Well, is a module may will be discussing that is the transport of sperms in man. That means give the point from where the sperms are produced and then they are transported to the point where they are to be then ejaculated and that is they are to be introduced into to the female. This is all what we call the transportation. Now a system of tubes carries the sperms from the testis to the penis which is the intrametant organ. The semi-fashtibules merge into the network which we have seen in the histology. Now which merges into a coiled tube called the epididymis so we are familiar what is the epididymis now. The epididymis has three main functions. It stores sperms and then they can have the ability to fertilize the egg. It stores sperms until they mature and ready to be ejaculated. Then it contains a smooth muscles that help propel the sperm towards the penis by peristaltic contractions. Now this is also important. If they don't come out and they are to now peristaltic contractions particularly there is epididymis tubes or sperm duct. Now it serves as a duct system for sperm to pass from the testis to the ductus deference. This ductus deference is also called the sperm duct which we are seeing in this diagram. This is the epididymis and then there is the ductus deference along with certain secretions and then the human that is hormone also. Now ductus deference or sperm duct and after leaving the scrotum that continues forward passes around the urinary bladder and enlarges to form the ampoula. So this is ductus deference and then the terminal end is called ampoula. And along with this these are the glands which we call the seminal vesicles. And after this this is the prostate gland. And between this prostate gland this is the utricle which is the urethra. It becomes continuous with the urethra and this is the ejaculate duct. So all these tubes if they don't work along with a coordination then obviously the sperms they cannot come out of the of the body. So the ampoula that store some sperms until they ejaculate or it can the sperms or it can the sperms again they come out or with this obviously they are secretions of these different glands and they constitute then a semi-solid gelatine so semi-solid liquid which we call the semen. That is distilled to the ampulla, the ductus deftens becomes the ejaculatory duct or ejaculatory duct. The urethra is the final, is the final section of the reproductive duct system or it is, because urethra you have, it is a common passageway for the removal of urine as well as for the removal of reproductive fluid or edeproductive fluid also called as semen and then when it comes in the penis so it is then ready to introduce into the female. So this is all about, this is a transportation right from the part from the where the sperms are produced and it gets, it gathers different types of collections of the glandular connection just made, just made, mukul of glands, secretions, cowper's glands, prostrate gland, then ampulla so from there it comes out the fluid, it comes out the body. So this is all about the transport, transport of the sperms in a human or man, so this is all about.


The angular momentum or more precisely orbital angular momentum L of a classical particle is given by the cross product between the distance r of the particle from the axis of rotation and the particle linear momentum P. If we write out this cross product, we get the individual components of the angular momentum vector Lx, Ly and Lz, which indicate the magnitude of the angular momentum in x, y and z direction. This is the magnitude of angular momentum in x direction. This is the magnitude of angular momentum in y direction. And this is the magnitude of angular momentum in z direction. In quantum mechanics, such physical quantities as angular momentum, position and linear momentum are understood as operators. The momentum components Px, Py and Pz in classical mechanics are scalars that is ordinary numbers. In quantum mechanics, they are replaced by operators and marked with a hat to distinguish them from scalars. The classical momentum component Px becomes the operator Px hat and is equal to minus i h bar del x. Py becomes the operator Py hat with a derivative with respect to y. Pz becomes the operator Pz hat with a derivative with respect to z. Here i is the imaginary unit, h bar is the reduced Planck's constant and del x is the derivative operator which when applied to a function yields the derivative of that function with respect to x. Therefore, such an operator takes effect only when applied to a position-dependent function, for example on Psi of x, y, z. The result is the derivative of this function multiplied by minus i h bar. What about the positions x, y and z? The positions are of course now also operators with hats. Applied to a position-dependent wave function Psi, they return the wave function scaled by the position. So the operator here is equal to the position itself. To transform the classical angular momentum components Lx, Ly and Lz into quantum mechanical angular momentum components, we need to convert them into operators. For this purpose, we equip them with hats and insert the momentum operators and position operators. So we get this result for the Lx component. The classical angular momentum component Ly becomes this operator and the classical angular momentum component Lz becomes this operator. All right, we have constructed angular momentum operators. The question now is, are Lx, Ly and Lz Hermitian operators? This is important because only if they are Hermitian operators, they represent physical quantities and can be measured in the experiment. A Hermitian operator h hat is equal to its complex conjugate h dagger. So let us calculate Lx dagger. We know that the position operator and momentum operators are Hermitian operators we can therefore use the property of anti-linearity and pull the dagger into the parentheses. In the next step, we use anti-distributivity. This swaps the two operators. Since the momentum and position operators are Hermitian, we can omit the dagger. The two operators Pz and y may be interchanged because the momentum operator Pz differentiates with respect to the z-coordinate and y does not depend on z and therefore acts like a constant which can be placed behind Pz. The obtained expression on the right hand side corresponds exactly to the Lx operator. Analogously, we can show that Ly and Lz operators are also Hermitian operators. So now we have shown that it is possible to measure the angular momentum components of quantum mechanical systems in an experiment. Perfect. In the classical physics of our macroscopic world, the values of all three angular momentum components, for example of a circling particle, exist and can therefore be determined exactly and simultaneously. In quantum mechanics, on the other hand, we have the Heisenberg uncertainty principle which makes it impossible to determine certain physical quantities exactly all at once because one of the quantities does not have an exact value by nature if the other quantities measured exactly. Momentum Px and position x of a particle are an example of such measured quantities that underlie Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Mathematically formulated, if we first apply the position operator to the wave function psi and then the momentum operator Px, then we get something different if we first apply the momentum operator and then the position operator. Thus it matters whether we first measure the position or the momentum of a quantum mechanical particle. As soon as we reverse the order of measurement, we get something quite different for the momentum and position. We say the momentum and position are affected by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. The difference of the two measurements is provided by a commutator. For this, we form the difference of the two measurements, bracket out the wave function and the difference of the operators is then the commutator of x and Px. If the commutator is 0, then it is in principle possible to know both observables at the same time exactly. If the commutator is not 0, then it is impossible to know both observables exactly. Only one of the observables can be determined exactly. In the case of the position and momentum operator, the commutator is equal to ih bar. So now we can ask, can we know exactly all three angular momentum components of a quantum mechanical particle? Short answer, no. To prove this, we need to calculate the commutators of the angular momentum components. We will find that they are all non-zero. Therefore, it is impossible to know two angular momentum components at the same time. Let's look at the commutator of Lx and Lz to demonstrate that it is not 0. First, we use the definition of a commutator and insert the determined expressions for the angular momentum operators. Let's multiply out the brackets. Then we swap the operators so that some terms cancel out. In the first term, we can put x at the beginning because x commutates with y as well as with Pz. We can also put the operator Py in front of Pz, but not in front of y because the commutator of y and Py is not 0 but is equal to ih bar. Therefore, we must replace yPy with ih bar plus Pyy. Next, we multiply out the bracket. This term cancels out. In this term, we can interchange all operators without problems and eliminate it with the other term. And also in this term, operators can be interchanged so that it cancels out with this term. Now, we arrive again at a term where the interchange cannot be done just like that. First, we can interchange y and Px and then z with Py. Now, to swap y with Py, we have to replace it with ih bar plus Py times y because of the non-vanishing commutator. Multiply out the bracket. In this term, we swap z with Px and can thus cancel it out with the other term. We can factor out ih bar. The expression in the bracket corresponds to the Ly operator. As you can see, the commutator between Lx and Lz is not 0, so it is impossible to know Lx and Lz simultaneously with arbitrary precision. Analogously, you can derive the other two commutators. We can easily illustrate this uncertainty of angular momentum components using a classical particle. So, let us consider a particle moving on a circular path. So, it has an angular momentum L. Let's assume that we have measured its angular momentum component Lz. Because of the non-vanishing commutators, the components Lx and Ly have no definite value. The direction of the total angular momentum vector L is no longer uniquely given, but lies somewhere on this cone mantle. From the illustration, we can already guess that although the direction of L is not unique, the length of the L vectors is. We can determine the length of the L vector with the sum of the squares of the angular momentum operators, Lx squared plus Ly squared plus Lz squared. This sum is briefly notated as the L squared operator. This operator is Hermitian, so it represents a physically measurable quantity, namely the length of the angular momentum vector squared. And the great thing is, this operator computes with each angular momentum component Lx, Ly and Lz. This is very very good, because it allows us to know exactly not only one angular momentum component for a quantum mechanical particle, but also the magnitude of the total angular momentum. This