This is the SF Productions podcast network Six Wednesdays at 10 30 of 60s and 70s television Welcome to vast wasteland Welcome home vast wasteland the video journal of popular culture I'm your host Mark Smith our along with Wilbert Neil and the currently absent Marty Wiley. They'll she'll be here any second now Tonight it's kids and where are they now TV kids? What has happened to them? Other than in prison, where have they gone and Marty's back? Here she is Okay and before we get into the big the big experience traffic and so fun just want to tell you we're on Tuesdays at 6 Wednesdays at 10 and Thursdays at 3 p.m. Here on a ctv cable 21 Also, if you want to write into vast wasteland and boy that huge mailbox bag is gone crazy. It's gone nuts We can't control it Actually, no one's written in for a while, and we're pretty darn desperate. We want you to write a box 15 1411 Columbus, Ohio four three two one five And also before we get into the big extravaganza I want to tell you that we've changed the concept of the show a little bit We've gone beyond 60s and 70s TV into the whole the whole universe Universe oh Television yes, we've gone from the earliest beginnings to the crap you see now and Not only we're doing that. We're now doing a rotating concept kind of like name of the game or or the old NBC mystery movie We're gonna have the TV concept with the three of us And then we're gonna have comic books on the second show of this season We'll start rotating these with Wilburton myself and then finally a Poporee show of just general other stuff in pop culture with Wilburton Marty So you want to tune in for that? now on to kids TV and TV kids. Yeah, I guess would be the way to say TV kids. Where are they now? Well, you start well the first obvious one I suppose we need to talk about this whole different strokes thing Get out the big guns Well, I just start off hit hard hitting right away That's it Darn it that different strokes kids. You remember they were Gary Coleman Todd Bridges and Dana Play-Doh basically See the tabloids that Gary Coleman was selling cars now. Yep. Would you buy a car from him? The leads the actually the most trustworthy Yeah, he's only been able to keep out of trouble. He's selling cars Got an honest job. He's not holding up video stores He's away from his parents who he accused of taking all his money and probably did it leading him astray or whatever But I don't know. I just can't see him selling cars. You know You're looking for the car I'm looking all around for the salesperson Excuse me. Can I help you? Commercials Mr. Riker What you talking about you want to use Another movie. Well, then of course. Well, there's that Dana Play-Doh Armed dangerous wacky wacky Dana Play-Doh. She Did she did she do a playboy? Yes, she did. She did a playboy thing What's wrong with that? She'll pay for it. Yeah, but then I guess you must have spent that money right away The next time we heard about her she's uh On a 7-eleven type camera thing. She had held up a video store She needed the bread Well, that's what I said. She spent that that other money up right away made by a gun We could be armed robber here. I mean it was a toy gun, but yeah, whatever. She whatever She was she did it and it's like she didn't even look up at the camera And then she tried to deny it later, but yet they had the film And then no sooner than she'd get off of that one then she did something else like that again.  Let's let one of the least successful tv fathers Well, even the other even the even the other but the other kid that was on the show in the later years Danny Cooksey Yeah He's he's he's getting these bad boy roles all the time now. He was in terminator two playing the best friend It was like no mr. Cop. I haven't seen John Connor. Yeah And he's on a nickelodeon show called salute your shorts where he plays bud nick the bad kid Amazing But he was little Sam on the show with a little guitar little country twang. That's the Dixie Carter's son. Oh, yeah He's lost the country twang. He plays heavy metal now So he's like the only one that's really stayed in the acting thing totally and he's he's doing rather well with it Well, then you have your Todd Bridges here who was playing the bad kid Well, I was on the show being the bad kid The show fish before he was on the Yeah, oh, yeah That was a kind of I guess a popular one a lot of a lot of kid actors were on there and fish was a spin off of Barney miller Right And he was uh, well fish was kind of helping out some underprivileged kids when that was the deal kind of thing Yeah, and then he went on to this different strokes thing where he was Willis Jackson and then he was an orphan And then from there well, we didn't hear about him for a while It's like he still lived off the different strokes there. He was okay And then I guess he uh, I don't know Besides a child those things he missed out on in childhood Pretty much, uh, let's do some dope. Let's do some stealing some cars Did you do some assaulting battery too? He probably did. Oh, I think he was in a It was a whole big thing of being in a car having dope Um Getting in trouble with the police possibly getting into a little altercation there It's kind of all just uh, just a big night That's a big night a big weekend big night for Todd He just had a day man. It was a day and then he of course tried to deny it Yeah Bad case of denial there, which is the the seems to be the the thing to do if you're caught doing something Well, try first to deny it And then Then blame it on the fact that um, you were a showbiz kid. You were a showbiz kid basically It twisted my life. Yes. I just couldn't have a normal life after that another one who's gotten in trouble in the past year is butch patrick yeah Butch patrick who was on the monster slugging somebody over a limousine or something Something about um, let's see. What was it? He's he's Was he he didn't want to pay for the limousine something like that And he ended up slugging on butch patrick End up slugging slugging Trying to fix his hair to look like Two years I could open popcans with my teeth. Remember I had the little wolfie.  Yeah, cost a hundred dollars now here You could have one of those. I won't pay for this ride Yeah, they didn't pay him for driving or something. It was something like that Something dealing with a limo and money and somebody being hit Repeatedly Food for the tabloid Who do we got next? Well, just going alphabetically here. I see daniel brisebois She was uh, she's playing She was in uh, she was in the hanny movie or something. She was in the broadway And now what's happened to her? Well, let's see, um She's in broadway Number of series including daytime soap opera. She was in all my children. She was the world turns She aspires a career as an opera singer Good luck.  Oh, come on. Can we even count that? Forget that. Well, of course that's that's kind of all they say about her. So yeah, thank goodness The one I saw this summer, um on tv Johnny wittaker. Yeah. Yeah, fluffy jowdy. Seriously. Well sissy was on the show too And they hadn't seen each other for just years 15 years or so because of course, unless the jones is dead Yeah, poor little buffy. Oh, the whole family of everything Johnny wittaker is what? Divorced twice well at least once at least once And um and dag on it. If he smells manure, he'll look for the pony. Well, no, if he's in it He's in a room full of manure. He'll look for the pony. That's right because he's mister He's mister brightness and sunshine and he's always looking for the the silver lining behind that dark cloud So optimistic means we wonder what he did. He went he did several things after family affair I mean he's made a whole lot of little appearances here and there and he did a couple movies movies and stuff and then Sissy what was her real name? She'll always be sissy she she does children's books on audio tape. Yes Kathy garner yes, and she's writing music So she's like real successful and stuff although we you'd never really hear her name much anymore But she's still out there. So bill moomey. He went into music too He's done several things if you call fish heads a song Well now he's done several things he's doing these uh writing comic books and uh Only big in the comics. He's uh hunting produced a couple things or at least he's appeared in other he's appeared in movies right as um that were kind of like um Recreations of characters he had done earlier because he was in that twilight zone movie And right the one episode where in the original series He had played the little kid in the cornfield or the kid who could make things happen He lived out right out in the middle of nowhere. And so um, he was in the the remake of that episode He was one of the kids in the world where they anyway, he was in it And then he has done the uh comic book thing. He's done several different comics gosh And in fact, he's even in on the um the lost in space comic that they're That one um company is doing Cool helping with that. So yeah bill. He's been active. He's Hasn't let not acting Stop him. He's Unlike Danny Bonaducci Hey Now Danny worked after partridge family That's true. He he did he did radio and things like that. He probably you know tv Lived off the partridge thing there for a while He's doing some community work now because of other Drug-related kind of things, you know now that uh susan day is finally finally left la law now They can just keep dany out of out of jail long enough They can they can do that long-awaited big uh partridge family reunion tour So who will they get which one of the little kids will they get to play the youngest? I'll get another one. What the heck? David cast is an album out coming out called um Weren't you or what is it? Didn't you used to be? Because he's decided he wanted to beat everybody to the punch line there Well some other people uh from uh loss in space and we heard much about the angela