And if I may just go back to the original question, key question that we want to explore with you is how can we better support business incubation functions in a way that's sustainable and effective. We heard from other speakers that the aggregation of those businesses is very important. And we've just heard from Juan Carlos that the idea and the co-operative that we work with is instrumental to making the model of business working really well. So how do we also, how can SIPP also provide support in organizing community group-level income generating? An analyzer with the product which is taking to scale means two business incubation skills and a market scenario. So for example, as in our previous case, SIPP supports some of the development of vital APEX-level organizations for small-scale producers in the House. And the last question that many of the speakers also spoke to that is about de-racing. How can SIPP provide a more support for de-racing investment in small-scale producers so that those organizations can attract the finance? And I'm going to go into the good example, but actually live with the contractor and the innovative way to monitor some of the activities to really help de-racing for the financial providers but also help build up the credit for small-scale producers so that they can actually be able to attract more finance. So all those great questions are quite amazing and I hope that you can also think about coming up with questions for the speakers. But I know some of the audience here also have quite a lot of experience to share with those questions. So do feel free to use that question for a detailed box to make comments and share your experiences and a box on how SIPP can tackle some of the three areas. And now if I can go back to some of the questions that are already on the screen. First and Mark, if I can just ask you to address the question, two of the questions. When it is on the S3 system would also work with the conditionality based on forward restoration, not just climate smart agriculture. That question is from Duncan and the follow-up question on that is that then in that case for the trees, can we use that collateral with your bandage in the design of people? And then there's another question from Achille about how would a farming practice is effective and are they based in local practices or simply include specific practices? And to link that question probably back to the climate in a better way, thinking about Mark, probably elaborate a bit on how you can use the climate system that you are developing on the S3 life to incentivize some of the farmers to adopt batch of practices on their land that can be conducive for a simple business model or for a specific answer. So I have to use to answer that two questions. So I'll take those questions in order. So the question from Duncan, yes, our system would work on the basis of forest restoration. I think I guess there's always a question around what is forest restoration. But sort of skirting around that, just a sort of caveat. The limits to the S3 life system are that it's only suitable for farmers who are sufficiently sophisticated to take and repay commercial debt. And this wouldn't work with smallholder farmers who are conventionally unbankable on the jargon. And that's actually the majority of smallholder farmers. So the S3 life system is only going to work within areas where farmers are considered credit worthy. To get around that problem we've actually launched a sort of sister business called Greenfy and you can look at the website for that, greenfy.org. And that allows NGOs or similar to place funds within a community managed revolving fund. And the community to manage the loans themselves and for environmental condition, we place that on those loans and then our system allows for a community managers monitoring system as well. And that is applicable to the larger number of smallholder farmers or small scale producers who are not conventionally bankable. So we've deployed these two different systems. The second Greenfy is in partnership with two organizations, IUCN and PAX. Absolutely a big climate smart agriculture is only one of the ways in which the system can be used to adjust to small scale producer behavior. And actually the language of climate smart agriculture is very much sort of there because that's where the funding opportunities are or were at the time. And then the question from Akile or how the farming practice develops local best practices of scientific practice as well actually a little bit of both. We take the off the shelf, I guess practices, and then through participatory discussions with farm focus groups, we adjust the requirements to suit what they're used to and capable of doing. And as an example, in Kenya, the requirement was for grass contour strips in the first instance, and then as loan sizes increased for the planting of trees to reinforce those grass strips. And the farmers themselves were allowed to choose both the grass type and the tree seeding according to what they knew best and wanted to use. And we just got informed that one house unfortunately will need to leave us a bit early. And we were the whole region one house. So first to ask a question about the recommendation for fit on upscale investment with more medium enterprises in Mexico. I have a question about company VELDA. And it's because of VELDA to know that Akile is engaged in some of the activities in Mexico. Could you probably explore a little bit on that question? Yes, of course. We don't have right now currently an investment in Mexico, and mainly because we didn't have a project developer we know for a long time. And it seems like to be too risky for us. If there is a jurisdiction for fit, then fit will be interested to promote investment. We can, for example, agree into a co-financing initiative, fit having a catalyzer role for us in terms of, let's say, first loss of co-financing under a grant base to the project, which can reduce the cost and also de-risk a little bit our position. In that case, investment decision will be faster. What I think is very important in representing a fund is why a private fund, a specialized private fund can do a lot of things in short periods of time. Just as an example, we deployed 100 million euros or committed it in just four years, which many, many funds, institutional funds are not able to do is because we have a specialized team, we have boots on the ground, and we're going to spend a lot of time on co-building the opportunity. So I think that fit as a, you know, probably as a recommendation, we could have a conversation or fit could do it with other funds as well as the Moringa fund. For example, how to agree in a jurisdiction, the impact both fit and investor are looking at and then create an element at the top level that then will allow the fund manager to deploy the investment. I think it's very important to overcome sometimes, you know, these barriers of communication in Peru, we know the door of the fit that has been managed by IDB at the moment. We couldn't co-invest in this project because I think the area of eligibility didn't match, but of course we would be more than happy to collaborate with fit. And this is what this the Risking or Co-financing initiative could be catalytic. May I just ask probably a follow up question on this. When you mentioned that it's being considered a truly risky and it will be useful to have this healthy risk, could you just expand on what are some of the specific risks that you can see? You obviously mentioned that you want to rely or attract your local partners and what are some of those risks that are clearly and your investors will consider when they look at some of the financial resources related to it? Yes, of course. First, we love the risk and this is why what we are designed to be additional not to be like other financial institutions. This is our mission, so we are really risk, not risk adverse, but really we have a big appetite for risk, but we need to know how to manage that risk, which is different to avoid risk. The way we manage the risk in terms of project implementation in Peru to be in Madrid-Edeos far away with a lot of trollies to the project developer. Project developer, grassroots, well-established, 30-year-old operations, very reputable. That's how we manage the risk of, let's say, performance of the project. The market risk in terms of the cacao, what happened if the cacao didn't work well, and also what about the fluctuations or things related to that? We actually manage that risk through a hedge or let's say a coverage through a USA warranty. The loan we provide for the comparative, the operations of the project was under, actually was warranted by USA through a 50% loss warranty by the development-crate authority of USA, so that supports a lot. If it can do things like that, it will be great for us to catalyze, for example, investment in Mexico. We couldn't make it on the first fund we had, but we can do it. So the question is not if there's a risky place, we go to risky places. You know, the deforestation are in these risky places, deep on the forest, different land use types. We just need to know how to manage it. The implementation risk, you can manage quite well with a good project implementator, and then things related to market could be implemented through these market enhancement instruments, price warranties, off-takes, first loss as well, and I think we would be more than happy to do that with them. And so having said that, as Shekin said, I really need to run, but I was very happy to participate in this webinar. And please, you have my contacts, which Shekin can share as well, and let's keep in touch. And thank you very much. Thank you so much, Juan Carlos. And yeah, please, the audience, feel free to send a question directly, or you can keep putting your comments and questions in the chat box, and we can pass it on to Juan Carlos as well. And the, probably, while we're under the risky topic, may I probably go to Paul now, and Paul, in your presentation, you did talk about the importance, and in the Uganda case, where you actually worked with those small holders in managing reducer risk and a generic federic tent. Could you please help elaborate a fit on some of the risks that you be working with people on the ground, and how you manage to reduce them? And then we can go to some of the questions that other audience have posed for you. Thank you. Talk about risk. I listed ways of reducing the risks for small growers. They apply to all growers, but particularly for small growers. And what happened was they fell into two categories. One is the actual growth of the trees, the silvy culture, which you see. This has just come up. Now, basically what we're saying is quite often growers, small, medium growers in particular, have poor growth and poor quality. But there are ways, as we've shown through SPGS, of improving that. So following the best practices, not just nominally, but making sure the staff, the extension staff are well trained. Contractors, if they're used, must also be trained in these practices. Sometimes you have to bring these in from outside, whether it's from Southern Africa or Brazil, the countries with the big plantation history. Okay. Secondly, fire protection is a big issue. Again, for small farmers in particular, your investment can disappear in an hour or so. Simple protection methods, measures can be taken. As you get bigger, you have to certainly plan and invest in infrastructure, train the people and get some equipment. You can reduce these risks substantially. And the pest and diseases is becoming increasingly important, particularly in exotic plantations. Pests coming into Africa into the Eucalyptus from Australia. We've got to keep abreast. We no need to panic, but good silver culture can reduce that risk by having, for instance, good weeding, reduce the stress in your crop. But longer term, it needs investment in research, particularly tree breeding. And this is really important. And then the second batch of risk is the