Why do you play games? It seems like an obvious question to us, but the truth is that almost everyone plays games for different reasons. I play games because I like the feeling of getting better at things. I've talked to a bunch of people who play games because they like the more interactive nature of storytelling you find in games, and still others enjoy exploration and getting lost in a virtual world. This diversity of what people look for in games means different people end up gravitating to different genres. But the way our games are designed manages to narrow their audience. The Souls series is almost perfectly designed to be enjoyed by people who are looking mainly for exploration and immersion, but unless they also happen to be someone who plays games because they like challenge, they're excluded. Then a game like Dishonored could be a perfect game for someone who likes challenge, but the way it's difficult to in safe states are designed means ultimately someone like me finds them too easy without setting artificial restrictions to themselves. But this isn't how it has to be. If more games made simple changes to how progression was gated and how checkpoints and safe states were handled, people who don't like hard games could love Demon Souls and people who like hard games could love Dishonored. Today, let's take a few minutes to talk about saves coming, difficulty, accessibility, and how games could be more things to more people by giving more power to shape the experience over to the player. We'll look at a few great games that do saves and difficulty terrible, and a few that do it wonderfully after the logo. Dishonored I first started thinking about this topic a few months ago. After I had finally put down Doom Eternal, I ended up playing the Dishonored series. Now I love almost every game Arcane is made, despite some criticisms I have that apply to all of them. I think Prey is one of the very best games of the last generation, and I think the Dishonored games are both fantastic. On level design and arc direction, Arcane games are a joy. But as I played through Dishonored 1 and 2 and that death of the outsider one, a glaring flaw became apparent to me. The game ends up being entirely too easy, because the ability to save whenever you want makes players like me unwilling to live with the consequences of my mistakes. Because the game so clearly is pushing the player to perfect stealth, failing stealth almost always made me just reload the last save. Dishonored scores a player based upon how many times guards are alerted and how many times an enemy is killed. If you're spotted often and kill lots of guards, the game calls that run high chaos. And while it doesn't call that a low score, it's obvious that the developers consider that the wrong way to play. The best endings are locked behind the least lethal, most stealthy runs. And indeed Dishonored is far more fun when played stealthily, because the difficulty of the game lies in navigating the levels without killing or being seen. Corvo and Emily have so many powers that it's quite trivial to make your way through the game if you're willing to kill everything. So I have no problem with having the best ending locked behind the low chaos run. The problem arises when you mix that design with a quick save system. Dishonored, like most games, has the standard for difficulty levels. These difficulty levels affect enemy health, healing efficiency, enemy reinforcements and enemy perceptiveness. This is actually a pretty good way to balance difficulty in a stealth game. But every single one of those changes is negated by the one thing that's not in the difficulty options. Save states. Because I'm the type of player who's trying to achieve perfection whenever I play a game, I basically cannot stop myself from reloading a save when something goes wrong. This doesn't actually make the game easier, but it does make the game more tedious. In a way, I am repeatedly attempting to beat the level in the most difficult way possible. So when I'm spotted by an enemy, I get pissed off and reload the last save to try and do it perfectly. This robs the game of its tension and consequences of failure. Healing doesn't really matter as a system if I'm going to negate ever being seen by reloading the last save. The simple issue of being able to quick save the game and reload on failure almost ruins the carefully designed difficulty that actually is present in the Dishonored titles. You may not seem like it is, but it's there. Many games have a super hardcore mode that affects saving. Fallout New Vegas and Fallout 4 both have a hardcore mode that has a binary effect on saves. In all difficulties, you can save at any time. While in the survival mode, you can only save by sleeping in a bed. While the Fallout save system is too rigid and binary, even just that would make Dishonored an immensely better game. But the problem in save states shouldn't need to be packaged with all the other things that fall under the hardest difficulty. Playing on Fallout 4 on the hardest difficulty gives you the very best experience when it comes to save states, but kinda the most miserable when it comes to combat. It's not fun for me to dump a hundred shots into a super mutant. And it's just not fun to like peek out behind a rock over and over and over and have to, you know, go into my menu and heal over and over. It doesn't feel good. Having played Dishonored on both the normal and harder difficulties, I found the hardest one to be annoying. I don't want enemies that can see me through walls. It's too restrictive. Games should have their standard difficulty modes that affect health, damage, unit types, enemy density, and enemy awareness, but they should have a separate setting that specifically deals with save states. Dishonored, for me, would be best if it was played on the hard difficulty, but with the ability to save turned off. But to really allow for the game to be enjoyed by anyone, it should have several save state options in addition to the several difficulty options. Should allow saving at any time. Medium should allow the player to save twice per level. Hard should only allow once per level. And then perma death mode should not allow any saving at all. And these options should only be able to be changed before a mission starts, except for perma death, of course, which should completely disable any changes. And this should be the default for any stealth based game. Prey would have been immensely better if you could only save upon loading into a new area. The reason I loved Prey Moon Crash so much more as a gameplay experience had everything to do with the situation that dynamically emerged in a game that doesn't allow you to save at all. By making this relatively simple design change, the game is now enjoyable for people looking for a deep challenge and for people just looking to explore the systems and the story. Players need to be protected from themselves. But that doesn't mean the developers should decide everything for them. I happen to know that I cannot be trusted with a quick save in Dishonored. But it would be terrible to eliminate the option for players who want to be able to quick save and get through levels perfectly. More options is better. Now, Dishonored is where we started this because it's the one game that best demonstrates problems with how games do difficulty in saving. But there's another game in a totally different genre that's kind of broken by the way it handles death. Borderlands. I think Borderlands 2 and 3 are both wonderful games. 2 has a vastly superior story while 3 has vastly superior gameplay. But both suffer badly from the way saving and checkpoints are handled. Borderlands doesn't have saves or checkpoints. Instead, death simply responds the player and charges them a currency penalty. This system makes the gameplay worse. It allows the developers to be lazy and sloppy in their encounter design and is so kind of catastrophic for the plot that the new U-Stations you respond at are literally not canon. Let's look at how the new U-Stations, just like the Vita chambers from Bioshock, ruin the experience a player like me wants from a shooter. Because dying doesn't even respawn enemies, it allows the developers to throw as many bullet sponge hit scan weapon-wielding mobs as they can into every encounter. Borderlands 2 was a wonky shooter. Held up by its loot, its story, and its charm. But Borderlands 3 is a really great feeling shooter. Held back by its bad respawn system and the cascading effects on enemy and encounter design that follow from that core system. Borderlands 3 in your first playthrough has two difficulty settings. Easy, which makes enemies have low health and damage and is pointlessly easy. And normal, which seems to beef up enemy health. These don't actually end up having too much of an effect on gameplay, though. Difficulty is still just balanced by the number next to your gun. If you're not using guns that are high enough level, eventually the intense sponginess of the enemies becomes so overbearing that you can't kill them without running out of ammo. Borderlands as a shooter can make a ton of lazy design choices because the game has such a simple difficulty system and allows such a generous respawn system. Because of those systems, difficulty isn't carefully designed anywhere except for in boss fights and difficult sections turn into unenjoyable wars of attrition where you kill a ton of enemies, get killed, respawn and finish the arena. For a player like me, death needs to have an actual penalty. If Borderlands respawned all the enemies and restarted the encounter whenever you died, how would the game need to change to keep working? Arenas would need to be far more carefully designed so that dying always felt like the player's fault. Less enemies would have to have hitscan weapons, but for the most part, it wouldn't be changing the core of the game. A change like this would need to be something optional, though, just like it would be in dishonored, because the way the respawn system works in Borderlands makes the game quite a bit easier. And lots of players enjoy Borderlands for farming, not for difficulty.   Let's compare that system with the shooter that best handles difficulty of any game in the genre. Doom Eternal. Eternal has the best suite of difficulty options of any shooter ever and probably any game ever, including Doom 2016. In Doom, there is no save system beyond checkpoints. Every arena must be completed from start to finish to get the next checkpoint. This means that the game is forgiving because you never lose more than one arena of progress, but also challenging because each and every arena must be completed as designed to move forward. The standard difficulties from I'm too young to die to nightmare, change enemy behavior, health and damage to offer a more customized experience that allows every player to find the difficulty that feels best for them. And Doom Eternal allows for the difficulty to be changed at any time. Just this system is already pretty well designed, but the game goes further. There is the Ultra Nightmare Permadeath mode for people that want that. But the addition of the extra life mode is a stroke of genius. It's basically a more forgiving Ultra Nightmare mode, and it's available for all difficulty options. I find Ultra Nightmare too difficult to bother slogging through to finish. I've made it through four levels before dying, and while I'm confident I could probably do it if I was a willing to put in the time, I'm not really driven to do it. However, extra life mode on Nightmare is almost perfectly designed for someone like me. It still requires a bit of mastery and allows for the kind of tension and consequences I'm looking for without being too difficult and punishing. Doom's entire design would be ruined by allowing you to save your way through encounters or by allowing you to die and respawn and like just kind of keep whittling down the enemies. And while I feel the game is almost perfectly balanced on Nightmare difficulty, it didn't decide that because Nightmare is how the developers and FPS veterans play it, that's the only way to play the game. Instead, they offered a wide range of difficulty. The ability to change that difficulty at any time, a permadeath mode and then the extra life mode, which is a forgiving permadeath system. Did this wide variety of difficulty options hurt the game? Do any of them great against the design of the game? No. In fact, the game only benefits from more players being able to engage with it. There's a reason I have played a Turtles campaign for over 250 hours and nearly a dozen playthroughs, because when I feel like just relaxing with a shooter, I will play it on Ultra Violence. And when I want a shooter that engages me, I play it on Nightmare. And when I'm actually going to sit down and play the whole campaign again and I want to challenge, I will play the Nightmare Extra Life mode. No other shooter offers anything like the replayability of Doom Eternal because you can tailor how the game feels and plays simply by picking and choosing the mode and difficulty itself. It's one of the most innovative things the game did.  