would be very bad for physics if it were not the case. Because without a fixed total angular momentum, the law of conservation of angular momentum in quantum mechanics would not work at all. A commutator tells us not only whether two observables are accurately measurable simultaneously, but whether the associated operators have common eigenfunctions psi. Now you have to recall your knowledge from linear algebra. You can imagine all operators as matrices and the wave functions as vectors. Now if an operator such as L squared is applied to a state that is an eigenstate of that operator, then the result is a scaled eigenstate. That is, the eigenstate psi is not changed at all, but only multiplied by the number lambda. And this number is physically quite special, because it corresponds to a possible measured value of this operator. In the case of L squared operator, this number yields the magnitude of the total angular momentum squared. And if Lz is applied to the state psi, which is also an eigenstate of Lz, then we again get the scaled eigenstate out with a different eigenvalue Mu. This eigenvalue represents the magnitude of the angular momentum component, Lz. If the commutator of L squared and Lz vanishes, and it does, then we know that there is a state psi that is simultaneously both an eigenstate of L squared and an eigenstate of Lz. With the help of the latter operators, we can determine these eigenvalues L squared and Lz a bit more precisely. How this is done, you'll learn in a separate video or on my website. I show here the famous result, which probably every chemistry student knows. The eigenvalues L squared are a multiple of h bar squared. L times L plus 1 times h bar squared. The factor L times L plus 1 is determined by an integer or half integer number L, which we call the angular momentum quantum number. It can take the values 0, 1 half, 1, 3 and a half, 2 and so on. So the total angular momentum squared can only have these values. Thus also the magnitude L of the total angular momentum is quantized and can have only these values. The eigenvalues Lz of the Lz operator are a multiple of h bar. Lz is equal to mh bar. The integer m is called the magnetic quantum number and it can only take values between minus L and L in plus one steps. For example if L is equal to 2 then m can take the values minus 2, minus 1, 0, 1 and 2. The Lz angular momentum component is also quantized. It has a further constraint by the total angular momentum represented by the quantum number L. If the total angular momentum is at L equal to 2 then the Lz angular momentum component can have only five possible values minus 2h bar minus 1h bar, 0, 1h bar or 2h bar. So let's summarize what you've learned. You now know how to turn classical angular momentum into a quantum mechanical angular momentum operator. You know how to show that angular momentum components are physically measurable quantities. You have learned that all three angular momentum components are affected by the uncertainty principle and that only one of the components can be determined exactly. You have also learned how to work with angular momentum commutators. You have learned about the L squared operator which can be used to calculate total angular momentum and you have learned the allowed eigenvalues of L squared and Lz operators. In another video we will look at the quite revolutionary meaning of the half integer values of the quantum number L.


Good day everybody. Dr. Sajja Sanyal, Professor Department Chair. This is another video demonstration of the intracranial venous sinuses. This is a composite view of many of the intracranial venous sinuses. On the left side, I'm holding up a base of skull where we have put by means of colored twine. We have put the location of the sinuses and this another base of the skull model which has got the pictures of the venous sinuses. It's just to give you a quick update. This is the sphenoperated sinus shown on both. This is the cavernous sinus on either side of the sphenoid bone, cavernous sinus. This is the superior petrocell sinus running on the ridge of the spherous bone, that is the superior petrocell sinus. This is the inferior petrocell sinus, inferior petrocell sinus which goes through the jugular for MN. This is the conference of sinuses, the conference of sinuses. So this is the termination of the superior sagittal sinus. This is the occipital sinus and we can see a little bit of the occipital sinus here. This is the transverse sinus also referred to as lateral sinus, continuing as the sigmoid sinus on this side and this side. So these are the composite view of the sinuses that I wanted to show you in both the models. This time we're going to focus on the conference of sinuses, the transverse, the lateral sinus and the sigmoid sinus. So I'm holding up the base of the skull in front of me. This is the anterior cranial fossa, this is the middle cranial fossa, this is the cerebellar fossa which is below the tentorium cerebelli. So let's focus on this region where my instrument is pointing right now. This is called the internal occipital protuberance and in this region there is a meeting point of five intracranial venous sinuses and therefore that region is referred to as the confluence of sinuses, also referred in Latin as torcular herofili. This same thing we can see in this sagittal view, this is the location of the confluence of sinuses, the torcular herofili and we can see the same thing in this view also. This is the location of the torcular herofili. What are the sinuses which open to the torcular herofili? First of all we have the superior sagittal sinus and that is seen here. This ends in the confluence of sinuses. Then we have a sinus which runs like this in the fax cerebelli and that is referred to as occipital sinus and a little bit of that is shown by this model here. That occipital sinus also opens into the confluence of sinuses. Then we have this sinus, this is the straight sinus which also opens into the confluence of sinuses. How is the straight sinus formed? The straight sinus is formed by the union of inferior sagittal sinus and the great cerebral vein of gallin, the two of them unite to form the straight sinus which then opens into the confluence of sinuses. The straight sinus runs at the junction between the fax cerebri and the tenturium cerebelli. So we have seen three sinuses opening into the confluence of sinuses and draining out from the confluence of sinuses on the right side we have this and the left side we have this. This is the transverse sinus continuing as the sigmoid sinus and that also referred to as the lateral sinus continuing as the sigmoid sinus. Generally it is said that the superior sagittal vein which I showed here this drains more of its blood into the right side and the rest of the venous blood goes more on the left side. The transverse sinus it runs in this groove on the inner surface of the occipital bone. This is the posterior attached margin of the tenturium cerebelli which forms a groove over the cerebellar fossa and the cerebellum is located below which also rains into this sinus. In this region it makes an S-shaped bend. This place is referred to as the sigmoid sinus because it is like an S in Greek it is sigma and after that the sigmoid sinus then goes out through the jugular foramen and here it is accompanied by cranial nums number 9, 10 and 11 and the infiripetrusal sinus and thereafter the sigmoid sinus continues as the internal jugular vein on both the sides. So this is the full course of the transverse sinus and the sigmoid sinus. Now let's take a look at some of the veins which drain into the stainless sinus and the sigmoid sinus. The sigmoid sinus receives labyrinthine veins which come out through the internal auditory meters and they drain the internal ear and they drain into the sigmoid sinus. What about the transverse sinus? The transverse sinus receives superior pitrusal sinus and we can see that here. I'm going to lift up this model of the brain here. There is a series of veins which run like this. They are referred to as the inferior cerebral veins which drain into the transverse sinus and additionally there's one large vein which connects the superficial middle cerebral vein in the lateral fissure of sylvia to the transverse sinus and that is referred to as the inferior anastomotic vein of lab. That also drains into the transverse sinus. Having mentioned these, now let's take a look at some important clinical correlations pertaining to the transverse and the sigmoid sinus. The transverse and the sigmoid sinus can undergo thrombosis especially in children in two conditions. One of that is otitis media, chronic superior otitis media and other is mastoiditis. Both of them are related continuum of the same manifestation. If you look at the other side of the skull we can see this is the mastoid process and this is the region where we have the mastoid anterum and the mastoid air cells and this has got close communication with the tympanic cavity. So therefore in a child, when a child has got otitis media or mastoiditis and mastoid abscess the infection can travel to the transverse sinus and the sigmoid sinus. What will be the manifestation? One, this person will have difficulty in hearing because of obstruction of the labyrinthine veins which are told to drain from the internal ear. Any sinus thrombosis will produce severe headache because of stretching of the dura and additionally this patient will manifest what is known as Tobi-Ire-Sine positive. What is this? Normally when we compress the internal jugular vein on any one side and we are recording spinal manometry. In a normal person it will show a transient rise in the CSF pressure because of the transient obstruction to the flow of CSF, obstruction to the flow of the blood in the jugular vein. In the case of transverse sinus thrombosis there will be no increase in the pressure CSF recording and there will be exaggerated increase in CSF pressure when the IJV on the normal side is compressed. In this connection I would like to mention that the best way to investigate these sinuses is by means of MR angiogram and the venous phase of that and which is shown in the attached radiological image on this video. So this is an MR angiogram to show the venous phase and the same picture we can also see the arteries and this is a magnetic resonance sinus venogram that will view to show only the sinus venous sinuses and this is an adioblastia view of the same to show the venous sinuses from the anterior aspect. Earlier they used to do what is known as a torcular puncture puncture through the torcular herofili and do a sinus venogram and that can also show the course of the transverse sinus and the sigmoid sinus. This is a standard sinus venogram to show the posterior sinuses the converse and the transverse of the sigmoid. When there is any pathology of the sigmoid sinus like for example thrombosis it can also second really involve the three cranial nerves which are passing through namely the 9th, 10th and 11th cranial nerves. These are some of the points pertaining to the transverse sinus and the sigmoid sinus that I wanted to mention to you. Thank you very much for watching. Dr. Sanjay Sanyal is signing out. Mr. Kendall is the camera person. If you have any questions or comments please put them in the comment section below. Have a nice day.