markets and utilization of categorized map. And the fourth point there, you see a lot of small farmers have isolated small plantations, not realizing the implications of transporting their product to market. So it's very, really important to be realized within a year or two how important in the saw log scheme about the location of growers. We stopped supporting people in isolated places and started this aggregation that everyone's talking about. That also brings about the fifth one, the lack of scale. When you have a few isolated growers, you have very weak negotiating powers. And in theory, the clustering can help you. But I have a sort of rider attached to the timber grower associations, because what I'm seeing particularly in East Africa is some good and bad things really. The expectations can be very high on these timber grower associations. Or they can be more like maybe the Uganda one is now developing into a more business-like approach. What tends to happen is if the donors fund these TGAs, the grower associations, they can sometimes have expectations are far too high. So if you let it come from the growers themselves and support it, then they're much more likely to succeed. Number six, low-value markets for trees. This is really to do with, as we said before, checking your market before you plant, getting the intelligence. A lot of things can happen between planting and harvesting in forestry, but still you can reduce the risk by going for markets which look good. So 10, 15 years time there will be a good market for transmission poles or saw logs, whatever. And the seventh point is inefficient processing is a big issue. Particularly we see it in East Africa a lot. You get these little mills running around paying peanuts to some of the farmers. And the reason is they have very low recovery. If you have this sort of equipment and you're getting low recovery, you can't afford to pay the grower very much for his log. So this whole area of the sort of primary processing in particular certainly needs technical and possibly financial support. This area also have a question about the timber export restriction. And there's more decreased or marked here. That means that some of your growers can't get these in the log price. And is that something that the project could have foreseen? And if so, do you think it could have been addressed in tandem with expanding the planted area and if so, how? Good question, Darius. And if you know the answer, please let me know. We are dumbfounded. It's a mystery why the prices in Uganda for saw logs are depressed. We've tracked the prices of them over the years and used to publish it every three months in the newsletter. And certainly at the moment, the last number of years, they haven't gone up anything like you would have expected from the demand projections. So it really is... And I don't think the export restrictions is the answer. There is the reason. It's quite a strange phenomenon there. We don't know how much timber really is coming in, say from the Congo. But it is a strange. Really, I think it's the... We sort of accept in SPGS that when we started, we didn't do this market intelligence enough. But I think we realized it after a few years and started to do that. And in a more general comment to this question, I think it highlights the importance of doing these sort of sector studies in a country. Looking at the main products, the supply and demand and the forecast in each country, we did one last year in Tanzania. And it really does show you surprising things sometimes with markets which farmers think they're going to grow. For instance, the transmission pole market in Kenya. Everybody's growing for this. And of course, at some stage, it's going to be saturated. And there are going to be a lot of disappointed farmers who won't probably replant their crops. So these things, you need these sort of fundamental studies, I think, to back up whatever project, whatever financial support is going to be given to the sector. Thanks. Darian, can you feel free to comment in that question, Bob? I think the key, it will come back because we're focusing on some of the three key questions we've posed about this. And I really have used for a reason, one of the common issues that I think are probably all the speakers including Tommy Towns, who's found a speak to, is about the barrier for more producers. One of them is obviously the collateral as some of the speakers spoke to. And I guess we're monitoring off some of the more holy activities by financial institutions. So in your understanding of this activity and your experience in this, how can this issue be resolved? So should I probably hand over some of the three questions at first? Yeah, I agree. I think there's some really interesting discussion around this. Certainly in Ghana we had some useful discussion with small and medium tree growers who were very keen to get engaged in producing trees. There was land available, but they lacked two key things. One was effective technical support, which Paul has talked about very clearly. And the second thing was financing. The two things were just not available. It was effectively people financing it from their own savings, from families, borrowing from within their family. But they were unable to go to formal financial institutions and leverage financing because banks just weren't ready to look at small scale timber production. It was too risky. It was too long term. Questions of land tenure, uncertainties, fire risk as well. It just was impossible for people to get started. Now, I'm aware that in Ghana the Flip Programme House is very aware of this and in discussions with the National Ministry they are exploring opportunities through additional financing to see how some support could be provided. But I'm not entirely sure how far that discussion has come. So I think that's really key. If I may, I might also just add I think there's some really interesting discussion as well about the degree to which there's two very contrasting models. The one where you really adopt the value chain approach. The kind of model that we saw certainly in Uganda actually in all of the speakers where there's a very well-defined sub-sector or value chain that's being supported which is well known. The barriers, the incentives around that are well researched and support is provided around that. And then there's this more extended community bottom-up type income-generating activities and support and financing to that that we've seen in a number of their projects. And obviously both have strengths and weaknesses but I think perhaps one of the challenges with the highly-participated bottom-up community-identified initiatives is that you effectively have a huge number of value chains which start to emerge. It could be small-scale, livestock could be agriculture, could be tree planting a whole range of things. So any particular project's ability to provide the needed technical support around that sort of wealth of emerging income-generating areas is extremely difficult. So I think there's a really important trade-off there about the degree to which projects support specific value chains and sectors and effectively say that this is what we're going to do, this is where we have expertise and this is where we can support you and those that adopt this more sort of bottom-up community-driven approaches which have a huge number of strengths and also provide opportunities to build in good will and so on but maybe less focused in terms of business integration and market support. Great, next time. For the rest of the speakers now you can address two questions now. One is still about how can this help with that natural challenge that small-holder state and then at the same time the very interesting question Tom has also posed about how do you manage that balance and a trade-off between the well-designed sub-factors managing the approach and a bottom-up indigenous approach with the community and again all audience please feel free to comment as she experiences in the chat box as well. Paul, maybe can you start and then we can test Mark the question. Okay, Mike, well looking at or listening to Tom's questions there a little bit I think for me the thing is you've heard about the background to the Sologue Scheme in Uganda of course it's not the model that you talk about and the model for the other projects sometimes they're very country-specific and I think from what I'm seeing there's some basic information you need on land the situation and the forest sector the agricultural sector and you apply these to a particular country and I think this is what we're finding that you can take lessons learned I think this is really important across the board of things that work and yet still many projects start and fail for the same reasons they have for many years somehow sound very cynical Tom, maybe if you're still online can you sort of address or let me know what you'd like my input on beyond that I think one of the really interesting things that you've touched on Paul is this whole question of the Tree Grows Association, the APEX organization this is something that's really come out in actually quite a number of the discussions and the presentations that have come through that and I notice Duncan has put a question into the mix here about support to Tree Grows Associations in terms of providing ongoing market intelligence and business advice and as well as this sort of broad question of incubation services to growers so I suppose it's a question about you touched on it in your presentation I think a little bit about the degree to which we shouldn't put too much into these organizations we should let them develop their own support and define their own objectives but I suppose it would be interesting to know what you think would be the long term objective of the Tree Grows Association well do they currently provide and what do they provide I frequently turn to as a vision is the South African one, the Forestry South Africa which is a growers organization that represents growers from the huge companies, Monty and Sapi, right down to small growers now you look at what they do, they're involved in forest policy very strong lobbying government on land issues whatever support to the sector organized training committees that decide training and even research, fund research of course they give advice to growers to get to that level of course takes many years it's a very mature commercial forest sector in South Africa so rather different I think to what we're seeing in certainly East Africa and West Africa but it's a vision and I think it's always important to have a vision you look at my Uganda example it was always the we were always asked of course by the donors what's the plan for the future the exit strategy for SPGS and of course the sustainability of it was to build capacity in the Uganda Timbergrows Association I think sort of looking back that's really not happening quick enough and again it comes about this reluctance I think to let go and you know SPGS seen as a successful project and seems to be a reluctance to let go to build up the capacity of this private organization I think it really should happen if they want it to stand on its feet and what I see elsewhere where you force TGA Timbergrower Associations we really do just raise expectations too much sometimes I think it's not easy making a profit on a low quality timber and it needs to be said I think to growers but you know we've got to do what we can to make it profitable for growers if they've got the right quality and assist them in building up some of these value chains Thanks and now we can probably move on to Mark and Duncan I think in the response to Thomas question for also I can address some part of your question in terms of how they can found some of the trigger of those agents if you have any follow-up of specific questions please put it into the chat box and now we move on to Mark to address some of the two questions So your first question as I was saying is how can FIP contribute to resolve the issue of