So we're only going to look at one other genre. You can't talk about difficulty and or save states in games without touching on. Souls Likes. No game genre is more of a product of its difficulty and checkpoint system than the Souls-like genre. It also happens to be my favorite genre of games. So I thought quite a bit about the way these games work and how simple tweaks could preserve the core design while expanding the audience. The FromSoft Souls games derive their difficulty from two things. First, the amount of damage and health that enemies have. The extreme danger of almost every encounter means the player needs to develop game knowledge to proceed. You can't spam your way through this guy in the first level. Until you realize when to block, when to dodge, and when to attack, you will die. And the more important thing to balance this difficulty in the Souls games is the checkpoint and save system. A player earns XP by killing enemies, but every time you die or use a checkpoint, the enemies respawn. This means that, like Doom Eternal, but unlike Bioshock or Borderlands, the player can only progress by defeating the entire encounters as designed.  You need to defeat all three enemies and the knight without dying. This seems like an obvious system until you hold it up against a game like Borderlands to realize that actually much of the Dark Souls design hinges on the way respawning works. The Souls genre is full of games that offer amazing exploration and immersion. The Dark Souls games excel at so much more than simple combat difficulty. A game like Neo has an exceptionally fun combat system that would be a joy to use regardless of how brutally hard it is. Yet the genre is closed to anyone other than the people who play games like I play games. You can only play these games if you enjoy difficult games. But does it really have to be that way? Isn't there some way to make these games work, even if you're not all that good at third person action games? What if you're the kind of person who loves exploring well crafted levels, reading lore and soaking up atmosphere, but you're just not good at twitch combat skills? Why shouldn't you be able to enjoy these games? Changing the health and damage of enemies isn't needed to make a Souls like more enjoyable and changing the checkpoint and safe system would ruin the core of what makes these games so brilliant. So how can we make them more accessible without breaking them? Well, actually, you already can beat almost any Souls like, even if you're not very good at them by gaming the progression system. Almost all Souls like games allow more mistakes, the more you level up. A player who isn't very good at avoiding damage could stay in the first area and kill enemies over and over while leveling up health and damage enough to allow them to make at least a few mistakes without dying. In fact, you will constantly see in Reddit threads that people who are struggling are told to quote unquote work by grinding out levels. So in order to play the game at a difficulty that feels more enjoyable to them, they need to take part in an hour of tedium to better balance the game against their skill. But seeing us out all of these games with one notable exception already allow you to overcome the challenge through leveling. Why do we need to ruin them by forcing people to grind out levels? Dark Souls 3 would be quite a bit less fun if it had required me to farm the high wall of Lothric for an hour before I could comfortably defeat it. What if instead of making the games easier by changing the game, we instead simply had difficulty levels that change the XP economy. So a player who had never played a Souls like and wasn't very good at action games would choose the new player difficulty. This would double all Souls games. Then there would be the normal mode, which kept things as they are, and a hard mode that halved Souls games with finally a mode that turned off Souls altogether. This simple change, which the game already accommodates because NG Plus already changes the soul value of each enemy, would instantly open the game up to significant numbers of players who might be disabled or new or intimidated or just not very good at timing based gameplay. Doubling the amount of Souls would let these players still get a challenge from the game, a new player getting double Souls in Dark Souls 3 is going to have a harder time than I did the first time I played it. The argument against making games easier and more accessible has always relied on a bit of a faulty premise and implies that we're all equally skilled. And therefore everyone is playing the same game. But that's simply not the case. Any Souls like game that comes out is going to be far easier for me than it is for someone who has arthritis in their fingers or carpal tunnel syndrome or just doesn't play these games. And for as much as the difficulty of the experience drives how much I love these games, there are other people who could fall in love with all the other things that makes them so enjoyable if they were simply given more agency to tailor the experience to their own skill, desire and ambition. I find that a game not being difficult enough or being sloppy and unoriginal in the way it implements difficulty is usually what makes me put it down. I don't like easy games, but I'm positive that there are thousands and thousands of people who love games for different reasons that put games down for the precise opposite reason I do. How many people put games down because they're too hard? There are simple and easy solutions to these issues. I would enjoy Dishonored so much more if I can make the game harder by preventing saves and I would enjoy Bioshock and Borderlands more if the game had actual checkpoints that meant it was possible to fail. But other people just want to experience the game without having to prove something to themselves. I love games for a different reason than some other person loves games, but that doesn't need to stop us from enjoying the same games. Bloodborne is so much more than its difficulty and Dishonored is so much more than just its story. It's time for game developers to consciously expand their audience by thinking far more carefully around how to design their saves, checkpoints and progression systems. It's one of the only places that we've seen almost no innovation in the last 15 years, the save system, the checkpoint system and progression systems have not been perfected. It's just a sort of inertia and laziness that has left us where we are. I implore developers, if anyone ever watches this, to think hard and carefully about what you want the save system to do, what you want the checkpoint system to do, and then how that will interact with different kinds of players. And I beg developers going forward to just give everyone more options. The simple difficulty system should be separated from the way the save and checkpoint system works. In the same way, most games have four or five difficulty settings, they should have four or five checkpoint and save system settings. It would improve almost every game I can think of. All right, that's all I got for today. Thanks for coming. I'll see you next time. Bye.


Hi everyone, Joe for jaspyscasebrakes.com coming at you with a quick break of 2019-2020 Ubridek Chronology Hockey Volume 2, two box random team break number 12. One spot gets you three teams in this two box break. So let's triple you up, one, two, and three. And there's the combo right there, Anaheim and Columbus. Let's roll it, let's randomize it, four and a three, seven times for each list. There's one, two, three, and seventh and final time. For seven we got Zach down to Matt. Four and a three, seven times for the teams, one, and seven and final time. After seven we got the Caps down to the Chicago Blackhawks. Alright, Zach with the Capitals, Zach with the Capitals, William with the Canadians, Steve with the Red Wings Lightning and the Stars, Joseph with the Bruins, Zach with the Sharks and the Sabers, Matt with the Devils, Steve with the Kings, Zach with the Blues, Matt with the Kiottes, Matt, Matt A, with the Cioties, Matt M with the Islanders, Joseph with the Wild, Matt A with the Flyers, Khalil with the Jets, William with the Ducks, Bluejackets, combo Steve with the Avs, Matt A with the Canucks, Zachary with the Panguins, Matt A with the Hurricanes, Joseph with the Oilers, Matt M with the Knights, Khalil with the Panthers and the Senators. Matt A with the Preeds, William with the Ranger, Steve with the Flames, Zachary with the Maple Leafs, and Matt with the Chicago Blackhawks. So let's get all that on one screen right there, and let's sort by column B by team. Any trades? I don't know if anybody is here in the chat that's in the break. Speak now or forever hold your peace. Trade window going once. Trade window going twice. All right. TWC trade window closed. I can't sit there too often otherwise I might pass out. The best napper. This chronology is pretty solid, so let's see what we've got. We've got a pulled economy David Otto out of here last night. Hard economy David autograph. All right, there's the final printout right there. All right, good luck. What do we have? We got Mark Shifley on top and below him. He's going to help us out with this break is a Mark Shifley Letterman autograph. 25 out of 25 gold ink autograph over the F. That's a nice one for Winnipeg Khalil with the Winnipeg Jets. And behind him is Brooks Orpik for the Capitals. That's going to go to Zachary and the Caps. Back here is a time capsule, Brad Marshawn, who has the Bruins. Joseph Pugh with that one. We'll send that to you. See how you can do whatever you want with it. The Royals are looking, their Royals fan base are looking for a name for their fan base. Right, so like the ground, the brown, Cleveland Browns are like the dog pound. You know, I guess they're looking for a nickname to their nickname. I guess for the fans. Blue fan group. There's some ideas out there. It should just be the royalty, obviously. All right. And we've got Anders Lee, gold ink on that canvas. That's for the Islanders. Matt McLaughlin has the Isles. We've got Hekan Lube, Loeb, Lube, Calgary Flames. Calgary that will be for Steve Burch. Kings of Pains as Oliver. They've knocked out a World Series though. Recently, in recent memory. And the last one here is Nate McKinnon, Letterman. No ink, but just the big old M right there. 23 out of 35 for the Avs. It's going to go to Steve Burch, one of his last spot mojo teams. And Patrice Bergeron to 222 for the Bruins. Joseph Pugh with that one. And there you have it, folks. Quick break of upper deck chronology hockey. That was a random team number 12. That was the last two boxes of that inner case. We might have more, so keep an eye out on the website on jaspyscasebreaks.com. And I'll see you next time for the next break. Bye-bye.