cartwright Um, there's penny Angela, no we hear more about veronica veronica still doing movies Um because she was in well alien and she was in um Invasion of the body snatchers right she always seems to play the kid that starts crying Of course the lady that starts crying a lot that uncontrollable crying thing Or screaming or something it's or a scream that turns into a cry and her whole face just distorted this She still she still has that ability because what she was she in the birds was that veronica I think it was veronica that was in the bird. I don't know but anyway in that she Starts that crying thing Exactly So who else we got here? Well, let's let's move on along here. Um, it's just alphabetically and My galley will come up with somebody here Here we go From the show julia Did he grow up? I have no idea I like that. That's all they have listed here. Cory. I have no idea Hollis man That's it. Have you seen this child? Also, um from that from that same show there was um Michael link, okay, and what's he doing now? I have no idea obvious opi. Yeah, yeah little opi cutting ham Ron Howard is now like mr. Mega rich super director producer bald guy bald guy Where's that? Yeah, and and of course his little brother clinton howard who if ron howard doesn't move being well clinton howard Basically if ron howard does just did just about anything even when he was just done on tv there Clint would appear in there somewhere because clinton made his tv a debut as in ron series Um the intergurfa show. Oh, yeah, that was definitely ron series. He definitely carried it Well, I mean it's like his brother was in there You better get your brother apart because if i'm going to drive you i've got to get him up and get him dressed He's like get him apart.  I don't think so. I don't think so. I was just curious about that because It's one of those scary things that you just never think about but Yeah You just don't know and then speaking of speaking of the star trek thing with clinton howard there By golly. Bye golly. We'll move on to just My least favorite of oh no of all these child actresses attract actor That darn hard panel of ferdin Who just seemed to appear anything that was being done? My gosh If there was a show that was on if she wasn't in it she Yeah, it was lucy for a long time right and peanut Yeah, she did the lucy voice and the peanut shows that were on she was well Let's see they have her here as being in the the john foresight show from 65 to 66 She was in the blondie show playing cookie from 68 to 69 she was in the paul in show and it was on from like 72 to 73 she was in Lassie adventures from 73 to 74 She was quite active on saturday morning series in the 1970s Both providing cartoon voices and appearing in live action shows like curiosity Was that um space academy she like was on there which became jaycef star come in I think she would might even have been on there that darn panel of ferdin Of course if it wasn't panel of ferdin it was jody foster Well, this is true that you can pretty much say jody got all the parts of pam didn't have time to do Or either that or they well, this is probably true because I think jody might be a little younger than pam Although they might be about the same age. I think jody's casting call after casting calling most show up to him Oh jody and pamela It's like pam got all the things when she was younger and then jody started getting them as is Pam got a little older. It's like jody was. Oh, well, she's kind of cute Then she got to be like taller and stockier or something And so then she got like older girl parts, even though she was still younger And now she's finally coming to her own and pamela ferdin has fallen completely off the face of the earth. So Yeah, jody's like Director oh, yeah big big time oscar oscar base yes In that darn panel of ferdin, we don't know. I don't know exactly where she is now She's probably watching the show and gonna write me a nasty Hey, don't you remember me? I'm not darn pamela ferdin. Just knock on the door. I think you remember sir Pamela ferdin She was in that that one um star trek episode about the ferdinand show Which also had that fire and snow All the angels we will go Far away Friendly angel come to me One of the weakest episodes Certainly no question. Also on that episode was um, brian toky. That's the little oriental kid Friday and whenever they needed a token oriental kid exactly pretty much and he he went on to be in other things. Um, let's see On an and the king, which was a kind of a syndicate. Oh the comedy. He played crown prince That was He was in a show called renegades in 1983 where he played a kid named dragon Well, I guess he wasn't in much of a kid anymore. He's probably not a teenager here and He's dragon. I guess because he probably did martial arts. I'm guessing And then he was on a st. Elsewhere And say 84 to 85 playing dr. Allen poe and see he was also on that space academy And the children's video magazine razzmatazz He had a recurring role on hawaii 5o as johnny lee And then from there he was well even before that gee whiz he was on he and she is um Richard benjamin and paul apprentices adopted son. This was in 1968. So that was before then It's probably right around the same time. He did the star trek right and then most recently he's been in the police academy movies Well, and another star trek reference elinor donahue, of course first on father knows best as princess And of course later she did that that darn episode She was the it's been a while since i've seen that episode actually, but uh, she meets zefram cocker in on that planet and uh, she was uh, she was like this Diplomat or some sort of deal and they were supposed to get somewhere like they always are on star trek They're supposed to be getting somewhere And the shuttlecraft breaks down right and they're flying zefram cocker Who was like an astronaut from what our time or something? No, no, no, no like he's he's the guy who would have vented warp drive Okay for a century Okay, but he's still alive. Yeah, and of course now elinor donahue you see her on Uh, you see her guest star and stuff a lot. I don't know Oh, she's in there Isn't she uh, chris piercings mama? Oh, that's right.   Yeah, which was another star trek reference Oh, man amazing. Well, how about jennet jackson? She was a child actress on good times, of course you wouldn't recognize No I'm just wondering is she her brother trying to like buy up all those old good times Oh, get that one.  Well, he probably wasn't actually a kid. He was playing a kid Yeah, but he was but he wasn't actually a kid. Well, that was a big thing and you see that still today the idea of people Way too old playing these parts. Michael j fox made a career out of it. Right And he still is yeah Well, now he's you know, the last things he's been in he's kind of played more of an adult more of an adult but I mean, you know, he got from from watching an interview with him He's actually canadian, but he got his green card because he is Short and looked young. Right. He did like wears boomer and shows like this. So, you know, he could play that That a kid part and play it like the intelligent kid The smart kid the rules because he was actually older Amazing simply amazing amazing Well, it's it's just amazing It really really About j north Yep, well the last picture I saw him. He looked like a giant dentist to men It was actually that is scary. Yeah, of course now they're doing a new dentist to men's movie Oh, why? I don't know. Maybe copal is doing it. I don't know. I think j north was pretty much the dentist. You know Well, I have here. He was irritating. I have lisa garrison Lisa garrison who has just did several things. Um, my world and welcome to her back in 69 70 Mary tally more show then on to phyllis where she played best lynstrum in the boat Yeah, so um, but what's she doing now? Oh, I don't know. We don't know call us call us We'll get to all the gaxons. Maybe she's got rid of those braces. Yeah She knows what's good for her and of course, there's gerrymathers As the beaver as the beaver Well, I guess I'm not making that anymore. Are they finally they killed that off Let's see eddie haskell grew up and became a cop and then went back to being eddie haskell again He got his son on the new show. Who's that nepotism? Really?  Yeah, but he hasn't And what about the uh, what was the whole thing with the uh, somebody had taken pop rocks and drank pop with him and blown up They they said several several lots of different people. I suppose we had done that child Then there was that story about rod steward, but that's another show Well, how about those wacky nelson's, huh? There's david nelson. There's there's ricky nelson There's there's there's his daughter tracy nelson. I mean this nelson This goes on and on and on then there's just the nelson's. Yeah, it just goes on and on and on Nelson nelson nelson dynasty, huh? Yeah, they just those darn nelson You had to wonder would I would ozzie and harry be kind of like spinning wildly in their graves for the for nelson That's my question. You know, he's spinning wildly for nelson No, it's like not even records CDs now One of these one of these records you speak of That's right. Well, that's just how old we are. My children are amazed by my eight track tape Wow Eight tracks That's another show Oh, and then I found a scary one in here probably one of the the scariest the scariest of um Actresses on Mackenzie Phillips But valory did rather not valory burton ellie did rather very well queen of the the miniseries Eddie van halen's wife. Yeah Oh, it's not like the mick jagger bianca jagger thing all over again And he's like I want a wife and I want to look just like me He always had nea peoples look like a young uh valory burton ellie I don't know But this is mackenzie philips things this is funny here Mackenzie Phillips represents one of the most widely publicized examples of disastrous effects that drugs can have on a performance Hey, didn't you have to go through rehab with her dad? Yeah For mama and papas who are mamas and papas their dad john philips who was running the mamas and the papas and by golly, she was She just did the whole drug and alcohol there And I think it just wore on her face. It's like you could see it on her face That whole series can she look more and more like mick jagger Amazing well looks like we're running out of time So next time on vast wasteland. It's the first edition of vast wasteland the comics edition So tune in for that. We're gonna be talking about the history of dc comics So you'll want to tune in for that. Hmm and for all of us here at vast wasteland We'll see you next time


