आस्टनामलातिकम स्दूँन्त, अँगी वासीम् मिक्राम. इस ellege 12th lecture in a series of 45 lectures on digital logic design कैसे आप चलजा अच्छे होंगे? किषते दो लोगचा से लेक्छे फीं लिख कर रहें काड्रार्फ मैप्स में, तोस्ब कि आपताा है, अचो़ के नहीं शीमने खापते है, you while use the equation of the rational way of simplifying Boolean expressions. क्यों टुछ त्यों क्यों, और नृन रोट् मन्वल की तरीके से, solve करनां, मुशकल होट आच्वाजादु अस्में। Today we are inside, मैद्ट्ट, to simplify boolean expressions. But before that, let us revise the contents which we studied in the last lecture. In the last lecture, we talked about representing a product of some expression in the form of k-maps, rather mapping product of some expressions to k-maps. We talked about representing standard product of some expressions, how will you map? Basically, the standard product of some expression, you will have maximums in it. So, whatever maximums are directly in the k-map, the cells representing those maximums, you will put zeros there. The rest of the maximums that are not present, they would be represented by ones. Then we talked about mapping non-standard product of some expressions to a k-map, k-map, k-map. Again, what we have to do in that? Let us suppose you have an expression a plus d-bar into b plus c-bar. So, this is a non-standard product of some expression. How will we map in k-map? Basically, the first sum term, the second sum term, wherever the values are available in the cells, you have to put zeros there. The rest of the cells will be one again. Then we talked about simplification of product of some expressions using the k-map. Well, simplification is a standard method. When you map the entire information in the k-map, then you have to form groups. Groups, you could have group of 8, you could have group of 16, 4, 2 and so on. You start with the largest group. Group, basically you have to make a group of zeros because product of some expression is not talking about. So, groups of zeros will be formed in this. One more thing we talked about. If you have a kind of map, it is fully mapped, that is all cells either have ones or zeros, you can easily extract expressions from that. If you group one, the expression giving you is basically sum of product terms. If you group zeros, then you will get product of some forms. So, basically you can easily convert. You have a kind of map, product of some expression or sum of product expression by grouping ones or zeros. We talked about five variables, kind of maps. Five variables, kind of maps, basically we said are composed of 32 cells. So, 32 cells, kind of map is difficult to make. And it is difficult to represent or group. So, a five variable kind of map is represented in the form of two, four variable maps. So, a two dimensional map is being made. And there you will group basically two dimensional grouping. Again, I mean defining groups in a five variable kind of map is a bit confusing. You might not be able to recognize the appropriate patterns. So, we mentioned in the last lecture that if the expression goes beyond four variables, five variables, six variables, another method is going to be used which we will study today. We also talked about functions having multiple outputs. Till now, whatever functions we talked about we said they have only a single output. Multiple inputs are possible. Output is always one of the examples we have done. Well, practically you are going to have circuits which have multiple outputs and of course multiple inputs. Multiple output circuits how to simplify the circuit? So, basically in the last lecture we talked about BCD to seven segment converter circuit. So, basically the input to the circuit is four bit BCD. The output is a seven segment display or the circuit has seven pins. So, the pins are basically connected to a seven segment display A, B, C, D, E, F, G. Segments So, the circuit turns on the appropriate segments to display the appropriate digits. Let us say you have to display zero. So, you would provide BCD zero at the input. Appropriate segments would be turned on and of course you would display the digit zero. So, you had a circuit with seven outputs. उसको आपने कैसे expression के फाँ में कैसे define करने. Basically you would have seven expressions. हमने बात कीते to table की to table would have sixteen possible combinations because you have a four input four bit input to the circuit. Since you have seven outputs therefore you would have seven different to tables or you could have a single to table representing each of the seven segments. We are going to start today's lecture with another example which has multiple outputs. उसको आपने कैसे then of course we would be talking about the other method which is used to simplify Boolean expressions. Let us talk about a comparator circuit. A comparator circuit basically compares two values. In digital logic, in any system you need to compare several values. So you might need to know if X is equal to Y if it is greater than Y or less than Y. In digital logic maybe we need circuits which have to compare two values and then provide you with the answer are the two values equal is the first value less than the other or otherwise. What type of circuit is it? Basically how many outputs should the circuit have? Basically it should have three outputs. One output should be set to one if both the numbers are equal. The second output should be set to one if let us say number A is greater than B and the third output would be set to one if number A is less than B. So three outputs one output indicates if the two numbers are equal the second output which indicates if number A is greater than B and the third output which indicates if number A is less than B. How many inputs will there be in the circuit? Well it depends on the two numbers. Let us suppose you have two numbers A and B and both are two bit numbers. So how many bits should be input? Basically A is two bits B is two bits so you have a four bit input to the circuit and the output is three bits. Let us consider the function table of the comparator circuit. There are four bit inputs so the function table will have four columns of course representing the two numbers each is of two bits. How many input combinations will there be? Basically four bit input will have 16 combinations. Output is basically you have three outputs. So there will be three outputs in the function table or you can make three different function tables. One function table will have three different outputs. The output would represent let us say the number A greater than B. So you would look at the input combinations wherever you find number A to be larger than B you would do what? With that output column A greater than B basically you would write a one there. Let us talk about the second column where you have A equals to B the output represents the equality between two numbers A equals to B. So again you would look at all the 16 input combinations wherever you find both the numbers to be equal the output is set to one. Similarly you have the third output which represents A less than B again you would again look at all the 16 possible input combinations where A is less than B of course you mark the corresponding output with a one. So you have a function table which represents the operator function. After this what you have to do basically you need to write Boolean expressions. After Boolean expressions you will of course make a circuit but the work to make a circuit we will discuss later. Let us first of all define the expressions. How many kind of maps do you need to use and how many variables do you need to use the second kind of map which you need to simplify the expression has to be a four variable kind of map how many you need basically three kind of map each is of four variables because you have three outputs so one kind of map would be used to simplify the expression for the numbers A greater than B the second kind of map would be used to simplify the expression to B and the third kind of map would be used to represent the Boolean expression or rather simplify the Boolean expression which represents the relationship A is less than B. So let us have a look at the comparator circuit let us have a look at the function table and the kind of maps. Let us first have look at the function table for the relationship A greater than B output A greater than B represents the output of the circuit output logic line representing A greater than B for sixteen combinations of the two bit numbers A and B the input numbers A and B are represented by A1 A0 and B1 B0 columns of the function table output A greater than B line is set to 1 when A is greater than B thus for input combinations of A and B that is 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 and 1 1 1 0 the output A greater than B is 1 the function table for the output A equals to B represents the output of the circuit logic line representing A equals to B for sixteen combinations of the A and B the input numbers A and B are represented by A1 A0 and B1 B0 columns of the function table output A equals to B line is set to 1 when A equals to B thus for input combinations of A and B that is 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 and 1 1 1 1 the output A equals to B is set to 1 let us have a look at the function table for the relationship A is equal is less than B the function table for the output A less than B represents the output of the circuit logic line representing A less than B for sixteen combinations of the two bit numbers A and B the four variables are represented as A1 A0 B1 B0 output A less than B line is set to 1 when A is less than B thus for input combinations of A and B that is 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 and 1 0 1 1 the output A less than B is set to 1 let us look at the simplification of the output A is greater than B simplifying expression for A greater than B through a four variable Kmap yields A1 B1 bar plus A0 B1 bar B0 bar plus A1 A0 B0 bar note that the left most column has binary values 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 representing A1 and A0 variables the top row has binary values 0 0 0 1 1 1 and 1 0 representing variables B1 and B0 the number B simplifying expression for the relationship A equals to B is very simple it again requires a four variable kind of map it yields the Boolean expression A1 bar A0 bar B1 bar B0 bar plus A1 bar A0 B1 bar B0 plus A1 A0 B1 B0 plus A1 A0 bar B1 B0 bar the kind of map for a relationship A less than B is again a four variable kind of map simplifying the Boolean expression yields A1 bar B1 plus A1 bar A0 bar B0 plus A0 bar B1 B0 we just looked at the function tables of the comparator circuit the Garnoff maps basically circuits of functions which have multiple outputs they are solved in a manner which is similar to solving circuits functions which have a single output the only difference between functions having