absence collateral among small scale producers but I think it kind of needs to sort of look over the fence what's happening in the I guess sort of the smallholder credit financing world where there seems to be a lot of innovation over the last four or five years particularly in the direction of some unsecured credit through value chain financing through USSE lending through the creation of credit reference and improvements made in the credit scoring of low income borrowers I think what the FIP will have to do is start to sort of collaborate more closely with that world it's almost as though they're operating in two different silos but actually they're often talking about the same things and the same problems the second question is how to manage the trade-offs between a value chain approach of financing and a community-based bottom-up approaches and I actually wonder whether the two are mutually exclusive sometimes concerning reality is that small scale producers live their lives in debt and actually from what we see from our research there are many obligations to many many different sort of lenders both forward and forward or the bank something their family something their local loan sharks they're only ever sort of underwater to more or less an extent over time so within that reality I think you can actually have two approaches to financing one is through the sort of the value chain and through the I guess the commercialization of certain of their growing activities and then others that doesn't preclude more community-oriented financing schemes such as that's provided by Greenfy and IEC and ECROS and RU and we're doing something similar as well so I think that would be the answer to that I think we're running out of time now so the last round I'll just let everyone have a final remark and especially if you feel like you have any specific last words that goes towards that great question that's presented on the slide and again the audience too is really also to put some of your feedback on thinking all the two questions in the chat box yes to tell the presenters for sharing these interesting experiences and for me it was instructing to learn of the different initiatives and efforts that are being made to support the small holders but just a general comment I know we don't have much time to have a discussion but it's about breaking or looking at how to overcome barriers to financing SME and in our framework of analysis includes looking at what are the investments in enabling creating enabling conditions like capacity building that you have talked about both in terms of the technical capacity securing tenure and also the financial investment and it does attract me and I would like to have further discussion as we go along with this study on how do we use this notion of supporting sophisticated producers because they are credit worthy to bring other small holders and by using these sophisticated producers perhaps as the lead producers that can bring the relatively smaller ones who can be managing revolving funds or other means of producing that could increase not only the scale of getting the finance but perhaps addressing the objectives that the city is pursuing. I know that those initiatives were started with the different context and objectives but we want to have the lessons to see how synergies and leveraging of financing can be brought in by collaboration between these different initiatives with the field. I think also it's worth reflecting going forward on the issue of aggregation and clustering and what I'm hearing is working with APEX organization it's good but also not so good because of the unreasonable demands but I think perhaps here there has to be an investment on the negotiation because the small holders with one actor each they often because they like the knowledge on markets and even on the cultural aspects in the case of plantations but also like knowledge on processing other products that they can have from natural forest they really need to work in some sort of grouping and to have institutions that can strengthen their voice so how do we address the challenges that can come for organization and perhaps strong views on certain aspects to making sure that they're going to even place that can allow win-win situations in terms of channeling financing but also getting the results in terms of putting good products of quality to market at a price that is acceptable to all institutions that they are engaged and I think maybe I'll just stop here just because of time but I think we should pursue further discussion and also understanding how the low risk of institutions like Altaria are operating and working with cooperatives and how this can be the lessons from these initiatives can inform the potential partnership between financing to private sector by SIP with those ongoing initiatives so I thought I should just make that general comment not expecting an answer now but something that we should pursue to at least the wet coast so long Thank you so much for highlighting all those things in negotiations important of negotiations and all the other things reminding us that the webinar is not really and after the discussion we are only starting to throw a number of questions with you so if you also don't really want to directly respond to that three questions if you have some further thoughts on some of the key issues that you think that the learning and evaluation should investigate further focusing on some of the obviously SIP and SIP financing please feel free to share and keep your intervention in and then we'll go to Tom and then Mark Thanks I really don't want to use up more time other than to say I think this has been an excellent set of presentations and for me it's really highlighted the need to balance these two extremely complex areas of investment one there's financial tailoring the financial packages to meet the specific requirements of the end users in ways that is usable and friendly and appropriate but secondly this instead of enabling investments that's very clearly as well whether it's extension support in the case of the working Uganda or market assistance as well you know linking people to markets and providing all these enabling investments of course also including broader regulatory and policy aspects getting that mix in a way that provides opens up opportunities for private sector activities clearly a complex task and getting that mix right for me is a really critical aspect so I'll leave it there and see if others have any final wrap up comments I think it's been valuable some interesting lessons coming in particularly you know this interface between agriculture and forestry now as well which is going to be more important particularly as we all know the small growers small tree growers are going to be the future supply particularly in Africa given the land situation so I think we really need to maybe do a little bit more of this lessons learned from these and share them because one of the issues of course is that people don't like to publish bad results let's say you know but there are times where it's really good to lessons learn positive and bad and negative so we can drive these initiatives forward and I think particularly we need to think more carefully on these timber grower associations because I see approaches that are not working in East Africa and some that are working and a lot of a lot of different people competing for this as well which is crazy so I think you know the more that we can sort of address this issue the better it will be for the small farmers Just to say thank you very much and maybe to just conclude by saying I saw there was a big conservation finance conference in New York hosted by Credit Suisse a couple of weeks ago one of the conclusions of that was the importance of replicability and scalability now on scalability that's fine on replicability there's a big question about how replicable investments at local level in the difference of agricultural and cultural context are and so searching for these replicable business models is going to be sort of vital and that's what sort of FIP has to look for and the tools that can de-risk those I think few but possible replicable investment models Thank you all for being here and thanks to all the speakers they spent quite a lot of time preparing a presentation to ensure that we can maximize our learning and again this is not really the end of this learning journey we will send you the presentation not including our and then the audio recording of this by the end of this week and then that would include the contact information for all the speakers for you to follow up and if you have any further comments or thoughts about this webinar please feel free to contact us as well and with that I'll just close the webinar Thank you


Voy a presentar a nuestro primer orador, Mr. Reza Shafi, gerente de Producto, vicepresidente de Producto de OpenShift en la Corporación Red Hat. Gracias. Buenas, todos. Es bueno estar aquí en Buenos Aires. Me gustó la ciudad. Yo venía aquí casi todos los días cuando estaba en Mulesoft durante cuatro años. Y hablando de eso, ¿están en Mulesoft? ¿Quién? No, nadie. Ok. Entonces, hoy quería, obviamente, hablar de la OpenShift Roadmap y la OpenShift Vision, pero antes de hacer eso, quería tal vez hablar de una cuestión fundamental, que es, ¿por qué se importa? ¿Por qué se importa la OpenShift en lo que hacemos todos los días? Y para hablar de esa cuestión, voy a volver. Voy a ir a 2003, en la entrevista de Harvard, que fue un artículo que salió, que dice, no importa. Y por eso, no importa. Obviamente, es un juego de la palabra, que dice, IT, no importa. ¿Y si recuerdan este artículo, por alguna razón? Cae una gran parte, algunas personas están nado en la cabeza, una gran parte de la preocupación en el sector de IT, en el sector de texto, en el sector de texto. Recuerdo que era un consultor joven en el momento, y me empezó a preguntar, si Nicholas Carr es correcto, entonces mi futuro en IT no podría ser tan brillante como me esperaba. Y en el caso de que Nicholas Carr estaba haciendo, es que IT es significado lo que se llama tecnología de comodidad. Entonces, en el momento, Nicholas Carr fue sugiriendo a las empresas que no se inviten en IT, porque es como la electricidad y las ruedas, es significado ser una tecnología de comodidad que es mejor compartida naturalmente por un par de propiedades y que la innovación no va a suceder por invistir en IT por las empresas individuales. Y si read el artículo, en realidad, suena bastante convenciente. Ahora, tras 15 años, y miré la semana pasada, y tengo que decir que creo que Nicholas Carr fue malo. He usado Uber el servicio de cariño que ha completamente destruido la industria de tarjeta y la industria de transporte en algunas formas, completamente IT-based y completamente innovativa. He usado Concur para, por cierto, hacer todos mis expensos. He cambiado completamente los expensos de 1, comparado a 2003 y he usado mi teléfono para browse un set de 500 filmes y decidir los que quería ver. He cambiado completamente la manera en la que las aerolíneas están innovando a ese nivel. Y por cierto, la toda la vez, he usado la cloud aplicando aplicaciones a varios servicios de computación en demand y obteniendo acceso a la CPU y memoria y así como si fuese software. Entonces, el cariño de Nicolás fue probablemente malo pero, espérate un minuto. El último ejemplo que he usado quizás es que es correcto porque la manera en la que he recibido todos los recursos de computación cuando he usado AWS que tiene suministrosos servicios de computación puedo ir a un par de providers de cloud y puedo usar sus servicios en espacios de consumción y por eso no podríamos decir que la computación ha sido comoditizada? Entonces, ¿qué está pasando aquí? ¿Has sido comoditizada o no ha sido comoditizada? Yo diría que la respuesta es que depende y que hay muchas layers para la ecuación, al menos tres. Si piensas en la infraestructura de computación de una pura computación de automobiles de una pura perspectiva de yo solo