as uh And I think oh and you brought up, uh, greg roman Well, yeah, we we be getting on greg roman because of his history And the reason that we get on greg roman because of his history is because history has not shown success for the wide receivers And see it's like a trickle down effect because you said oh you don't get on anybody as you don't get on the mall Like you get on a receiving court oc those two are tied in together for sure Because greg roman's offenses have shown aid the quarterback gonna take off quarterback gonna run And the running game the running game gonna run But the receivers they ain't gonna run like that. They ain't gonna get much burning. They ain't gonna get much There's not gonna be an emphasis put on those guys but then um With tyler huntley, I think with the tyler huntley I think you may have a little recency bias reason I say that is because Who was the quarterback That finished out the season for the ravens last year Who was the quarterback that played in the preseason this year? It's tyler huntley tyler huntley tyler huntley has been a quarterback that we've seen the most recently So maybe that's why you feel like I criticized tyler huntley Extra i've been criticizing him more like really get on tyler huntley like that even like in the preseason game We talked about the deep ball It was like hey, he threw one deep ball and it was just off the tip of benjamin victor's hands It's just a little bit too far But it's like okay. I also said it's preseason Is I said I ain't nobody gonna trip out over like over one pass It's preseason But anyway, let's keep going. He said obviously lemar is great But you never have any dissertations criticizing him throwing the ball into the ground not getting the ball out quick enough Missing targets because of inaccuracy, but you do criticize receivers for drops Even when the majority of their targets are catchers like lemar with passing Oh, I think I see what you're saying, but that that's wrong as well We we talked about oh man, we I think I wonder if you were only here Later in the offseason like more recently in the offseason I think that might be why you feel like that Because early in the offseason, especially like right when the season had finished we talked about that a lot We talked about um lemar making quicker decisions. We talked about him Needing to do more check down plays. We talked about him hitting guys in stride We talked something that we talked about and I'm so glad that it's happening too Something that we talked about that will make lemar so much better We'll take his game to another level. I said timing routes And back shoulder throw and now the back shoulder throws is coming in play, baby But now where where I do understand what I can understand you if you came here like In the the heat of this offseason because most of the lemar jackson talk that we've been doing on here Because the biggest thing that has been surrounding lemar jackson on here Is a lot of analysts and media guys continuing to doubt him and continuing to say he can't do this and he can't do that And there's been a lot of contract talking. What should he get? Does he deserve it? So we've been talking about that a lot on here So I could understand how you would feel this way and it's fine. It's fine But anyway He said tyler honey gets the ball out quickly with minimal inaccuracy for short and medium passes But suffers on the deep ball, but you knock him for his ability anytime he's brought up I don't knock him. I I I don't I don't knock tyler huntley I Again, but again, what let's keep going the ravens didn't stop doing ravens things when he came in They were still in nail biters only this time They didn't have the one miracle play to save the day like lemar was lucky enough to have while he was playing Oh, you talking about tyler huntley. Okay like okay, so he So so now it's um Did see that part That when when people do that the whole tyler huntley la bar thing and say oh tyler huntley did this thing and he did do his thing But he lost he lost La marge at the difference like you just said yourself.  Yeah, anyway, let's keep going. He said when lemar is struggling is everyone else's fault, which is why now you are really pushing no excuses What? What? Oh, no, you must not know me my friend Again, again, if you if you knew here again, it's okay.  It was yugly But anyway, um that chief's game. I remember, uh The the interception that he threw the second interception that he threw um Well, he was throwing a hollywood hollywood had like three dudes on What was that? Well, because a lot of times when I'm watching the game live watching lemar play live and he'll throw an interception or something He'll throw a bad play or it'll be a bad play and I'll be thinking Let me see the replay. So let me try to see what he saw. So they'll show from a different angle So I'm like, what what was that? Who what was he thinking? So yeah, we we get on lemar too Anyway, he said Excuse me Oh about what you were saying you are really pushing no excuses. No, I've wanted there to be no excuses Because I've wanted the Ravens to really provide lemar with the best of the best like a lot of other quarterbacks are getting And I feel like they haven't done that and I've said that a million times. Yeah, y'all already know Um, but that's it. Anyway, we'll keep going. He said Tyler Huntley was able to get a first possession touchdown something lemar struggled with for the entire season We talked about that a lot We talked about that all season had the offense would just come out so slow We talked about that all all season. I mean not all season all season But anyway, I said he also didn't turn over the ball to put us in holes that we had