multiple outputs and functions having a single output is that as much as your outputs are as much as your expressions are as much as your kind of map okay let us now talk about the alternate method for simplifying expressions which have more than four variables we talked that if five variables are solved in kind of map then it becomes difficult to solve you need two maps two dimensional then when you write ones or zeros it becomes difficult to understand the patterns of the group you may miss something so a better method is the Quen-McLuskey method so Quen-McLuskey method is used to solve expressions with more than four variables five, six, seven, eight the Quen-McLuskey method is based on a computer program basically you will not make any kind of map you will not do any mapping you will not see any pattern the Quen-McLuskey method is based on a computer program so a program will write you would run it on a computer you would provide the min terms of the expression and of course the program would come up with the solution the minimum product terms how do you do the work basically if you say that there is an expression which has a lot of product terms you have to simplify it what will be the method the kind of map you are using basically you will see every two terms there are some common variables which you can remove if you cannot do it then you will compare it with another term basically you would be comparing all terms with all the remaining terms so basically you would be doing an exhaustive search the complete search you will see all of them so the Quen-McLuskey method is based on this exhaustive search all the variables are searched to find the minimum possible terms we will see in detail how it works but let me just describe you the main features of this method let us take an example you have a four variable so in left column you are representing the variables A in the upper row you are representing the CD variables let us suppose the two rows below you have written all the ones you can say solve it what is the term basically a group of eight cells so the expression simplifies to simply A the variable A okay if you cannot make this cell so the method is basically let us suppose the first column the one written in the first row we will compare it the one written in the same column we will compare both the ones so if we combine these two then which variable will come out basically A will be there B will come out CD is also common so if these two in the first column the two ones basically B will come out A,C,D similarly if you in the next column the two ones below which variable will come out basically again B will come out similarly if you are in the third column and in the fourth column the one in both the rows we will compare them again in all of them after comparing you can see in which form basically you have four cells of two ones okay, four cells each have two ones next step is basically the two adjacent cells we will compare them so in the first column two cells are made and in the second column we will compare them what will happen basically A remains there D variable is removed so A stays there C stays there D variable is removed similarly if you compare the two cells in the third column and the fourth column again D variable will be removed now you are left with two groups of four cells okay, if you compare these two groups of four cells what will happen basically C variable is removed you end up with A variable originally we talked about if you have two rows in which all the ones are the two rows of four cells then there is a group of eight cells which is equal to A and in such an exhaustive search basically what you have done you are comparing each cell because of the map the cells in which one is written so the Quinn-McLuskey method also uses this technique since you are not doing it manually you have a computer program doing this search so it does not matter because you have so many variables so let us have a look at Quinn-McLuskey method but before that before I describe the method let me show you two examples of four variable Carnoff maps although we can solve an expression of four variables using four variable Carnoff map but still even with four variable expressions it is sometimes difficult to see appropriate patterns so if you use a four variable Carnoff map you might not come out with the simplest form of the expression so let us have a look at two examples of four variable Carnoff maps let us have a look at a four variable Carnoff map six groups of four cells each are formed the six groups form A B A C bar A D B C C D and B bar D out of these six groups three groups are redundant and therefore they are introducing three extra product terms which are not required can you spot the groups basically the essential terms that are required are A C bar B C and B bar D so the term A B is redundant it is not required the term A D is again not required it can be removed and the term C D it is again not required so only three terms are essential let us look at the second Carnoff map in the four variable K map five groups of four cells and two cells are formed the five groups form the five terms A B C bar A C D A bar B C A bar C bar D and B D now when groups are formed you start with group having maximum number of ones so you would start performing group of four now in this particular case group of four is basically redundant it is not required the essential terms that are required are A B C bar A C D A bar B C and A bar C bar D we just saw two examples of four variable Carnoff maps and we saw that it is possible to make mistakes not recognize proper patterns even with four variable Carnoff maps so five variable Carnoff maps it will have more problems okay let us start with the quen maklasky method quen maklasky method is basically a two step method basically you would perform an exhaustive search what happens in an exhaustive search you are comparing all the minterms as I mentioned in the example you have four variable Carnoff maps in which there are two rows in which all the ones are written so first you compare two cells then the two cells then four then you are comparing all of them similarly in quen maklasky method in the first step you do an exhaustive search this search will be repeated again and again it is possible that you compare a term twice or thrice the exhaustive search starts stops rather when no more comparisons can be done by comparison what do I mean when you cannot remove a variable in the example you were doing you were removing the variables one by one so when you are comparing in exhaustive search you try to remove a variable so when you are not able to remove a variable that means the search has stopped so this completes the first step after that what you have to do the second step is quen maklasky method in that you have the minimum terms which you call prime implicants so in the second step the prime implicants you have to take the minimum possible product terms which express the Boolean expression in the simplest form so we are going to have a look at two examples and we are going to follow through all these steps so let us have a look at the first example consider the function defined in canonical some form as sigma a b c d 1 3 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 and 15 the min terms along with variables a b c and d are written in a tabular form the numbers 1 3 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 and 15 of course represent the min terms of the expression of the sum of product expression each min term is represented in terms of its binary value as can be seen in the table we refer to this table as table 1 the table of min terms is reorganized in terms of groups of min terms having 0 1 2 3 and 4 1s thus min terms 1 and 8 have only single 1s the min terms 3 6 9 and 12 have 2 1s each the min terms 7 11 13 and 14 have 3 1s each and the min term 15 has 4 1s an extra column is added to the table of min terms which indicates which min terms can be compared together to eliminate a variable this table is referred to as table 2 all pairs of min terms which can be compared together to eliminate a variable are marked as used when comparing min terms the rule is to compare each min term in one group with each min term in the other group thus in the in this example min terms 1 and 8 in group having single 1s are compared with each of the 4 min terms 3 6 9 and 12 in the group having min terms of 2 1s each similarly each of the 4 min terms 3 6 9 and 12 are compared with each of the min terms in the next group having 3 1s that is min terms 7 11 13 and 14 lastly min terms 7 11 13 and 14 are compared with the min term 15 in the last group having all 1s or 4 1s the results of the comparisons between 2 min terms are represented in a separate table referred to as table 3 the first column lists the min terms that have been compared together to eliminate common variables so terms 1 and 3 form a single term eliminating variable c forming the product term a bar b bar d the comparison terms 1 and 3 are marked as used in table 2 similarly terms 1 and 9 form a single term eliminating variable a forming the product term b bar c bar d both these terms are marked as used in table 2 similarly terms 8 and 9 eliminate variable d terms 8 and 12 eliminate variable b terms 3 and 7 eliminate variable b and so on all these terms which eliminate variables are marked as used in table 2 as a result of comparison a total of 16 3 variable product terms are formed eliminating a single variable from each term all the 16 terms are represented in table 3 the exhaustive search for finding prime implicants has not completed an unmarked term represents a prime implicant comparison of terms and elimination of single variable continues with terms in table 3 all terms that combine to eliminate a variable are represented in table 4 thus terms 1 3 and terms 9 11 in table 3 form the product term b bar d eliminating variable 9 whilst comparing terms in table 3 a pair of terms which are different in a single variable are used the terms 1 3 and 9 11 are different in a single variable a only all terms in table 3 which form a simpler product term eliminating a single variable are marked as used in table 3 in table 4 there are 6 product terms of 2 variables each if the terms in table 4 are compared none of them form pairs to eliminate a variable thus all the 6 terms are marked as not used the exhaustive search for prime implicants has been completed the prime implicants are the product terms which are represented by the terms in table 4 in the second step of quen maklasky method the essential and minimal prime implicants are found the prime implicants found in the first step are listed in left most column of the table the table is referred to as table 5 so the 6 prime implicant terms found in table 5 all the original terms are listed in the top row so the original terms were 