It started with tennis, and then we went to space. We shot at invaders, jumped over obstacles, explored mysterious worlds, and along the way we died. We challenge ourselves to overcome hardship, but we also tell stories in new universes, immersing ourselves in an alternate reality. Video games started with software engineers and computer technicians, pushing technology to new frontiers. But now we have artists, storytellers, and dreamers who have transformed our medium into the art form of the coming century.  Play has a storied tradition that extends to the origin of civilization, and has served a variety of purposes. In ancient Egypt, Senate functioned as a harbinger for what death would bring. In ancient China, Ghost served as an admission test into high society, and chess has traveled across many a civilization. Now jumping into the digital world has suspended the laws of reality, and play can live on unencumbered. What we do when time affords us to luxury is play, either alone or with others, but the question that naturally follows is why. Why do we feel compelled to play and act out stories? Why are we fixated by interactivity from cradle to grave? This is the ongoing question of the aesthetic of play. In his GDC talk, Like Games Be Games, Eric Zimmerman proclaimed that aesthetic refers to doing something for its own sake. The question that follows then is what is the aesthetic of play? What about play is beautiful in itself? He claims that this is an important question to address because the upcoming century will be a ludic one, where games take center stage in the arts and sciences. In a practical sense, games facilitate systemic thinking by getting us to view abstractions, but they also engender creativity by getting us to play, important tools for the 21st century. However, if play is to be valued in and of itself, why must it be instrumental in this way? Zimmerman gives us some interesting things to consider about the aesthetic of play, whatever it ends up being. One, there is no one single truth to why we play, or how to design, play is inherently pluralistic. Also, he claims that we as designers should never instrumentalize players. To create meaningful games, we need to craft experiences that fulfill people's core compulsion to play. A very popular framework built to address why we play is the Mechanics Aesthetics Dynamics Framework. It claims that there are a core set of drives that motivate players to play, and these express themselves in a variety of domains called the Aesthetics of Play. These include sensation, fantasy, narrative, challenge, fellowship, discovery, expression and submission. What this tool allows designers to do is reframe how to design a game by focusing on the desires they can fulfill in players. For example, Journey was conceived of to meet the needs for fellowship, cooperating with another in an isolated world, and narrative. It is an interactive analogy to the hero's journey, and some mechanics and dynamics were crafted to fulfill these aims, including having our abilities improve when close to other people and having an emotional arc reinforced by interactivity. On the other aesthetic dimensions, Res captivates our sensory urges, Dark Souls challenges us to be better, Zelda Breath of the Wild sets us free to explore and discover at our leisure, and Systemic Games allow us to express ourselves in a variety of ways. Cell games invoke some of these drives in different measure, and games that do a better job at meeting these needs excel in their niche. There are also many more academic frameworks we can conceptualize aesthetic under, including Aaron Hoffman's Emotional Model for Games, which recognizes different emotional drives, Self Determination Theory, which suggests we play to fulfill our needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness, or the Big Five Personality Model, which recognizes different temperaments for play. More recently, Nick Yi's work on motivational drives in games has surveyed thousands of people, and he has come up with a list of 12 core motivations that drive us to play. In any case, we get the idea that the aesthetic of play is pluralistic, it can be many things at once, and fulfills needs we have as a biological and cultural organism. Another book that invokes the word aesthetic is Brian Upton's The Aesthetic of Play. In it, Upton asks us to think of the aesthetic question in the context of the experiences games create in the minds of players, whether through gameplay, story, or a mix of the two. He argues that interacting with games is about moving through a set of constraints, but he also argues that there is continuity between games and other art forms, as these constraints are ultimately instrumental in creating meaning. The aesthetic of play can be a decision tree that is generated, as you are enthralled in a game of chess, or it can be the narrative possibilities afforded to you as you watch and interact with the story. Games that are true to this aesthetic have choice, consequence, predictability and uncertainty, making them engaging to play intrinsically, and this can be both seen in the intricacies of goal and the narrative possibility space of dwarf fortress. What's fascinating here is that Upton argues that narrative and mechanics can and ought to be conceptualized as intertwined in the creation of the aesthetic of play. This challenges many assumptions we have had in the past about whether play or story is primary in games, seen in the illusory divide between naratologists and ludologists. However, there are still many who debate how it is games create and express meaning. In many talks he has given on the subject of meaning in games, Jonathan Blow argues that he does not see the distinction between mechanics and aesthetics, they are one and the same to him. This overlaps with claims by people like Brenda Romero, who famously argued that the mechanics are the message. Their games, braid and train, use mechanics to communicate meaning, whether it be themes like regret, change and redemption, using the mechanics of time manipulation and braid, or complicity and guilt and train, where you are made to realize that you are a soldier enacting Hitler's final solution. Others like Clint Hawking, argue that the meaning of a game is in its dynamics, in how we play a game, and so the meaning is crafted by the player themselves, not intrinsic to any system. In some sense, we see here a breakdown between mechanics, dynamics and aesthetics, they are all intertwined and mutually reinforcing. The mechanics host the dynamics which map onto the aesthetics, and these can be viewed as discrete or different aspects of the same thing. However, what we also see is a divide in how the word aesthetic is being used. On the one hand, it is being used to designate why we play, and on the other, it is used to articulate how play can express meaning. In an academic sense, we are still disputing the many motivations we have for play, and on the subject of meaning, Ian Bogas' procedural rhetoric took precedence for a while, but now people like Miguel Succar dispute the idea that meaning is intrinsic to any system, and instead says it is beholden to player interaction and interpretation. The question we posed at the outset, though, is why play itself is intrinsically meaningful. To bridge this divide, perhaps we need to go a little deeper, and examine the foundations of both play and art. In his seminal book, The Ambiguity of Play, Brian Sutton Smith argues that play cannot be reduced to a single thing, as it has expressed itself in many ways throughout history. What this means is that the meaning of play itself is socially and historically contingent, precluding any universal aesthetic, as ideologies have been used to explain, justify, and privilege certain forms of play. Smith identifies seven rhetoric that inform what play means to our culture. These include play as progress, fate, power, identity, imaginary, self, and frivolity. Play as progress can be seen in how we conceptualize play as a necessary step in our growth. In his book, Free to Learn, Peter Gray argues that play is an instrumental part of a child's development, and evidence ranging from how animals and humans deprived of play end up stunted to how children always replicate adult activities reinforce this idea. This is our culture's most pervasive rhetoric. Some cultures emphasize the power aspects of play, like the Spartans, which instills a sense that we can command the world to our will, or dominate others. Other cultures emphasize uncertainty and fatalistic thinking, seen in the many cultures that have luck play a role in their games. We also use play to craft our identities, expand our anxieties, reinforce cultural roles, as well as it being a tool of subversion and dissent, best exemplified by the tricksters of mythological fame. What this all means, if true, is that the way we are conceptualizing an aesthetic for play is informed by how our culture views play, which is why we pose the question of aesthetic in light of what is its purpose and what does it mean. We also seem compelled to have to justify play by saying it has utility. However, there are other scholars who insist on reconciling these disparate elements of play under one encompassing rhetoric. Thomas Henricks reconciles many of the strands Smith outlines under one unified purpose, self-realization, which is about being aware of ourselves as conscious agents in a social context. In his book, The Grasshopper, Bernard Sooths uses the Grasshopper of Aesop's famed fable to argue for how play is what we would do in Utopia, as if all extraneous tasks