What's going on everyone? Sam here with late in sports cards ripping two boxes a 22 Bowman Chrome baseball hobby for Joshua E So good luck here Joshua Jackson Job Dore Lorenza Sure, I would be awesome in this. There's a victory Costa magenta shimmer to 199 Padres James at 300 Kevin Smith auto. Oh boy. There's a Jose Miranda. It's a 250 nice one there Marco Luciano Pedro that opens up such a bad discussion if we do that SG There's Alexis Hernandez the 299 Nice one there for the Cubs Chaco Kevin Smith super that would be awesome You need to buy the Kevin Smith super there's Easton more about to 199 on the magenta first got base auto Brando Mosquita for the Braves Nice one. They're not numbered congrats on that first one there at Joshua That's poor beating demand it walk and slagged out and demand it Simon Juan For the Mets new apparel the match this season. Yeah, we need we need city edition shirts City-connected late in shirts That'd be kind of cool do like whatever like every state that people are from Or like areas of the state so like wander Franco shades of greatness for me I can get a late-in-shirt that's all like Connecticut's that's like Connecticut theme Do you have like Miami theme so you get like Miami vice one or something? Yeah, that'd be kind of cool Right. We've got gold is hunter green on the rookie very nice To 50 and laugh myself to sleep. Oh Logan Serney Nice one there. Jeremy Pena on the magenta 299 Otherwise I quit Seriously Grown man ordering grilled cheese We got blue ray wave of Louise Mesa 20 out of 150 congrats on that. There you go, Joshua Basin base that'll do it for your break Joshua Congrats on all the hits. Thanks as always my friend. We'll get those right out to you, buddy


What's going on everyone? Sam here with late in sports cards. We're doing 2022 top triple threads baseball hobby nine box case break number four Pick your team style also to answer your question Jason. I believe it will be the same one. Yes.  Here we go See how many times I get wrecked for not hiding redemptions. We're cards What what what what? What six Yeah, six said stop right there said you ordered the marlins It said out of stock. Yeah, no robert s got the marlins. There's rob. So rob s t And robber s c that's what it is.  No, you're good. You're good. You're good Oh good. Everything's good. I know right. What are the that that is crazy odds right there?  That'd be so awesome What are you three? What are you three?  That is uh louise garcia Uh four out of 99 and jd martinez three of nine Another free agent if you want him back or no No Not even the dh we've got tony gwin to 259 and cal ripkin to 2.99 Oh god. No moe. I will quit breaking. I will quit breaking if I pull a joe barrow card out of here I will quit I will quit on the spot breaks will be over breaks will be cancelled and I will leave We've got anthony rizzo to two of nine On the doing it all for the inks there you go peter peter And brandon march 61 out of 99 or rookie jersey auto for the angels Yes, I believe I don't know if the first one had a wander I don't think the first one had a wander the second one had a wander redemption And then the third one had two wanders and a hulia on everybody on tiktok. How we doing Lincoln bio as well We're live over on youtube and twitch Good for the box of optic if luke gets fooled You'll be really sick if they have in here sketches Right, it's like a museum thing. I guess yeah I like that the sketches are super rare. Yeah, they're hard to hit reggie jackson 150 And they're also just like not in every product, you know, like there's only like Vladimir Guerrero jr. 190 or three products that have them They're crazy rare in Like top series one and series two and update. Yeah, and then they're obviously a little bit more common in museum Yeah, uh, mickey. Yes, there is a beirut auto and yes bracing star is in this as well Uh buster posi randy johnson trevor story. You'll like this one Uh one of three. How about a chris sail rafael devers and trevor story three color two color three color going to the red socks That's kind of nasty right there. That's so sick. Really cool careful by holding this card. You may injure chris sail Yes, jam bracing star is in this. He has a lot of his base all that kind of stuff Yeah, no, even as a Yankees fan. I do think this is pretty cool. I'm in on this card as a Yankees fan Nice one there. Then we've got Tyler glass now 55 out of 99 going to the raise No, no worries six six no problem at all man I'd rather have like if there was an error be able to catch it before we started, you know Now you're good. No worries three or three stars next year. Oh, we got a one-on-one We got a one-on-one way. Well, I believe no, I don't think it's a white whale, but it's a uh one-on-one buster posi onyx To 50 and wander franco to 259. Yeah, there you go. West virginia. Go Yankees. That's what I like to hear Let's go. All right. We've got j rod rookie Ronald acunia I go here austin riley 39 out of 49. All right.  I'm gonna send him a picture of it. That is frank el Frank el yeah, that's gonna be uh, if you remember it's signing this Is it on card? It is on card. Yes. Dang nice mount castle Uh, blake is gonna go ahead and text ryan mount castle and actually see if you remember signing this So that's gonna be a cool story for you there frank el Uh, this box is um 399 a piece, but this is a group break right here That gorgeous card man future phenoms Tell me he's already a phenom Tell me he's a present phenom We're like present We're gonna get we're gonna see if we can get the story on that ryan mount castle card if he actually signed it if you remember signing it Uh, you put in a mag. Yeah Yeah, because there's not really like a corner issue on it, you know jared kelnic to 259 Raphael Devers to 299. Yeah, probably I would think Mark McGuire salvi perez wander franco rookie The more disgusting a card the better right? Yes, sir. Yes, sir Yes, this is the box with uh, babe ruth that caught that everyone's chasing. Yes, it is We've got barry larkin that's gonna be Legend six out of 18 nice one there for the reds really cool, man game You remember really on that one as well And then we've got another awesome one here. How about a spencer torkelson 178 out of 199 But it says white whale. Oh it does that is the white whale then perfect Uh, kody these boxes are 399 a piece 400 a piece Nice pork Yeah on card on the tour too We've got pink austin riley to 125 robin yacht to 199 crea gwyn beaver There's treak scuba Nice one there for the tigers That is eight out of 36 I've missed my message A lot to keep me in check or something No, I'm not giving up on torkelson quite yet. No All right. Now these release day was today. So yeah, everybody's got these now. There's no like Yeah, anybody can go and buy these now. Yeah What'd you say sin I missed it? Yeah, plus entertainment and top loaders true exactly There you go rory Xander from series one That might be right up your alley Maybe about like five days ago would have been cool, but Salvador perez that's 59.  You want two world series? True rice harper to 299. It's a very good point for the fillies Uh, Noah's Waldo in this one. I don't believe he's in 2022 bowman. He has a first auto 2022 like the regular bowman That's where his autos are sin send it to me on discord maguire salvi and wander franco on the rookie six How about a ryan valade? 27 out of 50 on card rookie jersey auto There you go, buddy. Nice one there. Let's go six Six Right there with that rocky spot, baby. Let's go nice one. Congrats, man Oh, here comes worm Mitch hannigan 46 out of 48 I pull you that zappy Out of gold standard six. I think that would that that might have been my first hit for you though All right, we've got trey turner to 75 And carlos korea tattooed 59 What up will Face face face. Let's go. He sold it. Let's go We've got a justin verlander vintage era or vintage era 14 out of 27 this is um tops triple threads pops triple threads And alex manoa going to the blue j68 out of 75 on the Player one member really ought to card stand Now castle white whale So sick patches on that are crazy, dude Now castles anything yet or no? But how long do I like get on it a little bit here? I'm the to get its phone checked Look, there's important stuff going on here ryan. So uh, we need to know the origins of sex heart Oh, yeah, shack is staring deep into your soul, manny deep into your soul Oh, actually buster posey 259 Manny Ramirez the 299 So judging you We've got frank thoms reverberant. I'm like jared kelvin Uh, we are not actually roma We've got nice one here slammin sammy 18 out of 18 going to the cubs sammy sosa Homer for 9 000 Nice one there for the cubs and no one are not up. That is 14 out of 27 game use jersey for the cardinals Hunter green to 299 nice one there For the reds and johnny bench on the onyx 39 out of 50. These are so clean, man Blacks the more I we look at them the more we pull the nicer they get It's gonna be yachty garret cold ernie banks We've got that's gonna be a kyle tucker hit streak 32 out of 36 For the asterisks And nice one here that is 48 out of 50 is kasey myse On the jersey auto player worn. Hopefully he comes back, man Oh, we do need a to come to come by matambo next to the shack. That'd be cool I'd be in on that joshua for sure. We need a hawks to come by matambo Sam you can message me directly on discord if you want.  I think yeah get a worse phone, man. That's what you need to do De-upgrade your phone downgrade your phone We've got anthony rizzo. It's a 199 and nice one here. We got bobby wit 29 out of 99 Um, rory. It's because you have to connect like you have to be a youtube member and connect your membership to it That's why to get all the the ones that we're talking about. Yeah Frank thomas clementage or kelnic We've got a brandon marsh 12 out of 18 for the angels game use memory premiere premiere And then we've got nick ladolo on the rookie auto 18 out of 75 nice one there for the reds that is on the car Yeah triple threads are the singles do sell really well like singles out of triple threads They have they have a strong market for sure. There's a lot of people that really like them Bryson stop to 150. Actually, we did hit a rizzo this break. I think uh west virginia Then we've got a babe ruth to 75 Redemption, let me cover that before I get Worked just get banned honestly. I'm pretty much in getting banned tie cop Nolan ryan other cools. That's nasty. That's so six in We'll do what's on the back first. That's gonna be uh bobby doll back 15 out of 48 And then we got redemption. Good luck everybody triple threads autograph relic card gold parallel uh Mike Let's go, baby. There he is. We're going fishing who That's going to frank l Frank l with the angels. Let's go buddy. There he is. We're golden fishing, baby We are going fishing Tops triple threads autograph relic card gold be number to nine This is number to nine right here massive card for frank l massive card Congrats, man. We'll get that uh get that magged up for sure a show for show I know I got to pull you something for sure for sure six on that one now Or sin sin sin sin sin Tuesdays absolute break say friday Uh Yeah, they probably will be shipping today would be my guess Since you're telling me that's it's my picket out of five Jared kelnick to 99 on the gold Robin yonk to 299 Riley griffey bobby wit rookie base Next up we've got kyle moeller. That's on card 26 out of 99 rookie at jersey auto 31 out of 36 Just keep coming back Austin Riley to 299 Tony gwin to 125 base base base We've got nice one there is uh back in business jaren diran 32 out of 36 JD And joe ryan 66 out of 75 rookie jersey auto for the twins nice one there minnesota. I agree with that six. I agree with that I don't think that's a bad take Who