You know and I think you mentioned something so important that they aren't a lot of young people in the real estate game And also when I change that you know, I've seen some of the peers that I've had they got into real estate And then they sort of lifted so I want to you know Be that person to break the glass ceiling and also be a successful realtor at a very young age And also change the narrative in our country. We don't need real estate agents that are 50 years old and are boring You know these days you have upcoming young people Good day and welcome back to the first time home by a show. I'm your host Estie class and this evening I am chatting to a young driven ambitious Resilient man poor water. Also before we even continue with this amazing show We have amazing content coming to you live every weekday this week We've got some until guacamalo with the private property podcast That's Monday to Friday at 7 p.m. And of course in Bali comes to you with the agricultural and farming Podcasts every Tuesday and Thursday at 8 p.m. And then this gorgeous location where we are right now We'll also feature on Chad the Viruses show the home shopper show every Monday and Friday at 8 p.m It's something you do not want to miss but without further ado this young man with me this evening shares His story and his journey of how he landed this gorgeous 18 million rand penthouse in the center of Johannesburg Santon the city of gold firstly happy belated birthday important. Thank you so much Thank you so much for taking the time out of your day. I know you're very busy man Do you know spend the time with us and firstly welcoming us into this gorgeous penthouse? I want to find out and poor from you. How did all of this start? You know this is an absolutely amazing journey, and I'm sure there's been ups and downs on this journey for you So how did you land this? Listing as a young agent. Sorry. Yeah, so this started last year I was waiting for another company and I made my boss day Sandra from urban train properties and I approached her because I've always watched million dollar listings in New York And I said, you know what? I want to sell like fabulous multi-million rand properties And when I saw I said, can you please mean to me? I'd like to get into the property space and she ended up offering me a job with her So I took the opportunity and I think I started about three months ago, and this was actually my very first listing I was looking at different listings around this area and I came across this beautiful one I was like, I need to approach the owner and luckily the owner said yes to me So that's how I ended this 18 million rand listing and how has that been because I know You know you said you watched I feel like luxury real estate is so it's such a particular market Why do you choose that? I mean, I am a fan of the good things in life You know, I've always been that kid is bougie and I always love the good things You know, I'm I didn't grow up, you know around the lots of money or very privileged But I always knew like I want to get into luxury and I love luxury and also to me as an entrepreneur And as a young person, I think breaking the ceiling has always been important to me Cementing myself in spaces that were not necessarily meant for us young people or for us black people So that has always inspired me to get into luxury and to get into those high-network spaces Because I truly believe that you can become whatever you dream of being 100% listen We're all about manifesting. Yes, just sitting here already in this apartment. I'm manifesting it, you know On your tweet a lot of people were saying I want to win the lotto win the power ball to you know afford this But I honestly hope that a lot of young people such as ourselves, you know jump into the market and not only the property market But you're doing a lot of other things, you know in vents your your entrepreneur Kind of you're very broad like I said, you're doing a little bit of everything And in order for us to achieve these goals to sit in a house like this and call it your own We need to you know do a little bit of everything I want to find out from you and for you from you're not from Johannesburg A little bit about your journey where you come from and where you are now So originally I was born in Kimberly and then I lost my dad a very young age Unfortunately, criminal suicide, so we had to move to the free state with my mom and we lived there for a few years As I said, we didn't grow up very fortunate, but the thing about me I think we were we came from a position of well with my dad being there But when we I lost my dad obviously we lost everything and I think that's sort of like build the entrepreneurship in me Because I saw my mom as a single mother's struggle, you know to get a job to provide for me But she always did and I said, you know what? I want to do better and I truly want to build generational wealth for my kids And I want to see my mom also be better in life So that's sort of where the hustler spirit came from and where the motivation came from because I remember in high school My mom actually lost a job Then I started selling lollipops in my class and then I grew the business and I got agents in other classes to start Selling lollipops for me. So I've always had that entrepreneurship spirit And I think if you're in real estate, you do need to be a hustler You do need that entrepreneurship spirit because you're not working a normal line to five, you know You're working on commission and if you don't push the money's not gonna come right and you've done so many different things to push So many different things that current estate agents are doing, right? You've taken you've taken full control of this thing social media Yes, I think so it's twitter and you've obviously got accounts everywhere else And I love that you did that because you are obviously younger than many agents out there So, you know, you're using these tools that we have as younger people to approach and to get Because who's to say that someone who's 21 cannot afford this 18 million So we need to talk to our people because we are able to achieve these things So I love that about you and Paul. I also wanted to find out from you You know, we spoke about your journey and we spoke about why you're in this particular kind of real estate Theme, you know luxury apartments Your goal with all of this. What is your long-term goal? My long-term goal I always said I want to sell luxury properties in New York City I want to go international with it, you know, and I think you mentioned something so important that There aren't a lot of young people in the real estate game And I also want to change that, you know, I've seen some of the peers that I've had They got into real estate and then they sort of left it So I want to, you know, be that person to break the glass ceiling and also be a successful realtor At a very young age and also change the narrative in our country We don't need real estate agents that are 50 years old and are boring You know these days you have upcoming young people and that's the thing I like about urban train properties They empower young people and they give you the platform because not many real estate firms Whether believed in a 20 year old just an 18 million rent property So I'm so thankful and also they're very digitally orientated Which I am like I use social media for everything even for my other businesses I drive online and I think what we should do as the world and I think with COVID has proven that We are moving in a digital era and if you don't use those platforms Unfortunate you're going to be left behind Right. I love how you said you also want to you want to put a lot of people on, you know So you don't want to put you on and you want to be the plug How does import plan on doing that? I think how do I plan on doing that? Obviously, I'm very young and I'm still new to the real estate market So I want to learn I want to do more and I want to equip myself in order to teach other young people on How did I break the barrier, you know to get into especially luxury Properties and how did I break the barrier to become a successful real estate agent and what kept me going? So once I get to that point and I kind of like become an expert in the industry I'm looking at things like doing Masterclasses, you know possibly writing a book, you know and possibly mention creating a mentorship Program for young people that I can sign to and then we can see what we can do with them Yeah, I also, you know, you spoke in depth about how I feel like you're lucky to work with an agency that is digitally inclined and that helps you And that approves and supports your mission as an estate agent, which is absolutely amazing You spoke about social media And of course, we know social media comes with trolls And with people who are out there just to bash us, right?  