Hello and welcome to News Clicks International Roundup. U.S. President Donald Trump is in the middle of a visit to Europe and Russia, and as usual has been creating a lot of chaos with the statements. On Monday, he said to meet Russian President Vladimir Putin. But ahead of that, 12 Russian intelligence officers have been indicted in the United States for attempts to interfere in the 2016 presidential elections. To talk more about this, we have with us Praveer Prakash, hello Praveer. Praveer, let's start with the indictments in the meeting of Trump and Putin on Monday. So what do you make of this latest step in what's been a long probe, and what impact will it have on the discussions? It's an interesting question, particularly as we know that people have argued this probe itself is motivated, it's meant to embarrass Trump's presidency and prevent any kind of re-approach upon between the United States and Russia. It's a continuation of the policy by which the United States has effectively tried to isolate Russia, starting with Ukraine, the Crimean issue and so on. Now if we take that as the background, then of course this is a further attempt to drive a wedge between Putin and Trump, and also makes Trump's ability to negotiate any kind of understanding with Russia, or try to lower, shall we say, the rhetoric on West Asia, on Iran, on issues of Israel, and of course issues of, shall we say, the Baltic states as well as Ukraine and other countries. So I think that is a background that it does, it could be argued there is a deep state attempt to destabilize Trump's attempt to reach to any normalization with Putin. That's one part of it. Let's look at the other part, which I think is also quite interesting, the argument that Russia was trying to hack the US elections. Now if we take hacking of elections, meaning trying to change elections of another country, then the United States is the biggest serial offender on that count, and probably no country, including UK, Germany, France, can also say the US didn't try to influence their elections. Adversarial terms, elections to various third world countries, they were in fact regime change operations, tried with attempts to change elections. We know that the US is trying to intervene in elections starting from Iran's Mossadegh election. We have also this intervention in different ways in Congo, which are the more blatant ones. The world knows about, we have a coups and attempted regime changes in Syria starting from the 50s. So this is a very long standing tradition of the United States, that they actually do destabilize elections, forget everything else, Merkel's cell phone was tapped. Now that's very recent, not too far back. So US obviously imposes or expects different standards from what it behaves. So it's according to it, it's perfectly natural for it to try to hegemonize world's politics by influencing other people's elections. But any intervention with US elections, assuming that Russia is really involved, would be considered a hostile act and also almost an act of war. So this is the, shall we say, the standards we see that US and the US public, its media and its government and all the agencies seem to believe in, that US should be sacrosanct and while US should have the full right to interfere in anybody else's politics. Coming to the actual issue, the DNC hack, which is really the start of all of this and the argument that elections were attempted to be influenced by various Facebook posts and other stuff. Now as of date, we have yet to see any evidence that there was any change in the US elections due to this. In fact, the deputy attorney general in this particular indictment speaking after that has said that no Americans are involved, there is no payments that have been made to Americans, there isn't to be any conspiracy and also says that no change in the US elections took place, no voting change occurred. So if we take all of this, then what are we really discussing? DNC was hacked, servers were hacked, clearly. FBI did not do a forensic analysis of the attack. So we are only relying on a company, which I think is called CrowdStrike, which is run by the ex-Uranian, Ukrainian national. And maybe it's an Ukrainian attempt to change the US election results and its relationship with Russia, we don't know. But they are the ones who pronounce Russian hack, they are the ones who claim that there are all kinds of fingerprints of Russia and that's a story which has been lifted lock, stock and barrel by everybody, including for what we can see these indictments. It also says that the DNC hack results went to organization one, which in this case is WikiLeaks, according to this. And we know though it's not, it's not been shall be officially announced that there is a grand jury indictment of Julian Assange and WikiLeaks is going to be dragged into this issue and that's why the naming of organization one. You know, if we look at whatever details we have of the DNC hack, one thing is very clear, the DNC servers were very poorly protected. It would be very surprising if a number of intelligence agencies, including that friendly to the United States, had not really looked into the DNC server, given the level of shall we say ignorance the Democratic Party had about its security. So why would then, why would Russia live only unique fingerprints and nobody's fingerprints is there on that server, is also for professional shall we say security experts, it's very difficult to believe. If you take the common belief in the communities, security communities that that was almost an open server to which anybody could hack into finding unique signatures of only Russians and nobody else is a preposterous argument. Did the Russians give this documents to WikiLeaks? Open question, we will, we are unlikely to hear anybody say yes to that question. And it is very unlikely that even if the Russians did give it, they would have given the documents to Julian Assange without, you know, hiding that they are doing it. A lot of arguments have been given, the Russians acted because they left signatures. Now we are in the possession of NSA and CIA tools regarding hacking. One of the set of tools that is there is to how to leave forged signatures, by which you can create signatures of other known Russian hackers, Finnish hackers, German hackers, so you can spoof your signature. That's also given, is also available in this tool. So given this murky picture to say the Russian hacked is probably very difficult to establish and I don't think any of these indictments are going to come to court and it will be meaningful. And it's interesting that the companies which were earlier indicted, this is the second set of indictments which have been handed down, they were expected not to contest it and we thought that nothing would come out of it. One of the Russian companies has hired lawyers to ask for discovery, show us the documents. And at the moment the Buller's investigation team, investigating or inditing team has not far furnished the documents. It's really interesting to see what's going to come out of it but I find that the biggest fraud is not the indictments. I think that the biggest fraud of the people is the belief that while the United States has the impunity to intervene in any elections, forget elections, even military interventions like in Syria, like in Iraq, like in Libya, like in various other countries without the official sanction of the United Nations Security Council, which is the only international law which can allow it to intervene in other countries, that it is talking about elections being hacked, which means it could be propaganda, it could be various other things, which most countries would accept is quasi-legitimate if other countries do try to change the elections in another country which is not favorable to it. I think this is the biggest fraud, that there is something called election hacking, which Russia does and while US only does benign, shall we say, benedictions. So do you think this would specifically have any impact on the discussions per se in terms of any pressure being applied on Putin or is Putin likely to just dismiss the whole issue as he's done before? I think Putin is going to say, hey, I'm not responsible for what is happening in your country, that's your problem as President Trump. The question is, will Trump be in a position to negotiate too much without seeming to have given in to Putin and therefore the charge that Putin, he's put in some baby or he's put in stool? And I think that's really the attempt that others are making, that attempt to circumscribe Trump's ability to reach any kind of normalization of relationship with Russia and that's really the bigger game plan, make it impossible to have the real approach. In which case the war industry is happy, various other bodies are happy and it's interesting or it's very strange in another way of looking at it, that the Democratic Party has emerged now as a major war party. So it's still the major hawk, sir, as much in the Democratic Party also makes sense, right? This was not what could have been seen in the 60s, where the Republicans were the hawkish party and continued with the Star Wars scenario, Ronald Reagan wanting Star Wars and so on. So this was the normal way of looking at war and shall we say not so rabid war. The Democrats were relatively more restrained on war than the Republicans were. But now we see strangely enough with Trump probably trying to have a more shall we say US first could also be the more isolationist agenda that therefore the Democrats want this globalizing agenda and the globalization agenda seems to include war at all costs. So war has now become a part of the globalizing agenda and Trump who's otherwise much more right wing, white supremacists, some of his best friends shall we say if he's not one himself, that all of this is also anti-globalization in some ways and therefore then he doesn't seem to be as much as eager to get into war. Though we have Iran, we have Israel, Palestine issue in which Trump is as much of a hawk if not more of a hawk than the Democrats. So we have this mix of shall we say hawk on some issues trying to reach an accommodation on some issues while Democrats seem to be very much anti any approachment to Russia and continuing to work on a policy of isolation with Russia which is what Obama did. But at the same