So what I'm going to walk you through is just some initial thoughts on the information-driven enterprise, where we are today from an information perspective, what's important, and why big data and information in general matters and to whom. I will call out some differences between the types of systems that we are dealing with. We refer to it more as systems of record versus systems of engagement. Both of them driving techniques that are used to predict, to apply and leverage big data from an applied complex and analytics to realize information value. And then go through some use cases as well as some scenarios specific to various industries just to make a point about the pervasive impact that big data has had. So this is based on a forester study. The different use cases that actually require big data and highlighted certain use cases that apply more, like sentiment analysis, mobile offers, micro segmentation, next best action for customers and so on. The interesting point is that many of these are seeing in production and there is investigation going on and investments, but suffice it to say that big data is having an impact and enterprises are reacting. It is just that the extent to which enterprises are reacting varies, but everyone is doing something or wanting to do something, kicking the tires, so it is definitely out there. A synthesis of the various findings from that study, so here are some key points. Basically businesses are relying on data. The question is, are they really doing something about it because you will see a quote later, big data really doesn't matter without analytics being applied to it, so yes they want to use the data and how effective are they is what is a good question to ask themselves. There are the depositories of big data and the connections between the right data and them being made in a timely fashion can also inhibit the benefits that enterprises can realize. Therefore it is not just about using the data but also making the right connections and applying the right types of analytics. So as the volume of data grows, continues to grow exponentially, the techniques that are at play and that are evolving for analyzing the data will also significantly influence the cost. The more informational value that can be realized from the data, the easier it is to justify the cost of the investment in analyzing the data, minus the analysis you are not going to get the business value out of the information. So first, the big data and security, different dimensions to that. So how much can you rely? I mean the first one says that businesses are letting data guide their strategic directions to the extent that the data integrity is maintained and you can really rely on the data collected. So accuracy of the data is definitely an issue and trust is built up based upon how accurate the data is. Finally, big data has also opened up the need for added new roles and also opened up the need for existing roles to acquire new skills. So in other words, enterprises have to revitalize the resources, the employees, the skill sets of the employees in order to adjust and align with the emerging technologies and techniques, paradigms that big data has brought forth. So based upon that backdrop, here is the overtake, so to speak, from an HP perspective on the new style of IT that has emerged. So on the left, what you see are the legacy applications that are more the systems of record. These are the well-tested, decades-old systems that have stood the test of time and deliver on the functionality and have been basically the functional abilities of these applications have been consumed more and more. Let us just say, you will see it in the next slide, but 80% we are there in using what these applications can deliver. It does take resources, does consume a good chunk of the IT budget even from a maintenance perspective. They are prime candidates with the right business perspective on migration to the cloud, modernization for sound business reasons. And on the right, you have the systems of engagement where social media and mobility have actually resulted in multiple connection points. It's a connected world out there where you can immediately reach out to the people of your choice and broadcast and share information, share data in the fraction of a second. And it is not so much about just you sharing the information, but you have access to the data that is shared by others too. That being said, the sharing is just happening. It is beyond control. There is really no limit to the growth of data and new terms are being invited way beyond petabytes and so on. We are talking brontobytes and I'm sure the plans are already underway to kind of go to the next unit of measure because it is just growing beyond control. So scale is a challenge and security is also a prime consideration because the more data that you make available, adversaries and predators are out there just waiting to pounce upon that data and then kind of synthesize that. Ironically, they could also apply analytical techniques to realize information that they can realize value from as predators. So these are all some of the challenges but then systems of engagement happen even without IT taking a proactive role. It is more driven by the consumers. So that's really what you are dealing with, the systems of record backdrop with the systems of engagement emerging and the two are kind of being brought together through various paradigms like cloud, mobility, security, information optimization and so on. So depending upon the enterprise and your mindset in looking at what's out there and how it is impacting you, it could be viewed as there are risks but at the same time, it could also be viewed as opportunities. So the question remains, what are enterprises doing about it? A comparative analysis between systems of record and systems of engagement. So the systems of record have a strong foundation. They have pretty much delivered on, like I was saying before, 80% of the functionality, strong candidates. High volumes of historical data are available where you can do really good trends analysis, taking really high volumes of transactional data and for the most part, structured. On the systems of engagement side, you have a growing landscape of various channels of interacting in social media but contrasting the systems of record, enterprises are just coming to grasp with the availability of the data. They may be engaged but then are they doing something with the data that is being put forth by the systems of engagement? It would be naive to assume that you can just work with systems of engagement and not have to rely on the systems of record. They are not going away. They are here to stay. The art really is in ensuring that you leverage the instant access you have to the engagement type of data you get from social media and then also integrate with the right business perspective against the backdrop of historical transaction data using the past and the current to predict the future. The high volumes of data that are generated in the systems of engagement also provide you some automatic insight into the mindset. It's one thing to play psychologists and then try to penetrate the human mind of the person sitting in front of you but suddenly if you have 50 people, 100,000 and you want to see what the general mindset is, manually just interviewing each one is not going to cut it but then that's the type of underlying sentiment that you can get with the high volumes of data that are generated through the systems of engagement with the right tools. Can I ask a question, Bob Boyzman? Sure, go ahead. Could you ask that I go back to the previous slide please? Systems of engagement. I try to basically pass by systems of information systems, scatter systems, system control and data acquisition as well as social media. So what would you call it? Is this term widely used system of engagement at this point in time? This is more, I'm coming at this from an HP angle. So HP classifies it systems of engagement and systems of record. I cannot speak directly to its prevalence in the industry at large. Certainly I'm not aware of whether I triply use this or not. This is more from an HP perspective. Because I triply in their big data one, they classified all the same as right now if not to confuse the clients who are going to be seeing the white paper. This is the first time I hear of a system of engagement. So anyways, I'm not saying it's right or wrong. Is anybody else, any comments on that? It's not a question. Yes, Stuart, I just wanted to ask whether anybody heard of the use of systems of engagement? I have actually. It's a slightly different definition, but I have actually heard of it, yes. Okay. I don't really use that same context, but it's just a wording of the agent that I definitely see where it is, yes. Yeah, and also it is just a way to classify the types of systems we are dealing with and to provide a foundation for the use cases that I will be walking through later. And if there are alternative terms, those are quite welcome as long as it is the same concept. Well, I think probably we say systems of record and information systems of engagement that might be the status of the system, data acquisition, the social media. You classify it that way. I would just like to use, right now the landscape is pretty all over the place, so language is going to become, just to make sure we'll understand on that one. Sure. So from an open group perspective, if you are suggesting that we should standardize on the representation of the various systems and you're proposing the IEEE landscape, I'm completely on board with you. What I'm sharing here is the HP perspective based on the Meg Whitman presentation on big data use cases. So that's where this is coming from. Okay, so sorry. Okay, I'll back up. Okay, thanks. Sorry. I think it's a good observation, you know, from a taxonomy perspective. You know, I think our big data teams and open groups will note this comment by you. Thanks. So moving on, but thanks for the observation anyway. Moving on, the idea here is that, you know, when it comes to leveraging data to realize information, you can realize what is going on now and also use the data to predict the customer minds that let us say, what is the customer going to think in the future? So that is really where, you know, predictive analytics is an area where both systems of engagement with the context that the systems of record provide can be applied to realize future predictions. This is kind of speaking to the volume at which, the data at which the data is growing, and it is important that the right culture exists in the enterprise with the right tools, the right technologies to deal with this type of data and the volume that you're seeing here because it's only going to grow. And unless enterprises put the right mechanisms in place in a timely fashion, it is going to be a lost opportunity because they're not going to have the value that they would have realized had they had the right tools in place. So some enterprises are already late is my point. None. Is there a particular definition you're using for real life speeds as opposed to real time? Are you looking at a particular slide when you ask? The bottom left corner there, that one. Oh. It is more to the point here, Larry, right? Yes. Yeah. So the point here, Larry, is that, you know, you need access to the information at decision time when you need to make the right business decisions, having that access to the right information at the right time. That's really what the real life speed is talking to. More