I love that What do you do when you get negative comments or negative feedback? I think from a very young age I was used to it because I was in pageantry once upon a time I was mr. Teen world and with that came a lot of backlash because people were saying to me You are so skinny how you can win that so I think with social media and negative comments What I literally do is I ground myself and I understand that people are projecting Nobody who's happy and successful in their life will be out on social media and trying to bring other people down The people who are bringing other people down, they wish they were in that position in most cases So it's I always say like you need to be like a race horse Put on your blinkers and focus on the price because I am not trying to you know start fights or wars or tours on Treasure I'm trying to sell an 80 million rent property and once I do that I reach my goal. There you go It's all about the mindset. It's all about the mentality that you have and I feel like you know If people if we had more people like yourself who just told themselves that Um, you know, I'm here. This is my mission and this is what I and I feel like a lot of people You know even even within my own circles We're getting broken down by the backlash and by the comments and it's really it's hurtful. It's hurtful Yeah, I mean just to find your mechanism your method on how to deal with it Is something that we need to grasp and use those tools all the time So as much as yes, there's bad commentary on social media. There's good There is and I want to find out from you just after this tweet What was it like in your dms? What was it like in the comment section was probably so crazy It really was crazy like I didn't think the tweet to like grow as much as it did So I obviously got like some media attention and you guys also approached me You know, it was so great and my dms. What I especially like is young people asking me How can I get into property? How can I get into the luxury space? And I think with that I am inspiring other young people and I'm showing them, you know We liked acting as of age as a barrier and for a while I did that You know, I started because people would say to you it does come with backlash when you're this young and you're trying to Self exactly they're like, oh, you you know you aren't you like tall and So I you do get that but just keep going keep breaking the barriers And get there because we are the future. We are the future leaders. We are the future CEOs So and it's better to start now fail very early in your journey because you learned the most lessons day and then When you're older, then you can build a base and a platform for yourself and can be secured because you failed very early Are you sure you're 21? You sound like a 50 year old telling me about how I need to live my life and I've done wrong No, I love this. I love that you're talking and preaching these certain Um, what are these values and things that we need to carry and hold in life? You know, I learned this a little bit later than you in my journey. Yeah You know On that note, you know 21, I feel like it's a massive milestone It is for a lot of us especially coming from a household people of color It's something where you get like a key. Yeah, and um, did you get a key? No, my mom actually wants to come to Joe break and give me a key But I said, no, let's let's wait and then I'll come home. I love this happening at the moment But she really wants to give me a key You know, the key is so monumental and I think in my family not everybody gets given a key Oh, wow, really?  All of us just get keys. Keys exactly. I found out this like this year And they say, no, there's a certain criteria we follow That's so much pressure. Exactly. So you've clearly, um, followed a certain criteria Let's talk about, you know, you've obviously done so many things to achieve this key And I'm going to keep that theme of the key because you're about to unlock a lot of things Yeah So what is it that I know you've gone through quite a lot in your life and That has obviously given you the motivation to continue on this journey What are certain things, you know, being 21 that you would like to achieve now going forward? I definitely like to solve this paint house first and foremost Number one on the list and obviously I'd like to solve more properties, you know I I as I said, I want to be a catalyst and break the the glass ceiling because even my boss Sandra was saying to me A lot of young people survive in this industry because of instant gratification What we've noticed with the young generation is instant gratification And when you don't get that when you're not making the sales and obviously in luxury You don't just sell it like a gene overnight. No, uh, it's not everybody has 18 million So I definitely want to break the glass ceiling and I want to be one of those young people who are who is sorry A luxury realtor and a successful one in South Africa, you know and just sort of trailer blaze I think that's my goal for now. I'm not really into the materialistic things But I think for me what I really want to achieve is my highest and truest potential and also continue to break barriers And continue to break glass ceilings and insert my myself in spaces that were not meant for us Especially people of color right and I'm so here for that I'm so ready to witness that journey and to witness you breaking those glass ceilings You talk about instant gratification and you know a lot of young individuals such as ourselves watch the show What would you say to young individuals who have that kind of mentality? I would say easy come easy go And I was having a conversation also with one of my mentors. They said to me, you know Getting something easily you don't understand the wit and the sweet and the hard work It goes into building like an enterprise or becoming successful You know and one thing I've always noticed is that if you know how to make one million And if you learn the hard way and you've gone through the strides and the trials and the tribulations and the tears and everything When you lose it, you'll be able to make it again Right, you know, that's because you've now learned how to make it. Exactly and success takes time You know, I always thought I'll be successful at like 22 or 21 because I started very early in high school already I was hustling I was I started an online store You know importing overseas and selling in South Africa and I literally thought by 21 I should be a millionaire. I should you know be okay in life And that's not the story because success takes time And that's one thing I've learned this year and a lesson I've learned recently is that Easy come does easy go like success takes time and sometimes the universe is preparing you for the magnitude of success Because sometimes you're not strong enough to manage at the moment You might not be strong enough to manage a multi-million-rent company or be at where you want to The universe needs to train you it needs to make sure that you'll be able to handle that success and sustain it at the end of the day That's so true. And I feel like these are lessons you learned when you were like two Because of how you talking and I um, you know You had this moment where you said that you thought you would be a millionaire at the age of 21 22 Look, you still have times at 22 if 22 is your goal. But I wanted to even if 21 is your goal We have three months left of the year, right? Yeah I wanted to find out when that moment came when you realized Wow, you've been hustling since the age of 18 17 and all of these things that when that moment came where you realized I'm still not this millionaire It's hard to accept today because when you hustle for so many years you like It like it feels like it's not worth it But when you look back at your journey because they say you connect the dots of your life looking back not looking forwards I am at a way better place. I was five years ago or two years ago So I do appreciate that and I think what helped me is to understand that I look up to a lot of successful people and I I mentored by successful people So that's also something that I think young people should get Find someone who is in a position that you want to be and from that you learn so many reasons They teach me like even now when I you think I've made it on my millionaire or a billionaire I I still have to hustle hustling doesn't stop So for me it's like if you're not willing to hustle when you are this Broken inverted commas What's going to happen when you're a millionaire? You need to keep up that momentum because it's hard when you get the rewards You get the nice house The cars and you are successful realtor and the money's coming and you sort of get lazy and comfortable But you need to keep that momentum going You know because you're right easy come easy go I love that you said that and that's something that we need to be so aware of as young people because There are in all honesty a lot of young people making big money moves I'm very proud of them and you know even people in our own circles They're doing these things but what happens especially with social media We tend to compare you know and We sit in this position where you like So you tell yourself it's not my race We're a different place like how do you deal with that because I'm sure that people in your circle even on your social media are Millionaires already. Yeah, how do you I was also struggling with that like I think for like a year. I struggled that I saw these 21 year olds They are billionaires. I mean if you look at Kylie Jenner and Which was a comparison for a long time, but also saw people in my circle, you know Prospering and doing well and what I needed to understand is you need to be so focused on your grass that you don't care Whose grass is greener than yours Because you need to develop such a work ethic and I'm not saying it's easy It took me time to develop it and I still struggle sometimes a work ethic where you are so focused Whether your friend is buying a merc or whatever You are so focused on developing yourself your goals. Like I said, this blinkers Mentalities work like a racehorse. You need to just