quiero CPU yo solo quiero memoria yo solo quiero networking eso es en su manera de comoditizar durante el tiempo y los providers de cloud definitivamente son la manera de hacer eso y eso es genial pero eso no significa que la innovación se está tomando en las layers y que esa tecnología como un entorno no es una sorpresa de innovación porque si vas solo en una layer arriba o lo comúnmente se llama middleware innovación es todavía estagrante tienes cosas como Kafka tienes cosas como Vitesse hay grandes montes de innovación que uno puede lograr usando nuevos servicios de middleware que están apareciendo en la tecnología que hemos visto en order to write applications which is the next layer above that and applications of course are the things that give us the most innovations by being able to more quickly build the right applications and improve the right applications our businesses are going to be more successful and that source of IT innovation is likely not going to stop for a long long time Uber is an application at the end of the story it's interesting because I think Nicholas Carr and I'm not picking on Nicholas Carr too much here but was actually wrong on the electrical aspect of this as well in some cases it's interesting because I'm not picking on Nicholas Carr too much here but it was actually wrong on the electrical aspect of this as well in some ways electricity as well is the same thing high electricity is generated and the electrical infrastructure doesn't matter that much but if you go to the services that are built on top of it there is still innovation there today I was just at a Starbucks in the states where I was able to put my iPhone down on the table and it started charging that is innovation at the electrical services layer the new cars that are electrical and you can just plug them in and they start charging that's innovation at electrical services layer and of course on the electrical devices that innovation is not going to go away for a while there is an important difference between electricity and technology and really computing I should say that is worrying me where we are going and to demonstrate what that difference is I am going to go way back to when electricity was introduced as a commodity these are devices back in the 1900s that started using electricity and you will notice something peculiar about them so you have got a toaster on the left hand you have got at the top left a device to heat food and bottom left it's a hair straightener and so you can see that all of them use a light bulb socket and that's because electricity was first introduced for lighting and then people started actually building other devices to actually tap into the electricity and they said ok I am just going to use the light bulb as the interface that ended up to be a blessing in disguise because it provided right away a decoupling from the infrastructure instead of people creating devices that tapped right into Edison or Tesla's proprietary infrastructure in order to receive electricity they just used the light bulb and that decoupled the devices from the infrastructure I am worried that in today's world of computing as the computing infrastructure is getting commoditized the cloud providers who are basically the commodity provider are also trying to create services that are tightly coupling our applications which are the equivalent of electrical devices into their infrastructure when you use a service like Lambda when you use a service like Athena or Kinesis you are tightly coupled to AWS's infrastructure and what that means is if the equivalent of the toaster was built that way I was told last night that here in Buenos Aires there are two electricity providers Edis Sure and Edinor that would mean that whenever you move to a place that's Edis Sure and your toaster was built with Edinor you could not move your toaster you got to buy a new toaster you want to go to Uruguay, sorry you got to buy a new toaster that would not be a world I would like and you definitely don't want your applications to be that way so that is a big part of why I think OpenShift matters because OpenShift brings that neutrality layer that portability layer to the underlying cloud infrastructure it allows you to take the advantage of the flexibility and ease of what infrastructure as a service has effectively become yet be able to build applications that are decoupled from that while taking advantage of the flexibility and simplicity I want to talk about how OpenShift achieves that there is at least three pieces to the puzzle the first is Kubernetes the second is automated operations and the third is bringing automated operations to the diverse set of services that are out there and not just one cloud provider services and so let's talk about each of these let's start with Kubernetes Kubernetes was introduced a while ago 2015 I believe it's the anniversary of Kubernetes I saw a couple of weeks ago so you see a lot of blogs out there and Google obviously introduced Kubernetes it was based on an internal project called Borg that Google itself used to actually consume services and run all of their applications and Red Hat Red Hat worked very closely with Google in order to bring Kubernetes to the enterprise and to make it usable by non-Google consumers there was two companies that worked closely with Google to do that Red Hat and CoreOS and they happened to be the same company now for a while there if you were following this scene it was unclear what orchestration technology so everyone agreed that containers are the future but it was unclear what orchestration technology is going to win there was a couple of competing orchestration technologies out there docker swarm mesos and kubernetes being the top ones but I think at this point it is pretty clear that kubernetes is the de facto orchestration standard because all the other vendors who were trying to push competing technology including mesos and docker have jumped on the kubernetes side of the house and that is great because at least now we don't have to argue about what is the right orchestration technology and by the way just to pause for a second and talk about what kubernetes does and what orchestration is at the end of the story what it does abstract a way the compute infrastructure from the overlying applications that are running on it so you can say I'm just going to keep adding computes on one side to serve my compute needs by the top you just add applications and you tell kubernetes what the compute needs are and then it starts playing that perfect Tetris game in order to make sure that the right applications have the right resources so you don't have to schedule all of that information so kubernetes acts as that great neutralization layer and I would like to point out that red hat with our experience in OpenShift and being the first ones to endorse it really we have a great deal of expertise that we bring to the table and we've been contributing greatly to kubernetes so red hat heads a dozen or so special interest group along with google and we also have the most neutral view on how it should be tied to compute because we don't actually come in with an agenda that it should be tied tightly to the underlying compute infrastructure as opposed to some of the cloud providers so that's one piece of the puzzle let's talk about the other two pieces the puzzle which was automated operations and bringing the simplicity of the cloud to the services that are above the kubernetes layer those two pieces of the puzzle a big part of how red hat is solving that problem is through the acquisition of coro s and the integration of coro s technology into OpenShift and the future of OpenShift so the capabilities I'm going to talk about next are going to be the building blocks that we acquired from coro s and how we're integrating that into OpenShift going forward so coro s had three main products one was called coro s container Linux which is container optimized operating system with over-the-air updates I'm going to talk more about that coro s tectonic which was the competitor to OpenShift kubernetes distribution it also came with automated operations and over-the-air updates what I mean by that by the way is that it brings the simplicity of the cloud no matter where you're running it so if you run tectonic on AWS or on your premises on OpenStack or on Google it doesn't matter you will continue to get updates that will pop up just like your iPhone and say an update from version 1.7 to 1.8 of kubernetes is available do you want to apply that you press a button and within 10 minutes all of your nodes are updated the cluster automatically backs itself up the LCD state is backed up so that if something goes wrong you can always restore it automatically these are the capabilities we typically associate with the cloud but we want to really have anywhere and we just want to not worry about it and that's what tectonic brought to the picture and finally coro s quay which was the image registry that allowed one to actually store all of the images and track their changes and point all the applications container to that so I talked about that so the big part of what coro s brought to the picture is day 2 operations automation of day 2 operations installation upgrade backup failure recovery and so on so that you don't have to worry about it no matter where you are but it brought that to the picture at the operating system and kubernetes layer but the good question that you might ask is what about everything else I use on top of it I have Postgres database MySQL database I have Kafka running on there I have Elasticsearch running on there Redis in memory data grid Fuse, what not they all need to act like the simplicity of the cloud for me to be incentive to use those services versus the cloud provider services that have the issue with the light bulb going all the way down to the provider and so with that we introduced at KubeCon Copenhagen about 3 months ago something called the operator framework it's an open source project if you google it you'll see the github organization and the operator framework is all about bringing the toolkits from the coro s technology to all the service providers and to our customers so that they can use it to build cloud like capabilities into their services so that all of the services I just mentioned behave like the cloud on top of Kubernetes and as soon as we introduced the operator framework we received a great deal of support with 60 plus ISPs at the onset coming in and saying they wanted to use the operator framework and certify on top of OpenShift and if you go to the operator framework awesome operator repo you'll see a list of 55 existing operators that have already been written that have that there's things like Redis in there there is WebLogic one there is Kafka one there's many many types of operators by a variety of vendors but that's exactly what we wanted our goal is to create a diverse set of services by all the vendors out there so that one cloud provider cannot held as hostage to their services alone and that is succeeding so that's great what does this mean for OpenShift so we're taking all that technology and bringing it into OpenShift and exposing it as first class citizen so going forward OpenShift and operator console as well so not only there will be a console for the consumers of the cluster that want to deploy their applications you'll have a console that gives you a much more system at mid-sensitric view of the cluster that will show you updates that are coming up so you can apply the updates that will give you monitoring and metering information which I'll talk more about as well in the coming slides I want to just go back now to the operating system I mentioned that container linux was one of the technologies that we acquired from CoreOS Atomic and container linux are being merged into a new operating system that's called Red Hat CoreOS and the Red Hat CoreOS operating system will have all the qualities of the container linux operating system so it will it is going to be container