time is still. Yeah. Got it. So these are just some example channels of why and how the online interactions continue to increase volumes of data. And so this is a, you know, pictorial representation of environments. You know, there is not much. It's an information poor environment. But the real world today where we are, and this is something that, you know, we can deal with. We have dealt with in the past. But look at where we are today. This is the types of applications that are out there and that we need to work with on a constant basis in order to have access to data. Now having access to the right data matters at the right time, which is really what that decision time point was about earlier. So I don't know how many of you were at the Philadelphia Conference, but Michael Cavaretta had delivered a keynote. I had blogged about that. And one of the statements in the abstract was, you know, big data is basically, you know, it's nothing unless it can support analytics. So I'm providing this background because the use cases that I will be walking through is basically leveraging the systems of engagement in some cases, the systems of record and then, you know, combinations that are off to predict and also understand the current mindset. So these are all reinforced by other open group presenters, keynotes and so on as you can see here. So predictive analytics, traditional approaches just to kind of predict, you know, what the customer mindset is and so on. The traditional approaches are to, you know, maybe form a focus group, identifying the experts, asking the consultants, and then, you know, some human interaction involved, and then, you know, sometimes take a vote. These are some of the techniques that have prevailed over the years. But today, there is a lot of scope for innovation where you can actually leverage the data to cultivate the most valuable asset in your enterprise and that's information. So you can go to the place where the data is being generated and then apply complex analytical techniques to that data right then and there. I'm not going to get into the techniques itself. There is a whole science behind that, but that is kind of the backdrop for, you know, where we were and where we can be and where we are in some respects today. So just to take some comparisons here, in the traditional environment, if a customer, you know, is waiting and the customer lodges a complaint with the service provider, the service provider typically, you know, takes remedial measures, you know, with a letter of apology if at all and so on. But let's say, you know, today, what the customer does is they would tweet that I'm not getting service for my car. I've been waiting here and no one has really come to help me out. And suddenly it goes viral and the CEO comes to know and he calls the CIO asking, why is, you know, why is my name or company's name in the social media? And if the CIO says that, you know, I don't maintain Twitter that is really out there and the response will be, well, you do now.  So in other words, in this particular case, CIOs need to be ahead of the game and make sure that they are monitoring the social media channels, leveraging the data that is generated to understand the customer mindset before, you know, it explodes into a situation that they cannot handle effectively.  That's more operating in the traditional environment. But with instant message communication, if the courier is able to, you know, locate the consumer and then deliver the package to a more convenient location, the courier has actually used the data that is available to them, used channels where they can have access to the right people at the right time, the decision time, and thus realize the return on the information that they can get. There are hyperlinks, by the way, so you can get to the actual content, but basically the ROI has taken a new definition, return on information. It just went up because they still delivered the package on time and also engaged the customer, leveraging social media channels. The Oscar is just an example. Earlier traditional environments would be more about, you know, moviegoers picking their winners based on their perceptions. And then maybe some experts out there and then they watch the ceremony and that's kind of how one would predict, you know, who is likely to, you know, which movies are going to win the Oscar. But if movie buffs were sharing their opinions, the enterprises can, you know, we can leverage such information to kind of predict where exactly, you know, which movie is going to get the Oscar or what are the top rankers and so on just based on the public sentiment, which the public is not shy to share. These are some of the, how, you know, big data and then the availability of big data in social media is impacting the various scenarios where traditional environments are more reliant on structured, you know, time-intense approaches using systems of record, where our systems of engagement actually allow you to do, you know, in a much more dynamic fashion.  So you would actually mine the text for various opinions, selection of opinions. You can see if there is a, you know, the polarity of the opinions, the positive or negative. And then you can also gauge tweets, for example, on the ratio of the positive to negative tweets and how many are neutral. And this is all very useful information, engaging the mindset, not just for today, but also what the mindset is likely to be. NASCAR, for example, they would actually, they used social media channels to determine how the public would react to a new model from Chevy. And, you know, how will that model be perceived before it's even in the race? So these are some of the analytical techniques that could be applied to gauge where the sentiment of the public is. So now I'm going to come to the real, you know, the use cases, which was the request, but I did want to provide that backdrop before getting into the use cases themselves. So there are three use cases, and then I will also outline some scenarios. But the first use case is predicting the box office sales for a movie. So even before it's released, getting a sense for how well the movie is going to do well and, you know, what are the likely box office sales in the very first weekend of its release. The next one is about placing bets on, you know, the business events that are happening. This was done within HP to predict outcomes. And the presidential campaign last year leveraged the, you know, tons and tons of data, I think, 180 million voters to analyze the sentiment of where the voting base was so that they can take remedial measures to address the voter sentiment. They used big data analytical tools to determine what, you know, based upon their overall campaign strategy. Well, so the sentiment of the voters defined their campaign strategy, and then they took proactive measures to address that sentiment and take remedial measures. So these are the three use cases I'll be walking through in more detail. So this is the case. This date does days back a couple of years. So multiple movies, the sentiment around multiple movies were analyzed about 24 of them. 2.89 million tweets were looked at from 1.2 million users. So you see the predicted and actual amounts for the movies in the first weekend. So it was not that far off. It was, you know, give or take, it was very much within 90 to 95% of the predicted amount, the actual amounts themselves. So this is a good example of how the right tools can be used to apply data that is freely available. We didn't have to make phone calls to 1.2 million users to ask them what they thought about the different movies. The data is out there. So the use case is really about, you know, what are some someone like, you know, 20th century Fox or, you know, movie producers and so on. They would be very interested in knowing, you know, what's the likely outcome and, you know, do they have to adopt other marketing techniques and so on? And this is just an example. But such techniques could be applied from a marketing perspective from, you know, in other domains as well. Because the public is not shy. You are going to get the data whether you like it or not. The question is, what are you doing to leverage the data with the right tools applying the analytics so that you can turn that into business value for yourself? So the second use case is more about how, you know, the prediction on the bottom line. So HP's senior fellow, Bernardo Huberman, has orchestrated this method of having multiple leaders from HP to place bets. And based upon price ranges, there is a way you can win. It's kind of a gamification, if you will. And this prediction actually beat the forecast. It was a different technique that was used to prove the point that you can actually use such techniques like online betting and so on to, you know, in the prediction market so that you can leverage the sentiment. You can leverage the individual opinions of a wide mass of perceptive public, people in responsible positions, subject matter experts and so on, to predict the outcome. This was the other use case. The voter sentiment, so here the Obama campaign had a 180 million voter file with tons and tons of data about the voter preferences, the volunteers, donors and so on. And their objective was to get the voters who voted in 40 years back to do it again. Now, the question was, you know, are they having the same mindset as they did before? And based upon various parameters, they analyzed this information across 180 million people. They used an analytics platform to do that and then leveraged the engagement that they had with the voters and used, this is a classic example of the voters' thoughts through systems of engagement being built into the baseline systems of record that they had on them and then extracted an integrated perspective to realize valuable information.  