water water every day and also you need to remember that we are flowers We all bloom at different times And you might have ordered a tea at a restaurant and I might have ordered a rib eye steak Which will take much more longer. Right That's very true. And you know what this whole metaphor that you're using about the grass worry about your own grass is that When you tend to worry about the grass next door, you don't even see who's messing up your own grass You don't see that people are walking over on your lawn And there are people who come into our lives who do not have the best intentions So you're right put those, you know blinkers on and just focus on what you're doing Focus on the goals that you want to achieve on that note of being successful and having these goals I'm poor Being a successful luxury Realtor what does that take? I think it takes a lot of hard work I've I've seen it even with with my mentor and my bosses at urban trains You know, it's hard work and they said to me when I came in you need to eat sleep real estate So I've started developing that I only read real estate magazines now. I watch selling sunset like 69 times I think this is the 10th time I watched all three seasons, you know, and I constantly think about real estate I think you need to actually live it breathe it You know, you want you must have passion for it and I think people don't understand that It's not a nine to five real estate is not your nine to five You might be working for a firm, but it really isn't a nine to five You are an entrepreneur on your own as much as you're working for someone else And I think with me what helped me is coming from an entrepreneurship background You always need to keep pushing and one thing about me. I'm always thinking about real estate You always need to keep it at the back of your mind whether you're having coffee I remember having coffee with someone yesterday and I'm saying you stay in this neighborhood It's like yes, I'm like I'm sitting that building over there. Don't you want to invest? You know, and this was like a meeting for something else So you always need to keep real estate in your mind. You need to have passion for it And unfortunately I've seen it with a lot of real estate agents They give up halfway at some we joined at the same time and they've left now, you know So I've realized it's not easy and you need to when you go into real estate Understand you won't have an income for six months or a year, which is something I had to mentally prepare myself I always say my real estate journey started last year because that's when Urban trends offered me a job and they said to me, obviously, you're not going to get income for a year Be prepared for that and you need to be mentally prepared. So I took time Did my research, you know, built a few income streams and made sure that I am ready to go all in with what I have Right and I'm sure that on this journey They were difficult moments and I feel like not getting an income is a very difficult It is truth to pull to swallow, you know, but yet you stayed.  I won't get an income But I know that when I do, you know, that income is going to come from an 18 million dollar house So what else was like difficult for you to grasp becoming this real stuff? I think I got when I got into because it's nice to see selling sunset and to look in social media and beautiful properties But I think once you're in it when I started like it became my reality I had a lot of fear and I didn't have confidence. I'm like, I said, I told my my mentor sandra like, um, I have so much fear now. I'm selling to these billionaires and these multi Million grand properties and I'm scared. I've never been in this space, you know And it was fear for me. One thing I had to deal with was fear. What what if I fail? What if I'm not good enough? What if this and I just said, you know, what if you really wanted you're going to have to build The confidence you're going to have to insert yourself in those spaces Yeah, even with this home when I first met the owner I remember he didn't even give you like much attention and I was really scared and I I told myself that you know what? I'm going to go to speak to him and convince him that I'm the right person to sell this property And I literally said can I have five minutes of your time? This is my marketing strategy? This is what I will do and now we are literally like we speak every day on whatsapp You know, he we both such a beautiful relationship and I also think is that fear and that barrier we need to break It's all in the mindset, you know Growing up as a person of color you're taught like What offers for those people or certain things are for those people But you just need to break those barriers and boundaries and also it's a mindset shift shift your mindset and also understand Same as the next person who achieved whatever that you want to achieve you have the same capabilities to do that I want to ask you. I don't know if it's going to be too much of a sensitive question But I feel like your answer is going to help a lot of people watching And what what if you do fail? Yeah, actually I love that question because people are always asking me about failure to me. I've made failure a habit Wow It really is a habit. I think with everything that I get in life I failed 10 times like I've failed more times than I've ever wanted and I'm prepared to fail And failure to me the stepping stone is a lesson if I don't sell this one I will aim higher and I will reach higher and I would want to sell the next one because to me failure is not a destination To me failure if I fail is not like it's a pit stop. Okay strategize. Let's move because And until I'm successful and that's why I'm not scared about my success I know I'm going to be successful even if it takes me 20 years or 30 years But I know I'm going to get there because I've made failure a habit Yeah Wow, sorry I didn't think you'd come without drop those gems. Um, yeah I I agree. I totally agree that if you know if this thing when we're scared of failure That's when it becomes a problem. That's when failure sits on your doorstep But a welcome failure inside exactly make it tea have tea with it say What can you teach me? What did I get wrong? Come through. Yeah, I love that You spoke often about uh sandra Mentor as you basically answered my question because I always wondered if estate agents also need mentors This guidance someone to guide them They do I think especially when you're starting out it's so important and I even feel like when you are established and successful you always need to keep Breaking the boundaries. Oh, I always say with my life if you cross one mountain, there's another one to cross So getting a mentor Someone who has experience in the the field in the industry because I've seen with a lot of people You know, you are like a sponge in the beginning I even it's rare with young people to find a sponge someone is willing to learn Go through that, you know And sandra has really helped me and she has mentioned me since last year I remember we do phone calls before I even started the job, you know, and she's helped me so much and A mentor is like a book. Yeah, because they've went through what you've went through They were also like an intern reels at some point they were also starting out in the industry at some point and They you can learn from their failure so you don't have to make them You can learn so much from them And I think one thing that my mentor sandra has told me is that you always need to keep evolving yourself And I think that's why mentors are so important.  I think also self care.  You know internally not better than my friend I am better than I was last year last year. That's the thing that we need to understand, you know Especially as younger people we do You know firstly, thank you so much for sharing I mean the amount you have extensive knowledge on a lot of things and the amount of gems that you've dropped Just today, you know, I don't want to tell people i'm older than you because Like I said, I feel like you've learned a lot of things that helped you and strengthened you as a person at a very young age And that just also for me Shows me how far you're Gonna go and how far you're gonna reach and those goals and milestones that you're gonna reach And obviously, you know by this entire from this entire chat I can obviously tell you're extremely ambitious And you've got this motivation to just keep pushing and there are times and there are youth or You know viewers at home who sit at home and wish they were you right? What you know piece of advice or Lesson would you give them?  Could you share that with some of our viewers at home? Definitely I would firstly say that it doesn't matter where you come from your circumstances doesn't determine how far you'll go You know, it doesn't determine your altitude I'll also say to young people sitting on the couch and wishing and Manifesting on twitter at 11 11. It really doesn't help Hard work guys when you broke work when you tired you work when you made it you work One thing that has kept me going throughout my whole journey is a good work ethic. You really need to work Nothing comes easy in life I understand that there's a million other inputs in the world who want to be billionaires and millionaires And one thing that you need to understand that's going to set you apart Is your work ethic and your wit and the ability to keep going in hard times Storms come and go they don't last forever, but you are a constant in life I love that info. Um, I don't want to end there though. I do have one last question just before I say I feel like a good chat all day But you know, um, my last question and I um is really just what makes important to bring from the rest What makes me truly different from there is I think it's my ability to bounce back Like I fall so many times.  