I'd like to start by acknowledging celebrating the first Australians on whose traditional lands we meet, pay my respects to the elders of the Ngunnawal people past and present and I acknowledge their contribution to this place and to this institution. My name's Ann Evans, I'm the Associate Dean of Research in the College of Arts and Social Sciences and a couple of years ago Cass started this inaugural professorial lecture series as an opportunity for us as a community to welcome and to celebrate new professorial appointments to our college. So today we celebrate the promotion of Professor Mark Oxenham from the School of Archaeology and Anthropology in the Research School of Humanities and the Arts. So Mark trained at what was then called Northern Territory University, now Charles Darwin University in Bioanthropology and Archaeology and he was awarded his PhD in 2001. He's held teaching and research positions in the US at Colorado College and at the ANU. So he has been president of the Australasian Society of Human Biology, he has been an Australian Future Fellow, he was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London and elected a fellow of the Australian Academy of Humanities and in 2016. Since 2009 Mark has acted as a consultant for the unrecovered war casualties unit of the Australian Department of Defence in which capacity he has searched for, recovered and identified defence force personnel from conflicts ranging from World War One to the Vietnam War. In France, Vietnam, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and Northern Australia. I understand you're off to Papua New Guinea in a few minutes time. Yes, so please join me in welcoming Professor Oxenham. Thanks a lot. I had my own Welcome to Country slide as well prepared so I'd like to do that. And I'd also like to point out that this is, although some of you might not know it, the International Day of Worlds Indigenous Peoples which is somewhat relevant given my talk. I'm not talking about Indigenous Australians but I am talking about ancient Indigenous people in Southeast Asia that is the focus of the talk. Now there are images of human remains. These are skeletonised remains for the most part and these are remains of ancient Indigenous people that lived in what is now geopolitically known as Northern Vietnam. So if anyone has issue with that, you might not want to stay. Now one of the key words in my talk is complexity. I'm not going to come up with an answer what is complexity at the end of this talk but I want you to consider this concept of complexity whilst I go through this presentation particularly in an archaeological sense what is complexity because basically I'm an archaeologist that looks at human remains and tries to develop narratives based on those remains. So some of the things I want you to think about complexity in an archaeological sense is complex behaviour as an absolute or is it relative to something before or after. One of the other major themes here is farming and hunter-gatherers. So I'm going to be talking about these quite a lot particularly the hunter-gatherer side of it. So is complexity something we only see with the emergence of farming and there's a whole range of things associated with the emergence of farming that I'll talk about and then I'll just oppose that with some of the things that we see emerging with complex hunter-gatherers in Northern Southeast Asia. So are farmers and hunter-gatherer cultures are they fundamentally different or do they have more in common than we think and that's the sort of spoiler. So that's what I'm on about in this talk today. And along that theme of relativity if you like there are things that have happened in human and pre-human antiquity that seem to suggest sudden punctuations and the normal day-to-day scheme of things. One of these is tool manufacture. We have physical evidence for stone tools at least two and a half million years ago. Obviously not by people that would necessarily classify as human but certainly belonging to our greater family and if some reports are to be believed maybe even a million years earlier we have evidence for the use of those tools if not the tools themselves. So you know that's incredible sort of antiquity we're talking about there. Controlled use of fire again before we are really on the stage you know nearly one and a half million years ago. You know another indicator of complexity relative to what went on before. Art a bit controversial but we've had and as you saw on my leading slide there that was a representation of art from Sulawesi that's been dated to nearly 40,000 years ago. So again it's compared to what went before. You know a sudden punctuation and the equilibrium of things if you like. Deliberate burial is a little bit controversial but at least around about the same age around 49,000 years and then domestication. This comes into the farming versus hunter-gatherer theme I'm talking about for the most part domestication seems to kick in around 49,000 years ago although there are things like dogs that were probably domesticated much earlier with hunter-gatherer populations. So these are some things I want you to think about you know this relative nature of complexity. So I want to set the scene here. I'm interested in in northern Southeast Asia so I'm going to introduce you to half the world. So this is my version of the population history of this part of the world. There's basically a two-pronged event. There's the emergence of anatomically modern humans which a recent nature paper suggests may go back as far as 200,000 years ago but we've fairly clear evidence for them emerging out of Africa somewhere between 80 and 120,000 years. The recent dates in northern Australia would suggest that modern humans made it here 65,000 years ago so I updated my slide here to put circa 70,000 years. It doesn't really matter it does that early date doesn't really affect much. Although it is interesting that I've put I've listed a range of sites here with the earliest known evidence of modern humans and in Cambodia Damparling around 50,000 years ago. Tabon in Palawan Island in the Philippines around 47,000 years ago. Kienyuan up in near where the Jocodin Homo erectus material was found nearly 40,000 years ago. The deep skull in Borneo 37,000 years ago. Wajak somewhere between 28 and 30,000 years. So you know there's a lot of early stuff but we haven't found any sites or fossil evidence approach in the 65,000 years in Southeast Asia but we should because this is where the first Australians came from. There's nowhere else for them to come from they had to have come through this region. Things are a lot a lot later through the northern route and I'll show you why in a minute and the fossil evidence is a bit spotty. I mean I've got Denisovan cave up there more of a reference point than anything else because that's clearly not an anatomically modern human. But it just shows you know we've got a few scattered fossils the earliest about 45,000 years. Not enough bone there to really tell us much but ancient DNA stuff has suggest these are anatomically modern humans. They're also associated with a particular tool kit the upper paleolithic or early upper paleolithic tool kit and there's a lot of that material culture going on which supports the idea of the date when they're coming in through the north. We don't really have an equivalent tool kit in Southeast Asia except maybe edge grinding technology which is very very early. Very early dates in Australia and also very early dates up if you believe it up to 30 or 40,000 years ago in Japan, the edge grinding technology. Now these things are shaped by climate which is another theme that I'm talking about. In the north this graph down the bottom there is measured in hundreds of thousands of years so over the far right is 200,000 years ago and coming towards the left you see that big dip that's 20,000 years ago that's the last glacial maximum. So this colonisation of the north couldn't have happened at many periods in prehistory but around about 45,000 years ago we have the marine isotope stage 3 which is a warming event which would allow colonisation of that part of the world then. Now as far as the south goes it's not a big deal it would have been relatively warm anyway. There's no barriers but the landscape would have been a very different back then. So if we look at these two maps on the far right is what our part of the world would have looked like from around 50 odd thousand years ago to about 20 odd thousand years ago. So that's the landscape that the first modern people in our part of the world would have experienced. It's very different to the modern landscape. So on the left this is where we are now in a major warming event and on the right this is when it was really really cold. So obviously climate would have had an effect on what the first people would have encountered and in fact most of the sites where the first people would have been living which is coastal for the most part along since gone which is problematic for archaeology. Okay hunter-gatherers this is a talk where I want to suggest hunter-gatherers rule so it's about hunter-gatherers this is my focus. Now they've been kicking around the region for at least 70,000 years okay but something happens roughly seven or eight thousand years ago where this blue ellipse is which is modern day southern China Guangxi Guangdong province in northern Vietnam. In this whole region okay something interesting happens and this is what I'm going to focus on. Now and this is where the complex hunter-gatherers that I'm going to talk about and I'll sort of define that as I go through the talk. This is where these guys are operating. These little pictures icons represent the modern-day descendants of the original people in these particular areas. Okay we don't really know a lot about the what the first people in this part of the world look like. It's very very hard to tap into but we know what their descendants some seventy-odd thousand years ago looked like and that's why I'm using these to help you focus what I'm talking about in terms of farmers and hunter-gatherers. So hunter-gatherers look like the guy next to the blue ellipse and the farmers look like the girl next to the yellow ellipse. Now these complex hunter-gatherers had a significant presence in this part of the world from about seven or eight thousand years ago to about four or five thousand years ago which seems to coincide with the end of a particular warming event which is many many different names but you know the Holocene Thermal Maximum or the you know whatever there was a major warming event occurring and maximizing somewhere between eight or nine thousand years ago and four or five thousand years ago. Okay which coincides with the presence of these complex hunter-gatherers. At a similar time we get the rise of agriculturalists or the rise of the Neolithic as it's often called in archaeology. We got domesticated plants the more northerly yellow ellipses where we get millet in the Yellow River and the more southerly yellow ellipses centers on the Yangtze River basins where we get the domestication of rice. Okay now there's very early domestication of rice and other animals such as pigs going on in this part of the world you know roughly nine thousand years ago but these guys are not dependent on farming at all until several millennia later. They're essentially hunter-gatherers that just so happen to have domesticated stuff okay that's something to be aware of. They become dependent on farming roughly towards the end of this warming event. Roughly towards the end of this warming event is where our complex hunter-gatherers disappear so there's something potentially interesting going on there but why the why the big deal about farming you know as I was suggesting we think about complexity and punctuations and some sort of status quo or equilibrium going through time you know a lot of people turn to farming or domestication of stuff domestication of animals and domestication of plants and our dependency on that is a massively big deal you know the foundations of civilization okay this is what farming led to and if we didn't have farming we didn't have civilization that's the sort of big deal a lot of people couch this issue in or the way they think about it okay now farming such a big deal why am I interested in complex hunter-gatherers who came into existence you know roughly the same time as domestication was occurring in East Asia and also why am I interested in hunter-gatherers given that they've been kicking around in this part of the world for 70,000 years and in fact right from the time where we have our first stone tools or evidence of stone tool used millions of years ago these guys were hunting and gathering okay so why is it such a big deal well hopefully I'm going to tell you okay what did farming ever give to us and then after we think about this let's think about what complex hunter-gatherers gave to us now there are pros and there are cons okay most farming activities early farming activities are assumed to be associated with sedentism of staying put in one place for the most part we had dependable plant and animal resources it was the ability to have food surpluses which could be put aside for lean years or when there were droughts or when a plague of locusts came through but also we could use surpluses to pay for people to do other things to free them up from the necessity of creating their own food so then we can get craft specialization going on and again with with farming there's the idea this is a this is a the beginnings of social differentiation and hierarchy okay so all the things that lead to civilization and the greatness that civilization is now there are cons we we invariably get