It is just an after-the-fact analysis of how the data that was available and it was not, you know, no one really said, served up the sentiment, so to speak. The data was available. The information that the campaign realized was where is the voter mindset today? And applying analytical techniques, how can that sentiment be changed to a favorable one for the campaign itself? And what are the measures that they have to take? That's the type of information that they got out of the high volume of data that was available. So it took the right technologies, the tools, the solutions and so on. So that's really the point here. Applying complex analytics on the high volume of data that is available in order to turn it into business value. So that is the third use case. So here I'm going to be talking more about various scenarios across different industries. I have just taken some examples of, you know, going across different industries. That is not to say this is not necessarily the only industries where big data has had an impact. So in transportation, the impact of big data there is, you know, connection is very important. So from a platform 3.0 perspective, you know, being mobile and not losing the connectivity even when you are traveling. You're sitting in the aircraft. If you have access to Wi-Fi and, you know, you can still access your social media channels and get the data you need about the place you left or the place you're going to or your business transactions, whatever it be, staying connected is a key for enterprises who are in the transportation industry. To airlines, it matters that the customers of airlines, it is very important to them that they continue to stay connected even though they may be up in the air and, you know, quote-unquote disconnected from the rest of the world. But that's why the manner in which big data is influencing how airlines work with their customers is, you know, by providing access, by making sure that they stay connected. So the call to action for enterprises in the transportation industry is to ensure that, you know, whether you are at the gate or in the aircraft or just landing, as long as the connection is there and there is no disruption, you have a happy consumer. That's kind of a minimum requirement nowadays from customers. So that's how big data is impacting the... That's just an example of how big data is impacting the transportation industry. Let's go to communications. And each of these, by the way, I'm not clicking on them, but you will get more details about, you know, the thought process behind that. Communications is... So as communication service providers, when you deal with subscribers to a mobile service, you know, CSPs, you have tons and tons of data about the consumer buying patterns, interests, and so on. The question is, enterprises, you know, how are they profiling the customers so that they can ask the, you know, the next logical question, you know, you have this but do you need that and have you considered this? So that type of a smarter approach to profiling customers, again, leveraging the high volume of information, the data that is available, and processing that into valuable information about your customer enables you to provide better service overall. So the question there is, are enterprises taking a smarter approach when it comes to customer profiling? So that's the manner in which big data has impacted the communications industry. When it comes to retail, the consumer, just by, you know, clicking on the shopping carts and, you know, making the selections, personalizing what they need and their buying patterns and so on, the consumer themselves is a living hub of data about themselves. So are retailers leveraging this data? The call to action for retailers is to apply the right analytic techniques to not only to the data, to not only find out, you know, what their buying pattern is today, but more importantly, what's the consumer going to buy next week? What are the shopping trends, let's say the next holiday season? That's the type of information that retailers can benefit from. Again, the call to action is, are they applying the right techniques? Because the question is not whether the data is available to them. The consumer, you, me, everybody else is providing and generating that data every minute. But are the retailers applying the right techniques to maximize the business benefits? Insurance. So insurance is one world where you would need to collect data about, you know, the personal information, whether it be business or, you know, individuals, the types of, you know, various dynamics, families, events, life-changing events and so on. And insurance companies need to come up with different programs and incentives that would actually are aligned to the needs of the customer. Policies that actually add value from the customer's perspective. So insurance companies that don't do this are likely to fall behind the times because the next company that actually brings up the policy and the product that actually provides that type of competitive edge are the ones that are going to be here for a longer time. So for insurance companies, the question really is, are they leveraging the data kind of to ensure themselves against, you know, a lost opportunity? Are they doing that so that they don't lose their competitive edge? Energy. So here there is tons of data to be captured. I think by now with smart meters and so on, you know, it is no longer manual, but still, you know, it is good to collect the data. But again, there are energy companies taking the data and then processing it to predict what the energy needs are going to be in the future. And do they have the infrastructure to support that need? What's the rate at which energy consumption is going to grow? So that's one way that companies can change the game, so to speak, from an energy perspective. So this here actually summarizes all of this and analyzes the impact of, you know, from a big data perspective on various scenarios in different industries. So what I have done so far is gone through some use cases and then also highlighted certain scenarios from an industry perspective as well as calling to action, you know, for the different enterprises in various industries to take a step back and ask themselves the question. You know, the question that pertains more to them. What's interesting about this is, you know, this is not to imply that, you know, these are the only questions to be asked or it is not necessarily specific to a given industry. Let us just say that it applies more in those industries so any of these questions could really be asked and should be asked by any of the enterprises in any industry. But when it comes to transportation, connectivity matters. Profiling customers matters more so from a communication perspective. Retail, you want to analyze the buying patterns. Insurance, you want to retain the competitive edge. New products. And energy, you do need to have the game-changing infrastructure to monitor the consumption pattern for energy resources. So those are some of the scenarios. I think I have, yeah, so here are some references about, you know, big data in general. These are multiple blog posts that will call out various perspectives of big data. So that will supplement the use cases and scenarios that I walked through. I think I am at the end actually. So time for Q&A. We have plenty of time, more than happy to engage in discussion on any of the, you know, topics that I just covered. That was a great conversation. So Kapil, let me ask you, is this the kind of content that you were, you know, you had in mind, we did not have any detailed exchanges on the topic itself other than one or two lines. So this is what, you know, I had in mind. This certainly looks to me to be very relevant model. And I would think that it is certainly from an open platform 3.0 point of view, it's something that I'm sure is very beneficial to have available to the forum. One thing I note, although this is called big data, the case studies also very largely seem to feature social media. Do you see a sort of, this as being the main source of big data or would you see applications using big data coming from other directions? Yeah, great question, Chris. Right or wrong, there is an automatic association of social media by and large with big data, but if you make a good point, it is not necessarily only social media, in fact, going back to my earlier point, systems of records do have tons and tons of data that have accumulated and grown over the years. So the voter sentiment use case was really based upon, you know, legacy data that was already available, complemented by social interactions. So it is a combination. That said, I will say that there is, the idea is definitely acting as a catalyst. It is one of the prime sources for the explosion of data growth because the generation of data, the data at which data is getting generated with each tweet and Facebook posts and so on, there is just no control. And also the volume is also augmented by the unstructured data, you know, videos and audios and bitmaps, images and whatnot. And space no longer being as much at a premium as it used to be with multiple storage service providers providing this in an economical fashion. There is no limit to the amount of space available. So those are all catalysts as to why the big data is growing at the rate at which it's growing. But your point is more than valid, you know, it is not just social media. How about that? Did you mention that there was a, I found one of the documents for the working group that was Amsterdam is a smart city? That's for me. Yeah, that was a really good one. I went through that site and, you know, I think we should, like I said, that's more than just social media. That's situational awareness is the, there's another term that we really should take a look at. You basically have, you know, collaboration, cooperation, smart decision for that. You're inferring it. Oh, that's right. Anyways, I liked that one on the, Amsterdam was good. Also Harvard Business School, I think it was really helpful management as a shop court hypothesis. 7-11 is a good case study and to a large extent, it's an integration of all the data from the supply chain and the like to basically empower the shop court in every one of the tens of thousands of franchises globally. That might be another area where we're dealing more with control systems data as distinct from social media. What I think from the point of view of the use cases that we've been doing for platform, for the platform as a whole, I think it'd be very useful to add the ones that Nadal has presented today to the list that we've got because they bring in other things that we haven't, I suppose because of the specific focus on big data, but they bring in aspects that we certainly haven't covered up for now and connect quite well with some of the other things. I think it's a really useful contribution. Thank you. Thanks much. We just had a serious bus train collision in Ottawa. It was an interesting case study where you basically had a black box on the train, a black box on the bus, and a black box at the crossing. Had they been integrated, the brakes would have been automatically applied to the bus because the bus ran into the train, not by bus. Is this an area we should start to look at, not the big data, but integration of big data for safer outcome? Bob, this is Ron. I like that idea, and I would categorize what you just described as a sensor-based big data. Sensors are out there everywhere, and integrating sensors into decision support systems is what I think you're really trying to describe. Or even mechanical systems. Right, right. But it's sensors feeding a decision support system. Yeah, precisely. And some of these decision support systems, like automated avionics, can act without a human loop under certain circumstances. Right, that's a huge category of big data. Yeah, but here they're trying to... Yeah, the analytics there is totally different than looking at tweets and analyzing positives and negatives of tweets. It's a completely different entity. It's a different paradigm. Well, the underlying technology is not all that different. It's a function of integration, and that's where the own saying that could be a service that the open group could basically provide in terms of standards. Right. Yeah, sensors have been around for much longer than social media. So I would say that social media recently has acted as a catalyst, but it has given visibility to other sources of big data that have been around for a much longer time. It's kind of bringing it together under the big data umbrella. Right. In that sensor I did, like air traffic control context, airspace density and airspace management, the use case there. Well, Harvard defines... Sorry, go ahead. No, that's all right. If you carry on, I was going to introduce a slightly different thread, so carry on. Well, just the Sloan School of Management has freed you on their analytics versions. The decision judgment calls, they basically define the decisions of automated, semi-automated, and basically advisory. And this is a good way of determining. And by dividing the systems into traditional information systems, your system control and data acquisition systems, which are sensors of one class of