I want to outwork everybody. I want to be the best There is no pride in being second base You know, so like I said to the view is like you need to work your work ethic Is what's going to set you apart because there's a million other There's a million other kids in in south african young people who want to be who are luxury realtors Even who want to get into the space and who want to be billionaires, you know And who want to live a good life, but what sets me apart? I think it's my work ethic My ambition I always got this in high school people always say to me you are too ambitious You know and and everybody just always said to me like you are too ambitious So my ambition is what makes me different and my ambition is backed by hard work A lot of people have ambition, but there is no product to show for it. Exactly Listen, if you have to write a book title resilience determination ambition Like that's literally what you preach and you walk it.  I love that again Thank you so much. Um, also, you need to let us know as soon as this this unity is sold No, definitely. I'll let you guys know then, you know, our percentage as well Thank you so much to the viewers at home. Take care. Stay safe Please remember this is a platform where we share stories and we help build each other I think that's so important in such a hard time, you know, currently in south africa going through the pandemic Let's support one another. Let's hear those stories. You've been great and pause. You've been great Absolutely amazing. We'll see you guys again next week same time 8 p.m. On instagram, facebook and youtube. Take care


Let us start our today's lecture on geotechnical earthquake engineering. So, in the previous lecture we were discussing on module one of this course, which is introduction to geotechnical earthquake engineering, why we should read this subject and introductory comments etcetera. So, on this subject a quick recapitulate of what we have learnt in the previous lecture. In this figure you can see the location year and number of fatalities for various earthquake which occurred in India during this period 1800 to 2001. This figure was presented by Bill Hum and Gore in 2000. You can see various locations like Koenah 1967 earthquake, the number of fatalities was about 177, Latur 1992 earthquake, the number of fatalities was close to 10000, then Jabalpur 1997 earthquake. So, there are so many earthquake in this India and extended India region, where we had experienced during this period of 1800 to 2001 several earthquake including the Bhuj earthquake of 2001 which is pointed out over here. You can see the number of fatalities and this black dots shows those earthquake which are called as significant earthquake that is their magnitude was pretty high and to experience the number of damages, but this rectangular shape of this symbol denotes the major earthquake in India and surrounding region like our Bhuj earthquake, Kutch earthquake, these are the major earthquake and all this Himalayan region of this earthquake are called major earthquake and this tsunami where it came and when it occurred like you can see tsunami occurred in this region of eastern side of India in this Bay of Bengal region in 1881, 1941 and then we had experienced in 2004, why 2004 is not here because you can see this publication is of 2000. So, you can add here that 2004 also should get added over this modified figure whereas, on the western side of India the record of tsunami was recorded well before in 1524 like people typically says that Arabian sea is relatively silent sea compared to this Bay of Bengal because of the amount of disturbance, wave pressure and speed velocity and also the coastal problem or tropical problem involved with the sea locations and coastal areas. Bay of Bengal is considered as more disturbing sea than the Arabian sea, but there is a record in history that in Arabian sea also there was a tsunami in way back in 1524. In this figure we are showing now the earthquake distribution during 1800 to 2007 this data is available in USGS website. So, references USGS you can see the latitude and longitude wise this distribution for entire India they have grouped it in different magnitude ranges like this eolo dots small eolo dots are for magnitude between 5 to 5.9 this green dots are for magnitude between 6 to 6.9 this orange dots are for magnitude between 7 to 7.9 and this red big dots are for magnitude greater than 8 and the stars are those earthquake which are the significant earthquake in India where number of devastations and damages were maximum. So, you can see over here like Bhuj earthquake, Lathur earthquake, Koen earthquake, Jabalpur earthquake, Bihar Nepal earthquake these are the several important earthquake where or when India experience severe disasters over the years. And if you look at the intensity of this magnitude of earthquake points mostly what you can say they are highly located in this region where our Andaman Nicobar island comes also in northeast region of India as well as this northern part of India that Himalayan belt what we call. So, the maximum number of occurrences of earthquake of magnitude 5 and above are mostly distributed among these area, but it does not mean that inside India or this peninsular region of central India had never had a chance to get experience of large earthquake that we had already example of 1997 which was a significant earthquake, 93 Lathur earthquake, 1967 Koen earthquake, then Bhuj earthquake. So, these are important earthquake in the central region of the India or so called we called peninsular India. So, here the number of occurrences are less, but it is present whereas number of occurrences and very significant as well as the very high magnitude of earthquake their intensity of occurrence you can say is very well clustered in this northern north eastern and this eastern part of India in this island region inside the Bay of Bengal. Now, let us see what our Indian seismic code refers to about the seismic zonation process for the India. So, if we look at here the seismic zonation map of India as per our Indian standard code IS 1893 is the code which we use for seismic zonation map. The part one of that IS 1893 the latest version is 2002 which divides entire India into four major zones these zones are nomenclatured as zone 2, zone 3, zone 4 and zone 5. So, zone 2 is this blue color, zone 3 yellow color, zone 4 orange color this one, this one and zone 5 is red color region. So, you can see what are the different seismic zones as per our Indian seismic design code and as per various seismic zone of India typical values of PG, a peak ground acceleration may be taken as these values as per the revised one say 0.1 g, 0.2 g, 0.25 g and 0.4 g as per zone 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. So, with this we have come to the end of our module number one that is introduction to geotechnical earthquake engineering. Let us do the recap of our module two which we have learnt in the previous lecture. Let us look at the slide here. In the previous lecture we discussed about module two on basics of vibration theory and for that module I have given the reference to another NPTEL video course on soil dynamics. The same module number that is in that video course of soil dynamics module two which was taken by me. So, one can go through that module two of soil dynamics NPTEL video course which discusses in detail about this basics of vibration theory. So, what we learnt in the previous lecture in this module two that various types of dynamic loads what is called dynamic loads it has to be time variant load as well as it should create a vibration that is the exchange of kinetic energy to potential energy and vice versa. So, these are various types of dynamic loads and of course our earthquake load for which we are studying this course is one of the major form of dynamic load. Then we had learnt what is known as degrees of freedom it is nothing but the number of independent coordinates required to define the displaced position of all the masses related to their original position which is defined as the degrees of freedom. We have seen the simple examples of simple pendulum like this where degrees of freedom is one if it is connected to in extensible string, but if we change that string to an extensible string or extensible string the degrees of freedom changes to two that means we require minimum two coordinate this theta and this r to define the position of this system at any point of time in the space. Then we had seen that how we represent a simple vibrating system through a single degree of freedom system. So, a single degree of freedom system the basic units we require to define a simple vibrating system are mass spring and dash pot or damper which we call as MSD system. So, in this MSD system mass represents the kinetic energy k or spring constant represents the potential energy of the system whereas the damper or damping constant c represents the dissipation of energy or loss of energy. So, if there is no loss we can represent a simple vibrating system only by using mass and spring that is m and k, but if we want to take care of the loss of energy also then it will be m k and c. So, this is the picture of a simple vibrating system single degree of freedom system with a mass with a spring and with a damper. Now, its degrees of freedom is single or one that is u that is at any point of time this u defines its position and applied dynamic load externally on the system is p of t which is a function of t. Then taking the free body diagram of this mass what we can write this weight is acting downwards m g. So, there will be a reaction from this rollers on this friction free surface that will balance this static weight. So, the static equilibrium of the system is maintained by that way. Now, on the system what are the forces this is externally applied load p of t dynamic load this is the force of resistance due to the damper which is the damper force is represented by that damping constant c times the velocity what is velocity u dot what is u dot that is the first differential of this displacement u with respect to time.  