1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15 in each cell an x is marked indicating that the prime implicant listed in the left column covers the minterm mentioned in the table 5 all the original covers the minterm mentioned in the top row thus the prime implicant b bar d covers the minterm 1, 3, 9 and 11 if you write an expression representing the minterm 1, 3, 9 and 11 all these four terms would have the product term b bar d the table 5 can be directly implemented from table 4 circles are marked in cells having x which represent minterm covered by only a single prime implicant thus the minterm 1, 6 and 8 are covered by only the prime implicant b bar d, a c bar and b c respectively so they have to be included in the final expression these three implicants in fact are the three essential prime implicants that cover all the minterms the simplified expression therefore has the terms b bar d a c bar and b c the prime implicants c d, a d and a b are redundant product terms which are not required for example the product term c d covers minterms 3, 7, 11 and 15 the four minterms are covered by the essential prime implicants b bar d and b c the example which we just saw was in fact based on the four variable Carnoff map which we saw earlier in which there were 6 terms we told that there are 3 redundant and 3 are being used exactly the same minterms we used and we applied the Quince McLeod's method what we got the answer the same essential terms so let's summarize this how we did this we reorganized in the form of groups in every group we had minterms which have single ones two ones, three ones and four ones then what we did we compared all the minterms in one group with all the minterms in the next group so we continued and by comparing this we in fact were removing a single variable so this step it didn't complete the search until we were not able to remove any more variables so in the end what we had left we had six product terms which we called prime implicants if we compare them you won't see any common variable which you can remove this completes the first step of Quince McLeod's method in the second step again the prime implicants which we got we wrote all the minterms the prime implicants in the column then we saw the prime implicants we removed which minterms we are covering whatever minterms we are covering we marked x there now in the table you would have some columns where you only have a single x what is this representing this is representing that only one prime implicant which is covering one minterms and no prime implicant is covering that minterms in this particular case that particular prime implicant has to be an essential prime implicant it has to be included in the expression as we saw three essential prime implicants they have to come in that expression in addition to them they don't need prime implicants because the three essential prime implicants cover all the minterms let me remind you that the method we did is actually not going to solve the table basically it will be a program this is an algorithm or a method so basically it would be a programmed based method let us look at the second example you will remember the second kind of map there were five groups four cells and four or two cells we had decided that the big group is redundant so four small groups were needed so let us use that same example let us find the simplest expression using the quaint-mecholoski method so similarly we will write all the minterms we will reorganize them we will compare them we will get prime implicants we will make a table without any essential prime implicants we will select them so let us have a look at the two steps each minterm is represented in terms of its binary value we refer to this table as table 1 the table of minterms is reorganized in terms of groups of minterms having 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 ones thus minterms 1 has a single one the minterms 5, 6 and 12 have two ones each the minterms 7, 11 and 13 have 3 ones each and the minterm 15 has 4 ones an extra column is added to the table of minterms which indicates which minterms can be compared together to eliminate a variable the table is referred to as table 2 all pairs of minterms which can be compared together to eliminate a variable are marked as used when comparing minterms the rule is to compare each minterms in one group with each minterm in the other group thus in this example minterm 1 in group having single ones is compared with each of the three minterms 5, 6 and 12 in the group having minterms of two ones each similarly each of the three minterms 5, 6 and 12 are compared with each of the three minterms in the next group having minterms 7, 11 and 13 lastly each of the three minterms 7, 11 and 13 are compared with the minterm 15 in the last group having all ones or four ones the results of the comparisons between two minterms are represented in a separate table referred to as table 3 the first column lists the minterms that have been compared together common variables the second column shows the variable in terms of its binary value so terms 1 and 5 form a single term eliminating variable b forming the product term a bar c bar d variables a, b, c and d have binary values 8, 4, 2 and 1 respectively the comparison terms 1 and 5 are marked as used in table 2 similarly terms 5 and 7 form a single term eliminating variable c forming the product term a bar b, d both these terms are marked as used in table 2 terms 5 and 13 eliminate variable a terms 6 and 7 eliminate variable d terms 12 and 13 eliminate variable so on as a result of comparison a total of 8, 3 variable product terms are formed eliminating a single variable from each term all the 8 terms are represented in table 3 the exhaustive search for finding prime implicants has not completed an unmarked term represents a prime implicant terms 5, 7 and 13, 15 compare to form a product term b, d eliminating variable a the terms 5, 7 and 13, 15 are marked as used in table 3 similarly terms 5, 13 and 7, 15 compare to form an identical product term b, d eliminating variable a both the terms 5, 13 and 7, 15 are marked as used in table 3 to speed up the comparison process terms having same missing or removed variables are compared however the comparison should eliminate only a single variable thus in table 3 terms 1, 5 and terms 11, 15 have their b variable eliminated considering that 1, 5 represents the product term a power c bar d and terms 115 represent the product term a, c, d cannot be compared as 2 variables are different terms 5, 7 and 13, 15 can be compared as in both the product terms the variables c is missing and by comparing the 2 product terms removes variable a no more comparisons of terms and elimination of variables takes place thus the prime implicants have been found there are 4 prime implicants in table 3 and another prime implicant in table 4 the 5 prime implicants are represented by the product terms a bar c bar d a bar b c a b c bar a c d and b d in the second step of quen maklasky method the essential and minimal prime implicants are found the prime implicants found in the first step are listed in the left most column of the table referred to as table 5 all the original terms are listed in the top row that is 1, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13 and 15 the prime implicants are listed as a bar c bar d a bar b c a b c bar a c d and b d in each cell an x is marked indicating that the prime implicant listed in the left column covers the mentum mentioned in the top row thus the prime implicant a c bar d covers the mentums 1 and 5 in other words mentums 1 and 5 all have the product terms a bar c bar d the table 5 can be directly implemented from table 3 and 4 circles are marked in cells having x which represents mentums covered by only a single prime implicant thus the mentums 1, 6, 11 and 12 are covered by the prime implicants a bar c bar d a bar b c a c d and a b c bar respectively these 4 implicants in fact are the 4 essential prime implicants that cover all the mentums the simplified expression therefore has the terms a bar c bar d a bar b c a c d and a b c bar the prime implicant b d is a redundant product term as the mentums covered by the b d product term are covered by the essential prime implicants in the example which we saw when Mcplus's method was used again we had 5 prime implicants 4 of them were essential 1 was redundant even in the map we saw the group of 4 cells was basically redundant now the method which I have just described basically the method was representation slightly different in the first method we had a column where we had binary values of all the terms in this particular case we had the term removed or the variable removed basically the same programming so perhaps you could implement the Quen-McLeusky method as a programming exercise then you would be able to solve circuits having multiple variables more than 5 variables let's apply this Quen-McLeusky method to write some expressions which have multiple variables basically more than 4 variables comparator circuit we discussed basically 4 variables why 4 because we had 2 numbers a and b each number was of 2 bits so the inputs were basically 4 bits so 4 variables now let us suppose we need to design a comparator circuit which again compares 2 numbers but the numbers are 4 bits each or 3 bits each if there are 2 numbers of 3 bits how many inputs will be there basically 6 bit inputs if the comparator you are designing it compares 2 numbers each number is of 4 bits how many variables are required 8 variables will come 8 variables or 6 variables so expression, boolean expression how will it come if we will use the Karnaugh map then you need either a 6 variable Karnaugh map or a 8 variable Karnaugh map as you know 6 variable Karnaugh map 8 variable Karnaugh maps would derive very difficult work so basically you would directly apply Quinn-McLuskey method if you have written a program then of course you would just define the min terms for the 3 bit comparator circuit and for the 4 bit comparator circuit of course the Quinn-McLuskey method would come up with the minimum product terms which represent the circuit the comparator circuit let us actually do an example to implement a boolean expression the example is of an odd prime number checker we have done an example an odd prime number between 0 to 9 we have to detect it we have made a boolean expression let us suppose we need to do the same function that is detect an odd prime number but the number range has increased basically from 0 to 31 let us say how do you represent numbers between 0 to 31 basically you need 5 bits so the input to the circuit would be a 5 bit binary number representing of course the decimal numbers 0 to 31 now how do you come up with an expression representing the function of this particular circuit if you use the Karnaugh map how many variables will be the Karnaugh map