were complete, all that would be left is our impulse for play. So play may be pluralistic, but it is also unified in its ability to help us realize ourselves. This challenges the instrumentalization of play and allows us to get a sense of how play can be beautiful in itself. Aesthetics is a field of philosophy concerned with what is beautiful. In many senses, it started with Plato and Aristotle and from the beginning, we see a debate spring up about the utility of art. Plato viewed art as distortionary and debased, distracting us from the world of ideal forms, whereas Aristotle thought art was cathartic, allowing us to confront our anxieties in a safe context and use it for social good. The 18th century brought theorists like David Hume and Emmanuel Kant, who thought aesthetic appreciation could be conceptualized intrinsically and not instrumentally. Kant, for example, thought we could exercise what he called disinterested reflection, appreciating works of art as intrinsically beautiful by removing our personal preferences. By separating our personal preferences from the evaluation of beauty, we can peer into universal subjectively and ultimately use art to see what is good in us. With Kant, we get the ideas of formalism, truth, and virtue being tied to aesthetics and with Hegel, who appeared in the 19th century, we get the idea that art can be transformative, historically contingent, and medium specific. Hegel viewed art as a constructive enterprise, one where artists could remake the world in an ideal image and visualize a new future for humanity. He also thought every age had a particular art form that spoke to its anxieties and hopes in specific ways. This means aesthetics needs to be understood as unique for every medium. What we see here is that aesthetics or the understanding of beauty varies by culture and time, much like play itself, but this doesn't mean we can glean some insights from both. Aesthetic appreciation can be distance contemplation or it can be instrumental. It can speak to our common humanity or it can be used to transform the world. The idea I want to dwell on here though is medium specificity. If Eric Zimmerman is right that games are the art form of the 21st century, that means that there is something unique to play that can help us peer into ourselves and transform the world around us. Granted, I am using a specific view of both aesthetic and play to frame this question. However, what if the divide between play and aesthetics is less pronounced than we think? In his GDC talk, The Secret Art History of Games, John Sharp argues that games have historically been viewed through the lens of art and in some cases, as an art in itself. In ancient Japan, Go was used as a strategic device to sharpen minds for battle, but in ancient China, Go was viewed as one of the four great arts alongside painting, calligraphy, and musical performance. This idea of play being an artistic performance carries through to the modern era, with artists like Marcel Duchamp viewing the play in chess as a form of art. This conceptualization of art was expressed best by the expressionist painter, Vasily Kandinsky, who famously said, the artist is the hand that plays. We can look at art historically, classifying it under movements like the Renaissance modern or contemporary branches. We can classify it by its purpose, whether it be social bonding, disinterested pleasure, cathartic release, or communication, or we can use any number of theories. However, the takeaway Sharp gives us is that much like art itself, as cultures change, so too do their games. Play can carry its own aesthetic. There is an aesthetic to play on the condition that the culture it exists under recognizes it as such. Play and art share a common lineage, and although they aren't the same thing, they can inform how each other is construed. Many scholars have proposed theories for what games are as an aesthetic form. Jasper Yule calls games the art of failure. They make an aesthetic out of challenge and overcoming it, like an interactive version of a tragic play. Others argue that games are the aesthetic form of efficiency. Repurposing John Dewey's art as experience gives us a way to make an aesthetic out of a game's interactivity, and how art is not distance contemplation, but active participation. However, one theory in particular caught my attention. In his GDC talk, Hearts and Minds, Frank Lentz argues that games are the aesthetic form of thinking and doing. They allow us to peer into our own thoughts and see how they function. If music is mediated by listening and visual art with visual perception, games are mediated and performed with our thoughts. He makes this argument by showing us how instrumental games have been in the creation of scientific theories, whether probability theory or game theory, and hence are amenable to fields of intellectual inquiry. According to Lentz, games make thought visible to itself and allow us to exercise metacognition, being aware of the fact that we are thinking beings. The meanings that this generates are all patterns of thought, representations of cognition itself. Go expresses order versus chaos, local versus global, and strategic fortitude and insight. It makes manifest the structure of our mind as we engage with a system. Clint Hawking expands this idea even further and argues that Go can also dynamically express ideals and philosophies between players, as was expressed in the book, The Masters of Go. By aestheticizing thought, by enabling distance contemplation of ourselves, games are the art form of our capacity to think. Lentz proclaims, we are the artists who think about thinking, and hence, insofar as the 21st century is the century of ideas, games become the art form of choice to express our ideals. In some sense, you could argue that games are the aesthetic of science. They create an art out of our ability to acquire knowledge. They render beautiful that which is instrumental. They aestheticize instrumentality. Games are the bridge between the arts and the sciences, creating an aesthetic out of the process of thought itself. What comes out of this, though, is a question of the nature of truth, beauty, and play. For that, we need to turn to someone who values all these things in games, Jonathan Blow. Blow claims that games, as a medium, ought to be peering into what is true in the universe, and in many talks he has given on the subject, he explains how. Blow claims that rules and systems, what games essentially are, can represent truths like the Mandelbrosa by leveraging emergence. They also allow us to peer into reality by simulating truths as any simulation does. However, he also expresses different truths that they can explore. Games like Rod Humble's The Marriage explores the subjective truth of one man and his relationship, and games are equipped more so than any other medium to get us to empathize with the plight of others. Games also consist of coherent truths, that is, truths that are true within a system, and Blow appreciates games that are true to themselves and don't violate their own rules. Blow seems to be advocating for a pluralistic conception of truth that incorporates correspondent, coherent, constructed, subjective, and pragmatic truths, all of which can be explored using games. Once again, we see how games as an art form allows us to interrogate plurality, much like with aesthetics and play. In his game, The Witness, Jonathan Blow created a fiction out of this intrinsic capacity of games, where he highlights and deconstructs how there are many pathways to truth. What's fascinating about The Witness is that it is putting thought and play into practice, allowing us to interrogate truth and beauty using interactivity itself. We explore art and science through play. Frank Lance starts his GDC talk by letting Richard Feynman speak to how science is a process of discovery. It is about uncovering the mysteries of the universe. He then goes on to show how poetry can aestheticize this process. Games are at the intersection of the sciences and the arts because they create an aesthetic structure to view this process, generating what E.O. Wilson called conciliance between the sciences and humanities. This pushes us to the question of the uneasy relationship between truth and beauty. The Keats poem reads, truth is beauty, beauty truth, but surely this is idealistic. As Blow made clear, art can peer into truth by unveiling the very process by which truth is uncovered. As philosophers like Arthur Danto have theorized, art eventually starts to interrogate itself. And what it uncovers is that what makes art art is how we as consumers interpret, analyze and bring meaning to it. Witnessing ourselves in thought allows us to transcend our own capacity for instrumentalization, making us more attuned to both reason and emotions. If games are the art form that allows us to think about thinking, it is better situated than any other medium to reveal this process. Games provide disinterested contemplation in the Kantian sense for capacity for instrumentalization as Aristotle did when he tried to justify art to transform the world around us as Hegel proclaimed art can. Also, given play and art are intertwined and both play and art are pluralistic, we are examining ourselves as we wrestle with our own thoughts. And what we see is that there is no singular pathway that art, play or truth can take. Games provide a window into this process by making an art form out of our minds at play as it searches for truth and beauty. This means that the aesthetic of play is forever changing. It refuses rigid classification, just like play itself.


