Income tax 2023-2024, self-employed health insurance tax software example.  First, a word from our sponsor. Yeah, actually we're sponsoring ourselves on this one, because apparently the merchandisers, they don't want to be seen with us.  Like our, trust me, I'm an accountant product line. It's paramount that you let people know that you're an accountant, because apparently we're among the only ones equipped with the number crunching skills to answer society's current deep complex and nuanced questions. If you would like a commercial free experience, consider subscribing to our website at accountinginstruction.com or accountinginstruction.thinkific.com. Here we are in our Form 1040 example problem using LASERT tax software. You don't need tax software to follow along, but if you have access to tax software, it's a great tool to run scenarios with. You can also get access to forms, schedules, instructions at the IRS website, irs.gov, irs.gov, starting with our normal starting point. Our taxpayer Adam Taxman, just trying to avoid a dang taxman living in Beverly Hills 90210. Single file to start off with, we have no dependence at the beginning. We've got our W-2 income at the 100,000. We then have the standard deduction $13,850, getting to the taxable income $86,150, which we can mirror in our income tax equation in Excel 100,000. $13,850, getting us to the $86,150, the tax calculated at $14,266. On page 2 we can see that of our Form 1040, $14,266. Alright, let's go back to page 1, scrolling down. We're looking at the Adjustments to Income line number 10, which pulls in from the Schedule 1. If we go to the Schedule 1, that's not the Schedule 1. There it is, Additional Income and Adjustments to Income. We want page number 2, which will have part 2, the Adjustments to Income. And we are now looking at the Self-Employed Health Insurance deduction. So as the name indicates, of course, that would possibly be applicable if somebody is self-employed. Most of the times we think about self-employed as someone who has a Schedule C type of business, but they could also have some other form of self-employment income, possibly with a flow-through entity like a partnership, for example, or possibly like an S corporation could be applicable as well. Now with the health insurance, this is another area that's always been a little bit confusing because if you look at the historical background of health insurance, it's typically tied to someone's place of employment. It used to be that people worked for the same place for a long period of time, which was the vast majority of people, a lot of people, that was their work experience. And they got a benefit from their employer by being able to purchase the health insurance from the employer, which at the least usually was able to get the group insurance plans, which might be cheaper than if you bought it yourself. And that's how or one way that the health insurance kind of got linked to employment. These days it becomes much more complex because you have multiple people working in families. So whose health insurance should you be taking? Jobs are being switched on and off and whatnot. And people might be doing their own stuff as well. And so the health insurance became more complex. And of course the question comes up for sole proprietors of, well, shouldn't we get some kind of benefit as well if we're self-employed with regards to health insurance and so on. So that means that if you have a Schedule C business, there's a couple scenarios where someone might have self-employment. One would be, well, they have access to a Schedule C or they have self-employment income, but they also have W-2 income, either themselves or possibly their spouse, for example. In that case, you might still, even though you have self-employment income, be able to have access to health insurance through the employer, which is kind of like the default design of the system, right? So they're going to say, in that case, then you might be able to do your health insurance through your employer just as you would before, but you also have some self-employment income. What if you don't have any W-2 income and or you don't have access through your job to health insurance because it's not provided by your employer or something like that? Well, in that case, then that's when this could apply, right? So you get the deduction on the Schedule C. So let's see what that looks like. So let's go back on over here. I'm going to say, okay, if you had a W-2 employee, if the health insurance was taking place through the place of employment, then the employer would generally, you reflect the impact of the health insurance on the W-2 form. If there's any impact on line one for federal income tax purposes, they would make the adjustment as well as social security income and basically Medicare income. So the compensation should be reflected by the W-2 constructed by the employer. But obviously, if you do it yourself, then we're going to have to deal with the taxes on the Schedule C, not only the federal income taxes, but the impact for the social security and Medicare. So that's going to complicate the situation a little. So I'm going to delete the W-2 income and let's go to a Schedule C. So let's add a Schedule C and let's put the same amount of general income. So we're going to go back to our $120,000 and then we're going to say that the expenses for advertising are $20,000. That will then give us 100,000 of income that's coming through on the Schedule C. So now we have a Schedule C here. And so here's our income statement, the 120 minus the 20 gets us to the 100,000. And so now the question is, could I deduct the health insurance? Okay, so if you don't have access to other health insurance, and this would be the general question, if yourself you're doing Schedule C for your own business or if you're working in taxation, a common question would come up if you see self-employment income is, well, do they have access to health insurance through W-2 insurance or something like that? And if not, then is it possible to get a deduction for the health insurance through the self-employed income? If they can, then you would think you would deduct it on the Schedule C, but no, we're going to be putting it over on the Schedule 1. Now again, you might ask, why would that be the case? Why would it be on the Schedule 1? Well, notice what happens here. If I was to deduct it here on the Schedule C, it would lower this 100,000, which would pull into the first page of the Form 1040, which would be applying the federal income tax, which would basically be correct, that's what we're mainly thinking of, but it would also pull into the self-employment. So self-employment tax, which is the Social Security and Medicare. So it would also have an impact on this worksheet, and so if we take it off of the Schedule C and put it somewhere else, such as the Schedule 1, then it will still lower the federal income taxes, but it will not have an impact on the Social Security calculation. So I would think that that is kind of the rationale here, right? So that means we have to put it off Schedule C on the Schedule 1, page number 2, and you can see now we still have the SEP that came into place. Let's take the SEP off just to make it easier. That was from a prior presentation. Let's remove that so we could focus on one thing at a time. So we've got half of the self-employment tax that is here, and now you might say, okay, now you have the self-employed health insurance, and so this would be something that you have to make sure doesn't kind of slip through the cracks if you find someone who's self-employed or if you are self-employed because it's not really on the Schedule C, it's not really a business expense, and like I say, the default position would be to take the self-employment through an employer if you have the capacity to do that. So anyways, the premium is not entered elsewhere, so I'm just going to put $6,000 there. So now we've got the self-employed health insurance that's being added in, and we can go to the Form 1040. So again, you can see the Form 1040 is significantly more complex even though we have the same kind of $100,000. Why? Because now we've got the $100,000, we've got then the adjustments to income, which are $1365, even though I only added $6,000 to the health insurance. Why is that the case? Because we have the Schedule C here at the $100,000, and then that rolled in also to the self-employment tax, which was the $14129 that we have to calculate social security and Medicare. That's on page, that's on the 1040 page number two. So we have the income tax and this $14129, and we get half of that as a deduction, which is on the Schedule I page two. So that's where this number came into play, $7,065, and then here's our $6,000 adding those two up. That gets us to the $1365, which is going into the Form 1040. So there's our $1365, and then we have the adjusted gross income, and then we have the standard deduction, which was the same, and then you've got this qualified income deduction, Form 8995, which I don't want to dive into in detail here, and that's going to give you the 58468 page number two, calculating the tax, not only the federal income tax, but also the social security tax. So just another note that with self-employed individuals, if they just have gig work or something like that and they also have other job, then their bookkeeping will probably not be too detailed and they might not have a whole lot of extra planning that would go into play, such as can they deduct their health insurance because it's on the side. But when you start getting into that being their primary business, then it starts to get more complex with the tax planning strategies where you have things like benefits that would normally go through an employer, as we saw before, like retirement plans and now like health insurance kind of situations that get more into the world of planning rather than just straight income tax preparation. As a tax professional, your question is going to be, which clients do I want to be taken on? Where do I want to be focusing my time? I'm always going to kind of go back to that idea. Now also note, if you're in a low-income situation, we know that there's what you might refer to as like the Obamacare or a credit for health insurance. We'll talk more about that when we get to the credits, but just realize that if you have a credit for health insurance situation, then that's going to complicate how much you paid for health insurance, right? So to see how much you're going to be able to deduct for the health insurance. So just note on lower-income individuals that are dealing with an insurance for health insurance to help pay for the premiums, that could complicate as well the calculation for how much you can be able to deduct here in and above the line deduction. Let's do a quick recap of this over here in our worksheet. Just to mirror this, we'll say our income, we said was 120,000, and then we said 20,000 of expenses, 100,000, pulling in to the first page of the 1040. I'm going to remove the W-2 income. Now we have the 100,000 that's pulling in here. Then we're going to also have other taxes that will be calculated. I'll let Lassert calculate it even though I could get more detailed and estimated. Lassert's calculating the other taxes at 14129. So I'm going to put that here, 14129. I'm going to say that's 14%, which seems about right because if I was to take a look at the percentages between the employer and employee portions, that seems kind of like around that wheelhouse. So if I go back on over, that's calculating down here now. And then I want to go into the adjustments to income. So the adjustments to income are now pulling in this number automatically because it's half of the tax that I just calculated. So we have that pulling in. And then we also have the health insurance. So let's add a new line and call it self. Is this what it's called here? What did I call it? Yeah, let's just call it self-employed health insurance. Okay, I don't think I spelled that right. Did I spell that right? I doubt it. I doubt it.  Account.  Armed forces. Armed forces. Oh, I did spell that right. I spelled other stuff wrong, but it seems like that's the spell check didn't give me a thing. Okay, so whatever. It's just for internal purposes only. Anyways, it's not even a big deal. It's not even big deal.  And so this is going to be 6,000. And then let's add this in. So that's going to be the 1365, which is pulling into the first page. So there's our 100,000 1365 above the line deductions. Gets us to the 86936. So let's check that out. This is not where I want to be. So we're at the 86936 13850 for the standard deduction. And then I'm just going to let the software calculate this 14617. So we'll say qualified. This is 14617. We'll possibly talk more about that later when we get to the schedule C. And then we have the taxable income at the 58468. So there's the 58468. And then page two calculated the tax at 8172. So here's the tax at 8172. And then we have the other taxes at the 14129, Social Security and Medicare in this case, bringing the tax to 22301, 22301. So that's the general idea. So the idea for the health insurance would basically be, do they have self-employment income? If they do, do they have other income? Is it just a side job? If it's other income, then you're going to ask about their health insurance. If they have health insurance through their W2 job, even though they have self-employment income, then you might not have any kind of deduction for the above-the-line or adjustment to income of self-employment. But if the self-employment income is their main source of income, it's likely that they don't have access to other types of health insurance and therefore might be paying for health insurance as part of their self-employment business, in which case they might get a deduction for the self-employment, and you have to kind of make sure to pick that up and then know that it's not going to go on the schedule C because of the rationale between the types of taxes that are going to be applicable to it and which are not because it's kind of like a personal expense. Self-employment is basically personal for your personal medical, but the IRS still wants to deduct it, right? But not for some taxes, but for others, for federal income tax, but not for Social Security Medicare. Therefore it's not on the schedule C, but on the schedule 1.