Hello everyone, my name is Tianlin Huo and today I will be talking about our paper called Blue Sender, a two-level directional predictor based search channel attack against SGX. The hardware-based trusted execution environment is a promising technique to enable secure computation. Intel's SGX is drawing significant attention these years because of its strong security guarantee, which enables a variety of new applications such as secure data analysis. However, recent researches demonstrate that SGX is vulnerable to the following set-channel attacks, including page-table-based attacks, cache-based attacks, and branch-prediction-unit-based attacks. Compared to the other two kinds of attacks, BPO-based attacks are getting considerable attention. First, BPO-based attacks can defeat most of current SGX protection approaches. Second, BPO-based attacks can identify instruction-level control flow information inside an enclave, while other attacks can only recover page-level or catch-line-level secrets. The pattern history table is a main component in the BPU, which can also be abused to conduct search-channel attacks against SGX. Brass-Scope is the latest PAC-based attack against SGX. By manipulating harsh inclusions in the bimodal predictor, this attack can extract fine-grained information of a target enclave. However, Brass-Scope needs to execute a large number of branches for activating the vulnerable predictor, which causes considerable training overhead during the attack and limits the temporal resolution of this attack. If the target application runs fast, it will be hard for this attack to catch up with the target application. As a result, several secret bits may be missed during the attack. In this paper, we propose Blue Sander, a new PHT-based attack which can reveal fine-grained control flow of an enclave program running on real SGX hardware. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first set-channel attack on the second-level directional predictor. Several new techniques are also proposed in this paper. First, we present a new method for constructing a given branch history with only 93 branches. By using this method, we recover the branch history information of an enclave interrupt. Second, we propose a novel detection technique which enables the attacker to monitor the enclave's actions in a high-temporal resolution without caring about when the target instruction in the enclave is executed. Third, Blue Sander is the first attempt to use SGX interrupt for fixing the branch history. By interrupting the enclave just before the target branch, the attacker can ensure that the target history is the same each time when the target branch in the enclave program is executed. We also implement Blue Sander on real SGX hardware with the latest patches and evaluate this implementation on several case studies. Experiments show that our attack can outperform the latest PHC-based set-channel by 52 times. Specifically, in the RIC attack, Blue Sander extracts the whole private key with 96% accuracy by attacking only once. Now we describe the background. The BPU is an optimization design of modern pipeline processors. By predicting the possible execution path of a process, it can speed up the fetching process in a processor design. This figure on the right side illustrates one possible design of the BPU, which has several main components, especially the branch directional predictor and the branch target buffer. The branch directional predictor is for predicting the possible jump directions of a branch instruction, while the branch target buffer is for predicting the jump destination address of this branch. The bimodal predictor and the second-level predictor are two main branch directional predictors in modern processors. The bimodal predictor exploits the observation that the branch direction outcome has a relationship with the previous history of this branch, while the second-level predictor believes that the outcome is also affected by the jump history of other branches. When a branch first comes, the BPU usually chooses the bimodal predictor for predicting. However, if this predictor makes mistakes for several times, the BPU will select the second-level predictor instead. Both of these two predictors rely on a table called PRT for predictions. PRT is a recording table containing several ambient saturated encounters. When a branch comes, one PRT entry in either one level or two level predictor will be selected for prediction. After this branch is actually executed, the counter given by the relative entry of the PRT is updated. A finite state machine description of updating an ambient saturated encounter is given in the right figure. If the most significant bit of this counter value is zero, this counter is in a nautical mode, which means that the direction it predicts is not taken. Otherwise, the counter is in a taken mode and its prediction made is taken. For example, a 3-bit saturated encounter with the value 1 is in the nautical mode, while another 3-bit counter with the value 4 is in the taken mode. Also, the predictor is updated according to the actual jump directions of the incoming branch. If the real execution direction of the branch is taken, the value of its corresponding PRT value will be plus 1, or its value will be minus 1. We assume a standard SGS threat model in which the attacker has full control over the operating system. First, we assume that the attacker has access to the target enclave program source code or binary. By analyzing these resources, the attacker can obtain the detailed behavior of an enclave such as its control flow. Second, we assume that the attacker and victim programs are co-resident on the same physical core. This is because the BPU is shared at logical core level, but separated at physical core level. Third, the attacker is able to measure the misprediction information of her own branches. Both the performance monitoring counters and RGT-SCP instruction are available for this measurement. Fourth, the attacker can interrupt an enclave just before the target branch in the enclave, ensuring that no other jump actions are taken before the execution of the target branch. This can be achieved perfectly when interrupting an enclave since the attacker can control the OS. Now we turn to present Bluestander. This is the overview of our attack. The Bluestander attack aims to obtain the fine-grained control flow of an enclave program by manipulating the second-level predictor. In general, the Bluestander attack consists of the following two stages, activating the second-level predictor and leaking secrets. In stage one, we activate the second-level predictor. We force the predictors other than the second-level predictor to shut down by imposing several mispredictions on them, ensuring that the second-level predictor is eventually activated and used by the target core. Executing the target branch with a carefully designed TBDVQ direction vector can mislead the BPU to make such mispredictions easily. This stage is only executed only once during the attack. In stage two, we are trying to leak secrets using the second-level predictor. Two steps are included. Constructing collisions and abusing collisions. First, we try to establish PET entry collisions between the victim and the attacker processes. Then, by probing the state changes of these collision entries with the TBDV-A vector, the attacker can infer the control flow of the target enclave, as well as the secrets in it. This attacking stage must be executed for each detection during the attack. We activate the second-level predictor based on the following observation. The second-level predictor is chosen by the BPU for predictions only when the bimodal predictor cannot predict well. As a result, it is viable to shut down the bimodal predictor by imposing several mispredictions on it. Any direction vector which does not match bimodal predictor's prediction pattern can force it to make mispredictions. The prediction and updating rules of the bimodal predictor is shown on the right side. According to these rules, we can draw the conclusion that only when all the execution directions are taken or not taken can the bimodal predictors predict correctly all the time. Based on this conclusion, we construct an efficient execution direction vector named TBDVQ for shutting down the bimodal predictor. The way to construct this vector is as follows. First, we define a TBDV as an L-bit vector with randomized 0 or 1 bits. In this vector, 0 means the execution direction of a conditional branch is not taken, while 1 means its execution direction is taken. The function of this TBDV vector is to mistrain the bimodal predictor. Since this vector is generated randomly, it can hardly match the prediction pattern of the bimodal predictor. The TBDVQ vector simply repeats the TBDV by n times, and the TBDVQ vector is designed to quiesce the bimodal predictor as well as to train the second-level predictor. The figure on the right side is an example of constructing TBDVQ. L and n equals 3 and 4 separately here. First, we generate a 3-bit TBDV vector randomly, which is 0, 1, 1. Then, we repeat this TBDV for 4 times and