We should probably go ahead and get started. Are we all here? Yeah, let's place it. Larry, if you want to let me know when we're live. Oh. You're muted, Larry. It's your webinar or sound starting. All right. All right, good afternoon, everyone. Thank you for joining this afternoon's special capital of city council meeting. We're going to go ahead and call the meeting to order. I'm going to turn it over to our city clerk information about how to participate in today's meeting. Thank you, mayor. In accordance with the current Santa Cruz County Health Order and the governor's executive order and 2920, this meeting is not physically open to the public. Council and staff are meeting via Zoom. And there are several ways for the public to watch and participate. Information on how to join the meeting over Zoom or with your phone is available on our website, cityofcapitola.org. On the slides shown and on the published meeting agenda. Thank you for attending this special city council meeting. Mayor Peterson, back to you. Thank you. Can we have a roll call for you? Yes. Council member Bertrand. Yep. Council member Botworth. Here. Council member Story. Here. Vice mayor Brooks. Mayor Peterson. Here. Thank you. Well, now to be pledged allegiance, I will ask all the council members to meet themselves, except, what's the name of the council member of Bertrand? We lead us in the pledge of allegiance. Our pledge of allegiance to the flag, the United States of America, O'Boyd. Mm-hmm. Mm-hmm. He's talking. We're not ready for this one. The United States of America, O'Boyd. And to the republic for which it stands, one nation under God, indivisible, and with liberty and justice for all. Thank you, council member Bertrand. We are going to move on now to see, is there any additional material for today's agenda? No, there were none. Great, thank you. Are there any additions or deletions to the agenda? Drop those no changes. OK. We'll turn it over now to public comment. Are there any members of the public that would like to address the council on any items not on today's agenda? Mayor Peterson, I do not see any one attendance through Zoom, and I do not see any in-house. All right, that will move on to our only item on general government for today's agenda. Consider a resolution, designating agents for disaster assistance with the State Office of Emergency Services and repealing resolution number 48. Turn it over again. Thank you, Mayor Peterson. Good afternoon, Mayor and council. Thank you for joining us this afternoon. This will be going to be quick. So this is the week that we need to apply for our reimbursement for cost related to our usual aid response on the TV lighting fire. I learned this week on Monday that there's a resolution that we need to pass that designates agents of the city in order to submit that resolution. We've done the same resolution two at a time, the first in 2011, and the second for the storm drain. And then the second time was for Park Avenue, storm damage along the road. That 2017 resolution actually expired June 8th of this year. The contact is state Halloween, and they would not accept that one with an update on November 12, which is why we are here this afternoon. So everything is ready to go for the reimbursement except for this resolution. Like I said, this is basically the same resolution as the aid city manager, public works director, and finance director as agents of the city to apply reimbursement claims. And with that, I would be happy to take any questions. All right, any questions from council on this item? Seeing none, we'll turn it over for public comment. Any comments from the public on this item? If you've not seen the attendees, and I do not see any health care peers. OK, bring it back to council for deliberation and vote. Motion to approve resolution. Second? You have a motion by council member Botsworth and a second by council member Bertrand. Can we have a roll call vote please? Yes, council member Bertrand. I agree. Council member Botsworth. I. Council member Story. Vice mayor Brooks. Mayor Peterson. Great motion carried unanimously. Wonderful. Well, that was a fantastic five minute meeting. Thank you so much, everyone. Take care of yourselves. Take care of each other. Get down. Have a great day and week. That's the record, I think. Yeah, that's what it is. Bye bye.


Okay, we're back live in San Francisco for the post-EMC V-spec event. I'm John Furrier, the founder of SiliconANGLE.com. This is SiliconANGLE's theCUBE, where we go out to the events and cover them and extract the signal from the noise and wrap that into analysis and commentary. I'm here with my co-host. I'm Dave Vellante of Wikibon.org and we've got a great guest today from VMware, Hadam Nagheeb. Welcome to theCUBE. Hadam, you manage the Cisco, the EMC and the VCE relationships, correct? That is correct. Thank you very much for having me today. Great to have you. So what's that all about? Tell us what that means that your team manages those relationships. What does that entail? So from a VMware perspective, we have very deep strategic relationships with Cisco, EMC and VCE as partners. Those relationships come to both go-to-market activities that we do, so selling together, the marketing, the messaging, but also extensive engineering work that the two companies would do together as two-way relationships to help expand the adoption of virtualization and their infrastructure components into the market. The VCE piece is interesting because you use Cisco, EMC and VCE, you are VMware, which is one-third of the relationship and then Cisco, EMC, the other two-thirds. There's like an Excel circular reference in there, isn't it? You guys, I know you swap a lot of DNA between those three organizations. We manage our three-way and two-way relationships as effectively as we can. So from a technology standpoint, where do you spend the most time? Is it obviously vSphere in view, or is it? I think it crosses all levels of the platform from a VMware perspective. vSphere, of course, being the kind of the foundation and having a lot of differentiation on both the storage and the server side, making it critical for both Cisco and EMC. Converged infrastructure, really bringing to bear, I think, a new paradigm within how customers are consuming their infrastructure and virtualization. So the management story becomes really interesting and a lot of work being done with VCE around how we have a unified management story to help kind of accelerate the adoption of that. We've been talking on theCUBE a lot about how, and every guest we've talked to going back on at least a year, Dave, has been talking about how cloud, mobile and social, mainly cloud, reminds them of client server, right? And that enabled a lot, right? Many computers and lands, et cetera. But now with cloud, that kind of dynamic is really kind of happening in a different way, more open, more stack choice, a few other things. I'd say the data center's impacted heavily in the enterprise side. With client server came a slew of opportunities for partners and innovation in particular. What do you see out there that's going on in the data center specifically around the infrastructure and what it needs to support given this heavy focus of apps, agile and mobile? What are the new areas that are just like, wow, we saw that coming, it's ready for prime time, or we didn't see this coming, and it's a new trend? What are you seeing as those core enablers? I think from the customer's perspective, from an IT perspective, and we look at the end customer of who we're really trying to serve, they're under an enormous amount of pressure to accelerate their SLA back to their end business customers. And they're seeing the consumerization of IT, where people outside of a traditional technical background are gaining access to technology, be that through mobile devices, be that through Facebook and social media in a way that the business needs to be able to accommodate and accelerate as quickly as possible. So virtualization was kind of that first impact that happened to the data center, which created I think a convergence of storage network compute. But what's happening a lot, what we see is that end customers want to spend less time putting things together and more time building business applications that are going to provide value to their end customers, less time maintaining the infrastructure and the putting of the pieces together and more time really optimizing for a more cost effective and cost based solution back to their end customers. So when you look at, and the insurance company is a great example, right? Being able to move their applications to be much more web and social media aware and so forth is a top priority for them. Access on an iPad and an iPhone. And data is a heart of that problem, right? Data is a great example, right? I got data that's going to come from a big data perspective to all different platforms that I need to manage. Why VSpecs is fantastic is because it brings together a solution architecture to those end customers that takes away them having to put all