Happy evening, aspirants. Welcome you to the Shankar Reyes Academy's Hindu News Analysis for the date 26th of September 2022. Displayed here are a list of articles that we are going to discuss today. You can go through it. Now let's start our discussion. Have a look at this news article. This news article speaks about the Atron General of India. This is the news because a senior advocate declined the offer from the union government to be the next Atron General of India. This is the crux of the news article given here. Let's take this as an opportunity to learn about Atron General of India. See the Atron General of India as a part of the union executive, and he is the highest law officer in the country. Note that the provisions regarding office of the Atron General of India is provided in article 76 of the Indian Constitution. Now coming to the appointment, see the Atron General is appointed by the President of India on the advice of the union government. Note that she or he must be a person who is qualified to be appointed as a judge of the Supreme Court. Now we will see what are all the qualifications required to become Supreme Court judge. First qualification is she or he must be a citizen of India. Second she or he must have been a judge of some high court for five years or an advocate of some high court for 10 years or an eminent jurist in the opinion of the President. Now talking about term and renumeration, see the Atron General of India shall hold office during the pleasure of the President, and Atron General shall receive such a renumeration as the President may determine time to time. Now let's see some of the functions of Atron General. See his foremost duties to give advice to the government of India on such legal matters referred by the President. Then to perform such other duties of a legal character referred are assigned to him or her by the President. Third duty is to discharge the functions conferred on him by or under this constitution or any other law for the time being enforced. Now talking about the rights of the Atron General, see the Atron General shall have right of audience in all courts in the territory of India. Then the Atron General of India shall have the right to speak in both the houses of parliament, and he or she also take part in the proceedings of both the houses of the parliament. Here you also note that he or she may take part in the proceedings even in a joint sitting of the houses, and he also take part in any committee of the parliament. During all these she or he may be named a member of that house, but note that she or he shall not be entitled to vote. Then his or her appearances in private cases will be granted in the rarest of the rare, occasions. But note that she or he should not advise or hold a brief against the government of India. That's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion we saw about Atron General, then the appointment, functions, and finally the rights of the Atron General. With these key points in mind, now let's move on to the next news article discussion. Have a look at this news article. This news article talks about United Nations Security Council. This is in news because the external affairs minister of India in a press note said, this is not the right time to comment on the permanent membership of India in the United Nations Security Council. He also said that countries like USA and Russia are showing support for India's permanent membership in United Nations Security Council. But the question is remaining open regarding the grant of veto power to India if India joins as a permanent member, and he also advocated for reform in United Nations Security Council. So, this is the crux of the news article given here. In this context, let's learn about United Nations Security Council in detail. See the United Nations Charter of 1945 established to the United Nations Security Council. It is one of the six main organs of United Nations. The other five organs include the United Nations General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the Secretaryate, and the International Court of Justice. Except the International Court of Justice, the other five organs are headquartered in New York City. Note that the International Court of Justice is located at the Hague in the Netherlands. The primary responsibility of the United Nations is to maintain international peace and security. Now talking about the membership, the United Nations Security Council is composed of 15 members. Each member has one vote. These 15 members include five permanent members and 10 non-permanent members. Five permanent members include China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, which are collectively known as P5. Also note that any one of them can veto a resolution. That is, if any one of the five permanent members cast a negative vote in the 15 member Security Council, then the resolution or decision would not be approved. Now, coming to the non-permanent members, they are elected for two year term by the General Assembly. These non-permanent members do not enjoy veto power. Note that India is currently one of the non-permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. Also note that non-permanent members of the council are elected on a defined pattern. That is, five is elected from African-Indonesian states, then one from Eastern European states, and two each from Latin American states and Western European states. Note that a council's presidency rotates on a monthly basis among its 15 members, which is following the English alphabetical order of the member's state's names. A representative of each of its members must be present at all times at United Nations headquarters, so that the council can meet at any time as the need arises. Now, we will have a brief look at its functions and powers. The foremost function is to maintain international peace and security. This is in accordance with the principles and purposes of the United Nations. Then the next function is to investigate any dispute or situation which might lead to international friction. Then the next function is to investigate any dispute or situation which might lead to international friction and to recommend methods of adjusting such disputes or the terms of settlement. Then to formulate plans for the establishment of a system to regulate armaments. Then the other function is to determine the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression and to recommend what actions should be taken. Then United Nations Security Council can also call members to apply economic sanctions and other measures without involving the use of force. Note that this is to prevent or stop aggression. Then it has the power to take military action against an aggressor. Then it has the power to recommend the admission of new members and it also exercise the trusteeship functions of the United Nations in strategic areas. And along with the United Nations General Assembly, the United Nations Security Council involves in the process of elections of the judges of International Court of Justice. That's all regarding United Nations Security Council. In this discussion we saw about United Nations Security Council, about the permanent or non-permanent members and some of the functions of the United Nations Security Council. With these key points in mind now let's move on to the next news article discussion. Let's take up this text and context article. See this article talks about Indian monsoon and it is in use because the Indian Meteorological Department has announced that the monsoon has begun to retreat from Rajasthan. So in this context let us go through what is monsoon, what is monsoon withdrawal and then we also see some of the important points mentioned in the news article. Before getting into discussion the syllabus relevant to this news article is given here. You can go through it. Now let's start with what is monsoon. See the word monsoon is derived from the Arabic word mausim which literally means season and monsoon also refers to the seasonal reversal in the wind direction during the air. In other words the monsoon is a sea breeze that has consistently landed in the Indian subcontinent. Remember it is a double system of seasonal winds that is they flow from sea to land during the summer and from land to sea during winter. So whenever they flow from sea to land during the summer we call it a southwest monsoon. Though it's official onset date over Kerala is June 1 it enters mainland India between the last week of May and the first week of June and they last from June to September. Indian Meteorological Department counts this rainfall from June 1 and September 30 alone as monsoon rainfall. Does that mean the monsoon system ceases to pour rain over India from October 1? Really not. In fact monsoon related rain can continue well into the first four night of October and only retries from India by late October. The southwest monsoon winds will be replaced by the retreating or northeast monsoon in November. So whenever monsoon flow from land to sea during winter we call it as northeast monsoon. This phase last from October to December and it gives heavy rainfall in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and North Interior, Karnataka. Now both the monsoons have their own conditions for formation and retreating. We will see them one by one. First we will see about southwest monsoon. The factors that favour southwest monsoon are first is the differential heating and cooling of land and water. Here differential heating refers to the difference in how land and water surfaces absorb heat. See the differential heating creates low pressure on the land mass of India while the seas around India experience comparatively high pressure. Then second is the shift of the position of intertropical convergent zone in summer. This intensifies the heating of the land and helps in creating low pressure. Thirdly the presence of high pressure area on the east of Madagascar, approximately at 20 degrees south over the Indian Ocean. Since the air sinks they move wind forward rigorously. So the intensity and position of the high pressure areas affects the Indian monsoon. And most importantly see during summer the Tibetan Plateu gets intensely heated up. This results in strong vertical air currents and the formation of low pressure over the plateau at 9 kilometer above sea level. So this is the main factor for attracting the southwest winds from Indian Ocean. And finally the movement of the westerly jet stream. It moves to the north of the Himalayas and the presence of the tropical easterly jet stream over the Indian Penalsula during summer also favours Indian monsoon. Here jet streams are nothing but they are the bands of strong wind that generally blow from west to east all across the globe. They are