time on say issues like Iran they were probably not as hawkish and certainly on the question of Israel. They while supporting what Israel did, let's put it this way, Barack Obama was no great friend of Netanyahu though he also ended up by supporting Israel right through. So actually since we talked about globalization war being a part of that perspective Trump also attended the NATO meet where he created a lot of chaos and incidentally the interesting thing was that it was through basically demanding that all the other countries stick to their 2% of GDP targets for NATO and then increase it to 4% too. But at the same time it basically created huge rifts in the organization per se. So how do we see the future of an organization like NATO at a time when isolationist say right wing governments are rising across Europe and there's a policy of every country looking after their interests first as opposed to earlier a phase of more collaboration in the field of defense. You know here is Trump's schizophrenia if you will that on one hand he says that he would like to have some agreement with Russia and the other hand he's telling in the NATO discussion that Germany is surrendering to Russia and we are protecting Europe against Russia. So it's not clear in this discussion that he is able to reconcile his two completely different positions but that's the advantage Trump has he's not trying to give you any coherent position except that we look at me, look at me. You know so that's the position he's always at the center stage of outrageous statements and all of it means that Trump is always in the news and that seems to be his strategy. In the issue of NATO again if the problem really goes back a long way it's not Trump alone who is a consequence that has created this schizophrenia in US policies. US policy is supposed to be against Soviet Union. So once some Soviet Union fell the Cold War ended. NATO should have been wound up and a lot of leading geostrategic experts international relations experts said the time for NATO is over. Let's have peace agreement with Russia. Yeltsin was more of a chumcha or shall we say an underling stooge of United States that anybody ever was else was and he was willing to sell Russia completely to the Americans as long they paid him enough money and supplied him good whiskey or good other drinks that he desired could have been even vodka. So he was really drunk right through his presidency. This is all the reports that we have and he also sold off all Russia's assets and bargain basement prices to who later on emerges the oligarchs. So you had a kleptocracy at a scale we had never seen before with all of Russian assets which is attempted to be really given over to the oligarchs. Now this is the picture that was there. Why did you require the NATO? The NATO was also had promised that it will not come beyond Germany. It came right into the borders of Russia. It did not dismantle itself even after the fall of Soviet Union the so-called Cold War had ended. It became a containment of China and Russia policy and in this process it demanded that it should really have more arms. It should do various things. It should maintain its military basis. It should do various war games right at the border of Russia and also have ABM batteries in the Baltic states and impose it. Having done all of that they are the ones who are creating this shall we say warmongering policies toward Russia. And now of course Mr. Trump says well we are protecting against Russia. Now this policy was not a European Union policy. It was really a US policy which the Europeans have slavishly followed. There's no point in not pointing that out but it has been a US policy all along. So now US is saying we are still protecting you. Now you have to give us money. If we look at the scenario that there is really no major war threat from the Russians. Even Ukraine and we have discussed it earlier this is really Russia's response in trying to detach Crimea which was their military base and take it out of their sphere of influence and then bar them having access to a 2012 months port. So where you're not frozen for part of the year. So this was the scenario under which the Russians really responded the way it did. It was all provocation and all trying to encircle Russia which was the NATO policy and this NATO policy was US policy. Therefore the need for defence against Russia. But if this was not the US policy and this as I said was not a European Union policy then the question of a defence treaty against Russia did not arise. Then what was the defence treaty for? So it had really two purposes. One is policing the world. Therefore the what is called the global war on terror. That was one part of it. Other is containment of Russia and China for essentially hegemonizing the world. So that they should be know what US strategic term uses the word revisionist powers that anybody who challenges the hegemony of the United States will be a revisionist power and expecting the European to foot the bill for United States to be the global hegemon. This is really Trump's demand. While other presidents of the United States have seen that this is in US interest therefore have not insisted of so-called 4% all of these figures, fancy figures Trump is pulling out but had said okay you guys should pay at least 2% while we'll fit the bigger bill. So the question that European powers have to ask do they have an independent foreign policy? If their foreign policy is already sold to the United States then of course it's a good point that whether they can then say we don't need defencing Russia because they have then already decided their external enemies are only going to be decided by the Americans. So that's a decision they need to take. It's a much bigger decision that they need to take not about the budget. To sum up in one sentence what we now have as Trump's demand for 2% or 4% it doesn't really matter Germany's has a defense budget of 1.1% and it wants peace. So therefore the argument that the budget should be increased is an extortionist demand.  Trump is seeking for net transfers not to NATO but to United States and this is also the transfer they're seeking in their various trade deals and that also has European Union and even Canada as a target not just China. So what we are seeing now is United States and we have discussed this earlier the United States attempt to leverage its military strength into economic tribute. So the classic case of the big bully with the big stick now demanding money because that's the only currency of power that United States has left with this declining economy. And that's where this issue becomes important that US is still the pre-eminent global military power and it's bigger as we know than all the other countries put together in military terms its budget just the increase of this year's budget is more than Russia's annual military budget. So it's about 10% Russia is really 10% of the US military budget. In fact even Saudi Arabia has a bigger budget than Russia has. So these are not comparable issues at all. They're bargaining their military strength now in the tribute and that's what the demand to European Union is that pay-with tribute. Thank you very much. That's all we have time for today. Keep watching US link.


The Jack Benny program, presented by Lucky Strike. L.S.M.F.T. Lucky Strike means fine tobacco. Just listen to the words of Thomas Ray Oglesby, ace tobacco auctioneer, who said... At all the markets I've attended, I've seen the makers of Lucky Strike by good, right, mild leave. And Harry R. King, independent tobacco buyer. I've seen the makers of Lucky Strike by fine tobacco that smokes up smooth and mild. Yes, for a real smoke, I picked Lucky. You've just heard the words of independent tobacco experts. The impartial authorities on tobacco quality. So for your own real deep down smoking enjoyment, remember... L.S.M.F.T. Lucky Strike means fine tobacco. So smoke that smoke of fine tobacco, Lucky Strike. So round, so firm, so fully packed, so free and easy on the draw. The Lucky Strike program, starring Jack Benny with Mary Livingston, Phil Harris, Rochester, Dennis Day, and yours truly, Don Wilson. And now, ladies and gentlemen, let's go out to Jack Benny's home in Beverly Hills, where we find Jack trying to fix his broken phonograph. Hand me the screwdriver, Rochester. I want to tighten the last screw on this phonograph. Here you are. There, that ought to fix it. I'll turn it on. It was too fast. Bing Crosby singing White Christmas. It sounded more like F.E. Boone singing Mother McCree. Yeah, I can't understand what's wrong with this phonograph. It's never given me trouble before. Well, boss, maybe if I took this and... Oh, Rochester, look what you've done. You've knocked the horn off. And you tipped over the dog, too. This is be kind to animals, we. I'm sorry, boss. Let's take another look at the motor and see what's wrong. Okay. Hey, wait a minute. Here's the loose wire, and I see where it's supposed to go. I'll just take it and plug it in. Pull out the plug! Pull out the plug! Wow, what a shock. She was enough to make my hair stand on end. You want me to go in your room and see? Half do I'm wearing it. The show won't be as short as you think. Now, there's the wire is fixed. Now, let's try some... Now, let's try some other... Let's try some other records. Let's try some other records. What have we got in that album? Let me see. Found a million dollars. I don't want to spoil those. Play some of the old ones. Put some of these on. I want to try it out. Yes, sir. Shall we put in a new needle? No, Roger. The needle we have was guaranteed to play a thousand records. We've only used it 873 times. Memory nothing. Count the notches in the side of the phonograph. Now, let's turn it on and see if the record changer is working there. Yes, sir. Rochester, what's happened? Why is the phonograph throwing the records up in the air? We never should have fixed it with those parts out of the toaster. Well, I think that... Come in. Hello, Jack. What are you doing? Rochester and I were just fixing... Duck Mary, here comes the Sheik of Araby. Rochester, turn that thing off. We'll use it without the changer. Yes, sir. Jack, what's going on here? Rochester and I fixed the phonograph. Again? Why don't you get rid of that old thing and buy a new one? Mary, this phonograph isn't so old. Go