That is if it is connected to a fixed end then other end is zero velocity this end will be having a velocity of d u d t. So, no net velocity or relative velocity is d u d t, but if both the ends are moving then in that case we have to take the relative or difference between the velocity between two ends to calculate the damper force. Similarly, for the spring force we have to take the relative displacement and another force of resistance will come into picture that is m u double dot which is nothing but called inertia force that inertia force is nothing but mass times acceleration. So, acceleration as we know that is d 2 u by d t square the second derivative of this displacement with respect to time. So, using that if we consider a linear model for the equation of motion we have seen that mass times acceleration is the inertia force damping constant times velocity is the damper force and spring constant time displacement is the spring force which will be equal to this externally applied dynamic load p of t. This is why for linear model because the assumption is mass is not changing with time. So, it is a constant damping remains as a constant it is not changing with time and the spring constant is also not changing with time. So, this is for linear spring, this is for linear damper and this is for constant mass system that is why we say this is the equation governing equation of motion for a linear model which on a another notation we write it as m u double dot plus c u dot plus k u equals to p of t and these are various units commonly used for m k and c mostly in s i unit we use in k g for mass that is Newton per meter for spring constant and Newton second per meter for damping constant. Then in our previous lecture we had also seen what are the various types of vibrations we have classified vibration into two major categories free and forced vibration free vibration when there is no externally applied dynamic load acting on the system that is p of t is 0, but forced vibration when that is non-zero. Then again within forced free vibration we had two categories undamped free vibration and damped free vibration undamped means when the damping constant is 0 no loss of energy and damped means when the damping constant is non-zero that is loss of energy is there. Similar way the forced vibration also can be undamped forced vibration and damped forced vibration depending on whether c is 0 or non-zero. Another sub classification of this forced vibration is a periodic and periodic what is that periodic is that is this applied dynamic load repeats with time where a periodic is it does not repeat with time within a periodic. So, periodic example is we have seen the harmonic loading any sinusoidal loading or cosine sinusoidal loading those can be considered as periodic forced vibration, but when it is not repeating with time that is a periodic we can also have two sub classification within that one is called transient a periodic forced vibration another is called steady state a periodic forced vibration. So, transient mean the time for which this force externally dynamic applied load is acting is for a finite duration for example, earthquake load that acts for a finite duration. So, that is transient time a periodic that is random whereas steady state means that applied dynamic load acts for infinite time for example, wind load can be considered as a steady state a periodic forced vibration. Then we have seen the solution for simplest case of free vibration with undamped condition that means the equation of motion boils down to mu double dot plus k equals to 0 we should know the initial condition that is at time t equals to 0 what is the displacement what is the velocity for this free vibration to get the complete solution the solution of this equation will be of this form where this constants a and b need to be obtained from those known initial conditions and one of they must be non-zero at least and this omega n is called natural circular frequency which is represented by root over k by m. We have seen this is the complete solution where we have the c as the amplitude of motion and this T n is the natural period of vibration this is the initial displacement this is the initial velocity this is the behavior of the displacement with respect to time. So, natural frequency can be expressed like this natural period can be expressed like this then we have seen how to model the earthquake excitation as a forced vibration. So, this is the basic model where inertia force damper force and spring force equals to 0 where inertia force acts on the total displacement because the acceleration acts on this mass for the total displacement, but damper and spring force acts for the relative displacement compared to this ground and total displacement difference between that will give us the relative displacement.   So, that force will give us the dynamic force due to earthquake whereas, u is nothing but the relative displacement between ground and the top level where mass is concerned to be concentrated. Then we had also seen the forced vibration response to step excitation like this and the complete solution of that equation also we have discussed in our previous lecture. Then for any arbitrary excitation we have seen any random motion like earthquake motion we can take small infinitesimal portion and then we can use Duhamel's integral to find out the particular integral part and complementary function part can be obtained by putting x equals to 0 in this basic equation of this one. So, we can now do a simple example problem on this topic of basics of vibration. Let us look at the problem over here. The problem statement is for the system shown in this figure here mention with reasoning the number of degrees of freedom for the system for a small oscillation. So, for a small vibration what is the degrees of freedom for this entire system. Derive the governing equation of motion from the first principle for this system.  They are connected to this roller on the friction free surface we have displacement of mass m 1 x 1 t and for mass m 2 x 2 t in this direction we have a hinge connection through this link a o b at o this hinge connection is there. So, the distance from a 2 o is a and distance from o 2 b is small b and it is connected through springs k 1 for mass 1 k 2 for mass 2. So, what it is asked that calculate the natural frequency and natural period of vibration for the system if this values of k 1 and k 2 are equal to this one and mass m 1 and m 2 are equal to this one. Now, in the next step it is mentioned if suppose we add 2 dampers c 1 here and c 2 here with these values then estimate the damped frequency, damped period and damping ratio of the system. So, let us see what will be the solution if we draw the free body diagram of this link. So, the link which is shown over here that a b link a b we are drawing the free body diagram. So, this is moving by x 2 this is moving by x 1. So, this distance is x 2 this distance is x 1 and corresponding forces are let us say this is t 1 let us say this is t 2 we have hinge over here o where we can have reactions in the hinge in o x and o y in this direction and this dimensions are given a and this distance is given as b. So, if we draw the free body diagram of the masses how it will look like for m 1 we have x 1. So, force will be k 1 x 1 let me draw for damper force also for completeness c 1 x 1 dot and this we have this inertia force m 1 x 1 double dot and the force in this link is t 1. So, this t 1 t 1 balances through that link. So, this is for the free body diagram of m 1 this is the free body diagram of link a b and for mass m 2 we will draw the mass of mass we will have k 2 x 2 c 2 x 2 dot this is the direction of x 2 this one is t 2. So, this direction t 2 and this direction t 2 balances through that link and this one is m 2 x 2 double dot is the inertia force. So, this is free body diagram of m 2. Now, considering this similar triangles these two from the free body diagram of link a b what we can write that from similar triangles we can write x 1 by a is equals to x 2 by b. Let us say this is equation number 1 we can have a look over here see this is a this is our x 1. So, x 1 by a equals to this x 2 by this b. So, that is what is shown over here therefore, what we can say about degrees of freedom it is single degree of freedom this is the answer of the first part of the question why because x 1 and x 2 they are not independent they are dependent to each other that means the entire system this x 1 and x 2 are correlated. So, a number of independent coordinates is either of them hence the entire system is having a single degree of freedom system. So, that is answer of first part. Now, from f b d of link a b we can get if we take sum of moment about that hinge point equals to i naught which is 0 because mass of that link is negligible otherwise some inertia component will come therefore, we can write t 1 times a minus t 2 times b equals to 0. So, this is our second equation if we look at here we are taking moment about this point.  