to come back from His defense was worse Then lemars. He did have trouble scoring touchdowns, but where are the g-roll and receiver criticisms when discussing that when we criticize Greg Roman when we criticize even receivers We talked about that. We talked about with the offense period I said from the 20 to the 20 thumbs up But once they get inside that 20, it's like, oh, here we go. That's what lemar. That's what Tyler Huntley when we talked about the drops too like hollywood, I remember um in the uh Oh the stillers game last game of the season Tyler Huntley moving the ball Ravens running the ball to get to the red zone. It's like, all right Tyler Huntley Put it on hollywood in the chest, baby, and hollywood said Come on Who's that on that's on hollywood? They don't know hunt They know Greg Roman. That was it wasn't a bad play call that then That was on hollywood. They got nothing to do with anybody else. Tyler Huntley gave you opportunity. He dropped it So we we get on everybody. Trust me. We talk about everybody respectfully, of course Not like disrespecting nobody none like that But everybody is nobody's above criticism. We always say that Nobody is above criticism at all because nobody's perfect Nobody is anyway. He said Um, I love lemar and I hate when the media constantly says he can't throw as if he hadn't had the most accurate 400-yard uh four touchdown passing game in NFL history or led the league in touchdown passes But I would love to see more honest and objective criticism of lemar rather than calling everyone around him sub par Just as though Oh, I think you meant just a thought just a thought keep doing what you're doing I appreciate you for making being a Ravens fan. Just that much more fun. Oh, yeah, again. Yeah Everybody everybody gets it everybody gets it. But then at the same time Well, what you were saying about everyone around lemar being sub par um Think about not and it's not that everybody around him is sub par. That's not the case um, but How does the team do when when lemar jackson is playing versus how does that how does the team do when he's not playing? Think about that and then we'll get back to it


In today's video, we are going to talk about some interesting facts and myths about the Tonkinese cat. It is often said that the Tonkinese is the only breed to originate from Canada, that is misleading. As a recognized breed of cat, the Tonkinese actually originated in England, where they were known as chocolates. In 1902 the Siamese club wrote one great object of the Siamese club is to encourage the distinct breeding of the royal cat of Siam, and the chocolate cat of Siam, both beautiful in their own way, but recognized as distinct breeds. The earliest known chocolate breeders were Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Young of Harrogate in Yorkshire. Records show that Young's chocolate queen, Lady Siam, was successfully shown at the 1888 Crystal Palace cat show. The more well-known English breeders of chocolates, in the late 1800s, were Mrs. and Miss Sutherland whose famous chocolate stud was Prince of Siam. In the 1960s collaboration, between Canadian and American breeders revived the breed, and in 1967 the newly formed Canadian cat association became the first registry to accept the breed, under the name Tonkinese, later changed to Tonkinese. Here are some interesting facts about the Tonkinese cats. 1. Tonkinese's kittens On 7th of August 1970, Tarawood Antigone, a four-year-old Tonkinese, owned by Valerie Gain of Oxfordshire, gave birth to 19 kittens. Unfortunately four were stillborn, and 15 surviving kittens, consisted of one female and 14 males. A normal litter size for Tonkinese is between four and eight kittens. 2. Tonkinese cat's lifespan Bill Mines of Rockville Centre obtained his male Tonkinese, named Dickens, from the Bickel Cattery in Manorville. Dickens was born on 24th of December 1991. Sadly Bill had to say farewell to Dickens on 9th of December 2013, just two weeks before his 22nd birthday. Brenda and Eddie Cadman also had their Tonkinese cat but their brown Tonkinese, Hugo passed away in May 2018, less than three months from his 23rd birthday. Tonkinese generally live between 13 and 18 years, whereas the average life expectancy of an indoor cat is between 9 to 15 years. Sadly some breeds now have a shorter life expectancy than they used to, possibly due to excessive breeding for type or inbreeding. 3. Tonkinese cat's behavior They are normally active and very curious. They tend to be very vocal. Owners might be concerned for excessive and undesirable crying or meowing, especially at night. 4. Tonkinese cat's attention needs Cats in general tend to require a lot of attention. Owners who are home often or are able to participate in activities with this cat breed will be delighted. Try to spend 10 to 15 minutes actively involved with this breed several times a day. Daily exercise will help maintain its body weight and keep its muscles toned and strong. Toys are important to allow the cat to stay active and engaged. Hello. This video is sponsored by Beemix Pets. Are you looking for high-quality cat collars at an affordable cost? Check out BeemixPets.com. Use coupon code KittenLife to get 20% off. 5. Tonkinese cat's grooming Although cats groom themselves, regular grooming is advised to keep its coat in good shape. It stimulates circulation, massages the skin, and removes debris and loose hair. Grooming also strengthens the bond between the owner and the cat. 6. Bathing As cats clean themselves, bathing can be introduced into the cat's routine when it's a kitten, and should be done every two to three weeks. During times of shedding, bathing will help to remove dead hair. Try and teach your cat to get used to bathing when it's a kitten. Fill a wash basin or sink with lukewarm water, and ensure that you use veterinary-approved shampoo. Work the shampoo in thoroughly, and ensure that it completely washed out, as any residue shampoo can hurt your kitty when it dries. A good rub with a towel will help to get your cat dry, but they do tend to groom themselves for a while after bathing to dry them off properly. 