them, and the social media, by using that division, we're encompassing... I think we'll make it much more explicit of what we're trying to encompass. Okay. So the different thread, I was slightly different thread, I was going to introduce. One of the things I noticed, Naden, about some of your examples was that the basic information was collected by text analysis, and that was some quite clever analysis programs that were determining sentiment from the text. Now, there are an awful lot of video cameras around, and I'm just wondering how close we are to being able to use analyzed video as a source of big data. Yeah, so... Have you heard of anything happening on this? Yes. I did not cover use cases where you can actually, you know, have image recognition from videos, or even you look at a static photograph, and then using tools you can actually discern who that person is and then bring up the video that applies to that particular person, or maybe a basketball star, or a sportsman, or movie actor, and so on. You can... It's as good as recognizing this person to be whoever they are and then doing a Google search, so to speak. That type of technology and image recognition software does exist, and yes, there are use cases that apply to that as well. There are specific tools that are used for that purpose. It certainly falls within the realm of big data. I just... That just was not one of the use cases I picked. I should have, in response to that. David, actually, you raised an interesting issue. Harvard Business School is calling that something called datafications or London School of Economics. It's called that datafication where they're transforming unstructured data into semi-structured and structured data. Could that be a use case? Just call it datafication. Does everybody understand what I mean? You're making it from machine unintelligible to machine readable and machine readable and processable. Datafication. It could be... I have seen a different term in the Harvard Business Review, in the blog at least, informationalization. That's what Thomas C. Redman introduced in the Harvard Business Review. That could be another thing to consider as well, but that is more than just looking at unstructured data and then realizing structured data from that. It's really adding context and meaning to the underlying data so that you can have information that generates value. That's really what that is. Okay. Well, I think it's early stages right now. There's a lot of terms flying around, and what we should do is probably in our dictionary is show synonyms as well. That'd be really useful. My humble request would be let us not introduce yet another term. There are enough of those out there. Please, yeah. I agree. In terms of terms, there's also machine-to-machine. So many other terms are also used, because we have been gathering data for a long time in the factories and missionaries. And everybody is now waking up to the realities. Oh, there's not a big data. So many use cases are coming out of the closet. I'll send a copy of the reference I have. It's Oxford Internet Institute. And the economist that published the book called and one of their major focuses is data fiction. It might be an interesting, and it's already been published also in Foreign Affairs and some other magazines on the business side. So anyway, I think that would be an interesting, that would be a really interesting scenario. Yeah, we should all say thank you very much, Madan, for a very, very thought-provoking presentation. Thank you very much. You're very welcome, Chris. Thank you. Thank you.


Thank you, Mr. Speaker. It's amazing, you know, something as important as this and I heard the ministers plead it Members have nothing to say. That's interesting Well, you know, Mr. Speaker, I want to again stand in support of the of this resolution I think that the success of every economy The backbone of every major economy is small business And I'm always saying that one thing that every single business big business has in common Is you all started small and that's the encouragement. Mr. Speaker. I keep on trying to tell our young people it doesn't matter how small it is Microsoft Apple all of these major companies started in a garage and the reality is it's our intellectual our intellectual property is Really one of the greatest assets that we have and I'm one who's a big believer in supporting small businesses And to get small businesses to also appreciate Mr. Speaker that tourism Creates an opportunity for them to be in the export market Because here it is we have foreigners who are coming to our doorsteps with money in their pockets and the opportunity to Brand our products and that's why the taste of the solution Program that we had of branding all of our products under a singular brand and Making sure that when persons come to St. Lucia that they're able to taste and listen And feel the vibe of all of these things that we're producing I also spoke I also speak a lot about Tortuga rum cake Which was a small business that was started in Cayman and Eventually became now an international business And it's not just limited to products that we produce its services that we provide and again the opportunity of taking advantage that the global economy Mr. Speaker Has moved in our favor it's moved in our favor Mr. Speaker in the sense that Persons now are working out of office and that levels the playing field Ojo Labs is an example Mr. Speaker That Now all of the persons who were employed at Ojo are actually working out of their homes. I Believe that that's one of the reasons why they gave up the space and I think that itel VPO is Going to be taking over that space to expand even further But the reality is that we now in the service sector can provide Many services that were unthinkable in the past and I'm hoping that this micro loans Will be made applicable to those persons the ability to be able to put proper internet in your home the ability to have a proper computer And to provide the services on a regular basis because the internet is a critical I don't know about members of the members in this house, but certainly in my own experience and also And speaking to many solutions And again, I'm not putting this blame on the government I think the reality is we have to Focus a bit more on our broadband with It's very frustrated to be able to conduct business on the internet in this country And I think it's not just in Lucia, but many other countries in the Caribbean experience in the same thing but the the the point is That if we're really going to appreciate that we want our young Persons to Get into small businesses that are global then we have to be able to create that portal for them to be able to do so Mr. Speaker The other thing I would say to you is it again I was a bit disappointed in the minister saying this is the first time we're focused on it Because I think that that was more of a slight on her rather than on us But the reality is is that I think we've all been speaking about The small businesses But what's key to small businesses is the disposable income within our economy and the reality is mr. Speaker this particular motion in itself is not going to solve the problem and The reality is the cost of doing business in Saint Lucia for small businesses has Significantly increased again because of what has happened with the inflation and the reality is Loose lick and the fuel surcharges at loose lick are egregious and I'm really surprised That we continue to do this and I put myself in there as well as the former prime minister And the minister of finance. I know that we had a lot of meetings in attempts to try to solve this problem of loose lick But for loose lick to have Charged the fuel surcharge increases that they've had and their cost really other than the f the Cif price or FLB price of fuel nothing else has gone up And I keep on making the point and certainly when I've met with the board and the management of loose lick it cannot be that Solution is in the business of making sure the loose that makes money Loose lick also has to have an appreciation that if it wants its own Economic base to grow it has to be concerned about the competitiveness of its businesses So, you know when I speak to small businesses right now and the substantial increase in the cost of electricity and particularly on the fuel surcharge that it is it is egregious and it's very very difficult because it adds No value to your production It doesn't matter. I'm talking about the the surcharge at loose lick. I'm not talking about that I'm saying that we have to go back to the table and renegotiate with loose lick because the deal on the table is not working In fact, it's working for loose lick You know and the reality is and again I don't want to be ever be considered being hypocritical because like the former prime minister From Miku South indicated There are things I've said consistently and The reality is is that government benefits government view for itself my apologies Thank you for the correction government benefits from what is going on at loose lick in the form of shares and dividends We obtain anywhere between eight and twelve million dollars a year in dividends And the question is should that money be going to the consolidated fund to help pay for recurrent expenditures? Or is that money that's better used in capital investment or even in terms of Subsidizing the cost of electricity to our productive sector because the reality is our productive sector is going to struggle To compete on a global basis and we're going to struggle to provide Quality products at a good price if a significant input price is electricity And the other one is really the end of the day and I appeal to all members in the house That there needs to be a focus on Growing this economy and growing that economy is putting monies in people's hands And the reality is is I think that we're falling behind and in speaking to small businesses speaking to large businesses Everybody is saying that consumption is down Now the reality is we can put as much money we want into small businesses But if the opportunity for them to succeed is not there it's going to be a Difficult trap and they're going to fail. So the reality is mr. Speaker Because of what's taking place globally and I heard the Prime Minister again ridicule The suggestions that we had made Wasn't about solving can't solve the global problem of inflation That's out of our control But the reality is what you can do is to soften the blow here and I keep saying this I'm a prime minister That it's much better for government to subsidize jobs When the majority of the wages being paid by a private sector person Because of the lack of a proper social net system in this country when a person becomes unemployed in this country It becomes too heavy of a burden for all of us So the reality is subsidizing electricity prices reducing the amount that we're collecting on duties coming in Are all better to do in order to make sure that your private sector remains competitive Because it's in that competitiveness that it remains employed and once people are employed and they're getting money in their pocket That's what creates the consumption So I want to applaud the minister and I want also employed To applaud the former minister as well because I know he was extremely passionate About developing the resources and that's a big reason why United Workers Party was so So strong So adamant on bringing back the development bank Because the development bank is the proper mechanism to have done that and I only wish that instead of creating a new youth economy Which I think it's very important that we should have saved the money Administratively and pump that money through the development bank and grown the asset base of the bank when I talk about the asset base I'm talking about the human asset base of the bank in order to facilitate that but again I fully support this but I'm also hoping the commensurate policies to continue to grow our economy to make sure that there's Consumption to do the things to allow small businesses to compete on a global basis are also going to be taken into consideration. Thank you