So, with that now from the free body diagram of.  Let us look here.  Now, from this equation 3.  So, using now equation 4 and 5 solving this 2 equations what we can write.  How we got this look at here. So, this equation 4 this one that is t 2 equals to this that we are putting in equation 5. So, that is why we got this b by a times t 2 which is this part hence it becomes like this. Now, from 1 equation 1 now let us use what we can get from 1 equation 4 equation 5 from 1 we have a relationship between x 1 and x 2 through this a and b. So, if we use that what we can write m 1 x 1 double dot plus c 1 x 1 dot plus k 1 x 1 plus b by a into another b by a m 2 x 2 double dot plus c 2 x 2 dot plus k 2 m 2 x 1 double dot plus c 2 x 2 this will be x 1 because we have now used equation 1. So, k 2 x 1 equals to 0.   Let us say this is equation 6. So, you can see everything is represented in terms of a single degree of freedom which is x 1 we have taken in this case. So, now what we can write further now what is given condition using m 1 equals to m 2 equals to m that is what is given to us k 1 equals to k 2 equals to k and c 1 equals to c 2 equals to c using this equation 6 becomes 1 plus b square by a square we can take common that becomes m x 1 double dot plus c x 1 dot plus k x 1 equals to 0 or m x 1 double dot plus c x 1 dot plus k x 1 equals to 0 or m x 1 double dot plus c x 1 dot plus k x 1 equals to 0. So, this is our governing equation of motion that is the second part of the answer because this 1 plus b square by a square term is never 0 that is the reason. So, this is governing equation of motion which was asked in the question. So, if we look at the slide here first it says identify the number of degrees of freedom for a small oscillation that we have identified the answer single degree of freedom system then was derived the governing equation of motion from first principle. So, from basics first principle now we have arrived this is the equation of motion. Now let us calculate the values whatever has been asked in this question we have to find out natural circular frequency which is omega n is nothing but root over k by a m. What are the values of k given that is 90 m is 10 k g which comes out to be 3 radian per second that is the another answer. What is asked that calculate the natural frequency and what is natural period? So, natural period is T n which is 2 pi by omega n which will be after putting this value of omega n here about 2.1 second. So, this is answer of another part. Let us look here what was asked in the question calculate the natural frequency natural circular frequency is 3 radian per second and natural period of vibration is 2.1 second. So, if somebody is interested to calculate they can calculate f n in terms of hertz also that will be 1 by 2.1. So, therefore, f n which is natural frequency will be equals to 1 by T n that is 0.478 hertz. Next, it is asked what is the let us see here what is asked here estimate the damped frequency damped period and damping ratio. So, to find out these things we need to compute first critical damping critical damping c c is nothing but 2 m omega n which is 2 into m is 10 k g omega n which is 2 into m is 10 k g omega n we obtain 3 radian per second. So, so much Newton second per meter unit. So, 60 Newton second per meter. So, damping ratio ratio is nothing but eta let us say c by c c how much is c given 6 and how much c c we computed 60. So, it comes out to be 0.1 or if we represent in percent it is 10 percent damping ratio is 10 percent. And what is the damped period let us first find out damped circular frequency omega d which is omega n natural circular frequency times 1 minus eta square why this one because it is a under damped because damping ratio is less than 1 which will be 3 into root over 1 minus 0.1 whole square. So, much radian per second it will be 2.985 radian per second. Therefore, damped period period will be T d equals to 2 pi by this omega d if we put this value over here we will get 2.104 second. And therefore, damped frequency will be f d is 1 by T d putting this value we will get 0.475 hertz. So, that is the answer of the total problem. So, with this recap and this problem which we have solved completely now we ended the module number 2. Let us start our next module for this course on geotechnical earthquake engineering which is module 3. This module 3 we will be discussing on the topic of engineering seismology let us learn what is engineering seismology. If you look at here the definition says seismology is that branch of geophysics which is concerned with the study and analysis of earthquake and the science of energy propagation through earth's crust. So, that is called seismology which is a branch or subdivision of geophysics. Whereas, engineering seismology it is concerned with the solution of engineering problems connected with the earthquakes. So, seismology is extremely important why because of the study of earthquakes give us important clues about the earth's interior and understanding of that earthquake will allow us to minimize its damage and loss of life. So, that is the reason we should learn seismology and in particular engineering seismology so that we can provide a better solution to handle this earthquake related damages to reduce or stop the loss of life and property. See if we go to the basic definition of earthquake as per the seismology or engineering seismology is concerned let us look at this picture. So, what is earthquake? An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the earth's crust that creates seismic waves. So, earthquake is also known as quake, tremor or temblor. So, these are the various other alternative terms which are used for earthquake like only quake or tremor or temblor. So, what it says? There is a sudden release of energy in the earth's crust. So, when that release of energy occurs it creates the waves which are called seismic waves and that finally comes up to the ground and which damages all the buildings and structures whatever is located on the top of this ground. So, that is the basic concept of earthquake. So, let us see the further definition of earthquake. An earthquake is the vibration of earth produced by the rapid release of accumulated energy in elastically strained rocks. So, this energy released it radiates in all the directions from its source that is source means where the earthquake gets generated in the earth's crust when that energy gets released due to the vibration process in the strained rocks. So, energy gets released automatically those radiation of that energy occurs in all the directions and that point where that release of energy occurs is called focus of earthquake. So, energy propagates in the form of seismic waves and sensitive instruments all around the world can record the event. We will see later that earthquake occurring at a particular place on the world map can be recorded by various other corners of the world. Like suppose an earthquake has occurred in Japan, in India it can be recorded, in US it can be recorded, but there are few limitations etcetera which we will see later on from the seismology or geophysics point of view because of propagation of the waves and they have different zone concept blind zone etcetera. But typically we can say it is not that an earthquake occurring at a particular place has to be recorded in the close vicinity of that place only. Otherwise suppose if any earthquake is occurring in deep sea we could have never ever measured that earthquake if that would have been the reason. So, as the earthquake releases energy which travels in the form of seismic waves. So, that travels for a much longer distance which can be recorded in all the sensitive instruments all over the world and that is the reason even an earthquake occurring in a mid desert or in a mid sea or in a mid ocean can also get recorded in the sensitive instruments placed all over the world. Let us see the next terms which are focus and epicenter of earthquake. So, what are this basic terminology? If you see this point what just now we have mentioned the point where that release of energy occurs inside the earth's crust that is the point called focus of earthquake. The other name of that focus is also called hypo center of the earthquake that hypo center and focus is the same term. So, that hypo center from that point if you project it vertically on the ground surface from this point where it meets the ground surface that is called epicenter of earthquake. So, what does it mean epicenter means it is always has to be on the ground surface. So, epicenter does not mean that it is the point where earthquake energy gets released. It is the point which is nothing but the vertical projection of the energy release point of the earthquake on ground. So, from this point energy gets released and then seismic waves travels in all the directions and if you project it vertically that will give you the epicenter. Now you can of course ask me that earth if we take like this you can take vertical projection like this in all the directions because it is a kind of a circular