increases in population the best-facing you know for individual mothers decreases they end up by having more children's populations grow and then of course they're all the issues associated with limited resources and with population growth there's arguably decreased dietary breads so they're eating you know they've got their wheat crop or their rice crop or whatever but they don't have the breads of plant resources they may have had during their hunter-gatherer years all the time to go out and hunt or search for the breads of protein sources that they would have had as a hunter-gatherer and there's an increase in animal-born diseases when you interact with animals domesticated animals there's an increase in a whole range of diseases associated with that and in general from many parts of the world we look at it the adoption of agriculture has led to relatively poor health compared to previous periods so there are pros and there are cons so you know presumably hunting and gathering is going to be quite different it's not going to have those same pros and so cons because these are hunter-gatherers and they're very different and they aren't the basis of you know civilization so what characterizes these complex hunter-gatherers I've been talking about and what makes them so distinct to their revolutionary or progressive farmers so here's a case study this is a site I've been working on for a while in fact I worked on material from the site for my PhD that had been excavated back in the late 70s and early 80s and I went back and did a tech excavation several years ago and then put in a massive trench 12 by 8 I think it was back in 2013 it's basically situated on the periphery of that hunter-gatherer complex hunter-gatherer zone in northern Vietnam these particular guys Kong Kong war is a site that believed to have emerged they must have come from somewhere and we know that hunter-gatherers in the region most of the hunter-gatherers in southeast Asia are blanketed under term of whole opinion which suggests that there's not much differentiation going on but this there certainly was these guys from Kong Kong war seem to have emerged from a series of communities that developed from the whole of Benin and can be characterized as a separate entity as compared to the hunter-gatherer entities that had occurred for the last sixty odd thousand years by the fact that they had edge grinding technology edge ground stone implements and they had pottery so the earliest pottery in Vietnam is nearly 9000 years old now pottery is a characteristic of farmers in many parts of the world not everywhere but in many parts of the world and when I talk about farmers I'm talking about people who are farming domesticated animals and domesticated crops here but what do you do with pottery normally I mean you can put flowers in it these days and you can decorate your kitchen but what do you do with pottery why is pottery useful because you can store stuff in it you know you can even make bear in it maybe what some of these people were doing so it's something you can use to store stuff on the right-hand side there we got over 300 kilos of pottery from our hunter-gatherer site pottery was important to them okay presumably they were using pottery the same way most people use pottery and they were storing stuff but why would hunter-gatherers be storing stuff isn't that a limiting if you're mobile and this is the other thing about hunter-gatherers hunter-gatherers have to be mobile if you're not mobile you're not hunter-gatherer okay but these guys had a lot of pottery and some of these pots a 30 centimetre diameter pots are really large pots they're not thinking you know sling a bunch of them on your back and tracks around the landscape it suggests sedentary behavior it suggests they were storing stuff maybe for you know later on or maybe they're storing stuff so they can use those stored surpluses to allow other people to engage in specialized activities I don't know but pottery has been around for a very long time in East Asia it's not like Europe where pottery emerges at the same time as farming in Europe in Southeast Asia pottery existed for you know at least 10,000 years before anyone thought of domesticating anything okay this is northern Vietnam that square there is on the southern part of the Red River Delta so just south of modern-day Hanoi about 16 of these hunter-gatherer sites in here so there's a lot of them this is a picture of a part of my one where if I add the and we put our square next to the 1979 80 square we've got over 266 individuals in the site and I don't think I've excavated 10% of the site this is a massive site there's lots of people living here and there's lots of these sites around this is not what you typically associate with normal hunter-gatherers it suggests some sort of demographic expansions going on population growth now another things that well in Europe again well that's probably not a very good analogy one of the characteristics of the Neolithic in Europe was the introduction of edge grinding technology but we know we've had edge grinding technology in our part of the world for probably 50 if not more thousand years okay but the thing is they had sophisticated tools they had tiny little ads is this big for fine work and they had massive things that were probably half did for God knows what hollowing out tree trunks making canoes chopping down trees I don't know why do you need an axe that big if you're a hunter-gatherer seriously there's something else you got a cart around the landscape with you they had fine bone tools and this is Rebecca James has done a lot of work on these bone tools again something that farmers had but hunter-gatherers have them as well so they're not they don't lack sophistication in their toolkit at all they also had ornamentation this is very very rare in this particular site but this is someone's wrist bone wrapped around the wrist bone is this bracelet and the bracelet is made from the incisors of a porcupine which continuously grow and I've fashioned this into a bracelet and it's been worked let's turn to food I've shown sophistication in a range of areas that are comparable to between farmers and complex hunter-gatherers but what about food surely with if you know if you're going to engage in sedentary behaviour if you're sedentary and you've got population growth going on you got sites popping up all over the place surely you must have had a reliable source of food now farmers can lay claim to that okay we've we've engaged in techniques called flotation which allows you to find tiny minute plant fossils in your site and we found plants like canarium which you can still buy today and a lot of people eat them they're high in proteins fats enzymes you know all sorts of things so they're a great staple there's a lot of canarium all around the landscape but the next question is okay but yeah hunter-gatherers of course they collect stuff so sure you're going to find canarium and other nuts and and remains of tubers if you've got good preservation in your site but are they cultivating in other words are they managing these wild plants so cultivating is just managing wild plants which could be as simple as weeding something or pulling out a you know a banana shoot from one place and putting in another or tending a grove of sago trees or whatever it's just managing stuff okay we've got a number of sites in southern China which have evidence for all of these types of things you know things like wild bananas these giant seeds inside them jobs is water chestnuts sago okay so there is evidence not necessarily just from my site but from a number of these sites in the region that they may well have been cultivating or managing wild resources so these were reliable and it was also suggest that they would have to stay put as well you can't you know well you can plant your sago tree and disappear and come back but a lot of these things you need to look after them what about animals and this is a lot of stuff Rebecca Jones has been working on identifying all the animals we have and look at a lot of animals which you would expect in a hunter-gatherer site okay we've got really weird animals like pangolins we've got other things like fish sharks rays goannas range of turtles monkeys and and what have you keep little otters I don't know who them we've got these guys I don't know if they would necessarily hunting them I think we've only got one haven't we so we know a lot but when you crunch the numbers they're focusing on these water buff or wild cattle cattle most of the protein animal protein they're getting are these big animals okay so again you think well yeah okay the hunter-gatherers they're gonna go out and find big animals what what's the big deal are they managing these animals can I make an argument that they are interacting with these wild animals in a way that suggests some sort of management of them now there's a couple of lines of evidence for this this is very very difficult to do archaeologically to demonstrate that someone is managing wild animals because a wild if they were domesticated you would go well yeah okay fine you must have been managing them because they're domesticated but when the wild doesn't doesn't work you know so we've looked at a range of things now one of the things that occurs in our site is a very high level of serious trauma okay so this person was whacked on their head by something fairly large and hard and this is perimortem so it occurred around the time of death they died from this probably subdural hematoma and they died okay this is serious concussion follow by death what caused this I don't know I like to think it looks uncannily like the shape of a water buffalo's hoof anyway this is my own evidence we've got between seven and ten percent of the adults have serious trauma they've got broken arms that have snapped and then they've joined them back together and then they've overlapped and shortened the limb it's the same with the legs this poor individual here and elderly female has had a crushing injury to a foot okay it's fused some of the bones together and at the same time it's amputated some of her toes maybe she was trodden on by a giant water buffalo the thing is in this landscape that these people are living in there's there's not a lot of really dangerous things going on unless people were deliberately climbing up cliff faces and throwing themselves off there's not a lot of there's not a lot of you know opportunity to hurt yourself okay look at this individual two broken arms and a broken leg and again we're talking about this broken leg here this person's shin has broken overlapped and then healed okay now I don't focus on this in this lecture but we have so much of these broken bones going on in the site that it suggests that they must have actually had some sort of sophistication and medical intervention as well okay but anyway that's another story I've got enough sophisticated stuff without bringing that in but the idea is that these are very serious injuries there's not really any opportunity in the landscape as it is to to you know develop these types of injuries are these injuries consistent with getting in close to large animals when you're trying to manage them in some way okay is it possibly but we need more evidence tada couldn't believe it when we found on this this these bits of cystic material it's something that's roughly this big okay it's the size of a golf ball basically it's a calcified hydrated cyst associated with a barrier on our site now in hydrated disease which I'll talk a little bit about in a second one of the outcomes of it is the development of these cysts within your soft tissue particularly likes to live up okay we've got a lot of skeletal lesions these types of things here which are in under x-ray are consistent with hydrated cysts that love these highly vascularized parts of your long bones we've got a lot of this stuff going on these people had rampant hydrated disease okay to have hydrated disease normally you need something like this some cattle or sheep let in have sheep but we've got cattle and often you need a dog of some form modern days you know I mean hydrated disease was a big thing in Australia and New Zealand in the 60s and 70s until they stopped farmers from giving their dogs raw awful they can then stop the life cycle of it okay but typically you need a dog and it can be a wild one and we have these wild dogs Rebecca's identified them in our site we've got these cattle and of course we've got humans okay you don't get rampant hydrated disease in a population and these days or in any case I've heard of unless you're a pastoralist or a farmer okay you need to have a really intimate relationship with a cattle so add this to the trauma and the fact that they're targeting these types of animals I think there's a good argument here that they may well have been managing these cattle okay so apart from the fact that they've got pottery and they could have had surfaces on surpluses they had sophisticated tools and ornamentation just like our farmers they had reliable potentially cultivated plants sources reliable potentially managed cattle sources resources they had nasty infectious diseases so they were just like the farmers okay there was nothing different going on there elevated levels of fertility population increases so what's the difference between the farmers and the hunter-gatherers here okay it must be clearly these guys didn't have complex belief systems how do we look at complex belief systems from an archaeological perspective we look at the way they bury their dead the way they treated their dead so surely if we look at how they treated their dead we're gonna see it was totally different and simplistic compared to