In this introductory presentation we will start where every introductory presentation should start and that is what is in it for us. Why would we want to learn accounting? What are the reasons for learning accounting? We are going to start off to answer that question and say because it's, we will return to this after we see the objectives, the objectives being, we will be able to, at the end of this presentation, list and describe reasons for learning accounting, list and explain types of accounting, list and describe types of entities. Back to our question. Why would we want to learn accounting? I'm going to say the first reason is because it's fun. This may not be the first thing that popped in your mind. This may not be the first reason you're actually here taking this course in accounting. But I want to start off with this premise for a few different reasons. One is that it can be fun. There are areas within accounting that can be enjoyable to do and two


Hi everyone, Joe for jaspy's casebreaks.com coming at you with another random number block randomizer for Honors football two box picker team number one. It's coming up in a different video. It's for the bangles cardinals so on and so forth so Works just like our number block breaks, but only applies to those teams and that specific break big things to this group here Appreciated there are the numbers right there. Let's roll it. Let's randomize it. See who gets what after six the hard way three and a three one two three four five and six After six we got Stanley down to Gale one two three four five and six After six we got four down to one All right Steve with four spear with five Charles is zero Gale with two spear with three Brandon with seven Sean with nine Gale with six Ryan with eight and Gale with one Gale you'll get live one of ones Charles you'll get all redemptions for that group of teams right there if any Including one of ones All right, we'll see you in a different video for the break itself. Bye. Bye


Huawei cherished its membership of I2D very much because it has brought great values to Huawei. I2D is an important branch of I2U. It deals with regional development. It brings latest technology, standardizations, and retro policy together made by key sector and R sector benefit the countries and regions around the world.  Such a vision can be implemented only through synergistic collaboration from all interest parties around the world on a platform like I2UD. So we are very honored to be able to join some very important activities and strategic initiatives by I2UD. One of the latest such initiatives is Connect to Recover. We are now facing our unprecedented challenge for all human beings on this planet, COVID-19. We believe I2T technology will play a critical role in combining this pandemic. And also I2T technologies in the form of standardization, private policy, and regional development through the collaboration of all the three sector, TRD will play a very central role to enable the human beings to cope with COVID-19 and to live and work together in the new normal. I think it was very successful I2T development. It requires a number of things. So you must have excellent technologies, very successful regulatory policies, and also you have some channels, platform and tool to bring all these things, local regions and the countries to combine them with local, industry and economic development. So I think from far away's point of view, we are one of the leading I2T technology player in the world in our understanding. So industry and private sector can play an important role in all those things. First, in standardization. I think I2T has been quite successful in many things, laying the foundation for the telecommunication and other ICT technologies, especially the certain number of study groups, which have been developing very popular, wide deployed technical standardization. In that tree, come player central role by bringing their latest technologies, latest requirement, and the more important to contribute the talents, the standard people. In the case of myself, I'm the chair of that 16 I2T. So I get the full support from my employee public technologies, and we contribute our time, energy, wisdom to the work of standard building. In regular policy, we think we can also work together with governments, regulatory bodies from around the world. So meet with the requirement with the technology in region to develop the latest wireless communication related to policy, and also with great pleasure, we can see I2OI is now starting his work on the early vision of 6G wireless communication. So I think here, we can easily contribute from technical vision, what will 6G look like, and also the relevant spectrum, the policy, which will provide a sustainable supply of spectrum for the future development of ICT development. And more importantly, if you have all these elements, the industry need to join I2D's activity and the strategic initiative to bring all these things into realization in different regions, different countries. For one thing, technology like 5G, AI, cloud, Azure computing, Internet of Things will all be very useful in different scenarios that will satisfy the requirement from different countries and regions in the world, whether they are developing countries, developing countries or less developing countries. So to wrap up, so the industry sector, the private sector all together, they can play multiple roles in bringing our contributions to benefit ICT development on the platform provided by ITU and the whole.


Please welcome Mahangu. Hi, and thank you. Okay, so first, just before I start, if I could have a show of hands, who in this room gets paid to write WordPress code? Put your hands up if you get paid to write WordPress code. Okay, so it's okay that you are here. This talk is not for you. Okay, so before we start, just a bit about me. I'm from Sri Lanka, and coming from Sri Lanka, it's a bit like Sri Lanka is told if you are really good and if you eat all your vegetables and drink all your milk, then someday you can grow up to be like Singapore. Yes, it's always like a country which we aspire to be, and I always love being in Singapore because it's such a beautiful place. And I'm really happy to be here, this WordCamp today. So my day job is being a happiness engineer, which basically means I spend most of my work day showing people how to use WordPress.com. And so if you have ever used WordPress.com and got, that's the question on live chat or email, you've spoken to somebody like me. So I've been using WordPress for a long time, and I've seen the many ways in which it has changed. And the kind of this talk also grew out of my WordPress experience. And the main part of that is that I don't write code for a living. I'm not a developer. I mess with WordPress code. I break WordPress code a lot, but I'm not a developer. And here is the main reason I say that. So in general, if you think about a software engineer, they have some programming training or experience. They get paid to write code, and they are often good at maths and sciences. And especially in this part of the world, like we do this very early on, right? We say in grade nine, if you are good at maths, you do like engineering or physics. If you're good at like, so maybe numbers, you do finance. And if you're good at nothing like me, then you do English. So for me, I have no programming training or experience. I don't get to write code, and I am not at all good at maths or hard sciences. So if you had to think of a software engineer in your mind and get a picture, here is maybe what it would look like. You think of someone like this. And if you think of a software engineer like this, then this is me, right? So that's the comparison. And that's where this word comes from. Jugaad, it's a Hindi word. Okay, now Hindi is the language I speak. The language I speak is Singhala. But I do spend a lot of time speaking at word camps in India. And so this is kind of a word I got from them. It roughly translates to hack in English. But here is the best kind of translation I can give you. And so Jugaad can range from something as complex as this to something as simple as this. And so it's basically the word hack. And so the English word we have for Jugaad is hack. And the word hack is very at the core of what WordPress is. Now does anybody know where this code is from? Does anybody recognize it? Right. It's basically from Matt's blog post in which he talks about the software that would someday become WordPress. It's not WordPress yet, but he's saying it would be awesome if we had this piece of software that could do these things. And you can see the word hackability is right there in the middle here, right? And so even before WordPress became WordPress, it was really important that it was hackable. And here's why. The first reason is that WordPress is made for everyone. It's made for everybody in this room. And it's made for everybody in the world. So WordPress is made for everyone who wants to do something with it. And so therefore you have to be able to change it easily. It has to be hackable. That's what WordPress' very core function is, to be hackable. And it's also made by everyone. So maybe misconception about WordPress is that it's made by software engineers. Yes, of course, there are software engineers who work on WordPress, but it's also made by lots of people who don't write software for a living. And that's what we're going to look at in this talk. So WordPress is hackable. And the main way in which it is hackable is via hooks. Now think of hooks like this, right? So when WordPress renders your blog, so the front page of your blog, at several, and sometimes several hundred points in that process, there are these hooks that jut out. And themes and plugins can hook into them. So the hook juts out, and a theme or plugin can hook into it and change the way WordPress does things. And especially at the time that WordPress brought in these features, it was generally really hard to change what a CMS does. It was almost impossible. You had to actually change the code of the CMS. And so WordPress kind of jumped ahead on the web, saying, hey, if you want to change, here you are. Just use these hooks. Now hooks can be split into two main parts, action and filters. It's not really important that you know exactly what an action is or what a filter is. But let's use these examples. So an action is basically WordPress saying, OK, so this action, publish underscore post, it fires whenever somebody hits the publish button on a site. So WordPress essentially asks you at that point, hey, plugins and themes, somebody just hit publish on the site, do you want me to do something? OK, so that's an action. When something happens on WordPress, you can choose to do something with your theme or plugin. And a filter is basically WordPress saying, I have this value. It's called the underscore title. And here it's the post or page title. And so WordPress very kindly asks us, I have this title with me. It's this. Do you want to change it? Right? And we say, yes, please. And so that's what we're going to do in this talk today. We're going to look at some code examples. Now, if you have not looked at programming code before, you may think it looks something like this. This is what we see in the movies. This is what we see on TV. It's things we don't understand. Only computers understand it. But actually no programming code is for humans to understand. And often it's just plain English. And especially the language that WordPress is written in is PHP, which is very close to English. So let's have a look. So now, if your first instinct is to be like, whoa, I don't understand.  