Seventy-five years of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights are a reason to celebrate. Seventy-five years after its adoption, the Declaration remains our guiding principle. It enshrines the inherent dignity and the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family.  However, the sad reality is that human rights far too often remain an aspiration. This is why all of us need to intensify our efforts to make human rights a reality. Germany therefore wholeheartedly recommits to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and is determined to put it into action. We are determined to step up our efforts to make this declaration a reality for each and every human being. First, we acknowledge that the respect for human rights begins at home. Germany commits to respecting and implementing the obligations that result from our membership in the international community. And the many international treaties that Germany has ratified. Germany appreciates the UN membership's recommendations on how to improve human rights in Germany as expressed during our UPR hearing on 9 November 2023. We intend to support the largest possible number of recommendations received. Second, Universal Human Rights guide our engagement worldwide. Germany will continue to address human rights challenges as a political priority in our bilateral political consultations and assist partners in making human rights a reality worldwide. Germany will continue to support civil society engagement aimed at improving human rights worldwide. One of our flagship programs is the Elisabeth Selbert Initiative that provides protective states and assistance to human rights defenders from around the world. We aim to strengthen the rights resources and representation of women and marginalized groups. This includes gender sensitive and gender transformative projects. As co-chair of the Equal Rights Coalition, Germany pledges to tackle violence and discrimination against the LGBTIQ plus community. Germany will continue to work towards improving political and civil rights as well as economic, social and cultural rights. Germany will pursue the pledges it committed to as a candidate for the Human Rights Council and will build on these pledges for its 2026 candidacy to the Council. Germany will work to ensure that human rights are prioritized in the outcome document of the Summit of the Future. Third, Germany supports the United Nations Quest for Universal Human Rights. Germany continues to support and strengthen the Human Rights Council and to engage to improve both its efficiency as well as its institutional status. Germany will continue its close cooperation with the OHCHR for example by providing substantial political and financial support for the work of the UN's High Commissioner for Human Rights and his office. Supporting Human Rights and the Human Rights Pillar of the United Nations is a cornerstone of Germany's national identity. 75 years of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is not only a reason to celebrate it needs to be a call to action for all of us.


Conway Golf, we're about to find the average golf of 2019. First teeth is almost upon us. The man who has travelled the furthest, tell me where you've come from, Andy. Uh, Córdoba in Spain. In Spain? Yeah. What made you come home for the event? That's why I'm on YouTube. Yeah? Yeah. Does man see that? Yeah. And what do you think of Conway so far? That's beautiful. Beautiful. Yeah. I brought my cousins from Spain and I love it. They do as well? Yeah. Well, I hope you have a great day. Really appreciate you making it. Coming over. Conway. Good luck, play well. Right, we've got our first, well, first arrival and he's travelled the fair all the way. So we've got Shane Malters, Shane, where have you travelled from for the average golf thing? From Yobelin, Somerset. What? And then Camper Van? Yeah. Overnight made by Jobdon. How good is that? That's proper commitment. Are we here to win? I'm always here to win. I'm always here to win. I'm ready. Yeah, good. I'm here to mark the winning card. Is that what you've come for, mate? Yeah. I'm not playing that well, I've got to tell you. Yeah. It's going to make you feel better when you win. Yeah. It's always nice to be the big fail, isn't it? Yeah, it is. So I just love the confidence. It's all right. It's all right. It's all right. Also, Chasers, what's the first thing? Yeah. I'd recommend you don't. No.  You're going to go for average. Perfect. You're the man. You're the man. You're the man. Right, first tee time is off. And plenty of people on the practice screens getting warmed up. And I've got to say, it's been fantastic so far, mate. Yeah, mate. About 15 miles along from Brighton. All right. Wow. That's a journey. Have you travelled up this morning? No, I've come up. Nice to date. How are you? This is my son, James. How are you?  At least it's not the first tee. Right, so before this day gets underway, we've got to say some thank yous to the sponsors and the support of this event. And the first off title sponsor has been TaylorMade. A massive thanks to them for providing some great first, second and third prizes. We've got TaylorMade drivers, wedges, bags, all kinds from them. And they've also donated or given four project day golf balls to everybody that's competed today. So thank you to them. Second is to Royal Bled Golf Club over in Slovenia. Fantastic golf course. And they have provided a three night play and stay break over there in Slovenia. That'll be part of their first prize along with a TaylorMade driver. Then thank you to Upload, again the Golf Course Review website, massive supporters of the channel and also this event. And finally to Conway Golf Club for hosting the event. The course looks superb right now. So a big thanks to them. And finally it's going to be to the Calm Charity. But we'll say a little bit more and a bit more detail about what Calm Charity is all about a little bit later. Are you having a good day? Yeah, lovely. Of course it's been great Nick. Yeah? Are you alright? Yeah. That's not what you said. How are you doing alright? I am. When's the below average golf account? That's next week, that's the... It's bumped up. It's fully bumped mate. You've got a two year exemption, bad result. So just speaking to Dave, Dave is well and truly underway. You've had a practice? Had a practice, yes. So the driving range, just so you don't know, the driving range is adjacent. It runs parallel with hole number one. And you hit the fairway? Yes, I've hit the first fairway from the driving range. Already? Yeah. I'm hoping I'll do that when I get on the turn. What you don't know is you hit the driving range on the first C. Otherwise that wouldn't be a star. Which will probably happen. Right, I've got Jordan here. I'm just talking about how far people have travelled. Jordan's come all the way from Middlesbrough. But it's a story he's about to tell us. He's only been playing golf for one year. Yeah, well less than a year. About nine months. What was your handicap, by the way? Well I was younger. I cleared off 17. That was the stop player when I was 15 year old. 26 now. I took the golf back up to 25 January this year. I was away with my girlfriend. It was literally nothing for us to do. So you're in Cumbria? Yeah, Cumbria. In the middle of nowhere. No phone signal, no restaurants, anything. There was a driving range. What about just a romantic break with you? You know what it's like. So she said, go have a look, go have a look. So I said, I'll try and show you how I play. A few shots she would not interested to turn the other way. I just got the bug again. Do you know what it's like? You hit a few shots and you just... So you're right back into it then? Well that day I went home, bought some clubs. I took it from there. I was going the driving range but it just wasn't enough for me. So I thought I'll join a course. Now I've been there ever since. Can't get off it. Playing three times a week. Can't get off it. Good to see you. Good to see you.  Thanks for coming down all the way for us. I hope you play well mate. Great to be here. Thank you very much. Yeah, thank you. Came out with a couple of new mates there. Oh, you get us stitched in right now. Thank you. Hello. How are you? Well, you travel a lot from London? Yeah, yes. All right? Stayed nearby? Yeah, just... Not too bad, not too bad. Not too bad. Sun shining? Yeah. Birdie? Oh yeah. Birdie already? Two on a second. Top 50? Yeah. Top 50, chosen sharp as well. All right? Yeah, no, really good. Just got a part, so it's outstanding for me. Great shot. What a driver. Lewis is the man with the club fitting. He's a man of genius. A man of genius. So can we just get that again? So Lewis visited you for that driver last week. And it's perfect. And we're not missing a fairway. Straight and long. Keep it going. Good. Right, Joe, it's words from you first of all, mate, because we got that on camera that, so was it? A lot of jammy, apart from our four, yes? Four. Nice four. Yeah, a bit fortunate. Who a first part. I didn't want to put you off and put the camera on, but it was good timing. Perfect. All the way, lads. All the way. Yeah, we are. All right.  