7. Brushing They shed moderately, so regular brushing is a must. Brushing must be introduced when your cat is still a kitten, as it helps to form good habits. Don't forget to brush the stomach and under the neck area. Most cats actually love this. Your cat can be brushed every two to three weeks to remove dead hair. Do not brush too much, as cats produce oil through their hair to cover the coat and keep it healthy. Too much brushing can stimulate these oils in excess. Clipping. Cats' nails tend to keep on getting sharper as they grow. Most cats prefer to keep the nails from getting too sharp by scratching on things. When there are not enough things in the house to scratch, you might need to think of buying scratch poles or pads. Even with all the scratching, nails do need to be clipped every few months, but it is best to let your veterinarian do this as it can get really dangerous for your cat. There is a tiny vein that runs into each nail, normally causing a faint pink shadow in the nail. This is called the quick. When the nail is cut too short, and in the quick, your cat will bleed, which is painful and unpleasant. 6. Are they hypoallergenic? Some cats may be less likely to produce allergic reactions in people than others. For some people the tonkinese is such a breed because its fur is close lying and soft, this tends to slightly reduce the amount of dander that generally causes people to have an allergic reaction to cats. 7. Tonkinese cats' health. They are generally a very healthy cat, as they do and should remain indoors often. 8. Their diet. Cats need to have a good balance in protein, carbohydrates, minerals and nutrients. There are wet and dry cat foods on the market, and portions of both are necessary. Wet food is good for the protein and dry food keeps their teeth healthy.  Just serving wet food could mean that their teeth will be more prone to gum disease, and feeding them just dry food could cause problems with their kidneys. 9. Water. Cats generally need clean water daily, and more so when they eat dry cat food. Always keep water in a clean bowl close enough to the food. Ensure that the bowl is cleaned at least once a day to ensure that it does not collect germs, which could make your cat ill. 10. Litter box.  Very few people think of the litter box as part of a cat's health issues. Always ensure that the litter box remains clean, with new sand every day. Cats tend to use other parts of the house as a potty if their litter box is too dirty. Some cat's feces can be dangerous to humans and can contain many diseases. Always wash your hands after handling the litter box. Also make sure that the litter box is kept in a separator away from the food and water bowls. Environment. Most cats are active, especially as kittens. To ensure that they get enough exercise it is best to spend time with them and allow them to roam throughout the home. Cats love the outdoors, but can get lost and pick up diseases. This is something you need to decide on, but keep in mind that cats that are only allowed to stay indoors need a lot of human attention. If you enjoyed this video, kindly press the like button. Also don't forget to subscribe with notifications on, so that you don't miss out on videos like this. Thank you for watching.


YouTube is extending its efforts to stop users with ad blockers from viewing YouTube videos. This new extension of the policy targets apps that use YouTube's API. People are gonna get mad about this and I'm curious why. It's kinda like saying, well, you know, I can't share passwords on my Netflix account with my friend anymore and I'm mad about that. It's like, well, yeah, you had a good run. Maybe there will be another solution for stripping ads out of YouTube videos that doesn't require you to pay for YouTube premium, which is an option, by the way. I get being frustrated. I get being disappointed. I get being annoyed. But I don't get thinking that YouTube is somehow wrong or evil for doing this. What would the competition do? Let you use their product for free without making any money on you in any possible way? I'm not trying to say they're wonderful or knights in shining armor, but like, I kinda, this is what I would expect them to do. This is what I would expect any business to do.


What's happening, Magnus X? 10 days. Ninja's a symbol. So, y'all were filling out my email box and saying, check out this last TV spot. Let's check it then. All of you against all of me. In 10 days. Our greatest heroes reassemble for the summer's most anticipated movie. Let's go get in the fight. Ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha. Yo, did you see the lightning on Thor's hammer? I'm watching that part again. Against all of me. In 10 days. Our greatest heroes reassemble for the summer's most anticipated movie. Let's go get in the fight. Ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha. He was bringing the hammer down with mighty power. Oh my God. I think some of y'all been writing me telling me there's a clip with vision in it. See if I can find that and check it on out. But for now, this is what you got. So be happy with some, I'm on the bench. All right. If you enjoyed my reaction, hit the like button, share and subscribe. If you didn't, hit the like button, share and subscribe. One million subscribers. Woo!