The business degree tier list for 2023. In today's video, we're going to be ranking business majors from S tier, which is the best to F tier, which is the worst. So I did this video last year, and it was a great video. But this year, I'm really optimizing it. I'm adding some things that I think are incredibly important. And the biggest thing that I'm adding that makes this list much better than last year's list is entry level jobs, right? So we're going to be talking about how much demand there is for different jobs at the entry level, because there's a lot of jobs out there where there's a ton of demand. But unfortunately, because of how corporations work and automation, et cetera, there isn't that much opportunity at the entry level. So landing that first job can be incredibly difficult. And then there's other jobs out there where landing the first job is super easy. And then even from there, there's even more opportunity. So in this year's list, I figured out a method to accurately gauge this. So if you appreciate videos like this, go ahead, float your eyes down to that like button and give it a nice stinging jab like Muhammad Ali. And with that being said, let's jump right into it. So the first one on the list is going to be advertising.  You can check out my whole channel to get more in depth details on these. But the early career pay for people who graduate with advertising degrees is going to be 43,000. Mid career pay is 86,000. The salary score is 39 out of 100. The demand score is 106. So it's off the charts. The meaning score is 32%, which is a bit low. And the amount of bachelor grads per year is going to be 4,300. Now, if you type in advertising on Glassdoor, you're going to see that they make around $73,000 a year. And if you type in advertising on LinkedIn, and then sort by jobs, and then sort by entry level, you're going to see 97,000 results. So a lot of jobs there. Overall, I'm going to go ahead and put advertising as a major into B tier. Next one on the list is going to be health management or health administration. With this one, the early career pay is going to be 49,000. Mid career pay is 88,000. Salary score is 46. Demand score is 45. The meaning is pretty good, especially for a business degree at 53%. And the bachelor degree graduates per year is 2,400. If you type in health administrator on Glassdoor, you're going to see they make about $55,000 a year. And if you type in health administration on LinkedIn at the entry level, you're going to see 46,000 results for jobs. So overall, this one is not terrible, but it's also not great. I'm going to put it into C tier. Next one on the list is going to be hotel administration. With this one, you can expect to make about $57,000 a year starting out. Mid career pay is 89,000. That's a salary score of about 57 out of 100. But the demand score is three out of 100. The meaning is 39%, so a bit low. And the bachelor grads per year is 1,600. If you type in hotel administrator on Glassdoor, you're going to see $41,000 a year. And if you type in hotel administration on LinkedIn at the entry level, you're going to see about 2,600 results. So overall, not very good. This is one that's just way too specific, especially for a business degree. So this one is going to go into D tier. And by the way, guys, if I forget to include a business degree, if there's a business degree that you think should have been included on this list, let me know down in the comments section below and I'll try to get it into next year's list. One of them that was a suggestion is going to be real estate. So yes, real estate is an actual major. So with this one, the early career pay is 54,000. Mid career pays 95,000. The salary score is decent at 57. The demand is very bad at nine out of 100. The meaning is relatively low at 39%. And the bachelor grads per year is about 1,000. Now, if you type in real estate on Glassdoor, you're going to see a very nice salary of $109,000 a year. And if you type in real estate on LinkedIn, you're going to see a lot of opportunities at the entry level at about 82,000. But here's the thing about real estate. You absolutely, under no circumstances, need to get a degree to get into real estate. So real estate as a career is great, but real estate as a degree is totally unnecessary. And therefore this one is going to go into F tier. Next one on the list is going to be management science. With this one, the early career pay is 58,000. Mid career pays 102,000. Salary score is a very healthy 66, but unfortunately the demand score is 0.8. Really, really bad. The meaning here is 41% and the bachelor grads per year is 3,500. Now at this one, if you type in management science on Glassdoor, you're going to see $107,000 a year. And if you type in management science on LinkedIn, you're going to see 61,000 results. Now, when you look into this one a little bit more deeply, there's sort of some issues with the way that it's worded. So on LinkedIn, the reason you see a lot of results for management science is because of the fact there are people looking for managers in science related fields. Right? So it's not necessarily because they're looking for people who have management science degrees. And the ones that are looking specifically for management science degrees, a lot of the time you need to have a graduate level degree, so a master's or a doctor. And so this one can be a little bit misleading. But with that being said, the statistics are not terrible. This one goes into C tier. Next one on the list is going to be agricultural business. You might also see this one referred to as agribusiness. With this one, the early career pay is 49,000. Mid career pay is 74,000. Salary score is 39. Demand score is very low at five. Meaning score is relatively high for a business degree at 46. And the bachelor grads per year is just over a thousand. Now if you type in agriculture on Glassdoor, you're going to see $68,000 a year. And if you type in agricultural business on LinkedIn, you're going to see 2,200 results. So overall, this one is not great. I'm going to put it into F tier. Next one on the list is fashion merchandising. The early career pay here is 43,000. Mid career pay is 70,000. Salary score is 29. And demand score is one. The bachelor grads per year here is going to be 2,600. If you type this one in on Glassdoor, you're going to see about $56,000 a year. And if