hunter-gatherers we're gonna find a different somewhere okay the two top burials here the left and the right are examples of burial treatment in these sites all three northern Vietnam and southern China we call it flexed so you know they're tightly pulled together in various ways this one is like fetal flexed so then the knees are brought up to the chest and the elbows are like this lying on the side just like a little baby would be sleeping right this individual although it might not look like it at the moment is squatting down the head's obviously moved but they're squatting down okay except for that bracelet I showed you that in size a book point in size of bracelet they don't have anything in their graves so that you know pulpit graves if you like let's have a look at this is a site which is a stone throw away literally but several thousand years later an early farming site in northern Vietnam this is how they buried their dead with lots and lots of grave goods okay and evidence for some sort of social differentiation some people had more grave goods some people had less okay there may have been elites and non elites going on okay when when you look at this particular burial there's also evidence which I don't have time to go into now to suggest that this burial even though it's nearly 4,000 years old was originally coffined so you know a lot of energy was expended to create a large coffin to put this individual in put all these pots around and you can just make out these bracelets these are beautiful fine jade bracelets okay so there's no doubting that the quality of the ornamentation is a higher order of magnitude but we would be absolutely and totally wrong to suspect that there weren't highly complex ritualized mortuary behaviors associated with these complex hunter-gatherers I believe we have funerary specialists involved here there's something that we were loosely referring to as mutilation of the corpses going on roughly 70% of the adults are mutilated in a highly systematic manner we believe the bodies are laid out someone's using one of these giant edge ground axes and the chopping the body not at the joints but in the mid-shaft of the upper arms in the insides of the thighs and the outsides of the shins sometimes are removing the heads sometimes they're chopping the collar bones as well okay it's highly systematic sometimes we're getting probable rearrangement of the head going on and other things place where the head was we can tell from these chops so this is this is a thigh bone on the right hand side with the piece that's been detached through the chopping put back and this is just to show you what separate this indicates that this chopping was done when the person was fully flashed okay but after death well hopefully after death what are they doing next okay after they've rich really chopped the body and maybe removed the head and whatnot they're bringing it to be together in this tight position either a flexed fetal flexed one or a squatting position they're binding it we think they may be using bark cloth although we can't prove that okay now there's complex arguments for why we think that they're inserting them into circular pets and you can see one of these circular pets here this is all dirt going on but this is a dirt that's been refilled and you can actually see the person's knees popping out there because that's a squatting one we think because sometimes the bodies fall in various directions but they maintain their integrity that they may be putting basket tree in there so they may well be grave goods but we can't see them because they're decomposed okay it's a perishable grave goods and then for the most part the place squatting facing the rising sun with a little bit of variation that probably has to do with the seasonal variation and where the sun rises okay from summer to winter I'll put these two guys over here just to give you an indication of how this sort of wrapping would go this one indicates we also think the head was covered unlike this weather the skulls exposed so these Peruvian mummies are only there to illustrate how I think it's they may have been wrapped so this is highly complex behavior argue we've been more complex than the farmers mortuary behavior we know of early farmers in the region I think we can say we have similar levels of complexity no matter how we look at it going on between these early farmers and these complex hunter-gatherer groups in this part of the world this is what I'm leaning towards these are just you know what we're looking at we're not looking at some sort of developmental chain or some sort of progressive chain we're just looking at alternative responses to what's going on at the time and we know what was going on at the time around eight or nine thousand years ago there was a massive warming event and then about four or five thousand years ago there was a cooling event okay so these are the main environmental things that's going on but why did if these hunter-gatherer is as equally complex as the farmers why did they disappear why do the farmers still with us was farming a better option this is a slide that I showed you at the beginning looking at this this climate change graph up the top here that thick red line represents that optimal period of warming after which it drops down they disappear when it starts to get cold they rose when it started to get warm they disappear when it started to get cold by three and a half thousand years ago farmers have taken over the whole region now it's not as simple and I'll show you another slide in the second to demonstrate that but for the most part these guys are gone they've disappeared their signature is disappeared a lot of things could have happened with cooling okay they could have been real you know I'm suggesting that they're relying on a managed cattle wild cattle they're relying on managed wild plants cooling could have totally disrupted that system totally okay and it could have put them under an enormous amount of stress okay then we have these migrations of new farmers coming into the region and we know there's an archaeological signature of them moving into the region okay so they got this double whammy this is a site here that I worked on several years ago back in 2005 and then again in 2007 it's a really interesting site it's a smoking gun an archaeological smoking gun it's situated where that red dot is as I said a stone's throw away from the hunter-gatherer site I've been using as a case study to illustrate you know complex hunter-gatherers throughout the region I'm using my little people again the little icons to suggest what the population makeup would have been now if we go back to this previous slide it's suggested that they're all modern East Asian looking farmers no a lot of these sites are dated I'm using BC on this I should have standardized it for the full present but just add a couple of thousand years and you'll know how many years ago but they range in age from nearly 4,000 years ago to this site here is Maconville of Cambodia which is maybe 13 or 1400 years old if the East Asian person is in front that means a dominant genetic contribution is East Asian but there's still a residual indigenous signature going on if they're next to each other it means half-half if one is as in Pomsnoy the Cambodian one which is really interesting because it's very late there's still a very strong indigenous presence there so what I'm saying is that yeah these farmers came pouring down but there was a lot of genetic interaction going on okay a lot some sites more than others and man back when these are just fancy schematics to sort of differentiate between populations based on you know whatever set of criteria you're interested in you might be measuring the head or looking at the teeth or whatever it's a proxy for genetic distance but our mum back we have people that look like this people that look like this and people that look like the combination of the two and they're all treated the same although in in some circumstances where we have elite burials guess who the elites are this is one of our late these guys are the elites not the new incoming farmers so these hunter-gatherers didn't disappear they're potentially still with us okay so conclusions in the first slides I showed you you know these early population movements were clearly influenced by major climate events such as you know the the northern colonisation of Siberia couldn't have occurred until marine isotope stage three when there was a massive warming event and allowed them to move into that area the southern route would have been fine regardless of what period of the glaciation we're in but we know the coastline was a hell of a lot different back then that it is is today okay so that would have been a totally different environment back then more recent minor climate events such as that one that started around eight or nine thousand years ago and finished four or five thousand years ago I say minor we're talking about one to four degrees increase in temperature wherever you are and between 15 a hundred percent increase in precipitation depending on where you are so minor that's actually quite quite significant that many climate change event seems to coincide with the emergence of both farming and complex hunter-gathering these hunter-gatherers are as sophisticated as complex however measured than their relative farmers or neighboring farmers farmers and hunter-gatherers have clearly adapted in their own ways to the environment what they've had to deal with we see these hunter-gatherers start to disappear when the climate starts to cool again but as I've just said they didn't totally disappear they're actually still with us and they have a very strong genetic signature still within Southeast Asia what about the future this is my last slide just remember the slide I threw up there on the right hand side this was a situation from you know 50 60,000 years ago until 20,000 years this is a situation today so we're roughly on this graph here this is a different scale we're looking at centuries here the 21st century we're about here this is a predicted climate modelling I don't know I was trying to search for some maps to see how much landmass we're gonna lose in the next several centuries this is how much we lost how much we gained during the last glacial maximum when all of that seawater was locked up in ice sheets this is where we are now and we've got you know we've got predicted climate change similar to this Holocene event where we've got one to four degree increases in temperature and obviously precipitation is going to depend on what part of the world you're going to be in but I definitely know that some parts of Southeast Asia what most of this part where the meat on is and much of southern Vietnam and Cambodia is going to disappear and quite a few other areas around here I think Australia is fairly safe for the most part although this is very low I am ran here the much of this area that's only fix the South Australians that's going to disappear that's a significant amount of landmass particularly if it's the landmass that we're living on so in the past we are dealing with relatively small populations our complex hunter-gatherers and our farmers are relatively small populations you know they can adapt to changes in climate although ultimately our complex hunter-gatherers didn't okay but it wasn't only climate change that dealt them a final blow it was massive demographic expansion from the north of them that you know was a final straw I guess the question is when we're not well I mean we're totally dependent on farming now most of us wouldn't consider ourselves to be farmers I think if anything if you think about it we what do we get most of our food we go into the supermarket so we're foragers yeah we're not hunter-gatherers we'll hunt a forager with foragers okay are we flexible enough to deal with what's coming I don't know I'm an archaeologist I only deal with stuff that happened in the past okay thank you


Hi and welcome to the session. I am Priyanka and I will be helping you with the following question which says, the distance between the school and the house of a student is 1 kilometer 875 meters. Every day she walks both ways between her school and home. Find the total distance covered by her in 6 days. So let us first analyze what the question is saying. Let this be the distance that is 1 kilometer 875 meters.  Now she walks to and fro every day to the school. That means from home she walks down to school and then from school again she walks down back to home in 1 day. So that means in totality she walks 1 kilometer 875 meters twice every day. So let us start with our solution. This analyzing was the key idea to our question. Because we need to understand that in a day she is not walking 1 kilometer 875 meters once but she is walking twice. So the distance covered by her in 1 day. Since we need to find the answer in days. So in 1 day she is walking 1 kilometer 875 meters twice. So first of all we will convert this and it will be 1000 meters plus 875 meters then getting multiplied by 2 because 1 kilometers have 1000 meters and the answer is 1875 meters. Getting multiplied by 2 will give us the answer as 3750 meters. So in a day she is walking 375 meters. Then we can easily find out the distance covered by her in 6 days by simply multiplying what she covers every day and then avoiding repeating addition 6 times we will multiply it by 6 and we will get a convenient answer as 2250 meters or to be converted in kilometers we have 22 kilometers 500 meters. So the answer to the question is 22 kilometers 500 meters. Do not forget how to convert this. This completes the question which was given to us. I hope you enjoyed the session. Bye for now.