basically 5 variables it is a difficult task there are chances of making a mistake so what do you do you would express the function for that odd prime number generator by the canonical sum form ABCDE there are 5 variables the min terms will represent the odd numbers the odd prime numbers the min terms are 1, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17 and so on basically these min terms are representing odd prime numbers okay now this is the expression you have represented in the canonical sum form how to solve it basically we have to apply the method of quenmeclus basically what we are doing you organize all these min terms in a tabular form then what we have to do we have to reorganize them in terms of min terms having single 1 and so on when you have organized them then what you have to do you compare min terms having single 1 with min terms in the next group which have 2 1s you will try to remove the single variable similarly min terms having 2 1s would be compared with min terms in the next group having 3 1s you will try to remove a common variable ultimately you would be comparing all these terms and removing a single variable till now your exhaustive search the first step was not completed what we will do again you would try to compare these min terms and try to remove the second variable if it is possible ultimately you would reach a stage where you cannot remove any more variables that means the first step has completed the exhaustive search has completed next what we will do basically this first step would give you the prime implicants from prime implicants if you want to know minimal implicants or minimal product terms which represent the simplest expression what we will do next step we will go again the prime implicants we will see them and the mentums you will write then you would find out which of these prime implicants cover which of the min terms some of them will be essential some of them will be redundant you will find out the essential min terms and basically that would give you the expression so as I have said before this sari jeez ko karnaf map se karna ke li bada muskul hoga aap ko correct expression bhi nahi milega so in fact we would look at the actual steps we would look at the actual expression in the next lecture at the end I would once again like to remind you that karnaf map based method does not work beyond 4 variables 5 variables hoga to usme ghalti ke imkaan hai kyunke you would not be able to recognize certain patterns jise aap ke paas paps jo important product terms hain jo essential product terms hain wo nahi ya aap ko redundant product terms bhi chme include kare hain even with the 4 variable karnaf map apne jasit do examples mein dekhah different redundant terms bhi chme aasakthi hain usme ya aap ek redundant term include kar sakta hain so kwain maklaskhi method is an appropriate method for solving expressions which have more than 4 variables secondly when you have circuits which have a large number of inputs more variables 5, 7, 8, 10 then of course karnaf map to bilkoli fail ho jayega usme the example which we were doing odd prime number jo checker hai humne baat ki thi ke 5 variables tak jaara because we are trying to find that prime number within the decimal range 0 to 31 agar main aapko kaun ke 0 se 100 tak maloom karnaf kya ho ga of course the number of variables would increase to kwain maklaskhi method he use karnaf badega in fact there are other methods similar to kwain maklaskhi jo program based hain so you have to write a program you have to indicate the main terms or wo aap ko calculate karke result deyega I mentioned that kwain maklaskhi method is a program based method a computer mein program likhainge jo solve karega kisthana jo humne tables banaya tha yeh soru aapko sumjhane ke liye tha tabler form mein nahi ho ga usme so just take it as a challenge you have learn programming so write a program which implements kwain maklaskhi method ao usse solve karne ke koshish kar hain so I hope ke jab hum next lecture mein miltein to aapne yeh program we can find expressions for very large complicated circuits so we will meet again in the next lecture either say discussion start karenge khuda hafiz and aslam aleykum


Hi, folks. Do you need to protect your resources with backup and replications? Do you need to see all your resources in a single place to detect if they are protected or not? Well, if that's the case, we have this video for you. I'm here with Daya Patil, Senior Product Manager from the Azure Business Continuity Team, and we are going to talk about it right now. Welcome, Daya. Hey, hi, Thomas. Thank you so much. It's great to be here with you. Awesome. Thank you. It's great to have you here today to talk in this video about the Azure Business Continuity Center.  But what is it exactly? Hey, yes, Thomas. It is a big thing. We are looking forward to introduce the Business Continuity Center in public preview at Ignite. Business Continuity Center is designed to help customers with their business continuity goals. Business continuity has always been the critical aspect for the organization. It involves the comprehensive planning and safeguarding the resources so that when there is a disaster, the organization can still continue their operations. Backup and disaster recovery has become more vital than ever for the organization with this digital transformation, ever-evolving hybrid work model, and the growing ransomware attacks over the last few years. During this time, we have observed the trend amongst our customers in terms of they are investing in multiple vendors to safeguard their data across this growing range of platforms. Now, due to this, the nature of customers' environment has become distributed, which is spanning across on premises as well as cloud. Now, this nature actually introduces the significant challenges in terms of managing their complete business continuity and the disaster recovery portfolio across various solutions and across various platforms. So the mainly challenges that we have seen is in terms of fragmented experiences, fragmented data, which leads to additional time spent in accepting the various dashboards to monitor to track their business continuity goal. It also makes the governance process more complex because of which there is challenges in terms of proving the compliance across the standards, management, overhead getting increased, and the increased cost. And overall, this entire fragmented experiences also adds up to the recovery process, which has now become prolonged when dealing with these experiences. So that is where we have designed the business continuity center to help customers with these set of challenges. Business continuity center is nothing but an easy to use web-based interface for the customers right there in the Azure portal, which helps them to manage the at scale business continuity portfolio from the single place across the environments and across the solutions. So because of business continuity center, customers can now optimize their business continuity in a super easy manner with the performance experience, and it also helps them to optimize the entire data protection needs. Business continuity center mainly focuses on the four key pivots. It provides the centralized views and operations, with which customers get a single pane of glass to get started with BCDR journey. They can find, learn, and adopt the best suitable solution for their organization. It's the centralized place for the customers to view, monitor, govern, and audit the compliance aspect for their protection aspects across solutions, environments, et cetera, along with ability to perform the core actions. Not only that, it also provides the unified monitoring capabilities for the customers with which customers can get the holistic visibility actionable insights, which helps them reduce the time to detect the issues and take the remedial actions. There are various views as your business continuity center provides to the customers like jobs, alert metrics, et cetera. With the help of guided alerting, notification, authoring, troubleshooting, et cetera, customers can make their monitoring journey simple. Third aspect on which the business continuity center focuses mainly is around the configuration postures. BCDR postures is what we refer to, where it helps customers to understand how they have configured their environment to meet their BCDR goals. Business continuity center proactively assesses the configuration that they have configured in the organization, in their environment, and it also notifies the customers about the gaps that are identified. In the public preview, we are mainly focusing on the security aspects of the configuration part, where we actually proactively check how the security settings are configured for the resources, identify the drifts, and notify the customers about the gaps that we see. And finally, business continuity center also provides the governance and the compliance capabilities to the customers with the help of Azure policy, which helps customers to auto configure, prevent the misconfiguration, or assess the drifts, maintain the desired state for their resources, remediate the gaps, minimize the risk, optimize the cost, and finally attend the regulatory compliance. So you see, it is not that we have in the business continuity center for the customers to make their business continuity journey easy. This is fantastic. I'm actually super excited about this. I mean, I see the challenges, like if you are in different organizations, it's sometimes hard to get an overview to see what is actually back up, what is not, and make sure that things which need to be backed up are actually protected, right? And so this really sounds like something which can really help me. So one of the things, obviously, we've talked about it now, a lot of the capabilities, but I know that you can also show us how this actually works. So why don't we have a look at how we can actually identify and discover resources that need to be backed up. So for example, if my team creates resources or within my organization, they create resources. But I'm still responsible for backup and protection of these resources. How do I find out if they are protected or not? Can you show us something like that? Absolutely. So let me do one thing. Let me walk you through the business continuity center. So as you see on my screen, what I have is business continuity center, which is open. A good part to know is, a very important part to know is there is no setup or prerequisite that is required for the customers to get started with the business continuity center. It's very simple. You just go towards your portal, search for the business continuity center, and there it is, you are ready to use the business continuity center. No additional steps required. Now, I am currently on the landing page of business continuity center, but as you