arc shape from one point inside the circle you can have several projections. But whatever projection on the ground surface will give you the least distance that signifies your epicenter is that clear. So, the least vertically projected point on the ground will give us the location of epicenter of an earthquake on ground surface. Now if we want to see what are the basic reasons for earthquake. So, what causes an earthquake? There are two basic causes of earthquake one can be called as movement of the tectonic plates and another can be called as rupture of rocks along a fault. So, movement of tectonic plates what occurs here like earth it is divided into sections various sections or various plates which are called as tectonic plates. And these tectonic plates they float on the fluid like interior of the earth as we know earth is having three major different portions like core of earth then mantle of earth and then crust of earth. So, this crustal plates or tectonic plates these typically move on this fluid like interior of the earth and these earthquakes are usually caused by sudden movements of these plates these tectonic plates they move and when they move suddenly with respect to each other that cause an earthquake. This is the called plate tectonic earthquake the another cause of earthquake can be rupture of rocks along a fault. Now what are the fault like faults are localized areas of weakness in the surface of the earth like on the earth surface. So, this is the earth surface which is composed of tectonic plates those plates suddenly move with respect to each other creates earthquake. Now within the tectonic plates wherever we have weakness in the rock in the earth crust those are called as faults. So, faults are localized areas of weakness in the surface of earth sometimes this two plate boundary itself can be considered as a fault because that is a weakness that is a open point where that energy inside the earth can get released through that weak point or those fault. So, whenever there is a rupture when this rock breaks out along this weak point or these faults those are called fault related earthquake. So, one is plate tectonic earthquake another is fault rupture earthquake or fault related earthquake. So, these are the two major causes of earthquake. Now why an earthquake occurs it can be another question. So, let us see like the earth's crust that is the outermost layer of the earth's planet which is made up of several pieces as we have mentioned just now which are called plates or tectonic plates. So, you can see various plates over here in this picture the plates under the oceans are called oceanic plates whereas the rest of the plates which are below these continents are called continental plates. So, if you divide this plates tectonic plates in two major category we can say one can be oceanic plate another can be continental plates. So, you can see over here several plates nomenclature like earth's usually earthquakes usually occur where these two plates are running into each other or sliding past each other. What does it mean as I am showing over here when these two plates move with respect to each other like this or it can move like this or one plate can get enter into the another plate like this. So, several combinations or individual movement of this plate can create the earthquake that is why it is written over here earthquakes usually occur when these two plates are running into each other that is one is entering into the other one or subducting we call later on we will use this technical terms or when these two plates slide past that is move with respect to each other by the process of sliding it can be horizontally vertically inclined anything and this image shows the walls plates and their corresponding typical boundaries like as you can see the entire walled map it is now placed in the two dimension as you can see this part continues to this portion. So, you can see over here this is Eurasian plate this plate is called Eurasian plate Europe come Asia portion of Asia and Europe that is why the name Eurasian plate this continues over here. So, that is why the other portion on this side this is Indian plate this part is Australian plate you can see over here. So, this continues over here to up to this. So, this is Australian plate now South American plate this is Caribbean plate this is Nazca plate this is Arabian plate this is African plate this one is North American plate and this is Juandifuka plate this is Philippine plate this is Kokos plate this is Pacific plate this is Antarctic plate this is Scotia plate. So, these are the various major plates all over the world and they are various plate boundaries. Now, where do earthquake occurs we have seen already the what causes an earthquake there are two major causes as we have mentioned one is plate tectonic earthquake another is called fault rupture earthquake. So, these are the two causes of earthquake that is where do earthquake occurs it can occur at the plate boundaries that is between the boundary of two plates it can occur like Eurasian plate is here Indian plate and sometimes they are combined and together they are called Indian Australian plate as I have shown in the previous figure just now Indian plate and Australian plate. So, you can see over here Indian and Australian plate are trying to go below this Eurasian plate as this Indian and Australian plate are trying to go below this Eurasian plate in between we have Himalaya, Mount Himalaya that is still moving up that is why the geologist they say the height of Himalaya is increasing day by day even though it is couple of millimeters or centimeter, but still the height of that Himalaya is increasing because there is always a pressure or a movement of this plate and from this side another plate. So, automatically what happens if you see over here Indian plate and Eurasian plate Indian plate is subducting over here and Eurasian plate is here in between we have already Himalaya and mountain as a boundary. So, in that boundary automatically it moves up. So, in plate boundary these are the reason or these are the locations where earthquake can easily occur because of this plate movement that is the reason why this Himalaya and belt is having more occurrence of earthquake which had occurred as I have shown in one of the figure earlier that most of our Indian and Indian subcontinental region earthquake are mostly clustered in this region of Himalayan region whether northern part of India or north eastern part of India major reason goes to this plate boundary movement or plate tectonic movement of this Indian plate and Eurasian plate. Whereas, if we talk about the fault rupture earthquake the another type of earthquake classic example as can be given is the San Andreas fault which is the fault located in California state of USA. So, along that fault whenever there is a because fault means it is already a location of weakness in the earth crust. So, obviously energy when it tries to get released they will prefer this fault location or this locations where from the earthquake energy gets released that is the reason why this along this fault number of earthquakes can occur again and again. So, this picture shows how the release of accumulated energy can occur from the focus of the earthquake or hypo center of the earthquake. So, if you see this point the earthquake energy gets released and finally the waves are traveling in all the directions. So, if we say this is the plane of earthquake fault and that plane of earthquake fault which creates a trace on this ground surface is called surface trace of the fault. So, on the ground whatever fault we see suppose we see this fault just now I gave the example of San Andreas fault say this is the San Andreas fault. It does not mean that the fault location is limited within this length and only a few places meters of depth or area can be limited it can extend in any direction like this. So, geologist or seismologist they gave us or they generally give us the length of the fault, depth of the fault and this area of the cross sectional portion of the fault as a fault characteristics or fault database information which are necessary because otherwise suppose if you think that fault is located in this direction the depth if you consider in this direction obviously your calculation of fault characteristics everything will go wrong. So, through this picture it shows that we have to identify this plane of earthquake fault their depth their projected or cross sectional area and which traces on the ground surface is nothing but the surface trace of the fault. Even it is possible sometimes this surface tracing may not be seen on the ground surface what I want to mean may be this fault may crisscross another fault in that case its surface trace on the ground surface is not visible in that case it is called hidden fault we will come to that later. So, from this focus as I said earlier if you draw a vertical projection on the ground surface on ground surface wherever it meets that point is called the epicenter of the earthquake. So, this is another picture which shows the focus and epicenter of the earthquake this is the focus this is the fault these are seismic wave fronts and the vertical projection on the ground this will be the epicenter the point within the earth where faulting begins is called focus or a hypo center and the point directly above the focus on the surface is called as epicenter. So, with this we will stop our lecture today we will continue our lecture in the next class.