One minute. What's going on? Took an iron off the first. Wow. With yesterday. With the NWPGA. Here today. Yeah. Day off tomorrow. Wife, so it's not really day off as a joke. I can say these things. Easy enough? Yeah. Yeah? Everyone enjoying the course? Yeah. Just quick mention, your channel is Lee Whitton of Golf, isn't it? Yeah. So make sure we go and have a check out of what Lee does. You filming today? Yeah. Camera is on. Camera is on. Camera is not on, I see. We've got to go all the camera ladies here today. I've got them recorded. Don't worry for my father. How are we getting on? Yeah, really good. Thank you. All right, yeah? Beautiful, isn't it? Enjoying the course? Yeah, absolutely. Beautiful. I'm playing okay. Not too bad. No, no. And what about our friends from Spain? Our caddies. All good? All good, yeah. Good, good. All care, great shot. Didn't crack under the pressure, mate, to the camera? I think it focused the mind, that, didn't it? How's the game going so far, mate? You enjoying it? Yeah, it's brilliant. All right, course playing okay? It's brilliant. Yeah? Very good. Very good. Yeah, mate. No pressure here. I don't know. I don't mind it. That's some proper players here. Yeah, there was a holiday, you see. Yeah, yeah. There's no fear. Spain's just gone down with Tom's Cup. Yeah, good ball as well. Long. Well done, mate. You under pressure there? I know, Tom. You did well. Thank you. Well, thanks for letting us film it as well, because, yeah, under a bit of pressure there, but all come up good. Well done. Are you talking about us? There's a bit of conversation here. There's a lot going on here. What's the world's right? Brexit. We're not bothered. We're talking about Liverpool, all the Wanderers, and Haswell Golf Club. Okay. The Copping Dodgers. How do you put them all into the same group? The Copping Dodgers. You can remember all the Wanderers when they were good. You've got to go memory still, though. You've got a few words for cameras, Josh. What? You've got a few words for cameras. That's the little you've got to thank for. Hey! Hey! The little you've got to thank for that, mate. How's it going, cock? Eh? How's it going? Yes. Three for four. Two for six. Three for four. Good start, mate. Keeping that good word. Well, I've done a good fat nine, though. I've done well already. So, one of the things we're doing today is we're supporting the calm charities. That's campaigned against living miserably. It's about men's mental health issues. We chose this charity because I heard a statistic which is really scary, quite alarming, that the biggest killer in men under the age of 45 was suicide. It's a horrible statistic and I think the calm charity. What we're trying to do is obviously erase some money in terms of the green fee. Everybody will be donating a part of that towards the calm charity. But it's also about raising awareness as well. So, I'll leave details in the comments below as a link to the calm charity. So, thank you to everybody for supporting. Got you on. Oh, hello. Shot. I'll tell you what, it was right at it from back there, was it? Yeah, yeah. I didn't think it would have worked, to be honest. It just killed it on the bank. Yeah. But, yeah, very good shot. How are we getting on? You all right? All right, yeah. Enjoying it? Not too bad. Any water? I'm fine. You're all right? Yeah. All the water? Yeah. This is nothing. No, it's quite easy. All right. So, are you good? Yeah. It's a light green. This is a light green, is it, son? Yeah, yeah. So, you've travelled over something? I don't even know. Yeah? Yeah? Have you played Commonwealth? I've played just that. So, this is Fergs. I didn't know that. Comeback Golfers is the channel. But I never knew your name. No, I know, yeah. So, we've got Comeback Golfers, another channel that's here today. Did you only film in Fergs or...? I'm not, no. Did you enjoy the day? Just enjoyed it, yeah. Absolutely, yeah. Have a bit of a break? Absolutely. So, where have you travelled from? Portsmouth. Portsmouth, just around the corner. Just around the corner, yeah. Just a little bit of a journey. Just about five hours, mate. I can't believe it, mate. You enjoyed it? Absolutely. Yeah? I'm playing well, which helps. Are you doing it? Yeah, I'm doing all right, yeah. Well, he's just knocked on par five in two. Eagle putt coming up. Yeah. Two puts if you're going. Yeah, be cool. Good luck anyway. Keep it going. Appreciate it. Cheers. For the camera! What is it? A shot. Words for camera, mate. Right. So, alongside me, I've got Steve Bauer. Sports presenter, commentator, match of the day, Premier League. You've interviewed Beckham Ferguson, Wenger. Well, the question is make surely today playing in the average goal for the year. It's got to be a career highlight. It is. Went to Great Lens to get the day off today to support Mr Sullivan. So, yeah, we've played a few rounds around there, haven't we? We have. How's it going so far? Is it now? No. Single pointers. Yes. We've only played three holes. We've only played three holes. We've only played three holes. Right. Good luck, mate. All right. Carry on. Enjoy. Enjoy. So, Kev, how has it gone to start with? Excellent. Yeah? Excellent. We're really good. We've been in a rough few times, but I've managed to get out some safe shots. Yeah. On to the green. So, I've come very, very well. 30s every all, you know. Well, a few eagles. A few eagles. A few birdies. Good luck, Joe. I'm still lagging behind. Right. So, I'll just quick break and just tell you about today and how this has all panned out. First of all, we've got close to 100 that are playing. So, first tee was just after 10 o'clock. Last tee, half-two. Big change in conditions in terms of how the day's panned out. The first half of the draw, if you like, certainly had the better conditions. And as you can see, the rain has come down. The wind's picked up. And it's what you'd expect from Lynx Golf in the UK towards the end of September. Anyway, we'll see you winds at the end of the day. But it's amazing the amount of people that have A turned out to play, but B where they've come from. And I think it's amazing what YouTube has done. Not my channel, every channel that's out there in trying to get people involved in the sport, trying to find a new way of involving people in the sport. And the thing about this was that we've got people from Spain. We've got people from Cyprus. Then in the UK, they've come from Glasgow. They've come from Middlesbrough down in Southampton, Portsmouth. It's incredibly humbling that they make the effort to do that. But again, a lot of people have mentioned how they wanted to support the charity as well. So that's, again, a great thing that they're prepared to do that.  Everyone I've spoken to has had a fantastic day. But it's an opportunity for me as well to say a massive thanks to not only the people that have supported today, but for everybody who watches the channel. And we'll see how things go. But hopefully we may repeat this again next year and get to meet more and more people and get them involved in these golf days. But for now, back out on the course and let's see who's going to be crowned average golfer 2019. Great shot of 15. I'm glad to see we've still got an half filled room to be there because not the shop comes to that. Great seats, not many people still hanging around. First off, we'll do the thank yous. Bar, food. Then obviously to the golfers and everybody who took part. It was an incredible effort. I can't believe how far people travelled. I think Spain, Cyprus, Middlesbrough, Glasgow, Southampton, it's unreal for people to make the effort and get involved with the day. It's been a fantastic support. Who nearest the pins first? I don't know whether anybody's here or not. Sean Bird. Is anybody here for anything? Sean in? Oh right, well done Sean, Sean's in the room. Main results. I think it's fair to say tough conditions can't be placed tough. It's not an easy track. It's kind of like you get out there, it looks wide open but it's never as easy as it seems. We didn't have a great breeze, but the lads in the second half of the draw certainly had it tougher. Anyway, in third place, and he did see off in the morning. What's Josh Kerrigan? Josh Kerrigan, third place, he's not here. 38 points, that was on the count of that. In second place, and I'm not sure if he still is a change. He is right, so second place, and first off travelled from Somerset, set in a camp about last night, and he scored 39 points. So well done mate. Well done mate, fantastic. Our winner, and again 39 points, 38 points, fantastic score. Winner with 40 points. I believe he all that from pretty much everywhere, up and down from everywhere. 40 points, Owen Curry. Brilliant. Thanks to everyone who got involved. For me, a great day, great honour to host everybody. And we might do it again next year, so hopefully we'll see you all again very, very soon. And thanks for watching and keep watching all that you do. It's greatly appreciated. Thank you very much.