see, it gives you the summarized, the condensed snapshot view for your entire protection stage. This is across your resources that you have protected, either using Azure backup or Azure Site Recovery. So across both of these solutions, you get this single place from where you can get the summarized view of how your protection looks like. There are various pillars on which this particular dashboard is designed. Here you can see what all the sources currently are not protected, the one which are protected and how their status looks like, how the security configuration looks like for this particular set of protected items. From the monitoring perspective, you can identify the alerts which are triggered and also can see the Azure policies that you have applied for the compliance purposes. Good part here is you can have the actions right triggered from this page itself. You also have an option in the business continuity center, not only focus on the Azure resources, but we also have the hybrid resources which you can go ahead and see in the business continuity center. So there is this scope picker that we call it. Here you can go ahead and switch between the set of resources that you are interested in and want to see the summary for. So for example, I'm currently looking at the Azure resources, but if I want to see my hybrid resource protection status, I can just click on non Azure and click on OK. That will just summarize the same view for non Azure resources. Now here, all the summary tiles that you can see are the smart and the interactive tiles. It makes users journey very easy because once you see the summarized view, definitely you might want to drill down more for that specific set of information, right? For example, when I say these are the set of protectable resources, OK, I understand that there are 34 resources which are not protected, which one are they, right? I need to see those. So that is one thing that you can get here. We also have the various set of filters available here with the help of which you can look for the specific information that you are interested in. For an example, you are a database administrator and you mainly work is around the SQL in Azure Virtual Machine. So you need not to see the summary for other resources. What you can do is you can come to this, use this filter, select the SQL in Azure VM and click on apply and the entire summary will then only be shown up for the SQL. Now let me show you the answer to your question. You want to know the resources which are created, but not protected. So like you see, here we already have that right. You can just click on this tile and it will take you to the appropriate view, which is the protectable resources view where you will get the list of all those virtual machines or all those resources based on the filter that you have selected, which we say are not protected. Now here is the list. What you can do is there are multiple ways you can trigger the protection on these resources. Either you can get started from the action available on the top of the page or on an individual item also, you can use this configure protection from the item menu. So let me go ahead and get started from this one. Now here as you notice, you get a couple of options to select. Now this resource is already an Azure resource. So you need not to select, but if you would have started the journey in from the top of the page, you would have the option to select because that time you did not have the resource information passed. So that time you can select whether you are planning to protect the Azure resource or non Azure resource. You can also select what type of data source you want to protect and you can also select from the list of available solution. So far there was a separate flow for customers to get started with backup, separate flow for to get started with Azure Site Recovery. Now it's the same endpoint. Customers can just select the backup as a solution or Site Recovery as a solution to protect this particular resource and click on continue. Once they do so, they will be navigated to the view where they will be asked for the additional information which is required for protecting the resource. So as you see, now it is asking me which vault I would like to go ahead and use for protection. What policy is I want to use for defining the schedule, frequency, the retention, etc. And I if I am happy with all these settings, which are the default one, I can just go ahead and click on enable backup. It performs few validations and that's it. The backup is taken care of. Now going back to business continuity center in the protectable resources, I go ahead and configure the protection on a similar front from the overview page as well. As I told you, there were also these set of actions available from there also you can go ahead and trigger the configure protection. So absolutely a lot of flexibility available for you in terms of where you want to go ahead and get started to configure the protection. Awesome. This is fantastic. Again, like as a backup admin or someone who's responsible for data protection and backups, this is absolutely a great way to actually have this overview and find resources which are not protected and make sure that I can actually configure them. Now, you just showed us how to identify a resource which is not protected in terms of start the protection process. How can I monitor if the protection is actually configured successfully? Absolutely. That's the next step. In fact, day-to-day monitoring is actually the most for business continuity administrators because they need to make sure not only the one which are manually triggered backup, but the scheduled backup by the systems are also configured or also successfully getting completed. So there are a couple of ways by which you can do it. One, under the monitoring section, you can see there is jobs. When you reach out to this jobs page in the business continuity center, it helps you to get the list of all the jobs that are triggered in the specific range that has been selected in terms of the time range. Now here on this view, we can see the last 24 hours data is shown up for the customers across both of these solutions as your backup and as your site recovery. If you're interested to monitor only the specific type of jobs from a specific solution, you do have option to filter that. Here you have as your backup. We configured the backup so we can only say that I want to see the backup jobs. Now it will show me the list of backup jobs. If you remember, this was the machine for which we configured the backup. As you notice, the status of that configuration of backup has been already completed. That is one place from where you can go ahead and see the backup related information or the actions that you have triggered maybe for backup or maybe for site recovery from the single place itself. We also have these summary tiles here on each of these views where you can filter based on not only these filters available on the top of the screen, but let's say for example, I only want to see the completed jobs here. I just can click on that tile and the view below that will automatically get filtered to only show the information based on the tile that you have selected. And if I want to see only the failed job, I can just click on the failed job and it will then show me list of only the failed jobs. Now that is one way you can go ahead and monitor. Another thing is once it is protected, then you need not to go ahead and every day come here to see it. There is some set of information that you want to see for the protected items. So there is another view here which is protected items. In this view, you will be able to see the list of all your resources which are protected maybe just up or maybe sometime back in the past. So here is the list and as you see this is the virtual machine that we protected just now using Azure backup. So it's showing up as it's getting protected and currently because it will take some time for it to go ahead and do the validation and take the first full backup. That's why it is saying as pending protection. So service is doing the validation and other activities in the backend. But another thing to note here is this particular view helps you to not only understand the resources which are protected, but it also tells you have you configured or have you protected them enough. In terms of here you see the status of the resources in the primary region as well as the protection status for the resources in the secondary region. It's very important for the customers to protect the resources in more than one region because when the entire region is down having the protection in the secondary region enables them to still meet their business continuity goal. And when we recommend this we also have this recommendation documented in the business continuity center. So I just clicked on learn more about what is the importance of protecting the resources in primary and secondary region. That information is documented here so that customers understand the rationale behind why do we recommend it and how does that impact if you do not do that configuration as per the recommendation. So that's where you can go ahead and see the protection information for your protected items. Another thing is like I said we also have the option to see the various information based on whether you are looking forward for Azure resources or hybrid resources. Here if you notice it is currently showing the protection status of Azure resources you do have option to change. For example I also want to see the detention related information because for the compliance I need to make sure that they are retained for maybe more than seven years just a scenario. So here you can come and click on the retention information and click on okay and it will then help you to go ahead and see only that retention set of information. So as you notice now the columns here have changed the information that is shown up on the screen is now primary region retention and the secondary region retention. It shows that you have configured few resources with 30 days of retention few for 35 and few for other. So this becomes a single place from where you not only can see whether they are protected not protected protected in both the regions but also get the retention related information. Another thing to note is when you have a single solution selected here as your backup you can see those solution specific actions. So for example when I click on this resource as you notice here the action are getting highlighted. Same happens with if you select some another solution. So for example if I select as your site recovery as a solution I will be able to see the site recovery related actions like failover, test failover etc. But when you select the solution equal to all the common actions across the solutions will be shown up right in that case