optimized meaning just enough operating system with a small surface area for attacks it will also have over-year updates that means that you are going to be able to receive updates that can be dynamically applied to all of your operating system layers running with container linux we have today over 200,000 nodes that are registered to receive automated updates that means every two weeks when we push an update 200,000 nodes get updated automatically and this is what is coming up to Red Hat CoreOS that is going to be the nucleus of the new stack for OpenShift 4.0 which is the next version of OpenShift that will have the technologies I will talk about so that means that the installation an upgrade experience of OpenShift is going to change fundamentally we are going to a world now where the first layer will be Red Hat CoreOS and on top of that Kubernetes with fully automated operations so we go to from this world where you have to do a lot more management of the infrastructure to a world where the whole infrastructure is automated operations with automated backups and automated tuning and automated upgrades and so on but as an operator you still want to see what is going on so you are still going to be able to see these upgrades are coming in let's see what's going to happen the dry-iron is looking good first I'm going to apply it to my pre-production environment that worked now I'm going to apply it to my production environment that worked if it didn't work you can roll it back these are the things you want to be able to do as an operator you want the system to automate it but you still want to have control part of having control is going to be monitoring and we are bringing in Prometheus we are one of the main contributors to Prometheus which is becoming a really important project for monitoring purposes out there so we are building in Prometheus into OpenShift with out-of-the-box dashboards both embedded within the operator console but also with technology called Grafana that allows you to view and slash and dash the data in very powerful ways baked into our console now another feature that is going to be exposed is going to be called operator metering and what this allows you to do is to see who is using what percentage of the cluster as you go to OpenShift you will notice that one experience and I'm sure those of you who are using it that way it's an aggregating technology all the different stakeholders that had different applications running on their own infrastructure are now going to be deploying the applications on Kubernetes which is abstracting away the infrastructure layer so guess who is paying the bill for the infrastructure now it's not going to be the application owners anymore it's going to be the Kubernetes provider and if you are the people who are bringing in Kubernetes you have to worry about paying the bill for the infrastructure the application owners don't anymore that's good but you're going to have to explain to your CIO why this bill is so big and so operator metering allows you to explain that sometimes we call this metering and charge back sometimes we call it metering and shame back and that's because what it allows you to do is to show the division this application is using this much of the AWS bill this other application is using this much of the CPU and this much of the memory and it comes down to this much dollars an important part of running OpenShift at scale now I want to talk a little bit about the registry so who here has heard about a technology called Helm charts or Helm ok a couple of hands so Helm is a technology used to describe application Kubernetes world and we are betting quite a bit on Helm so going forward we are going to double down on Quay the image registry support for Helm and what that's going to be allowing us to do is to basically treat your own applications if you have mobile apps that need to run on Kubernetes if you have any enterprise app Spring app what not you represent them by Helm charts that describes what Kubernetes constructs they need to map to and then in Quay we will be able to represent those as applications even though they span multiple image and multiple Kubernetes manifest and then be able to tie that to a Helm operator which comes out of the box with OpenShift and which allows us to actually then have the full CICD pipeline automated for you so as a user you just submit your code to GitHub and if you have a favorite CI pipeline it doesn't matter which one but as soon as it's done it's put in Quay's Helm repository and you have the cluster listening to that Helm repository and automatically getting the updates there ok, that brings me to my second to last slide we are going to exciting places with OpenShift 4 which is going to be our next big release I know OpenShift 3.10 was just released 3.11 is coming up some elements of what you just saw such as metering and charge back and monitoring built in but it won't have the automated operations capabilities with OpenShift 4 we are going to have the automated operation capabilities the monitoring capabilities we just talked about we are going to have an extended catalog of applications that are vendor backed that have automated operations with them certified OpenShift and we are going to have the developer experience capabilities in terms of integration with Helm charts so this is the big release for us, very exciting release that is coming up currently planned for January type timeframe but we really believe this is a game changer and the reason why this matters the reason why this matters is because OpenShift is picking up steam OpenShift is being used by more and more of our customers and I believe that the reason one of the big reasons why OpenShift is so popular is that we are able to abstract away the infrastructure yet give you all the benefits of the clouds and of containerization without having you to have applications that tie you all the way to the cloud providers and I think that's important so work with us and talk to us about OpenShift and OpenShift 4 and I look forward to talking to you in person as well thank you for your time today Muy bien, bueno Muchísimas gracias Reza Recuerdo la dinámica de este evento es totalmente colaborativa entonces en el coffee break está totalmente disponible Reza y cualquiera de los presentadores para acercarse y contestar cualquier pregunta que tengan ganas de hacer si requieren algún tipo de asistencia estamos ahí para acompañarlos


Now the Federation of Women Lawyers in Nigeria, FIDA, Kaduna State Branch and the International Alert IA have declared a state of emergency on sexual and gender-based violence across the state. They stated that these are the one-day sensitization workshop aimed at proffering lasting solution toward the menace. Plus, the Correspondent Habilah Dorefai's report is presented from our studios. The prevalence of sexual violence is on the increase in Kaduna communities, with women and girls mostly affected. To fight this scourge, stakeholders have converged on this workshop. They are advocating more stringent laws against sexual violence, which is a societal menace. Paul Ben-Shima is the country director of International Alert Nigeria. He says the project is crucial towards promoting stability, access to justice and accountability. In our joint commitment to confront and eradicate deeply rooted harmful cultural norms and practices that for us have been responsible in promoting sexual and gender-based violence in the various communities of Kaduna State. To eradicate those cultural norms and practices that underpin LGBT Aisha Mohammed is the Kaduna State Chairperson of FIDA. She says stringent and capital punishment must be put in place for perpetrators of these acts as stipulated in the law, urging the government to do more in curbing the menace. Advocating that more laws be put in place, stringent laws, they have to be very severe. Even though we know that the former governor Malam Nasru El-Fahi reviewed the law on rape, he now placed it on to castration. But it's as if it's not making any impact, I don't know. But we are not getting that much conviction as we would want to. So we hope that we'll have more stringent laws to curb this menace. The Commissioner of Justice and Attorney General of Kaduna State, Barista Suleiman Shuaibu, says the state has zero tolerance for SGBV, promising to fight violence against women and children to the barest minimum. Government, we have zero tolerance for gender-based violence and the government is not taking it for granted and it's doing everything possible to ensure that the violence actually is nipped in the board and where it escapes being nipped in the board, actions that are needed to be taken, proactively taken, where there are cases that needed to be prosecuted. We will not waste time, we will ensure that they are prosecuted to the end. Also Commissioner of Ministry of Human Services and Social Development, Rabbi Salisu, commends both state and non-state actors walking around SGBV. The security agencies, judiciary and other stakeholders promise to play a key role in curbing the menace and craft a practical solutions for effective implementation in their societies. A lot of our cases, when you go to the ministry, you will see maybe more than 50-30 people coming, issues of domestic violence through the family issues. Also the physical and the rape assaults ago, there's a case reported to the ministry, a biological grandfather assaulted his granddaughter. So you see, how can you say she is safe with her grandfather? Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


Well, today was a celebratory day on the Malax Indian Reservation as the Malax Band of Ojibwe held its annual State of the Band ceremony. Clayton Castle was there and tells us what is coming up for the band as well as one of its major struggles. The drums were playing and the people were seated at Grand Casino as the Malax Band of Ojibwe held its annual State of the Band ceremony. Chief Executive Melanie Benjamin delivered the State of the Band address and said there's a lot on the horizon for the band including new small businesses and a new community center. And we want to be able to provide the best that we can for the community so a new community center as well and then our old buildings we will reuse them. A key source for the band and its needs is listening to its members as Chief Executive Benjamin says that all decisions are made with the band members in mind first. We try to make sure that we're listening to them and we provide what they need for their day to day everyday life. Benjamin's speech didn't go without addressing some struggles that the band faces including the opioid epidemic which has ravaged the band as well as the rest of the United States. In 2017 12 band members died from overdoses and the band strives to take measures in the coming year to combat the disease of addiction which has generational effects. It's impacting our seven generations because today what happens today it has an impact for us in seven generations and if we have people addicted and all those social ills that are attached to that that's going to carry along with us into the future for many many years. The band strives to fight the epidemic using the ripple effect and turning negative ripples into positive ones. They all have an impact sometimes in a negative way and sometimes in a positive way and hopefully we can pull out all that positive and give that to the band members so that they can move forward in a really positive and good way. And finally I asked Chief Executive Melanie Benjamin what the stay of the band is and she said the stay of the band are the people. Reporting from the Malax band of Ojibwe stay the band address Clayton Castle, Lakeland News. Also in the coming year the band aims to open a new dialysis center in Isle for band members. They also hope to pursue a radio station to deliver information to members. If you enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News please consider making a tax deductible contribution to Lakeland PBS.