generate a 12-bit TBDVQ vector finally. The left table illustrates the misprediction results of executing a branch with this 12-bit TBDV vector. It can be seen that three mispredictions are made. If the TBDVQ is long enough, we can finally quiesce the bimodal predictor. After activating the second-level predictor, we move to manipulate this predictor for set channel attacks. At first, we need to construct entry collisions between the victim and the attacker. The branch history and address of the target branch are two main elements which have an influence on the PhD indexing. To verify whether the PhD indexing of the two-level predictors is only affected by these two elements, we carry out an experiment in which both the victim and the attacker run a same piece of code with a large number of taken branches. The experiment result is given in the left table. If the attacker process runs alone, only 4 out of the 11 predictions are incorrect. While the attacker runs with the victim, 9 mispredictions occur. This difference shows that the predictions of the attacker's branch operations can be influenced by the victim and the entry collisions have been established. We repeat these tests for several times and the results are always the same. We also reduce the number of taken branches and the results show that 93 taken branches are enough to ensure that the branch history is fixed. However, although it is easy to infer the address of the target branch, it is pretty complicated to recover the branch history of the victim process since its value varies in different contexts. Also, some pieces of the code executed are sacred to us. To deal with these difficulties, we send interrupts to the enclave in order to fix the branch history of the enclave score. This is because enough jump operations are included in the interrupt handling operations and they can force the branch history to achieve a fixed state. By making use of the published tools such as SGS step, we can interrupt the enclave precisely. To deal with the problem that some pieces of code are sacred to us, we need to reconstruct the branch history after an interrupt. Now, we move to describe how to recover this branch history with only 93 jumps. Our history reconstruction is based on the observation that the branch history update can be controlled by manipulating the last two bits of branches' destination addresses in Intel processors. The red figure is an example. We vary the jump destination of the first jump instruction in the attacker's code while fixing a source address. We find that the PRT collisions can be established only when the last two bits of the jump's destination are fixed, such as 01. This result means that only the two bits are enough to represent the effect of one jump on the branch history. We make use of this result to recover the enclave's branch history after an interrupt. First, we add 93 jump instructions into the attacker's code, which are called R-jumps. The source addresses of these jumps are fixed upon insertion. Well, their destination addresses can be changed. We also add 93 jump instructions, which are called T-jumps, and a target branch in both the victim's code and the attacker's code. Note that the source and destination of each victim's T-jump instruction should be the same as that of the corresponding one in the attacker's code. Now, the two target branches share the same predator entry. Then, we delete the last T-jump instruction in both processes and change the destination of the last R-jump instruction in the R-jump sequence. By checking whether an entry collision has been established, we can infer when the branch history of the two processes is the same. According to the conclusions drawn above, four times are enough for recovering the last R-jump instruction in the attacker's program. It can be seen that our first test fails. Next, we delete the penultimate T-jump instruction in both processes and recover the jump destination of the penultimate R-jump instruction by checking again. We repeat this step 93 times in total, and finally, the branch history after an enclave interrupt can be reconstructed. After having the ability to access the target entry in the second level predator, we try to abuse this entry to conduct blue sander attacks. Although it has been uncovered that the main component in the second level predator is a P.R.T. with several N-bit set training counters, the value of N is still unknown. To detect the value of N, we execute an attacker process alone, which contains 93 training branches and one target branch. The TBDV we use has L1-bit T's and L1-bit N's. L1 is said to be big enough in this test. We repeat this TBDV for 100 times and generate the final TBDV queue for the target branch. By executing the target branch with this vector and checking the mis-prediction result of the target branch, we can infer the exact value of N. The test result is presented below. After executing the target branch four times with taken or not taken directions, the two-level predator can be trained. In other words, N is three. Another challenge to abuse the PHC entry collision is that current BPO-based attacks usually require both the attacker and the victim processes to be executed in a specific sequence order, which limits the temporal resolutions of attacks. For example, in most attacks, the attacker needs to train the BPO first, then the victim executes the target branch and affects the state of the target BPO entry. And last, the attacker probes the BPO changes and infer victim secrets. To increase the temporal resolution of our attack, we adjust the branch directions of the target branch dynamically. We set the execution direction of the target branch just opposite to the predicted direction. An example is shown in the table below. If the relative second-level PET entry uses the saturating counter to give a taken mode prediction, the attacker sets the direction for the target branch to be not taken. Otherwise, the attacker sets the direction for the target branch to be taken. We call this direction vector, which the attacker executes the TBDVA vector. By executing the target branch with this vector, our attack does not require the sequential order as before. We find that without the execution of the victim, the TBDVA should reach a stable state eventually, repeated with the basic sequence TTTNNN. The explanation of this phenomenon is presented in the first table. However, if the attacker process is run with the victim process, this stable state will be broken. By analyzing the irregular sequences, the attacker can finally deduce the fine-grained control flow of the victim process. The relationship between the possible irregular sequences and the victim's actions are presented in the second table. If the number of N is larger than that of T, our target branch with the taken direction is executed by the victim. Otherwise, the victim should execute the target branch with the not taken direction. Now we turn to evaluate BluCenter attack. We launch BluCenter against the MBedTLS library, which is a popular choice for conducting encryption and decryption operations in SGS-based environments. The RSA algorithm in this library is vulnerable to control flow attacks. By detecting the execution directions of branches in it, the attacker is able to uncover the private key of the victim. This figure demonstrates the execution directions of the attacker's target branch, which are affected by 10 bits of the private key. Take the first bit as an example. The three red spots means TTT, and the four blue spots means NNNNNN. Now we can easily draw the conclusion that the victim's execution direction is T and the secret is 1. With the help of post-processing analysis scripts, we can reliably recover all of the private key. We also compare BluCenter with Bracescope. Now we present the countermeasures. We divide the countermeasures into two categories, software ones and hardware ones. One software-based approach against BluCenter is removing conditional branches in the target enclave. However, this approach is usually algorithm-specific and applying it to general applications is challenging. A more practical countermeasure is auditing. Which requires no changes in processor designs. However, selecting the threshold used for differentiating between benign programs and adverse programs is difficult. As for hardware countermeasures, one hardware-based mitigation is to randomize the Ph.D. indexing logic, which can make it harder for the attacker to construct entry collisions in the predator. However, extra hardware components may be required, such as buffers. Another solution is to prevent predicting substantive branches. Although this method can protect the victim process from side-channel attacks, it cannot protect against cover-channel attacks. We may also double the BPU logic or flush the PT state whenever the context changes. However, these mitigations either require a more complex BPU design or increase the running overhead of processors. You can get more information about the following aspects in the paper. In this paper, we propose a new Ph.D.-based attack against SGX named BluCenter, which leverages the second-level directional predator as a side-channel. By exploiting hushing collisions in the predator, this attack can precisely identify fine-grain control flows inside an enclave. We implement BluCenter and evaluate this attack on 2K studies. Results show that even though several defensive techniques are used, BluCenter attacks are indeed practical and pose a serious threat on SGX. In particular, our implementation is able to derive the RSA-private key with more than 96% accuracy in a single run, whose speed outperforms the latest PT-based side-channel attack by 52 times. We stress that hardware-based countermeasures against BluCenter attacks need to be taken in order to prevent large-scale explanation of BluCenter. Thank you.