the solution specific action will not show up and only the enhanced protection recover etc will show up. Let me also introduce a new thing which is enhanced protection here. When you protect a resource with one solution it's enough it's of course if as long as you are able to get the protection in more than one region yes it serves the purpose right but if the solution is only helping you to protect in a single region then you might want to protect the same resource with another solution which can offer the protection in another region right. So like for example you can either use as your backup to protect in primary and secondary region port or you can also use as your backup to protect in the primary region and as your site recovery to protect in the secondary region or vice versa based on your RPA requirement. So when you have protected a resource with a single solution and you want to still add protection with some another solution you can use this enhanced protection as an action right. So for example here the virtual machines are protected with as your backup and I want to maybe also protect it with some more solutions I will be able to use this action and you will notice on this view that it is showing that because you have already used as your backup as a solution now from the solution you only get to select as your site recovery right. So that's the use of enhanced protection. So these are the two places from where you can understand if you have triggered the backup job or site recovery job how is the current progress and once it is protected what all information is available for you to look for on day to day basis. This is fantastic again makes me super happy so we can actually see all the resources how they are protected in which state they are but also then directly trigger for example to protect them or even enhance the protection to add more and I also like this view on the retention where I can see it in a single page I can actually see how long that is so I can actually check that so that's awesome. So at beginning we talked about how to onboard resources right so as an admin I usually can go and see which are the non protected resources but if my organizations for example sets up a lot of like let's say virtual machines I probably don't want to go in there every hour and select the virtual machines I want to to back up is there a way to automatically enroll VMs to be protected. Absolutely we do understand that the environments which are huge or large-scale environment you cannot go ahead and configure the protection for the resources on day to day and keep a trap of those resources as and when they are getting added and then protect them with available solutions right so what Azure business continuity center does is it has the list of all the built-in Azure policies right there available for the customers which can help customers automate these set of configurations so I will go ahead and show you this list of all the policies available which are the built-in policies and to your requirement you want to configure the backup for the virtual machines with the help of you know either a given tag or without a tag right so if you notice here is the policy that is actually going to help you to configure the backup on the virtual machine with the given tag to the new recovery services what so what you can do is you can use this policy assign it to specific scope maybe for example you want to assign it to specific subscription or for that matter resource group or even the management group once you do so automatically the policy that you have assigned all the resources which are getting created in that particular scope automatically will get protected right and once that is done this is the view where you can see all the list of policies there is another view which is protection compliance when you click on that here it will show you how many resources are compliant based on the scope that you have selected and how many are non-compliant so for example here is the machine here sorry here is the policy which is for configure the backup on virtual machine for a given tag out of which you can see only the 25 virtual machines are the one which are protected so this helps you understand the list of automated list of building policies which can help you achieve the automation and view the compliance against those fantastic again love to have that especially if I think about scenarios where customers have their prod subscriptions or they tag the resources with production and they want to obviously make sure that they're always backed up everything which is deployed in there so this is great use of Azure policy I love to see that and so my next and almost last question is about security and obviously ransomware is a big challenge for the industry right now do we have any features which can help with those challenges as well absolutely I align with the concern that you just raised it's it's very important for the customers nowadays to secure their resources from ransomware right on a similar front they also need to protect their data which is coming from the business continuity protection also to be secured against these ransomware attacks because that's the you know single point for them to recover when the resource goes corrupt so yes in the business continuity center we have specially designed a view which is security posture this particular view helps our customers to get the insights into how their security features are configured today this is limited to Azure backup as a solution here what you can see is all the resources have a specific security level assigned now this security level is generated by doing the assessment against these capabilities that the solution provides like for example Azure backup does provide the range of security capabilities at a vault level something to call out like soft delete multi-user authorization immutability etc right now for customers it is very much important that they understand the importance of these capabilities their major role in protection against the ransomware attacks so what we have done is to bring the awareness of for these capabilities we have designed this view where we are explicitly assessing the resources and calling out from the security perspective where their resources stand so as you see for few resources the security level is shown up as poor for few resources it is shown up fair etc right now this helps customer understand how these security levels look like for the resource now another question that might come to your mind is what exactly do you mean by poor fair right this is new i don't understand whether poor means good whether fair means good right so we do have the inbuilt guidance built in within business continuity center so if you click on learn more how available here it tells us about what do we mean by these levels it calls out underlying security settings which contribute for a resource to reach to this level so for example when i say the security level is excellent for a resource that means either the immutability or the softly must be enabled along with the lock as well as you must have the multi user authorization enabled right so users can understand that from the protection of security settings perspective they need to reach to if they want to reach to the excellent level these are the two settings which needs to be configured on a resource so that way users can not only understand the importance of the settings but they readily get the assessed view by which they understand where exactly their resource stands in terms of the security configuration so this really helps customers to make sure that they are configured secure in terms of you know protection against the threats like ransomware attacks malware attacks etc this is fantastic now you showed this view can i also see other configurations than security yes absolutely like i said business continuity center is going to become a single place for all your business continuity need any data protection need you have just come to business continuity center and you will get all the information so other other you know components that you can use for the configuration is the protection policies and the wards what is the storage entity in which all of your data is kept when you take the backup or data application right so if we get started with the protection policies protection policies is something where you use them to specify the schedule the retention for which you know the recovery points which are getting generated should be retained now this is a single place from which you can see those settings or those configurations applied using the as your using the as your protection policies across you know these walls so for example if i'm talking about these are the set of policies as you see it is for as your site recovery as well as as your backup and these policies if i want to go ahead and look for only the specific solution i can go ahead and filter that one here it will help me not only to understand how many resources are associated with this policy but it also tells me what is this frequency that i have configured what is the policy type i have used and do i also use this smart theory so mainly we focused on you pivoting this view around the rpo the recovery point objective and the cost related settings we wanted to make sure that these settings are bring upfront for the customers to understand how they are going to impact their recovery point objectives and how it can help them save the cost on a similar front on a vault as well we have made sure that all the settings that customers are going to require from the rpo and the cost perspective are bring upfront right there on the screen so as you see what is the redundancy that you have configured based on the redundancy you will get charged right so here it shows the redundancy that is configured also at a vault level how the security looks like because from the vault security the security is going to get applied to the resources also backup offers you to have the capability to restore the resources in the secondary region so have you configured that capability because if you have not it's going to impact your recovery point objective right so all these set of configuration either you use applied from the security perspective or from the schedule or retention or restorable restorability perspective all of those are right available in the business continuity center and you can go ahead and see those here fantastic this is absolutely great this is really the one place you need to go if you deal with business continuity so amazing so now obviously i'm very interested in it and i know that a lot of our viewers are probably now be interested in that as well where can people learn more hey we have well designed documentation available for our customers which helps them all of these concepts which i just walked you through along with how to articles to get started so customers can definitely have a look at the documentation and learn their journey and get started with the business continuity awesome thank you very much this was fantastic it was great to have you here and also thank you to everyone watching we obviously put all the links into the description below so i hope you enjoyed the video and see you in the next one