relatively narrow bands of strong wind in the upper levels of atmosphere. So these are all the conditions that favours southwest monsoon winds. Apart from these few factors like presence of La Nina and positive Indian Ocean dipole will also intensify the precipitation level. So what is La Nina? See during La Nina the water temperature in the eastern Pacific gets colder than normal. As a result of this there is a strong high pressure over the eastern equatorial Pacific and the trade winds move towards low pressure area in the western Pacific and Asia. So this causes drought in Peru and Ecuador but it causes heavy floods in Australia, the Somalian coast and it gives good monsoon rains in India. So La Nina is actually beneficial for the Indian monsoon. The opposite to this condition is Ellino. During Ellino Peruvian cold current becomes warmer. This causes heavy rains in Peru and gives a normal monsoon rains in the Indian subcontinent. The larger the temperature and pressure difference the larger will be the rainfall shortage in India. Generally Ellino and La Nina occur every four to five years. Ellino is more frequent than La Nina. Typically the episodes last for nine to twelve months. So this is about La Nina then talking about positive Indian Ocean dipole. See in physics a dipole is a pair of equal and oppositely charged or magnetic poles separated by a distance. Likewise Indian Ocean dipole is defined by the difference in sea surface temperature between two areas. Here we are talking about Arabian Sea which is on the western side of India and the Bay of Bengal which is on the eastern side of India. Whenever Arabian Sea has warmer sea surface temperature when compared to Bay of Bengal we call it as positive Indian Ocean dipole. And note that negative Indian Ocean dipole is opposite of positive Indian Ocean dipole. Now considering this year monsoon rainfall in India has been surplus by about seven percentage. Especially Central and South India saw a short surge in rainfall. Rains in Central India were surplus by about 20 percentage and in Southern India by about 25 percentage. We could even witness several instances of flooding in Kerala, Karnataka and Mathya Pradesh. While this is happening on one hand on the other hand large parts of UP, Bihar, Odisha have seen large deficits. The east and north eastern India have reported a 70 percentage shortfall and the northwest reported a 2 percentage shortfall. So what is the reason for this? The answer for this condition is a phenomenon called triple dip lanina. What is that? It is nothing but the extended spell of the lanina. See whenever lanina lasts across the winter seasons in the northern hemisphere it is called triple dip or in other words lanina phenomenon will be there in the pacific ocean for a third consecutive year. This phenomenon has occurred only third time since 1950 and this is why for the third year in a row India is seeing surplus rain in September during which the monsoon retreats. So having seen about southwest monsoon now let's see the conditions that favor northeast monsoon. See during October to November with the apparent movement of the sun towards the south the low pressure trough over the northern plains becomes weaker. This is gradually replaced by high pressure system. So the southwest monsoon winds become weak and start withdrawing gradually. By the beginning of October the monsoon withdraws from the northern plains and the low pressure conditions over northwestern India get transferred to the Bay of Bengal by early November. This shift is associated with the occurrence of cyclonic depressions which originate over the Andaman Sea. These cyclones generally cross eastern coasts of India will cause heavy and widespread rain. So this is how monsoon retreats and give rainfall to the coast of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and north interior Karnataka. Remember the bulk of the rainfall of the Coromandel coast is derived from depressions and cyclones. That's all about this discussion. In this discussion we saw about the Indian monsoon then about the southwest and northeast monsoon Laanina past Indian Ocean Dipole and Triple Dip Laanina. So these key points now let's move on to the next news article discussion. Let's take up this news article. This news article talks about H1N1 Influenza. This is in news because a 53 year old woman died because of the H1N1 Influenza virus. So in this context let's learn about the Influenza virus, its types, then about the transmission, symptoms and treatment of the disease caused by Influenza virus. First of all we have to know what is Influenza. See Influenza is a contiguous respiratory illness caused by the Influenza viruses that infect the nose, throat and lungs. Know that there are four types of Influenza which are Influenza viruses A, B, C and D. C Influenza A viruses are divided into subtypes based on two proteins on the surface of the virus that is hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. In this regard there are 18 different hemagglutinin subtypes and 11 different neuraminidase subtypes that are H1 to H18 and N1 to N11 respectively. See this picture for better understanding. Know that Influenza A subtypes can further broken down into different genetic clades and subclades that is into groups and subgroups respectively. Thus Influenza viruses are subdivided based on the similarity of their gene sequences. This allows the flu exports to track the proportion of the viruses from different clades in circulation. And the subtypes of Influenza A viruses that routinely circulate in people include AH1N1 and AH3N2. Also note that Influenza A viruses are the only Influenza viruses known to cause flu pandemics that is global epidemics of flu disease. Here we should also know that a pandemic can occur when a new and very different Influenza A virus emerges that both infects people and has the ability to spread efficiently between people. Now talking about Influenza B viruses they are not divided into subgroups instead they are further classified into two lineages that is B Yamagata and B Victoria. Similar to Influenza A viruses Influenza B viruses can also further classified into specific clades and subclades. See both human Influenza A and B viruses can cause seasonal epidemics of disease usually in every winter season. Now talking about Influenza types infections they generally cause mild illness and are not thought to cause human flu epidemics. And finally Influenza D viruses primarily affect cattle and are not known to infect or cause illness in people. So this is all about the types now let's see how it spreads. See most experts believe that the flu viruses spread mainly by tiny droplets when the people with flu cough sneeze or talk. These droplets can land in the mouth or noses of a people who are nearby then a person touching a surface or object that has flu virus on it and then touching their own mouth nose or possibly their eyes can also cause infection. Now let's see what are all the symptoms. See Influenza can cause mild to severe illness and at times can lead to death. Flu symptoms usually come suddenly infected person suffers from fever cough sore throat runny or stuffy nose then with muscle or body aches headaches etc. People who have flu often feel some are all of the symptoms. Some people may have vomiting and diarrhea though this is more common in children than adults. Now talking about the treatment. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms of influenza such as fever and patients at high risk should be treated with antivirals in addition to symptomatic treatment as soon as possible. Then to prevent ourselves from the disease it is good to go with vaccination. See Influenza vaccine is most effective when the virus circulating in our body are well matched with viruses contained in vaccines and due to the constant evolving nature of influenza viruses the World Health Organization Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System and the World Health Organization Collaborating Centers continuously monitoring the influenza viruses circulating in humans. So this is to update the composition of influenza vaccines twice a year. Other than vaccination regular hand washing then good respiratory hygiene yearly self-isolation of those feeling unwell then avoiding close contact with sick people and avoiding touching one's eyes nose or mouth can prevent one from getting infected with this influenza. That's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion we saw about Influenza virus its transmission symptoms and treatment of the disease. With these points in mind now let's move on to the next part of the news article discussion that is to discuss the preliminary practice questions. Now look at this first question. Consider the following statements regarding United Nations Security Council. Let's take a first statement. All non permanent members of United Nations Security Council has the right to vote. See United Nations Security Council has 15 members and to be clear each member of the Security Council has one vote. Note that decision of the Security Council on matters are made by an affirmative vote of nine members. This includes the concurrent vote of five permanent members and an important point is that a negative vote from one of the five members blocks the passage of resolution. So statement one is correct. Now coming to the second statement. India is currently a non permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. Yes India is a non permanent member of United Nations Security Council and note that India is also trying to become the permanent member with veto power. So statement two is also correct. So here the question asks for correct statement. So the answer for the question is option C both one and two. Now coming to the second question. Consider the following statements regarding Influenza. Let's take a first statement. Influenza is a flu caused by fungi. Here this statement is incorrect because as we all know the influenza is caused by influenza virus. So statement one is incorrect. Coming to the statement two. Influenza D infects only human beings. This is also incorrect because as we saw in discussion influenza D infects only cattle and not human beings. So statement two is also incorrect. Here the question asks for correct statement. So the correct answer for the question is option D neither one nor two. I will post this quiz question in a community section. Please try to answer the question. Displayed here is the main question for you today. Interstellar sprints can write the answer and post it in the comment section. Now we have come to the end of the video. If you like the analysis, like, comment and share it with your friends. And don't forget to subscribe to Shankara IS Academy's YouTube channel. Thank you.