Freedom! I have something to talk to you about. Gear Locker is Freedom's answer to YouTubers sponsoring YouTubers. And it's funny that the first thing that we should get from Gear Locker be from someone who's gotten something from our $100,000 sponsorship program. Here's basically what happened. One of our partners got something from the $100,000 sponsorship program and realized that it was a PC gaming headset. And this is someone who does primarily console gaming. So he thought it was great. He did a full review and an unboxing and all that. But unfortunately, he couldn't use it to grow his channel. So he sent me a box. Now I don't really know what's in this box, but given the story that I just told you and the story he's told me, I can only imagine what it is. So let's go ahead and unbox that. Now if any of you have ever seen one of my unboxing videos, you'll know I always like to use something interesting. This is a large fork. Indeed, it is the very headset that he was given by Freedom. So in essence, what he has done is not only has he been sponsored himself, he has also chosen to sponsor another YouTuber through Gear Locker because he could not use this as well as he could have to possibly grow his channel. Now someone's already been chosen to get this headset. This is a very nice headset and I will show it on camera on my own head here in just a moment. But I did want to share this story with you and wanted to talk to you about Gear Locker and all of the awesome things that are coming down the pipe. What is your favorite freedom feature? What is your favorite thing that Freedom does that no other network or MCN does? Let me know in the comment section down below. So Freedom here it is. While I have it, the headset that Freedom has been given away as part of the $100,000 sponsorship. Let me know in the comment section down below what you think of this. This actually looks pretty cool if you ask me. Ah, this is very nice. Unfortunately I do have to send it off. If you'd like to know who too, tell me in the comment section down below and we'll do a full video on it, baby. I don't know. You'll also find me addressed to Gear Locker in the description of this video in case you have any gear that you would like to send to sponsor other YouTubers. Till next time, I'm Anthony, good to believe it. Like, subscribe, comments please. All Freedom partners, even if you have just 10 subscribers. And click the other videos like How Do I Leave Freedom to learn more. Click Get More Views to learn how to build your audience faster on YouTube. Click Get More CPM to learn how to make more money from your channel. And click Get More Music to learn where to get more music to spice up your videos. Click the first playlist to watch The George Show on Freedom. That's my show. Or watch The Anthony Show or The Alex Show also on Freedom.


HTO is excited to present a unique cutting-horse event. Two of the industry's biggest names, Gary Gonsalves and Grant Setnicka, have teamed up to give 18 lucky participants a clinic of a lifetime. I just think it's something that I can give back to the industry and Grant and I do a lot of similar things. So we talked about it and decided to do it. It's a great place to do it out. We work together all the time and we help each other and I think it would be really good for people to see us interact and work horses together. And also, I feel like if we both compliment each other, we could really give the ultimate experience as far as a clinic goes. I think everybody needs a coach, somebody to help them and... This clinic is intermediate to advanced. I feel like a lot of trainers and kind of your professional non-pros are gonna come to it, not to exclude anybody else, but as far as the basics of cutting and stuff, most of the people that go to these clinics have already done that and we are just looking forward to helping maybe that guy that can't get over the hump with his three-year-old and finishing him out or the non-pro that had a four-year-old that was working really good as a three-year-old and now all of a sudden it's not working good. Just little things like that. The biggest thing I think people will get out of our clinic is they're gonna leave there with a horse they can go show. Not necessarily a horse that, we're not gonna change the world, we're not gonna make your horse any different than what it is, but what I hope is when you leave there, you feel like you can go show your horse. When I say show your horse, I mean walk down there, feel confident in cutting any cow in the herd and using both your legs to move your horse outside that cow and go stop that cow and create a horse that is confident and therefore you show it confidently. He groups and I think we've discussed where one of us will work cows one day and the other will work the flag or the mechanical cow with the others and just swap off. It's a situation that I think a lot of people can really, really improve from because it's not rocket science, our program is all cow related and if you can take a little bit of it and sprinkle it over your program, I think it'll really help. You get the one on one and also you get to see everybody else working on things and maybe struggling with things that you struggle with.  Nothing like July and August in Fort Worth area but there's nothing like J5's air conditioning so that really, really helps and yeah we have a lot of fun, a lot of fun at the clinics. It's a very relaxed atmosphere. I want to make sure that people are relaxed and not nervous but I'm gonna be the guy breaking the ice and making sure everybody feels comfortable and welcome. Gary this is the first time you're giving a clinic so it's really a rare opportunity for people to come and get a slice of your knowledge. This is the first one so hopefully they won't be disappointed.


Welcome friends to another problem-solving session in this question. It's given that OQ bisects angle A or C and OP bisects C O B then you have to prove that Q OP is a right angle Okay, so OQ bisects this thing that means this is X Then this is also X Bisection angle bisector means it divides the angle into two equal parts. Okay Now similarly since OP is a bisector of C O B as well, so this will be Y This will be Y Okay now what can we Say so you have to start like this solution should always be like that So you are writing solution you will be saying first of all what is given? given is OQ bisects Angle A O C and OP bisects Angle B O C now you would be thinking that it is a you know Double work if it's already given why do you need to write given but this is how you know This is a standard procedure to you know solve geometry problems it also gives you a clear understanding of the problem and You don't miss out on critical information. Okay, so the critical information here was OQ bisects A O C and OP bisects B O C. Okay, so you have to prove What do you need to prove so that gives you the clear-cut picture of the objective you have to prove that angle Q OP is equal to 90 degrees. This is what is the Objective, so how do you prove it? So let's start the proof. So you do it now We will use the given information OQ bisects A O C. So hence you can label them as X and X and Y and Y so you can say X 2 X is equal to Angle A O C Is it it and similarly 2 Y is equal to angle B O C Right now what you can say angle A O C plus angle B O C is 180 degrees This is again a critical step why 180 degrees and within brackets you can say they are they are forming linear pair, isn't it? So O C is the ray standing on line AB. So hence linear pair. So you can write. This is 1 This is 2 so hence from 1 and 2 and 3 No, but I have not mentioned 3 never mind. This is 3 So from 1 plus 2 1 and 2 and 3 you can write 2 X plus 2 Y is equal to 180 degrees Okay, so that means twice of X plus Y is equal to 180 degrees That means X plus Y is 90 degrees Oh, wow, wonderful. So X plus Y C. What are what is X? This was X But this was also X and this was Y and this was also Y So X plus Y either you take this and this or you take this and this So clearly the second case is helpful for me. So X plus Y. Can I not write X as Q O C? so this is angle Q O C and Y as C O B right so angle C O P and this is equal to 90 degrees now Q O C and C O P put together Q O C. So this is Q O C and C O P put together is nothing but Q O P, right? So Q O C and C O P put together is angle Q O P which is 90 degree hence Proved this is what our objective was Okay, so in this case we use the knowledge of linear pair and the concept of angle bisectors, right? So this is the learning of this problem


Bread and butter run. Come on. Probably can't tell, but there's one hill, this is a hill, on the bread and butter run. It's probably a quarter mile, maybe 150 feet of vertical, not much, but it's still a hill on my easier route. Alright, up we go. Tip of the day. Tip of the day. I live in a pretty simple neighborhood, nothing too fancy. About two miles away is a very fancy neighborhood. So tip of the day, look for fancy neighborhoods in your area and you might find not hiking trails, not running trails, horse trails. I've been running on this trail right here for years now and I think I've seen maybe two horses my entire time. It's like perfect for running. So that's the tip of the day, find the horse trails.  You know, if it's a gated community, you might want to back off, but this is not a gated community. It could be, but it's not. That's your tip of the day. Alright, bread and butter, tastes so good. Nice and easy, come on. I'm ready for some bread and butter, but first, building the foundation. Look in the shed, I am so full, that was amazing. Spaghetti, you forget about spaghetti, it's a good meal. I feel like Italians in Italian food get a bad rap sometime. I love it, I love it. Alright, I believe that every runner, every walker, every biker should have a bread and butter root from their front door. It's just their go-to course from their front door for running, for walking, for biking. In my case, it's running and today I took you on a little tour of my bread and butter root and this is the root that I run just to not have to think about the mileage. I know exactly how far it is, I know exactly how many hills there are, I know exactly... You just don't have to think about commuting there or, you know, getting lost or any of that stuff or, you know, where the big dogs are, although I almost did get bit last week. Shh, don't tell anybody. Put that aside, the bread and butter run, it's just really important to have, I think, in your training regimen, mentally.  Ooh, hold on. And we're back.   So that course you just saw on your screen with some bread and butter miles. That's it folks, we had a beautiful day. It's Friday, it's the weekend, looking forward to just relaxing and it's supposed to snow for the first time, like a real snow three to six inches in Denver on Sunday. We'll see if that actually happens. Safe beauty, work hard, love each other. Eat some Italian food, folks. Come on, come on, another run with that. See you.