on. Edison's fingerprints are still on it. What? And she means Edison the boy. Look, Mary, the phonograph works all right now. I mean, I not only fixed it, but I modernized it and brought it right up to date. I'll bet you did. Well, if you don't believe it, try it yourself. All right. Have you got two nickels for a dime? Oh, Mary, put in the dime. Be a sport. You know, it plays three records that way. If you put in a quarter, you get a sandwich, a cup of coffee, and a guide to the movie star's home. We haven't perfected that yet. Go ahead, Mary, put in the dime. I'll take your word for it. Say, Jack, am I the first one here for rehearsal? Yeah, but the others will be here pretty soon. By the way, Mary, I haven't seen you in a couple of days. What's new? Oh, nothing much. Oh, I got a letter from Mama yesterday. A letter from your mother? Well, what does the happy chandler of Plainfield have to say? I'll read it to you. Go ahead. My darling daughter, Mary, just a few lines to let you know that we are all well and hope you are the same. We've been very busy with the spring planting. Your sister, Babe, helped Papa with the plowing. She did a swell job, but I'll be glad when the horse gets better. Mary, your sister, Babe, pulled the plow? Sure, Jack, she's as strong as a horse. Yes, and when you put a straw hat on her, you can't... Jack, please. Excuse me, go ahead with the letter. And Mary, your sister, Babe, has a new boyfriend. He is the local undertaker here, and I wish he'd give him up. I'm sick of him coming into the house with those second-hand flowers. But even though he's an undertaker, he's a very progressive and advertises on the radio. His theme song is, How Are Things in Rigor Mortis? No, it could be. To each his earned. Hey, I'm hot today. Everybody's hot today. I wonder if I can get a guest shot on this program. And Mary, they've nearly finished building the new high school here. It's very beautiful and modern, and will cost over a million dollars. Oops! Jack, are you still doing that? I'm sorry, go on with the letter. Your father's lodge held their annual celebration last Saturday night. Your father was the guest of honor, and every time he stood up to make a speech, he banged his head. Banged his head? He kept complaining that the ceiling was too low. It wasn't until a party was half over that he found out he was under the table. So, he made his speech to three cockroaches and a midget who'd come in out of the rain. Your mother's a regular Milton girl. Well, that's about all the news, Mary. So we'll close with love and kisses from your mother, Hop along Livingston. What a letter.  Oh, Jack, there's nothing wrong with mama. Maybe not, but I wouldn't be married to her for a million dollars. Whoops! Mary, you two? Yeah, I must be contagious. Yeah. Hey, that must be some of the gang. Come in! Well, well, it's Dennis. Where? It's you. It's you. Come on in. Hello, kid. Hello, Mr. Benny. Hello, Mary. How are you, Dennis? Fine. Gee, it sure is hot out. It certainly is. This morning, my uncle fried an egg on the sidewalk. He did? Yeah. Yesterday, he fried an egg on the sidewalk, too. No kidding? Yeah. You know where he can find an apartment? Oh, so that's the reason. Yeah, I feel sorry for your uncle. Yeah, so do I. He likes his eggs boiled. No, fine. Dennis, it's really a shame that your uncle has to live out on the street.  All right, all right. Now, look, Dennis, the scripts aren't here yet, so we can run over your song before rehearsal. Uh, what number are you gonna do? Well, I made a record of a new song, and I brought it with me. Would you like to hear it? Sure, kid. Sure. Put it on the phonograph. Okay. Is this deductible from my income tax? Oh, sure. It's a business expense, you know.  Turn it on. Okay. Jack, what are you doing with that knife? I'm putting another notch on the side of the phonograph. Come on, kid. Let's hear the song. How can it be a beautiful morning?  When can I put the ring on? Very good song, and I'm glad you recorded it. It'll sound swell on the... Dennis, where'd you get that sandwich? It came out of the phonograph. Well, what do you know? It works. Yeah, but not very well. What a sandwich. It's like the hand between two records. Well, that's sort of a double decah. Mary, I had my glasses on. Anyway, that was a good joke. I thought it was corny. Oh, you did, eh? Yeah, you want to make something out of it? Yes. Hit him again, Mary. Dennis, just because my humor goes over your head, don't think that you're... Come in! Here's Phil Don and the quartet. Hello, fellas. Hiya, Jackson. Hello, Jack. Well, boys, as soon as the scripts get here, we can start rehearsal. Hey, by the way, Phil. Man, you look wonderful. Nice color in your cheeks and everything. Yes, sir. You can congratulate me, Jackson. I'm a change man. A change man? Jackson, I finally realized I was on the wrong road. I had to do something. Well, what made you realize it? Well, the other night, I went to bed like I always do. I had a good night's sleep, and when I got up in the morning, I staggered all over the room, reached for a chair, and fell flat on my face. When did that happen? Thursday morning. Phil, that was the earthquake. Holy smoke, and I gave up drinking. Wait a minute, Jackson. Hand me that phone. I got to call Frankie before it's too late. Why, what's the matter? He's on his way to a sanitarium to take the cure. Well, let him go, Phil. Believe me, it won't harm him permanently. I'm sure you will. Hey, Mr. Benny, you know what happened to me during the earthquake? What, Ken? My mother was giving me a haircut when things started to shake.  The what?  You got two ears. Now, yes. Now, cut that out. I'm going to do some shopping. What about the rehearsal? Well, the scripts will be here in a couple of minutes. I'll say, Jack, I meant to ask you, how did you finally make out with Sam Goldwyn last week? Are you going to do a picture for him? No, Don. You see, Mr. Goldwyn wants me to, but his next picture isn't my type. It's going to be Les Miserables. Les Miserables. Yes, by Victor Hogy. Victor Hugo. You got him mixed up with Hogy Michelson. Yes. Well, anyway, Mr. Goldwyn and I are going to work out a... Hey, that must be the script. Come in. Well, Steve, hey, kids, it's my publicity man, Steve Brathley. What's up? Publicity? Yes, and last week I conducted the popularity poll and compared with the poll I made three years ago, you've only moved up one place. One place, when did that happen? When Hitler killed himself. Now, wait a minute, Steve. I don't have time to lose, Benny. I thought it was so urgent that when I couldn't reach you by telephone, I sent a message by carrier pigeon. Carrier pigeon? Well, that must have been the pigeon that landed on my windowsill. Yeah, yeah, didn't you see the message? It's tied to his ankle. M-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-messin'? Rochester. Don't look at me, boss, you ain't the leg... I thought the paper on that leg was a panty there. Anyway, Steve, I appreciate your worrying about me, but I don't need any publicity. As a matter of fact, only two weeks ago, my picture was on the cover of Newsweek magazine. Hey, Jackson, was that your face? Certainly. How do you like that? I thought it was a nab for spam. That's because the photographer told me to stick my... stick out my tongue. Hey, someone turns the page and he's got to place the wet his fingers. Yes. They think of everything. All right, Benny, I think that picture on the cover of Newsweek was great, but you've got to follow it up with something. You're some sort of a stunt. Now, wait a minute, Steve. I don't want any more of your stunts. The last time you had an idea, you wanted me to go to Texas, climb into the big-inch pipeline, and swim all the way to New York. And you had a time so I'd crawl out the other end on Groundhog Day. No more of that for me. I know, I know, but this new idea is different. Benny, I've got an idea that'll make you loved and respected by everybody in the country. Me? Yes, sir. We'll take one of the great men in American history, like, well, say, like Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln? That's it. From now on, you're going to do everything Lincoln did.   But, Steve, I don't know how Lincoln walked. Don't you remember? I look, Steve, unless you've got an idea that makes sense, I don't want any part of it. I don't want any... Now, go home and... Wait a minute, wait a minute. Hold it, hold it, hold it. What? Think of this idea before. What an idea! All right, what is it? Baseball. Huh? Look, Bob Hope bought himself a Cleveland Indian. Being crossed, he bought the Pittsburgh Pirates. And today, what is everyone talking about? The weather. Dennis. Is it unusual? No, no. What are you getting at, Steve? Benny, you've got to have a baseball team. Well, look, Steve, I like the idea, but a baseball team is liable to run into a lot of money. Leave it to me, Benny. I'll find your team that won't cost you much dough. Good, good. I'll get a team that's unknown with the proper training in a year so you can sell them to somebody else and clear yourself a net profit of a million dollars. Say, that sounds pretty... Jack, how come he didn't go whoops? When it's coming my way, there's no need for it. All right, Steve, it's a great idea.  Leave it to me, Benny. Sell on, everybody. You know, kids, I think Bradley's got a good idea with that baseball team. He certainly has, Jack. And look at the commercials you can do. Commercials with baseball? Why, certainly. You've got your quartet, the sportsman, right here, and they can take a song and fit it to anything. What are you talking about? Have you got a record of Take Me Out to the Ball Game? That's one of our new ones. Yes, yes. I'll put it on. Here's a nickel, Jack. Ah, this one's on the house. One might so let's pump, pump, pump, on a lucky Just remember the name strikes at the old In Goldsboro, North Carolina, and the old ball game is tied up. It's the last half of the night and the bases are loaded. Speedy Riggs is on first, Effie Boone is on second, and Greenberg's on third. It's a risedale. He's warming up. He's swinging two big tobacco leaves. Wait a minute, wait a minute. He's walking up to the empire, and he says, Give me a light, bud. He steps back in the batter's box, and here comes the pitch. Look at that ball. So round, so firm, so fully packed, so free and easy on the throw. It's a long view. It's going, going over the fence and lands into the back of the field, out there with that fine, that light, that naturally mild tobacco. Me out to the ball game. Take me out with the crowd. The score for a lucky is two to one. You'll smoke and you'll cheer, and you'll have so much fun. So let's puff, puff, puff on a lucky. Just remember the name for itself. S-M-F-F-T at the old ball. Look how great it'll give me a lot of publicity. Certainly, Jack. You need publicity. Yeah, you've only got one show. Anyway, I think Steve Bradley is right. If having a baseball team is good for Hope and Crosby, it's good for me too. You want to know something, Jackson? I used to play baseball. In fact, I was on a team where every player was the band leader. Really, Phil? Yeah, but they threw me out. Why? Every time I slid in the third base, I'd spike Jones. No wonder you can't get the first base hairs. When they handed out brains, they threw you a curb. Well, nobody threw you a curb. You just sat in a bleachers too long without a hat. Believe me.  