Thanks for considering the views expressed in this ThinkTech commentary. Can we let Putin get away with it? Can Vladimir Putin continue in his open aggression, and in the deadly bombing, strafing and missile attacks on civilians, with rockets actually marked quote for the children, carefully calculated to achieve the complete destruction of Ukraine, without accountability. Can he get away with the mass and merciless murder, rape, forced deportation and the brutal atrocities he has visited on thousands of defenseless Ukrainian civilians in their homes, schools, hospitals, shelters and streets? We know that Putin is a war criminal who calls for prosecution and punishment, including capital punishment. But, so far, he has gotten away with it. Worse, he continues, and doubles down without a shred of conscience.  Although we thought this kind of genocide would never happen again, under Putin it is happening again now in plain view. His actions are horrendous and completely indefensible. There are large groups of lawyers and human rights advocates investigating Putin and his cadre for what they are doing. These investigators already have their proof. It's right there on global television for the world to see, accepting only Putin's twisted propaganda to the Russian people. This proof goes on day after day of TV footage documenting his atrocities in full colour and detail. Certainly this will be evidence, and will lead to much more evidence in any war crimes trial in a criminal ICC proceeding or in a civil trial for compensation by the victims and their families. But Putin brazenly denies it all. He says it's fake news and or he didn't know about it. There is, however, a doctrine in international law that makes him responsible for the atrocities of those under his command if he knew about it and didn't stop it. How could he not know? Everyone in the world knows. Of course he could stop them, he's an all-powerful despot. Even then, there's still a fair chance that he will somehow get away with it. After all, he's the chief of state of Russia and not easily available for arrest or justice. And although the UN General Assembly has removed Russia from the Human Rights Council, Russia remains on the Security Council, with Putin's veto there. Remember too that in this hybrid and asynchronous war, anything goes. At this point, the issue of atrocities and war crimes is likely to come up in any discussion of a peace agreement. If the Ukrainians want a peace agreement with Putin, he is likely to demand a pardon for these war crimes, combined with a termination of the sanctions. The Ukrainians should not give him that, but for peace and to save Ukrainian lives, Zelensky may have to consider it. Of course there are compelling reasons why the Ukrainians should not forgive or forget or compromise on this point. Even if the war crimes trials are derailed or delayed for some reason, the victims and their families should pursue their civil claims for monetary compensation in all possible jurisdictions against Russian assets, including those frozen by the sanctions. And certainly the sanctions should not be lifted until all those claims are satisfied. What's a human life worth? What's the life of a family member or child worth? What's a day of torture and suffering worth? What's the destruction of an entire country worth? History and morality and human dignity require that we bring Putin down, be that by war crimes trials, compensation claims, and regime change, whatever it takes. There must be unequivocal justice for the thousands who have been killed, and who are still being killed every day at Putin's hand. If we are to return to and protect the liberal world order for Ukraine and so many other countries, and if we are to prevent these atrocities from happening again. If the Ukrainians can be so clearly courageous, so can we. If we forget, if we let Putin get away with it, we can be sure that we will also suffer, and that what is happening now will surely happen again, and much sooner, and longer, than we like. Thanks for considering the views expressed in this ThinkTech commentary. Mahalo.


What's the word y'all welcome back to the final called game episode of 2020 when the time this video is coming out the clock with a struck midnight and we can finally put 2020 to rest now I'm gonna say I'm not one of those people that think just because we're in 2021 things about to be dramatically different But 2020 was such a bad year that it being over. I mean, I'm not the optimistic about 2021 because I just feel Like it could only go up, right We'll see think about what we we had to go through this year started off We were impacted heavily as a community and as a basketball community with losing Kobe And I've mentioned it plenty of times before that Kobe was such an influential person in my life I got a whole rib tack tattoo for him So losing him to start off the year was was obviously hard Then we go through lockdown and just found out today that another very influential person in my life MF doom also passed away So I'm starting on ending 2020 the way I started with a very tragic death I hope that his family is doing well and everybody close to him is doing well But 2020 was definitely one of the years to be to be forgotten for a lot of reasons I don't focus on all the negatives one of the few positives that This channel we came into 2020 with 50,000 subscribers And if you look below the video, we're at 340,000 subscribers So it has been a dramatic year for growth over on this channel and that's meaning a lot because I haven't just been Uploading every single day like I took months off on this channel at a time So the fact that y'all came here and y'all been rocking with me I really appreciate it and here's to nothing but greatness for 2021. Here's my goal before we get into today's slated games Let me give you my goal for 2021. I Want to make the called game brand the called game show a household name for every NBA fan I don't mean just this sit down when we talk about the slated games But me and my guys have been working for the past couple months to turn called game into more than just this We're gonna have guests We're gonna have NBA players people in the NBA world coming to a show and I don't want to spoil everything But called game it's about to get a lot bigger The way to set now so you can say that you were one of the oh geez in a couple of years Let's let's hope that and without y'all support we can't do that So continue to support leave a like on the video subscribe if you are new let's get into new years Eve game So started off very early man Cavaliers versus Indiana Pacers where the Indiana Pacers ran away with this one of the worst pieces of news in the NBA world today is That TJ Warren is out with an injury and a significant injury that he is going to be out indefinitely And it's just a huge blow to the Pacers who of course have been looking really good through the first five games So one of the best teams in the league and it just seems like they can't catch a break now I understand that every team goes through injuries But it's something about Indiana that they always lose one of their best players We talk about seventh man in a rotation We mean top three top four players always get injured whether it be Sabonis where they'd be Victor Ledipo from the past couple years And now TJ war now we weren't getting bubble TJ throughout the first couple games of the season But he is obviously a significant upgrade from what they had today's game They started Aaron holiday in his in his place and they're how they hit a good game Don't get me wrong, but you're not gonna feel that void of TJ Warren, which is a problem Um, they broncher in still not do that Has these guys rolling and I'm sure they'll still be good Don't get me wrong But like this obviously lowers the ceiling of an Indiana Pacer team that a guy that can go out there and give you 20 a night Is no longer in the rotation when it comes to the Cavaliers We knew that that three-and-no-star wasn't going to last forever But what I can say to the Cavaliers fans before I move on to the next game is this should be a year about growth for y'all Especially for your young backcourt last year. They didn't look great together this year so far They look great imagine what year three year four year five can look like so that's what you should be thinking about and not to mention some of the other younger guys and Isaac Kuro didn't play because of a foot thing, but like he looked good in this first couple games So I don't know if the playoffs is on the radar for Cavs fans But again growth should be number one on a priority list speaking of growth My Chicago bulls it on the two-game win streak y'all it should be a three-game win streak But the last two-minute report why does that exist? Okay before we get to talk about the wash it was because that's what this video is really about Why does the the last two-minute report exist? Can somebody explain it to me? Understand wanting to have the refs know like oh you missed this call and you got to be better next But why give that to the public? So if you don't know what I'm talking about Damien Lee called game on us about a couple days ago and turns out after that game came out They said in the last two-minute report that they should have been a foul called on Kevin Looney, which would avoid at the shot and the bull should have got the win But the problem is we don't get the win So why even tell the public that we should have we should be three and two right now y'all wait no Yes, we should be three and two right now in a three-game win streak the bulls to be looking and it doesn't matter I don't know why it exists Maybe somebody could give me a logical reason why the fans know about the last two-minute report because at the end of the Day the only thing it does isn't rage us when we find out that somebody missed a crucial call to end the game Now let's talk about the watch the Wizards the bulls your graduations two wins That's not what this video is about we want to talk about the watch the Wizards because I don't know if many of Us expected them to come into this season and start off on five especially when you look at their schedule There's no reason for them to lose back-to-back games to the Chicago Bulls Let's be honest and my major criticism because again I've been watching this team heavily because they went against my bulls and y'all know I don't miss a minute of Bulls basketball. It's one of my biggest faults One of the biggest things I could take away From why the watch the Wizards suck has a lot to do with Scott Brooks And the thing about Washington is that they they very rarely fire coaches on time They usually give a coach way too much room to be bad before they were like, okay You remember like who's who's Alaska Randy Whitman should have fired like two years before he was actually fired You know and I feel like Scott Brooks is about to get that too, especially we consider Scott Brooks has his connection with like Russell Westbrook They're like, oh, we just traded for Russell Westbrook and now we're gonna fire his former coach Maybe that's not the best thing to do when they should there are times throughout the last couple games where I'm looking at his Rotation I'm like what the hell is going on now a slight pass because a Rui Hachimura had been out for the first game He's finally back and we had a short offseason where they made trade So he doesn't really know his roster as much as maybe he should because of the offseason the things but there was a time Where there's a lineup of Russell Westbrook is Smith raw NATO Troy Brown Jr. And Thomas brought on the court together. No, Bradley Bill and I'm looking at this team And I'm licking my lips because I know for damn sure they're not stopping a single Basketball team and they couldn't stop the Bulls when that lineup was out there and it's like why does that lineup exist? There was also a lineup and this was from one of their opening nights where Moe Wagner was at the center Davis Bertens was at the four there was Troy Brown raw NATO and Russell Westbrook Who the heck is that team defending as good as Thomas Bryant can be as an offensive player His defense is heterosis for the center position and that's why I'm kind of skeptical skeptical about him as a starter center in his league because You can get away from not being a great defender in the NBA at the center position, but to be terrible It just won't work no matter how good of an offensive player you are Thomas Bryant today was Dominating my Chicago Bulls, but he was giving all of it back. He let he let that boy Daniel Gaffer come in and do a stay no matter what we took in the paint It felt like it was going directly in defensively that team doesn't have it and when you stack it on top of bad rotation and bad play calling and all of that It's just a recipe for disaster. This is a game They should have 100% won with Bradley Beal basically putting up 30 Thomas Bryant basically putting up 30 and Russell Westbrook looked better in this game That he did in the last game. They should not have lost this game But when none of those guys are on the court, their offense looked terrible the bench wasn't there and of course like I mentioned They have no defense whatsoever Now people are questioned read they already reevaluated the Russell Westbrook trade for John wall Because you would think that Russell Westbrook being traded to a team That's where as bad as they were last year would be a obvious upgrade because of how good of a player Russell Westbrook is and through The first five games of the season there has not been an upgrade They look like the same damn team They just added another player and that's scary because that's not what the front office thought they were getting think about it They went from a team with no John wall as your starting point guard to Russell Westbrook That's automatically should be a W and do the first five games of the season and has not been now The one thing I can say is that the NBA is so weird that like we could be talking completely different in two weeks They can figure out how to play together. They'll be five and five. We'll be like, okay. We were just overreacting That's just kind of the way things work. Like I was thinking about last year The Utah Jazz had a period of time in there in the NBA season where they just looked really bad, right? And then they went on like a 14 game win streak You're like, okay, those seven games they lost don't really matter because they went on a 14 game win streak So it's just the way the NBA works and NBA news works. It's always changed And so who knows about the Washington Wizards, but I can say confidently to the first five games They look terrible. Nobody would expect that them to be the worst team in the NBA right now There's two teams without wins left is Detroit who we expected to be bad and the Washington Wizards Who in my mind were a team that would be competing for a playoff spot and they are oh and five The next game had the 76ers beat the the win. No, no, the lossless Or let no magic, but that that is no more because Ben Simmons hit a three in the white How we hit a three and that's all if both of those players hit a three in the game Somebody go and do the fact-checking.  