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I think he's got a gun, I think there's something going wrong." Those are words no one ever wants to hear, but in this case, they are word security personnel need to hear while taking part in Reliance Shield drills at NSA Suda Bay. What these sailors are dealing with is a hostage in an active shooter situation. It's never an easy thing to deal with, but by going through the training, sailors gain valuable experience on how to handle such a dilemma. We're drilling because things can't happen like this, it's part of my job and although you may stand post sometimes, things happen and we need to be ready for these situations. It's safe to say these sailors walked away with the skills they hoped never to use, but will be ready if called upon. Petty Officer Jeff Richardson, Suda Bay Crete.


Any initiative that contributes to safe lives is important. Any initiative that merges the axis of development and the axis of disaster preparedness is important. So when the director of stability came to me and asked if he could remember the advice of the world, of course I could not respond to anything else and then agree. I believe that this is an initiative which was long due. I believe that this is a very important initiative. I believe that I have to congratulate both the director and the ITU for the fact that at least we have an organisation which can come with this initiative. Again, the objective is to save lives and that's what we have to do in life. I think that this was a very good meeting. I think that the first aspect I would like to stress is that this shared passion was evident in other members of the board. That was the first good result of the meeting. The second one was that everyone agreed that this should not be a talk show. This should be an initiative which should have concrete steps, concrete results. Thirdly, this should be an initiative that should have concrete results but also with ambitious time table. So these were outcomes of the meeting which were striking to me. It was also important to organise ourselves. If we want to be ambitious, we have to organise ourselves. We want to be efficient and that's what we achieved. I'm very pleased with the results of this meeting. I'm very humbled by the fact that I was invited as vice president of the meeting and I'm very hopeful. I think that together we will be able to do something that will change lives. In fact, not only change but save lives. I hope that I would not want to qualify. I don't want to give you six months, one year. But what I want to tell you is that we are all committed to make it happen as soon as possible and you have my full engagement to make sure that the board will take this in consideration. One of my last interventions in the meeting, in fact, was for us to be ambitious in terms of time table and for us to think that we have a common objective. A common objective is to save lives.


So, welcome everyone to our third press conference of this year's virtual EGU, VEGU 21. This press conference is titled New Geoscience Tools, Novel Applications. And this year's EGU, we have more than 14,000 abstracts and 16,000 people from across the globe participating in the meeting. So I'm Erin Martin-Jones, this year's EGU press conference assistant, and I'll be hosting today's press conference, which will include a question and answer session, following on from presentations by our three speakers. So to allow members of the media to ask your own questions, we're conducting this as a Zoom meeting. And once the last speaker's finished, please write the letter Q in the chat box to ask a question, and I'll call on you in the order that the questions are asked to come back to you. And of course you're welcome to write your question out fully, and I can also read that out from the chat. And hopefully this doesn't happen, but if for some reason Zoom should suddenly quit, we'll just restart the press conference and we'll give everyone a couple of minutes to rejoin the session. And likewise, if you have troubles at home with your own internet, that's fine, come back through and someone will be around to let you back in. So there's lots of information on our online press centre, that's media.edu.eu, so you'll find the abstracts and other documents relating to the press conferences here. So please check there for more information. And I will introduce our three panellists now to make for faster transitions in between them. So as I said, this is new Geoscience Tools Novel Applications, press conference three. And first up we have Dr Stephanie Yipma, who is postdoctoral researcher at Utrecht University in the Netherlands. Hi Stephanie. Next up we have Dr Eunice Issel, who is a doctoral candidate at the Christian Albrecht University in Germany. And last but not least, we have Veronica Tolena, who is doctoral candidate at the University Libre du Brussels in Belgium. So I'd now like to call on each of our panellists to provide us with a brief presentation and we'll start off in that order. So Dr Yipma first, if I could hand over to you and you could unmute yourself. Yes, thanks a lot for the introduction. I'll start sharing my screen. I hope you can see it now. Yeah, got it. Yeah. Well, thanks a lot for inviting me to this press conference to take part. Today I will be talking about the Project Galapagos Plastic Free. It's a huge initiative from the Galapagos Conservation Trust based in the UK and together with many other collaborators among which us at Utrecht University. So we are physical oceanographers, that means that we're really interested in how plastic floats around in the ocean, where it's coming from, and the focus of this talk, how it then arrives at these islands, because these islands are pretty special, one too much. When you think Galapagos, you might think pristine beaches or nice weather or maybe Charles Darwin, and you find these very unique creatures here that you don't find anywhere else. And there are many more reasons why these islands and also the marine reserve surrounding it by their UNESCO heritage site. So it's kind of this natural laboratory to study how species adapt to changing environments, which is quite relevant nowadays. And the reason for this unique biodiversity can be attributed in part to the ocean flow. So you have these three main ocean branches that meet near these islands, and they all bring these properties and together they kind of form this melting pot for life. So that makes these islands very pretty unique. But unfortunately, these ocean currents also transport quite a lot of plastic towards the islands. So they find about eight metric tons of plastic each year on the beaches, and people that organize these cleanups, they estimate that they have visited far less than 1% of the coastline of the Galapagos Islands. So this eight metric tons, it's really a huge underestimation and there will probably be a lot more plastic out there. They think that the main source of the plastic is not from the islands themselves, but mainly from the fisheries and also from the mainland. About 45% of the plastic used along the East Pacific coastline of South and Central America is actually mismanaged. And that number is only increasing. And unfortunately, with the COVID pandemic, it gets worse as well. So it's a pretty huge threat to the Galapagos Islands, both for the wildlife and also for tourism as well. So to tackle this problem, part of the project is focusing on the sources and trying to improve the race management. But a big part of the project is also focusing on the cleanup and how to make that as strategic as possible, because they just don't have the resources also financially to clean up the entire coastline every year or every day. So that's where we are coming in and we are trying to give them a tool that can tell them where to go to have maximum impact. So this is an animation where you can see locations where at that moment in time, a lot of plastic is arriving and our aim is then to predict this. So when and where is the plastic washing ashore and how can we then support really strategic cleanup measures. And the word strategic is quite important here. So we're not only want to make forecasts, but we also want to optimize this model for, for example, how accessible is the specific location? What's the impact there on the wildlife? And also, some of the plastic does not necessarily stay on the beach. So it can also return back into the ocean due to storms or high tides. So what's the chance that from there it will spread to other islands? So also those regions we want to target. The way we do this is kind of by this, this formula here. So we use a tool called ocean parcels. And with that tool, we can simulate how, how plastic floats around in the oceans. And also how it then arise at these islands. And that part, so how it moves from the ocean onto the land, there are still quite some uncertainties in that, that area of study. So we also execute observations to try to better understand these processes. And for that, we use drifters. So these are floating devices at the ocean surface. They have a GPS and they have a satellite communication. So we can really track them live, study how these, these objects move through the ocean and in particular, how they move from the ocean onto the land. So this field campaign is planned for the summer and we're super excited to see how much information we can get from that. And then we hope to combine these observations with the simulations, apply machine learning techniques and then develop forecasts. So this is going to be the tool that will tell the park and all the people there where they can best clean up. So this animation is an example of one of the simulations that we use. You can watch these, or I can at least watch at these for hours, but all these points are, are plastic, virtual pieces that float through the oceans. And there are two colors here. So the dark green color, those are the ones that we're actually interested in. So those are the ones that really get stuck on these islands and beach. And those are the ones that we want to forecast. So we don't want to run these kinds of simulations every time. We want to just get like easy velocity fields from that, hopefully understand what is likely going to happen. So this is kind of our realistic scenario and we want to mimic this using machine learning techniques. So one way of doing that is, is we have all these particles. We know where they arrive. We know what day they arrive. And then we can try to find properties that are really similar. And in this way, we can make clusters, for example. So that's applying a clustering technique. And every color here is, is a different color, a different cluster that's based on, on location. So for example, if we focus on the cluster, the green one, which is in the north of the island Isabella, we can then look at what kind of ocean properties are there in this moment of time that we have a lot of particles beaching. And can we then understand what kind of physical mechanism are responsible for these beaching events? And that's shown in the bottom plot, we show a difference of the mean velocity field with the velocity that we have when we have a lot of particles beaching at this location. So in, in the red color, you can see that means a stronger flow. So in this