Oh, did you play? Yeah, but every time I hit the ball, I broke a window. What? I broke seven windows. Well, kid, you must have played too close to the house when you went outside. Oh, outside? You played baseball inside the house? Yeah, you want to make something out of it? Oh, be quiet! I got some shopping to do. Let's get on with the rehearsal. Mary, we can't. The scripts aren't here yet. They aren't? No. Why don't you call up NBC and see what's wrong? All right, I will. Take me out to the ball game Take me out with the crowd I know a way to save 80 cents I'll grill two holes and we'll look through the fence Hey, Ball, what is it? Guy, true. You get it, will you? Okay. National Bulletin Company. Oh, hello. And I'll connect you. Mabel, it's Mr. Benny. I wonder what spam face wants now. Connect him with the Mimeograph Department because they haven't delivered his scripts yet. Scripts? Well, how do you like that? And he palms himself off as an ad-lib comedian. An ad-libber clipped if he had false teeth. That's the truth. But I don't care if he's an ad-libber or not. I think he's a cute schmo. I don't think he's cute. He's gone out with me more times than he has with you. He has not. He has too. Oh, Mabel, let's not argue. When we look like we do, we should be happy that we've got each other. Mr. Benny, to pop the question any day now. Pop the question? You tell me. Come on, Mabel, don't keep me in suspense. I'm out of my curiosity. Tell me why... Oh, okay. She cools. We'll be handled. I think he just kissed me. Why, Mabel, this is me with those thick glasses on. I feel like I'm window shopping. I saw my reflection in his glasses and I thought someone was watching us. Operator, I want the Mimeograph Department. What? Well, when you get them, tell them to send the scripts out to my house. Goodbye. Well, kids, there's nothing to do but wait. We won't be able to rehearse until... All of it, all of it, Benny. I'm back. I'm back. Steve. Yes, Benny, you wanted the baseball team and Bradley didn't let you down. That's swell. The sinus contract, the team is yours for $1,000. Good, good. There you are. Now, what's the name of the team? B.B.B. What's that? Benny's Bucks and Plumigals. A girl's team. I got a good mind. Jack, your slip is showing. Oh, quiet. Russell Rivesdale. As you listen to the chant of the tobacco auctioneer, remember, L-S-M-F-T. Lucky Strike means fine tobacco. And in a cigarette, it's the tobacco that counts. Listen now to the words of a man who's seen millions of pounds of tobacco bought and sold. Mr. George Alfred Webster of Durham, North Carolina, he said, At auction after auction, I've seen the makers of Lucky Strike by fine tobacco that makes one grand smoke. I've smoked Lucky's myself for 29 years. Those were the words of a man who really knows tobacco. He said, I've smoked Lucky's myself for 29 years. Those were the words of a man who really knows tobacco. Yes, independent experts like Mr. Webster can see the makers of Lucky Strike consistently select and buy that fine, that light, that naturally mild tobacco. Fine, light, naturally mild tobacco. Remember, L-S-M-F-T. Lucky Strike means fine tobacco. No doubt about it. L-S-M-F-T. Lucky Strike means fine tobacco. And this fine Lucky Strike tobacco means real deep down smoking enjoyment for you. So smoke that smoker, fine tobacco, Lucky Strike. So round, so firm, so fully packed, so free and easy on the draw. Hmm. Had to get me a girl's baseball team. I need that like a moose needs a hat rack. Where'd I hear that? Oh, yes, on my repeat broadcast last week. Can't understand why I didn't get a laugh. Maybe, I don't know, maybe it was too clever. Too clever? Quiet, Polly. Well, everybody's gone home. They might as well practice on my violin. A Rochester. Rochester, give me a. That's close enough. Better practice my exercises first. No, I better not jazz it up yet. I'm not ready for it yet. Maybe I ought to practice intermezzo.


All I want to do is put a jacket on. I'll talk about this when we do our shows. I'm gonna put a jacket on when I last do it. Up over my shoulders, so I got the wrist. That's all I want you to do. Put the jacket on, big elbow out in front. Now, all I want you to do is put your right hip to the mat, put your right elbow to the mat, and just walk your feet under your chest. It's easy to do it to your butt. That's all it literally is, it's this simple. It's serious. So I'm in this key position, both my arms are under control. Okay, I step up, put the jacket on, big elbow out in front. Now watch. One second, let's go.


You've probably heard me say many times before that everything you need is within you. Well, not just everything you need, everything is within you. Because when we talk about I am God or I am the Creator, every adamantian particle of life is within you. But it takes you to activate this part of you in order for it to come out. This is New Age Mumbo Jumbo. There is a creator-creation distinction that we need to be aware of. God is not his creation and his creation is not God. When we put ourselves in the place of God, we make ourselves an idol. We would like to believe that we have the power within ourselves to control the affairs of the world. But we are merely a tiny water vessel boasting that we can control the intensity of the sea. Many are the plans in the mind of a man, but the purpose of the Lord will stand.


I try to drive the primarily all the time to make these horses hunt that cow and for different problems like say your horse is laying up on there a lot of times you'll step to the cow and then break really flat back off in here and have them thinking about getting away from a cow because basically you got two problems on your horse he's either getting too flat or too up into the cow if he's working properly they're the two things that you're going to get into so uh like right here I pulled him off that cow if I'm just trying to drive and get him away from it so he he's not flipping back in all the time have him think about going flatter on the on the program and then draw and brag if you just chain in a three-year-old you just be driving like this but you'll be staying on the line nice and square back up before you step to the cow all the time so he's thinking draw and not running at the cow step up try to make that horse affect that cow right there he made the cow move here I'm just taking my cow side leg and pressing and this is the result we're getting he's he's really wanting to turn around and his nervous energy's going backwards instead of flipping across that cow when he's not supposed to now all this type of control is all uh gotta be hooked to the cow everybody has a a different way riding with their feet you know uh I can teach this young man over here what I'm doing he's going to make it a little bit different I like to make stuff really simple on the horse um left turn is with your right foot right here just like that right turn is just with your left foot I want to make him go nose first right now you'll say okay but you're holding your your inside leg on here not letting him turn around what's making him not turn over here that's making him not turn over here I want that horse hook to that cow and one


Because I need to explain the way that Epicurean physics is connected to their ethics as a background for their ethics. So we got to the point of talking about how worlds come into being and how plants and animals and living things come into being. And the next thing to say is about how sensation and thought happens. And in their view, it happens by sensory objects falling into our sense organs, emanating from objects themselves in continuous streams, of course made of atoms because everything's made of atoms, and void, that, for example, fall into our pupils or fall into our ears and so forth. And the interaction between those sensible objects and our sense organs gives rise to what we call sensation. And sensation, as such, is just some kind of representation of what's actually out there in the world. So sensation, in so far as it's mere sensation, is always true. Falsehood is only introduced when we start adding opinion and adding judgment to things. And thought is essentially a kind of sensation. It's like a recombination of sensations. But every thought that's really valid is a kind of attenuated sensation. So it has some connection to an external object that fell into the sense organ at some point. OK, now there's a lot more to be said about that, but proceeding rapidly through this, human nature. So we talked about, again, animals and plants, how they came into existence, and how they have a kind of natural selection-like view for that. And human nature has evolved beyond our mere animal nature to make use of language and form cultures and cities and things like that, and also various forms of arts, techniques, knowledge, and so forth. But all of that, in their view, has been we can explain as some kind of response to necessities happening in the environment. So we figured out arts like hunting simply because we were hungry and had to survive, protect ourselves against these animals, feed ourselves, and so forth. We started producing clothes and shelter in order to protect ourselves from cold and weather and intruders and things like that. And it's essentially in connection with our