Welcome to the weather forecast for the wait beginning Wednesday, January 26th. I'm Chief Meteorologist John Insworth for Longmont Public Media. Monday the 31st is a new moon, rising and setting about the same time as the sun does. So we've gone from the 31st being a full moon, we've now precessed two weeks off and we have that phase occurring at the end of the month from the Halloween a couple years ago. We've got drought conditions in Colorado, we have much better things going on in the mountains, there's much less drought and now a little bit got nipped out around the Denver area so that's good. Nationally the west gets a little bit of relief as does the southern plains. Looking at the snowpack over the last few weeks and see it start out just in middle of December way below normal. It climbed very rapidly, shot above normal. It's kind of leveled off and the curve is coming up to needed of what is normal but we're still above normal. So 116 percent normal value statewide and you can see it was a little drier. We certainly did get snow yesterday, Tuesday, but it wasn't a lot of water. It was about a quarter of an inch of liquid over most areas east of the continental divide and you can see a little bit there, half inch to an inch in some spots in the mountains. So our next storm is right on its heels coming in for Thursday morning just after this video goes up, big trough moving pretty quickly through across the nation and you can see a period of snow just about like the last one, maybe a little less moisture with it coming in Thursday morning but it will make the commute all slushy and difficult again. Here's the snow forecast and we have another system down in Texas bringing snow and even rain further south. Nationally we have a small chance of conviction in Florida and right on the coast, I don't know if they put that there just so there'd be some green but the next day there are no thunderstorms forecast. We're drying warm through the weekend as you'll see in a moment but the next storm looks bigger. This looks like a more prolonged and wetter storm event and so yeah we're going to take a look at that in just a moment. So here's the normal temperatures rising a degree from 44 to 45, 17 for the normal low for the next 10 day period. There goes our Tuesday chance of showers and a really good chance of precipitation on Thursday. Next week Tuesday a few Thursday look at all the different runs or a little bit different agreement. These are 30 different runs of the GFS but the overall evidence is it's going to be stormy for a few days. So let's put that in motion. There goes our Tuesday storm. Here comes our Thursday trough. Kind of narrow trough so it's moving pretty quickly. Giant ridge right behind it moves in for the weekend making it pretty comfortable. It's going to be a beautiful weekend and then we have a low slip by south of us but the ridge is still dominant and then on Tuesday here comes a much deeper larger trough. It gets a reinforcing trough on the back side that almost makes it look like it comes to a halt and then reverses direction before moving on. Another little shot there before it pulls away at the end of the week so let's take a look at the temperatures. We have our cold air from Tuesday sinking down to Texas then on Friday the next shot of cold air slides down and goes down into Mexico. For the weekend we warm up really nicely. Good deal above normal this is a snowpack in here making it colder than normal and then the next shot is giant. This one really covers the nation. Look how sharp that cold front is on the leading edge shooting across Texas. Temperature is far below normal in the middle of the nation. Another shot comes down on Friday on the back side of that trough. You can see it push against the mountains before it starts to slide away. The east is going to freeze so let's take a look at this snow. There goes Tuesday's storm. Here comes Thursday's storm but it's a short duration like 4 a.m. to 10 a.m. or so and then it's away. Giant east coast low cranky up blizzard like conditions and horrible stuff in New England and then take a look at Monday. Here comes the cold air out of the Canada and the Tuesday Wednesday. It kind of pulls it away a little bit faster. There's an additional little shot near the end of the week as a little more colder slides by. So active patterns over the next five days. Melted precipitation should be 10th of an inch or so on average and just around the mountains where you get the up slope flow and snow from this storm looks like one to three inches along I-25 and in the foothills. It's not a big storm but it will make timing and the cold temperatures will make it rough on Thursday morning. Over the next 10 days we get to scoop in a little bit of that next storm. You can see a quarter inch to half inch liquid amounts and more significant snow. 5, 6, 8 inches of snow near Boulder Westside Denver and up in the foothills above Fortin Collins. So yeah this will be more notable and we'll see how it evolves. It could yeah of course as far I'll go either way it could fade away or lose its moisture or could become something even more significant. So it's just something to watch for next week. So that we are 30s going into the 40s. I even see some 50s on the weekend maybe and then we shoot back down to freezing and below with a good chance of snow Tuesday. We do have a figure outlook. It came out so why not show it? For the temperatures they're giving the southern eastern part of the nation above average chances for above normal temperatures and crazy equal chances here and below up there. That next 10 days really cold air out there doesn't seem to match that pattern but we'll see what the overall month turns out as for precipitation equal chances for us drier than normal chances down below us. For frequent weather updates local news check out Longmont leader and Broomfield leader at those.coms. This has been Chief Neural Justice John Insworth. Keep looking up.