Please stay with me. Please stay with me. Let's walk through this. Let's see how simple it can be. So there are four lines of code here. And let's walk through it now. So in the first line, that's a filter in blue, the underscore title. It's a filter. And we're saying to WordPress, every time a post title is displayed anywhere on the site, do this. And so the bit in yellow is this. And that is actually what we call a function. A function is a set of instructions. So we're telling WordPress, every time a post title is displayed anywhere on the site, do this and this. So again, every time a post title is displayed anywhere on the site, do this. So it goes like this. So let's follow what we're telling WordPress. Hey, WordPress, every time a post title is displayed anywhere, add WordCamp Singapore. I'm so sorry. Add WordCamp Singapore just before the post title. And send the modified post title back to WordPress. So every time a post title is displayed anywhere at that text, send the post title back. So we take this code and we run it. And it turns this, which is a very standard post title WordPress, into this. And so it's not that we have changed the world yet. But we have added some code which makes WordPress do something which it normally wouldn't do. And that's what WordPress hooks are. And thanks to this plugin by the way, which you can install right now, if you have a test site, Code Snippets, you don't even have to open a PHP file. You just grab the code, paste it in, hit Save Changes, and activate here. And the code runs on your site. Simple WordPress code is. But first the word of warning. Do not install Code Snippets and run these snippets on your work site. That will be a bad idea. Don't run it on your personal blog if it's live. Create a test site. So let's do it this way. So first create a test site. If you have one, that's fine. Install the Code Snippets plugin. And all the code examples I'm using today on my site, you can grab it right now if you go there. And let's see what happens. So let's walk through some more code examples. And let's see what we can make of it. So the Jougard way is basically, I used that word before, the hack way is task-based. And it uses existing resources in this sense. We aren't going to say, I want to learn PHP. This is where lots of people, including me, get stuck because you're like, oh yeah, WordPress is cool and I want to learn some code. But I have to learn PHP. PHP is this big black hole. It's a whole programming language. It's a very old programming language. And it has lots of things you can learn and learn and learn and learn and never fully learn PHP. And especially if it's not your job, it's really hard to find time to learn PHP. It's like saying, I want to learn English. It's like learning a language, which is not easy. Instead, what we're going to say is I want to learn how to. And here is the formula for doing that. Google WordPress plus what you want to do. Since it powers over 26% of the web, if you want to do something with WordPress, somebody else has done it before. And there's a guide out there. So let's, and for most things you search for, almost always your first result will be, on this side, it's a WordPress Codex site, a documentation site, and it's an excellent resource. Let's see how we can use it. So the standard WordPress login form is something which you have all seen and used, most probably. Let's see what we can do to kind of change it via hooks. Let's try and hook into the comment form and change it. So we Google WordPress plus add text to login form and we find a Codex page. We scroll down and there's a code example. So this is basically how I learned WordPress Code. I have no idea what that means, but I'm just going to copy and paste it and we'll see what happens. So let's walk through this code example again.  It's not difficult. So this is a filter again. It's the login message filter which we are telling WordPress. So here basically WordPress is asking us, hey, I have the login message, do you want to change it? And here we're saying yes. Every time you display the login message, do this, right? And so this we said is a function. A function is a set of instructions. Here it has only how many instructions? Just one, right? So we're saying every time you display a login message on the site WordPress, send this login message back to WordPress. The login message is WordCam Singapore. It's going to be awesome, which I think is true. So let's see what that is. We run that code and it changes this into this. And especially if you have used other CMS software, I'm not going to name them here out of respect, but if you have used them before, you know how hard it is to get them to do this. It was virtually impossible without changing the code, the actual CMS code. So this is what makes WordPress special. So let's jump straight into another example. WordPress plus add admin screen message. So maybe you want to tell all your users something, right? So we Google and we find a code example and we do our usual copy paste, right? Right. Let's look at this example. Now this is an action. So it's not that there is a value which we want WordPress to change for us. We say when you display admin notices, so like other plugins and themes can also display admin notices, we say when you do that WordPress, please do this for me. This is a function and it has one instruction. And it's a very simple instruction. It's saying output this HTML. So the CSS here is built into WordPress, these CSS classes. And here we're just saying display hello, word camp, Singapore. So we're saying WordPress, when you display admin notices at the top, do this. This is this one instruction and that is saying output this HTML. And we copy it from here, paste it into code snippets. Hit save change doesn't activate and that happens. Right. And I know it's not like we're not making like huge leaps in what we're doing, but just in four lines of code that you can add something to that main screen, which is pretty cool. Right. If you think about it. Right. So let's look at one more example. Right. So now we're getting a bit fancy. I mean what hooks are and we're getting. So we Google WordPress comment form hooks. Right. And so there are many in the comment form, but let's look at one we can take. Right. And so by now, like we are really good at this copy paste business and we just grab the code. We paste it in. Right. Because this is what we do. Right. So again here, this is an action. An action is basically he ever saying WordPress, when you display the comment form. So the comment form can be on a post. It can be on a page. It can be in any place which your team displays the comment form. Do this. Right. And this is a, as we said before, is a function. A function is a set of instructions. How many instructions are here? One. Right. And so again it's some very simple HTML. It's two strong tags. We're saying output this HTML. It's a comment form. We're trying to add the text.  And so if you paste this code in, it changes from this to this. Right. And so if you want to add a notice asking people like to be polite human beings on the internet, this is a good hook to use for that. Right. So again, as you can see, it's not the, the, like all these books on their own, it may seem like, well, you know, like they're quite simple. Right. They're quite simple. But if you start putting them together, right, I'm sure you can already start thinking of some pretty cool things you can write just by combining these different code snippets, which we don't really understand, but we put them together. We mash them together and then we see what happens. Right. So the WordPress already has hundreds of hooks and with every new release, also there are more hooks. But the best part is that WordPress core has hooks, but every theme, every plugin you install comes with hooks of its own. So there are quite literally thousands of actions and filters that you can use if you want to do things with WordPress. Right. So, like even if you don't write WordPress code for a living, it's really useful to know what hooks are, what actions and filters are, and also how they work, simply because WordPress is the most used CMS in the world. Right. And it powers an unbelievable amount of websites. And if you work with the web at all, like just being able to know how to make a small change like this can be very, very useful. Right. And especially in this part of the world, something which we do early on, as I said, is that like in grade nine, like you are engineers, you are doctors, you are lawyers, and so on and so forth. But like, especially because of PHP and how simple it is and almost plain English, like you don't have to be a software engineer to write WordPress code. That is like, if you take only one thing away from this session, please take away that is that you don't need to have like a software engineering degree to write WordPress code, as you saw, it just happened. So, actions and filters can help you do a lot with WordPress that you would otherwise need to hire somebody else to do, which you don't need to do. If it's something simple, see if there's a hook and try and do it yourself using the code snippets plugin. So, again, WordPress is hackable. It's at the core of what WordPress is. WordPress is what it is and it has expanded to the size it is today, only because it is hackable. It is at its very core, it is hackable. And if you use this way, where you use the Jogad way of task-based learning and you use existing resources, it's not hard to get into it, right? Just Google WordPress plus what you want to do with it. So, again, WordPress is meant for everyone. It's made for every single use case in this room. It's made for every single use case in the world. But more importantly, WordPress is made by everyone. It's not just made by software engineers. It's made by all sorts of people who do all sorts of things for work. They still get involved and use WordPress code. So, WordPress is made by everyone, and that includes you. Thank you. If you have any questions, I'd be happy to answer. Yes. So, that's all the code. So, that's all the code that you copy and paste? Does it have to all go into functions.php file? Can you paste it in visual templates? Right. So, all the code examples I used today can go into functions.php file, but the code snippets plugin is easier if you don't want to create a function.php file. So, any code that goes in either the functions.php file or the code snippets plugin is loaded by WordPress. Of course, if you're creating a theme of your own, of course, you can put it in your own template files as well. That's up to you, but anything you paste in the code snippets extension, sorry, in the plugin, or in the functions.php file is automatically run by WordPress. Yes. Can I just change it? I was keeping it out. Right. On the very first slide, is it? Well, I was keeping it there, or I can change it everything I want. Right. Right. Okay, so that's a good question. Okay, so the short answer, right? Because this is... I'll be happy to speak to you after as well, but the... So, basically the short answer is that this tells WordPress at which point it should do this, right? Because if you have lots of actions and filters, other plugins and themes can also do things at the same point with the post title. So, like, if you want, like, some other themes are going to run first. So, the... Essentially, this number tells WordPress when to run it, at which point. Is it first? Is it after the plugins? So, it's a little more complicated, but essentially, the gist is that it's a priority WordPress gives to this... to... join instruction here at which point. At which point should WordPress run it? So, like, sometimes if you run this, maybe the title is in fact empty, empty because something else has changed it. And so then you would bump this up and say, okay, so give me the title first and I'll change it, and then you can give it to other plugins and themes and so on. So, if I have no idea what is the priority and so I'll just give it back where it has been. Yes. Is there any more questions? Okay, if not, thank you so much.