these pieces together and allows them to leverage their resources more effectively to address the core problems for their business. We talked a lot about this on theCUBE John and had him, you just mentioned it, that IT is under tremendous pressure to deliver better SLAs and a big part of that is if they don't they're going to get outsourced. And you know, there've been people in theCUBE that say, hey, the traditional IT shop is 10 years behind Google and Facebook in terms of innovating with architecture. But yet, the IT is a very interesting organism, John, you mentioned client server, right? IT eventually embraced it. They're very resistant to change, but eventually they embrace it and then sort of figure it out. Well, what do you see there? I see we put on them, so I have an IT background. I started off my career in an IT organization and application development. They have constraints that other companies don't have to deal with or the departments don't have to deal with in terms of compliance and security and expectation. When email is not working or when there's a security breach, there's a tremendous amount of pressure on IT organization to make sure that these things never happen. And that does, I think, force them to have to be a little more rigid and a little more slower in adopting new technologies. Hopefully, things like what we're doing with our partners around the solution innovation that we're doing, but also with virtualization with VMware, give them the flexibility to accelerate some of the adoptions associated with that because their constraints are really holding back, I think, a lot of the differentiation that they want the business to be able to drive when they look at the compliance they have to map and the security they have to map and so forth. So the fact that you're an IT practitioner or a former IT practitioner is quite interesting, so we all remember the Nick Carr book, IT, does it matter, does IT matter? And the premise of the book was IT doesn't deliver a competitive advantage and then since that book, you've seen Google, Facebook, Zynga clearly IT gives competitive advantage. Now, maybe he would argue today, yes, but for the vast majority of companies, it doesn't and I would even debate that. I want your take on that in terms of do you see that IT, especially given data and analytics and big data, as really able to deliver competitive advantage even as brokers of the cloud? What's your take on that? I don't think that has changed. I think IT does give competitive advantage. I think your examples are spot on. I think there are examples when you look at a company like Amazon and its ability to really offer to its end customers a unique user experience. That's all IT, IT based. We have to, I think, distinguish between the IT of here's your Windows laptop, right? And go do what your Word document has to provide for you versus the IT that provides the American Airlines saber system and gave us the ability to really make reservations online. Those are two different ITs and I think there's a clamoring in the business to become more of that innovative side of IT, the Google, the Facebook type of capabilities where businesses really look to that to be able to succeed. The less work that has to be done on plugging in servers and storage and the more work that can be done on optimizing around an application user experience and giving people the mobility to reach their work anywhere they want to be able to do it, the more that competitive advantage becomes a critical success factor. And bringing it back to convergence and generally in VSpecs specifically, John's team at SiliconANGLE's launched a new publication called DevOpsANGLE. And you know, there's a very labor intensive business we're in. The spending on labor has increased about two and a half X in the last 12, 13 years in IT. So you guys have been following the DevOps trend. Are you seeing that occur? Will this converged infrastructure trend facilitate the intersection of development and operations so that there is more cross-training so that we can truly attack that labor problem? But the premise is it's not just infrastructure. There's got to be processes that take advantage of that new infrastructure. What do you see there? I think what we're seeing is the infrastructure having, as it becomes more converged, becoming more cloud aware. So the concepts of silos that used to exist around I'm a storage specialist or I'm a network specialist, when virtualization started to bring all that together, everybody had to become a specialist across all those pieces. So now the virtualization person at the company really does bring together all those components together. And as they look at a private hybrid public cloud strategy, they have to be cognizant of scalability and mobility concepts that they would have not had to be in a more confined IT organization. The developer used to think about how do I get the device driver for a specific piece of hardware to work very properly with the application. That paradigm is now going away. And they're building applications when you look at some of the stuff we're doing with Spring, when you look at the V-Fabric concepts, those are now becoming cloud aware types of applications where the application sits, where it gains its data, are no longer part of that. So I think the convergence of the dev and the ops, I think you bring that up very nicely. I think it's coming together and they're merging towards a much more SaaS and cloud aware type of architecture that they've got to be cognizant as they develop their production, test, and development environments. So I've been an observer of this converged infrastructure trend since VCE kicked it off. And then you saw Oracle with Exadata and HP came in a big way, certainly NetApp and now Dell and IBM yesterday, big announcement and others. Everybody's saying the same thing. It's about simplification, speed to deployment, integrated infrastructure, reducing risk. As a practitioner, how do you differentiate? How do you squint through all the marketing and really get down to what's different? What's different between each of? The different approaches. Yeah, the different approaches. I mean, how do I discern where value really is? If everybody's saying the same thing in the same message, is there a difference? How do you determine the BS from the reality? Because CIO looks at, you've been in IT, hey, I got a business to run, I got vendors coming in, doing pitches, telling me their bridge is better to cross than the other guys, but all this stuff's going on. With everyone kind of going now into the converged party, they're all kind of looking the same. So how do you vet that out? Tell you're in VMware and you're approaching where it is. I hear that today it comes down to value, but the value propositions are kind of men kind of coming together, they're all copying each other or copying VCE. I mean, look at it. How do you kind of differentiate that? I think you gotta look at, so I think you bring up a really good point. I mean, two years ago when VCE came to the market with this, the VMware component was the foundation of what was driving this converged infrastructure philosophy. VMware is not simply just the hypervisor. We bring to bear a huge amount of technology and features that cross all different layers of the IT infrastructure from the end user, the desktop components to the application development. And so those who adopted that converged infrastructure paradigm who recognized it not as a hardware play, but as a cloud play and levers the software assets more effectively, I think that brings a level of differentiation that I think an end customer needs to look at. Am I looking at the software piece as an OS in this or am I looking at it as a true enabler from both a management perspective, an automation perspective and a simplicity perspective? How deep is that convergence occurring on that software layer? Is a key differentiator for a lot of value? So obviously you mentioned spring earlier, so we have like one minute left, so the final question will be, okay, with the barrage of frameworks hitting the scene, we're seeing, we covered one, or I think we covered one yesterday, at least I drafted something up Meteor who's a new framework was launched yesterday, guys who did Etherpad launched one, very compelling, HTML5, we've seen a lot of mobile stuff, very turnkey software development environments, very much like the old Visual Studio kind of stuff out there in the old days. So with that barrage of software, what has to be supported now grows. So it's now the other problem, the infrastructure needs to be aware of more apps. So how do you talk about that in terms of like from looking up to the apps as new apps come in, how do you determine what framework fits where? So I think it's a great question. One of the things, I've been at VMware for six years and we started off as very much an infrastructure focus company, but since Paul has come in as the CEO, you've seen a dramatic shift in our focus to really not just look at the infrastructure, but look at