on your official visit to the state of Manipur, ahead of the upcoming the state assembly election, to be held on 28 February and 5 March 2022. We thank you for coming here and giving us your support and encouragement in this hour. Truly, we are the blessed that you could grasp us with your presence. And the guide is in the making the goal and the mission of the Indian National Congress, clear to the people of Manipur. I will also like brothers express my happiness for your August visit. I also further welcome Siri Jaimurameji, Honorable MP and Senior Observer Manipur AICC. I also welcome Siri Bhakesharan Dasji, Honorable former Union Minister in charge of Manipur AICC. I also welcome Siri Okram Ibovis Singh, the Honorable CLP leader of Manipur. I also welcome Siri Gaikhamji, Honorable CWC member AICC. I also welcome Siri Tienhauke, Honorable MLI former President and MPCC. Siri Okengaji, former President and MPCC. Siri Praduloy, the Honorable MP, Electoral Observer Manipur. Siri Rakibul Hishen, the Honorable Deputy CLP leader, Electoral Observer Manipur. Siri Theri, Honorable President Nagaland PCC. Siri Thoksam Maina, Honorable XMP. Siri Thaksha Bhaitek, Honorable MP, Manipur, XMP Manipur. Also I welcome all the Electoral Observer and the revolutionary from the AICC and from outside the state. I also further welcome all the Honorable MLI, XMLI, XMP, Office Bearer of MPCC, Frontel and the Self, Department, PCC member and the DCC, BCC, Spoke Partial and the media panelist, parties, sympathizer, party, leader and the Congress walker. Aduna, Ngasi da, Lengbirangri bha khaipur namakta. Manga, adukum bha phiz, ani thokna. Pankhokha darbasi kumbha, ai koi ki. Meeting, Ngasi da, ai koi. Harkati lakadro bha kenro humpumakta, Intending, Kedmite, oibirakadro bha, Respected, Kedmite Singh. Aduna, Ngasi ki tinbiri bha, ai koi ki kenro humpumakta, Lengbirangri bha khaipur namakta. Ai koi punna, Ngasi Rahul ki jeena. Ai koi ki Manipur da lakwidana. Ai koi ki Congress ki adukum bha mabangal kankhatpa. Kona riba, ai koi punna makna. Sarukya, Minari, Haraka. Ngasi ki adukum bha, bhaatiya janata, Paati na. Paati manga nga puhla se mba adukum bha bha, Sahi manga, Paralabha, Saasol. Sikumbha, Saasolasi na. Ngasi da, Manipur Praja, Miyaangi. Amasungh, Singhamda, Tamda, Lairi bha. Manipur Praja, Miyaangi da. Ngasi da, Sindhna, Amangangba. Thabakna, Amatahubha. Sunna, Thabakthi, Yaudha bha. Sinkha, Thangangba, Sikumbha, Saasolasi. Hantaki, Lakadari, Batra, Indhuya, Subha, Manipur, Vidhal, Sabha ki. Elekshal, Siddhagiti. Manipur Praja, Miyaangna. Ngasi da, Lairi bha, Bhaatiya, Jata, Paati na. Sikumbha, Sankshal, Lairi bha, Khongzhansi. Manipawar, Amasungh, Masanpawar. Sikumbha, Kayaagaloi na. Sankshal, Lairi bha, Elekshal, Asidha. Ngasi da, Manipur ki, Kenra, Humbu, Makna, Lairi bha, Amasungh, Kongrespa, Nungh, Siviba. Adukum bha, Praja, Singhna. Sri B.J.P. na. Aikwai ki da, Manipur ki, Lakadari bha, Elekshal, Khudin, Makna, Amasungh, Lakadari bha, Elekshal, Asidha, Makna, Masanpawar, Manipawar, Siddhagna, Bhaatiya, Aikwai na. Kongrespa kayaagaloi na, Manipawar, Amasungh, Manipawar, Masanpawar, Tengabang, Amoy. Aduna, Indian national, Kongreski. Adukum bha, Khuba ki, Aikwai, Marka. Sikumbha, Khuba ki, Aikwai, Marka, Asidha, Yawar bha. Kuwaita ki, Makko, Thangbha, Khubhi.  Organizing committee of Manipur Pradesh, Congress committee request the security establishment kindly to clear the 7,000 Congress workers standing outside to participate in the rally meeting. Thank you. But thanks, Siddhi. Honorable Congress Leader, Sri Rahul Gandhida, Party's, let's listen Party's leader, Sri Aukumh Rubobi, CWC member, Gekangamji, Amasungh party person, Sri Laken Singhana, Ninkham Samji, Hupiba, Lenganyan Viva, Amasungh, Congress party, Khudol Tamjag, the painting of the Peebeen, with Amukta, Kopsanjari. Please. All other momentos, please. Frontails, sales, department, anybody who wants to present, please come forward to the front of the stage. The program proceeds. Thank you. Thank you. Be fast, be fast. Thank you all for the care and the love. Assembling Constituents, Lafiri Bapu, Nongchup, Amasungh, Kachinda, Chair, Siyam, Vinnabar, Organizing Committee, Amukhanna, Kendra, Lafiri, Party's, Nongchup, Amasungh, Kachinda, Chair, Siyam, Vinnabar, Kachinda, Chair, Siyam, Kachinda, Kachinda, Chair, President Nagaland, Produce Congress Committee, please. Most respected Leader of the Congress, Sri Rahul Gandiji, My dear, Manipur Congress Committee, Congress President, Honorable MLS, All India Congress candidates, My dear brothers and sisters, I will not waste time, naming one by one. They are all very important and dignitaries here today. I wanted to take two minutes to convey the feeling of Congressmen and women of Nagaland to the people of Manipur. We are brothers by way of Mongoloids. We are brothers by way of religion. We respect all religions, all communities, all tribes. Manipur would have been incomplete without Mates, without Naga tribes, without Cookies. We are complete when we have equal justice, equality and justice, and that can be only found in Congress. I want to decide only on two issues.  That is the understanding of the Northeast. We, as the Mongoloid race, we don't fit in other situation more than socialist, secular nationalism. And that has been provided by Indian National Congress. And therefore, we are with Union of India. This Northeast should not misunderstand. My ambition, I think this is also your ambition. The first ambition is to remove BGP, communal party, communal government, so that we can make Rahul Gandhi, Prime Minister of India, under whom we will be all free, all the problems he will take care. You will have the freedom of religion, freedom of social practices, freedom of your culture, custom. You will have freedom and he will give all the protection. He will solve all our problems. His ancestors, Pandit Johal Nihu, Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi have given all what we have today. And I'm sure the blood of these great leaders run in his blood. And he will treasure it to take care of us. Therefore, let us trust in him. I don't feel any BGP leader has that quality, that assurance which we can treasure and have faith in it. And therefore, appeal to the Manipur voters today, Congress hard workers, you have come here. I appeal to you all to reach each and every house, every home as you go home, as you go back to your respective consultancies. Thank you. Thank you, President NPCC for the wonderful speech. Next, I call upon Manipur Congress committees, less-less party leader, former Chief Minister, Sree Oibabhi Singh, to the dais. Sree Rahul Gandhi, to the Manipur Congress committee president, Sree N. Lokyan Singh, to the Manipur Congress committee president, Sree N. Lokyan Singh, to the dais. To the dais. To the dais. To the manipur committee president, Sree N. Lokyan Singh, Anirag Shubha Phejna Maarsit Angmanga Adathadha Nagadoribani. Mashi ki elekshansina Manipurgya Maasungh Bharat ki laiva klepa haibatare bhai gavidhata a koi lekadoribani aduna langshin biriba ahon ba ahon ba. Congress ki gomen ama puraktabhaya dehaiduna. Arap, Arapadagi. Lakpiri ba ahalaman raihul singhda. Congress pu nungshibhiu. Congress Parthibu. Pradamyam ki Manipurgya. Shashon amukta. Tahon bhiu haiduna ayi ahan vada. Keno taujari mayambu ayi khuramjari. Aduka. Nga chi ashi laiva phaba haishira. Laiva kshiva haishira. Ayukta. Nongshin ki phibam khara fatta baduna. Mai kai khudindagi telephon tau na rapa mayamsin na. Nga shibu elekshan rahul ji. Manipurda lapse masikhi meeting shi. Yagadra, Yargoydra, haiduna. Yaam to ena hanga rapa. Nadur, eh, ishor lairi. Ishor na Manipurse. Haukhi ba BJP ki Shashon. Bharata. Tauri ba Srinarendra Modi ji ki Shashon. Manipur ki BJP na lu singh ba. Sigi Shashon singh. Manipur. Bharata na tana Manipurda. Kari laibakta laakata ge. Akhoi si kari phiham da laakata ge. Sikum ba. Tangdu laita taba phibam ama laakas leita. Ishor na singh ba ama sungshoi shoi dana laakani. Noi kari amta singh na biru nu haiduna. Laak piu haiduna. Honourable candidate singh, Honourable MLA singh, tonga an tonga an ba district agi telefon tawar kwa maya maddo, aina. Adum maya mda koi gi. Piisi shigi praside na koi na. Ishor na taba ma laakani. Noi kari amta nungshati ge nu haibusi. Haujik maya mubire dana. Haujik maya mubire ba. Laiba. Weder matase Rahul ji sigi. Kompakside haidu. Kari kumbak. Weder ge phibam na nungshati ge phiham si. Lairamdra ge di. Kaya aayam na. Manipur ge praja singh si. Rahul ji ge bihizit se. Masi ge da muta da laakani haibusi. Maya muta kani yungu. Haujik fawda laakpa leptri basini. Masinata ko di. Manipur da. Nungha maa. Tchen jama paame haibusi. Masi taapani. Adukha. Masi hainaba waran bhaiyai. Suman bhaiyai. Suman bhaiyai. Weder it may be Honorable Prime Minister's visit. Honorable National President J.P. Nadhaa's visit. Honorable Home Minister of India's visit. Honorable Home Minister of India's visit. In the meeting, they are paying minimum par 47 from 200 to 500 rupees. Now, the time has come. We should have to teach them a lesson. The most communal way of BJP's Hassan, Parama Tambidna, Bharat, Manipur, Lakhiribapraja, Prime Minister, how many times he had visited Manipur? All the other Union Ministers in Manipur have visited Manipur. He is the Honourable Prime Minister Hanaki Dr. Manmohan Singh, Madam Sonia Gandhi Ningshin Biyu, and he is also the Chief Minister of Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. The Union Ministers have visited Manipur. When I come here, I don't come