situation, we have a much stronger flow in the north of this island and a much weaker flow in the south. And from this, we can extract parameters. This is just one example, but you can do this for, for all kinds of different clusters. And in this way, you can get hundreds of parameters, and you can use all these parameters and apply machine learning. So there are lots of different techniques. I just shown two of them here. The left one is a linear regression and the white one is a random force. And what's plotted here is, is how well these models are working. So on the x-axis, it shows the model beaching. So that's, that's how many particles arrive in our simulation, like our reality, so to say. And on the y-axis is what our machine learning is predicting. And the more every dot is located on the y equals x-line, the better our forecast is working. So here you can already see that the right one, sort of random force regression is working a lot better. And it's actually really promising for us. So we're, at the moment, trying to improve this and using this, trying to improve our simulation, hopefully make it more realistic. Also we've, including the observations that we will get this summer. And also improve the parameters that we put into this machine learning tool. And hopefully, at the moment, we're really focusing on the Galapagos Islands. But of course, we hope that this regional scale model then can also support efforts of island nations and archipelagos worldwide to tackle the global challenge of plastic pollution and to hopefully make a difference. So thanks a lot for your attention and I'm happy to answer any questions. Thank you, Stephanie, for that really nice introduction. And so shall we move on next to Eunice, if you're able to share your slides? Of course, soon. Thank you. Yeah, we've got those. So thank you, Terry, for the invitation to present my topic about geophysical investigation of the medieval paintings at the St. Peter Cathedral in Schleswig with Gio Radar and Thermographie. Our team is represented through Erjan Erkwil, scientists who applied geophysics at the Kiel University, Dietle Fotekortner, engineer Christian Leonhardt, the restaurateur of our team and my working group leader, Professor Thomas Meyer. In the next six to eight minutes, I hopefully will show you why is it necessary to involve more geophysical, non-destructive methods in the restoration workflow due to analysed moisture content in walls of historical buildings without distracting them. But what is it? Yeah, I'm so sorry. What is the motivation behind my research? The old German proverb says innovation is only successful when the incoming water becomes less. Or just say it another way, only if you know where the moisture content comes from, you can do something about it. So incoming moisture has a strong effect of major injury due to the damage caused by it. So you can get a softening boil by water absorption or by physical, chemical erosion, micro-organism and mold growth, or as it is in Schleswig, damage due to site and gypsum crusts. So on the left side, you can see an example image of the so-called Joch with the medieval paintings here. I hope you can see the red lines and some damages which are in the dark areas and points in this area here. One of our first aim was to determine an effective solvent for reducing the gypsum crust by using a thermography to look how the solvents react with the crust over a couple of months. And the second aim of our investigation was to test the success of combination of geophysical measurements here, also thermography and georada for determining moisture content. But before I show you some results, let me quick show you where Schleswig is located. Here on the right part, you can see the northern part of Germany and Oritz-Wildt is the federal state Schleswig-Holstein. And if we zoom in, you can see Kiel, Martin Purple on the Kieler Fjord and Northeastern from Kiel is the town Schliessnicht. So if you get an impression how the church looks like here on the right side is the church. And if we go nearby, you can see the tower of the church just for impression. But we measured inside the church in the cloister. And this is how it looks like. It's a three-sided cloister and you now can see two of them left and right. And you see the medieval paintings in the dome. And I will show you some results from this side of the cloister. So what did we use for methods to get near more closely to the damages that they, which are there? So first we use thermography for the purpose of non-destructive moisture detection. We are looking at near-surface temperature variations and record them with the term an imaging camera. And the second method is georada. Electromagnetic waves are the same in the underground. And the analyzers of the travel times of the waves allow statements about deeper structures. So a subsequent analysis is to look at the attenuation. And the attenuation can possibly allow conclusions about moisture content. So let me show you a result of the thermography. On the left side, you can see again the joch. The dome shows clear the paintings, as I said before. And you can see in the joch, the intact areas on the left side and some damaged areas due to moisture on the right side. So during the investigation, the question arose as why the damage occurred in this area? And the answer is seen on the right side. You see an average, you see a picture of an average value of each temperature pixel recorded over time of one and a half hours. And it's just the mean, the temperature average of all one and a half hours. So blue colors indicates cool areas and red colors indicates warmer areas. So what do we see? There's a bit in a horizontal barrier. And you can see the insulating layer in dark blue and this area. So furthermore, we see a bulge in the right area, which comes from here and goes up the wall. And it indicates a defect of the horizontal barrier. Moisturizes mineral reacts and so gypsum crust forms to confirm that moisture is the reason for the gypsum crust. We use georadam. So on the far left side, you can see market profiles where we have measured with a two gigahertz antenna. And the image in the middle shows the profile of this measurement profile nine. And by moving the antenna along the profile, you get a two dimensional representation of the reflections in the ground. It's this picture. The profile is at a height of one meter 50. And what you actually see is that dark areas show strong electromagnetic reflection and light areas show weak electromagnetic reflections. And now you see the orange line, which marks the transition from wet areas to dry areas. So what does it tell us now? Let's look at the attenuation. The last figure here on the right just turns the attenuation of the direct wave and the reflection. So the direct wave is the wave which runs directly along the surface in this time slot here. So what do we see? High beta value means low attenuation and a low beta value means high attenuation. And you can conclude that the low beta values are generated through to moisture content. You actually can see that you actually can see that the area of the horizontal barrier is in this field and the damping decreases appropriately. So you can possibly use it to identify moisture content without damaging the wall by drilling, for example. So let me give a short summary. Thermography and georad are non-destructive methods to analyze damages in historical buildings and they are sensitive to the thermography for shallow sources, while georad is more sensitive to deeper structures. And the combination of the two methods can provide a new insight in the detection of moisture to not to not distract the walls of the historical building. So and if you want to learn more about it, I have a session on Thursday. You can join it and my post is also online. And thank you for your attention. Thank you, Janice. That was really interesting. So shall we head over to our last speaker, Veronica. Yes, I will share my screen. Okay. Here we go. Now start the presentation. Okay. Can you see my screen? Yeah. We've got it. Yes. So I will talk about a data-driven approach in the search for Antarctic meteorites. My name is Franny Katollenaar and I have been performing this research together with a team of scientists from the Netherlands and from Belgium, related to the universities in Brussels, the ULB and the VUB and in the Netherlands, the TU Delft. So with satellite observations, we can predict where to find meteorites in Antarctica. This is very important because meteorites form the understanding of the formation and evolution of our solar system, which in its turn teaches us about the origin and sustainability of life on Earth and also on other planets. So here you see Antarctica. And in 1969, there was a Japanese team who went on fieldwork to this location. And somewhat coincidentally, they found nine meteorites in a rather limited area. Here you see a newspaper article published about this very special find. It's really, it's not normal to find nine meteorites in a limited area. It's something very exceptional. And so from this exceptional find, the belief originated that there is a concentrating mechanism that brings meteorites together in specific areas. So basically what they think that's happening is that meteorites fall on the on the ice sheet in Antarctica and they become embedded in the ice whilst the ice sheet is building up. And then due to the flow of the of the ice, the embedded meteorites or at least a part of the embedded meteorites, they are brought to the surface. And once they are at the surface in specific areas, they can remain there really for thousands of years. Here you see these meteorites. And in the areas where they're brought to the surface, typically blue ice is exposed. This underlying blue ice, it makes it very easy to see the meteorites when you're in the field. And given that there is a high concentration of meteorites in a limit, limited area. It makes Antarctica a very productive place to collect meteorites. This is also why 62% of all meteorites recovered on Earth are recovered in Antarctica. Almost every year there are meteorite meteorite collection missions to Antarctica. And in this missions, the Belgian a keep is very well represented. Here you see a picture of the last field work they did. You see the field camp with the containers where they sleep and also the ski dues that are used while searching in the blue ice area. You also see nicely how big this area actually is, although it's still limited and there are a lot of meteorites there. So the Belgians they have been involved in four joint field work missions and they were very successful because they collected more than 1300 meteorites. However, the conditions in Antarctica they can be very extreme. The average temperature at places where they found meteorites is minus 36. And also the missions are not always successful in some sense you need to be lucky to find meteorites. So, until now, the places where they go to search for meteorites they are selected by experts who study maps and visual imagery, and they have performed a lot of costly reconnaissance missions. Of course, these missions are expensive because you need a lot of support to get there and also there are quite some dangerous risks that are involved in these missions. So, this