developers. And developers is being kind of at the flagship of where technology innovation is going to be. There's a small number of developers in the world and when they adopt a new technology, it completely changes how the infrastructure's going to be. It's not the other way around, right? We didn't get into client server because somebody thought this type of connectivity would work better. It's because PowerBuilder and Visual Basic and a bunch of different ways of looking at the application drove the infrastructure to make that modification. Power work from a student. I asked Pat Gelsinger that question two years ago and he gave me kind of a middle of the road answer. Yes, I do. Which powers what? Infrastructure enable software or the other way around? Nice. Thanks for aligning with my answer. Pat was kind of straddling the fence. I'd say he was aligning with me too, but. You know, in many ways, from an end customer perspective, it's that experience that will define what that infrastructure is going to be. Look at the Apple App Store. When that thing exploded, that's what made the iPad and the iPhone successful. Instagram wouldn't have sold for a billion dollars if there was no App Store, period. They just launched Android three days before they sold. A billion dollar business in two years because of Apple. It's the same paradigm in the entertainment business, right? TV shows are what make the technology not necessary. So is there an Instagram in the IT environment? The answer is there will be, not necessarily that huge valuation, but some innovation will happen. A flower will bloom. I think what you're going to see is what we experience out of work is going to converge much more closely to what we're going to be at work. It's actually dramatic how different it is when you're at work than when you're not. But it's getting better. It's getting closer. It's getting closer. At least you can bring an iPhone to work, right? True. Virtualization on the desktop, things are happening. But the experience of gaining a new application and being able to have your personality mapped to that application. Can you imagine an internal conversation in the accounting department basically competing for the desktop app for the users internally? That could be the future. It could be the future. Okay, we're going to break any final questions? No, I think we're out of time, unfortunately. That was great. Thank you. I really appreciate it coming up. We'll be right back with our next guest. Take a short break. We'll be right back. Code ciphers and code breakers have been around since the beginning of time. Julius Caesar used ciphers to communicate with his armies. Secret coded messages were brought as evidence of treachery in the trial against Mary, Queen of Scots. She lost her case and her head. The German military believed their World War II enigma machine generated an unbreakable code which was soon cracked and exploited by the allies. But today's digital society poses even greater opportunities for code breakers, criminals, hackers and nation states who wish to shatter encrypted websites and systems to access, steal and sometimes destroy what's inside. More than 21,000 people attended the most recent RSA security conference in San Francisco entitled, The Great Cypher is Mightier Than the Sword to learn from the best cryptographers and internet security experts what they can do to keep themselves and their businesses safe from attack. The Expo Hall at the RSA conference in beautiful San Francisco.  With increased speed, agility and cunning, attackers are taking advantage of gaps in security resulting from the openness in today's hyper-connected infrastructures. We can ensure that the balance of control of our digital world remains in the hands of security practitioners. We can give them the tools they need to identify threats quickly and eradicate them. We can give our industry the structures it needs to share intelligence so that we can all be in this fight together and that knowledge gained by any one of us can become power for all of us. Throughout the whole floor, there's just an energy, there's games being played today and look around and see what else and what other fun things I can get into. Actually, I did the talk on firewalls. I think it was RSA one or RSA two and it was down in the basement of the Fairmont back when it was just this little bitty conference.  I wonder about these designations though because would you really want to go talk to someone who's a troll? Courtney just did. I know. You seem like a pretty nice guy too. Yeah, trolls get a bad name. All right, all right, so sorry. I apologize to all the trolls out there. I'm sure you're all lovely people.


Deliverance and confession. They are very similar. Hear me out. Many people go for confrontation. And what confrontation is, what deliverance is, deliverance uproots the weeds. But confession kills the seeds before they grow roots. So you have received deliverance. The weeds that have grown in your life, in your garden, have been uprooted. Don't wait for six years and come back for deliverance again. Confess those things when the devil is pouring his seeds all around us in our gardens through internet, social media.


Please do not adjust your television set.  This message has been confirmed as genuine by your national government, and is not a hoax. After this message has concluded close your eyes, and do not open them. A dangerous anomalous threat is in your local area. This may be your town, village, or your city block. This threat is expected to pass quickly. This threat is of a nature that requires descriptions of it to be vague. If you gain too much knowledge of this threat it will cause you instant severe harm. This also means that you cannot risk newing the creature. This is why you must close your eyes at the end of this message and wait for the threat to pass. This threat is an end I mean, an entity which anomalously hides its own existence. It does this by killing those who learn too much information about it. To avoid learning more about this entity, please close your eyes now and keep them closed. No more information about the entity will be provided in this alert. Once the threat has passed, this alert sound will be broadcast. Please wait until you hear this sound before opening your eyes. Keep your eyes closed, stay safe.


Hello. Hello. Hello. Hello. Hello. What's going on? I am preparing sword and laser effect to set the mood. Play the theme song. You may not be familiar with sword and laser. That's a little loud. It is a sci-fi and fantasy book club. It is the second longest podcast that I do behind East Meats West. I do it with Veronica Belmont. And we talk about books. Zoey's familiar. Of course you are. So one of the things I have to do when I look at sword and laser is find out what the community is saying. Let's see what's in the good reads. First thing I do is look at the quick burns. This is the news off the top of the show and it's all users submitted. So I always have to look. What was the last date? November 1st. So anything after November 1st is fair game. Do we do Spiffbow in the last one? I don't want to remember. Self-published. I don't think we did that one. I don't see it. Even though it was November 1st, I guess it just came after I did the lineup. All right. You know what? I'll just make extra sure. No, not coming up. So give Stephen Credit Spiffbow. And copy that link over. How you doing, Kevin? Good afternoon. How are things in Lakeland, Florida? We're actually getting rain in Los Angeles. I know. You're in Florida.  That's news here. Cover reveal for the book from a new trilogy from James SA Corey coming. Nice. All right. Look at Stephen doing Yeoman's work. Hello, Efforty. What is happening out there? I should check this link. Make sure it works. Cover reveal. Okay. Oh, it's a cover reveal. What about the fact that it got revealed? I'm glad I checked this link because we probably need, yeah, there we go. Fresher link. Uh, well, congrats, Trike. Okay. So that's the Goodreads. And I'm not sharing my discord screen. I hope that's okay. I'll just put this over here. And I will go into the Sword and Laser discord. Probably better not to share my screen here just in case somebody says something that they didn't particularly want broadcasted all over Twitch and YouTube. All right. The British Library. Oh, I think we talked about that already. Licorice.  