Hey, I'm Charlotte, and I'm here to talk about artificial intelligence. Did you know that there are seven senses in our bodies, not five? The first five you probably already know. Your sight, your hearing, your sense of smell, your sense of taste, and touch. And the other two might become as a surprise to you. They are both proprioception, which is how you know where your body is in space, and your vestibular system, which is your sense of balance. Those seven things together make up how you perceive the world. Now computers, in order to do the work that they do, also need to perceive the world, and they use those same seven senses. So vision, for example, you may be able to take a picture or a video, and that would be a perception of a computer. But it might also be a picture of using a telescope or using a microscope to see something that our eyes would never be able to perceive without the help of technology. It might also see wavelengths of light that we can't see, such as ultraviolet light that other animals can perceive. Humans have a sense of smell that we use to sense emotion and to know what's happening around us.   A computer can also smell. It can have a fire detector that's connected to the fire department.  That computer system can detect the chemical signature of fire and keep you safe. You may have gone through an airport and if you bring food through that airport, they need to test it and see that the chemicals are the things that they should find in food and not something that's illegal for an airplane. So they'll bring out a little pad and they'll rub it on the food and that is the way a computer might taste. So another sense we have is touch. And for us, it seems very natural. We can pick up a pen, we can pick up a phone, we can pick up a heavy brick. And we know exactly how much force we need in order to pick up each one of those objects. One of the challenges that computers and robotics have is knowing how much force it takes to pick up a single object. So when you see that six-month-old picking up Cheerios, they're learning how not only to move their body in that way, but how much force it takes so that you can get the Cheerio and grab it with just enough force that you don't crush it. So robotics are still learning some of those systems of touch. A computer can hear things both at a higher and lower range than we can hear. And it can hear at a faster or slower rate. So some sounds, a computer can perceive and analyze and we have to see it on a graph. Because it's just too fast for our ears to hear. That vestibular system, that sense of balance, that's a challenge for computers right now. That they have to be able to orient themselves in space and you're probably thinking like a robot, right? Like it's trying to walk and we know that computers don't really do that well yet, those robotics yet. But we have that sensor right here in our phones where we can play video games and that has that orientation in space. Your GPS knows if you're going east or west or north or south. And that's proprioception, that's knowing where it is in space. So we also have that with the vestibular system, that sense of balance. That's where robots really struggle is, can they walk up the stairs? That's a challenge for a robot because it requires a lot of different sensors and motors to work together very finely together. Where the timing has to work out just right, where it can adapt. And we're really good at adapting. Computers aren't as good at adapting. What they are good at is finding patterns. So when you have this whole, these seven senses and they all come together, we can put computer processing behind it and we can do amazing things. Let's get started.


So, welcome to the second week of this course on reaction mechanisms. So, just to summarize what we did the last week, so in the last week what we had looked at is how to actually write reaction mechanisms using arrow pushing or electron pushing and we had also specifically looked at two major classes of organic reactions, one is the polar reactions and the second is the radical reactions. So, for polar reactions what you do is you use a double headed arrow to show movement of electrons and this double headed arrow indicates movement of two electrons. So, typically the arrow originates from the electron source and it goes to the electron sink. So, lot of terms that are used analogous to source is a donor, a nucleophile and instead of the sink you would have heard terms like electrophile and acceptor. Then we also looked at a quick recap of the different types of reactions you have under polar reactions. So, you have addition reactions, elimination reactions, addition elimination, elimination addition and the substitution reaction. The next thing we looked at was radical reactions. Now in radical reactions the main difference is that you use the single headed arrow. In some books it is also called as a fish hook arrow and this arrow indicates movement of a single electron and in radical reactions typically what you have is you have the generation of radicals, you have recombination of radicals and then you have the process of electron transfer. So, we also looked at some problems where you were made to write reaction mechanisms for polar reactions or radical reactions. So, now coming back to what we had started off in the beginning of this course. So, what I told you is in this course what you would be able to do is you would be able to propose a reasonable reaction mechanism and then you should be able to check hypothesis by designing experiments. So, just as I said you can propose anything you want but then to ensure that whatever you have proposed makes sense you would need to prove it using suitable experiments. So, in the last week we had looked at how to write reaction mechanisms. Now what we would look at is we had looked at the arrow pushing. So, what are the ways of representing reactions? Now the simple way shown here is a reaction where you have a substitution taking place. So, you have a chloride being replaced by an OH and now your nucleophile here is OH-. So, based on what you learnt in the previous week you should be able to draw an arrow pushing mechanism for this.  One is when you just look at the reaction being expressed in this way where you have A going to B which is the reactant going to product and then you have the reagents given above the arrow. One, what information do you get when you look at this? Two, what information do you not get? So, I would like you to spend a couple minutes to think about these questions and write down on a sheet of paper your thoughts. So, you can press the pause button on the video and think about these two questions. So, to repeat what information do you get and what information do you not get when you look at this representation of writing reactions? So, now you can compare whatever we have with answers on your sheet. The information that you do get when you look at this representation is one is straight forward you know what the reactants are. So, by looking at this you know the reactant is a T-butyl chloride and the other reactant is OH-. You know the reaction conditions. So, in this way in this case you know it is a basic reaction. A lot of times there will also be information as to the solvent used for the reaction, the temperature used for the reaction which is very important for you to understand which mechanism is taking place and we will look at all of these effects later like how the solvent affects a reaction, how the temperature affects a reaction. Now, what is not immediately apparent but can be deduced when you look at a representation like this is you can deduce the reaction mechanism and we looked at that last week. So, with this representation you would get some idea about what could be a possible reaction mechanism. Now, what is the information that you do not get? So, what you will not understand is stability of reagents. So, stability is in general correlated with energy. So, you do not know how stable or how unstable a reactant or the product is and you also do not know going from this to this what are the steps involved.  So, because it is an SN1 mechanism what you would have is you would have the first step which is generation of the carbocation. And then in the second step you would have OH- come in to give you the product. So, this information you can deduce looking at the arrow going from A to B but you will not be able to clearly say that this intermediate is formed. So, the reaction does not tell you stability of the intermediates or the reagents and the steps involved it also does not tell you how long the reaction takes. So, the reaction can take 30 minutes it can take 1 hour it can take 2 days this information is not clearly apparent. The other thing is you do not know how much product is formed. So, sometimes when people use this representation for reaction what they do is they give you the time also above the arrow and they also give you the yield which is representation in terms of percent. Sometimes the yield is also written below the product. So, if this information is there you would know how long the reaction took and you will also know how much product is formed. But now let us look at the first part which is stability of the reagents and steps involved. So, we will look at multiple ways of representing reaction. So, one way was in terms of the actual changes taking place in the molecule in terms of structure. The other thing is what is called as a reaction coordinate diagram and you must have come across this earlier. So, the reaction coordinate diagram typically has your y axis which is the potential energy and the x axis which is called a reaction coordinate and what you would see is you would have things which look like this. You would also have reaction coordinate diagrams which look like this. So, as you can see both of these diagrams look very different and you can have multiple reaction coordinate diagrams and we will look at these in the due course of this week. So, now when you look at a diagram like this what exactly does it represent? So, there is lot of information that is actually stored in a simple diagram shown like this. So, in order to understand the information it is very important that we actually get an idea of what all the terms here mean and what is the physical significance of the y axis and the x axis. So, coming to the y axis it is the potential energy. So, when I write for example when I am writing a reaction coordinate diagram I will again look at the case I had shown in the previous slide. So, I have the diagram which looks like this. So, your y axis gives you the potential energy. So, what you can see from this is that if I compare r versus p look at the energy difference and you can say that r has more energy than p and then what you would see is typically you would see a mix of hills and valleys. So, this is one case the other case which I had shown is so in this case what you see is here you have one hill whereas in this case you have two hills. So, what exactly do these hills mean? So, we are looking at the y axis which is energy. So, based on the y axis one thing that you understand is when you are going from this r to this p you need to cross one hill when you are going from this r to this p you need to cross two hills correct. Now, what is this I and what exactly to these hills mean? So, as you can see from the y axis just the fact that you are talking about a hill you know that the energy of this hill is higher than r and p. Similarly, the energy of both of these hills is higher than r, I and p.  