read I think that's a one-of-one. I believe O'Neill cruise to 75. I believe that's a one-of-one. Yes the ruby Shane beiber to 259. I believe we have a one-of-one coming up Austin riley ken griffey bobby wit rookie. All right, this I believe will be a random. We've got orioles frank el yankies Peter m and mariners uh jason k This will be a random to these three teams at the end. We've got Cal rift in jr. Ken griffey jr. And derrick jeeter. So that'll be random to the orioles the um Mariners and the Yankees And we do in fact have a one-of-one going to the Padres. We got j. Cronin worth One-of-one ruby jumbo patch auto congrats san diego Slam diego That is going to be ryan m. There you go ryan. Congrats, buddy. Nice Cronin worth We'll get this one back for you, buddy. Just leave this one and just throw it there really quick Tom these are 400 a box ken griffey jr. Shoe 125 Eloi Jimenez It's the rory. That's fine. And we've got base uh, hunter green rookie and cal ricken Nice one here. We've got uh numbered 18 of 18 paul goldschmidt golden games nice mvp right there for the cardinals And to rick scubaul. That's 13 out of 49 going to the tigers Caleb williams Yeah, Caleb williams nuts, dude Because he won that the one the heisman, you know I have two one-of-ones in this break not bad And the trout too orange mani ramirez uh, gold carlos career for the twins God yachty garrick Cole ernie minks There's a jake burger 15 out of 35 rookie jersey auto for the white tux And trey mancini color match 10 out of 18 for the orioles I was gonna say six that literally is his first auto too satchel page to 150 Lou garrick to 199 got uh, which one? uh j rod Akunya and berry larkin nice one here going to the mariners Ichiro Two out of 36 with the legend patch nice one there game used blank. That's funny And then last hit of the break going to the blue jay stay oscar hernan is 33 out of 99 All right guys, let me do this random really quick tiktok We won't be able to see this random take place. We are doing it over on switch and youtube 309 people in the stream What is up everybody? All right, we've got orioles Mariners all right guys I'm gonna do the random for the uh calrick and jr kinography jr and derrick jeter triple relic numbered What is that six of 27? So you've got the orioles the mariners and the Yankees whatever team is on top after Six times we'll get the card. So good luck one two three four five six that's going to the orioles Going to the orioles. Let's do a recap Orioles jaren diran redsox tarik scoobal tigers mitch hanager Mariners that's brandon march for the angels bobby dollback going to the redsox nullan aronato cardinals Justin verlander astros kyle tucker astros miguel cabrera tigers barry larkin reds each row for the mariners You want to yeah, yeah, sure Austin riley braves anthony rezzo yankees Uh triple of the redsox jadie martinez for the redsox We've got joe ryan twins Uh nullan aronato cardinals kyle muller braves paul gulch mc cardinals nick ledolo reds ryan valade rockies alex manoa for the uh blue jays sammy sosa cubs kasey myse tigers spencer toraklson tigers Tariq scoobal tigers tyler glasnaut rays brandon march angels louis garcia nationals He also had Excuse me. Thank you. Trey bansini orioles Jake burger for the white socks and teosca hernandez blue jays now for our hits. We had jake cronenworth. That's going to be one of one Going to the um padres. We had a one-of-one white whale For the orioles ryan mount castle and then we had the hit of the break triple threads autograph relic card gold parallel mitrao That'll do it for the break guys. Thanks again for the fill next up. We've got uh number five


We'll be helped by Hannoverg. It's about a hydrogen beyond the hype. Hannoverg is a journalist and he wrote about the technologies that we have and that will help us to tackle the problem of climate change over the next years. And without further ado, Hannoverg. Thank you, Hannoverg. Yeah, hello. Yeah, as I said today, I want to talk about hydrogen and how it may be used as a solution to our emissions problems. So there is currently a lot of interest in hydrogen as a climate solution. And you could also say there's a lot of hype. Now, if you follow this space a bit longer than maybe this sounds familiar, because like the idea of something like a hydrogen economy that that goes back to the 70s, like where I wasn't even born. But, and then again, it kind of became quite popular in the early 2000s, particularly in the US. There was a push to to build cars that drive with hydrogen. But ultimately, not much came out of those previous instances of hydrogen hype, to say, but it looks currently that this time this may be a bit different, that this may be a bit more real than these previous instances where hydrogen was discussed as a solution. So right now, particularly in the EU, and also in Germany, there's from the political side, a very strong push in that direction. The EU published a hydrogen road map a while ago, and also Germany has its own strategy for hydrogen deployment. And I guess this is a number that just shows that this is that this is serious, like the EU has plans to invest 140 billion euro into hydrogen projects within the next couple of years. So that's that's quite quite a large sum that that's going into this space. And hydrogen is interesting because it can help us bring down emissions in sectors that are the so called hard to decarbonize sectors, which basically means it's there's no easy solution to, to make these sectors climate neutral or reduce the emissions substantially. But before we talk about the future and how hydrogen may help us being a climate solution, we should talk a bit about how hydrogen is used today. And because there already is a quite large industry that is using hydrogen. And actually, that's quite a dirty industry. So right now, hydrogen is usually made from fossil fuels. The the most relevant method to do that is a process called steam methane reforming. Methane is the main ingredient of natural gas, or you could also say fossil gas. And there's also some hydrogen that is made from coal with a process that's called coal gasification. And this production of hydrogen today is responsible for around 2% of the CO2 emissions worldwide. So it's I mean, it's not not huge, but it's quite substantial.  And the the majority of hydrogen is used in two sectors. One is ammonia production and ammonia is a an important ingredient for fertilizers. So that is basically used to grow our food. And the other one is is removal of sulfur within oil refineries, which is of course, hopefully something that in the future, we will get rid of because we want to get rid of fossil fuels. And therefore, there shouldn't be any oil refiners anymore. But that's like the situation today. And these are everything else is not very relevant. These two sectors consume basically almost all of the hydrogen that is produced today. But how could this change in the future? Like how could hydrogen become a climate solution? The what we want to get is so called green hydrogen, where there's a technology called electrolysis, which is basically we use electricity and that electricity, of course, ideally should come from solar or wind or other clean sources of electricity. And we can use that to to take water. And then we split the water into oxygen and hydrogen. So the picture you can see here that is in an electrolyser in in Prenslau, that is north of Berlin at a company called Anna truck that's already been installed about a decade ago. But overall, hydrogen from electrolysis that only exists in very small scales today. So it's less than a percent of the global hydrogen production comes from this this direct electrolysis. Yeah, so okay, but in the future, hopefully this will be more. And as we heard, there is quite some investment into this. So what what can we do with this hydrogen? And what should we do with this hydrogen? So one thing that is very important to keep in mind here is that when we do something like we use electricity to split up water, so we're converting the electric energy into into a chemical energy in the hydrogen. But every conversion of energy introduces losses, we lose some of the energy as heat that goes into the atmosphere. So if we can, we want to avoid this. So so the things to keep in mind here is that whenever we can use electricity directly without this conversion into hydrogen, and maybe then even back into electricity when we use something like a fuel cell, then it's likely better to use the electricity directly. So one thing I really want to emphasize here is that this is not about cars, like here you can see this fuel cell car. But this is this is basically like a lot of people seem to be very excited about fuel cell cars. But basically, most experts agree that this is not going to happen. And the reason is simply that that you have this efficiency loss when you when you have a car with a fuel cell, then you first convert electricity into hydrogen, and then you convert it back into electricity. And the losses are much bigger than when you use a battery. So and I kind of noticed that whenever I write something an article about hydrogen, then in the end, I didn't write anything about cars. But in the comment section, there will always be a discussion about hydrogen for cars. So so I really want to emphasize that this is not what this is about. And this is not almost certainly not where this is going in the future. But there are areas where it's not easily possible to use electricity or rates even even just impossible. And their hydrogen can play a role. And one very important sector is the production of steel. So steel today. So when you produce steel, what you have is iron ore and that is on a chemical level, mostly iron oxide. So you you have something which is a reduction process, which means you have you have iron with with oxygen, and you need to get this oxygen out. And how you do this today is that you use coal. And the steel industry is currently responsible for around 8% of the worldwide CO2 emissions. So that's that's quite big. And these emissions aren't just energy emissions, but these are emissions from this chemical reduction process. And several companies are currently working on something that is called direct reduced iron that can be used with hydrogen. So this is the technology that already exists today. But today it's usually usually using natural gas. So it's not really a solution if you do it with natural gas, but you can switch that natural gas for hydrogen, and then use hydrogen instead of coal to produce steel. The most advanced project is a company in Sweden, SSAB, that they have announced that they want to completely switch to that process within the next couple of decades. But there are a number of companies who are working on this. So yeah. Another sector where hydrogen can be an interesting option is is the whole sector of chemicals and particularly plastics. So I mean plastics today, they are usually made from oil, sometimes also from natural gas, but it's all fossil fuels. And one thing that could be done is that you can use hydrogen and then you need also CO2 and you can turn this into methanol. And then you can use methanol as a basis for all kinds of chemical processes and can produce something like plastics, but also other chemicals. And that could be a replacement for the petrochemical industry. Now a challenge here is that you need CO2 for this. And you need to be careful what these projects are trying to do this, what exactly they do. Because you could of course say, okay, we have too much CO2.  