George R. Martin tells critics I am working on the book. You know, like, like, yeah, how many times have we heard that? I believe them. I know how long it takes sometimes. Uh, self-published by Tamahome, Spiffbo. I'll just give Tamahome a little joint credit there. New York Times published a profile of Forthwing. Yeah, you know what, I think that's a good one because people who don't know anything about science fiction and fantasy seem to have heard of Forthwing. It'll be fun to talk about why that is. Who in the audience there has heard of the book Forthwing? Actor strikeover. That's not a book story. Goodreads Choice Awards. Does that give me the actual link? No, it gives me a discord link. Okay. Oh, and that was Tamahome, right? Yep. Tamahome. Hey, Jennifer. Uh, yeah, I think that's where people are seeing it. All over the tiktoks. All the tiktoks. Uh, Peter S. Beagle is going to appear at walks. All right. Um, that seems to cover that. Then the next thing I do is I go to the thread of, yeah, it's a certain laser recording is extraordinarily late for you, Zoe. Uh, then I go to the thread for the most recent episode. Five to just fasten. Turp, Kristen, we didn't get that many, uh, that many things. Maybe I'll have to check the discord as well. Although discord comments don't lend themselves as well. Turp, Kristen, they don't lend themselves as well to quoting as the posts on Goodreads. No. All right. Well, we'll figure out the rest. Oh yeah, I'm gonna put the book of the month in there. We're not wrapping it up. It's just a discussion. Just a discussion. All right. That is easy. I feel like this usually takes me longer, but maybe it's because I had you all alongside. I'd made it go fast. Uh, well, I should probably do a little proofread of the daily tech news show rundown. Yeah, I'm not going to do my, I have finances. I have to do my finances. That's on the to-do list. I don't think I'm going to do that on the on the live stream. Pardon me if I if I don't. We should Zoe, we should move our recording time so that it's easier for you. My typing is the worst. Okay, on this episode of DTNS, AI makes weather forecasts better and that AI training sets are biased and I don't know if that's a good tease. Ignite. Okay. You're badly timed email last Wednesday. Wow. Uh, I was in Belgium on Wednesday. Did I miss an email? That's always a hard question. Did you see my email? Because frankly, if I saw it, I probably would have responded to it. Nope. I don't have a Zoe email from last Wednesday, but if you sent one, I should have, I should have it. Yeah, I'm not sure why I don't have it. I bet I know what it was. November 8th. I'm not showing up anyway. I sort of have a vague memory of seeing it too. Do you mind resending it? That's how business gets done, folks. All right. Let's say Wednesday, November 15th. Open AI CEO Sam Altman posted on X that the company is pausing new subscriptions for chat GPT plus is pausing new paid subscriptions for chat GPT plus. Altman said that interest said that since it's dead dev day event, so many people signed up that open AI had exceeded capacity. You could sign it to be notified when subscriptions will reopen open AI services at several outages last week until push microcode Tuesday to fix a high severity bug described as a redundant prefix issue and known as Reptile. Flaw resulted in unpredictable system performance, including hangs, crashes, and in some cases possibility of privilege escalation of particular concern particular concern to cloud providers is that it could crash hypervisors upon which they rely to provide machines in the cloud for clients and virtually all modern, modern Intel chips are affected. Altar Lake, Raptor Lake and Sapphire Rapids received updated microcode before November with no detectable performance issues and so microcode. Meta wants adults like parents and guardians to be required to approve an app before someone under the age of 18 downloads it and is calling for legislation to enforce it. The idea is that parents would verify their teens age when they set up a new phone so that all downloads after that point assume the teens age is correct. Meta says currently parents need to navigate a variety of sign up methods and provide potentially sensitive identification. I don't understand why do they need a law? There we go. Google introduced a version of its Titan physical security key that works with past keys. You can get it in either USB-C or USB-A and both have NFC. The keys can work as 502 multi-factor keys as usual but also store up to 250 caskeys. Models are available in Google Store at 30 bucks. Yeah. Yeah, they want one law. It's not that they want a law. What's the word? National US legislation. Okay. Hey, Clinton. Yeah, they say AI a lot. It's kind of the opposite of Apple. We will announce a new feature for its map service. You can now filter navigation options by length of trip, time spent walking, ETA, number of transfers and types of transit. Navigation to train stations will now include which side of the street is the best entrance to reach the platform going in the direction you need to go. You can now share your list with other users and vote on them with hearts or thumbs down. You can also respond to reviews on Google Maps with emojis and create your own emojis. Lots of announcements at Microsoft Ignite. Let's go over some of the more significant ones. Sorry, Clinton. I have to proofread this. Don't mean to give you post Ignite stress disorder. Bing Chat has been renamed Microsoft Copilot and will remain free. It will also still be available in Bing and Windows 11 and at a new URL, Copilot.Microsoft.com that I could not log into on Firefox for some reason. I had to use Edge, huh? There was already a paid version of Microsoft Copilot for Microsoft 365, which is now renamed Copilot for Microsoft 365. Copilot Studio is a no code tool so you can customize the aforementioned paid Copilot for Microsoft 365 as well as integrate custom chat GPT chat dots. Microsoft's Jared Spataro said you can use natural language to describe what you want in Copilot Studio will help you build and iterate the conversation design. That's not how I said it, but anything from a webpage to quarterly reports. Windows AI Studio lets you access tools and models from multiple services, including Azure and HuggingFace. You can fine tune small language models and if you want to do large language models, Nvidia updated TensorRT LLM to run on GeForce RTX 30 and 40 series GPUs with 8 gigabytes of RAM or more. Azure AI Speech Text to Speech avatar lets you upload images of a person to be created into an avatar. You can then make talk. Speech Generator can also be trained on the person's voice if you wish. It's in public preview now. Most customers won't be able to do the customization though. That's limited to certain use cases. Personal Voice uses one minute of speech to synthesize a voice used for dubbing translation and narration. Users must give explicit consent in the form of recorded statement for the voice can be used for training and customers must agree not to use the voice for user generated. Teams gets regenerative backgrounds and voice isolation. The mesh to mix the mesh mixed reality platform will integrate into rubber baby buggy bumpers in January for 3D virtual meetings. No headset required though you can use one if you want. It works with Quest 3. Non headset wearing members appear as a webcam window in the 3D environment. Microsoft to do Microsoft Planner or Microsoft Project for the web will be combined into the Microsoft Planner name and team starting in spring 2024 and Microsoft announced the Azure Maya 100 AI accelerator. Check my pronunciation on that Clinton. Azure Cobalt 100 CPUs Maya can train models. Cobalt can run them rolling out to data centers early next year. The Maya 100 is a 5 nanometer chip with 105 billion transistors designed specifically for the Azure stack and will power Microsoft services but not be available to public cloud customers yet. They did not detail architecture or submit it to public benchmarks. Had to build custom data racks to accommodate cabling and liquid-based cooling. Chips use a higher than usual amount of power. Cobalt 100 is more energy efficient. It's a 128 quarter chip built on the ARM Neo versus CSS architecture. This is a trend. MS on the Graviton 3 E inference chip is ARM and Maya 100 for the chip and Google is supposedly developing one on ARM to Cobalt with power new beams. Scientists published a study in the journal Psychological Science on Monday on how convincing generated images were. So to use the term hyper realism to describe a phenomena where people believe generated images of humans faces were more likely to be real than actual images. Images were generated actual images of human faces. The images were generated by the 2020 NVIDIA style GAN 2 generator in order to identify bias. Only white adults participated in the study and shown white faces. They identified 66% of generated images is real compared to 51% of real images. Non-white faces were identified as real 51% of the time whether generated or not. Study did not include non-white participants. Have a thought about something on the show? Send it to us. Thank you Clinton. Scientists at DeepMind published a paper in the journal Science Sikaients Tuesday showing that one of their models called GraphCast outperformed existing weather forecasting models and predicting global conditions up to 10 days in advance in less than a minute. GraphCast outperformed the leading system the ECMWF or European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecast in 90% of 1,380 metrics and on events in the troposphere the lower part of the atmosphere that affects most weather we feel it reached 99%. That included