Thanks everyone. I see some familiar faces maybe from the sketch noting one. Can I suggest that you maybe try sit more this side. So I'm not going to be using PowerPoint a lot. I'm going to be using those posters. So try sit kind of closer that side. It looks like there is some space. Okay. Awesome. Thank you so much everyone. So today we are going to get creative. We are going to make stuff and I'm really excited to have you all here. So for those of you who don't know me, my name is Talia. I'm a Scrum Master Agile Coach and then I also sketch. So what happened a couple of years ago, about five, six years ago, I started sketch noting just for fun and I started a blog called The Sketching Scrum Master and I started posting my stuff and it was really looking back now. I've grown a lot. So I started and it wasn't great and people started contacting me and saying, how much do you charge to come and sketch for us at our conference? And I was like, I don't know. Is that actually a job? So I had to go figure it out. So organically I've built up a graphic recording and sketch noting business but my kind of roots are in agile. So this technique of making posters, I use all the time when I work with teams. And I think it's a really great skill, especially if you are a Scrum Master Agile Coach. Even on the technical side as engineers, I think often it's really great if you can brainstorm and draw things together as a team. So by the end of the session, you're going to have posters that you have made and I hope that you'll feel more confident to go and make posters in your teams. Okay. How many of you are kind of Scrum Masters or Coaches? Okay, cool. Quite a few. How many are kind of engineers or architects? Okay. And what other roles do we have? Product? Okay, cool. So yes, I think this technique you can kind of use for anything. And I hope that you guys have an awesome time today. Okay. So here's our agenda here. So I'm going to start off just setting the context in terms of why we use posters, why we use visual thinking. I think those of you who attended my workshop on Thursday, the sketch noting one, some of it is familiar but it's very different when you're drawing on large scales. So a lot of what we're learning today is just getting comfortable with the stationary layout and actually doing it. So yeah. Okay. So why types of posters? What do we need? So we're going to talk about the stationary. I've brought a bunch of stuff here from South Africa, layout, text, pictures, people, frames and flags, shadows and colors. And then I'm going to end off with tips just if you are interested how to kind of get started. Okay. Awesome. So let's go. Can I not walk there? Okay. First slide. Unfortunately, I can't use a clicker, but I really like this because it's super like tactile. Okay. So why do we use visual thinking? And this is quite different from the sketch noting. So sketch noting is for you. It's for you to learn if you share it with other people. Great. But it's more of a process of your learning and understanding. When we draw for other people, it's quite different. So when we draw for other people, it helps with engagement. So, you know, the only problem with PowerPoint is you can't draw on it. I think that'd be a bit angry if I went and started drawing on that screen. So it can really help because it's tactile. It's engaging. People aren't on their laptops. There's no barrier to entry. So if you're running in-person workshops, it's a really awesome engagement tool. It also helps activate different modes of learning. I forgot to mention there are booklets on your table. If you do want to follow along and take notes, a lot of it follows this process. Okay. It also activates different modes of thinking, right? So it helps you think creatively. It helps you think strategically. It helps you think kind of operationally or practically as well. Did you know that if you use visuals, you can actually reduce meeting times by up to 24%. Why do you think that is focused? Definitely. So it gives you kind of like a focal point, right? Especially if you're like around a whiteboard and you're kind of sketching things out together. Sorry. Okay. Yes. So go ahead. Yeah. Yes. So it's interesting, right? That. So when we learn to read and write, if you think of like a letter A, what happens in your brain is that letter A you see as a picture. So it only has value because your brain is looking at that pattern, that picture and saying, okay, that's an A. So when you read, they're like all these steps that's happening to process those letters. When you see a picture, it's 60,000 times faster for you to understand because it doesn't have to translate. It knows what it is. Yeah. So it's super powerful from like a learning kind of cognitive perspective. So it's a lot more engaging and it's kind of incremental. So you get the visual appeal of what you could expect rather than the visual. Yeah. Cool. So it's engaging and it's incremental. And this is where the magic is. If you are comfortable and confident to draw in front of people, it's way more memorable. And you'll see, I'll chat about it now, but this poster, I'm not drawing on it. So I can use it again. But you'll see throughout, I'm going to draw as we go. Okay. So it can help reduce meeting times. It activates four modes of learning, read, write, visual. People say about 65% of people are visual learners. So someone in your team is a visual learner. Auditory and then kinesthetic, especially if you can encourage people to pick up a marker and draw as well. Okay. It also becomes a shared record. So we're actually having a conversation in the hallway track, what's it called outside about how awesome it is to draw on white boards. But the challenge is sometimes you have to erase it or whatever. So with flip charts, what I love is you can actually roll it up and take it with you so that if you have a follow-up conversation, you've got it. You can also just take a photograph of it. So the slides, I don't have many slides. I'm going to take photos and just pop them in a document for you and that becomes a slide. Okay. So it becomes a shared record, especially if you're having a conversation together, people will remember kind of what it means. And then lastly, it helps also with big picture thinking. So how many of you sometimes just feel so like overwhelmed with something, especially work.  And if you're able to just get it out on paper, it can feel a lot more manageable, or you can see things that maybe you didn't see before. So especially with this workshop, it's about kind of tapping into that for you and for your teams. So trying to solve problems and look at possibilities together. Okay. Awesome. I'm scared to walk in front of the speaker. Oh, that's a good idea. You see. Okay. Maybe I must move my agenda and stationary, so I don't have to walk back and forth. Okay. Maybe I should ask for a volunteer to move our stickies for us on our agenda. Okay. So that's why the next thing that's important is different different types of posters, right? And you'll see like these two are pretty much I'm just giving you information. Okay. So you can have posters to show something. That's where you've already planned all the information. It's almost like a PowerPoint slide. You're not drawing on it. You're not interacting with it. You can have posters to teach. I will actually draw on this. So if you're teaching agile, you could prepare a poster. If you're teaching anything really, you could prepare some of it so it looks awesome.   So you could draw the triangle before and then in front of people, you can actually just draw on it and make notes. Okay. So that's quite nice. It's like you can prepare before but then you're also drawing live. I have a lot of those here that you'll see. Okay. Cool. So that's kind of teaching. That's giving people information. You also have posters to facilitate. So you can have like a header and you can have maybe a space for people to give ideas if you're brainstorming. If you're facilitating like a retrospective, you can do check-in activities, you know, so you can get people to actually give you and gather information. And then you could set it up also to sort it. So you could kind of have sticky notes on here and then you want to maybe group them and sort them. Oh, this mark is dry. You know, so then this is kind of just brainstorming. This you can actually start to sort into some kind of structure. So if you think of like a retrospective, like a stop, start, continue, you're really kind of starting to sort that information. Okay. Happy. Easy so far. Okay. So one of the trickiest things with poster, yeah? Yes. So graphic recording is kind of different in the sense that I would put it more here but I haven't really covered it just in terms of you just visualizing the content. So graphic recording is more similar to like sketch noting. So as people are talking, you kind of documenting the conversation. You're documenting it with pictures and with words. Posters, I feel like the real value for this is for collaboration and for facilitation and training, you know. So when you try to engage with people, I would use posters. I do so like as a graphic recorder, I sometimes have like a really big piece of paper and I'll do it like that. But all I'm doing is just summarizing the information. Okay. Cool. Okay. So what you need ideally is a black or a dark marker or a dark color and I've brought a whole bunch of markers from South Africa. They have a chisel tip on the one side. So like a wedge tip on the one side and then they have like a smaller tip on the other side. So I'm going to ask you guys when we start the practical to come up and select some markers for your team and then, you know, we can chat about it. But you need kind of a black or a dark marker. One color is enough, especially when you're starting out, you don't need 30 colors. It makes life very complicated and a gray pencil. We're going to talk about color later, so I'll touch it later. And then ideally you want to flip chart. When I started, I was drawing on a table. So there's no kind of, you can start by drawing on the floor or drawing on a table. That's fine. If you get more serious, I would say invest in a flip chart or use a flip chart at your office. Okay, cool. Okay, so we're actually going to get started. So what I'm going to do is I'm going to do point by point and we're going to do activities in between because otherwise I think we'll run out of time. So we're going to build up posters together. Okay, so layout. I covered this in kind of the sketch noting one, but for posters, it's quite different because you've got to think about what is your poster doing? Are you just going to be filling the whole thing with information? Or are you going to be leaving spaces for activities? Okay, so for example, if you, let's say you've got text, you'll do like a border around it. Then you'll have other text. So you can kind of just put text like that. Otherwise, you're actually going to leave this empty. So often you can just prepare like a heading. I would suggest also bring in some kind of visual and then giving it a border. So those are kind of easier. If you're doing something that you want to sort information, you can also divide the page up. So you can divide it diagonally or you can divide it horizontally. Sometimes say for example, you've got three columns like a stop, start, continue. Your layout may be better to do your flip chart landscape because then you would essentially have three columns like that. Okay. So what I want us to do is in your tables, maybe groups of two to three people, I want you to think of like an idea. So either it's a facilitation technique or it's a concept that you want to convey. Think of something that might actually be useful in your environment because then you could actually use it when you go. So brainstorm an idea and then start kind of playing around on your A4 piece of paper. Okay. So start playing around in terms of what is your idea, kind of what would that layout look like for that idea and sketch it out on the A4. Okay. I think I'll walk around and bring some markers as well. But for A4 you can even just use a pencil or any marker. It doesn't have to be big now. Okay. So get into groups and then come up with kind of what you want to do. If you need inspiration, I'll put up a slide with some ideas. Okay. I'm going to give you five minutes. So don't get too precious about it being perfect. Just come up with something that you think will work well as a poster. Okay. Five minutes. Can I just play? Can I just play music on here on the speaker? Okay. So remember at this point all you're doing is at a high level, what do we want to do and kind of how would the basic layout be? Don't worry about pictures and borders and detail. Cool. And I noticed some of you are doing an individual one. That's absolutely perfect. So I'm sure there is more flip-chat paper we can get. Otherwise you can work in a team. Okay. So at this point all you've got is a high level plan. Okay. So kind of how would you divide your paper up? Is it in four horizontally? Is it in two? Is it diagonal? Where would your title, you know, it's a high level. We're going to add pictures and all of that as we go. So don't worry about that. Okay. One thing to note, but yeah. Okay. Let me mention it later. Okay. Cool. So what we're going to do is when you start with posters, you always, yes, there's a picture. Yeah. So I usually kind of leave space in the layout so you can add little pictures and visuals. We're also going to add borders and frames. So that's what I wanted to mention. So remember to leave like a lot of white space. But I'll chat to you about it now before we start the text. I'm so scared of the speaker. Okay. Cool. Okay. So text, text you add first. So it's almost like building a house. Your text is your foundation.  