feelings of pleasure and pain and so forth that humans express themselves by means of cries and shout, and generally started establishing conventions. And so they have an account of the evolution of language as essentially being pure conventional sounds attached to human feelings and objects that generate sensations of pleasure and pain. Then the Epicureans give an account of why humans came to believe that there were gods. Primitive peoples, they say, originally started believing in gods in order to explain astronomical and meteorological events, like how these very powerful things happen and what these extremely beautiful and powerful things are in the heavens. They assumed these must be gods or must have been produced by gods. Humans aren't capable of producing those things. Certainly plants aren't neither are any other animals. There must have been more powerful beings that these things either are or that they brought into existence. But now we can see that with the development of the atomic theory and Epicurean physics, we can see that those beliefs are wrong and should essentially be overthrown. The first reason is because we can explain these astronomical and meteorological events by our scientific method through natural causes. We can talk about how winds happen when you have a greater aggregation of atoms moving in the atmosphere or something like that, and not because Poseidon is trying to punish somebody with a storm. And the stars in the heavens and all of those things can be explained as just being different kinds of material bodies that are moving in void space. And they aren't something produced by a deity and they aren't gods themselves. Also, they have an independent argument that says when we reflect on the concept of a god, we actually should have an impression of a perfectly blissed out and blessed immortal being. And they think it is very inconsistent with that notion of a god that's supremely happy and blessed to think of them rattling a trident in order to cause earthquakes or getting so concerned about what's happening with human beings that they're throwing lightning bolts and that sort of thing. They think actually this is an impious view of the gods. This view that gods care about what humans are doing and would have their own serenity and so forth interrupted by what these mere inferior creatures on this irrelevant tiny planet in some remote space that the cosmos have to do. That's actually an offensive notion about God. Much less these NFL football player that before every, he's a quarterback and before every play, he bows down and prays to God.  Denver wins the Super Bowl or whatever. Gods don't care about stuff like that. They don't care about what's happening to humans. They don't care about what's happening to other plants. They are totally immortal, blessed animals. And so we ought to think of them that way. And we can explain all of these things that are happening to humans and that are happening in the natural environment by natural causes, atoms and void. And mainly we shouldn't fear the gods. They exist outside of nature and they're neither affected by it nor do they try to affect it. What they really should do is serve as models of tranquil, pleasant beings and we should try as much to emulate them and have a life like them. Yeah. On the last part that he said, God exists outside of nature. Does it mean that you believe in metaphysics first and secondly? Well, it's a bit misleading how I've put it there. Nothing is actually outside of nature. Nothing's outside of the universe because the universe is everything that is. So anything that exists exists in the universe and everything in the universe consists of atoms and void. But here we can get into some really technical and difficult problems about Epicurean physics. So they have this idea that gods are immune to destruction even though they themselves must be composed of atoms and void. And it looks like everything that's composed of atoms and void because of how it collides with other atoms and other void space will ultimately be destroyed. But somehow there is this idea of gods that aren't, that immortally persist. And he says that they exist in spaces in between worlds. And what they are doing is kind of dodging all of the effects of swerves and other movements of atoms so that they're not themselves interrupted or affected by them. And it's unclear whether what he's saying is that really there's no such thing as these gods. It's just an idea that we have of a purely blessed, blissful creature that's unaffected and purely tranquil by everything. It's just an idea that we have and something where we sort of project this idea of an immortal being that's like that. Or if he's really saying there are these androids out in space, these extraterrestrial intelligences that are dodging spaces between worlds in order to avoid being destroyed. We don't have enough evidence there. But it's actually misleading for me to say outside of nature. That phrase makes no sense. There's nothing outside of nature. And there certainly is no, there's no platonic god or a pure form or Aristotle's pure actuality or anything like that. Yeah, question? I don't have a question, but I actually didn't have a thought. Because when I saw that same exact phrase outside of nature, I just thought it meant that the ideal idea of having a god, somebody who was perfectly tranquil and pure and blissful as that was, that existed outside of nature. That that couldn't be accomplished by a regular person and everyday being because that's like a superb ideal. Yes. But the question is, how does that fit with the rest of their psychology and so forth? So one thing is, we shouldn't have an ideal that's not actually sort of attainable in some way or else how can it serve as an ideal for us. And also, how do we get that idea about them? How does that occur to us? Does it occur like the way that we get the idea of a minotaur because we perceive a horse and we perceive a human and then we confusingly combine those two forms into one thing? Or what is the reality that is projecting this thing onto our sense organs that then becomes refined into a thought about what a god is? And there must be some reality to it. So even though Epicureans are often charged and were perceived as being an atheistic worldview, they actually are far from that because they claim to have approved that these gods exist. They say, look, we have conceptions of them. Those conceptions have to be tied to something. And what they have to be tied to is something that's emanating from the surface of some actual object. So gods are actually there, but we introduce a lot of confusing notions about them. And especially in Greek religion, where we portray them as being essentially like human beings and having human desires and human emotions and getting angry and upset and having sex with mortals and things like that, that's a ridiculous view that they wanna get away from and say that all of the prerogatives of the gods, you think you might need to explain Zeus for lightning and Poseidon for thunder and so forth, all of that can be explained on the basis of natural science instead. And so we can get rid of these religious ideas and stop worrying about it. Stop worrying that Zeus or Poseidon is gonna punish me or that I'll be punished in the afterlife or something like that. Because worrying about that upsets our tranquility. And the goal of physics itself and philosophy in general is to give us tranquility. But if we start thinking of gods along those lines, we're going to upset ourselves. And a similar thing for death, okay? We can get really worked up about death and worrying about death. And being upset about it can inhibit our own tranquility. But we shouldn't fear it because it's simply a dissolution of the material parts that make us a living thing. It doesn't mean that we have a soul that's transported to some other region, for example, that might be rewarded or might be punished. In fact, when the soul atoms disperse at death, we can't be pained or harmed by anything. And it's a really positive thing to think about that. There's a limit to this miserable suffering and anxiety that you're experiencing now. Eventually you won't have to deal with it any longer. But mainly, their idea is that death is nothing to us because it doesn't affect the living or the dead. It doesn't affect the living because they're not dead. And it doesn't affect the dead because they don't exist anymore. So there's no way to affect them. So it's really kind of irrational from their standpoint to worry about death. Death cannot possibly affect you. There is no way it can affect you, metaphysically, yeah. Is attaining death considered pleasurable in that sense, or would you remove it? No, because pleasure is an experience and death removes all experience. So it's like a neutral or no? Yes, it's a neutral state, but when you're alive and you attain a neutral state of not having any pain, you will naturally experience pleasure, but that won't happen when you're dead. It won't be pleasant or painful. It will be nothing. And so it is nothing, and that's how you should think of it and not worry about it. Okay, so the reason I go through those is because these last two points about not fearing gods and not fearing death show how their physical view is designed to remove suffering and to have a psychological and therapeutic effect. And that way, their physics are not just empty words. Remember the slogan, empty are the words of a philosopher that relieve no suffering, right? And natural science is worthless if it does not relieve some kind of suffering. The investigation of nature also tells us other things about human nature that have profound ethical implications, and that's what we're gonna be talking about today. So there's further things beyond this. For example, about the nature of pain, about what the human good is and so forth. We will still be depending on our physics to learn a lot of those things, but here's a couple of concrete things that you can get up and running with today. Don't fear God, okay? And don't worry about death. And you can start having a more pleasant and tranquil life like right now in class if you manage to inculcate these lessons. And the philosophy is supposed to be that simple and also be reassuring about pleasure and pain and other things on other levels.