with a sense of superiority. I come with humility. I come with humility because I understand that you have a lot to give. I come with humility because I know that there is a lot I can learn from you. From the diverse tribes, from the valley, from the hills, from everybody here, there is something I can learn from your history, from your culture, from your language, from the way you treat your women, there is something that I can learn and I can take back with me when I go home. That's not the idea that the Prime Minister comes with. Prime Minister comes with the idea that he has a superior vision, he has a superior language and he has the right to define India. This is the difference between us. I want to help preserve your language. I want to help preserve your culture. I want to help preserve the harmony that is prevailing in Manipur. I want to learn from you and of course I will also have certain things that I might say that you might take away from, benefit from. The Prime Minister comes here to tell you what he thinks. Prime Minister comes here with the air of superiority. I gave the speech in parliament and I mentioned in parliament something that I did not like. I mentioned that I didn't like that the Home Minister of India invited senior leaders from Manipur to his house and then made them take off his shoes but kept his shoes on. And while I was giving the speech, one of the senior ministers in the Lok Sabha and you can watch the speech, one of the senior ministers in the Lok Sabha said, but this is our culture. It is not my culture to invite someone to my house, force them to take off their shoes, keep my shoes on and humiliate them. It might be his culture, it might be that minister's culture, it is not my culture and I would like to tell the minister that it is also not Indian culture. Indian culture is to respect your guests. Indian culture is to honor your guests when they come to your house.   This is Indian culture. Now, what are they doing to Manipur?  For example, they keep saying that they are going to take governance to your doorstep, but they have not held Hill Council elections over the last five years. How do you take governance to your doorstep if you do not empower the people of Manipur, if you do not allow the people of Manipur to hold elections? Mr. Narendra Modi used to make a lot of promises in 2014. Wherever he went, he used to say that he would give 2 crore youths a year. He used to say that he would give 15 lakh rupees to each bank account. He used to say that he would change the lives of farmers. He used to say that he would give 2 crore youths a year. Now, I want to ask you, when Mr. Narendra Modi comes tomorrow, why doesn't he talk about employment? Why doesn't he talk about giving 15 lakh rupees? Why doesn't he talk about giving 1 crore youths a year? Why doesn't he talk about employment? Why doesn't he talk about wrong GST? Why doesn't he talk about the three laws that he has imposed against farmers? Why doesn't Narendra Modi say that because of employment, because of wrong GST, because of the reaction of the COVID-19 times, the economy of India has been destroyed. Mr. Narendra Modi, why doesn't he talk about the 40th year of unemployment in India? Why doesn't he talk about the small and medium businesses of Manipur? Why doesn't he talk about the small and medium businesses of Manipur? Why doesn't he talk about the small and medium businesses of Manipur? We will come here and say that we have to help the farmers by applying the three laws that the farmers have imposed against them. On the one hand, we will talk about making India, start-up India and on the other hand, we will close the notes. Why don't we close the notes? Why don't we apply the wrong GST? Why don't we apply the wrong GST? And now here, he wants to destroy your future by creating palm oil plantations. He wants to take your beautiful state and he wants to create palm oil plantations. Now, I want to ask you, who exactly are these palm oil plantations going to help? Are they going to help the people of Manipur or are they going to help companies like Patanjali? Are they going to help the two or three really large businesses in the country? The same businesses, not Bandi Health, the same businesses, if flawed GST helps, the same businesses, the farm laws are designed to help. That is not our vision for Manipur. We are not interested in helping Baba Ramdev and punishing the people of Manipur. That is not our interest. We are interested in protecting the future of the people of Manipur. That is why we are committed to guaranteeing MSP for horticultural products. That is why we want to make Manipur self-sufficient in rice production. That is why we want to expand irrigation facilities so that farmers will be able to go two to three crops a year. This is the difference between the visions. They want to help one or two large business people. They want to transform Manipur into palm oil plantations. We want to empower the rice farmers of Manipur. We want to transform horticulture in Manipur. We want to guarantee a minimum price to the farmers of this wonderful state. Let's talk about the real strength of this state. I can see many of you sitting here in the front rows, the women of Manipur. BJP talks about women. I want to ask you, how many EMA markets has the BJP created over the last five years? The Congress party created a unique market, an instrument for empowering the women of this wonderful state. Probably the only market in the country which is fully controlled and run by women. And what did the BJP do to that market? Did they improve it? Did they strengthen it? Did they expand it? No. What we had built, they weakened. They destroyed. How is that the empowerment of women? We built one EMA market. We are committed to building many more EMA markets in Manipur. But by far our biggest commitment is to guarantee one third reservations for women in Manipur. I spoke about employment. And I told you that the BJP in the whole country, who are our small and medium businesses, who are small shops, attacked them. Notes closed, wrong GST, and the actions of the COVID, the people who give employment to India, small and medium industry, small shops, BJP broke their waist. Today, employment is not created in the whole country. This is the situation in Manipur. And the youth of Manipur understand it very well. The Congress party will revive the MSE sector in Manipur. And our focus, the small and medium businesses, who give employment to the country and Manipur, will protect them and give full support to the government. I spoke about horticulture here. But our government will focus on food processing industries and tourism. By putting food parks, by focusing on food processing industries, the farmers of Manipur will be able to go to the food processing centres and sell them directly in their pockets. You saw what the Prime Minister did during COVID. The whole world was suffering from this virus. On numerous occasions in parliament, I told the government that COVID is going to devastate India. We need to take action. We need to prepare ourselves against COVID. I was ridiculed by the BJP, by the government. And the Prime Minister, his solution, his fascinating solution to the problem of COVID was to tell the people of India, Thali bhajao. Thali bhajao, virus bhaag jaega. You understand the vision these people have. Probably the only Prime Minister, leader in the world, whose reaction to a virus was Thali bhajao. You are laughing, but he is our Prime Minister. These are the ideas that the Prime Minister of India has. These are the ideas, some of which he will give you tomorrow. When Thali bhajao failed, he came out with a new one. Mobile phone light, first Thali bhajao, then mobile phone light, I will not give you the oxygen cylinder. You will not get a ventilator. You will not get a fan in the hospital. Thali bhajao, light. And that is what happened in Manipur. Thousands of people died in Manipur without oxygen, without a ventilator. COVID vaccinations took place in every state. But the record of Manipur is not good in every state. So you have seen the work of this government. You have heard their promises. And you recognize and know the Congress Party. We all run the government.  We come here to learn. We consider India as Union of States. All these countries are united in one place. Uttar Pradesh is bigger than Manipur. But the people of Uttar Pradesh and Manipur are as important as we are. We have no difference. We have to protect the culture of Uttar Pradesh and the history of Uttar Pradesh. And the way we protect the history of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and other countries, we protect Manipur's history and history. We don't think that Manipur's future is only for us. We want the people of Manipur to run Manipur. We want Manipur's history, history, culture to spread all over India. And all over India learn from Manipur. And Manipur also learns from other countries. And I tell you from the state that the people of BJP, whatever they say, whatever they think, but the Congress party will protect Manipur's history, culture and history. You come here from far away. I thank you with my heart. It was raining today. You must have had a hard time. Thank you very much for this. Namaskar. Jai Hind. Thagachari. Thagachari. Thagachari. I would request all the candidates to stand with Rahul Gandhi ji. Please all the candidates should come and stand with Rahul Gandhi ji so that our audience can witness you. Thank you.