Hi, I'm Steve Smith, CFA Assistant Chief Officer for Inclusion and Fairness. It's been a couple of months since I've appointed to this role, so I thought I'd like to take the opportunity to bring you up to date with what's been happening across CFA in the Inclusion and Fairness space, and also give you some ideas of how you can play your part in ensuring CFA is an inclusive and equitable organisation. Our first key milestone was the establishment of the Inclusion and Fairness team. The main purpose of the team is to support the 58,000 staff and volunteers at Makeup CFA to embed Inclusion and Fairness into their everyday business, and to promote and share the great initiatives that occur across our organisation. To support the integration and maintenance of Inclusion and Fairness into every aspect of CFA, we are working with regional and district stakeholders to build a governance structure that enables and supports a localised approach to Inclusion and Fairness planning. This includes working with the Inclusion and Fairness Advisory Council to develop a regional Inclusion and Fairness model with representation of the broad spectrum of diversity within their regions, and to support the development and delivery of local initiatives. The critical component of ensuring Inclusion and Fairness is integrated into all aspects of CFA is developing an awareness and knowledge of what behaviours are required to support a positive culture. We're currently finalising an education program called a Matter of Respect. This program will be progressively rolled out in 2018 to our entire workforce, commencing with the Senior Leaders of CFA. Finally we've been working with our Wellbeing and Workplace Relations Department to advise on how systems and processes can better support when you're accessing welfare services and resolving local conflicts. We can expect to see some significant changes in this space in coming months. Many of you are asking the question, what can I do and how does this relate to my work? It's important we all understand being inclusive and equitable will better equip us to achieve our mission to protect lives and property. To provide the highest level of service and value to our communities we need to understand how we can better support them. Over the past few months we've been actively engaging with our membership and asking how they see they can make a change for the better. And I've had some great feedback too. With the potential early start of the fire season here are some examples of how you might consider making sure you're being inclusive in your day to day activities. Aim to have a good mix of experience and gender and skill in all crew and strike team deployments. Don't just use the same people each time. If you're holding a community meeting make sure the venue you choose is accessible for people with disability and older people. The less stairs the better and ramp access is a must. Identify mentors for new or brigade members to ensure they feel welcome and supported and valued and truly a part of the CFA team. And make it your business to know your community. The most vulnerable people might not make themselves known because they don't want to stand out. This might be people affected with complex mental health and illness. People who are people of all genders who may have experienced discrimination or bullying or may not ask for help. We need to be diligent to help keep people safe. And above all else make sure you're treating each other with the utmost respect, especially under pressure. Over the next six months we'll be working closely with the regions to provide practical advice on how inclusion of fairness will be integrated into every aspect of CFA. I really encourage you to share your ideas with your brigades, groups and districts so others can benefit from the great work you're doing. As a team we'll be looking at ways we can capture it and make it easy to share projects and initiatives and ideas on ensuring regions connect and emulate the successes. We'll also commit to providing you with feedback to ensure we're building a culture that promotes initiative and supports our members' needs. Thank you for your overwhelming support to date. I'll ensure to keep you informed as things progress. In the meantime please contact us with feedback or your questions on inclusion of fairness at CFA.vic.gov.au.


Hi, good morning, and welcome to these products and focus US theory actually had an update yesterday But slowly grinding down lower again this morning as the markets await the the Fed meeting Which is which are due to can finish up starts today finishes up tomorrow looking for more clues as to US interest rates as it likely at the end of 2014 this start 2015 It's kind of causing a kind of resurgent US dollar to to wrestle control from the majors after retracing slightly yesterday and The US market struggling to break a little bit higher this morning So the Dow trading between two ranges next potential support at 16 9 6 9 And obviously only two days to go before the Scottish referendum in the UK So UK 100 start in the session today slightly down Head towards potential support at 6 7 7 4 Poles are still pretty much neck-to-neck and Cable has just started to move lower first thing this morning as we get into the last two days of campaigning before the vote Japan 225 Trying to re-challenge potential resistance at 15 9 8 7 as door yen Against the ship back up again just slightly below that six and a half year high. I'm currently trading at 107 spot 27 Which is going to be good for Japanese equities slowly edging higher this morning has been quite volatile morning already I'll be interested to see how that pans out. Obviously with that big fed mean taking place for the next two days So looking at dollar yen in this instance, you can see that it's been struggling to break above I think the recent high has actually been 107 spot 40 so that will be the next short-term potential resistance obviously longer term potential resistance one oh ten Sorry 110 spots 77 But looks to be that we might be building short-term support at the bottom of the candle legs around about 106 or pretty much 107 There's one of six spot 98 moving on to Cuddle with Texas fall tall as ever as soon as they hit 91 spot 28 bounce right back up again, but it's not only fall through again today So short-term potential resistance 92 spot 85 longer-term potential support. Sorry 91 spot 28 still remaining so This pressure is constant They might have a retest of that at some point soon But we've got two levels of support now to break through 92 spot 85 91 spot 28 and we've got crude oil inventories tomorrow as well Gold is not really quite sure exactly what it wants to do because of the uncertainty from China should be causing People to get safe haven assets, but then the industry and potential industry a hike in the US is really capping any Potential rise the pressure still remains and the tips these candles are indicative of the selling pressure each time it tries to Move that a little bit higher next potential support still remains at 1218 and The technicals are oversold at the moment, but there's not yet a signal to buy back So from a technical perspective, there's still a little bit weakness there Moving on to your dollar Your dollar spike lower yesterday. I didn't get quite close to that potential resistance at one spot 30 But we are just getting this period of of of higher lows Kind of materializing So we're building up a little bit of a base But we're not really able to push on that that little bit higher right now So I think people are waiting to find out what's happening with Eurozone regards to any QE or any stimulus measures for waiting to find out what happens with the US dollar but people began to take bets that they're fed will raise rates sooner rather than later and GBP USD is a head resistance for last a couple of days moving lower this morning As the UK 100 continues to lose its momentum and it's moving slightly lower this morning as well I think this could be kind of volatile over the next couple of days depending how the polls go Because obviously if Scotland goes independent that could have quite a big impact on their GDP USD It'd be quite volatile. Anyway, so the next potential support star remains at one spot 60 0 9 so I can a bit data wise we do have a whole pile of UK stuff today. You've got a Bank of England minutes and UK employment data, which will be keenly watched today. We've got Eurozone CPI data that's actually on the right data. That's actually tomorrow my mistake We've got CPI data today and RPI data at 9 30 UK time and then ZDW business report And obviously as I've already covered for Wednesday Bank of England minutes and employment and Eurozone CPI US CPI and then you've got cruel inventories and the Fed funds rate at 7 p.m. UK time So lots and lots of fundamental data out tomorrow and keep you eye on the chart form as ever Make insides part of your lake going forward and join me again tomorrow to find out what happened next