I'm not falling for it though, Ben Hit another one hit one more and then we got that conversation But going one for one. That's just that's just how he is every single year Right, he'll tease us with one three-point shot early in the season They go the rest of the year We're not even looking at the rim unless he was three feet away from it. Come on, Ben But the team the team is like a good man We talked about in the last episode that like that Seth Curry trade is looking better and better And that's two straight games from Tobias Harris where he looks incredible that 34 million dollars ain't looking too bad I talked about this when Doc Rivers was was Hired that's the reason for when Doc Rivers was hired people are like Why was Doc Rivers the guy that they went out to get and as much as it is they're like, okay He is a better coach than Brad Brown when Tobias Harris was at his best It was with Doc Rivers as his coach Doc Rivers knows how to coach Tobias Harris to be the best version of Tobias Harris and through the first five games of the Season that has been it other than the one game where they lost everybody looked bad in that game But all the other ones Tobias Harris has looked good And I'm given Tobias the love for for taking the shots that are there and Doc Rivers were put into bias Harris in This position where he can actually beat Tobias Harris. It's a beautiful thing But the next game is that the Raptors or the Rockets got their their first win in the season one thing that is bothering me or something that's in my mind is like The rest of James Harden's teammates everybody in the world knows that James Harden wants to get traded It is no secret to anybody including the guys in that locker room So when they are traveling to new places to do games like this is he's just silent on the plane now I know that he has friends on the team But I'm gonna be honest with you if I was teammates with James Harden and he wants out of the team that we have Right now I would feel a little maybe not disrespect and maybe disrespect is the wrong word But I will have some type of feeling about that. You know what I'm saying We could be cool through two two months ago and now you don't want to play for us no more I don't know bro, but they came out. They won a game. Um, I just don't like the last possesses from the Kings Bro, I didn't like the last possession the air Fox not a good three-point shoot He was already one for six and there was a couple more seconds for them to potentially get into my hands of a real Shooter and he took the shot they catch it out But nonetheless, y'all know I'm a I'm a Kings fan low-key, so they were just fun to watch again Um, oh the first time I watched the Knicks was today and it just so happened the day that they decided not to shoot the ball Throughout the first couple games of the season. They were the best three-point shooter team in the league Percentage wise and today I think they were three for 36. So I guess I'm bad luck Knicks fans I'll never tune into another game. We can both Live in happiness Shout to Julius Randolph still doing Julius Randolph type things The Raptors benching Pascal Siakam for him leaving the game early was surprising. I like that though No matter the stature of your team, you should be held to a standard and Pascal he left his team So I understand him Ignorance the side of that. No, you good, bro. You just sit on his bench foot today. That's not his character I don't think I don't think we'll ever hear something about like that with Pascal Siakam again But good for them for getting their first win of the season Pelicans dominate the thunder thunder rebuilding team. Oh last game is the suns versus jazz For a second, I was going to record this video a little bit early because the suns were up by like 15 20 And then the jazz were like, no, we don't have this little comeback. So I had to put my recording on hold one thing that I'm afraid of First of all, shout out to the suns. I love that all of my friends in the NBA world are doing well Shout out to my boy, mckill bridges for having another great night. Um one thing I'm afraid of with the suns when we look back on them and seven years This team I because again, I'm pretty sure this team is going to be a playoff team We're going to look at chris paul stats and so far throughout the season I think he's averaging 11 points per game eight assists his efficiency is a little bit down and people are going to do what they did With jason kid for him when jason kid won the championship with the dallas mavericks Now we look at it in 2020 and I've seen people have conversations on twitter that was like Look at the numbers jason kid wasn't even that good and jason kid was really good for them Sometimes what you're doing is not in the overall stat sheet and I feel like that might get lost of this year of chris paul There were games throughout the season where chris paul didn't even put up double digit points But you can tell that this team is running under what chris paul has instilled in them in these couple months I don't want to give chris paul all of the credit because obviously money williams had them looking good in the bubble They have players that are buying and to let's go out there and win basketball We're tired of losing but chris paul has definitely put a stamp on his team five games in and with the statistics I'm telling you people are going to do it and I'm going to make sure that everybody watches this video We get four years down the line and we're talking about this son's team and people like man chris paul. Yeah, I was 15 Shut that up immediately Because impact goes more than just how many points you can put up All right, y'all I'll see y'all very soon again. Happy new years Love y'all card game


In continuation of our other income mayors and valuation models, we have in the line economic profit valuation mayors, residual income mayors and claim valuation model mayors. Economic profit is basically the excess of revenue over the opportunity cost of capital of a firm for a particular or a given period of time. It is a periodic measure of profit and it can alternatively be used in measuring income of an entity. It can be used for valuing an asset or it can be used for measuring managerial performance of an entity for a certain period of time or it can be used to determine managerial compensation for the management of a given firm. To determine economic profit, we deduct the cost of capital from notepad and by notepad we mean net operating profit after tax. To determine net operating profit after tax, in fact, we deduct the tax from the earnings before interest and tax and the resulting figure is the notepad. To determine cost of capital, we multiply the firm's VAC with its capital. Net present value can be determined using economic profit when we discount economic profit over the VAC of the project. The resulting figure is the net present value on that given project. And then we can also say that the net present value is basically the present value of the future cash flows and that is equal to the market value of the firm. Dear students, on the screen, you can see the computation of economic profit. We have a project life of five years. In the first column, we have the capital, we have notepad, we have VAC and we have economic profit. Now to determine economic profit, we need to deduct the amount of VAC from notepad. The resulting figure is economic profit. Now we have economic profit of five years with zero in the first year and if we discount these five values or future economic profits over the firm's cost of capital, the resulting NPV is the amount of 69,492. When we add this 69,492, the net present value to the opening value of the firm and that was the 150,000 initial cost, the resulting figure is 219,492 and that is the total value of the firm that we have just computed by discounting the firm's economic profit over its cost of capital that is the VAC and a unique feature of this model is that the value derived by using this model is similar to the value derived by using the basic capital budgeting model. Next, we have residual income. Residual income is based on economic profit but it is more reliant on accounting conventions. It is in fact an accounting measure. It focuses on return to the equity or return to the stockholders. It is used also in measuring income, determining managerial performance or determining valuation for the assets or investment of the firm to determine residual income we need to deduct the cost of equity in absolute firm from the net income of the firm for a given period of time. There is a difference between residual income and economic profit. For residual income, we need an accounting with model of income that is the net income. For determining accounting profit, we need an adjusted variant of accounting income and that is the figure of no-pat. So in economic profit, we use no-pat net operating profit after tax or simply basically net operating profit but for residual income, we use the figure of net income. The figure by RE is the cost of equity and BT minus 1 is the opening balance of the shareholders capital or shareholders equity. To determine firm value using the residual income, we need to determine the present value of the residual income and then this figure is added to the equity and debt of the firm to determine the overall value of the firm. Let me take an example to understand the application of net income. We have again a five years model. In the first column, we have net income, we have cost of equity. The difference of these two is the residual income that is in the line three. If we discount these five years residual incomes over the cost of equity, that is our discount rate 15% now, the net present value of these five years residual income comes to 69,492. Now we have equity of 40,254 and debt of 109,746. Adding the present value of residual income to these two values of equity and debt, the full value of the firm comes to 212,492 again, this is the value that is similar to the value derived through economic profit and the value derived through the basic capital budgeting model. In the last, we have claim valuation model. We have right now three valuation approaches. We have economic profit approach that adds the present value of the economic profit to the original investment. We have the residual income approach that adds present value of the residual income to the equity and debt of the firm. Then we have a cash value approach in which the future cash flows of the firm are spread between the debt and equity holders of the firm and they are divided them separately. So we can say that we have a balance sheet structure through using the cash valuation approach. Now, how claims valuation approach fits into the balance sheet structure. We can see that the capital budgeting approach basically values the assets of a firm as a whole. Whereas the claim valuation approach values the debt and equity component of the firm and these components are appear on the right side of a balance sheet whereas assets are appear on the left side of a balance sheet. So we can say that value of assets is equal to the value of claims. To understand this phenomena, we have an example where we have cash flows for the debt holders and cash flows for the stock holders. For cash flows to the debt holders, we have two types of cash flows, interest and principal payments and we need to discount these cash flows at the cost of debt that is 8.33 percent to determine the value of the stock holders cash flows where we have the cash flows in terms of dividends and share repurchase. These two cash flows will be discounted at the cost of equity which is 15 percent. Then we have table of five years project life. In the first column we have interest payments and principal payments. These two payments are gone to the debt holders. So we have total debt payments from year one to year five. Then we have the cash flows for the distribution among the equity holders from year one to year five. When we determine present values of these two cash flows streams on their respective cost of capital as the discounting factor, an interesting thing we see that both of the elements have similar present value and the total of these two present values is 219,492. So we can again see that the claim valuation approach results the same present value of the firm that we had seen in economic profit valuation approach, in residual income approach and earlier in the basic capital budgeting approach. In little we have few others valuation approach like free cash flows to the firm same as the basic capital budgeting approach and free cash flows to the equity holders which relates to the claim valuation approach. Now question arises how practitioner do in valuation of a firm having the cash flows and various valuation approaches. Generally corporate managers value assets using their after tax cash flows and security analysts value equity by valuing the cash flows to the equity holders and another we have real estate investors they use claim valuation approach to determine the financial worth of real assets under their consideration.