is basically where we come in because we want to increase the success of these reconnaissance missions, and to increase our success, we will, we want to use satellite observations. To measure from space it's not possible to directly detect meteorites, because the typical resolution of the data that we use is 500 meters, whilst the average size of meteorite finds in Antarctica it's a couple of centimeters. So, we need to use indirect properties of the concentrating mechanism to predict where you find meteorites. So, if two examples here, you see the ice flow indicated with the arrows. So typically in areas where you can find meteorites the ice flow velocity is very low. And also you see the surface temperature is also very low in areas where they find meteorites, it rarely exceeds minus 10. So it's really cold there. So we use these indirect observations to predict where you can find meteorites. How this goes into practice is indicated here. You see all different layers with observations and again the two examples I indicated the ice flow velocity in pink and the temperature in green. And basically we combine these observations to predict to make a prediction. However, combining these observations is not as straightforward as it might seem so it's, it's not possible to make simply an overlay analysis because there is interplay between all the different observations. So we bring in machine learning, because this is a this the machine learning algorithm is able to capture the interplay between all the different observations. So basically what it does the machine learning in it spits up the data into a set of training data and a set of calibration data. So we give the training data to the machine, and we see how good it can predict based on the training training data by using the calibration data. And then of course we go back to the first step because I'm usually in learning there is some iterative process involved. In the end we get a prediction of where to find meteorites as shown here on the right, this is a snapshot of the continent wide product we are making. And the results we obtained are evaluated with unseen test data so this is data of places where meteorites are collected or places that turned out to be absent of meteorite finds. And this data has not been used for training or calibration whatsoever it's just completely unseen by the machine and we use this for the evaluation. So, the results of our evaluation, it indicates that the meteorite map we made is great advancement over the current manual approaches in meteorite searches. And basically we can create a kind of treasure map of Antarctic meteorites using satellite observations. Also, there are indications that there are still a lot of meteorites really many more meteorites to find in Antarctica and we believe that our treasure map will be a great asset in the meteorite hunting missions, allowing a targeted approach to collecting the remaining meteorites. Our research will be peer reviewed and at the meantime, we are making an interactive tool not only for scientists but also for the general public to just explore the continent of Antarctica and the meteorite collection, the meteorite concentrations that are in Antarctica. And I'm very happy to share these two or other results or materials so don't hesitate to contact me on the following email address. That's it. Thank you. Thank you Veronica I really like the idea of this, this treasure map as you've described it as well. That's cool. So we've heard from all three of our speakers there three really cool and diverse topics. And so now open up the floor for any questions. As I said at the start, if you've got questions you can either type a queue, a letter queue in the chat box, and I'll come to you for questions. Or you can write out your question fully and that's absolutely fine. I can also read them out from here as well. Any questions for our speakers. Okay. Can I speak. Yeah. I have a question for you Veronica. So you mentioned a satellite satellite observation and I was wondering if also this method has been also coupled with with surface observation with surface geophysical techniques. Thank you for your question. I think it can definitely be combined with surface observations. However, the areas where meteorites are found they're really scattered over the over East Antarctica. And so the surface observations in in this area they're rather sparse because it's it's really more in in in towards the interior of the continent and the conditions are really extreme and it's hard to have a lot of in situ campaigns there with continuous data. So it is possible for more local analysis but for the continent wide analysis we are aiming to make it. It doesn't. It's not usable because there's no coverage. Thank you. So we have a question for Stephanie coming in from from Sarah Darwin and can you speak a bit more about how your work could be used to help drive waste management efforts on neighboring places. Yes, great question. So I'm mainly focusing on really the physics part of this to really understand how the particles are flowing, but of course as I said in the beginning it's part of a much bigger project. So there's actually a Pacific, well this is Southeast Pacific wide project going on to really include all the neighboring countries so Ecuador Peru, GB, etc. And so we, we in particular want to find case studies where we can apply our tool and see if it works for different locations not just for the Galapagos. But what they are also focusing on is just improving using education, talking to the governments, trying to implement better ways management strategies. So the way we help with that is also look a little bit at the sources so if we find plastic on the Galapagos, can we find out where it's coming from, what is the main source. Can we tackle those companies or should they focus on cleanups on the beaches on the mainland or should they focus on better waste management flows, things like that. So, I hope that helps. Sarah says excellent thank you. And I was wondering as well Stephanie.  Was, was that supposed to be an animation. Yes, they did not say. No, but we can, we can, I think we've got time to watch it again. I'll try it. Yeah, yeah, I think that there's a trick, Fabio, is this right for sharing that you might have to. You might have to share screens, you might have to take a couple of options in the bottom left. Okay, yeah, because it's a gift. It's going. Oh, it's going. Okay. Okay, there were more animations so it's a bit sad. This one is the nicest I guess so yeah. Yeah, if you want to talk us through. And if you want to pull out anything from them that's absolutely fine. So this one is just a simulation with that ocean parser's tool that I was talking about. So these are virtual, virtual pieces of plastic so to say. And the dark ones here those are the ones that got stuck on the island so you can really see the islands getting contaminated more or less with with thoughts. So yeah we really like to just sit back and check this out. Many hours. Yeah, the other one was in the beginning I'm going to see if I can go back. So this was more to explain what we hope to develop in the end. So it's kind of showing if the color is darker there are more more pieces arriving at that location in time. So, yeah, so this is all simulation but hopefully and there will be a combination of observations simulations and things like that. Yeah. Excellent. So here's got a follow up question to that let me find it. Will your, will your drifter flights help you to identify the biggest sources sorry how to decode that bit. And maybe indirectly, I can explain a bit more about that. So, so what we are using the drifters for at the moment so we've ordered 50 of them and we're in the process of getting them transported to the Galapagos at the moment. So that field campaign is mainly focusing on on how the plastic moves from the ocean onto the beach so that that's that process that there's still quite a lot of unknowns. So that's what we, we are focusing on with this drifter field campaign. There were more planned also larger skill to get a better indication of the ocean current because that's of course that's all models at the moment. It's really difficult to measure the ocean can talk about that for a really long time. But that was a much bigger field campaign also much further away from the Galapagos really large scale flow patterns. But unfortunately, there are a lot of funding cuts in the project. So that part is for now, at least not possible. Unfortunately, so we have to cross our fingers for the future. Yeah. My fingers crossed. Thank you. So we will hop back to you and this for a question from Philly. And Philly says, can these tools be used to repair damage in the future. I hope it is possible in a long time but first of all it's to detect moisture without drilling in the water. So actually today you are doing some course to get information about moisture content in the striker walls and if you want to have it all over the wall you have to do a lot of course so and what we are wanted to do is to reduce this and just take three or four course on the wall and then just a measure with radar and thermography to get an information about where is water content and where is it not enter how you can see in a faster way in it, especially cheaper way and in a faster way, where water is and what you can do just before you start to restore your object before you're doing the restoration so I hope that's okay. Yeah, that's great. Thank you. Another one for you Eunice from Sarah. How thick do the walls need to be for your technique to work. Can this technique be used on different mediums. It's better if it's thin, because the georada has a penetration depth, but we tried it in non kitchen. It's another church in Schleswig-Holstein, and there were the wall about two meter a one two meter so one meter 90 maybe this thickness so it works great on historical old areas, especially so it doesn't matter how thick your wall is. Of course there's some regulation about the sickness but what we tried worked way. Thank you. And from Philippe and this is back to Stephanie. Can the modeling be also applied to areas like the Mediterranean or Californian coastlines. Yeah, it can be applied anywhere. Let's put it that way I know in our group, there's a lot of work being done on the Mediterranean so yeah you can check out our, I don't know where is her Twitter and you will find some research related to that. There's quite a lot of work and what we're doing at the moment is really confined to the Galapagos so before we can scale up to other locations we have to see what what are the parameters that that will be applicable worldwide and not just for the Galapagos so that's that's one step we need to make in the future to make it sure that we can apply globally. That's exciting. Any more questions for our panel. Any more. If not we can, we can leave it there. And all that all that remains to say is, yeah, thank you for our three panelists for their wonderful talks and taking time out to answer your questions. And you can also have a look out for more of the content and materials related to these talks online at the EU media media center press center and I'm sure all of us speakers will be happy to be contacted by email for follow up queries if you've got questions.