I've been hoping to talk about this for a long time. This is a really like a long-term bit of work for a lot of us because this lab in general has been pioneering a ton of like amazing contributions to the ecosystem in terms of scaling in a bunch of different ways. And this one I think is gonna be one of the greatest contributions that this lab is going to make to the whole blockchain space and to, I think beyond that, this might actually be a protocol that ends up coming to sort of the mainstream and data centers and so on outside of a blockchain context because it gives you Byzantine fault tolerance in a very nice scalable setting and it has very nice properties for a lot of classic distributed systems applications. And so you can think of doing cluster management and large-scale computational arrangements and so on with much stronger security than traditional consensus protocols. So first of all, I wanna talk about something I call the interplanetary principle. This was something that the AppFest community came up with in 2014-15 after we wrote the initial paper. So we never made it in there, but we should write a paper about this. So first off, like Web3 needs to become web-scaled. Today, Web3 is not at all web-scaled when you think about the traditional Web2 workloads. You require massive scale of bandwidth utilization and massive scale transactional throughputs and so on. So this is partly why Bitcoin and Ethereum and so on were sort of disregarded by the traditional cloud people because it just kind of seemed crazy that a transactional system that could do only a fraction of what your phone could do was gonna run the entire monetary system and so on. And so that's why it was sort of disregarded. However, they sort of missed the point and the point is to get into this much better model of permissionless, large-scale, Byzantine file tolerant networks that have an economic construction within them. It's a much stronger way of building distributed systems and applications, but we need to make them scale. We need to use the learnings from the distributed systems world to scale these things. So that's our target. We really mean to be able to run all of those kinds of things over these systems. And I know that sounds crazy, but you'll see, like you'll see over the next few years. Now, there's this consensus bottleneck where you're trying to push in tons of amounts of transactions, everything is getting bottlenecked, so we wanna be able to scale it. I think everyone here is pretty familiar with that. Let's talk about the internet for a moment. So one of the key things here is that the internet is partition, partitions happen all the time and so your systems have to be partition tolerant. Today, applications and blockchains are not at all partition tolerant. If you lose connectivity to the mothership in a sense, you're host, things don't work well. However, the internet requires partition tolerance because things will break apart. Like it's a huge grapevine with lots of different pieces and so on and things come up and down all the time. So you cannot run a mission critical application at all touching a blockchain because they're not partition tolerant.  This is kind of what we're shooting for, like billions of transactions per second or trillions, of course, paralyzed across a large scale with fast local finality. So I'm pretty serious about these numbers. Sure, you have the root level consensus in Earth scale. That could be three to five seconds or something like that. That's kind of like pushing it. Maybe you could get faster, but then you wanna be able to drop down to city level or region level in like 100 milliseconds or lower and then get to around one millisecond inside of a data center should be doable. One, two, five milliseconds. And that is something that I think these networks will be able to do. It's a bunch of work to get there, but with the subnet structure, you can do that. And so what happens when you are able to have the traditional security properties of a blockchain and smart contracts when you're running at millisecond level loops? Like that's what we're talking about. And that's what the promise and potential of this. And also think of the throughput, like millisecond loops plus trillions of transactions per second. We're talking about a massive scale operation, right? We also want all of this to be safe in the traditional blockchain ways against nation-state attackers. We need, there's a bunch of parameters that need to be tunable for applications because different applications have different requirements. We want horizontal scalability of being able to meet demand over time. Like I said, new applications appear. And you need to also be able to deal with different nations having different policy structures or different applications having different policy structures. You wanna be able to evolve the network in pieces without forcing the rest of the world to conform. You of course then want other traditional things that the blockchain world wants like encryption transactions and so on. So that's some of the thinking that we had. So now IPC is a hierarchy consensus which is hierarchy consensus is more broad idea which is saying let's take consensus protocols and scale them by organizing them into a structure where you couple them and you derive some proper, like the children derive some properties from the parent. This doesn't have to be a tree. Though I have not read any paper about this. You could probably construct like DAGs here so that it doesn't actually necessarily need to be a tree. And there's probably some extension to this where you don't even have directions here. You could have like mesh, meshes of consensus protocols. And then that lands you closer to like the, this kind of like peering structure. But that's I think way harder to get working right. So the hierarchy really helps in traditional distributed systems way. Hierarchy makes things a lot simpler. So IPC is gonna do this kind of thing but it's gonna do it in a way that like couples with the blockchain model of enhancing security of the children based on the security of the parent. And you wanna be able to move around assets and so you want like very strong guarantees there. So like if you were doing something simpler, you could have a much simpler protocol if you were just kind of like trying to do like, you know, log machine replication or something like that or having eventually consistent structures and whatnot. Like if you wanna be able to like have hard security, that's a much harder problem. Now let's talk about the interplanetary principle.  The end points have to do all the work because there's kind of like this negative result where like you can't possibly, even if the network is really, really smart, you can do everything there. So there's kind of an end to end principle of saying you have to do the, keep the smarts at the edges always. So you might as well make things really simple in the beginning, in the middle. So in kind of this traditional networking style of having these principles for design, the interplanetary principle points out that when you deal with like large scale delays and this is why it's interplanetary because for us humans it's really easy to think about minutes and seconds. We don't have a good appreciation for milliseconds, microseconds and nanoseconds. Our computers operate with very different degrees there but we just have no intuition for it. So it's much easier to think about this in terms of planetary level delays.  Sorry, I enter in principle.  Instead you should be building systems to be delay tolerant and to be able to move around the content and the structures to locally and so pay the expensive cost once, move all the state that you possibly need and then compute locally and try to minimize the use of links like this. Now if you take the interplanetary principle and shrink it down to this room and the cloud and so on and the computer and these computers and the cache and RAM and so on, you end up with the exact same ideas and by the way with bigger orders of magnitude, the orders of magnitude here are bigger than like the planet to Earth and so on, the differences but the principle stays which is you wanna be able to minimize the round trips between all kinds of communications. So, you know, if here we were the traditional, the reason this came up from IPFS is that if you are trying to load a webpage or have a chat application and so on, if all of us in this room were editing a Google Doc together or trying to send some slides from one computer to another, it would be really great to go from this physical device here to that device over there, type, type, type and so on without ever having to go to the cloud and dealing with kind of the potential partitions, delays and so on. Imagine editing a Google Doc with 24 minute delays, right? Like you'd go crazy. So, the interplanet, so design distributed applications with tolerance for interplanetary delays, if you do that, if you force yourself to account for that and be extremely careful with where you introduce delays, you produce much better designs, you produce partition tolerant designs that will behave dramatically better in Earth's internet because Earth's internet has these planetary scale delays from the perspective of computers, not from the perspective of most humans. Now, not all humans, there are many humans that are behind extremely slow networks for whom these delays are awful. Like you have page loads from certain parts of the internet especially in really poor connectivity regions where you're talking about like 30 second to minute long delays before like a page will load. Just go to super crowded conference place and so on and try to load a page, it's like super, super slow. Now, if you do this right, then this will lead to local first applications that will sync to the cloud second. And this is the same kind of principle that we're using in IPC. This will yield support for mission critical applications. You'll be able to do mission critical here means something where like you can run an emergency service over like messaging that is reliable and robust and will keep operating even if something else in the world falls apart. And it will also fit mobile and so on and poor connectivity regions much better. So design with interplanetary principle. But by the way, we do our series about this and we are going into these places. So think of like these kinds of networks and have a report that this is how we can actually go to the moon. You can actually have the first blockchain systems that can actually go to the moon by leaning on these kinds of systems. So think of something like, yeah, sorry, flipping slides in different places. So we are serious about going into these places. So you can actually go to the moon. So imagine an environment like this but think of like all these kinds of nodes and so on and they should be computing locally and you should be able to store and retrieve files there and never have to clear our transaction over to Earth, right? Like that, it was sort of crazy to have to go to that. So let's go talk about applications. So I'm gonna elide the entire design because you just heard about that and like that was the entire presentation of how do we build this? I just kind of wanted to give you kind of the intuition for the design and why the design works that way so that you can start thinking about the applications. So, you know, traditional consensus was first off, large scale web three applications can be made possible through that transactional throughput that I was describing. If you can do that at those scales with those latencies you can actually start building these kinds of things. You can also start building much better bridges and composability to other networks because you can create subnets that operate with the co-locate with all those other networks and can move state between them without having to deal with potentially extremely expensive and difficult cross L1 environments. So you could have a much faster smaller chain that couples to one, you move state into that one then you go over to the other one and you move state to the other place as you can have those kinds of connectivity and bridges. Now that would require linking to something else not as a parent but as some other kind of property. So now there's a bunch of traditional consensus applications like cluster management and so on that I was describing that you can now do in a Byzantine setting out of using IPC. So think of networks like this that are really massive and so on. Now imagine there's a bunch of different computers run by different people or applications run by different people. You wanna be able to transact really fast. Think of high frequency trading and stuff like that. You can now do that in this kind of setting with hard consensus guarantees. I claim that you could do traditional back ends in a web three sort of sense with optimistic or zero knowledge proof based verifiability, which might seek a verifiability to be a bit expensive but you make it up in the scale out. So by being able to find out and have so many computers you can pay off a few orders of magnitude in running a traditional standard web app back end in this zero knowledge setting. And you then get the ability to kind of run tons of these because you don't have to compute in all of them. And the way you do that is you run subnets of these. So you can also do these kind of regional blockchain applications, so think about money. You wanna be able to spend money in different places. You wanna be able to use a financial contract in a particular environment. You wanna be able to kind of travel to localities and you want all of that to work whether the internet is operating or not. If you have ever tried to pay for food with Bitcoin you will experience an amazing thing called the block time delay. And it will be there trying to pay for your thing for 10, 20, potentially 50 minutes if the other person doesn't trust you and has read the papers. But in reality, most people actually just see that transaction going through and so on and it's super, super slow.  