But then you're at the end, whatever you're producing will likely end up in an incinerator and then you have the CO2 emissions again. And also you really don't want to do something that creates an incentive to keep a coal power plant running. And the alternative is to you could filter the CO2 out of the air, which is a technology called direct air capture, but that needs a lot of energy, that basically needs a lot of electricity. So that this road to use hydrogen for chemicals, it can be done, but it needs a lot of energy. So that makes it quite expensive. Yeah. Another interesting sector for hydrogen is the production of ammonia. As I said earlier, ammonia is already made from hydrogen. Today, it's ammonia is made from fossil hydrogen. And then you also need nitrogen, but nitrogen is the main ingredient of the air around us. So we have plenty of that. So it's a very obvious step to say, okay, this ammonia production today, we should switch that from fossil hydrogen to green hydrogen. But also, it is discussed whether ammonia could be used as a fuel, for example. And one sector that's particularly looking at that is the shipping industry, like particularly large container ships. There is currently no really good solution for them to make them run on renewable energy, but ammonia is discussed as one option. And it has the advantage of other things like methanol. Methanol you could also use in a ship. But then you have this problem, where do you get the CO2 from? And that if you want to get the CO2 from the air, it needs a lot of energy. And with ammonia, you don't really have that problem because you don't need a carbon atom in it that I put you the chemical formulas here because ammonia is basically hydrogen and nitrogen. So that's an interesting option. And there are plenty of other things where hydrogen could play a role. One is aviation, you may have heard that last year there was an announcement by Airbus that they want to develop hydrogen powered planes, up to medium distance, but it's probably needed because there's really no, and of course you can reduce aviation, but there probably still will be some need for aviation. So yeah, hydrogen may be an option in shipping, but it may also be like for the smaller ships, they will probably be electric. And as I said earlier, for the larger particularly container ships, it may be that they will use ammonia. And it's not clear whether there will be an in-between space to use hydrogen directly. But it seems right now that it seems that this may also go into the electric and battery direction. So it's not clear whether this is going to happen. Then you can do all this, what is summarized under this name, e-fuels, which means basically you're doing something like diesel or kerosene and make it out of hydrogen. But that you have a similar problem to what I earlier mentioned with the methanol that you need CO2 and that all of this is very inefficient and so it's very expensive. So very likely you will only use this in sectors where you don't have an alternative, which is primarily long-distance aviation. Then also you can use hydrogen for heating, both in industrial applications and also to heat your houses and flats. But it's questionable whether this is a good idea because almost obviously you can use electricity directly there and that is more efficient. Then there's also the whole discussion about electricity storage like you could use excess renewable energy when you have too much electricity and use that to produce hydrogen. Then particularly in winter when we have situations where maybe there's not a lot of wind and not a lot of sun and then you need extra electricity and then you could use the hydrogen to produce electricity. The problem with that is that this is also very expensive, particularly because it assumes that you have electrolysis that produce the hydrogen but you're not running it all the time, you're only running it when you have excess electricity. So this will likely be needed because we need some electricity storage options, particularly long-term storage, but it's also something where you probably want to look at alternatives whenever you can and use these before you use this expensive option. One thing that is quite important is to realize that the scale of this is enormous. So right now we have almost no green hydrogen and we need to grow this to massive sizes and just some numbers to get an idea about that. These numbers are mostly from this German hydrogen strategy. So right now there's 55 terawatt hours of hydrogen used per year in Germany. That is mostly for ammonia and for refineries but if we want to convert steel into to use hydrogen then it's projected then in 2050 we will need something like 80 terawatt hours and the whole renewable electricity production in Germany last year, in 2019, the last year where we have the numbers already was 251. And now if you assume we add the, I don't know, we use it for ammonia production for shipping and then we use it for the chemical industry and then we also have some losses. Today they are around 20 percent. If we have better technology, maybe better electrolyzers will bring this down to 10 percent losses but all in all there will be huge amounts of electricity needed to produce all that hydrogen and likely more electricity than what we use in electricity today. So we need a lot more renewable electricity. I mean this is a very key message and also I think it's sometimes a bit funny when you have politicians particularly from the more conservative spectrum when they say yeah hydrogen is this great climate solution but then they are pushing back on extending wind energy and it doesn't really match like if we want to go that hydrogen route and I think we have to we will just need a lot more renewable electricity. But also for a country like Germany where it's just it's relatively dense and space is limited then this probably means that there will be a need to import hydrogen. And this brings up an interesting question because hydrogen is actually quite difficult to transport. If you want to transport it via ship you have to first compress it because it's not very dense and that needs extra energy. So an interesting question becomes if you really want to import hydrogen or if you want to import something that is made from hydrogen. And one thing again is you could say maybe we produce ammonia somewhere else where there's a lot of renewable electricity and then import the ammonia and we already need ammonia for the fertilizer production so this may be a better option. And one thing here that I find kind of captures this very well is that if you have a molecule of ammonia that contains more hydrogen than actually a molecule of hydrogen. So if you have it in its natural state without when it's not compressed or something then ammonia is just a more dense carrier of hydrogen than hydrogen itself. Yeah one thing of course also that plays a role here is costs because right now if you produce hydrogen in a green in a clean way then this is more expensive than fossil fuel-based hydrogen which is the reason why it's not made very often today. And when we want cheaper green hydrogen we need basically two things we need cheap renewable energy and that is I mean you probably know that that solar power and wind energy already is is massively cheaper than it used to be a few years ago and there's still potential that it gets even cheaper so I'm not not very worried about that but the other side is we need cheap electrolyzers like these basically these machines that turn water into hydrogen and the the key here is that technology gets cheaper at scale right so if solar power got cheap because we just built lots of it and then yeah common processes can be optimized and I think really wind and solar is is the thing to look at here because that is kind of the success story that that one may build upon because they they became cheap basically because some countries started to install solar energy and wind energy at a time where they were not competitive in prices so yes that means this money yes or maybe indirectly I mean in Germany we have this renewable energy law where you pay it with your electricity prices but someone has to pay that but I think this is really the key one of the things that needs to happen next when we want to go in that hydrogen direction that you just need to build up these electrolyzers you need to to install them and if you install them in large quantities then the prices will go down yeah and last I want to talk a bit about who is currently interested in this space particularly from the industry and how this discussion is going sometimes so one of the reasons why why this discussion is so big right now is that actually natural gas industry is heavily lobbying in this space and they are trying to influence the discussion so there are several organizations that are mostly made of companies from the natural gas industry that are trying to to to form this discussion and I mean for one today hydrogen production is usually based on natural gas so naturally they will say okay we can sell you the hydrogen today it's fossil hydrogen but and that is something to be on the lookout for like today if someone says yeah we we do this project with hydrogen I don't know we use it to power a train or whatever then very often it is that they are not using green hydrogen but they are using fossil hydrogen also like there are a few hydrogen gas stations in Germany for example and they are also like what you can buy there is fossil hydrogen um and I mean obviously that that is not something that makes sense as a climate solution and then there's also there are two ideas how the industry thinks that they could make a cleaner hydrogen but still based on on natural gas one of these options which they call blue hydrogen is that you you you still make the the hydrogen like you did before with this steam methane reforming but you add ccs which stands for carbon capture and storage which means you're trying to to take the co2 emissions and then store them in underground somewhere and another process is called methane pyrolysis where you're chemically splitting up the methane into hydrogen and pure carbon so both of these processes likely won't mean that you will have zero emissions one reason for that is that even drilling for natural gas um even drilling for natural gas and transporting it you will have leaks in pipelines and the the natural gas itself is the greenhouse gas um the other problem with that is in ccs you usually don't capture all the emissions but uh and the more you capture the more expensive it becomes so you may have a situation where you either have something that is very expensive or something that is very expensive or something that is not much better than the fossil option you had before um yeah uh another thing you can observe right now a lot is that the natural gas industry is pushing for hydrogen in residential heating so they will tell you yeah we can right now a lot of houses and flats they they use gas boilers for heating and they want to switch that to hydrogen in the future maybe with an intermediate step of having some mixing in of hydrogen um from from an efficiency point of view this does not make a lot of sense and the reason for that is that just you can use a heat pump with electricity and that is just extremely efficient so it's very likely that the heat pump will will cover most of the heating needs in residential heating in the future um but so why are they so focused on this residential heating and I think that the reason is that is this that there's uh there's a huge natural gas grid and that consists of very different things like you have these huge pipes this on on the left side here is the oigal pipeline which is currently built in Brandenburg but you also have these all these smaller pipes that go into people's homes so the natural gas grid is just a huge piece