Welcome everybody and thanks for joining us. I'm Cliff Lynch I'm the director of the coalition for networked information. You have reached one of the project briefing sessions on the beginning of the third week of the CNI fall 2020 virtual member meeting week three is dedicated to technology infrastructure standards and related issues. And I'm delighted you're here with us. I think you're really going to enjoy this. A couple of logistical things we're recording this session. The recording will be available to meeting attendees quite quickly, and shortly thereafter to the general public. There is closed captioning that you can make use of if you wish. In the chat box please feel free to use that as we go along. And there is a Q&A tool at the bottom of your screen. We will take Q&A at the end and Diane Goldenberg Hart from CNI will moderate the Q&A session. I do want to note that with week three we have released a bunch of pre-recorded videos as well as the live sessions that we'll be doing throughout the course of the week. With that, let me turn to the topic at hand. We have with us two speakers today, both from the University of California at San Diego, Roger Smith and Scott McAvoy. And they are going to talk about a project which I think is just marvelous. I saw it and just felt we had to get it to CNI on a couple of bases. This is a very technically interesting project and it sort of stands in a series of efforts to reconstruct based on photographic evidence. I'm thinking of things like Microsoft researches work with photosynth over the years. It also raises a lot of really strategic questions about the roles of special collections, the role of libraries, about how we document place and historic place, especially in an era where we are losing historic places, because of wars, climate change and other disasters. And so I just think it's one of these things that's absolutely what I hope to bring to CNI. So with that, let me shut up and turn it over to Roger, I believe you're going to start. I am. Thanks for being here. Thank you for having us Cliff and thank you everyone for joining today. Scott and I are so pleased to be able to present our work on the UC San Diego effort to reconstruct digitally the ancient Temple of Bell and Palmyra Syria, which is an effort to preserve the overall cultural heritage of the region of Palmyra, along with other sites around the globe for future generations. So just briefly, I will outline the presentation today and talk a little bit about what we'll be sharing. I'll provide a little context and framework around the work of the digital media lab and also its home program within the library the scholarship tools and methods program. So we'll do a deep dive into the Temple of Bell project. And then I'll wrap up with a little bit broader context around the future of our endeavors in this space our repository work and how we're connecting to our campus endeavors. And then of course we'll leave time at the end for questions for both of us. All right. So a little bit of background, just sharing with you some context for where projects like this sit within the library. The digital media lab or DML is a unit within scholarship tools or methods or STM we love our abbreviations and STM or scholarship tools of methods scholarship tools and methods includes a variety of activities or overseas and supports a variety of activities associated with digital asset management and the development of content management of content in our main repository along with other UCSD and UC managed digital asset platforms. STM also engages in work around emerging formats, including reformatting of content and the application of format types to new modes of teaching and research. Within that context, the digital media lab or DML has evolved from its origins that were largely kind of framed around the concept of maker space. We still maintain a physical space if the library were open that provides services such as 3D printing high level digital media workstations. But the DML has evolved into a strong virtual component. It's really grounded in facilitating project based exploration centered in the use of new emerging formats for teaching research. That includes it's not limited to point clouds, 3D virtual reality and the application of AI to enhance services around these formats. The DML is increasingly connected to other services and activities both in the library and across, I'm sorry, both in the STM program across the library. These include geospatial and data services and data visualization, research data, especially the curation of research data involving unique format needs. The DML has a close relationship with our technology and digital experience unit or TDX, providing both support, where they provide support both for immediate technological needs, as well as development of existing and future platforms. In addition to exploration of new formats and their use informs our overall understanding of a development trajectory for the core repository in terms of its capacity and capability. Very briefly, I'll share that our repository is a locally maintained San Vera based dams with a black light based front end on a custom storage layer. Support for the dams draws from expertise across a range of library programs, including STM, metadata services, our technology unit and more. One feature of the repository ecosystem is a strong connection or direct connection rather to our chronopolis digital preservation repository, adding that aspect of digital preservation to the content that we develop and manage. And finally I'll note that we're increasingly developing features and functionality and partnership with other UC campuses, especially UC Santa Barbara through a project we call Project Surfliner. The intention there is to maximize the efficiency of development through shared goals and through pool development resources. So with that, as at least a brief ecosystem context, I'll kick it over to Scott to take it away and do a deep dive into the Temple of El project. Thanks Roger. Yes, I'd like to start by introducing Basil Cartabil, and Basil is a really interesting character and all of this he's an open source software developer or it was an open source software developer with close ties to the creative Commons and Mozilla foundations. He was an advocate for a free and open internet and in Syria in 2012 that was sort of a dangerous thing to be the Arab spring and the the beginnings of the Syrian uprising had just sort of happened and abated, and a lot of the protests and the armed insurrections had been coordinated via social media and the the open internet and it was sort of seen as the enemy of the state. So Basil is imprisoned in 2012 by the Syrian government. And I don't think they actually ever charged him with any crime, but one of the last projects that Basil had worked on before he was imprisoned. We see here a 3D reconstruction of the city of Paul Myra, as it would have been in the third century AD at its height. And Paul Myra had been a very important Silk Road city in Oasis in the desert sort of a gateway between the Roman Empire and the Parthian Empire. He's been, you know, important and prosperous for thousands of years. One of the, you know, is well known for its monumental architectures if you're a merchant and you have a successful caravan. And some of the money on on, you know, a tomb or a temple or or some other giant public works and you can see all the the tombs and temples out on the edges here all done by these wealthy merchants. So this is the part I struggle with this changing this slide. There we go. I want to show you some examples of the existing side of Paul Myra. This is its theater, and you can see the remains of decoration up here is just wildly ornate every single square inch would have had some sort of decoration over it back at its height. You can see this site right here that the monumental arch. Here it is on the Syrian 50 pound bill, along with a character is a no be a here who had been. She had been sort of the Empress of the independent Paul Marine Empire. For a while it threatened the Roman Empire, it was such a wealthy center of power. And you can see so the association with the regime is this, you know, points to Syria as once being very prosperous and very powerful on the world stage as part of the Roman Empire. And then here is the Temple of Bell, which we've reconstructed for this project. And this is an important religious building for thousands of years. It kept changing and adapting it had been in a Syrian temple to the God ball, and it kept taking on different flavors it became sort of a Greek pagan temple a Roman pagan temple, a Greek Orthodox church and eventually a mosque to all the while, you know, serving different communities and, you know, taking on all these different flavors but still being central to the community. I want to show. Palmyra has this amazing tradition of these funerary bus, and there's still about 3000 of these extant, and these are carvings of real individuals with their, their names and their familial connections and scribe them next to their faces so you know as as ancient sites it's a very personal one where you see individual people still sort of dotting this, this, you know, ancient base desert landscape. Basil is in prison in March 2012 he's kept in solitary for a while. Eventually he's moved to a more open prison camp where he's allowed to contact the outside world. There, you know he hasn't been charged there aren't a lot of options to defend himself locally within within this Syrian legal system or whatever. But he has all these, you know, ties to international open information organizations he's, you know, well known and important, and his friends internationally begin this sort of social media campaign which is very successful. They end up going, you know, posing his case to the European Parliament and the United Nations, both of which, I think I've got the quote here.  He still hasn't been, you know, formally charged with anything in 2015 he's been in prison for over three years now. He's transferred to a new location he goes silent and and people start to fear the worst. So, so the media campaign ramps up they're trying to boost his profile. MIT Media Lab offers him a research position, anything that they can do to, you know, to try to dissuade the Syrian government from from executing what they potentially do, which, you know isn't actually confirmed until 2017.  