That's what we need. We need to get to that level of operation. But in order to do that you need very high throughput chains with local clearing times. And so that should be able to operate in that locality. And by the way you should be able to work on a plane. So you should be able to be in a plane and have that kind of be disconnected from the rest of the world and have that type of transaction happen without you needing requiring connectivity and so on. So suddenly all of this smart contract potential becomes possible in those environments. And by the way, one of the things that has held back a lot of the financial instrument adoption from blockchains is that you end up in this setting where it's really useful for a lot of environments but the kind of like more modern economies don't need them as much because the financial infrastructure works pretty well but the countries where the financial infrastructure sucks have terrible connectivity. And then but they can't use blockchains because you just can't even load the web pages let alone try to do a transaction for 30 minutes. And so potentially these things could be extremely useful to be able to do local connectivity settings and build a better financial stack in those places. So you could do things like the remittances use cases and the local money and mobile money and so on much better. So yeah, I already talked about partitioned dollar and mission critical applications. One interesting one for that you might not know about is that five points is building a CDN and the way that we're doing it is that we're thinking about regions. We're gonna be separating out a lot of nodes and so on assigning regions and think of those as subnets. So think of those structures as being able to map to a specific subnet and that subnet is in a particular region of the world and you're able to kind of assign nodes to those environments and be able to transact from there to the peers. So you think of this kind of structure here where you have like a bunch of retrieval clients somewhere in the world, they want very low latency retrieval, they interact directly with some node, that of course doesn't go over the chain but the cluster management of what are those nodes that are serving that data and what data should they store, all of that coordination, all of that traditional cluster management can be done in a subnet of IPC in that region and it becomes partition tolerant.  The connectivity to the rest of the world falls apart? No problem, you can sort of load your webpage. You can sort of like find out how to go to like a hospital because like the page is still load. Another one I think you heard about already today is computer over data where we're building out a set of networks around different types of primitives to achieve verifiability and privacy will give you different decentralized compute networks and these could all be L2 networks that's sort of coupled to a couple of thought and a couple to some other network and IPC can be an extremely useful way to be able to interface between all of these because it gives you a really nice way of like bridging and moving around state between these even if you sort of build them separately.  Actually trying to do decentralized any kind of computation you end up in this environment where you have to add verifiability because you need to certify that something is done correctly and you have to add privacy meaning like the data should be not readable by the person that's computing. If you wanna use cryptographic methods for this it's extremely expensive. If you add verifiability it's super expensive. You add privacy way more expensive. So you end up in this environment where the centralized cloud can be high performance and everything else kind of sucks. However, there are still many applications where you wanna do this but only in those applications you don't wanna do it for everything. So this is going to create an environment where we're going to have many different computational networks based on different cryptographic approaches. Zero knowledge compute networks will be different from fully homomorphic encryption networks which will be different from multi-party computation networks and so on. And what we need to do is enable those different blockchain networks to interface together really, really well. And so if you do that well you can actually get to massive scale data science all of this sort of coordinated and think of all the data pipelines built with IPC. And really kind of the kind of target use case that I've been working with the, because this is that team on is like actually be able to run entire virtual worlds actually put in a game like Minecraft. I think this isn't normally a GIF but a PDF doesn't support GIF yet. So we won't be able to see the GIF. But imagine being able to have an entire virtual world like Minecraft and all of the interactions of the players in that speed being able to be tracked with the hard verifiability of consensus in a blockchain setting. So like that's where we're headed. So being able to do this kind of massive scale computation not just for one virtual world but for all of the shards of the worlds that all the players want to play. So if anybody has worked on game design you end up in an environment where you have to create tons of different servers because people want to play with different subsets and all that kind of stuff. So you're able to create those kinds of environments and that's what we're shooting for. Cool, hopefully this was a good summary of IPC applications. Again, sorry for being late and so on and for messing up all the slides. But great, any questions? You were saying that the internet architecture back, back, back. Yeah, you can give time. It has some partition problems, right? Yeah, I mean, you cannot, like, this is the real way that the internet is shaped, right?  Yes, yes, of course. The thing is most of the systems that we are creating at the moment are based on the application layer and that is more like how the computers the ASs are connected physically and some protocols are on that. Yeah, yes, so imagine writing a consensus protocol where like the ASs and BGP could be negotiated in a crypto setting, but you need to be able to operate where the connectivity itself is changed by the rules that you're deciding, right? The question is exactly that. So at which level, at which layer, do you think we can create protocols that effectively break those problems? Well, so what I would say is like we probably need one consensus layer for all of the solar system, one consensus layer underneath that for like the inner planets. This is a latency's argument. One for Earth, one for Mars and so on. This kind of setting. And then once you are in within Earth, then you land in layers like these where you kind of want one layer for the regions like the AWS and Google Cloud and so on. The decisions around the regions there are really good. You don't need to fight those. One for that and then one layer for the data center specifically. So you wanna go to a specific data center and have one layer there. So it's kind of like four, five or six layers. And so however you don't have to start at the top, you can actually start with the Earth one and then later create a new route and kind of migrate and so on. Or like, you know, take the route and then like slow it down, change the block time, slow it down, move it up into space and then keep going from there. Does that make sense? Yes, yes, thank you. So it really means interplanetary, so just so we're clear. Any other question? Oh yeah, over there. Thanks Juan, real quick. So does it sounds like this breaks cap theorem because you have both consistency and availability? No, so you don't have full availability across the entire network. So this is partition tolerant, which means you're gonna have one partition with consistency in that partition. Then you have another partition with another consensus subnet with consistency in that region. Now you cannot transact on the other sides when you don't have connectivity. In order to do that, as Alfonso was explaining, you have to like do these transactions across. So basically the idea, the insight is you say, hey, like putting consensus, putting everyone in the same consensus protocol doesn't make sense, what you should do is like ahead of time move the state where you wanna transact it, then transact it really fast, then move it somewhere else. This is a traditional computer science engineering point. It's like, hey, you wanna edit data really fast, move it from the rest of the world into your disk, from your disk into your RAM, from your RAM into your L3, L2, L1 cache, and then feed it into the CPU and I keep operating and just move things around, depending on like how fast you wanna go. And so the point is like if you wanna go fast with partition tolerance, like move the state in there, like you have some files in your computer because you have to operate this connected from the internet, same way, like move some of your smart contracts and some of the state into a subnet, then you can operate. But it doesn't break, so CAP still applies because you only get consistency there. You have to wait until like you connect to the rest of the group so that have full consistency and full view of the entire world. So that means you keep most super valuable assets on the safest consensus all the way up at the top and then you move only the stuff that you wanna transact fast into those lower spots. So would there be eventual consistency across the hierarchy then? Yeah, but it's hard consistency locally. You eventually get consistency, but let's not use that term because eventual consistency allows like different versions and it's like a sloppy system by design. This is not sloppy. This is when the system returns, you're gonna get the results. You're gonna get the results after a while. So it's like a delayed, it's like, yeah. So from the phrasing, it is eventual consistency but the traditional literature of eventual consistency is sloppy or uses sloppiness. This is not use sloppiness. You don't get like two values. You only get one. If you get two values as a slashable consensus condition and you like wreck them, so not too hard. All right, cool. Thank you. There's one last question there. I think Cissit was already asked. Yes, no. It's a quick question. How do you prevent excessive centralization at the lower levels of this hierarchy? So like at the root? At the bottom. Yeah. So it's easy to be cheap if you're super centralized, right? Oh, but don't let me find.  Like when you go out in the middle of the night, you're not carrying all of your assets with you. And so you're carrying some assets and that's fine. Like if you get mugged or something, you lose some money but like you don't lose everything. So it's okay to be centralized at the bottom. It's not that it's rather that like the context is different so you should choose whatever makes sense. So you might still not wanna be centralized. If you're running a high frequency exchange, you don't wanna be, there you are gonna be moving massive amounts of money like billions to tens of billions of dollars being transacted really fast. And so you want very hard guarantees there and you don't want centralization but you want to be really fast. There what you do is you choose that because you want to go really fast. As you move into a data center, you remove the ability to talk to everyone else in the world because everyone, like it's too slow, the speed of light is a problem and that's okay. But you still need that decentralization in there. And by the way, zero knowledge helps here because if you make everything verifiable in sort of like a second step, you then get super nice guarantees. You get like the L2 rollups level guarantees which is pretty cool. All right, thank you. All right, fantastic. Thank you so much.