Hello, I welcome you all once again to my channel Explore Education. I am Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, SS Khanna Girls degree college, University of Allahabad and it is my email ID. Okay, and we are nowadays we are talking about various educational thinkers in which today I am going to discuss educational philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi and you can say Gandhi G's views on education. Okay, and the lecture will be in bilingual mode. You can get the matter in English and it's you can say explanation in Hindi. Okay, and it is very useful for various examinations as well as for your general knowledge you can say. Okay, sorry. So, we have to read Gandhi G's. What did Mahatma Gandhi say on education? Look, when we don't read Mahatma Gandhi in the form of a teacher, then Mahatma Gandhi generally gave us freedom and he reminds us of this. He has said something on education, generally we don't get educated until we are doing B.A.J. We don't have to read education in the form of a teacher. Okay, and we have read education in the form of a teacher. We are students of education. We are going to read it. So, we have to know that Mahatma Gandhi, who had such a great thought, what was his view on education? What did he think of education? What should be done? What should be done in education? According to him, what was his view on education? If we go to his view on education, we will get that his philosophy of education is a harmonious blending of idealism, naturalism, and pragmatism. So, Gandhi's education is a harmonious blending of idealism, pragmatism, and pragmatism. So, you should have basic knowledge of idealism, naturalism, and pragmatism. And idealism is his base, Gandhi's philosophy. But naturalism and pragmatism help us to bring their philosophy into practice. Therefore, he is known as practical idealist. From the philosophical point of view, let's see how Gandhi can give us an example. Okay, and what was his notion?   His philosophy of life has four elements. And if you read his life direction, now people know about Gandhi, know about his life, then you will get non-violence, fearlessness, and satyagra. These four main elements are in his philosophy. That is, non-violence, fearlessness, and satyagra. Okay? Okay. Gandhi ji's basic education. Now, we will move on to Gandhi ji's philosophy of de-education. He is known as basic education. So, Gandhi ji's basic education was the practical embodiment of his philosophy of education. That is, his scientific vision, his philosophy of education, was also a practical embodiment of basic education. His basic education takes up the challenging task of preparing young learners. That is, the young learner, the basic education of the youth, accepts this challenge that we have to make the young learner what we have to make? Morally sound. That is, he has to grow in a individual independent. He is socially constructive. That is, he is a social group, he is a social group. He can give something to the society, he is economically productive. He is helpful in production in a more meaningful form and responsible future citizens. And he is a responsible citizen of the future. I mean, look, nothing has been left. Morally sound, individually independent, socially constructive, economically productive, responsible future citizens, which can prove helpful in solving the problem of unemployment. That means, who will help in solving the problem of unemployment by making youth self-employed by giving them skill trading. That is, if you give them caution, they will be able to get a lift in employment. Who are you? Okay, now I have told you, you should pay attention to this, that Gandhi ji is saying this, Gandhi ji is saying this, the country is immediately free from poverty and we have to be free from that poverty. The unemployment is at its peak, please bring it now, the unemployment is at its peak. On the other hand, the education system, the Macaulay minute, which is very strong in English, everyone has written the education of their country, which has completely ruined the education system. So, to get rid of all that, Gandhi ji is actually giving his vision and is telling us his views. Yeah, okay. In his work on the educational philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi, MS Patel aptly summarizes Gandhi ji's philosophy of education in these words. So, Gandhi ji's philosophy, if you want to know the words of MS Patel, he says, the object of realizing his ideal of a spiritual society as a stepping stone, the realization on God or growth, Gandhi ji evolved an educational system as a dynamic side of his philosophy. There is a unity running through his concrete schemes and plans, making them a complete system of philosophy. I mean, Gandhi ji's educational philosophy by MS Patel, you quote and say that the objective of realizing his ideal of a spiritual society basically was a spiritual being. Basically, he was an idealist. Basically, his objective was to attain a spiritual society. Gandhi ji's whole educational system is the dynamic side of his philosophy. You must have read that education is the dynamic side of philosophy. A very famous quote is, There is a unity running through his concrete schemes. So, all the schemes and schemes that we are talking about, there is a unity running through the whole scheme and planning. Making them a complete system of philosophy which makes them a complete system of philosophy.  Okay. Before we begin to understand Gandhi ji's views on education, it is necessary to know the background of the educational system which was introduced during the British rule. That is to say, during the British rule, the education system was there, we should understand its background. Gandhi ji wants that all the bad things that have come to pass, how can we get them away from them? So, what did he do with the British rule? The system divorced the child from a social surrounding. First, he cut the child's education from the social roots. He created new caste, new caste, caste, religion and all these things. He laid emphasis on literacy education.  Gandhi ji has clearly said that being a teacher is not being a teacher. And there was a neglect of mass education. And at that time, what happened was, the teacher of birth was completely rejected. So, when Mahatma Gandhi gives her education, when she talks about education, then she talks about all these things from a distance. So, Gandhi ji says that this is a very famous quote. You must have read it. You must know. You must remember that Gandhi ji explained to himself how he defined the education. By education, I mean an all-round drawing out of the best in child's and man's body, mind and spirit. I mean, Gandhi ji is saying that the meaning of education is that a child's all-round drawing out of the best. I mean, whatever is not in it, the best of all that can come out of it. From where? That the best part of the body, heart and soul is the best part. That should come out of education. And what are they saying? And they are saying that literacy is neither the beginning nor the end of education. They are saying that what has to happen or what has to happen, is neither the beginning of education nor the end of education. In fact, what is this? This is only a means through which men and women can be educated. They are saying that whether this is a sign or a sign, it is only a means through which a woman or a man or a woman can be educated. I understand that. I mean, we are not educated because education is a very big concept. It is very broad. Now you will see what Gandhi ji wants. If we are educated, then the teacher should do this and that. And what does he say? Education is also an awakening of the soul. That is, our soul should be awakened again. Wake up. Wake up. That is the lesson. And strengthening the inner voice. That is, our inner voice. That is, our inner voice. That is the lesson. And what are they saying? It is true education as he opines. What is true education? Harmonious functioning of the body, heart, mind and soul. That is, our body, our heart, our mind, our mind, our soul. Everyone is working in a harmonious functioning. It is not like the heart is saying something, the mind is saying something, the body is saying something. It should not be like that. To do all this, follow the way that we do it, and do what we do? What we do? Our spiritual, intellectual, physical faculties. You see, our bodhic, thepahtmik and our physical activities, our body and bodies all participate in a分. All are working in the sense of harmonious functioning. That is the lesson. He felt that an undue emphasis on any one of these factors. He is saying that all of these factors should have a harmonious function and if we do an undue emphasis on any one of these factors. What will happen? Not only negates the basic principles for division but also retards the development of itself. This will cause problems and the development of our self. The body, heart, mind, soul, spiritual, intellectual, physical, emotional, mental, everything should have a harmonious function. All of these factors should have a harmonious function. All of these factors should have a harmonious function. All of these factors should have a harmonious function. What else does Gandhi Ji say? Gandhi Ji attached much importance to the cultural aspect of education. He is saying that he has put a lot of emphasis on the scientific aspect of education. Wherein the inner culture must be reflected in one's speech and conduct towards others. See, what our culture reflects when we speak, when we interact with others. This means that education has to enrich our inner culture. Education as Gandhi is invisible also focuses on social welfare. Gandhi Ji is talking about social welfare a lot. He is saying that the real education is the one in which we should think about social welfare. It is not that we should destroy our own development and society. This should not be the case. Never diverted the goal of education from rural reconstruction. See, if you read it, you will know that Gandhi Ji says that India lives in the village. You must think about the country situation at that time. What kind of society was there at that time? It was very poor. The villages were completely remote from development. There was no cleanliness, hygiene, education, nothing. He is saying that the goal of education should never be far from rural reconstruction and reconstruction. It should be the same. He was in favor of the youth serving the villages in a training service. He is saying that the youth, what should the education do? It should serve the villages. The youth should go to the village and serve their services. We can get the services. The services are all available. If the city is fixed, the education should be fixed. And the rest of the people should not be fixed. Gandhi Ji was also in favor of the young people teaching the villagers the importance of hygiene and health. He was also in favor of the youth, the youth who went to the village and taught the people the importance of hygiene and health. He should do social service like this. It is a holistic perspective of well-being. There is a holistic perspective of well-being. There is no development or anything like that. Gandhi viewed social service as an inherent part of education. He is saying that social service should be the main part of education. The end of all education should be surely be service. He is saying that the end of education is that we can provide so many services. And if a student gets an opportunity of rendering service, even whilst he is studying, he should consider it as a rare opportunity and treat it not really as a suspension of his education, but rather its compliment. Sorry. Sorry. Gandhi Ji is saying that if there is a child who is going to study, and he is getting an opportunity to serve his students, he should not think that there is something missing in his education, but rather he should consider it as a rare opportunity. And he should definitely do that. What is in Gandhi Ji's philosophy? Self-realization, God-realization, truth, non-violence, conduct of human life, righteousness and discipline, physical training, craft, learning, right? Right. Once she starts coming, she keeps coming. She will go to her mother-in-law. And most importantly, treat all living beings with respect, compassion, humility and love.  