So at the same time, ISIS is rolling into Palmyra. This is a picture of the the Temple of Bell before and after. This is a picture of, you know what they did to the museum. You know, they're, they're going around smashing faces this. It's a symbol of the current regime that are using at the point to, you know, Syrian power, but it's also a symbol of other religions and paganism and iconography and everything so it's a real important target for ISIS. And so, through this, the same people that had run the free basil social media campaign. This huge group internationally with all of these high level organizations they sort of, you know, they feel that they've, they failed, but they want to keep this momentum going and they funnel their energies and their support into creating a new Palmyra project and new Palmyra ends up getting about 3000 high resolution images of Palmyra over the course of a decade and a half made to be public domain. And these are very, this is a very important site because, you know, not only are they super high resolution. They maintain their exit data, which is really important for 3D reconstruction. So I need to emphasize this is a real feat in that there's thousands of high resolution images all in one place they're made totally free public domain, the exit data is intact there is, you know, like no better sandbox out there for 3D reconstruction.  And if we were to go about buying, you know, commercially available photographs to fill in these gaps these these places in the model that aren't showing any of the photographs that we have. A single photograph can can cost $500 to license by a traditional media standards. So if, if you gave me a grant for, you know, half a million dollars, I would still run short of acquiring a full collection of the commercially available media that I could apply to this project and make it more complete. So I want to mention Reuters is actually starting to license their media in bulk for machine learning data sets. So hopefully that sort of license will eventually transfer over if we're only using the data to try to, you know, extract points and measurements and create a larger whole. I'm very interested to see where that's going. So I want to talk about the actual reconstruction process using structure from motion. And this is this. Here we go. Okay. It's this process by which individual photos have clusters of high contrast tagged. And then those clusters are compared to each other. So you're able to sort of triangulate their position in 3D as one cluster moves over here relative to another cluster. So you can see what's going on here at each one of these pyramids is is like pointing up to the angle, the individual photo involved. And here you can see one of the individual photos one of the enemies of this process is things that change. So you see I've had to manually mask out things like the tourists themselves the sky, the gravel vegetation anything that can change over time. I want to show to. So through this process I placed about 90 points manually here going through all the photos and and saying, this is that this is that. So I did 90 of those but this algorithm is choosing about 5000 of these per image. And honestly, you know we'd started building public services around photogrammetry in the digital media lab. You know people would bring in an object and we use it to 3D scan and 3D print it. And it was a big surprise that it worked as well as it did in this use case we have enough trouble scanning a student space or an apple or something like that. You know we got anything out of this was just incredible. And then we just kept refining it and got something better and better each time. So, Okay. So we're left with this model and it's a challenging data set. You know the numbers have lost all meaning at this point is 1.2 billion points using over 800 different photos for different parts of the model. Altogether is about 80 gigabytes of data. And it's a big challenge to figure out how to share that data set. And how do we how do we place this within the archive to how do we connect the model back to the images and you know allow the user to explore these things and in a way that's more or less continuous. And we stumbled upon. There we go. This viewer right here the poetry point cloud viewer. You can see, this is the entire full resolution being rendered in browser, anybody can pull this up in in Chrome or Firefox and just explore it manually I'm manipulating it manually right now. I can click around go to these different regions of interest. And you see it's filling in detail, as we go based on my cameras position. So I'm on zoom over Wi-Fi, and it's still doing a pretty good job here. You can see this, you know, this faint painting from the fourth century on the wall, all these crazy stone carvings. I'll go around a little bit here. I want to show you can zoom into read individual inscriptions. And it's really this incredible new ability to, you know, scale our view in a streamlined way between details which are sub millimeter and details which are, you know, many tens of meters long. So, yeah, this this means a lot of different things this viewer is, you know, built on existing JavaScript and HTML libraries is totally open. This resolution agnostic is the simplicity of its implementation with HTML and JavaScript means that we can customize it like crazy to we can, you know, we've got it linked back to our digital collections here. I forgot to show all the other features, we can do some basic analysis in here, we can, you know, do do measurements and annotations as we please. And the clipping boxes to, you know, separate out particular regions here. And here, you can you can walk around this thing in VR. I want to show, you know, the custom interactions that we can do I have this incredibly high resolution 1.2 billion point model, and I can just click another button to pull up another high resolution model, which is the same site. This is the 2016 after six exploded, and we're able to make this one from some commercially available drone footage. So that I mean all these capabilities to to communicate super high resolution data and the ability to sort of link it back to everything else. It shows a lot of promise and the way, you know, not only the way we use the archives, but the way we integrate different data sets with each other. I'd like to turn it back to Roger to take us home on that point. Well, thanks Scott for the deep dive into the project. I will try and be respectful of time and wrap up fairly concisely here. This type of project. As I mentioned earlier, as a kind of a core component of exploring new formats within the digital media lab and scholarship tools and methods. Kind of this work allows us to collaboratively explore areas of need on campus work with partners to ascertain what a sustainable service model looks like between campus and library partners working on these farm these formats these transformative technologies. In addition, the library itself uses these efforts to gain a more well defined sense of direction with respect to our repository infrastructure what our capacity should look like to ingest make available and preserve these new and emerging formats. So endeavors like these exemplified by DML and STM there's always challenges and opportunities. These challenges certainly are reflected in resources in terms of staff and budget sustainability of the service and the capacity to engage this work at scale what that scale might look like, and also alignment with competing priorities. And one way to kind of engage these challenges is to answer and answer questions around sustainability is to work backwards I like to call it from from outcome. So let me ask a series of questions what's the impact of the work to the future of teaching and research on campus. How does this support a varied set of activities across in the library but across disciplines. How does exploration in this space and form and craft. This is kind of a model for flexible impactful and sustainable repository ecosystems. And these are questions we're constantly revisiting as we track new use cases and look at the shifting landscape of resource challenges and opportunities. So in terms of compliance, you know limited resources might indicate competition for priorities but the challenge is to engage in a conversation or series of conversations that builds consensus and articulate articulates both short medium and long term goals that are kind of commonly understood and provide a kind of uniform direction. I mentioned that another goal the library and scholarship tools and methods has when we return to full operation post pandemic is to instantiate a replacement for a workstation we've maintained called a cave kiosk. And the replacement and the concept will take the form of a higher resolution media display intended to showcase projects such as the temple of bell, provide an interactive workspace allowing the promotion and engagement with these types of objects and services. So there's both a physical instantiation and the virtual web based instantiation of a lot of these projects to both spur interest engagement and use. And that's our hope for our exploration in this space. And with that, and just a few minutes left I'd love to entertain any questions you may have for Scott or I Thanks Roger. And thank you Scott. Just a fascinating project. Amazing. We really appreciate your bringing it to see an eye to share with our community. I dropped the URL and the chat there, which I believe is the access point for the general public to explore this tools. So if you see that Scott I just want to make sure that's the right link there. Yep, I even clicked it to make sure. Okay, yeah. Great. So the floor is open for questions and I hope our attendees will share your questions with us. I was just curious, could you just chat a little bit about who some of your partners were on this project to what who was involved how long did it take how many, how many hands in the kettle. This this was largely a passion project for myself. I'd begun working with some some people from Beats College in Maine, and we've been working on constructing the site during your opus and it all sort of snowballed at some point I became involved with the new Walmart project itself. But but really I just became a personal project. It was mostly me just sifting through image databases and, you know, clipping out. What's it called clipping out all that all the tourists. That is quite extraordinary. If I could also jump in Scott just to add to your question to your answer rather into Diane's question. This this project does build on a history of the library's work with our archaeology department and faculty members here, doing similar data on around LiDAR data and around other archaeological sites that have been imaged in one form or another. And yet what Scott has done here on this project is obviously explore a new level of transformation from still imagery to a three dimensional model so it builds on a history and has good connection to archaeology endeavors on campus and in the library that this this served as a use case that we've already applied to a lot of other archaeological projects at UCSD. So it's nice to have the project that we can control and do whatever we want with an applied and whatever way without constraints of, you know, academic partners to publish and have all these other concerns over how their data is used. Sure. Okay, thank you very much. I see that Cliff has a question. Go ahead, Cliff. So I actually have two questions. Some of this reconstruction work around Palmyra is looking really familiar like I believe I saw a museum exhibition on it someplace maybe a year, 18 months ago. Does that ring any bells. Yeah, there there have been. Well, first of all, there are a lot of different sites at Palmyra a lot of different by different means. Yeah, there. There have been some parallel projects that have been going through done by the Ark Foundation. And there's another one.  