The Bemidji School Mock Trial Team is currently down in Minneapolis representing Region 2 at the state competition. Lakeland News reporter Cheryl Moore has a story on what they did to make it this far, so far, for this week's Golden Apple. What are the regulations required to get out and inspect the truck before them? Objection, lack of foundation. Watch out, Minneapolis. The Bemidji High School Mock Trial Team is headed to state for the second year in a row. So we've been pretty successful. We had a good run from 2011, 2012, 2013. We made it to state and now we're doing our back-to-back 2017 and 2018. These students have been with the team for four years and it's really interesting to see how they've developed and I would say they'd give some real lawyers a run for their money. The team has spent the school year practicing legal jargon and understanding the trial process. This year, Coach Oz even set them up with a few scrimmages at Hamlin University and St. Cloud. And what happened shortly before 10 p.m.? Well, I was doing the new to midnight shift, which I like to do because it allows me to do my management in the mornings. They played the roles of lawyers and witnesses and they do it all in front of real-life attorneys. We get affidavits and we have lines and we ask questions often and then the witness is supposed to answer that specific question. So every night I just memorize my direct and my cross and then I write down objections that I'm going to make. It's a lot of memorization without it seeming like it's memorization. It's playing a character and knowing the rules and all the little loopholes that go in between them. By doing the mock trials, the students learn lessons that can translate to the real world, which is helpful, even if they don't pursue a career in law one day. What they learn is not only to present or public speaking, but they learn to think on their feet. To be able to object or to be able to come back with a response. Of course the team is hopeful that the skills they're learning will translate big to the judges in Minneapolis. Different teams and judges that you've never seen before and going up without notes and just giving a very formal speech in front of them is kind of intimidating sometimes, but it's definitely a good skill to have. Every year we kind of move up a little bit in the ranks. So this is the year that they're going to be the highest they've been. Reporting of Imagee with this week's Golden Apple, Shawmore, Lakeland News. The State High School and mock trial competition will go on until tomorrow. If you enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland PBS.


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we discuss the following question that says in the given figure the bisectors of angle Q and angle R meet in a point P. If angle T is equal to 80 degrees and angle S is equal to 80 degrees find the measure of angle R P Q. Before moving on to the solution, let's recall the facts that the sum of the angles of a quadrilateral is 360 degrees and the sum of the angles of a triangle is 180 degrees. This is used as the key idea for this question. Now, let's move on to the solution. We have the quadrilateral. S, T, Q, R. In this we are given angle T is equal to 80 degrees and angle S is equal to 80 degrees. It's given that Q P is the bisector of angle Q and R P is the bisector of angle R. Now in this quadrilateral, S, T, Q, R we have angle S plus angle T plus angle Q plus angle R equal to 360 degrees since sum of the angles of a quadrilateral is 360 degrees. Now we know that angle S and angle T are given of measure 80 degrees. So we substitute these values for both the angles in this equation. So we get 80 degrees plus 80 degrees plus angle Q plus angle R equal to 360 degrees. This gives us 160 degrees plus angle Q plus angle R equal to 360 degrees. So from here we get angle Q plus angle R equal to 200 degrees. Now dividing both sides by two we get half of angle Q plus half of angle R equal to 100 degrees. Now we know that Q P is the bisector of angle Q.    Now from this equation we have angle R Q P plus angle P R Q equal to 100 degrees. So we can substitute this in this equation. So this gives us angle R P Q plus 100 degrees is equal to 180 degrees. So this gives us angle R P Q is equal to 80 degrees. Thus our final answer is angle R P Q is equal to 80 degrees. So this completes the session. Hope you have understood the solution for this question.


Dear students, I welcome you in the course of Leadership, Emotion and Intelligence and CNN making. This is module number 22, and we are going to talk about bringing the human dimension back into organization. Psychodynamically, when we analyze organizations, psychodynamically, when we look at leadership perspective, we need to understand clearly why people behave the way they do. As a very famous quote goes, that leaders must understand that why human beings act as they do. And in a leadership perspective, it is very important that the leaders understand the thought of their followers. The leaders understand the need for their followers. And the leaders understand why a person is behaving in a given situation. As long as the leader does not develop this understanding, it will be very difficult to establish the relationship between a follower and a leader over a longer period of time. To understand this psycho-dynamic perspective, we have got a psychoanalysis and organizational perspective. Let us now understand these two things. The first thing that we need to analyze as a leader is focusing on practical problems of organization theory perspective, that how an organization developed, how its structural detail was developed. An organization is not just a building of an entity, an organization is not just a departmentalization. We will have to see what its structural details are, how the operational ability is developed and how the perspectives of organization theory are important for a leader. Then it will be known in practical terms how an organization operates, what are the practices and procedures there, what are the rules and regulations there. Similarly, in an organization, there will be no structural detail. There will be no perspectives of organization theory. There will be a psychological contract there, which does not exist in written format. And this psychological contract is basically between a follower and a leader. And the foundation on the trust, the foundation on how people understand its credibility and how they idealize it. So a leader who is associated with his employees should understand that psychological contract as well. It will be necessary for that. Along with that, a leader should also think that the processes and structures defined within the organization, what are their details, what are the SOPs there, what are the procedures to follow, what are the standards we need to follow. But there are not just standards, there are emotions and moods, there are creative thoughts and ideas of people, there are emotions and such. So a leader will have to create balance in processes, structural details, and on the other hand, emotions, moods and ideas of people. And psychodynamically, he will have to understand these things. He will have to do psychoanalysis to find out how we can best establish these associations. If we take psychoanalysis further, then we have to diagnose the issues, the problems of the organization. And for that clinical diagnosis, we have to operate on three levels. We need to talk about individual level diagnosis. When we talk about individual level diagnosis, then there we have to look at individual perspectives, their psychological development, their emotions and moods. And in terms of jobs, when we are discussing individuals, we have to talk about the JCM. JCM stands for Job Characteristic Model. And in Job Characteristic Model, we understand this between the diagnosis that how people's skill, variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, feedback, how we associate all these aspects with jobs. And how much enrichment and enlargement there is in the job. In executing that job, people will have to face the problems, what will be their stress level, what will be their motivational perspectives. These are all things that we discuss in individual level job diagnosis. The second thing is group level analysis. And when we talk about group level analysis, then in group diagnosis, group dynamics, group formation, what potential is there in the group, what are the backgrounds of the group, what are the task structures of the group, we will go through their associations in the diagnosis of the group. And when we talk about organizational level diagnosis, in organizational level diagnosis, no doubt we have to talk about structural environment and we have to talk about cultural environment. And when we discuss the cultural environment, then in organizational diagnosis, the culture organization is not just inside, there is also the outside of the culture organization. And we will have to see that outside culture and what is the association between the cultural and the inside culture so that we can know that the cultural detail of the organization came from high context and low context. And in the same way, we will have to do cultural comparisons. We will also have to see the mission vision of the organization that what direction the organization wants to go in development. So all these diagnostic aspects help us to know that we should be able to know the groups and departments in the organization and the individuals in those groups. If we conclude all this, then remember that organizations develop when a leader knows to do psychoanalysis. When he knows that according to his diagnosis what are the individual level, group level, organization level issues and then to solve those issues, he has a solution. Thank you.