of infrastructure and if the world gets serious about climate change and we really massively reduce emissions then most of this natural gas grid just becomes worthless so you kind of get the idea that if you own such a grid then you you're maybe not comfortable with that maybe you you're wondering what can I do with this in the future so I think that is where this this push for residential heating with hydrogen comes from and the industry basically hopes that they can repurpose the natural gas grid for hydrogen and I mean don't get me wrong this is it's generally a good idea like I mean it needs some changes in the technology because hydrogen is kind of different from the methane that's usually used in natural gas but it makes sense to use existing infrastructure when you need it but if you look at a scenario which I think is a likely scenario where you're primarily using hydrogen in industry then you will not have a large grid you will not have a national grid and you will definitely not have a grid that goes into residential areas and into people's home you will much more likely have a smaller grid where you have a hydrogen production facility maybe close to some renewable energy production and then maybe it's transported to a steel plant and maybe to a chemical plant but there's no need for for this large grid that we have today so in all likelihood even if we use hydrogen wisely then a lot of the natural gas grid will will just become obsolete yeah um yeah so yeah to summarize it looks like there's a hydrogen boom coming and I think this is really good news because we will need it in some areas but the hydrogen should be used wisely and likely only in sectors where we don't have a better alternative and also a quick announcement tonight I will do a Q&A session in the like in cooperation with hackers against climate change where we can discuss this or also other questions around how can we move the whole industry to climate neutral technologies uh uh leading to a big blue button is in the dbq um yeah so that was the talk and I think now we have some time for questions yeah thank you very much it was really interesting and I think it showed us in a nutshell that um everything is once more much more complicated and complex than uh some people would like it to be um yes we do already have some questions in the pad if you go to the schedule you find the um the questions pad in on the detail page of this talk uh you can still enter questions there um let's start with one pretty interesting one is already the claim of natural gas not some kind of greenwashing um yeah I mean I agree with that I'm also struggling what terminology to use there I mean the natural gas it always sounds like natural nice and but it's the term that is used right I mean I sometimes use fossil gas but it's a bit difficult when you have an established terminology that that already pushes in that direction but I think also in more general there it is a problem that that gas has quite a positive reputation because it was for a long time it was pushed as this it's better than coal it's better than oil uh where today we can say maybe okay maybe that's true but that's not good enough so yeah but I agree natural gas is a problematic term there's a question I think you you already scratched the topic but probably you have one or two more sentences on the efficacy of hydrogen powered houses like a little hydrogen power plant for small houses even um so I currently don't have a number on top of my head it's just um if you're like you're I mean you already have a electricity grid so you already have electricity in your home um when it's about heating you can use a heat pump which is you're basically using the energy from from either outside or underground so you have a more than 100 percent efficiency with a heat pump um I cannot put an exact number on this but but there's a massive difference and um there's one long one I think I would just read it out um a lot of political actors try to push hydrogen for cars as competition to be evs uh with the um uh word of technologie betroffenheit or no technologie offenheit yeah sorry some of them even suggest using it to keep the combustion engine alive are those people just misinformed or is there a deeper agenda behind this uh okay that's um yeah I so I mean one thing is that hydrogen cars are not combustion engines like they're using fuel cells they are basically also electric cars they are just converting hydrogen into electricity you in theory you could build a car with a combustion hydrogen engine but nobody's doing that like that doesn't exist it that's pure fantasy uh the I think yeah I mean I guess I mean this is a I think this is a discussion that's a lot happening in Germany uh because there's this impression that we have a large car industry and that it has a lot of knowledge in in combustion engines and there's also the other discussion about e-fuels all of that is just it's not plausible from an efficiency and and just the amount of electricity you would need to to pull that off and I mean one one thing to keep in mind here is that uh uh we will need a lot of electricity in the future if we want to go to this time of nuclear technology and we just cannot afford to add additional inefficiency in there uh but I also think this this this technologie often had discussion this this will go away in a few years like this I I know it like like this seems right now for me this is also something where politicians from the conservative and the so-called liberal party try to set some counterpoint where they they have their climate policy that's different from the other but yeah do you think the the whole discussion would benefit from um more uh information more um uh yeah of clearing for for all the people that um that we get to more use to all those technologies um early on in our lives hmm yeah I mean it's what I'm trying right I mean I write about these things I give the talk yeah of course like more informed I hope more informed discussion is good I mean I feel like very often this particular this car discussion is is having a very limited perspective where people start to get enraged about lithium mining but then they never talk about oil mining and yeah um yeah yeah well we got some more questions in the pub and people are already typing so um what would be something that you would if you had a wish what would that be for this sector I think we should start to build these electrolyzers like that is the next step that needs to happen and in at large scales like there was a few days ago a company from Denmark announced that they want to build one gigawatt of electrolyzer capacity in the Netherlands and this is the kind of project I would like to see right now I'm not sure if I understand the question correctly but probably we can work this out together here um when to use battery versus hydrogen on off-grid movables or why use hydrogen for long distance flights um okay so it's kind of medium distance flights the problem is a battery is just too heavy for long for a flight that goes more than maybe 100 kilometers so so there are some efforts to to start battery powered flights but they will likely be small and short distance so you have more density with hydrogen than a battery but it's the less density than than normal fuel so we just have a problem in weight for this particular means of movement yeah so you just cannot transport the battery on a long distance flight because it's too heavy then which could possibly change when battery technology evolves yeah but there are limits like it even if you add even if you think about 10 fold increase in efficiency that still wouldn't get you across the Atlantic so okay yeah but but even the hydrogen plane wouldn't get you across the Atlantic so so this is really a challenging sector I wrote a very long article about it last year yeah so I think this this point in there are limits is the thing that should probably reach people in politics and wherever there are but are currently moving the the discussion in particular particular directions yeah so yeah I mean thank you very much for your work there yeah if you look at the aviation thing you may almost must come to the conclusion that there's no technology where you can just replace the current planes and then go on like before because you can use e-fuels but the the scale is just enormous like there's a projection that we would use more electricity than all the electricity that's produced today just to power planes and I just don't think that this is plausible so we need to talk about that in this very difficult sectors we also need to talk about reduction there's one last question coming in I would just wait for whoever's writing to to finish the sentence maybe the reminder for the self-organized session in the evening have a look there hop in and talk to Hano I think this is a really really great topic to to keep on our focus um yeah yeah probably typing on typing on stopping with sentence Hano how did you how did you choose this topic for you why did you get there um so one thing is that that just noticed that whenever I write about hydrogen right now it there's a lot of interest so it seems it's currently just a topic people want to talk about so yeah and nobody else hit the topic in in that detail yeah the question is if steam so a water vapor and emissions in large heights are they also climate efficient yeah so so if you use hydrogen in aviation that's a problem I mean we're talking about technology that doesn't exist yet maybe it's possible to somehow capture that and like to just transport the water with the plane but a big problem there's also that there's a lot of uncertainty like there's a report from some research EU research project where they say these the emissions from aviation are between three and seven percent like so we have a four percent like we have more than a hundred percent uncertainty and that is because we really don't know how big these water vapor emissions are they are very hard to model so one thing there is yeah they exist they are a problem but we don't know how big the problem is okay so in short we've a lot of two okay thank you very much hano we are unfortunately out of time yes the reminder for the self organized session in the evening to go a bit more in depth on this topic and to all your articles you're writing about it yeah go to my web page and they are linked from there all most of them are German so yeah but I can we have to tell and can put the here's the link yeah okay so thank you again and have a wonderful dvok yeah thanks


Hello, everybody, welcome back to another Adobe Premiere Pro 2022 tutorial. This one, I'm going to show you quickly how to export an image or export a frame. It is very, very simple. All you need to do is once you got some footage in the timeline like I have here, head down here and you're going to see this little camera looking button. It is right here. If you do not see it, hit this plus button and then just look for the camera. It's in there once you have the camera left click on that. It'll give you the option to export this frame. Now this guy, he's been vacuuming the desert, right? So yeah, he's he ate the wrong mushrooms. That's all I'm going to say, but let's get that frame out. So what I'm going to do, I'm going to click on that and you'll see here a few things. One, we can select the path. So this is Curtis Pike slash desktop. If I want to change that, I just go and left click browse and I select where I wanted to save it to. Then I hit OK. And that's it. It's done, guys. If I go to my desktop, I go right here. There will be a image right there. That's him doing his thing, vacuuming the desert. That's all there is to it. Thanks for watching. Be back soon.