And then there's another group out of Italy and Switzerland and by Dr. The song Bob a and Gabriella thank you. And they, they actually had some really nice professional photographs that they were able to use for it. Neither of these have been made totally open along with their source material. This version of it is the most complete. I guess the only one to have such high resolution.  But yeah, they're the same challenges been tackled in parallel by by a number of different places. And the other thing I was wondering about was, you mentioned the difficulties of getting commercial satellite imagery, for example, to help with these reconstructions. I'm wondering if there's some way to mobilize organizations like UNESCO around that I mean we're talking. I'm pretty sure Palmyra is a World Heritage site. And I would think there are probably several of these that are, you know, in need of this kind of documentation reconstruction. I had been, I'd been looking into a grant through digital globe, who often often does stuff like this. They funded a few different UCSD projects to, I think there was a documentary about finding Genghis cons to where they provided all this imagery and project like that otherwise would have been cost prohibitive. Just the, just the satellite photography that I'd been looking at to get adequate coverage of that region when I looked it was going to be like $12,000 or something for a very small piece of this site. Interesting. Thank you for that. And I want to shut up and let other folks ask questions. Actually, we are, we are past time at this point so I will thank our speakers once again, Roger and Scott thank you so much for sharing this with us here at CNI and to our attendees thank you for making time out of your day to join us. Once again for more of CNI's fall 2020 meeting. And at this point I'm going to turn off the recording and just invite any attendees who'd like to stick around and join the conversation, ask our speakers a question. Please raise your hand and I'll be happy to turn on your microphone. And with that, thank you everyone and have a great rest of your day. Bye bye. Thank you.


When and why will a narcissist discard you? Narcissists are great actors They put on a show They perform for your amusement While you think that you're building a meaningful relationship with them when you're just a part of the audience to this entertainer who is the narcissist and They're aroused by your reactions to what they are doing with you They put on a performance to win your admiration and praise Because if there's one thing they want even more than money, it's your attention Because then they feel powerful and in control But eventually they start to lose interest in you They perform with less energy than they did before and They may just walk off the stage Because they already know what is coming They know that their act is no longer attractive or interesting to you anymore Because all you got involved with is with an actor or an actress They're always watching your facial expressions They're looking at your body language And they're listening to the tone of your voice Because they get off on your reactions to what they're doing Especially when they come back and they manage to get you to forgive them and you have a gleam in your eye Your eyes glitter Which is an expression of your excitement and interest But they also begin to notice when your emotional responses are different When they are no longer the same as they were in the beginning When it no longer has the same brightness or effect When it no longer gives them the same amount of fuel And when that happens they already know what's coming They already know the curtains are about to close They already know the show is coming to an end Because you're not giving them any admiration or praise You're not giving them an incentive to keep going Because they're just performers and you are their audience And they know that if you're not reacting the same way Then they need to get off the stage So then they will leave or they will ghost you They will discard you when you start to figure them out When you stop giving them the emotional response of the energy that they're looking for When they're no longer appealing to you Because that's what motivates them. That's what fuels them. They can't live without it And that is why they cannot sustain a relationship with just one person The discard is unavoidable Because their act becomes boring and mundane It gets annoying due to repetition Because they mistreat you They damage your feelings towards them Until you begin to feel differently about them And that is when they are ready to discard you That is when they have to get rid of you Or they will do everything they can to push you away Because they already know what's coming They know they no longer have an effect on you And when that happens they no longer decide to be with you Because they already know what's going to happen They already know their show is coming to an end But they would rather be in control of it So that they can avoid humiliation and try to keep their dignity Because they know you can't tolerate them After they've already behaved in an offensive, burdensome and tiresome manner towards you They destroyed everything they had with you They broke your trust So they know they have to leave They know they have to end the performance and walk off the stage Because their act is no longer amusing You've got tired of it It doesn't interest you anymore So now they no longer interested in you Because you're no longer reacting to them You no longer excited You disapprove of them now Because they're unpleasant and offensive But some of you may choose to put up with it You may show courage and determination Despite the depress and adversity It's only because you don't want to lose everything that you've invested in them And they know that They know that you're annoyed and happy and bored of them They know that you're about to get rid of them They know that it's coming Because they pay attention to your body language, facial expressions and tone of voice So they can get an advance warning of what is going to happen So that they know when it's time for them to leave Or when it's time for them to start being mean and disrespectful to you So that they can feel like it haven't done their conditions Because they are in a position of power over you Rather than it being because you got tired of them Because then it's easier for them to deal with Than it would be if you were the one who discarded them Than it would be if you were the one who discarded them But when a narcissist discards you It's because you initiated and triggered it to happen Because they're just actors And if their actors are good enough they have to walk off the stage Thank you for watching If you found this video helpful please give it a thumbs up Share your thoughts in the comment section Hit the subscribe button to receive the notifications If you would like to support the channel You can donate at paypal.me-nax survivor You can book a one-on-one with me on my website It's Naxa Fiver, the code at UK Thank you for watching and I'll talk to you soon


F-16s, we don't have a lot of gas. There are very few scenarios where we would take off on a combat swordy without an arrow to arrow fueling option, execute a combat mission, and come back. It's rare. In every scenario, it is imperative that we have tankers. We can't get to the fight, and we can't sustain the fight and maintain persistent overhead support to friendly forces, and that's in every AOR. In the future fight that we might have to face, adversaries have more and more capability to push us farther away in terms of where we base our aircraft. It just makes it more critical that we have the reach that air to air refueling provides to us. It gets us to the fight, and we couldn't do it without that support. We're integrating with the tankers in tactical scenarios. We execute suppression of enemy air defense missions, counter air missions all the time. We train to it. It's what we're tasked to do if we get deployed in combat. It's one of the things we're supposed to be really good at. What we don't get an opportunity to do, typically, is integrate with other high-value airborne assets. This has given us an opportunity to integrate in the air, bring them into the tactical scenario to where we are all fighting the same adversary, and we have some contracts and contingencies that we can work where they actually participate as more than just the tanker that's 100 miles away. They're actually having to defend and execute some of these contracts. We have in the unit and all the aircrew and the maintenance personnel and all the personnel from McDill on the ground. That's really what has made this a special experience and something that's enhanced our lethality as well as our combined capability for all the aircrew. It's been really cool to see that happen.