Hey guys, before we jump into today's video, just remember, if you like free videos like this and you find them helpful, remember, be sure to support us. Give us a thumbs up, hit that subscribe button. That's the support we need to keep putting out videos like this on a weekly basis for you. And let's dive back into the video. Hey, everybody, it's Eric Johnson from Airtate Throws Nation. In today's video, we are gonna talk about a seven-week progression with a more intermediate athlete. Now, the point of today's video is to kind of show you a progression of a seven-week progression, show you the improvements that are being made, and then really kind of have you understand how critical it is to have the right foundation and learn the right things in the beginning, because if you don't, they cause big-time problems. And that's not a joke. So what you're gonna see in this video is you're gonna see how this athlete was really battling the things that he learned in the development phase of throwing that are gonna cause a limitation. They're gonna cause the ultimately to make it more and more difficult for this athlete to kind of realize his real potential. So first things first is what we're gonna do is we're gonna look, right? What's a stand throw look like? And you're gonna notice how this athlete, when he does the stand throw, one, he sets up, it's not bad. There's decent weight, but you're gonna notice how he kind of winds down, right? He winds a low point, he kind of gets it up, and then he comes around. But look at the left shoulder, you see that pull? So this is because things that were addressed as they explained it. Now I always take everything with a grain of salt. Athletes interpret things. I explain things to athletes and then they say something and it's like the grapevine deal and they say something different than what I was said. So here's what was expressed. They were taught to lift. And a lot of people teach this concept of lifting at the finish. And there's an important point. I would agree that you want elevation, but you want elevation from the hip and rotating hip. You don't want to be going up in the air because this is a perfect example. This athlete goes up in the air and so now this athlete leaves the ground while he's still pulling and that's gonna create a limitation in distance. You can't create that big, nasty pull that everybody wants to get the distance. Okay, so now here's where we talk about, when we're talking about all this stuff inside the chain reaction, I'm gonna explain to the athlete what they're doing and I'm gonna explain to them what they need to be doing and that's what we do with our six pillar system. We're gonna break down pillar six, that's the delivery. We're gonna do five and six and then we're gonna move into something like this. This is a half turn, we're gonna go three, four, five, six. This is because this simple progression is really gonna expose how that athlete is moving and what we're looking for with our six pillars, do we see a systemic issue? That means do we see this problem in pillar six, five, you know, four, three, two and one, do we see the same problem? So here's this first full throw and you're gonna see how this athlete kinda cuts across the ring a little bit and so now what's the first objective? One, we've gotta teach him how the chain reaction works. We wanna set up and make sure we're setting up a more consistent wind because this is how you set up a consistent throw. You've seen number of videos we've put together and so now here we start working on it and what happens is when you're learning something new and you have an ingrained pattern, in this case what he was doing was very subtle but it was enough to create a limitation. You see how I'm over exaggerating what we're teaching here is pillar two. How do we create maximum power? Think about it, we set up the chain reaction, we set up maximum power, those are the first two key things and once those two things are done pretty right, a lot of things will fall into place. So what are you gonna see with this athlete? What does he do? He's trying to feel it. We're straightening out the line. You notice that his first week things are kind of pulling more to the left and again, so here we see in pillar three, or sorry, week three, again, we're getting a straighter, longer line and he's making good progress but what starts to happen, pillar week four, now we're starting to get something. He's trying to hit it harder but what do we do when we get into week five? He starts to run into a regression and so what happens? If you notice the difference between weeks three and four in weeks five, he starts to drop this hip again. This is what he was doing in week one and this is what's so critical, like I've mentioned in this video, that if you are in the development stage, the beginning, now I would say anybody who is still, from zero to probably 160 plus feet, you're in the development stage. You're still learning critical things, you're just doing more fundamentals correctly to throw further distance, 160, 170, 180, 190. When you start getting over 180 to 200 feet, you're doing very specific things, very starting to do them well and you're broaching into advanced movement. Now, here you see that hip falling off so that means that pillar two, that changed again here in week five and now he goes back to some of his old habits but here's you go, you see the athlete, when he falls in, he under rotates in the middle, the upper body's speeding up and now the upper body hears that habit, we saw in week one and you can see how everything's kind of pulling this way again. But the good news is we kind of said, okay, let's look at the focus and now we see back in week six, we're gonna see, okay, we're starting to move again and now we're working on some non-reverses and we're trying to straighten it out and now we're seeing the implement go further again and he's just like slowing things down, taking it easy and the distances are coming back and we've start to see some PRs. So now let's look at it frame by frame. Here's week one, obviously, and here's week seven and these are the subtle things that make a difference. Notice the difference in the length, the height of the disc is the orbit, look at the hips and the shoulders, look at the difference here, okay, and look at the difference here, right? So you see everything starts to come around, look at the difference in the sweep, wider, he's more on top, he's moving around, we're seeing a better position of the arms, right? It's all these little details that are gonna make a big difference and so now you notice here again, whereas week five where he was struggling, he was landing where the foot was pointing there and it was flat, now he's staying here. Here he actually was doing decent, but look at how the arm kinda cuts and again, there's some advanced throwers out there in the world who kinda open the arm but they don't open the chest and you're gonna see how when we get here, right? You see how we're starting to see a longer position, disc is up high and here you're gonna notice he's already starting to throw with the upper body.  Now he does tend to block right here but you see how on the stand throw it was here. So what does that translate to? He blocks but he's pulling around and then here you still see some of that old habit, right? It's not entirely gone, but we've made a lot of good progress and so that is kind of the lesson of today's video. You have to understand that you have to have a structure and sometimes if your foundation wasn't set up the most optimally or the way you may have learned it, it's really critical to understand exactly what's supposed to be happening mechanically so that you can put together better throws because as you can see, this is a better, much better technical positions here. Now the key would be to continue to work these patterns but overriding foundation or development-based training that you learned that was wrong is such a nightmare. You gotta learn it right the first time or you're gonna spend weeks and weeks and months and oftentimes you will spend years correcting what was learned incorrectly. So keep that in mind. Now remember, for you guys out there that would like to dig more information, remember inside our throwing chain reaction system, we go through all of this, we break down the six pillars of throw, we break down each pillar into multiple drills, we have our throwing progressions that are accompanied by drills. So remember guys, you just can't cheat physics. Throwing is one of those things, it's technical, it's complex, it can be simplified and that's what we do inside the throwing chain reaction. And remember, if you would like more information on this, be sure to check out the link in below, check out our throwing camps, our online coaching options, all those things, video analysis, all those things are available. So remember guys, we really look forward to your support, easiest way to support us if you'd like to continue to see videos like this, be sure to hit that thumbs up, subscribe, turn on notifications and that's how we can continue to put out free videos like this each week. Okay guys, thanks so much, see you on the next video.