temperature, wind speed and direction, humidity and pressure. GraphCast uses a machine learning architecture called a graph neural network trained on more than four decades of ECMWF data. GraphCast also uses less energy. It works well globally, especially for things like major storms. Does that perform well in small scale forecasts like the amount of precipitation, precipitation, amount of rain in a given location? So it's seen as complementary to current local forecasting models. That's from yesterday. Bill wrote in about the PlayStation portal. Stick around for the game awards. All right. Boom. Yeah, anything anything at the ground and hyper local. Brian. So it's it's not going it's not going to work to improve your neighborhood's 10 day forecast but but it'll be able to help like storm preparation and stuff. All right. What else is up? Do you like to eat food? Human food? Not not not humans as food but food meant for humans. Just curious. It's not an accusation. Just one of those things. Message received Zoe. Thank you for resending that. I don't know where I went. Chicken salad. Fairly healthy. Classic. I think I'm having a salad. Not a chicken salad but a salad. Today as well. I think it's a Caesar. About one of those salad kits. I know I'm lazy but Haagen-Dazs ice cream bar with peppermint crunch. Oh, I love peppermint this time of year. This is this is the year time of the year for peppermint. I have peppermint crusted. Pretzels. Dark chocolate and peppermint. Wrong thing. I wonder that didn't work. What happened to the camera reviews with Rich and Amos? Well, they stopped doing them. Part of the reason they stopped doing them is Rich took another job. Another part of the reason they stopped doing them is they weren't proving to be as popular as perhaps we would have liked.  But they were good. We were still working on them. We were working on ways to improve it, maybe widen it out, you know, but it just ran into Rich leaving, really. That's the biggest one. That's cool, man. You should hit up Mr. Amos on the Internet and say, hey, camera stuff, man. Because even if we don't do it as a DTS, like it would be good to spin it out. Oh, good. You have been talking. Excellent. Ah, you don't need me. You're on it. Let's see. What else do I need to do today? Practice my Korean. Prep the cord killers line up. I guess I could put some cord killer stuff in there. Did I already do that? Wait. The 20th is Monday. Hold on. Oh, I did make the line up. How many shows do I do routinely? I don't know. I lost count a long time ago. Did Daily Tech headlines today? I do that every Wednesday. DTS four days a week. Know a little more. A word with Tom Merritt. I'm recording one of those tomorrow. Word with Tom Merritt. Eastmeat twist. Although we're overdue on that. Sword and laser cord killers. Yeah, yeah, those.  Oh, guessting on TMS, yeah. Too many. The answer is too many. Let's be honest. All right. And then I'm doing a sub-stack newsletter every day. Oh, Will Saddleburg's. Hey, look at that. It showed up on Hacker News. Yay. Good job, Will. Citrix hypervisor gets a hotfix. Hotfix, ripped off. I really like to sleep, though, Zoe. That's the problem. Prefer sleeping to most other activities. Oh, I'm glad you liked it, Clinton. Yeah, my pleasure, man. I'm glad those guys want to do it on the channel. I like this after the Marvel's bombs. Whoa, that's a little big. To save the MCU, Marvel must become itself in more ways than one. Okay, what's next for the MCU? And just keep in mind, these aren't saying that the movie was bad. Just it didn't do well. Okay, that's a good one. I like this because it reminds people that young Sheldon, okay, these kind of go along with, it won't be Tika. He's too busy. Adaptation, movie in the Star Wars, Clark and the Sun. We're in an open relationship. Young Sheldon was still a show is what basically that maybe. And then I think the moves, Fall Guy moving and White Lotus starting production. Those other ones are babies. Stop motion is kind of fun. And court killers were trying to keep people up to date on all the fallout from the strikes. Because a lot of things didn't get moved on the calendar until they were sure things are coming back to work, right? So now we're getting all these moves. A few things going back into production, which brings us to Edith P off. All right, there you go. That is that. What else is going on? Oh, I also did politics, politics, politics. This week, in fact, I still have two more to go. Well, one Patreon episode and then a feed drop, but I got to record the feed drop. So check that out. I should have noticed that. Okay. Hey, Web at Magic, welcome. I'm glad you got past the vids, not the COVIDs, the YouTube vids, which is my favorite what Brian, my favorite show. That's like saying, which is your favorite child? It's DTNS. Oh yeah, I heard they, they're just doing what we're doing. You just do live streams. And then if you want 24 seven, that's a perk of pay, right? Makes sense. Clinton, I'm from Greenville, Illinois originally. That is exit 45 on Interstate 70. So right down the road, I have been to North Indianapolis when I was 21 years old. And I know that because it was my 21st birthday and we hopped in the car at closing time of the bar in Champaign, Illinois, and drove on the interstate till we hit North Indianapolis and found a white castle because that's what we wanted was white castle. So we got out of the car in North Indianapolis, ordered white castle, ate it, got back in the car, drove back to Champaign. Remember, I wonder if, I haven't checked. I mean, that was 1991. So it's quite possible that particular white castle isn't there anymore. But let's, let's just see. It's raining. I can hear it. Okay. So we would have come in on 74, right? Pretty sure that remember that, right? Yeah. Yeah. Cause you, what am I missing here? Oh yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Cause you go through Danville. I just didn't go. Okay. So yeah, we pop on 74. Now I remember it being farther out, but maybe it was this one. I do remember that the interstate ended and that we got off the interstate. So I bet it's this one because I remember we drove till the interstate ended and we would have had to go to a different interstate. And then when we, when we got off the interstate and just kept going, there was a white castle. Wow. It had to have been this one. Still there to this very day. Enjoy your new track loader. Thanks, Brian. I'm going to answer Brian's question. I just saw it and sadly, it sounds like Brian's leaving. But what I've been watching lately that I've been enjoying the most is Castaway Diva on Netflix. There you go. Parting shot, Brian. Castaway Diva. It is about a woman who is a big fan of a singer and auditioned to join that singer's label. So she was going to audition in front of that singer. And the audition was sending in a cassette because it was, you know, a while ago. And she got called and said, Hey, we liked your cassette. We want you to come and do a live audition. She was on her way to do the live audition when there was a spoilery for spoiler reasons. I want to explain an altercation. And she fell off the boat. So she was on a ferry, right? Because she lived on an island. She was on a ferry going to the mainland to take the train into the big city. Fell off the boat and was washed ashore on an uninhabited island. Now, it's not far enough out at sea that it's totally uncharted or anything, but nobody ever goes there. So she survives on things that just kind of float in on the island for, I don't remember exactly, but let's say it's a decade or more. So that she's an adult, right? She was like 16 when this happened. And so she's like 31, so maybe 15 years. She comes back. And so she's 15 years behind everyone else and then runs into that singer who is now on hard times and they work together to rehabilitate the singer's career and possibly start a career for someone who the music industry considers much too old to invest in. Anyway, it's the heartwarming tale, but it's fun. I really like it. And it stars the same woman if you ever watched Extraordinary Attorney Woo on Netflix, same person starring as the castaway who comes back. Anyway, there you go. Do I ever miss living in a smaller Midwestern town? I miss people more than place. I definitely miss the ease of parking that you get in a smaller town. Whenever I go back home, it's like, ah, so nice. I can just go to a place and not stress about how I'm going to park or what the traffic is going to be like in there and all that. So yeah, there are things I miss about it for sure. Okay, I should probably get ready for our next meeting because we always do a production meeting at 12 to run through the schedule. So I need to do a couple of things before that. Thanks to everybody for hanging out. This was super fun. And I will see you hopefully in like an hour for Daily Tech News Show. Go to Tony's I-75 and Birch Run. Okay. I'll look it up. You enjoy your day too, Clinton. Thanks, Zoe. Thanks, Brian. Thanks, everybody. Talk to you soon. Thanks, Alfredie. Bye. Bye, wife of magic.