It is a very big thing to achieve. But if we can realize anything from it, even a little bit, even a little bit, it means that the teacher has done his job or we are really educated. What else can we talk about, Gandhi Ji? He is saying that the ultimate aim of education is character development. Character development is the ultimate aim of our education. I mean, it is not just about education, but our character development. It is a sure stepping stone to nation-building. If our character develops from this, then the nation-building will be supported. He is saying that the end of all knowledge according to him must be building up of character. He is saying that the end of knowledge must be building up of character. And he is saying that Gandhi not only had Gandhi, a concrete conception of such a personality, but also he possessed a personality of the kind he wanted others to develop. See, we are teachers. And we want to teach our children that we want to teach discipline. We want to make them disciplined. We want to make them punctual. And we come late to class every day. If we go from class to class every day, we stay disciplined, we follow what our students say. But that doesn't mean anything.  He used to keep himself. That's why he had so many followers. That's why his voice was spread all over the country. See, he is doing something else. He is doing something else. See? Then he put him again, the Gandhian conception of personality is a holistic personality in which every aspect, attitude and aptitude is given a balanced development and his concept of education puts the highest importance on the formation of the individual's personality, which will be capable of subsuming the highest and ultimate ideals of human life. Okay? That means, they want character development. They want a holistic personality. A holistic personality in which everything will come. What else do they say? They say that there should be a diverse aspect of human development. Like spiritual, physical, mental, emotional development. And what does education make us? What is tolerance? What is tolerance?олitude. We need to have a free opportunity to develop love in ourselves, human dignity in ourselves, manuviyata develop. Which are necessary preconditions to embody the virtues of non-violence. See, that's what we are varying on onha interrupted. Neve should be more on love. There are great things, great ideas. Education makes it possible to develop a balance. Our person will be satisfied if we learn properly. And they talked about moral and spiritual development. I said that there is a lot of physical training and mental training for the child. In adult education Gandhi was deeply pained at the mass illiteracy in India. Mass illiteracy in India should be there. The man who was born is very sad. He used to say that it is a sin for India. It must be liquidated and it should be removed in every way. He said that teaching the masses is to read and write and drive out the ignorance through carefully selected teachers with an equally carefully selected syllabus according to which they would educate the adult villagers mind. He said that the man should be educated. He should be very well educated. He should be well educated. He should be well educated. He has taught the adult villagers what is mind set and otherłeas? What is mind set? Diétique means mind setting That's fine. grossed that denotes the child could be educated. and also the Pardha system. Look, we are in this society where the hair is married, the Pardha Pratah and the Dehesh Pratari are not in the society anymore. But back then, they wanted women and women to be educated so that they can be removed from the society. Now, they said that education is a tool that can be taught to women through which they can be removed from the society from the superstitions and superstitions that are in the society. Look, what if they become educated? They said that Gandhi ji felt that women, if educated, would break the shackles of enforced widowshood.  If they are enforced, they can raise their voices if they are educated. The constitution, the dowry system, the economic foundation, the marital slavery, look, the society where there are so many women, but we cannot imagine the society where they are talking about the society, so we have to think about their time. And back then, there was a lot of oppression, that there was no oppression or oppression. So they also talked about oppression, untouchables. Gandhi liberated on how to teach these children and make them repositories of cleanliness. Look, hygiene, cleanliness, health, it is also very important in Gandhi ji's education, in his system, in his thoughts. Teach them how to live a good life. The preliminary training should consist in teaching children manners. Teach them good habits, good speech, good conduct and release them from the miserable state of conditions they live in. Okay, then last slide. I think so. Gandhi ji's idea also on education called the basic national education scheme, which he had been voicing in Harijan for many years. Look, Harijan was a poet, in which he used to raise his voice, and in that he was the basis. I mean, these were the things he used to do. There was an all-India national education conference in the U.S. U.S. See, even in the 1970s, all of this was happening. Today, in 2020, if we build a conference, we feel that we are doing something very big. It was happening a hundred years ago as well. Okay? And there were so many good things going on there. So, in this commission, when the report was submitted, Gandhi ji's views, the students of this committee, and they shared their thoughts on this end-down. And look, what was the first point that came out? Free compulsory education for all boys and girls into 14 years. Now, when the right to education has come, then we say this in this. This was the first time we were talking about this. From 7 to 14 years, the students of this committee, should plan their education for the future. And what does Gandhi ji say? Education through craft and productive work. They are saying that they have created a structure like SUPW, socially useful productive work, so that you can learn how to make something. Systematic and scientific methods. They are saying that there is a self-supporting scheme. This means that there are state universities, infrastructure, this is school building, books should be there, sorry. And they provide furniture, etc. Actually, I don't have the right to take care of a cake. I don't have to take care of a cake. I don't have the right to take care of a cake. Educating through mother tongue as the medium of instruction. Look, now, N.E.P. 2020 is talking about when the teachers of mother tongue are saying this. Right? They are saying that at the elementary level, at least teach them in mother tongue because at that stage, when the child means curious, relative, then his thoughts, if he doesn't get a word, then his thoughts will end. So there, the thoughts should get a word. Introducing the child, it's rich, hate, and culture. Today, N.E.P. 2020 tells us to connect with culture, connect with our people, feel pride. These things are going on for a long time. In making, in them, the right ethical and moral values, that is, they develop ethical and moral values. And the exposition of the kind of non-moral instigation making these students understand the ideals of citizenship. Look at the nature of Nagrikta. Nowadays, there is a new threat. The children who are going to study, the children of good universities, they throw up. They light a fire. Government, government has not bought it from its own money. We give it tax, the government has done it from its own money. So actually, you are lighting your own money. Why didn't you get the quality of citizenship? Why didn't you learn non-violence from your teacher? Understand rights, duties and obligations as members of civilized communities and introducing the idea of cooperative community with social services as the dominating motive. So all these things, you can elaborate on this. And basic education was not able to follow because the criticism they gave was not able to understand its basic motive. They thought that the children wanted to make this a labor force. They wanted to make the children learn some craft. They said that the craft should be connected to every aspect so that the local craft, wherever it is, becomes flourishing. You see, the local craft of many places has been completely destroyed by the Karghans. And the children who go out to study have neither knowledge nor knowledge. They don't have anything that can be included in their daily life. That's why unemployment is such a big problem. Because we don't produce the demand of the market. What we produce is not the market's supply. So this scheme gave birth to the system of new education as advised by Karthi Ji. So this was the total meaning. You want the character to develop, you want to be a holistic personality developer. They are saying literacy is not just education. They are saying, teach the people, serve in the village. They are talking about women's education. They are talking about adult education. It is a complete philosophy. It is a complete educational philosophy. And from the very beginning, it was very important for that time. It was given, even today, it was important. I mean, for 100 years, it was made with it. You can understand that this is such a misery. Okay. I am so sorry for my throat today because I spoke a lot. But I hope so that the color will get better soon. In the next videos, you will get the right voice for the world. Okay. Thank you and don't forget to like and subscribe to the channel. Explore Education. Okay. Done from my side.


Going on everyone Sam here with Leighton sports car driven two boxes for Thomas Jay I got one 23 absolute football and one 23 definitive baseball, so good luck here, buddy See something nuts out of one of these Thomas sort of absolute got Adam up next after this and that's it right now Jetta's in a monro Got Jalen waddle to a hundred For the dolphins rookie auto pookin a kua. There we go to 199 that'll work the Rams Very cool, and then Pacheco and Kelsey to 199 dual jerseys team tandem for the Chiefs Henry and Russell Wilson very true God orange Joe mixing 275 color match for the Bengals Jaden Reed is rookie Jersey auto 220 out of 399 for the Packers Rookie premier and then trade Tucker 3 of 99 rookie Jersey for the Raiders David Montgomery and Kenneth Walker I've also got a draft diamonds of Dbo 100 Ryan Tannehill to 100 on the red and then auto of Kendra Miller rookie premier materials autos quad For the Saints nice one there So yeah, no Jersey in that one. Sorry about that Thomas. It is on average. Unfortunately with this But let's do your definitive now Thomas, come on. What's up JT? JT. What's up, buddy? Well, man Are you doing it a JT you at Darvish 5 of 30 on the game use Jersey? Grats on that one there. This is dope three of 15 David Ortiz A little big poppy action there three colored game use patch also very cool Very obviously game used 18 of 25 is Kyle Tucker Dirty that's some dirt on that. That's always awesome Help him daughter with Homer. Oh boy. Oh gosh. Say it sounds tough Betty Pats can see now 34 50 rookie auto for the Royals the pass watch the subjects who working on JT Math 24 of 40 is Roger Clemens Game use Jersey auto for the Red Sox Red Sox Roger Clem dog We've got nice Trish and Kossus. That is RPA 8 of 50 Grats on that one there. It's Thomas. That's awesome I'm in 8 of 50 Kossus with City Connect Jersey Artemis program space This is nasty man four of ten Ronald Acunha Jr That is really sick game used patch auto gold frame purple Just awesome MVP Grats on that buddy and Then triple 8 of 10 at Peter Lonzo Keith Hernandez and David Wright. There he is. That is awesome, man There is of course, so it's you and the guy you always pull and David right Grats on that one there. That's awesome. I'm in that's gonna do it for your break there at Thomas Thanks again for the sport is always buddy. Get right out to my man