Hello, Myself, MS Bhasargaam, Assistant Professor, Department of Human Design Sciences, Valksandvist of Technology, Solapur. Now, learning outcome. At the end of this session, students will be able to express four-year series of even and odd functions in the interval minus pi to pi. Now, first of all, here we will see about even and odd functions. First one, even function. A function f of x is said to be even if f of minus x equal to f of x. That is, if you replace x by minus x, again we are getting the same function f of x for all x. Then, we can say that the given function is even. Now, we will take some notes f of x contains only even powers of x and may contain only cos x and sec x. Now, secondly, integration from minus a to a f of x dx is equal to twice. Integration from 0 to a f of x dx, when f of x is even, it is a standard theorem of definite integral. Third one, the sum or difference of two even function is even. Fourth one, the product of two even function is even. For example, x square cos x x is to 4 plus cos 2 x plus 2, these are the examples of even functions. Now, about the odd function. A function f of x is said to be odd if f of minus x equal to minus f of x for all x. Now, we will note some points. First one, f of x contains only odd powers of x and may contains only sin x cos x. Second one, integration from minus a to a f of x dx equal to 0, when f of x is odd. The sum or difference of two odd function is odd, odd function. The product of two odd function is even. The product of an odd function and even function is odd. For example, sin x x cube. Now, pause the video for a while and test whether the following functions are even or odd. I hope you have completed. Now, to test even odd function, here first function is f of x is equal to sin 2 x plus x cube. Now, in this one replace x by minus x that is f of minus x equal to sin of 2 minus x plus minus x raise to 3, which is equal to minus sin 2 x minus x cube. Here, you can take minus sin common that is minus sin 2 x plus x cube which is equal to minus f of x. Therefore, f of minus x equal to minus f of x therefore, given function is an odd function. Similarly, second f of x is equal to x raise to 6 plus cos 3 x. Now, replacing x by minus x you get f of minus x equal to minus x raise to 6 plus cos of 3 minus x that is minus x raise to 6 means x raise to 6 and you know cos of minus theta is cos theta that is plus cos 3 x which is again given function f of x. Therefore, f of minus x is equal to f of x therefore, given function is an even function. Now, Fourier series of even odd function let the Fourier series of the function f of x in the interval minus pi to pi b f of x is equal to a naught plus summation of n equal to 1 to infinity a n cos n x plus b n sin n x let us call this as equation number 1 where a naught is equal to 1 by 2 pi integration from minus pi to pi f of x dx let us call this as equation number 2 and a n equal to 1 by pi integration from minus pi to pi f of x cos n x dx let us call this as equation number 3 and b n equal to 1 by pi integration from minus pi to pi f of x sin n x dx let us call this as equation number 4. Now, we will take the case 1. Suppose f of x is an even function in minus pi 2 pi, then b n will be 0. Since in the integrate in 4 in equation number 4 here f of x sin n x is odd is an odd function. Then the 4 here series is given by f of x equal to a naught plus summation of n equal to 1 to infinity a n cos n x, where a naught is equal to 1 by 2 pi integration from minus pi to pi f of x dx, which you can write twice that 2 2 will get cancel 1 by pi integration from 0 to pi f of x dx. And a n is equal to 1 by pi integration from minus pi to pi f of x cos n x dx, which you can write 2 by pi integration from 0 to pi f of x cos n x dx. Now, we will consider the case 2. Suppose f of x is an odd function in minus pi to pi, then a naught and a n are 0, because integrate in 3 is an odd function and also a naught is 0 since f of x is odd. Then 4 here series is given by f of x is equal to summation of n equal to 1 to infinity b n sin n x, where b n is equal to 1 by pi integration from minus pi to pi f of x sin n x dx, which you can modify this is equal to 2 by pi integration from 0 to pi f of x sin n x dx. Now, we will see the example find the 4 here series of f of x equal to pi square by 12 minus x square by 4 in the interval minus pi to pi. And hence deduce that pi square by 12 is equal to 1 by 1 square minus 1 by 2 square plus 1 by 3 square minus so on. Now, here f of x is equal to pi square by 12 minus x square by 4. Now, we will test for even an odd function and for that here we can replace x by minus x that is f of minus x is equal to pi square by 12 minus here replacing x by minus x that is minus x whole square by 4 which is equal to pi square by 12 and minus x whole square is x square that is minus x square by 4 again which is f of x. Hence f of minus x is equal to f of x therefore f of x is equal to pi square by 12 minus x square by 4 is an even function. Hence, here the value of b n is 0. Then the 4-year series of even function is given by f of x is equal to a naught plus summation of n equal to 1 to infinity a n cos n x where a naught is equal to 1 by pi integration from 0 to pi f of x dx which is equal to 1 by pi integration from 0 to pi here f of x is pi square by 12 minus x square by 4 dx which is equal to 1 by pi. Now, integrating with respect to x we get pi square x by 12 minus integration of x square by 4 is x cube by 12 with a limit 0 to pi which is equal to 1 by pi putting the upper limit x equal to pi that we get pi cube by 12 and for low again minus pi cube by 12 and for lower limit putting x equal to 0 both the terms are 0 that is equal to 1 by pi pi cube by 12 minus pi cube by 12 which is equal to 0. Now, a n is equal to 2 by pi integration from 0 to pi f of x cos n x dx which is equal to 2 by pi integration from 0 to pi here f of x is pi square by 12 minus x square by 4 into cos n x dx. Now, again here by using generalized rule of integration by part taking u as a first bracket and v as a cos n x you can write which is equal to 2 by pi keeping pi square by 12 minus x square by 4 as it is an integration of cos n x is sin n x by n minus the derivative of pi square by 12 minus x square by 4 is that is 0 minus 2 x by 4 into integration of sin n x by n is minus cos n x by n square plus the derivative of minus 2 x by 4 is minus 1 by 2 into bracket integration of minus cos n x by n square is minus sin n x by n cube with a limit 0 to pi. Now, put a first upper limit that you replace x by pi here we know sin of n pi 0 therefore, the first term will be 0 minus into bracket putting x equal to pi here you get minus pi by 2 and minus cos of n pi by n square and minus minus plus here sin of n pi is 0. Now, for lower limit putting x equal to 0 the sin 0 is 0 therefore, the first term is 0 and here x is multiplied with cos n x therefore, putting x equal to 0 second term is also 0 and we have again sin 0 is 0 that is for lower limit we get the value 0. Now, by simplifying this which is equal to 2 by pi that is you get minus into minus into minus that is minus pi cos of n pi is minus 1 is to n divided by 2 n square that is 2 2 will get cancel pi pi will get cancel which is equal to minus of minus 1 is to n by n square. Hence f of x is equal to summation of n equal to 1 to infinity now we can write this as a minus 1 is to n plus 1 by n square cos n x. Now, here substituting the value of f of x as a pi square by 12 minus x square by 4 and substituting n equal to 1 to infinity first we will put n equal to 1 that is minus 1 is to 1 plus 1 that is 2 that is 1 by 1 square cos x. Now, putting n equal to 2 we get minus 1 is to 3 means we get minus 1 and divided by n square means minus 1 by 2 square cos of 2 x and putting n equal to 3 we get minus 1 is to 4 that is plus 1 plus 1 upon 3 square cos 3 x and so on. Let us call this equation number 1. Now, putting x equal to 0 in equation number 1 we get the second term will become 0 that is pi square by 12 is equal to as you know cos 0 is 1 that is 1 by 1 square similarly cos 0 is 1 that is minus 1 by 2 square plus 1 by 3 square minus on references higher in the mathematics by Dr. B. S. Graewall. Thank you.