Good day fellow investors, I'm in the middle of a wood, it's dark outside but I went for my run and today's message is that life is about living and investing is about living better and getting closer to your dreams so never forget that there is a goal behind the investing you do there is a goal behind the amounts of money you have because that goal should always be your focus and not the amount of money the returns or something like that therefore never forget to connect the investing you have the money you have the wealth you have with your life goals never ever sacrifice your life your the quality of your life your dreams just to be richer just to get more money the worst investment scenario that you could ever reach is to be the richest guy in the cemetery so we have to die poor we have to live rich in that spirit I wish you great holidays I wish you to spend time with your family with your friends to really recharge those batteries and to really see the real wealth in life which is as I said family and friends wish you merry christmas a happy new year and I'll see you in the next video which will not be anymore on a daily basis a little bit less now that we are in holiday season and I'm working on some projects I hope the quality of the videos will improve as I do less videos so please subscribe in order to be notified when a new video comes out thank you for watching have a great holiday season again and I'll definitely see you in the next video don't worry


In today's Bites by CPD I'm going to be inviting you to have a think about how we can develop safe and sensitive teaching strategies when we are dealing with difficult topics such as those related to mental health. So maybe we're going to be teaching about self harm or eating disorders for example. But equally you could use these strategies when teaching any tricky topics in PSHE so if you are covering say abuse or FGM for example. Okay so number one is to imagine that you have got a vulnerable pupil front and centre. So whatever topic it is that you're talking about say I'm going to deliver a lesson on self harm I would imagine in the centre of the front row a pupil who is currently self harming. I would try when I was developing and delivering that lesson to cater to that child's needs and to keep them safe. If I keep that most vulnerable child safe then I will be keeping the entire class safe. So my first invitation for you to have a think about this is when developing and delivering the lesson what would you need to think about in order to keep that child safe. So you might be thinking about things like your use of images and how you might distance the learning for example but come up with as many different things as you can think of as what you would need to bear in mind to keep that child safe. Okay the next step is to give due warning that this tricky topic is coming up. So you can let pupils know that the topic is going to be covered and you can let other relevant adults know the topics coming up as well because sometimes you won't necessarily know all the needs of the pupils in your class because perhaps your safeguarding lead or your pastoral staff have got additional information about pupils in your class and they might know for example that child X is struggling with an eating disorder and you might not know that so you wouldn't necessarily know to reach out to them. So yeah recognizing that we need to share a little bit more widely. So have a think about who do you need to tell and have a think about what information you need to be sharing with them. What should you be sharing the whole lesson plan or just the topics? What do you need to share? So how are you going to do that and who are you going to tell? Okay so number three is having a bit of a plan around what you could do during your lesson if a pupil were to become distressed. What's your plan for managing that? Do you have an extra pair of hands you can help? Are they able to leave? Where would they go? That kind of thing. My kind of top tip here is just making sure you've always got a discussion activity up your sleeve so if you become aware that a pupil looks stressed and you think you need to check in with them you can get everyone talking and then you can quietly check in with that pupil. Have a think about what's practical within your lesson. If a pupil were to become distressed what could you do? Have a plan for that. Have a think about that now. Okay number four is making sure that you clearly sign post support for any pupils who might be impacted by the issues covered in the lesson. Whether that is directly impacted themselves or if they're worried about a friend they need to know why to go for help and what will happen if they do. Have a think about what sources of support you could be sign posting and also how you can sign post them beyond the lesson because sometimes pupils don't want to be seen to be writing them down so can you think about putting them on toilet doors or in planners or repeating them in assembly or putting them on the website? What else might you be able to do? What support should you be sign posting? That's both within school and then also like websites and help lines and stuff and where can you do that sign posting? Okay and it can also be really helpful as well as sign posting support if you're able to make yourself available just after the lesson so where possible it's great if this lesson can be just before the end of the day or just before lunch for example just in case this has stirred up anything for anyone and they just need to touch in with you and ask for some help at the end. Finally number five is trying to ensure that you are helping pupils to transition out of what might have been quite a heavy lesson so you might want to kind of lighten the mood essentially and ready them for the next learning that they're about to do so have a think about what activities could you do at the end of the lesson just for a couple of minutes just to help kids get back into the right mindset and able to carry on with the rest of their school day and kind of yeah lighten the mood really what would work well here what do you imagine being able to do. Okay I hope that helps I mean it's a massive topic and I could teach on this for days but actually one of the things I find quite often is that people are a bit reluctant to tackle tricky topics in PSHE because they're really worried that they'll get things wrong and hopefully just having a little bit of a framework and some ideas here for doing it safely and sensitively will make you feel a little bit more able to be brave and tackle some of the tough topics. If you've got other ideas to add or experiences to share please leave them in a comment below remember loads of different people use these videos in their CPD and if you are willing to share your experience it makes it an even better experience for them too so please take a moment to leave a comment if you have something to add suggest or share. I hope it was helpful do subscribe and you will be kept up to date with my videos on Tuesdays and Fridays and do drop me a line let me know in the comments if there are any particular topics you would like me to cover in future Bitesize CPD sessions. Hope it was helpful see you next time bye.


Let's talk about some massive matchups. Hey, there's some big ones. Sunday Night Football was a massive game. Yeah, I mean, that is a massive game. You got Patrick Mahomes and Tom Brady battling week four Sunday Night Football. Are you kidding me? Let's go on point spread right now. I just seen the Chiefs last week. They're not going to be exactly thrilled with how they performed against Indianapolis Coates who beat the Chiefs. Okay, everybody. Oh, yeah. Yeah. Chiefs plus one. That's a toss up, right? Like that's all of me. It's nothing. Mike Evans back to after suspension. I don't know if Godwin's playing, but yeah, both teams kind of juiced up for this one after coming off a loss. This football season has been fantastic. No, it's going too fast. It's going fast. Dude, right? We only have. Hey, it's October. We only have 15 more NFL Sundays. Well, and super wild car weekend too, which kind of counts as well.


Ever since the coronavirus, also known as COVID-19, saw its first case in Wuhan, China, it has spread worldwide, infecting over 15.4 million people as of July 23rd, 2020. Unfortunately, over 600,000 of those cases have resulted in the death of the patient. With the pandemic infecting more and more people every single day, scientists in several countries have been working to develop a vaccine to slow its spread. Since this vaccine is of a novel string, it soon became apparent that the vaccine was going to be very expensive. The governments of several nations, along with various philanthropic organizations, have given over $4.4 billion in funding to pharmaceutical corporations in order for them to research and develop a COVID-19 vaccine. However, these corporations were under no obligation to make this vaccine affordable or accessible for all people. Several world leaders have stated that as long as the vaccines research and development have been paid for with taxes, any future COVID-19 vaccine is for the global public good. Definite plans to purchase the vaccine and equitably distribute it, as well as the ensuring of unbiased prioritization have not been made yet. Doctors without borders urged world leaders to demand pharmaceutical companies to sell their developed coronavirus vaccines at cost price. In the past, corporations have made their vaccines nearly unaffordable as to pay for the research it took to develop the vaccines in the first place. Back in 2009, during the swine flu and pneumonia pandemic, pharmaceutical companies demanded higher prices for their vaccines. This left poorer nations unable to purchase vaccines for their citizens. Despite a fund created by Gavi, the Gates Foundation, the World Bank, and others to help those nations, as well as a $1.5 billion subsidy to Pfizer and GlaxoSmithKline, supply shortages still occurred. One charitable organization, Oxfam, predicted that wealthier nations and pharmaceutical companies will attempt to profit from the pandemic, delaying or even preventing the vaccine from reaching developing countries and the poor regions of developed countries. The poorest half of the world consists of 3.7 billion people. Providing vaccines for all 3.7 billion of them would cost around $25 billion. In 2019, the top 10 pharmaceutical companies in the world made around $29.7 billion every four months. That's around $89 billion for the year, all made possible due to tax cuts, lobbying, and taxpayer-funded research. This means that for these top 10 pharmaceutical corporations, it would cost less than the equivalent of four months of profits to vaccinate the poorest half of the world. Conducting clinical trials for developed vaccines can cost millions of dollars. However, these trials do not always end up being successful. Failed vaccine trials can cost countries, taxpayers, and labs so much money. If an effective vaccine happens to be found, the facilities needed to manufacture the vaccines will cost millions or even billions to build and maintain. Even if the vaccine itself is cheap to manufacture, the amount of vaccine needed will add up to immense amounts. Furthermore, many people will need to be vaccinated yearly, as new strains of the virus may evolve from older strains. The International Finance Facility for Immunization, or IFIM, was created in 2006, where private investors and national governments can donate money into a fund that will be used to pay for vaccines and other health benefits to developing nations. The IFIM often sells bonds on the market. In 2019, the IFIM issued a bond to the Norwegian government in which it received money for the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness and Innovation, or CEPI, which provides funding for the creation of vaccines against infectious diseases, including COVID-19. Since its founding, the IFIM has raised over 5 billion dollars and has used that money to provide almost 2.6 billion dollars in aid, including to the Vaccine Alliance GAVI. While several vaccines are undergoing clinical trials as of July 2020, Dr. Anthony Fauci, Director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, has stated that a vaccine fit to be administered to people on a large scale probably won't be ready until December 2020 or much later. Oftentimes, the price charged for a vaccine by a pharmaceutical company depends on how much people or governments are willing to pay for it. Typically, wealthier countries are willing to pay much more for a vaccine. To ensure that a vaccine does not become too overpriced, 46 U.S. Congress members have signed a letter to President Donald Trump in February 2020 asking the Department of Health and Human Services, or HHS, to prevent private companies from having exclusive licenses on the vaccine. If these companies gain a monopoly on the COVID-19 vaccine, it may become inaccessible to a large percent of the world's population. The HHS initially stated that they could not enforce price controls on any vaccines. However, they later backed out on that statement, claiming that any vaccine developed using government funding would be accessible to all people. Epivaxis CEO Andy Groot stated, it could cost at least $300 million to get EPV COVID-19 to the finish line. We are not looking to make a profit on this pandemic, but to simply cover costs. The company Moderna has expressed similar sentiments. It is important to note, however, that in 2010, Pfizer's pneumonia vaccine known as PrevNAR-13 cost almost $200 for its four-dose regimen. Whatever the case, it has been predicted that almost all major healthcare providers will cover for the COVID-19 vaccine. As of May 2020, around 250 drugs in 95 vaccines for treating the coronavirus are currently undergoing preclinical testing. Gilead Sciences' Remdesivir drug is the furthest developed of them all. As these drugs continue to be tested, policymakers emphasize how important it is to make these vaccines affordable and widely available if we want to end this awful pandemic. As always, stay tuned for more science videos.