If using a p-value of 0.05 to suggest a discovery, it is likely that the result is incorrect at least 30% of the time due to underpowered experiments. This conclusion is supported by multiple sources including tree diagrams and repeated simulations of t-tests. Additionally, simulations demonstrate how effect sizes can be overestimated when experiments are underpowered. A script is provided to allow readers to conduct their own simulations with relevant data. It is recommended that researchers should aim for a false discovery rate, FDR, of less than 5%, or insist on a p-value of less than 0.001 to ensure accuracy. This article was authored by David Kahoum.


Jeremy has talked about wukomas and for those who haven't looked at the stats, WordPress powers about a third of the internet, powers about 30% of the web. According to Matt, who is the founder of WordPress, he envisions WordPress to be the operating system of the web in the coming years. So if you consider, if you look at that and you look at the uptake, WordPress uptake across the globe, WordPress is growing at a very fast rate. More and more people are using it every single day. And more and more people are using it to set up online stores, for that matter. So I know you could consider things, you could look at the competitors, you could look at existing systems like Magento. Which other system is used to create wukomas stores online besides Magento? There's OpenCut, which other one? So basically we have a number of them. But none offers the number of features, the number of benefits as WordPress does. And I like to cover this because if you look at our market, those of us who are in here, let me say how many of you have debit cards or credit cards for that matter? The truth is, majority of Kenyans don't know that you can use that card for anything other than withdrawing money at the ATM. Yeah, that's the sad truth. I am not joking, that's the sad truth. So the point is, if you're going to set up an eco-master in Kenya and you decide that you only want to accept payments via cards, that's going to be a problem. Because half of your customers may not know that they can use their cards to pay on the site. So when it comes to payments here in Kenya, most people, most of us prefer to use mobile payments. Most people prefer mobile payments. Either mobile payments where you pay via M-Pesa or by Airtel money, via Igutel, or withdrawing money from the bank and then depositing to your phone and paying via the same methods. So if you consider mobile payments versus card payments, mobile payments offer a certain convenience that you cannot match here in Kenya. Because for instance, if you're accepting payments via M-Pesa, your money can either go directly to your bank account or your money goes to your phone number, to your M-Pesa. Either way, you are receiving your money directly. If you consider the cost implications, mobile payments are far cheaper to process and to move around your money than card payments. So it becomes imperative then that we need to figure, we need to make integrating mobile payments into websites. It's not just a wordpress, this is particularly a wordpress, but not just for wordpress. Basically, any Kenyan online store, it becomes imperative that we need to figure out how to integrate mobile payments into e-commerce stores. Now personally, I have my journey with mobile payments. I have an artistic background. I used to be a performing poet and I'm a published author. At some point, I lived in the same house with a group of musicians. We used to perform and we used to record music and release the music. At some point, we needed to sell that music on our website. We wanted people to be able to preview a song and if they loved it, they could either download it, they could buy it from their website or maybe pay some sort of subscription fee and listen to the song. That was the idea. So we set out trying to see how best we could integrate a way for people to pay for this music on the website through their phones because, come on, how many of you, let me just ask, how many of us are developers? How many of us are developers? Few enough because I think, as far as I'm concerned, mostly you either have to be a developer or you work at a desk for you to view websites primarily through your laptop because most of us use phones. Our phones have primary access to the internet. I don't think I'm lying. So the point is when we, I started doing my research and seeing how best we could integrate mobile payments into our website and at the time there were no resources and I was in Mombasa at the time and I went to Safarikum house and I asked if they had an API and the person I talked to was the highest office holder and that place had no idea what an API is. So you try and that's the only way you can actually do some of these things. So first if along that journey we go to a point where when people, so when more and more online stores were coming up people figured the only way you could, there was a workaround because there were no APIs at the time. So the workaround was give someone a form. When someone is checking out, give them a form, let them enter their phone number and then let them enter their Mpesa receipt number. Like they would literally tell you to pay for this item.  Go to your Mpesa, enter pay bill, enter this pay bill and then enter this amount and then once you've paid enter your details down here. That seemed like the only way and it's rather kambasam because imagine if I'm buying something on a website on my phone I have to close the browser, go to my Mpesa and then I would have to write the pay bill number somewhere because I wouldn't remember. It's a six digit figure and some of us can't remember two digits. So I have to... So I would have to write the six digit number somewhere and the amount and the account number as well then go to Mpesa, pay, then wait for the message to come and then write out that Mpesa receipt number and then type it in on the browser. That was two kambasam. What we were looking for was a way we could simplify that. Even if it's not just reducing it to a single step but basically make it more convenient for customers who are paying. So what we envisioned was we need you to because there's something called STK push, same toolkit push. That's like when you're buying at a... When you dial something like star 100 hash you get a pop up and then you have options. Enter one to do one thing, enter two to do this. That's called STK. So we figured if you could do that for payments because if you look at the Mpesa process, the normal process, the final process involves you entering your pin number. But the previous processes before that just involve you entering some data which is already available elsewhere. So we figured how about if you could just have a system that provides these other information so that all you have to do is enter your pin. That way you're going to cut down the number of man hours. It's literally man hours wasted in just paying for an item online and all you want is pay to pay. You don't want to read any other thing. You just want to pay and have your staff delivered. Right? So in 20... Let's 2015, that's when... When did Safarikom move their servers from Zemwin? Anyone who is aware of that? Anyway, it is a significant point. But after Safarikom had moved their servers we sort of had more access to Mpesa. And that's the first time they released the initial API, the first API. This is the time we had some sort of access to it. I would want to... Because we are taking WordPress and because we are taking Ukomas, I'm going to go a bit and talk about... Go back. I'll talk about WCM Pesa, which is a plugin I developed a while back for accepting Mpesa payments on your site. And I would say at the moment is a company called Finsav. It's a subsidiary of Equity. And they have APIs out. It's called Jenga. They're supposed to help us integrate payments with banks and other telcos. They have Mpesa as well and they have Equitel. Izipei as well. So I'm working on that as well. But for the time being, Safarikom's Deraja is the most robust payments API we have in the country. Even the Jenga one is still a bit flaky. Okay. So like I said, WordPress powers a huge segment of the web. And the majority of the online stores in Kenya are built using WordPress. When I say store, I'm not really talking about a fully-fledged online shop like Jumia. I have some of the people who are using this plugin. There's one who sells flowers, house flowers. You can buy them and he'll deliver them. There's one who sells books. There's one who sells veggies. So there's a wide variety. Literally it's for anyone who is selling anything on their website and they want to receive payments. So there are other plugins that allow you to sell stuff online, but I think Jeremy went through this and he said I would vouch for Ukomas. There's no point setting using any other. Ukomas is the only one that's worth exploring. And now that Ukomas was bought by Automatic, which is a parent company of WordPress, you can be assured that it's going to be developed more. So in a nutshell, WC M-Pesa is just a simple plugin that allows you to accept M-Pesa payments on your site. So tomorrow we have Developers Day and I think after that, this plugin will be available on the plugin repository. So you'll be able to install it from the WordPress dashboard. But at the moment, the plugin is available on the website. And the website is here. So wc-m-pesa.osan.co.ke. But you can view the website. The website has pretty much all the details about the plugin. It also allows you to test the plugin from the site. So you can buy a test product and you can pay for it. So the way this plugin works, you have to configure it. Once you install it, you have to configure it. I would expect there are prerequisites to use this plugin. I told you about Deraja, which is a developer portal by Safaricom. You're supposed to create an app there. And the reason you need to create an app on Deraja is because you are dealing with M-Pesa. You're dealing with money. And our laws are structured in such a way that there's too much red tape. So for us to validate that you are a proper user, you need to create an app on Deraja. So once you create an app, of course you need a short code. A short code is either a till number or a pay bill. I would really recommend you getting a pay bill over a till number because one, pay bills, till numbers are free, people pay for free. So you note for till numbers people pay for free and you're going to incur all the costs. And then at least with pay bills, if you're getting a pay bill, the costing model depends on the kind of pay bill you