So, looking at your y axis you have an idea of the relative energy of r and p. So, in both these cases you have r which is at a higher energy than p and what you would see is if you look at the two hills. So, this is the energy difference between r and the hill in the first case. In the second case what you would see is when you compare the two hills you can imagine yourself climbing from r over this hill coming to i which is a valley climbing another hill to p. So, when you look at this figure which is the hill that would take you more effort to cross. So, as you see since delta E1 is greater than delta E2 what you would see is to cross the first hill would involve more effort it would involve more time. So, in terms of chemistry this delta E could be equivalent to your activation energy for a reaction. Now, based on the first reaction what you see is you just have one barrier to cross so only one activation energy that you need to overcome. So, what you understand here in this case is that this is a single step reaction. In the second case you have to cross two hills out of which the first hill is the larger hill. So, it has the larger activation energy so a lot of times this corresponds to deactivation. So, this would correspond to the rate determining step or RDS. So, such a simple graph can give you lot of information with respect to the energetics of a reaction which was missing when we were talking about reaction mechanisms. So, looking at the reaction coordinate diagram the information you get is you get information about the energy of your reactant your product you get information about what all intermediates are present and the relative energy of the intermediate with respect to your reactant as well as the product. So, now you have a fairly good idea about the y-axis. Now let us try to understand what exactly do you understand by the term the reaction coordinate. So, again I would like you to press the pause button on the video and look at these graphs carefully and think what do you think the reaction coordinate actually means. What does it signify? What property of the reaction are you talking about when you talk about reaction coordinate? So, whatever you have written I would like you to set it aside in your sheet of paper or in your notebook and then once I explain this you can go back to it and change whatever you had written or maybe you would not need to change because whatever you have written is correct. So, understanding the reaction coordinate is extremely important because then it makes it very easy for you to understand a lot of the principles that are associated with physical organic chemistry. So, when you need to understand the reaction coordinate what you need to understand is reactions involve formation and breaking of a bond. So, if I consider this to be a bond this would be breaking of a bond this would be formation of a bond and when I talk about breaking and formation it would involve stretching of this bond and compression. So, when you talk about stretching and compression the mode that comes in your mind is a vibrational mode. When you consider any molecule the molecule is comprised of N atoms. Now, each atom would have its 3 degrees of freedom. So, what would happen is if you have a linear molecule or a non-linear molecule let us look at both of these cases and how the vibrational modes will differ in each of these cases. So, let us imagine a molecule with N atoms. So, as I said it would have 3 N degrees of freedom. Out of these the 3 N would be a mix of translation it would be a mix of translational, rotational and vibrational degrees of freedom. So, when you talk about say a linear molecule or a non-linear molecule when you talk about translation it can move in the x, y or z axis. So, that takes care of 3 degrees of freedom. So, that is 3 other than translation what the molecule can do is it can rotate right. So, if you have a linear molecule it can rotate along its own axis which is like this. It can also rotate along this plane that is one mode and then it can rotate along this plane which is the third mode. So, again to repeat when you talk about rotation it could be along the axis of the molecule it could be along this plane and it could be along this plane. Now what happens is for a linear molecule when it rotates along the axis essentially there is no change. So, you essentially have 2 modes of rotation. So, that is why the total number of translational and rotational modes for a linear molecule is 5. 3 for translation and 2 for rotation. So, what is left over for vibration would be 3n-5 because 3n is the total degrees of freedom and 5 are gone for translation and then rotation. Now in a non-linear molecule what happens is it still has the 3 modes that are possible for rotation because now if you rotate along the axis of the molecule it does not remain unchanged. So, you have 6 modes and the total number of vibrational modes are 3n-6. So, now let us consider the simplest molecule. So, let us consider hydrogen. So, again now I want you to think about how many vibrational modes are present for hydrogen. You can press the pause button. So now hydrogen has 2 atoms it is a linear molecule so it will have so it will have one mode and like I showed you with this pen it is essentially the stretching mode. So, it has one vibrational mode if I plot the potential energy versus the distance between the 2 atoms which is r. So, here I am plotting the potential energy versus the distance between the 2 hydrogen atoms. So, when the distance is very very small so you have these 2 atoms very very close to each other you have highly repulsive forces. So, what happens is the energy is very high. Now as the distance increases it comes to an optimal distance this is probably where you have the constructive overlap of the hydrogen atomic orbitals to give you the hydrogen molecule. So this is the optimal distance where you have the lowest energy and then once as you start pulling the 2 atoms away and as the distance goes on increasing this stabilization is lost and then the energy goes on increasing and then it tapers to the point where you can equate it to where the energy would be equal to 2 hydrogen atoms which are essentially at an infinite distance or far away from each other. So this is what the graph looks like. So now when you look at this graph do you see a correlation with your reaction coordinate diagram. So you have a potential energy and on your x axis what you are thinking of is the distance between the 2 hydrogen atom. So what I am trying to the point I am trying to make is when you look at a reaction coordinate diagram the x axis essentially gives you an idea about the bonding changes that take place or the changes in the geometry of the molecule. So it looks at what are the bonds what are the changes that take place in the geometry or the bonding array bonding of the molecules as the reaction takes place. So remember it has nothing to do with time all it tells you is the change in the bonding or in some cases you can think of it as a geometry parameter. So now with hydrogen case it is actually very very simple. Let us now look at the next case where we have water. So now water is you have 3 atoms if you think of it water is much simpler than most of the reactions we saw in the earlier week right and it is either solvent or we use it either to abstract a proton or in some cases we also used it as a reactant. So it has 3 atoms and it is a non-linear molecule so how many vibrational modes. So in this case it would be 3n-6 so that would be because n is 3. So now if you were to represent water imagine using a similar potential energy diagram you are talking about 3 modes of vibration and then on the y axis if you have energy you are talking about a 4 dimensional space which is very difficult for any of us to even visualize. So what is typically done is to understand reactions you can look at it as a potential energy surface. So now what your potential energy surface is on this axis you have your energy and on the x and y axis on z axis you have energy and on x and y axis you pick certain parameters you cannot pick all the vibrational modes and these parameters are your geometry parameters analogous to a reaction coordinate. So if you look at this complex surface what you would see is this complex surface has multiple hills and multiple valleys alright. So imagine if your reactant is somewhere here and your product is somewhere here. So if you were to go from your reactant to your product there are so many pathways you can take you can go along any of these pathways you can go along this hill. So you can go along this hill you can go along this hill but molecules are like us. So they would do what is the least energy pathway. So what they would choose would be a pathway where they have to encounter the smallest hills. So the pathway they take would look something like this because in all of these pathways you have much larger hills. Now what essentially a reaction coordinate diagram is it is imagine that you have this big surface you can imagine it as a large cake with