I hiked the Inca Trail to Machu Picchu back in November of 2018. It was my first multi-day hiking adventure and it was truly life-changing. So today I want to share with you some things that I wish I knew before hiking the Inca Trail and I want to answer some of the questions that I've been receiving in preparation for the group trip that I'm leading this year from November 6 to November 16 to Peru to hike the classic Inca Trail. I have five spots open so if you are interested in joining me, check the link in the first comment to reserve your spot. If you want to hike the classic Inca Trail to Machu Picchu, you're gonna be basically flying to Cusco. Cusco is one of the oldest cities in the Americas and if I'm not wrong, it is probably the oldest still-inhabited city. People have been living there for more than 3,000 years so there's a lot of history and that's the city where your adventure will start if you are planning on hiking the Inca Trail. You will be probably flying to Lima and then some people choose to spend more time in Lima and then they would catch a flight to get to Cusco from Lima or you can just have a connection in Lima and then make your way to Cusco. Cusco is a city that's located at about 11,000 feet so that's around 3,400 meters which is pretty high. When I did the Inca Trail, I was living in Scottsdale, Arizona and I think in Arizona the elevation was just around 2,000 feet in that city. So going from 2,000 feet up to 11,000 feet is a huge elevation change and everybody's body is different but generally speaking a lot of people struggle with the change of elevation so my tip to you never plan your hike to start immediately when you arrive in Cusco. Try to at least have a day or two in the city to acclimatize to the change in elevation. I remember Alex and I when we got to Cusco our headaches were so bad we were literally unable to just even take the stairs to get to our Airbnb it was it was pretty interesting. When you check into your hotel or your Airbnb or guest house it's pretty common to get offered coca tea so the tea is used with coca leaves that are supposed to help acclimatize and to help with high altitude sickness and if you are walking around Cusco you will even notice that some of the shops or markets they would be selling raw coca leaves but they also sell candies and trees that you can buy you will also notice when you start hiking the Inca Trail some of the guides will probably offer you some coca leaves raw leaves that you can just chew on and they are supposed to help so other things that you can do other than the coca leaves or the coca tea to help you acclimatize well is to drink a lot of water and make sure that you are hydrating pretty well you want to make sure that you are getting enough sleep I know it's a little bit hard if you are jet lag and that's why I'm saying take two days to acclimatize and that's what I'm doing with this group trip we're not going to start hiking the Inca Trail immediately we are taking the first night to have our group dinner and then the next day we will be walking around Cusco to explore the historic city of Cusco and check some of the Inca ruins around the city and then the next day will be an acclimatization hike and when we feel like our bodies are ready we will start our adventure to hike the Inca Trail and I highly highly recommend taking the time to do something like that. The other thing that can help you with avoiding high altitude sickness is to stay away from consuming alcohol because that's just going to make it worse and make you dehydrated and also when you are flying make sure that you are taking care of yourself during the flight and make sure that you are hydrating and drinking a lot of water even before arriving to Cusco okay so that's about high altitude sickness and changes to the elevation now from Cusco you will be starting your adventure and by the way the the Inca Trail to Machu Picchu it's not something that you can do on your own you have to be with a local company because the government has a set number of how many people can be on the trail every single day and you are going to be with a company who will be taking care of most of the logistics on the trail but they will also take care of obtaining the permits on your behalf and that's something for my group trip this is something that I'm taking care of but anyway so you will be driven from Cusco to get to the trail head an area called Olaitan Tambo and there is a point the starting point is called kilometer 82 so kilometer 82 is where you will be starting your hike from when you arrive there we just arrived to the trail head here this is one of the buses of ours and this is our porter's team they're getting ready some of the team members over there the views are just amazing and we all are excited to get started this is the classic Inca Trail to Machu Picchu and there are so many other trails that you can take to get to Machu Picchu some of them are shorter than others but for this video I'm only focusing on the classic Inca Trail it's four days on the mountains three days of camping and at the end of it you get to Machu Picchu all right so day one from kilometer 82 you're going to be hiking for an average around five hours to six hours it just depends on the pace and how many people in the group and everybody's speed but on an average about six hours to get to camp the second day is supposed to be the hardest day of the trek where you climb all the way up to the highest point of the trail the first pass is called the dead women's pass and the elevation at that point is a little bit over 13 000 feet and that's the highest point on the Inca Trail and then you will be also hiking all the way down to sleep for the second day at lower elevation the third day you will be climbing a little bit higher up to the second pass on the trail and then the rest is going to be climbing down and when you the four day is when you arrive to the site of Machu Picchu it is a wonderful site and then when you get to the site you will be taking a tour around the site to learn about it and then the guys are super helpful and knowledgeable they will explain to you the history behind every single piece around that monument all right so that's in a nutshell now the company that you will be traveling with they will be taking care of most of the logistic meanings commonly the tents and the sleeping mats will be provided and the sleeping bags is something that's going to be available for you to rent so you can rent your sleeping bags or if you have your own sleeping bags and you choose to bring them with you you can do that too but I would say just stick to renting because the sleeping bags that are provided they are rated for the temperature on the mountain so don't gamble if you don't really know if your sleeping bag is going to be rated for the temperature in the area so I would say it's better to rent them and then you don't have to drag a lot of gear and luggage with you while you're flying and same thing with trekking poles you can you can rent trekking poles and I highly highly recommend trekking poles because this trail is notorious for having a lot of stairs there's are called the gringo killers and gringo is a dragatory term for white people and it's really tough so we're aiming for the top which is over there I wonder if you guys can see some people and then we'll drop down I believe with trekking poles you have more stability whether you are going up and down but mostly down because it's steep and there are a lot of stairs and it's not like you're going to be hiking on a dirt trail so there are a lot of stones uneven so the trekking poles are going to give you some stability and they're going to help you alleviate some of the pressure on your back and lower back especially because having two points of contact which are your legs when you are walking is not as good as having four points of contact with the trekking pole so I really really suggest having your trekking poles if you choose to bring your trekking poles with you if you are flying but just keep in mind you can't have your trekking poles in a carry-on backpack it must be checked because most airlines see trekking poles as potential weapons so that's something to keep in mind every team of hikers will have a team of porters and the porters do a tremendous job to pack all of the provision necessary for the four days on the mountain and they will be basically carrying the tents and sleeping mats and kitchen supplies because they will be preparing food for you on the trail and food was actually so impressive it's not the typical generic I don't know mountain house meal with hot water but they do actually cook every meal so you will have a proper breakfast lunch and dinner and then snacks in between and honestly the chefs they do a tremendous job they go above and beyond to make sure that the food is really good and pleasant and I remember when we did this trek they even made the cake for our group which was pretty impressive and they put a lot of thoughts in how they present the food to you which was pretty interesting to see and for people who have dietary restrictions they are very accommodating all you have to do if you're traveling with me on on this trip you let me know what dietary restrictions you have we communicate that to the chefs and they make sure that you have food for you on the trail whether you are vegetarian vegan or whatever these restrictions that you have about the difficulty of the trail it is not an easy trek and it is rated moderate to strenuous so some people might find it to be moderate but for other people it might be really hard especially if you haven't really hiked in the past at elevation and if you're not used to hiking for long hours so it is very important for this trek to prepare and spend some time on training three aspects of training that are important to focus on cardio strength and endurance so if you can go on some long runs if you can work on strength to make sure that you have strong knees and the suggestion here is to use the stermaster if you have a stermaster in your gym and you can just throw some weight in your backpack and then just walk for one hour two hours that would be great but nothing beats going out and being on a trail and trying to assimilate the conditions on the actual trek if there are mountains around your area where you can go and hike for five hours and six hours at a time if there is an incline that's great but if you don't that's not a problem you can still stick to using the incline on the treadmill in your gym or the stermaster like I said but it's really important to take training seriously of course there are some people who just show up and they don't take training seriously and some people can do it but it is going to be difficult and your goal when you are trekking is to really have a pleasant time on the mountain and the only way to guarantee that is by training properly the guys are so supportive and usually with the our group for example we will have a guide in the front and the guide in the back and if it's necessary we might have additional supportive guides to the group but even if people in the group they don't have the same pace there's usually a guide in the front for folks who are faster and there is a guide in the back so no one is really left behind and you are as safe as it gets I mean I remember even with our group because at that time I decided to carry all the weight me and Alex which was not a good idea and I'm gonna talk about this in a little bit here but I was slower than the rest of the group at that time I had the super heavy backpack but even with that the guide was with us at all times and I never felt left behind okay so when it comes to packing really all you have to carry with you is your date pack and I would say 20 liters to 30 liters 30 liters is ideal and all you need to carry with you in your backpack would be water which is provided by the company so the porters and the chef they will boil fresh water to make sure that it's safe for you to drink and they will give you enough water in the morning late at night whenever you need it really so you