زيناب تسيح يدمو عه وتصراح يجبري بدنا حكور فع جثتها لا تسحج الخير بسبب الله الرحمن الرحيم زيناب تسيح يدمو عهد تحجرة مع بعض العام بينها و أمها إمام حسين عليه السلام نحن نخبر بأن الإسلام صلى الله عليه وآله ليست في المدينة في الوقت وذلك دي مظهر الزهراء عليه السلام يأتي إلى أمير المؤمنين ويقول لك كما تقوم بمدينة الإسلام في إسلامه نسألك أن نسمع هذا الشيء أمير المؤمنين يكفي عندما أخي صديقتي أخي صديقتي سيأتي هو الشيء الذي سنسمع هذا الشيء هذا هو right of the child's grandfather رسول الله صلى الله عليه وآله نحن نخبر بأن عندما رسول الله صلى الله عليه وآله يأتي إلى المدينة المنوورة ويقوم بمدينة هذا الشيء هو يقول yes I have a right to name this child as the grandfather and father of this child however I leave this to Allah for Allah himself will name this daughter as we are told Allah then sends the revelation from Jibra'il saying name this dear daughter Zainab she who is the beautification of her father the best qualities that you find in the father these qualities are found in this daughter أن تصميمها أمي المؤمنين ويجب أن تظهرها أمي المؤمنين كما نعرف أننا نعيش حياة مع التعليم كما نعيش أمي رسول الله صلى الله عليه وعلي وعلي يجب when she is just around six years of age when she sees the death of the Prophet of Islam and the tragedies which take place afterwards she sees the ماتزم of her ماذا الزحراء عليه السلام we are told with regards to this that one day during the life of the Prophet of Islam صلى الله عليه وعلي say the Zainab sees a dream a dream of me and you may be something that has no meaning is false but the dream of these type of individuals the pure immaculate family of the Prophet of Islam these dreams have wisdom and حكم and meaning behind it she says I saw in my dream one night that there is a very strong wind and there's a very firm tree that is there and that as the wind is blowing me away I hold onto the branches of this tree and suddenly this tree is uprooted and as I try to hold onto the branches the branches also break and I find that there are two twigs left of this tree when I hold onto these two twigs eventually they also break and she says I found myself left in the middle of the air about to fall at which time then I woke up say the Zainab says with tears in my eyes I went to my grandfather صلى الله عليه وعلي I said يا رسول الله what was this that I saw in my dream the tree was there it was being uprooted by the strong winds I held onto two firm branches those branches also broke then I saw these two twigs that were there I held onto them they also broke and then I was left without any support the Prophet of Islam صلى الله عليه وعلي has tears in his eyes he says يا زيناب that tree was me your grandfather and soon I'm about to leave this world and as I leave this world there will be those two branches that you will try to hold onto and they are of your mother as حراسي تنساء العالمين and your father عمير المؤمنين but a time will come when they will also be marted and they will leave this world and then you will have those two smaller parts of the tree that way your brothers حسن and حسين but زيناب no a time will come where even they are gone and you are left then without any support so she was told about the tragedy that would to take place and she sees stage by stage the calamities that would befall her because if you look at all of these events that take place there are some people that were present others that weren't present one of the individuals that sees all of the tragedies of Islam is زيناب when the Prophet of Islam dies she stays in Medina as we are told she then is married to the son of جعفر عبد الله was a very wealthy person despite his wealth history tells us that عبد الله was someone that was very generous and this was part of the household of زيناب that they would give a lot and we are told that those that saw their lifestyle saw that they would live a very simple life in fact with regards to her modesty we are told that the neighbors of the house of زيناب said never did we see her shadow and never did we hear her voice in other words the حجاب of this lady was such that never would she come out of the house in front when there are other non-mehrim people there and never would we hear her voice because of the حجاب that she kept the modesty that she would keep in her house she lives in Medina and we are told that one time comes where زيناب leaves and joins her father and joins her father in كوفر history mentions how when she joins her father in كوفر the few years that أمير المؤمنين is the خليف of the so-called خليف of the muslims during those three or four years أمير المؤمنين sends إمام حسنان إمام حسين صلى الله عليه وسلم and says look go to Medina and bring for me زيناب صلى الله عليه وسلم my daughter I wish for her and the other daughters to be with me here in كوفر but when you travel with them number one travel at night time travel where no one can see them because these are the daughters of أليبان أبي طالب and also when you get to the gate of كوفر stop and I will come and welcome my daughter زيناب أمير كوفر and turn to the city أمام حسنان أمام حسين travel at night time with the daughters of أليبان أبي طالب and as they travel they get to the gate of the city they stop there أمير المؤمنين himself comes out of the city welcome زيناب أمير كوفر and there are lines which really break the heart of a believer when أمير المؤمنين says يا زيناب this is the market of كوفر and زيناب this is the the main gate of كوفر and this is the other way that you can enter and this is the third way that you can enter and this is the government buildings of كوفر say the زيناب says why do I need to know these things about where the market of كوفر is and where the gate of كوفر is أليبان أبي طالب says because this is the same كوفر where after I go in that same dream that she sees and after حسن المجتباء goes and after her brother حسين goes this is that same كوفر where you will be made to at that moment in time then doing this middle part of her life we see this character of say زيناب of a teacher of a jurist of a مفسرة of قرآن because the narration says that on one occasion أمام حسين عليه السلام is passing by the masjid of كوفر and he can hear inside the masjid that say زيناب is giving تفسير the women when say زيناب enters into كوفر the women of كوفر they ask and request from أمير المؤمنين that we have lessons for females for women women with your daughter on تفسير of قرآن and so the history mentions that as Imam حسين is passing by he said I would hear her mentioning the تفسير of the حروف المقبطات يا سين الفلام بيب in كوفر therefore she has this role of the teacher at time then comes when ذحر البيت عليه مسلام have to return back to مدينة after the death of أمير المؤمنين and when in مدينة then she lives her life she sees the death of المشتبع عليه السلام as we are told when أمير المؤمنين gave her hand in marriage to عبد الله بن جعفر he said I only have one request the dowry was the same as the dowry of زهراء عليه السلام he says my one request is that when her brother حسين requests her to come with him on a certain journey whenever don't say no this is my one request from you that whenever he requests allow her to go with حسين عليه السلام these last few moments then when she is in مدينة المنورة as we understand the greatest tragedy that has fallen on this earth takes place and if we want to understand the martyrdom of say دزيد who after كرب الله then cries and laments if we want to understand the true martyrdom of this woman then understand that there are two ways in which I can make someone شهيد the first is the way in which they make إمام حسين عليه السلام شهيد they sever his neck from his body they physically kill him the second way you can make someone أمارت أو شهيد is the way in which you have fish in the water remove the fish from the water that itself is it's شهد and it's a martyr there's no need to cut or use any weapon nothing you just separate the fish from the water the same thing takes place with زينب on أشورة if you want to see the action martyrdom of زينب on أشورة both of these types of martyrdom are found that when it came to إمام حسين this was the first type of martyrdom and I said when you remove a fish from its water the fish dies when they separated حسين and زينب from one another the day in which حسين no longer lives and زينب is separated this is the real martyrdom of زينب and then there are differences of opinion as to where she lives where she goes after كربلان أشورة she would mourn for إمام حسين عليه السلام and as one narration says she is mourning in شام as we know there are different places as to where she is said to be buried she is mourning and crying for حسين and the duty of حسين عليه السلام that is there until at one point she reaches her final moments according to some narrations there is someone that is there to kill her because he sees this is a woman from the أحل البيت عليه السلام others say no she died in a different way but one thing that we do understand about this lady of light زينب زينب سلام الله عليه as she lives for us something which is part of the treasure chest of أحل البيت one of the jewels of these treasures of أحل البيت عليه السلام if you look into the life of أيت الله مر أشي نجف يرحمة الله عليه he mentions very famously in a famous incident that on one occasion the incident is long that he meet صاحب العسري والزمان عجل الله اكتاله فرجو الشريف in Iraq when he meets صاحب العسر many things take place one of the things that he says he says that my Imam told me to tell all of the umma to read three things in their life they should read these three things the first thing that Imam said they should read the خطبة of شق شقية of أمير المؤمنين فعودي النهج البلاعة أما والله لقد تقمسها فلان فسبرتوا في العيني قضاوا في الحلقي شجا شق شقية of أمير المؤمنين شق شقية literally means the phone that comes out of the mouth of the camel when the camel is angry so this خطبة was like the expression of anger of أمير المؤمنين عليه السلام this is the first he said then tell the people to read the خطبة of الزهراء عليه السلام of فدك and the third he says tell them to read the خطبة of زينا بسلام الله عليه that she gives inshallah this was a legacy for us to understand the treasure of knowledge that was سيد زينا بسلام الله عليه وآخر الدعوان الحمد لله رب العالم