So France you're here So you've already been announced here as the tech lead and software engineer from Fairphone you you were participating in the panel discussion and you're going to talk today about The many ways to make electronic devices more ethical and sustainable and with that I hand over to you the microphone France Thank you very much. Thanks for having me You know me already now I've been introduced I'm from Fairphone we are based in Amsterdam and Together with about a hundred other people I work on making phones that are more sustainable more responsible and more ethical and today I want to Tell you a little bit about how we do how we do that and I used to work on the Android operating system running on Fairphone one and Fairphone two In the last few years I started shifting to the back end I now Developed with my small team microservices that connect different data streams From all over our company So before I start I want to ask Ask you who who knows this who has maybe something like that at home a drawer or a box with Unused and discarded electronic devices Yeah, yeah, we are all part of the problem. This is called e-waste electronic waste and It's a big part of the electronics industry Why is that? You know we already determined today that all of us have a smartphone in our pockets and there is 1.5 billion phones sold each year Although we all have one in our pocket already There's by now more phones on the world than people Also, all these phones are not used for longer than two or three years on average 2.3 years, I think then they are discarded and only 20% of those are Then reused or recycled and if you consider all these three facts together you quickly understand Why e-waste is one of the biggest or maybe the biggest waste stream or grow fastest growing waste stream in the world and This is a problem because All of these phones that are produced take resources We don't really see that we don't really see how precious and limited these resources are but a lot of stuff That is limited goes from out of the earth into these phones under sometimes inhumane working conditions people are exploited the the waste then Poisons the ground and Yes, we do recycling But this is far too limited to actually meet the demand for new devices that are produced each year Let's step back a little bit What is Fairphone? How did we start? Fairphone was started in in 2010 as an awareness campaign initially focusing on conflict minerals in electronic devices and What devices better suited to to showcase this than the smartphones that's so tangible and really in our hands and What we tried to do is Trace the use of these conflict minerals So actually minerals that fund war that fund conflicts in different regions of the world and Trace that through the supply chain to to the phones now pocket and We found out that's impossible That's the supply chain of electronic devices is so vast is so complex and is so opaque That it's it's impossible for an outsider to to look through that So what's the logical step to do? become an insider so in 2013 we We started becoming smartphone manufacturer We launched Fairphone one. That's that was our first device and And tried to connect the threat coming from the minds that we know of that we went to that we talked to and The threat coming from the end consumer the phone in our pocket And and see where these two would meet in the middle Our mission since then has been Showing that it's possible to act more responsibly in there in the choice industry to To also change the system from within as I mentioned earlier already To be part of it and to say and and to see how much can we do? How much is possible already today if we just try and how much can we improve in the future and all of that? We we we try we do by being profitable So actually other companies could follow us without sacrificing their bottom line and we do that with three pillars Our theory of change so we built these phones and we learn what's what's wrong with them We learn what what goes into them now and we use these also as storytelling devices to To raise awareness to show what is still wrong in the industry. What also is also still wrong with our phones They are not perfect. They are just we're striving to make them more ethical step by step second we set an example we We create initiatives for instance a fair trade fair trade gold initiative that other companies can join Or we build a phone that's more repairable by being modular and Lastly we motivate the industry by inviting them to join our our initiatives by showing how it's done and Inviting them. Yeah, we identified four approaches that for impact areas. We call them That we work on the first is fair materials so that goes beyond mere conflict minerals we try to improve the working conditions in these mines and for instance we We created the first smart phone company to integrate fair trade gold in our in our phones similar to the factories We're collaborating with our partners in Asia mostly to improve the working conditions in in the factories and that there's a wide range of improvements health and safety regulations, but also for instance, we're the first company the first smartphone company to To pay a living wage to the factory workers The third is longevity. We want to make the phones last as long as possible That keeps them out of the of the drawer but also out of the landfills and it means that we We use up few of the resources that are so limited and the last one is the polarity When the end of when the phone actually dies at the end we want to it to go back into the cycle I think Mike this morning made a pretty good point about secularity and And we do that by by inviting by having a take-back program and inviting our consumers to send it back and get a cash cashback for that. I Want to focus on longevity today because this is the topic the area of these that I know about most and and so to summarize quickly it we want to keep them as long as possible to exploit for you of the resources and to and Yeah, and sorry and And we have two approaches to do that. One is the modular Repairable approach. What do you see here on the picture is the Fairphone 3? Any end consumer with just a Phillips screwdriver Standard in any toolbox can disassemble the phone and if necessary replace a broken part and the second is the long-term software support because Hardware can break but also software can break and this is the family of the phones that we that we launched so far The our debut was with Fairphone 1 in 2013. We integrated Some fair minerals already and we started selling spare parts therefore 2 is The first phone that we designed ourselves and it is the first modular phone I have really fond memories of that in particular also because I worked on a hardware upgrade for the camera So our model design allowed us to release a new better camera version and the end consumer could Have that shipped home take the screwdriver and replace it and I worked on that from the kernel throughout the entire stack to the UX and Fafon 3 then marked the the launch of our Ambitions into into the wider market. We took the lessons from Fafon 1 and Fafon 2 applied them To Fafon 3 and got a more stable and better suited product for the for the mass market And and finally Fafon 4 is yeah, that's the latest device and Yeah, it's great Let's focus on these two aspects again so the modularity and and the software part some first modularity All phones since Fafon 2 are modular That means that without any tools anyone can just replace the battery But the battery is one of the key parts that break most easily they don't break They just they know the phone doesn't last as long anymore So it's it comes becomes kind of useless you you sit there with an empty battery and yeah, so oh yeah, thank you Great that there's someone showing it If you can just swap out the battery your phone immediately becomes a much longer life because it lasts much longer again You can properly use it as you intended to And then with all the other modules We encapsulate like with each iteration of the modularity We identify modules or components that break most easily or that might be we want to replace And and we turn those into components on those you can really Just take a screwdriver and take it out replace it buy on our webshop and And even upgrade with Fafon 2 and Fafon 3 we had the new cameras for instance and That gave us so that's also something. I'm a proud of all our modular devices have an I fix it score of 10 of 10 I don't know how familiar you are with I fix it but they rate all they disassemble everything they they break it and whatnot and And we were the first smart home brand to have also the only I'm not quite sure To have phones with 10 out of 10 Also recently the French government launched an index That focuses on repair ability but also on the availability and also the price of the spare parts and there we also got a very high rank The the hardware if it doesn't break if it's repairable if you can last long is great It is not much use if the user decides at some point I can't use this phone anymore for two reasons one might be the it doesn't have the features that I want anymore and many of these features are software features So we can do something about it with software support. The second is that Every software every more or less complex software has bugs. I think all of you know that and So so does the firmware and software in our phones and some of these are really really critical We talked about it just before and They make the phone insecure to use so it's crucial that Security vulnerabilities get patched regularly and that's if that doesn't happen anymore then for many users the phone also becomes unusable and And how does this work? We just like with the hardware. We have a huge supply chain complex supply chain, but the what we rely on most is two big entities One is Google they develop the Android operating system that we integrate and The second is the the chipset manufacturer in our case Qualcomm and Qualcomm then takes Operating system from from Google and integrates it with their hardware with their firmware and in the end any smartphone company takes what Google and Qualcomm provide them and And it trades on it with the specific changes to their Hardware to their I don't know the display the fingerprint sensor or the camera that they use so do we and So we also rely on these two For for software support when they stop supporting or providing Security patches for instance, but it becomes very hard for any other entity and especially very hard for a small company like Fairphone to Continue updating it So how do we how do we tackle that? How do we? Provides office support for as long as possible We have three stages and each of these phones Goes through all of the stages first the early bring up We have an OD we work with an ODM model ODM is the original device manufacturer and that's our direct partner and They take the source code from Qualcomm and from Google and do the initial bring up the integration with our hardware and For as long as Qualcomm and still provide security patches and supports the the platform They are also able to to provide support and To to do updates that's security patches, but that's also major Android upgrade upgrades At one point Qualcomm stops providing that and then the ODM also says whoops can't do any more and they and they stop Offering this to us. That is when our in-house team steps in and we take over from there. We've built up some Yeah, quite some experience already with Fairphone 2 and Fairphone 3 and And with the help of the open-source community Lineage or as you might know for instance We keep updating these phones. We keep applying the security patches we still receive those patches to some extent from Qualcomm and to a large extent from Google and Together with open-source community. We integrate those on the phones and we even achieve major version upgrades at some point and There's also another aspect that Google only provides the security patches for a limited amount of time for any Android version. So at some point you don't get patches anymore unless you also upgrade to a major version and that is also what we do for as long as possible at some point that is not possible anymore and And and then the support ends then we still try to provide the security patches, but at one point this Yeah, this doesn't make sense for us anymore and Then the support ends What does this bring us? You might remember the slides from just before that showed five devices That we ever produced and this is the slide containing all the phones that still receive software support even the Fairphone 2 that we launched in 2015 and That that might not continue for so long but Fairphone 3 is definitely Definitely still receives updates until 2024 and for Fairphone 4 we even went one step further we are guaranteeing at least two major Android upgrades and Security updates until 2026 and even longer if we can manage I and the team from Fairphone want to thank you for your attention and If you have any questions Please let me know we Yeah, I hope that you got inspired a little bit to keep your existing phone in your pocket for as long as possible That after all is the most sustainable way of having phones and if not Maybe you get a fair phone Thank you Thank you, France. You're still here around right? I'm around. Yes. We need to move a little in the program So if you have any questions, please Look look up for France. He's he's around ask him those questions. Thank you so much for this inspiring talk