Welcome back. In the last class, we have seen the energy, the sources of energy, how the energy is converted and what is the amount of energy, amount of the nutrients that are required for providing energy. So, but how is this energy measured? Let us see what are the units of energy. The unit of energy which has been used in nutrition for a long time is kilo calories. So, however recently the international union of sciences, the international union of nutritional sciences both together have adopted Joel as the unit of energy in place of kilo calories. And this kilo calories is defined as the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree centigrade that is from 14.5 to 15.5 degrees centigrade. The unit kilo calories is still popularly known and both units are used for defining the human energy requirement. Now, what is the relationship between these two? Why both cannot be used together? So, 1 kilo calorie is equal to 4.184 kilo joules and 1 kilo joule is equal to 0.239 kilo calories. Therefore, 1000 kilo calorie is equal to 4184 kilo joules or 4.18 mega joules and 1 mega joule is 239 kilo calories. Now, energy requirement by an individual is defined as follow. The level of energy intake from the food that balances the energy expenditure is the energy requirement. So, the energy input is equal to the energy output. So, when an individual has a body size and composition, the level of physical activity consistent with long term good health allowing for maintenance of for economically essential and socially desirable activity is the energy balance. So, in children and pregnant women and lactating women, it includes the energy needs associated with the deposition of tissues or for secretion of milk in case of lactating women at the rate consistent with good health for the infant. And for healthy and well nourished adults, it is equivalent to the energy expenditure. Now, energy requirements and its components, what are the various components that are involved into estimating the energy requirement? One is the basal metabolism, the metabolic response to food and physical activity, growth, pregnancy and lactation. So, all these components are taken into account when the energy requirement is estimated for an individual. So, what is basal metabolic rate? It is the amount of energy that is expanded while the body is at rest in a neutrally temperate environment and post absorptive state that is the digestive system is at rest or inactive for almost 12 hours of fasting. So, that is called as basal metabolic rate, except the vital activities are carried out. Now, metabolic response to foods, eating requires energy for ingestion. We also require some energy for eating and digestion of food for absorption, transport, interconversion, oxidation and deposition of nutrients. All these activities require energy and these metabolic processes increases the heat production and oxygen consumption. So, these are known as the dietary induced thermogenesis. Now, physical activity, you have the physical activity level which is defined as the total energy required over 24 hours divided by the energy required for basal metabolism for 24 hours. That means, the active state when compared to the inactive state in the body. Then physical activity ratio is the energy cost of an activity per unit time that is it can be usually per minute or per hour and expressed as multiple of BMR. And the energy cost of growth has two components. One is the energy needed to synthesize the growing tissues and the energy deposited in these tissues. These are the two components of growth. Now, energy cost of growth is about 35 percent of the total energy requirement during the first three months of age because the growth is very high during the infancy and gradually it falls to 5 percent by the 12 months of age and 3 months in the second year and remains 1 to 2 percent only for the mid adolescent and is negligible in the last teens and adulthood. And during pregnancy extra energy is required for the growth of the fetus placenta and various maternal tissues like the uterus, breast and fat stores. So, that is why the energy requirement is more during pregnancy. And lactation, the energy cost of lactation again has two components. One is for the milk that is secreted and the energy required to produce that milk. So, milk production and secretion also requires energy. So, these two components are calculated and the energy requirement for lactation is increased. So, a well nourished lactating woman can derive part of this additional requirement from the body stores which are accumulated during pregnancy. Therefore, the energy requirement can be calculated taking various factors into consideration and the energy that is required for growth also is considered to decide the energy requirement of an individual. Thank you.


Hello and welcome to the session. I am Deepika here. Let's discuss the question by using properties of determinants show that Determine 1 x x square x square 1 x x x square 1 is equal to 1 minus x q whole square Let us start the solution Solution let us take the left hand side our left hand side is equal to 1 x x square x square 1 x x square 1 by applying r1 goes to r1 plus r2 plus r3 We get our left hand side is equal to 1 plus x square plus x x plus 1 plus x square x square plus x plus 1 R2 is as it is R3 is also as it is Now we can see that we can take 1 plus x plus x square Common in row 1 so by taking out 1 plus x plus x square Common From r1 we get our left hand side is equal to 1 plus x plus x square into 1 1 1 x square 1 x x x square 1 now by applying 2 goes to r2 minus r1 and R3 goes to r3 minus r1 We get our left hand side is equal to 1 plus x plus x square into 1 1 1 Now r2 goes to r2 minus r1 that is x square minus 1 1 minus 1 0 x minus 1 R3 also goes to r3 minus r1 so x minus 1 x square minus 1 1 minus 1 0 clearly x minus 1 is Common in r2 as well as in r3 now by taking out factor x minus 1 common from R2 and r3 We get our left hand side is equal to 1 plus x plus x square into x minus 1 square into 1 1 1 Now from r2 we have taken out common factor x minus 1 so here we get x plus 1 0 1 and r3 also we have taken out x minus 1 so 1 x plus 1 0 this is equal to 1 plus x plus x square into x minus 1 whole square 1 into 1 0 1 1 minus x plus 1 into 1 1 x plus 1 1 this we get get When we expand along r3 This is again equal to this is equal to 1 plus x plus x square into x minus 1 whole square into 1 into 1 minus 0 minus x plus 1 into 1 minus x minus 1 So here we can cut 1 with minus 1 We are left with 1 plus x plus x square into x minus 1 whole square 1 plus x Square plus x This is again equal to which is equal to x minus 1 whole square into 1 plus x square plus x whole square This we can rewrite as 1 minus x into 1 plus x square plus x whole square This is equal to now we know the formula that a minus b into a Square plus a b plus b square is equal to a q minus b q So here we get 1 minus x q Whole scale Because here are a is equal to 1 and b is equal to x. So this is our right-hand side This is equal to our right-hand side. Hence we have to hence Left-hand side is equal to right-hand side Hence prove I Hope the question is clear to you my and have a good day


Hi, good afternoon. I'm Jennifer Hasegawa and I'm gonna give another thanks to Shizue for bringing us all together and thank you all for your words and your images for raising my consciousness today and lifting my heart. And I'm so nervous, surrounded by all this greatness, so thank you. Villanelle on Los Angeles, 1992. She was half his size, but her arm was light years long. He was straight backed and strode in never been wet boat shoes. How his soft honey hair jerked when schoolgirl knocked him down. Suki braids escaped gravity on her head, made strong by the verdict of 12 strangers. No change of venue as her fists to his face broadcast the news light years long. Our heads bobbed against heavy bus windows all along. The route from Slosson to downtown, but as her fist flew at McClintock, we all knew that schoolgirl knocked him down. The driver whistled low and switched his radio on as the motor moaned to dams, signaling corner coups that would reveal a city burned down blocks light years long. Shopping carts careened, unboxed TV side long. Outstored doors, flattened shoeboxes, bloomed their gray pulp hues. While men on roofs held rifles, because schoolgirl knocked him down. Hair trigger, DUI, orange juice, entrenching wrong into law of brick and fire.  Kamsamnida, how you like us now? Schoolgirl knocked him down.