And then you also know kind of what pictures and that will work well with the text. So those of you who are in the sketch noting one, you'll notice with all of my headings and that I have quite a lot of fun with the text. But I don't necessarily do it all over the poster. Otherwise it gets very busy. So I would suggest you come up with like a fun idea for the title text. If you can also link it to what you're doing.   Okay. So when you're doing, I'm just going to cover normal text first. I'm not going to spend a lot of time on it. So when you're writing just with normal kind of body copy or your normal text, one thing to remember is if you imagine kind of five sections, remember at school when you first learned to write and then you had, I can't even remember the correct way, but I'll teach you for drawings that other people can see. So when you're writing, what you want to do is the top line will be for your ascender. The bottom line will be for your descender. Okay. So letters like A are fine because I don't have anything that hangs down or that goes up, but something like B. So basically the body of your letter is big, but your things that go up or hang down aren't very long because if you're writing a few lines, those things then take up a lot of space. So it would be kind of like that. C, D again, you've got something that goes up and then like a J. So basically you're keeping the body of your letters big and bold and you're keeping all the things that hang very small or that go up very small. Okay. That helps it to be more legible because sometimes if you write and it's like your letters are very squished like this, it's hard to see from far. So remember you're drawing, actually you're writing so that people can see. Okay. Easy. Capital letters are great for headings. What happens is actually if we write, I'm going to write in small and then show you. So when we write with small letters, your eye actually can follow these indents and curves. It's easier to read with normal letters. With capitals, it's actually harder to read because you can't see what's a J or a D or a, but it's great for titles. So if you write in all caps as a natural writing, it's fine, but writing in small letters is actually easier for people to read. Okay. Serif font. So you can write kind of in like a cursive or like a scribbly font either like full-on cursive or you could kind of write and separate. The thing is with a chisel tip, you've got a very long, thick line. I'm actually going to give you markers now. So you've got a very long thick side. You've got a medium side and then you've got the tip. So when I write with a chisel tip, I can decide how thick I want it. So it's almost like having three markers. I can write like this, which is the thicker side. Just excuse this wall is going to give me bumps here. I can write on the medium side or I can use just the point. So I've actually got three different thicknesses with a chisel tip. It also makes your handwriting look really neat. So even if I'm writing just normal text, what you do is you hold the long edge. So if you're writing with the longest edge, you hold it at, if you're looking at a clock, you hold it at nine o'clock. Okay, so this long edge I hold at nine o'clock and when I draw my marker doesn't turn. My hand just moves and what that does is it gives you this when you go to the side, it's thinner and when you go up and down, it's thicker. So when you're holding it, I'll maybe I'll repeat it when I give you guys the markers. So there's a very long edge. That long edge will point or let's say it's like horizontal to the ground. Okay, so you'll hold it so it's horizontal to the ground and it stays that way. I don't turn the marker when I'm drawing and then when I write, every time I go down, it's going to be thick. Every time I go kind of horizontally, it's going to be thin and then when I go down, it's going to be thick. It takes a lot of practice, but honestly, this changes your handwriting completely. It makes it look a lot neater and it gives you a style.  And the reason I say this is because with the calligraphy font, actually, I kind of also do that. So I'll sketch it out first and then either I'll go back and kind of manually like color it in, but if I've got a chisel tip, all I do is I trace over it again with the point and then when I go down, I just, you know, I press on the thick side, but that's practice, right? So you can actually do calligraphy with the chisel tip.  Okay, you're going to practice now. Okay, and then you can also do bubble letters. So what I would suggest with bubble letters is do it in pencil first and then just trace kind of around it, or you can even plan your bubble letters in pencil. So here I've got like, hello, all I'm going to do is I'm going to add kind of almost like a border around that and just try to keep it equal distance from the pencil. Then it should work out evenly. But they have fun. You know, think about your company. Is there like an inside joke? Think about your con, like the context of what you're doing and try, have fun. And when in doubt, just use normal capital or normal writing and just make it extra thick. Okay, cool. So can I ask maybe that you come up, have a look at the markers. I'm going to, you can each kind of grab the colors that you want. Look for one dark one. Don't write in yellow. No one's going to see it. We'll use the colors afterwards to add color to it. So you're looking for like a black or a dark gray or a dark blue, something like that. Okay, so if you're in groups, one of you can come up. Otherwise, if you individually can come up. So just, I think just get like, yeah, like a dark, actually it's a good point. Okay, so maybe grab a dark color, grab a light gray or a gray and grab one or two kind of other colors. You don't need 10 colors. And if you need, you can always come get more. So dark color or black, a lightish gray and another color. I like yellow. It's the most forgiving. Okay, so there's a question here. Do you use the side with the grid or the plain side? I actually don't mind. So it's up to you. Our flip-chat paper is different. There's no grid at all. So if you want to, you can practice on the side now with the grid. But I would encourage you kind of in future, you don't need the grid. It doesn't have to be perfect, perfect. Okay, I'm going to give you about how long do you need, 10 minutes. Okay. Okay, so remember you're just adding the text. You're going to start with title and then if you have other text and you're going to use pencil, maybe to plan your space. Okay, you don't need to add borders or anything now. So you can just do the text. Okay, so just remember you're just adding text for now. You're kind of planning, leaving some space. Awesome. Okay, I think most people are done. So I'm actually going to move on. You guys are quick. Okay, so you can use pencil on your big poster to just space plan. Okay, where are things going? But for now, we're just doing the text. So does everyone have the text on there? Can I get a whoop whoop? Does everyone have the text? Just the writing? Okay. Okay, perfect. Then I'm going to move on. Okay, so next up now that you've got your text, I keep losing my markers. It's going to make an interesting video of this. Okay, so now that you've got your text, and the thing is, the more you do this, you'll realize you must just leave space for things, right? Okay, so now we're going to chat about pictures and people. So for those of you who were in my workshop on Thursday, this is going to be familiar. But that's fine. You get another chance to practice. Okay, so when we think about pictures, you don't have to worry about it being artistic or being detailed. What we want is we want simple eye catching pictures that represent something. Okay, and how we do this is we actually use basic shapes. So we use lines, we use squiggles, we use triangles, squares and circles. So everything you see can be broken down into basic shapes to make it simple. So if there's something you want to do, you can look for inspiration by googling, I don't know, car icon or car clip art. That'll usually give you the simplest form of it. But I'll give you some examples. So like with a squiggly line, obviously like a cloud is the easiest one or a thought bubble will cover it in frames as well. With a triangle, I've done a fish. What else? I'll do it again. This is my favorite for triangle, as you can actually do like a little fish just using triangles. What else? Does anyone have something that they want to draw on their poster? People. We're going to do people next.  A microphone. Cool.  You can kind of make it a taper of it. And then you can maybe just do some cross hatching to show that, you know, that there's a mesh on it. Magnifying glass or so circle. So you're going to do a circle. The simplest way is just do a circle and then kind of do a small rectangle and then a larger rectangle like that. A mirror. Okay, cool. We're going to do that now. I like to kind of on a magnifying glass add another circle in the middle. So it gives it like a border.  So you can add little details if you want to make it look more fun. But basically at a basic level, that's a circle and a rectangle. Okay, so brain I use like the squiggly. Sorry, I know was it was something else as well. My brains, I mean, you can draw it in different ways. I do kind of two lines. And then I do squiggly starting small and then getting bigger. And then I just try and draw it kind of symmetrical on the other side.  That for me is the quickest way. But you can also, I suppose, like stylize it and round it more. So it's not so squiggly, you know, then it's almost like two semi circles, scissors. Okay, so scissors are pretty much circles, maybe like oval. But you can do it as like a circle. So you're going to do two circles, two circles. And then if you really want to do it simply, you're just going to do almost like a rectangle, rectangle. Sticky note. Yeah, that's a good one. And you can also use a sticky note as like a frame to like order things, especially in our industry. It's like, so nice. How I draw a sticky note is like a square. So I do a square, but then leave this corner open. Then you do a triangle pointing inwards like that. And then you join those two edges. So it makes it look like the corner is folding up. So all paper stuff like that, I give it that, that corner, because then it looks quite cute. So even if I want to do like a document, I'll always do that corner. Like a notebook. Also just like a rectangle. And then you do almost like semi circles. Same with like a calendar. It would just be maybe more landscape. And you could put maybe the day towards the day today. 18. So you could put like 18. Give it like a little border. And then on top, I'm just going to give it semi circles. Pen, pencil. Markers. So it depends which markers. I'm actually going to chat to you about markers. So these markers are my favorite. They're called Newland. I've put together some information. If you get serious about it, I would suggest this. Because Newland markers, they don't go through. They specially made, they made in Germany. I've been looking online. I don't know if you guys have an Indian supplier here. In South Africa, we're the same. I had to like import them. They're not that expensive. It's just getting them here, you know, is tough. So if you're drawing a marker, it depends.  