lot of hills and valleys. And cutting that with a knife. So what the reaction coordinate is is it is the cross section that you see. So in this case your reaction coordinate diagram would look something like and this here corresponds to your intermediate. So what I would like you to do now is I would like you to think about this because it is quite a complex property that we it is quite a complex concept but it is actually not that difficult if you simplify it. If you try to imagine the potential energy surface it will be very difficult for us to do that for a particular reaction. So there are computers now that are actually used to compute the potential energy surface for a reaction. So we cannot do it or visualize it ourselves. The computer can give us an output like this and looking at it one can figure out what would be the least energy path. So what I am essentially telling you is you do not need to construct all the hills and valleys sort of like going from Mumbai to Pune you do not have to actually build the mountains and the valleys you already get that if you look at a map all you need to figure out would be what would be the shortest way to go from Mumbai to Pune which also the map gives you but what you need to be able to do is you need to be able to read that map. So in this case the best way for you to reach from reactant to product would be via this pathway. Now I would like to simplify this further instead of using a very complicated diagram I will try to draw one myself. So think of just two mountain ranges so I have this one mountain range and I have a second mountain range on this side I have my reactant and on the other side of my mountain range I have product. You can also as I said think of this reactant as Mumbai and your product as Pune. So you imagine you have multiple ways to go from the reactant side to the product side. So if I go via this pathway it will be very very long I have to climb this big hill if I go along this pathway also there will be a big hill. So there are multiple pathways if you see I can take the quickest or the least energy pathway would be one where I go from where I go through this valley alright. So if I were to translate that to a reaction coordinate diagram as I said it would be a slice between the two mountains so I would have reactant going to product and in this case I just have a single small hill that it needs to a single small valley that it needs to cross. So this would be the surface and this would be the reaction coordinate diagram. So what you need to understand is what actually looks like a valley on your potential energy surface would be your hill in a reaction coordinate diagram. So this point is also called as the saddle point. So I have tried to simplify the potential energy surface by thinking of it as going from point A to point B as I said you can think of going from Mumbai to Pune this would be the best pathway which is the path the reaction will take and you represent that as a reaction coordinate by essentially imagine that you are slicing it here and drawing this map route. So you are actually drawing this map route in a reaction coordinate diagram and in this case you have only one hill unlike the previous case which I showed on the earlier such slide where you had two hills. So this is a much simpler representation of a reaction coordinate. So now if you see there are two things that show up when you look at a reaction coordinate. So you have the one hill case that I looked at earlier and then you had the two hill case. So what do these hills and valleys mean? The hill here corresponds to what is called as a transition state and the valley corresponds to the intermediate. So in this case you have two transition states you have transition state 1 and transition state 2. It is very important that you understand the difference between an intermediate and a transition state. So when we come back again in the next lecture we will again look at reaction coordinate diagrams and we will look at what you mean by intermediates and transition states. But before I go I would like you to think about these two questions. Now that you have a rough idea of what reaction coordinate diagrams mean I want you to think about these two questions. A what information do you get looking at reaction coordinate diagrams and B is what information do you not get when you look at reaction coordinate diagrams. So think about these questions and we will look at them when we come back to the next lecture. Thank you.


Okay so I've been setting this really cool product. This is the air box. It's by a company called Momax and essentially this is the world's first Apple specific wireless charger slash power bank for Apple products. So as you can see you know it charges your iPhone, your Apple watch and Apple pencil and also your Apple AirPods. I'm going to unbox this and showcase you guys how it looks but essentially this is a 10,000 mAh huge capacity power bank that's foldable. You can take your devices with you or just have it on your desk to charge all of your devices. Most likely I would maybe use this overnight to charge all of my devices so by the time I wake up in the morning everything is ready to go. Let's go ahead check what's inside and try it out and see how it performs. So let's take a look inside. Some specifications just there on the left hand side. It's dual wireless charging so you can recharge and charge your devices. You can take it on the go. It's 10,000 mAh batteries, 20 watt powers for the wireless charging which is its maximum then you also have 20 watt USB-C charging of the actual charging case i.e. the power bank and even if you don't have an iPhone or maybe you have an Android phone that has wireless charging capabilities you can actually charge it using the wireless charger in this but this is M5 certified as well so made for iPod so all of the Apple devices would be absolutely fine to use. This is a very nice box it's the center of creation so inside here you have a carry pouch and you also have some instructions as well on how to charge it. The power bank itself can be charged by a USB-C which is great you have a power button. I'll cover all of these as well but if you wanted to pause the video and take a look at this instruction card in more details then you can do so now. This looks absolutely amazing with the amount of devices that you can charge with this. I feel like the size is just perfect for that. Before I open up the actual ear box let's just take a look at the accessory box in here so in here you have yourself the USB-C charging cable for the MoMAX ear box. Let's open this up that is very clean and in true Apple fashion you can see it's got that nice white and it's base gray design and color scheme so you can see these are the LED indicators just at the bottom this is the power button and that's the USB-C charging port so let's just open this up there you go it opens out completely flat which is great and this doesn't necessarily need to be just a wireless power bank you can actually use this as a storage device for your AirPods and your Apple pencil so I think that's great it's actually quite heavy duty it's not too light it's very durable so I'm excited to try this out now I don't have an Apple pencil too but I've got all of the other items so let me go ahead and try this out so it's pretty simple just like any other power bank you press the button to start the wireless charging if I wanted to charge the actual power bank itself at the same time I can connect a USB-C cable there this gives me an indication of the battery life so I have all of my Apple accessories here let's start off with the Apple watch I can just flip this open and I'll showcase to you guys there we go charging straight away awesome then I have the AirPods it's now charging and finally got my iPhone just place it there at the back how quick and easy is that all of my devices charging at the same time I can connect a USB-C cable to this and I'm pretty much ready and set to go after a few hours of charging all of these things this is brilliant and if I wanted to just maybe use this as a case for my AirPods and Apple pencil then you can actually close it off like so and you've got those devices in there you can just pretty much take this with you if you're going on a long journey then this is going to be a great little gadget to have especially for people like myself if you are locked into the Apple ecosystem then I guess this is the final missing piece of the puzzle so you can pretty much be sure that all of your devices will be charged no matter where you are so the portability of this I think is great the fact that you can charge this and get a full charge on all of your devices using one full capacity power bank charged of the air box I think is a great touch now what more can I say if like myself you are an Apple user that has all of these devices then for me personally this is a must have because then you wouldn't have the need to find a lot of cables to charge them in different locations get them all charged up all in the same charging bank and you're ready to go most likely I'll probably put this on my bedside table put all my devices on this at night time so by the time I wake up in the morning I'm ready to go with all of my devices fully charged for the rest of the day this is also TSA approved as well so you can take this on planes it's absolutely fine to do so it's got a nice carry pouch as well if you wanted to take that with you put it in your backpack if you go out traveling then it's absolutely great to charge all of your devices wirelessly to a full charge then it will take about five hours to charge it using the USB-C cable then it's about one and a half hours which is pretty good so I'm quite impressed with that if you did like this review and you're an Apple fan and you like Apple tech then make sure you give this video a huge thumbs up I've got plenty of Apple related products that I'm going to be reviewing in the near future which I know you're going to like so make sure you don't miss out by hitting that subscribe button make sure you check out airbox I've got the link in the description it's just under £100 so I think it's a great price point compared to a lot of the Apple certified products so definitely check this out and hopefully I will catch you guys next time take care