Emergence describes how new, higher-level properties, patterns and functions form as we put the component parts of a system together. This process of emergence is a pervasive phenomena in our world, exhibited by virtually all types of complex entities, such as plants, animals, technology, humans, societies, cultures and economies. It is apparent that new levels of organization are formed as we put things together. For example, when we look at a flower, we do not see a composition of molecules, cells, tissues and organs, but in fact we see a whole flower. Likewise, a whole business organization is given characteristics and legal rights that are not associated with any of its members. Although this emergence of patterns on different levels is apparent, what is not so apparent is whether these emergent organizations are fully determined and understandable with reference to their basic component parts, or do they exist in some way independently from the elements that constitute them, which would mean that they cannot be entirely reduced to causal accounts derived from their elementary parts alone. This distinction in emergence is captured in the term strong and weak emergence, where weak emergence refers to the idea that even though emergent phenomena are unexpected, given the principles governing the lower level domain, they are still however fully explicable only with reference to the lower level phenomena. In contrast, a higher level phenomena is strongly emergent when it arises from the lower level domain, but the facts concerning the emergent phenomena are not derivable even in theory from the features of the low level domain. Weak emergence is the phenomena whereby new and unexpected patterns emerge due to the interaction between the parts. The sheer number of parts and the interactions make it extremely difficult to compute this higher level phenomena based solely upon the elementary parts and their rules. However, from the weak emergent perspective, given sufficient computational capability, it would be possible to derive the higher level phenomena and thus there seem to be, at least theoretically, a derivative or what we call an epiphenomena. New phenomena and patterns do emerge, but the reason we cannot predict them is that the number of interactions between the components of the system increases exponentially with the number of elements and we typically do not have the computational capabilities to deal with such a dynamic. With this weak emergence, it is possible to compute the higher level phenomena but typically much easier just to look at it directly. Thus this weak emergence can be understood as a kind of explanatory emergence. That is to say the emergent features are ontologically and causally derived but in practice they are explanatorily irreducible due to the computational complexity. New rules may appear to emerge at the different levels but ultimately if we had the computational capabilities we would be able to understand all of the rules at the different levels with respect to lower level rules. Thus if you had an extremely high level of computational capability you would not need to focus on the higher level phenomena but understand it instead from first principles. In such a case one could look at it as caused by its purely discreet cellular parts. An often cited example of weak emergence are cellular-autonomous computer programs like the Game of Life. The Game of Life is played on a grid of checkers where a cell can be either on or off. There are four simple rules as to whether a cell should be on or off depending on the state of its immediate surrounding neighbor cells. These simple rules when computed can create very complex and subtle emergent patterns that appear to have their own internal structure such as blinkers that are a group of cells blinking on and off or gliders that seem to glide across the screen all of which are emergent phenomena. These programs also exhibit sensitivity to initial conditions and it is very difficult to predict what will emerge based on the initial conditions and ground rules. Although these programs can create emergent patterns they are said to be weakly emergent because they are determined by the elementary rules, the starting state and because there is no downward causation. The macro level system does not change the micro level rules. This weak emergence is characterized by the interaction between parts as the system evolves leading to computational complexity and the appearance of something new emerging what in fact is theoretically reducible to causal accounts of the elementary parts. One cannot in any straightforward way derive the higher level phenomena from the fundamental rules thus compact representations such as equations do not tell us very much about what is going on because we need to compute the interactions to produce the higher level phenomena. These weakly emergent higher level phenomena do not affect the lower levels that is to say there is only upward causation present the macro level is determined by the micro level but not vice versa. There is an asymmetrical flow of determinism macro level patterns are not doing anything over and above what the micro level elements are doing to affect the position and behavior of the elementary parts. An event is thought to be strongly emergent when the higher level phenomenon derives from the lower level events but a complete description of the emergent pattern is not reducible even in principle to an account of the elementary parts and their interactions. Along with this irreducibility downward causation is commonly cited as a second criteria for strong emergence. Strong emergence entails the idea that something truly new emerges at the different levels of organization that cannot theoretically be reduced to accounts of the elementary parts. The whole is something truly other than the parts. Thus it makes sense to talk about qualitatively different levels or dimensions to the system as the rules that apply on one level become replaced at least partially by rules of a qualitatively different nature on another level. These higher level patterns can then exert downward causation on their constituent parts to affect their structure and functioning. Strong emergence describes the direct causal action of a higher level system upon its component parts. Qualities produced this way are irreducible to the system's constituent parts. One of the classical examples of strong emergence given is quantum entanglement. Quantum entanglement is a phenomena within quantum physics where two particles spin states becomes entangled meaning the state of one is entirely dependent on the state of another. It has been empirically proven that the combined entangled organization determines the spin direction of the parts. The two particles can be light years away from each other but if the spin is changed on one this will be immediately reflected in a change in the spin of the other. Thus the combined organization is in some way affecting a downward cause on the parts. Another example from physics of strong emergence is water whose features are apparently unpredictable even given a molecular or quantum mechanical analysis to the properties of its constituent atoms. It would appear that no computational description of the system can exist for such a simulation would itself constitute a reduction of the system to its component parts. The emergent phenomena in this case cannot be described with reference only to fundamental rules but instead requires some form of macro level rule. Likewise human consciousness is another often cited example of strong emergence whereas with closed systems the whole should be theoretically derived and caused by the parts. This however may not be the case with open systems. The parts form the whole but then the system has to interact with its environment as an entire system and not simply as a set of parts. This interaction with its environment requires that it perform functions and activities as a whole system. An example of this might be walking which can only be achieved by the different legs being coordinated and interdependent for the system to operate within the environment as a whole it may have to exert a downward effect on the parts in order to coordinate them towards performing the macro level processes that are required to interact and respond to the environment. For example we can derive the internal workings of a truck from the basic laws of engineering and physics but using these same elementary internal rules we would never be able to derive why the truck is designed to drive on the left or right hand side of the road. This phenomena is not a product of the internal logic of the truck's design or of the physical laws that govern its workings. It is instead a product of the system's interaction with other systems and some historical, political and economic contingent within its environments which may be seen to be exerting downward causation on the design of the truck. The biologist Peter Corning illustrates this when he writes the debate about whether or not the whole can be predicted from the properties of the parts misses the point. These rules produce unique combined effects but many of these effects may be co-determined by the context and the interactions between the whole and its environment. This question of strong and weak emergence is of major relevance as it goes a long way to defining whether we should focus our inquiry on the micro level structure and rules that give rise to the high level phenomena as would be the case if we posited that the world is weakly emergent or whether we should instead focus on the internal patterns of the emergent phenomena in their own right as would follow naturally from assumptions of strong emergence. As such, the concepts of strong and weak emergence form part of the foundations within the different scientific paradigms of reductionism and holism. Reductionism is based on the premise that complex phenomena can be broken down into simple building blocks from which high level events can be reconstructed. Thus a reductionist approach would typically ascribe to a weak emergent view of the world where complex macro level phenomena would admittedly take vast amounts of computation to derive from the basic physical building blocks but however, given such a capability they would be fully explicable from the elementary parts and rules. The weak emergent theory inspires the idea that the goal of science is to understand the basic building blocks and rules for their construction and drives a quest for the theory of everything as seen to be found in some elementary parts as is currently the quest of such approaches as string theory. Systems thinking is instead interested in patterns and processes. It refers not to building blocks but more to patterns of organization and processes of change that are common to all types of systems on all scales without interest in reducing higher level phenomena to those of a low level. As such a systems approach is built on a strong emergent view of the world. Given strong emergence a theory of everything derived from the elementary parts such as strings would end up being just one of many components necessary for a complete understanding of the universe and thus not necessarily the only one. Within the systems paradigm as all phenomena cannot be simply reduced to an account of elementary parts the goal of providing a unified description of the world is instead look for an abstraction abstract patterns of organization. Systems thinking looks at how these emergent patterns on different levels have similar dynamics and from this tries to develop abstract generic models that are relevant to all scales because they capture the features inherent to emergent processes on all levels.