So I said a little while ago that I wanted to start reading some more really really terrible young adult franchises that that came out in the past like 15 years, especially during the Twilight craze because I read Elixir and that was hilarious and I talked about it and you guys seem to like it and The first one I decided to go for was beautiful creatures and you know right here. It's actually a really long book But the thing is I actually saw the movie for it a few months ago And I thought well It was actually pretty good and I thought well how bad could the book really be then but I was talking with my younger sister about it She said even when she was 14 she thought it was terrible So I was like okay, let's check it out and I checked it out and it's boring, but like that's it It's just kind of boring. It's not like fun bad And so I thought about dude I really want to read three more books of this and I really didn't but I also thought like Well, let's compare it to the movie because the movie is actually pretty good and in a lot of these cases It's just a cliche that well the book is better than the movie like the fans are upset about that and This is one of those instances not the only one But one of those instances where it's the opposite and so I decided well, let's do a comparison of the two that way and Who knows if this gets Bigger if this is a good video then I might just continue doing it for other book to movie adaptations So I don't know we'll see but yeah, this is beautiful creatures So this story follows a guy named Ethan weight who lives in this tiny little dinky small town called Gatlin in South Carolina and if you're not American South Carolina is here and He just really hates it there You know the people there are judgmental and small-minded his mom just died recently the whole town Has a weird obsession with the American Civil War and they also really don't like to acknowledge that it was fought for the Southern states to keep slaves and you know just that whole thing and he's about To turn 16 years old and he just really wants to leave as soon as he can and a new girl comes into a school named Lena Duquesne who he feels this weird connection to and he's actually been having like dreams about her for a while So that's kind of weird a few weird things happen around her He gets to know her a little bit better and long story short He finds out that she is a caster, which is basically just a witch, you know these It's the same thing. They just gave it a different name whatever not a big deal And not only that but in a few months when she turns 16 she is going to either be claimed by the light or the darkness and They never really explain what that means. I'll get into that in a little bit, but yeah, and from there it just Goes off, you know, it's them trying to find a way to prevent Lena from being claimed by the darkness and That's well that that's about it, you know, there's them falling in love But like I'm pretty sure you could extrapolate that just from the idea that this is a young adult fantasy that came out during the Twilight craze but Yeah, there's not a whole lot of Mystery or subplots other than that So the biggest thing with the book that I already kind of find out is just how long it is like look at this This is almost 600 pages and quite frankly It could have been about 200 pages shorter Like this is 563 pages this copy 363 would have been fine. You really wouldn't have lost much of anything And the movie is only two hours long now when you take a look this long and turn it into a movie You're obviously gonna lose a lot in this case. That's a good thing. The movie is forced to trim fat it's forced to trim away a lot of Ethan just sort of Following Lena around and trying to figure out what the mystery is about her being a caster whereas the movie Has a little bit of that, but it condenses it and makes it go by much faster The book has a lot of Lena and Ethan going on dates and kind of getting bullied by all the other small-minded girls in Town and the movie has a little bit of that at the beginning But then it just kind of moves past it and makes it clear that neither of them really care what those guys think so The movie just is a much more streamlined version of the story I think that's the best way I can think to put it and so in that regard. Yeah It's just a lot better and there's a lot of other things that the movie takes from the book and just sort of Does them a little bit better for example all of the characters are played by really really good actors in the movie The two leads are played by Alden Ehrenreich who's known for being in that Han Solo movie that nobody watched and Alice Englert who's known for being in Beautiful creatures But even beyond that they also have Emmy Rossum Emma Thompson Jeremy Irons like basically just a lot of people who really know what they're doing and They they my god a lot of them chew the scenery The accusations against my needs all spurious lie Because every character and I mean every character in this film talks with the most over-the-top molasses thick like borderline offensive southern accents that I've ever heard in any movie ever But again, they all have some charisma and they do a lot to pump some life into these characters because in the book While none of them were really bad or annoying None of them really stood out that much either except for Macon who's played by Jeremy Irons he's Lena's uncle and even then he only has like one real Cool moments in the book or you know, we'll say two two real cool moments in the book So even though they don't add all that much to their actual personalities just by having these people play them It gives them more charisma and helps them come off the screen the way they didn't really come off the page Especially this monologue that Ethan does partway through the film It encapsulates all the fears and all the misgivings He has about this town in about a minute of screen time whereas in the book It was told from his point of view So he had a lot of narration about him hating the town and not wanting to stay stuck here and all that stuff Which in the film they just condensed it down Not to mention that the book has a lot a lot a lot a lot of background characters that we learn the names of and we don't really learn that much about and they Don't have much personality, but we still have to remember who they are because it just brings their up their names all the time It's like this guy did this and I found myself forgetting a lot and having to think about it a little bit before I could Remember what was going on and that took me out Whereas in the film they're just you know people that you see in the background and they might have one or two lines But they aren't Important to the story and so it doesn't focus on them much I wouldn't say that the relationship between the two leads is bad in the book either. It's just that in the movie It's a little better, you know like I don't have a whole lot specific to say there, but like I said They just got two really good actors who had good chemistry there and yeah It works a little especially cuz like they actually do fight a little bit in the movie Which they didn't really do in the book like there's one part where they Break up for like two days and it lasts like four pages in book time and then they just decide Hey, let's get back together. It's it. It's just kind of dumb and felt very pointless however in both cases Both of the characters have their own issues and I can kind of see how they would be attracted to one another Ethan like I said just really hates this town really wants to leave and Doesn't like most of the people there and so when this new person comes in who doesn't have all that baggage he's obviously going to be drawn to her at first and she Just appreciates that he doesn't really care about her being a caster and doesn't really care about her Supposedly maybe going dark, which again, I I'll get to that I get I'll get to that I promise something weird that I found about the book was that most of the characters are just way too casual about everything Like when Ethan first finds out about there being magic out there and how this girl that he likes is Apparently some sort of witch wizard thing.   It just works a lot better. You know, I can't Explain why totally, but it just does and then there's a subplot about Ethan's best friend link getting sort of hypnotized by Lena's evil cousin Ridley and In the book like he knows about it like because apparently she's a siren, which means her magic powers specifically revolve around like convincing people to do what she wants and particularly convincing men to do what she wants and So he knows about it and he tells link like man, she's just using you but he's under her spell So he doesn't really react to it like Ethan Reacts to his friend being under the command of an evil witch the same way that he would react to his friend Just having an annoying girlfriend. It's it's kind of weird Whereas in the film it happens completely unbeknownst to Ethan like it happens when they're off alone together She's hypnotizing him or seducing him whatever whatever terminology you want to use there So it makes sense how he wouldn't react to it because he he doesn't know and then there's other things like Ethan's relationship with his dad which in the book is kind of over the top and just Not that realistic and doesn't add all that much really whereas in the movie It's just kind of one or two lines about yeah, dad hasn't been the same since mom died But you know I'm working through it. So You know, it's just a lot of little things like that that just work better Because well the director and the scriptwriter and the actors just managed to come together and make it work a little bit better And plus there's a couple of bits where Ethan is not in the movie Whereas in the book everything is told from his first-person POV So everything that happens is something that he witnessed so in the movie We get more of a sense that yeah These characters have a life that doesn't relate to the main characters and my favorite example of this is the church scene Now this happens in both the book and the movie, but it happens much later in the book and Ethan and Lena are both there but basically what happens is People think that Lena's a troublemaker They think that she's like breaking windows and they think that she's Mentally disturbed and all that and they're looking for an excuse to throw her out of the public