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Hello and welcome to starita and eating healthy has become the new norm Several in the urban mainstream have begun to look at growing some of the vegetables they consume in little gardens at home Although not a new concept with several rural households growing their own veggies at home since ages Those living in the cities too are now going organic While several companies are trying to offer fresh organic produce Growing your own not only saves money But also gives you control over what your family consumes if you know about organic produce and are equipped with basic Know-how helping others go organic good be a low-cost way for you to set up a business and earn good money today I started up. We will tell you how to put those skills to use and begin a business While you might be growing a couple of veggies now to be an enabler for others You must scale that up before people start believing in your credibility You must show them that you know what you are doing Rua garan with multiple vegetables and perhaps a few food make Interested people be aware of your existence set up business pages on Facebook and Instagram and start posting tips and tricks That would help get you the initial audience while word of mouth is a big help You may need to spend a bit of money on advertising apart from social media distribution of physical pamphlets in your neighborhood and Asking them to spread the word is also a good option to begin with You must hire a photographer or a videographer to shoot some videos that could be included in your portfolio While all this will get you calls and messages to make yourself seem like a professional You must also set up a website the website should have information about you Information to back your credibility among other things once you have set up the basics The next step would be to work with some manufacturing or make your own products that the consumers would possibly need Maintaining your own garden requires continuous investment We're in an initial basic setup with soil saplings or seeds and some organic manure can cost you up to rupees 1 lakh with Maintenance cost of about rupees 1,000 per month This varies depending upon what you're growing and as the quantity of produce increases during the initial days Marketing costs can range anywhere between rupees 4,000 to 5,000 a month Spanning across physical and digital apart from that Portfolio creation with the help of a videographer will depend upon your needs a videographer can charge about Rupees 2,000 per day for shoot and a few thousand more for editing while a free website is an option a Good-looking professional one with a custom domain name will have a recurring cost of about rupees 3500 a year if you are hiring a web designer. She can have a one-time charge of 5,000 to 10,000 Here your major source of earning depends on what you charge the customer for helping set up an organic farm at her home Your consultation fee can be hourly daily or even for just setting up the entire thing for a small setup with maybe a couple of vegetables to grow Our consulting fee of rupees 2000 to 3000 is recommended while you can keep your margins When selling them the soil organic manure or bio fertilizers that you can make or even if you're partnering with a manufacturer or retailer Hope you like the idea and for more such business ideas log on to www.entrepreneur.com Like to the video then don't forget to like comment share and subscribe to Entrepreneur India hit the bell icon to get notified for more such videos


Having been kicked out of Buds, Remy returned to life as a corpsman, this time assigned to a Marine infantry unit. Instead of feeling defeated, however, he saw his failure as a lesson and was determined to return to training. Because I had the mental toughness piece already nailed down, I needed to get humility and I also needed to grow as a man. You know, I also needed to learn from my failures and then also learn that a failure is only a failure if you don't learn from it but if you learn from it, it's a lesson. I needed to get that lesson, you know, out of that, out of getting kicked out of steel training and I'm so grateful for it because I applied that lesson today as a husband, as a father, as a businessman. You know, I run a couple different businesses and I'm applying the lessons from getting kicked out of steel training the first time to now, you know, so yeah. After a year and a half with the Marines, Remy returned to Buds, starting all over again from day one. This time, with the lessons he learned, he graduated and earned his steel trident. There were two feelings. There was one of, I was grateful. Like at that point it was just like I was humble and I was grateful because I was just like, man, it wasn't like, yeah, I made it, look at me, you know. Me getting kicked out of Buds the first time dealt with that. That part of it, right? At this point it was like, I'm grateful. I'm grateful to be here. That was one feeling I had, the next feeling I had was I'm ready to get to work. Like making it through Buds is nothing, right? You know, every seal has made it through Buds. Like it's actually getting to a platoon and doing the work, you know.   Like I was just ready to get to work and do the job of a seal and not just walk around with a trident on my chest. So that was the feeling of that. Remy acted as his platoon's medic, utilizing his background as a corpsman as well as doing intelligence gathering. You know, I had a great time in the seal, too.  I don't think I'll ever have that experience anywhere outside of the seal teams, you know. So, yeah. During his time in the teams, having completed three deployments, Remy discovered being a seal also helped him confront past childhood trauma he experienced as a victim of bullying growing up in the Bronx. I saw a lot of bullying, you know. I was bullied. You know, I was jumped.  I saw there were times where I would see one person get beat up by six people, you know, go and walk them back from school. And I always despise that. And that's why, you know, I never got involved in the gangs because to me, gangs, all gang members were cowards, you know what I mean? Like, it needs to be seven of you to beat on one person. That's not a manly. That's not hard.  And so, I hated bullies. And so, one of the reasons, another reason why I wanted to be a seal is because I wanted to go after bullies. I wanted to go after those people who picked on the weak, who picked on those who can't protect themselves. I wanted to be the one who could knock on their door and just be like, hey, you're talking all that junk on the camera. You're picking on all these people. You're killing these people. Do it to me. Like, here I am, what you got to say now. And so, I loved that aspect of the job. And it fulfilled me because, you know, here I was, you know, having come from this environment where I saw a lot of people picked on and jumped. And now being able to take that and be the person standing in the gap, that meant a lot to me. In 2016, now married and a father of two young boys, Remy decided it was time to leave the Navy and the demanding life of being a seal behind to focus on being a father, something he missed due to his own father passing away when he was young. He enrolled in college using his GI bill, but didn't know what he wanted to do with his life after school. Then, he got a phone call that changed everything.


Using songs? This idea is certainly more suited to a teacher who has a regular class of students, but is something that could be used to good effect, if you do a little bit of pre-teaching at the end of one class, by giving students a basic pattern to look for, and task them with finding songs with that pattern in for the next class. Students must listen for the conditionals in the song, then create some alternative possibly less musical, but more amusing lyrics in groups during the lesson. Thanks so much for watching. We are ITTT, the leading provider for TEFL and TESOL training courses. If you liked this video, please subscribe by clicking the button down here, and click on any of the videos here on the left for more interesting teaching tips for getting certified to teach English abroad and online.