Hey, Bolo Buddies, thanks for watching. All right, you guys, I have 23 bread and butter bolos coming your way. These are items that I have picked up at estate sales, garage sales, thrift stores, Facebook marketplace. Easier to find items that I flip for $35 or less on eBay. I'm gonna tell you where I got it, what I paid for it and what it sold for, and we are gonna get started. All right, the first item. And I actually have a video on my reseller testing Bolo products channel about Octanauts and how to part it out to make the most out of the biggest profits. Now, I will say if it is complete, don't part it out, sell it as a complete set, but if it's missing something or like the stickers are messed up, you can still make really good money on that item by parting it out. So check out that video over on my reseller testing Bolo products. There's a link to that channel down in the description of the video. This is one of the parts. This is actually the base, the trunk base of the Octanauts play set. And I almost didn't list this and I was like, you know what, I'm just gonna try it. And it actually sold pretty quickly. Now it is definitely a bread and butter. I sold it for $8 best offer and the buyer paid shipping. So the buyer was all in for 1577. Could I have priced it higher maybe, but I just wanted to move it kind of quick. So pretty happy with that sale. The next item I sold is this fid, fidget, F-I-J- I'm sorry, F-I-J-I-T friends. This is Sage. It's an interactive toy. It like dances and talks. I believe I do have a video down in the description that shows the buyer how it works and that it works. These are pretty cool. If you've never seen one of these, go over to my reseller testing Bolo products and look up this guy because super fun little character. And I've sold, I think this is the second one I've sold. Unfortunately, I sold this one like two times and the buyers didn't pay, but I finally sold it. And I sold it for $36 and the buyer was all in for $44.80 and I got this at a garage sale for a dollar. The next item that sold is this halo mega blocks. It's new old stock. I got this at a garage sale for a buck. Took a best offer of $30. The buyer was all in for $39.74. You guys, anytime you can find sealed new old stock items, whether it's Legos, mega blocks, or something that's not even building block related, look it up because new old stock items do sell. This next item was purchased by a subscriber. So thank you, you know who you are. I appreciate the purchase. This is a lot of six bracelets and they're just costume jewelry, but super, super cute. They're the ones that kind of wrap around your arm and wrap probably would have been a good keyword to use. These came out of my bulk buy. I bought it on eBay to sell on eBay. I have a whole video series on this jewelry lot. I bought 344 pounds of jewelry. I sold these for $14 and the buyer was all in for $21.84. The next item came out of a mystery box and again, new old stock. It's Doran Friends Hopper Ball. Probably had a dollar in this. By the time I listed everything in the mystery box, this was a thrift store mystery box. Sold this for $12. The buyer was all in for $22.79. And again, that was new in the package. The next item are these Vintage Beastal B-Style. I'm not sure how to say it, Honeycomb Bells. I got these at a garage sale. My cost of goods was $3 for all of them. And they were new old stock, you guys. Really, really cool, really old. I sold these pretty quickly for $35, best offer and the buyer was all in for $41.70. The next item is this Vintage Collectible automobile magazines. This is April 1991, volume seven, number six. So, would I buy these again? I don't know. They are very heavy. So, I thought about selling them as one big lot, but shipping would have been crazy. They do have ads in them, so you can't ship them media mail. And I put free shipping on these. So, the buyer was all in for $16.19 with free shipping. I can't remember if I have to ship this priority mail or if I got this first class. I think it still went first class, but they're pretty heavy, you guys. So, Primetime Treasure Hunter over on his channel does a great job of selling magazines and bulk by volumes and stuff like that. I don't know if he's ever sold automobile, but he does a lot of the muscle magazines and stuff like that. I'll work out his channel for more information on that. The next item are these Zoo Talker Animals by Fisher Price. You guys, they do look a little different on the bottom. Let me find you. I think they say, oh, I forget how I knew that these were Zoo Talker. Oh, right there, Zoo Talkers. I thought they said it. The Zoo Talkers will go for a little bit more. These weren't in great condition, so I ended up selling these for $14.40, and the buyer was all in for $20.02, and I got these at the Goodwill for $1. The next item is this Build-A-Bear. This guy took forever to sell. I would not consider him to be a bolo. He's a bread and butter item. Now, I think part of the problem was his back was coming unsewn, so it needed sewn back up, but you can actually pull the legs out and the arms out and change them. So, kind of fun. Sold this for $14.39. The buyer was all in for $23.75. Pick that up at a garage sale for $0.50. Blaze and the Monster Machine. This is Joe Truck Dicast Vehicle. I got this out of a mystery box, a thrift store mystery box. I sold it for $10.80. The buyer was all in for $17.28. Peppa the Pig. This is a deluxe schoolhouse, and I did include three figures with this and some furniture. I ended up selling this for a best offer of $24. The buyer was all in for $36.94, and my cost of goods, believe it or not, was only a dollar at a garage sale. This guy is a 2014 Imaginext Solomon Grundy, five-inch action figures. He is one of the action figures I think from Batman. I sold him for $12.24. The buyer was all in for $18.04, and this came out of the thrift store mystery box. This came from a YouTube fundraiser I was at. So it's basically like a YouTube auction, but the money was going towards a fundraiser. So I definitely spent more than I typically would have, but it was for a good cause. So I'm not sure. I can't remember what my cost of goods was. The items, it was an okay lot. I probably wouldn't have bought it if I wouldn't have been buying for the fundraiser if I'm being completely honest, but I have sold a good amount of items. This is a Roly-Poly Chime Ball, and it's from 1966. It is Fisher Price. It is vintage. I took a best offer of $10 on this, and the buyer was all in for 2035. I think I've made my money back plus some money, and I still have some items to sell. So it was for a good cause, so I'm happy with how it went. The next item is this vintage signed 1928 necklace and earrings porcelain rose flowers, necklace set. 1928, I'll typically pick it up if it's tagged, and then I show the size here. This came from a thrift store. I paid $1.50 for it, and the buyer was all in for 1915. And it sold pretty quick. The next is this vintage Hallmark Easter Bunny. It's plaid stuffed animal. It's retired, super cute. Anytime I can find tagged plush, especially the bunnies, they seem to do well. This one was really, really cute. I had a good feeling about it. Got it at a garage sale for a buck. It sold for $28.80. The buyer was all in for $37.93. The next item I've talked to you guys about before, this is a Kurt Adler, the night before Christmas mini book ornament from 1977. I always pick up these mini books. They do really well for me. This one sold for $25 plus shipping. And I got that at a garage sale for a quarter. This is from my vintage sticker lot that I picked up at a garage sale. I think I paid $3 for the whole lot. There is a video of everything that I got in that lot over on my Sourcing with Bolo Buddies YouTube channel. You gotta go check it out. Some amazing sticker Bolo's. And I sold this for $12.24 plus shipping. The buyer for one sticker, you guys, was all in for $23.59. The next item I sold is this Leemax Spooky Town Trick-or-Treat dogs. These came out of a mystery box and a thrift store mystery box. Sold these for $15.84. They sold really quick. The buyer was all in for $23.59. This Squishmallow Stackable Dragon. It is an eight inch plush by Kelly Toy. Squishmallows are definitely a Bolo item. They do range from bread and butter to really big money. I do have a video on my channel that tells you guys how to clean one. So if you ever find one that's dirty or stained, you can check out that video. This actually came from Terry over at Mindful Recycle. She sent me a mystery box to unbox on my channel. And you guys, it was definitely a Bolo box.  So check out that video. It is on this channel. And I show you how I listed everything in the box and lots of great Bolo's and a great way to learn. So check that out. I ended up taking a best offer on this guy for $16. The buyer was all in for $23.35. And also Terry from Mindful Recycle, that's our YouTube channel.  So if you guys wanna learn about some Bolo's, definitely check her out. The next item is this Coldwater Creek Necklace. It is a chunky statement piece. I got it at a thrift store for one buck. Ended up taking a best offer of $12. The buyer was all in for $19.09. So that's what it looks like. The next item that sold is this retired bird of prey Halloween talking candy dish from 2005. This also came out of a thrift store mystery box. Unfortunately, it was not complete. The bottom, like the feet that went on the bottom, the part that hooked in right here were missing. But it still function just fine. So I ended up selling this for a best offer of $30. The buyer was all in for $57.20. These are little glimmers, baby lights and sounds, rainbow tail, pink, purple, interactive toys. These are over on my reseller testing Bolo products too, if you wanna see how they work. But again, put a video in the description to show people how that item works. I sold these for $12.96. The buyer was all in for $20.92. This Ninja Turtle, this is great. So I can't remember if you squeeze it or what you do, but the eyeballs pop out. It's really weird. I popping Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle. I sold this for $17.28. Buyer paid shipping all in $23.98. This also came out of a thrift store mystery box. You can see right here, yeah, you squeeze it and his eyeballs pop out. So if you wanna see that video, it's over there on my reseller testing Bolo products also. All right, you guys, be sure to check out my sourcing with Bolo Buddies YouTube channel and my reseller testing Bolo products channel. They are linked down in the description. Some tools that I use for my business. I've talked to you guys about LISP perfectly before. I use it to cross-post. I start on eBay and cross-post to Mercari and Poshmark, sometimes some other platforms, but those are my main three platforms. I do have a video linked down below that shows you how to do that. If you wanna check it out and you like what you see, you can use coupon referral code Bolo Buddies, all one word to get 30% off your first month. Recently subscribed to Worth Point. So glad I did. I use it all the time sourcing with Bolo Buddies. I have a video over there. I was trying to think about that. I was like, which channel is it on? But I show you how Worth Point has paid off for me. So you can check that out over on that channel and I use PhotoRoom for my background remover. And PhotoRoom has a free version and a paid version. I do have a video that shows you how that works. Also that's on this channel. I had to think about it. So those are just some tools that make my life so much easier. Cross-posting, selling more because more eyes are on my items. The white background, I just think it makes my items look better. And Worth Point, a lot of times I'm making more on my item because I know how to price it better. When you're finding rare, hard to find vintage items, sometimes there's not good comps on eBay and you kind of have to go to Worth Point to see other sold prices. So links to those items are down in the description along with my Facebook group, Instagram, Twitter, all that good stuff. So make sure you check out the description. All right, you guys, thank you for being here. Thank you for watching. If you made it this far, please put an owl emoji down in the description. Be sure to like, comment, subscribe and share.  So check one of those out and thanks for watching.