want. There are pay bills where the customer foods the whole bill. There are pay bills where they charge as much as 50 shillings for a transaction. Then there are pay bills where you split. So there are pay bills where you pay, you buy something at a pay bill and you pay less than 20 shillings. And then there are those pay bills where the business foods the whole bill. Like when you're buying air time for telecom, it's free for you but telecom have to pay for the costs, the transaction costs. So depending on the pay bill you get, so you need a short code for that and I would really advise on getting a pay bill over a till number. Pay bills take only seven days at most. What you need is just, if your business is registered, you just need your business documents. That's all. Actually you can start the process on your phone and then work into a safari kumshopa and finish it. But it takes seven days at most. And then you need an SSL certificate. Going from WordPress 5, there's a new version of WordPress. Let's come out. Basically from WordPress 5.0 going forward, it's so going to be supporting websites that are not secure. So if your website is not on HTPS, if you do not have a secure protocol, WordPress won't work on that on such hosts. And it's only, it's for everyone's good because with HTPS all the information that is moved between these website of yours and other servers is encrypted. So which means people can't steal data. People can't steal your customers phone numbers. And I think it's worth mentioning that initially when we started having phone numbers, people didn't think of them as identifiers. But right now your phone number identifies you. If I got your phone number, I'll get your name. I can get your ID number and I can pretty much get where you live and what businesses you do and what you've paid for. So phone numbers have become very sensitive and now we have something called the GDPR which is a law in Europe that sort of restricts on what kind of information you are allowed to have from your customers and what you can do with that information. And yeah, GDPR is in Europe but it applies to any company that might have a customer in Europe. So even if you have an online store here and one of your customers maybe is Kenyan but they moved to Europe and now they are part of a European country. There are citizens there. Tengiki you are required to adhere to GDPR. So basically phone numbers, if having HTPS sort of buffers you against anyone stealing your customer data, it makes sure that the transactions are encrypted and they're very secure. And then of course we need a server. You can test on local host but here we are talking about online stores. So I'm thinking it's for a store that already exists, it's online. And then of course we need access to the MPSA web portal. MPSA has a web portal that allows you, when you have a till number or a pay bill it allows you to log in and view your transactions, you can do reversals, you can do transfers. You need access to that portal as well when you're going to use this plugin. So like I said the files are available on the website. You simply have to download them and upload them to the plugin to your admin but after tomorrow it will be available in the plugin depository. So you'll just go to plugins and then search for WCM PESA and you'll find it and just install it from there. So once you've installed it you need to configure. Those prerequisites we've talked about you need to configure them here. So of course you need to enable the Lippan MPSA then you can edit the title, how you want it to be seen when the user checks out. Now the environment bit when Safarikom Daraj allows you to test your app before going into production it allows you to test to see whether it's working fast.  So when you say there are two types of environment. There's sandbox for testing and then there's production or live when you're in production that is when you're live basically. So you need to set the environment. I would suggest you try with the sandbox first because there's no point deploying an app that you're not sure it works. And then identifier type. Safarikom MPSA has a number it's quite an array of identifier types but generally what is important to us here is pay bills for in our case pay bills have the identifier type of four just number four and then till numbers probably six think no till numbers are two and then four numbers one. So at the moment the plugin supports only till numbers and pay bills but we are working with Safarikom to see whether we can support the other one four numbers because peer to peer payments are still a big issue because of our laws of financial laws. And then the PESA short chord that's your till number or your pay bill. And then when you create an app on Darajah which is a Safarikom developer portal the app has a consumer key and it has a consumer secret. You need those two details when you're configuring this one. And then of course there's an online pass key which is also provided and you can use that as well. And then the other details account name prefix and accountant they're not as important but basically the account name this plugin has when you're paying via PESA and you've entered all the details you get a pop-up asking you do you want to pay this amount to this business for this account? I think all of us have paid via PESA and there's usually an account number sometimes it's a name sometimes it's a number sometimes it's a mix of the two. So what this plugin does because you're talking about WordPress orders when someone is making an order every order has a number, an ID. So what this plugin does it takes the order ID then prefixes it with WC. So you have if I was buying something and the order is 18 the account number that will show up on the pop-up will be WC 18. Now you can change that if you have a business called Mawko business and you want when the user pays they want to see the account name as Mawko then you can change that in the settings and show whatever you want to be seen. So it's straight forward most of these details you're already going to have them so you just literally just pasting them copying them from somewhere and pasting them. The plugin has a few at the top when you look at the settings there are instructions and I put a huge text there in red saying important because it's important and I receive calls every day people asking me about those instructions. They're asking me what to do and I tell them please check the settings because all the instructions are there. So basically the instructions the first instruction says please create an app on the Raja if you haven't. You're not going to do anything without an app on the Raja. Two, for security purposes and for the IPN instant payment notification to work your site has to run over SSL that means it has to be secure and then you can register confirmation and validation URLs which are not as necessary really. And then when you're in sandbox and you want to test there's a link there saying you can test you can generate sandbox test credentials here. So if you need credentials to test like you need a pay bill number to play around with from Safari com and you need an online pesky to play around with if you click that link you'll get those details. So it's just a matter of copying them and pasting them in the settings. So once you've configured the plugin the plugin does pretty much everything else that's all you have to do literally. The configuration that's all you have to do. So if you've configured your plugin correctly your customers will see a checkout option. When they're checking out they'll see an option to pay via M-Pesa. So they'll see lipan M-Pesa with instructions. The instructions that are here so far just says cross check your details above before pressing the button because you're using the when someone is checking out using kumas they enter their details here their name, their address, their phone number and other things. So basically these instructions just say cross check your details to confirm that they are correct before pressing the button and it says that your phone number must be registered with M-Pesa. Of course if you're deducting M-Pesa the phone number has to be registered and then it says you'll get a pop up on your phone asking for your asking new to confirm the payment. Enter your M-Pesa pin to proceed and then you'll receive a confirmation message shortly. These instructions you can also alter them in the settings. You can change them to whatever you want. If you feel like they're too rigid you can change them to whatever you want. So our customer wants to pay via M-Pesa buys the products, adds it to cut and then checks out, goes to the checkout page then finds there's an option via M-Pesa to pay via M-Pesa. Selects that option and then presses the button to place the order. So what happens here is that once they press the button the SDK push comes on top of the phone. So that is, remember when I said about how in the past you had to leave the browser to go to M-Pesa? So this one if they were buying something on an app or on a website in the browser they don't have to leave it because the pop-up comes on top of the browser telling them something like this do you want to pay 42 shillings to this company for this account? Enter your pin. So the customer enters the pin presses OK and that's all that's squared from them. So once they enter the pin M-Pesa processes the payment the that's the M-Pesa processes that payment the that's the money and the plugin will process your order it receives details from Safari come from M-Pesa and it will update your order with the receipt number. So there's no need for the customer to come back and enter that receipt number because the plugin already handles that for you. So if you look at these it has it simplifies it makes it convenient for both you as the seller and for your customer because now your customer only has one step one for payment just one step they only have to enter their pin and for you as the seller your order will be processed and you'll have the M-Pesa receipt number and another feature we added to this plugin is that it has at least all your M-Pesa payments separately from the orders it will list them separately so you can literally just view them and you can confirm those details if you want but the plugin handles the processing by itself. So basically that's all the plugin does it extends WooCommerce so it means you have to have WooCommerce installed and it adds the M-Pesa payment option and it processes that as well so this plugin is running on last I checked it's running on 89 websites but another one called me today so probably 90 and this plugin is free