will have to carry that I would say at least have like a three liters hydration pack if you have one of those and if you need more water they will supply you with more water but basically your water snacks you want to have some layers in case it gets cold or warm you want to have a rain jacket with you poncho and just the typical essentials of hiking if you want to have a small emergency kit with your backpack that would be helpful but really things that you will need while you are hiking during the day your camera uh extra portable charger or batteries and stuff like that and the rest it can be carried by the porters so there is an option for you if you feel like oh my gosh this is too much for me I will give it to the porters you can give extra weight or extra clothing to the porters they will be able to take care of that it is key to keep it to a minimum and I know for somebody who's going on this adventure for a first time it's very you're very tempted that first and that's exactly what I did when I had the the first time I just packed way more than I needed and that's not necessary so I will help you with all of the packing gear and the things that you will need on this trail you also want to have some cash with you on the trail because at the end of the adventure there is going to be a tipping ceremony where you are expected to tip your guides and the porters because of course they do a tremendous job on the mountain and honestly it wouldn't be possible if it wasn't for the porters and the guide so there's a tip in ceremony where everybody pitches in and usually the company will send some information about what is the the norm what how much you are expected to tip and obviously if you feel like they're doing a better job you can tip them more and you can be as generous as you can you will also need cash with you if you want to buy some snacks on the trail I didn't expect to see this on the trail the first time but there were stands throughout the four days on the trail where you come across you know people selling snacks soda and even beer I remember one of the hikers in our group he was just drinking every night which I don't really recommend because you're already way too dehydrated to drink alcohol but if you know your body and you know it's something that you can handle go for it but yeah extra cash with you will be helpful so this is the Inca Trail on a high level if you guys have any specific questions please leave me a comment and I will be happy to make more detailed videos about this adventure and I hope to see you soon in Peru bye


Welcome to Toffy TV, it's the Matri Action Newcastle United 1. Everton 1 at St James's Park tonight. A big point for Everton in their battle to stave off relegation and in a week where we may well hear about the results of the second PSR charge Everton have got a hard end point at St James's Park. Come in a few days after a hammer blow defeat at Bournemouth, the Blues have equalised late on tonight to get a resultant. It's always a difficult place to go to St James's Park and to come out of it with a point is a good result. Everton have to ride the look at times, absolutely they did and that's fine, that's what happens when you play against good sides. You have to go and you have to dig in and Newcastle missing a lot of players tonight as well and it was an opportunity for Everton to get a result. It's 13 games without a win now, it's a 67 year old record has been equal tonight and that is obviously a disappointing thing. But to get a late equaliser is a big thing and great that Dominic Alvert Llewman got it. Manager made three changes from the weekend, Beto came in for Dominic Alvert Llewman. Adrisha Garnagay came in for James Garnag as well. Ashley Young started the match as well and Michael Enco come back so four changes. Michael Enco came in to the side as well and Newcastle made a very quick start and this one had us camped a little bit in the opening few minutes to open pick for that to get out smartly to save from Harvey Barnes. Isaac looked threatening and the Everton goalkeeper had to make another big save at the back post from Jacob Murphy as Newcastle, like I said, made a really, really fast start to the game. Everton had a couple of opportunities themselves on the counter attack at the Leidicorei ffizzing a left foot shot over the crossbar. He was, you know, again another opportunity with the left foot, a decent little effort move and again it with his left foot and the Braf can made the save. But Everton went behind Isaac, he was always seen to be the most likely to score a ball over the top from Harvey Barnes. James Tarkovsky jumps but misses it and it's in behind and Branthwaite's got Isaac holding him up and if he just makes him go on to his left foot, maybe the danger disappears, Isaac to come back on to his right foot, need dancers past Branthwaite and Tarkovsky and save for to beyond Jordan Pickford to give Newcastle a lead. Pickford had to beat another couple of chances away to keep it at 1-0 and Everton really, I suppose, rolled a look a little bit of times in the first half, didn't offer too much of an attack and threat. I had missed a great opportunity off actually and that came in the first few minutes and it was James Tarkovsky inside the six yard box, a ball into the box and he's got to score, had to go over, got to head that on target. At least made the keeper make a save but he didn't head it over and then obviously falling behind, you left thinking, you know, was that our opportunity because Everton still haven't come from behind on this one. Like to win a game of football and that is obviously extended tonight but at least we haven't lost it. We went in a half time, like I said, 1-0, they could feel like they've had certain opportunities to fist a couple of them over the bar. But we just went at it. We went at it really in the first 45. Come out for the second half a little bit brighter but still. You know, I thought Beto had done really well actually playing up there. Again, I've said it a few times, I'd like to see the manager change the way we play and play Beto on Dominic Alvaluwen together and try to get bodies into the box and see if we can cause the opposition more issues. But the manager made, after an hour or so, he made three changes.  I think I'll out there for everyone to see a very strong game. He did say after a match with Ramadan and stuff like that, he's always mindful of changes that day after me. But those three went off. Dominic Alvaluwen, Andre Gomez came on to the pitch and Everton were looking. You know, it was a bit of a strange one because D'Corey, again, the Ramadan thing comes into it. But he's always a source of goals and like I said, Beto's doing well so to take him off brought on Andre Gomez to play in the D'Corey role. Obviously Dominic Alvaluwen replaced Beto up top as well and James Garnay went into midfield alongside Adelaide D'Corey. And Everton, I mean, Garnay was unlucky, got one on to his right foot and it's in and it's the inside of the post and comes out, you know, almost one-one.  And you think that's it, it's done and go to VAR when you're seeing it again. I think you think we've got half a chance here of this being ruled out and it was thankfully for us so it remained at 1-0. And while it's at 1-0, there is obviously opportunities. Jordan Pickford made another good shape coming out smartly to smother another opportunity. I think it might have been Harvey Barnes, that one. And we had to, you know, James Sarkovsky hooked one against his own post in the six-yard box. And Michael Enco cleared one off the line and Brandtway followed up with an important block to keep us in the game. So while it's 1-0, you're hoping you'll get the opportunity down. He had a 1v1 with Dan Bain and should have dragged it on to his left foot and shot and he didn't. He did take it on to the left side but hesitated and that chance went. But we did get our route back in to the game and it was a penalty. A ball in front James Garner, Ashley Young is dragged to the floor by Paul Jonathan. It's a penalty. The referee doesn't give it, VAR making him go and look at it. And he has two looks at it and a wall to have it in a penalty. And I've heard that manager after it saying, why did it take so long? It was a stone wall penalty. He shouldn't have had to go through the screen. And he's right. He was dragged down. I've heard that he has. He was unlucky with the two marginal decisions but it was a penalty. It's a stone wall penalty and the other one's offside. So you can be moan being offside. Of course he can because it's marginal but he's offside. But that was a penalty. I don't know how he could. He kind of said, well both players were pulling and maybe Paul's arms are better. He just stopped Ashley Young's motion towards the ball. It was a stone wall penalty. And we didn't get one at the weekend when we should have got one. Only that was nil nil and maybe if Dom would have sucked that on Saturday. He might have gone on and won the game. Who knows? But that went but tonight he stepped up. James Sarkoski had the ball first and I was thinking he was just going to do what he did against Fulham in the cut and smash it. But he didn't give it to Dom and the Calvalloon. And Dom and the Calvalloon side footed it. With power, the Brafca got a hand on it. Went into the roof of the net. His gold route is over Evan where they got themselves level. The manager at this point had already brought on you should have chimney. He looked like he could stretch Newcastle a couple of times. And we actually had a break at one moment. For just a minute it was three on one and Dwight McNeill hesitated and took too long and Newcastle just smothered him and took the ball off me. Eventually ran off the player and dragged him down and got a buck on for it. That kind of summed up Dwight tonight. He didn't have a good night tonight. But we've got a valuable, very, very valuable, very, very important point. Nottingham Forest have won tonight. They've moved off the bottom three and we've stayed a point ahead of them. And obviously Luton go to Arsenal tomorrow. So Arsenal who need the win. If Arsenal can beat Luton tomorrow we'll have that four point gap for as long as that lasts until we find out about the PSR. It's on to barely now. A good isn't on Saturday. And they drawn with Wolves tonight. We've got to win. It's a must win on Saturday. It really is a must win game. 13 games, four months without a win is absolutely shocking. A 67 year old record equal to him. Absolutely appalling. But that left the goal of the window. Three o'clock on Saturday. We have to win the game. Go up there on Saturday and be barely.  We took four points out of the last six. We've then got a break in nine days to get everyone back up to speed ready for the Chelsea game. And they're not great shakes at Stanford Bridge. So, you know, we might be able to go there and get something and then you start trying to navigate your way around the home games. So, we have evidence to win on Saturday.  But we have to start winning games. And it has to be on Saturday. It's a big point tonight. Jordan Pickford is my man at the mat. He made some key saves to keep us in the game. And it's eventually got us your points. And it just shows that the weekend I thought he was poor for the two goals that he could have done better on both goals. And tonight he's come up big and he's got us a point. So, you know, onwards and upwards, fingers crossed. And like I said, it's all on Saturday. Now, it's no good battling and scrapping for a point tonight if we don't follow up with a big win against Burnley at the weekend. We've got to. If we're going to stay up, we're going to, in my opinion, I think we need four wins out of the final eight games. That's a big ask. But win Saturday and obviously no shit here a lot of time, but it's only three wins neither then. So, let's hope that we can do it at the weekend. Tonight, it's a big point in the north-east and well done to all those Evertonians loud and proud tonight on to Saturday at three o'clock and Gwlyshwn Park. Give the video a thumbs up, subscribe if you haven't. Thanks for watching. See you later.