high school and Then her uncle Macon comes in and he's known as a recluse that no one ever actually sees in town So everyone's really surprised and he gives this whole badass argument badass speech That forces them to just say okay fine. We'll let her stay and it's actually pretty good in both cases But in the movie, it's a million times better because one again It's Jeremy Irons doing a ridiculous southern accent the whole time and that man as far as I'm concerned Even like he just cannot do anything wrong Like even when he's a bad actor. He's the greatest actor Any excuse to play that clip so he really works in that scene and then afterwards We get a proper introduction to the series villain Seraphine who's also Lena's mother and in the book We get a little bit with her and they mention her a little bit before she actually shows up But she we don't actually know what her motivation is or anything. She's just kind of there like the the main Conflict I guess I was trying to think of a better word But the really isn't one the main conflict is just will Lena turn dark and again I will get to that. Okay, because it doesn't make any sense in either of these things I'll get to it. But anyways, yes So Seraphine Lena's mother shows up at the end and she's actually possessed the body of a town woman played by Emma Thompson and God, she's just so over the top. It's hilarious Well, like just watching her and Jeremy Irons to the scenery the way they do. It's it's beautiful. I love it so much It's my favorite scene in the movie and we didn't get it at all in the book and even more importantly than that Seraphine actually has motivation here, which is explained like she wants Lena to turn dark because It'll help her take over the world, you know, she thinks that the casters should be able to rule over the mortals, which mortals is kind of a weird term for non-magic folk because casters are also mortal like they don't live forever, but whatever and granted that's about as basic and cliched a motivation for a villain to have in a sort of hidden magical world setting story like this is but at least it is a motivation and Seraphine also apparently has lost her body and became one with the darkness, which is I Honestly can't decide if that's cool or really stupid, but either way it's it's something You know the point is the villain has some personality and some character and some motivation in the movie She really didn't have in the book And then we get to the last like half hour of the movie Which is considerably different from the last 200 pages of the book But it ends in a fairly similar way and so after this there will be spoilers So if you really don't want any of that then I guess I'll see you later I don't really recommend the book, but I've read much worse if you're curious just watch the movie, but anyways, so Near the end of the story they find this book full of spells and they look through it and find out Okay, why Lena is cursed and why she's going to turn to the dark and in the book They don't really find a way to make sure that she won't turn which makes a lot of the Action at the climax seem Pointless honestly like it just feels like oh they're fighting for the sake of fighting and there really hasn't been any of that in this book so far, so It just doesn't work that well whereas in the movie it turns out okay so the one that she loves has to die in order for the curse to be broken and So the way they try and get around that is just by erasing Ethan's memory of her so Basically their love died and they think okay Yeah, that'll that'll work and we don't get confirmation if that would work or not But it is still a really sad couple of scenes there are really sad couple of minutes I should say when Ethan is reacting as though he doesn't know her and you can see that it's breaking her heart like like I said just that wouldn't have worked in the book because it's Ethan's POV and Well, it's just good acting You know I don't mean to keep going back to that same thing But that's really what makes this movie work the most at the end of the day and then at the end through some shenanigans One of the villains manages to kill Ethan except turns out it actually wasn't Ethan It was Uncle Macon pretending to be Ethan and then when he dies He was somebody that Lena loved so the curse is broken and she uses her powers to like fight off her mom and it's I don't know. It's it's a little confusing, but trust me the book just doesn't make any sense at all because it's like I Honestly give me a minute I'm gonna have to look at the Wikipedia summary because I only read it like three days ago I already forgot so Uncle Macon still dies, but it's because Ethan died and Lena like brought him back to life with a spell Okay, sure. I can buy that and then it turns out that When the moon came out and she was supposed to make her choice to be lighter dark she like just pushed it forward somehow and like I said not super well explained because I had to look it up outside of the book, but You know, it's just not that good and then in this case It's like okay Yeah, she broke it and then at the very end Ethan's memories appear to come back to him and then it sort of leaves it open for a sequel and then the book Also leaves itself open for a sequel, but it's much more blatant about it Although I will say in both cases they did mostly finish off the story So I didn't feel like I was being ripped off and that I had to read more to find out what was gonna happen next So yeah, overall the movie just takes a pretty bog standard story Which honestly is just filled with a lot of cliches that aren't done particularly well and it turns it into something Decent, you know not amazing, but I enjoyed watching it like I've seen it twice now I saw it once a couple months ago and once just the other day as I was preparing to make this and I still liked it But there are some issues from the book that still carry over into the movie and they are still pretty significant We never really learn what it means for a castor to quote go dark Because apparently Uncle Macon was also claimed by the dark, but he's choosing to not be dark. He's choosing to be a good guy But it's also different for women apparently like as soon as they go dark then that means they're just evil and We see in a flashback that Lena's cousin Ridley just decides to kill somebody with a train as soon as she goes dark Just for shits and giggles, but at the same time she's perfectly capable of like Walking around and acting normal and apparently Seraphine is too and I Think maybe being dark just robs you of your ability to love or something But it's just it's just never properly explained. It's like they just say going dark and we're supposed to automatically You know what that means so Yeah, that is a pretty significant problem because the characters are all trying to prevent this But we don't know what the consequences will be if they fail Which just makes it hard to It makes it harder to care, you know, not impossible to care because Again, the relationship is pretty cute in both cases But it's just it is a pretty significant issue and tying into that We never really get a sense of what it means to be a castor or what sort of society they have or for that matter Why they're hidden now? Let's take a look at a different hidden magical world setting that you'll all be familiar with Harry Potter Now at the beginning Harry obviously is a wizard But he doesn't know that he's a wizard and he isn't familiar with the world of wizards And so slowly over the course of the beginning of the first book The mystery is brought up and resolved and then he goes into the wizarding world And at first what it means to be a wizard is that you learn to use your powers at this cool hidden school And you will go on adventures and what that means changes as the series goes on But at the beginning we get that idea like yes, this is what it means to be a wizard or at least This is what it means to be a child wizard. What does it mean to be a castor in this world? Like I don't know you're just Your people that live and go to school But you also have powers that you never really use and you keep them hidden and Well, there's just no reason given for that and again like why are they hidden away from society like If casters have always existed, which I assume they have and they've always been as powerful as they are now Why didn't they just live alongside humans or why don't they just rule over them the way seraphine wanted to it's just it just doesn't make a whole lot of sense and there's never really an explanation given and Tying into all this as well is you know magic the magic system is not really gone into any detail on like the book in the movie both explain it a little bit but in different ways and Neither of them go into detail that works for me because you know me I'm just a pedant about that sort of thing So there are issues that are brought over from the book to the film still But like I've already talked about the film improves upon a lot of the good bits in the book And it also drops a lot of the dumb stuff like how there's a lot of focus on destiny and how Lena and Ethan are like meant to be together and how it goes back in their family generations how they were Destined to be together. It's just it doesn't work that well. It's kind of cliched and stupid So I'm just glad they got rid of it Other people might not be that upset your mileage may vary So in the end beautiful creatures is not an awful book. Okay, I'd like to make that clear. It's not something I'm really into and Even knowing that going in I was a little disappointed by how they didn't really take advantage of some of the good ideas in there But it's not awful. It's a cute little romance But then the book takes that or but then the movie takes that and turns it into something a lot better so I think it deserves Commendation for that and for that matter Considering all the really shitty young adult book movie adaptations that were made over the past ten years I think beautiful creatures really got a bad rap because it just sort of blend it in and fell out of No shut up phone and it fell out of the public's eye. So Yeah, I I like it. I think it's a good movie and I think that you should check it out and if you Want me to do more of these booked movie comparisons Like I'm gonna probably stick to ones where I think the movie is better but you know if you want more than just Share this one around Make it more popular. Tell me that you like it, you know, all that sort of thing and Obviously, thanks for watching. Thanks to my patrons. Thanks, especially to Christopher Hawkins, Joseph Pendergraft, Melanie Austin, and Appo Savillainan You guys are You guys are pretty cool and all those rest are pretty cool, too So I mean I already told you to like and share and comment and all that but I guess I'll just remind you and That's all for today. Bye