So I'll draw like a chisel tip top. I'll draw, you know, so I'll copy exactly kind of what this looks like. But that's quite complicated, right? And then it's got a circle. That's kind of what makes it very unique as a circle. But you could just do like a very simple marker. You could just do like any kind of top. It would almost be like two rectangles. And then another rectangle. The border. Yeah, I'm going to chat about that. So usually the last thing I do with posters are add a border around the whole poster. And then you can have fun with adding little details to the corners. And that kind of completes your poster. It makes it look. Yeah, it was supposed to be like a, like a Polaroid photo. But I think it would have looked more like a photo if I put a mountain in the sun. Easy. And that's the thing. So think about it in basic shapes. Think about a triangle, a square, a circle. And then the other thing is it's like learning a new language. So you have to just kind of practice and think about it. Think about it. And the best way to do it, how I did it also is when I want to make a poster. I'm like, how do I draw a Kaleen coffee? What's the easiest way for me to draw a coffee or a mug? And it's basically a half circle, a line underneath, and then almost like a half circle handle. But until you're trying to do it, until you're saying, what's the easiest way to draw a mug or a teacup or a, you know, so I kind of learned by doing, but you can also challenge yourself and get a notebook and actually just say, okay, how would I draw strategy? How would I draw agile? How would I and just practice like learning a new language? Cool. Okay. So that's pictures.  So people, what I've tried to do with my posters is I've tried to draw lots of different styles. I don't usually do that. I usually stick to one style. But I want to show you that there are lots of like easy ways of doing things. So people, for those of you who are in the sketch noting one, it's okay to do stick people. Okay. Especially if you like drawing live in front of people, don't try and do like autistic, complicated stuff. Okay. So stick people are okay. This is kind of maybe the, what you're thinking when you think stick people or stick woman.  But actually a quick easy way to make them look more substantial and more human is to give them a body. So if you do the head, I always do the head first. So you do the head, you can do almost like a semi circle.  Then two lines. I just do a little loop for feet and then the arms. And the best thing to do is if you're not sure, then just model on yourself. You know, how would, so arms, if they want to go up, it's not us. Okay. So if you want to put arms up, they would go something like that. So you can kind of just play around. You can also do a bean person. So similar, but the body is a bean. He's angry. You can do square. So kind of like block people. So you can do the body as a block. If you're doing block people, you put the legs on the corners and then you put the arms on the top corners. So the block people are actually sometimes the easiest because you've got a reference point for for the limbs. And you can even do people kind of, you can add movement.  So you would say, if I'm running, how would it be? Okay. The arm would go forward like this. There would be an arm behind. The leg would come forward and one leg might be going back. Okay. So it's, you know, it's easy to kind of add a bit of a body and add that movement. It's always nice to kind of also put them in context if you can. So give them some ground if you can. Otherwise you'll see later you could add like a shadow underneath just so they're not floating in space. You know, so you can kind of add depending on how your shadows go. You could with like a lighter color just put them in context. Okay. I'm going to teach you something that I love. So if you're drawing a crowd of people, it's like an M, another M, another M, and then just give them heads. Okay. And then you've got a crowd of people.  And then you can draw kind of lots. So remember it's a representation. As long as people kind of know what you're doing, it's okay. It doesn't have to be art. Okay. Cool. So you're ready to add pictures and people to your posters? Okay. Awesome. I'll give you five minutes. You guys are quite quick or maybe seven minutes. This is, oh, love it. My section is ask me anything, right? Yes. How do I visualize it? My challenge is I just need to assess from your one would be like, you know, you show us collaboration, how we can draw some groups of people. But then how can you visualize the connections between the two? I mean, sorry. Carry on. About two more minutes, everyone. How's it going? One more minute. Okay. I feel like we could do this all day, but let's move on because I want to finish the content. I'm loving seeing all the pictures and creativity coming out. Okay. So we're going to talk quickly about flags and frames. Just move around if you can't see. Sorry. Usually in these kind of context, right, you'd use posters maybe in smaller groups. It's hard to do at conferences because it's quite big. But usually with teams, this is big enough. So just think about your context. Okay. So frames and flags. I've done flags as a completely separate one for posters because I feel like, you know, the most basic form of a poster, you can do a title, a flag or a title, a picture, a flag, a border around it, and it looks beautiful. So it can be very simple. There was kind of a comment. So the order that I've done it in is the order that I build posters. So I think about my layout. I put my text. I haven't yet put borders or anything. Put my text, add pictures or people. Then I do flags or frames, and then I'll put a border around the whole thing. Then we're going to do, we still need to do color and shading. Okay. So I'm going to kind of speed it up a bit here. So the important thing with frames and flags is that you're going to do your text first. That's why we do our text first. Okay. So you've got your text. The easiest flag to do is a rectangle. And then you're going to put kind of a shorter rectangle behind it. This length here is going to be the same as this length here. So if you can imagine, it's the same flag. It's just sitting behind. So I'm going to leave kind of a gap at the bottom because then it gives an illusion of it being behind. So almost like this width, right, should be the same. That's kind of the trick.  And I've got a flag. Okay. One of my favorites is these squiggly ones. So let's imagine you're making a poster. You've got your text. You've got your heading. Okay. We haven't added borders or anything yet. You're going to add a little picture. Let's say we're going to add a little light bulb. Okay. When I add my border or my flag, that picture can sit in front of it. That's why I wait to put those borders around. So now I'm going to put a flag. I'm not going to cross the picture. I'm going to leave a space. When I get to the picture, I'm going to stop. And then when I get to the other side of the picture, I'm going to finish it. If you do the border first, then sometimes you don't have space to add pictures in that. So if you've got a border, then your picture can't, you know, then it kind of overlaps. Okay. Another nice flag like this one. It's like a backwards S. A line of forwards S. Obviously as big as your text is down on each side. Another line parallel. Try keep it even. And then here again, same width as your front. And then you just join the back there. Easy. Okay. It's practice though.  Again, you would do your, your, your text first. And the reason for that is, you know, let's do, for example, like a speech bubble. So speech bubble can be a frame. It can be a border. So I'm going to do a little triangle. And then I'm going to do a circle around the text.   So your size of your frame or your container depends on the size of your text. So you do your text first. Okay. You can do, even just like a square, a rounded square, a circle, all of those are containers. You can do fancier things like frames. I would do like a rectangle. I would do circles on the edges, circles halfway through that long side. And then I would just kind of join them like that to give you like a fancy frame.  Every time I leave a gap between something, it implies that it's behind, you know, so it looks like now there's a gap. So the frame is sitting on front, in front of it. Okay. Happy. I think a lot of you have already added borders and that, but if you haven't then now's the time to kind of add borders. Remember where you have a picture, bless you.  So if you've got text and you've got a picture somewhere, when you add your border, you're not going to touch your picture. You're going to just leave a little space like that. Okay. Okay, cool. And then I'm going to move on to color and shading. Do you guys need time to add some borders? Okay. I'll give you a few minutes to add some borders. Okay. Okay, awesome. We're going to move on to color and shading. I'm just going to run through the steps again with you super quick. And then I'm hoping we'll have time. I'll just do like stationary and tips and that to close it out just so you have the information if you're interested. Okay. So you would start with some kind of heading. Here's a tip. When you're drawing on a flip chart, don't stand here because you actually can't see. You can't see what's happening. Don't be afraid to stand in front of it, right? The only thing is then you just have to be quick. You can't be covering it all the time. So you're going to move in front, right, and then step to the side. I'm right-handed. So I stand on this side. If you left-handed, you'll stand on that side. Okay. So you're going to do a heading. Oops. See, I've even joined one there. Okay. Heading, text, text. You see also how I move my body. So I'm not trying to stand here right down here. So you've got to almost follow your marker because that's the most accurate that you'll be.  It's very difficult. Okay. So you've got text. Then you're going to add your pictures. I'll just draw a light bulb. Okay. So you add a picture, coffee cup, just put a smiling face emoji. Okay. Then we're going to add kind of either frames or flags. So you notice how because my picture's there, I stop and then I start again on the other side. I don't go through. That's why I do this order. Okay. And then I'll add the flag at the back. I'm going to add containers here. I'll just keep it simple. Okay. Okay. And then obviously you might have more text, right? Or you might kind of leave space blank to write while you talk. So if you have more text, you'll also contain it or whatever. So you add whatever you want. Then what I do right at the end and in your booklets, we've run out of time, but in your booklets, they're cool little like corner details. So for example, if I want to make it look like there's a pin, I do a circle and a line going inwards. Or I could do like sticky tape. I'll just do kind of like a rectangle diagonal in the corner. So you can add almost like little details in the corner. And then I add to finish the poster off. I add a border around the whole thing. So I'm going to add a line. If I've done a corner, I'm going to leave a gap. Now watch here. When I draw again, I'm not trying to draw a line like this. I'm following it. And I'm just dropping to try and draw as straight as possible. So it's stuff like that just to, you know, people are like, I can't draw straight. It doesn't matter if it's not perfectly straight. But it's that kind of thing to, you know, if I try to stand here and draw, it is, it's harder. Okay. Then what we're going to do is we're going to take a light gray, again, kind of a thick chisel tip. And we're going to, so notice what I do usually is I draw everything in black because then I can decide on colors later. If you're drawing in lots of colors, it just becomes more complex. So I draw everything in black or a dark color. Okay. Oh yeah. Sorry. I understand there wasn't enough black markers here. So, okay. Then what we're going to do is we're going to add a shading. So shading is just a light gray. If you can imagine the sun is here in the top corner on the right, then the shadows would be everything opposite that. Okay. So if the light is there, everything kind of this side is going to get a shadow. And you can never really have too many shadows. I like it because it makes it look 3D. Just pick a gray that's like not too dark. So everything opposite that. So everything kind of on the left hand side can get a shadow. You can also do shadows that are like sitting under it. I find it gets quite complicated. So just kind of pick which side you want the light to come from and then just draw a light gray on the opposite side of everything. Okay. I'm going to cover color as well because it's quite interesting. And then hopefully you'll have time if you want to quickly practice. So I use, I'll tell you about this as well. This is a New Lent.  So the reality is you can't sit and color everything in with the marker. So what you're trying to do is you're trying to get a lot of color quickly. So what I would generally do is I would take kind of like a yellow or any color and I would outline my container in a color. In a marker, but I'm not trying to cover color the whole thing in with a marker because A, it's going to take too long and B at mind also smudge or do something funny. So anything I want color, I'm going to add a color border. Then I'm going to find the same color in a like a chalk. I use the chalk pastel. Again, I'm not going to color the whole thing. I'm going to kind of draw a line around the edges and then I'm going to blend it. So you can actually use a tissue or you can use your fingers. So I'm going to blend it inwards. So you see how quick that is instead of having to color everything in. And it kind of gives a nice almost like glowing effect. So you can do the same with your pictures. So do a border in a marker of the color and then find a chalk and do it in the same color. What you can also do, which is quite fun is like if your whole poster is a border, you can actually do like a chalk marker, I mean chalk crayon and then just blend it out. So it makes it look like it's almost glowing from the back. It's a lot. I know it's a lot, but a lot of it is just kind of having the right equipment and then just playing around. So you now know kind of the process to follow and then you can practice. Okay, I think we're almost out of time.  Okay, so if you want the R pastels here that you can come and try out. Okay, let's do one, two minutes of this and then I'll wrap up quick. And they're also wet wipes because it, yeah, these are mine. Just please bring them back. I wouldn't, okay, I wish we had another two or three hours, but we're out of time. I just wanted to show you super quick. If you are interested, so there's some tips here. So if you create a really beautiful template, don't throw it away. Take it and you can trace it. So what I do is if I make it and I love my heading and all of that and I need it again, I'll take it, I'll put it behind and I'll trace it. Your guys paper might be a bit thicker though, so you must check to see if it'll work, but I often retrace if I have a template. And if you make a mistake, you can use a white label. That's kind of like your tipics. So if I do make a mistake, I'll cover it with paper and then from a distance you won't see. Again, with your guys flip-trot, I don't know if it's exactly white, so you'll have to test. Okay, I'll share this with you so you can kind of look through it. I think look locally and see what materials you have and play around with it. But my favorite is the Nuland because it is refillable. You can buy nibs to replace the nibs. So it'll basically last your lifetime. Also the black permanent marker, these ones don't bleed through. So I would kind of recommend if you are serious about it, having a look if you can get them. They are kind of like industry standard. And then I've put together almost like what I would recommend as a starter kit. You don't need 30 colors and 50 everything. You can get away with just a really good black marker, a good gray marker. I like yellow because it's very forgiving. It blends well and it's bright, but you can pick one color and then some kind of either pastel or wax. But I will share this with you. Okay, thank you so much, everyone. I know it's a lot, but well done for getting in there and getting practical. And I wish you all the best on your flip chart journey. I will take photos of all of these and I'll put them in this deck and I'll share it on Conf Engine so that you have all the info. And then also feel free, hear some other books and things that are really good. Yeah, so this is basically just a whole bunch of information I'm going to share with you. But feel free to tag me if you do make posters. I'd love to see your journey. Thank you so much everyone. If you don't mind, could you bring the stationery forward then it saves a lot of time. Thank you.


Hello, my name is Alina and I live in Bucharest, Romania. I've just graduated from the online course, the one had been a 20-hour online course with video and a tutor with ITTT, and I would like to share a couple of thoughts about my experience with taking this course. For most of my adult life, I've been teaching English here in Romania, but in the recent years, I've started teaching English in a small international school here in Bucharest. And it has become very important for me to get professional training for being an ESL teacher and even get a certification for it. So I started looking online for courses, and that's how I came across the ITTT website. I liked what I was reading there, I liked the fact that they were providing online courses, and this was very good for me because I could combine work with study at the same time. And I wrote to them, I asked them some questions, and I liked the fact that they responded very promptly. I liked their responses, and that's how I applied for the course. And it was very good for me because as I was learning and studying in the course, I could apply those things in the class and apply them with my students. I especially liked the lesson planning part, I learned how to plan a lesson effectively, and also I liked the units dealing with classroom management. I'm looking forward to putting into practice everything that I learned, and I would like to continue studying about how to teach English to small children, to young learners, because this is the group that I work with.


I've been having so much issues in this house over the last couple weeks pay attention First of all, I'm wearing one of my defective agent zero shirts This was before I sold the shirts at the mace of the dimensions were straight and I realized it was too big a gap Right here. Y'all see the gap. So this one never ended up selling. I had to pick the agent zero look buy shirts at the come up district comm I Have a link in the description. I don't promote it a lot But the shirts are there follow along be careful. You have to be careful. Nothing's gonna happen. Just okay. All right Let's go. I thought everybody would have learned from the last time I made a similar video like a month ago. Yo people in the comments tell my agent you were in the same witness T-shirt over and over again. What do you guys think happened in your honest opinion? What do you think you guys are dirty? Hold up.  All right. Check this out, man Do you see this? Do you see inside y'all see the water? That is what we call in human history black water So every time I wash my clothes black water appears Problem number one problem number two I have to take my clothes out and then put it in the dryer. The problem is it's so damp I have to dry my clothes seven times There's a fundamental issue when you have to wash your clothes seven times All right over the course of that time you your clothes just to smell very damn now I was going to LA last weekend and I needed some clothes to bring and so what I what I do is it was the clothes not Damp wet nastiness and it wasn't even dry yet. I had no cold to wear so score is I did what anybody else would do I Grab 20 Dryer sheets from fleece and put them in the dryer plenty of these Here's what I learned about putting 20 dryer sheets in the dryer.  So now it smells horrible. I tried to air the cold out for hours It didn't work.  I'm in a trap. I'm cornered in this situation. I have two different wardrobe I have a fat agent wardrobe and I'm a skinny agent wardrobe, okay? So when I slimmed down there when I'm like 150 I have a wardrobe entirely designed for that whole new person that comes out in that specific Circumstance, but I don't have a lot of fat agent clothes So when the washer and dryer messed up and I messed up put all those dryer sheets literally all my clothes has just disappeared Like I have closets full of and it's not the only clothes for a skinny agent.  Oh y'all can Can you see me now? Can you guys? Okay $15 bro. It's a bargain yo Tim Duncan can shop at Old Navy. There's no reason I'm not good enough to shop at Old Navy That's the fact When I went to New York and I needed some jeans because I was freezing I just got them from old Navy and the subscriber pulled up to me So They were straight bro, it's just regular jeans my guy Only fly solo my guy only fly solo that means you're single.  You're thinking which one's hot Which one's not I can do role play for you guys if you want I could walk by and tell you guys what I think I haven't looked yet. I'm gonna look right now little magnetic in this pool. It pops out Feel it not look fresh. What's your what's your selection from this though right here, bro? I'm just getting regular t-shirts man. You see the price tag is nice to see $35. It's not too bad, bro It's not old Navy, but take 50% off though Is it on top of that though? I mean like $17, bro. I'm gonna have to grab to Sport is not just the game I play sport is who I am what I am and why I am The wash my clothes at your house I think I'm playing but I'm coming to your house with laundry once a week But you won't believe it man, it's like all the clothes are so expensive, bro I hopped into foot locker and then Walmart and then champs and then some other stores And they have my wallet looking like it was beat down, bro I'm that clip from eight mile when Eminem is just casually walking like this and they just destroy him in the middle The street for no reason that's in my wallet was feeling like hey Google turn the studio lights on Okay, so I'm sweating now. Here's where I'm at First of all, I've been playing fortnight recently that game is tough second. Don't sleep on me PC Please I need you I need you right now second of all they just announced the whole bunch of stuff for the NBA 2k league Apparently the court is supposed to be playing on come on man play it in surround sound It was literally just like 30 seconds of like the camera cutting across the court, which 2k Can we get access to whatever camera y'all got it'd be really helpful for videos? Thank you End of hopped on the division recently I heard patch 1.8 brought back the division etc. Etc.  You just have to get a bath bomb from lush Do you guys have lush in the United States you got to get some candles from bed bath and beyond that's actually what I did this morning You'll see the dilemma. I'm in now. I'm back on my weight loss grind. Listen up.  It's not cool being fat. All right, so I had to cut some foods out I'm not gonna mention any names. Okay. I've been drinking a whole lot of avion water And when the stores have it of course Fiji water Fiji water seems to be in scarce supply in the area, bro What's wrong with these guys? We know which water is the best water. Just have it in stock on the side No, yo, let me know if y'all want to see videos from me with like fortnight rainbow six yo any game I've been playing a whole lot of new stuff recently It kind of just brings you back to the days before I even did YouTube where I just play video games without like a Purpose wasn't really meant for a video. I was just having fun. Yo, by the way These were some of the clothes that were murdered these clothes are murdered in the apocalypse of the dryer sheets that Yo, I'm dead-ass bringing y'all a gym vlog y'all think I'm not serious about this bro I'm super serious. All right, so serious I got a new keyboard and mouse on the off chance I won a PC game because I realized my mouse and keyboard is booty cheeks You know honestly aside from my house just falling apart almost every month on the dock I think things are going wrong pretty well. I still have some sympathy with me man I see on the comments always making your jokes I wanted to point out that is not a Manual decision. I had an option to partake in there was dead a day where I wore the same shirt like six times It was a six time the six day I wore that shirt and I just didn't have any options Well, I could have bought new clothes actually But I wasn't really thinking about that cuz I thought the dryer was eventually gonna work. So that's where I'm at. I'm out peace