you type in fashion merchandising on LinkedIn, you're going to see 5,500 results at the entry level. If you type in fashion merchandiser on LinkedIn, you're going to see 22,000 results. So this one is not great, but at the same time, it's not the worst one. So I'm going to put it into D tier. Next one on the list is managerial economics. With this one, the early career pay is 59,000. Mid career pays 106,000. Salary score is 69. The demand score is a paltry six. The meaning is 39%. And the total bachelor grads per year is about 5,500. If you type in economist manager on LinkedIn, you're going to see $150,000 a year. And if you type in managerial economist, you're going to see 15,000 results. So overall, relatively good, this one goes into B tier. Next one on the list is one of my favorite degrees of all time, which is management information systems. It combines technology skills with business skills. And that is a phenomenal combination. Now the early career pay here is going to be 60,000. Mid career pay is 105,000. So that's a salary score of 70, which is great for business degrees. The demand score is off the charts at 113. The meaning is 42%, which is decent for business degrees. And the bachelor grads per year is about 7,800. But this one is growing relatively quickly. Now, if you type in management information systems on LinkedIn at the entry level, you're going to see 48,000 results. And if you type in management information systems on Glassdoor, you're going to see 96,000 for the average salary. So this one definitely is going into S tier. And if there was an S plus tier, this is the one that would be there. This is the best business degree in my opinion. Next one on the list is going to be finance. So the early career pay is going to be 55,000. Mid career pay is 98,000. Salary score is going to be 60, which is great for business degrees. The demand score is also off the charts at about 133. Meaning is going to be 40%. And the total graduates per year is 37,000. If you type in finance on Glassdoor, there's 96,000 salary. And if you type it in on LinkedIn at the entry level, you are going to see 323,000 results. So lots of opportunities out there for people who graduate with finance degrees. So this one goes into S tier. Next one on the list is going to be accounting. The early career pay here is going to be 51,000. Mid career pay is 88,000. That's a salary score of 48. The demand score is also off the charts at 127. Meaning is a little bit higher at 41%. And the total bachelor grads per year is 50,000. Now when it comes to comparing accounting versus finance, they're both really good degrees. Accounting tends to be a little more flexible and general. So there's a lot of finance jobs that you can do with an accounting degree, whereas the other way around doesn't necessarily work. According to Glassdoor, accountants make $59,000 a year. And if you type in accounting on LinkedIn, you're going to see 316,000 results at the entry level. So accounting also goes into S tier, one of the best business degrees, no doubt. Next one on the list is going to be economics. So this one isn't technically a business degree, but a lot of the same careers that you would go into with a business degrees, you're going to go into with an economics degree. So I just include them on the same list. So yeah, if you type in economist on Glassdoor, you're going to see $109,000 a year. If you type in economics on LinkedIn, you're going to see 53,000 results at the entry level. Keep in mind with this one, a lot of economics specific related jobs are going to require a graduate level degree. But with that being said, this one is still pretty good. I'm going to go ahead and put it into A tier. Next on the list is supply chain management. The early career pay is going to be 58,000. Mid-career pay is 94,000. That's a salary score of 61. The demand score is 105, so it's off the charts, meaning is 41%. And the bachelor grads per year is 5100. If you type in supply chain management on Glassdoor, you're going to see $93,000 a year. And if you type it in on LinkedIn, you are going to see a whopping 74,000 results at the entry level. And we of course have seen over the last two years how incredibly important the supply chain is. So this one is going to go into S tier. Next one on the list is an international business degree. The early career pay is going to be 50,000. Mid-career pays 96,000. The salary score is 53. The demand score is going to be 49. The meaning is 39%. And the bachelor grads per year is 5600. If you type in international business on Glassdoor, you're going to see $93,000 a year for the salary. And if you type it in on LinkedIn at the entry level for jobs, you're going to see 25,000 results. So overall, this one is pretty good. You definitely want to have a plan if you go into this one. For instance, you know, if you want to do international business, figure out what country you're going to specialize in, right? Are you going to do international business with China? Are you going to do it with like Saudi Arabia? You want to figure these things out. Very, very important. But if you are someone who goes into this with a really good plan, this one can be phenomenal. But overall, I'm going to go ahead and put it into B tier. Next one on the list is going to be sales and business marketing. So sales and marketing are two of the most valuable skills that you could possibly learn. But with that being said, colleges aren't necessarily the best at teaching these skills. So this is actually two separate degrees at some colleges. Some colleges, they combine them. Some colleges make it to where you can kind of get a duel or do both of them at once. So I couldn't include the stats on this one, but you know, sales marketing, when you type it in on Glass Door, it's $91,000 a year. Type it in on LinkedIn, you're going to see 123,000 results. So there is a lot of demand for people who have these skills. It's just that college isn't very good at teaching these skills, especially with something like marketing that is constantly changing over time. Colleges simply cannot keep up with the current trends. So this one is going to go into C tier. Next one on the list is going to be a marketing degree. The early career pay is 48. Mid career pay is 89. Salary score is 46. The demand score is really good at 146. The meaning is 39% and the bachelor grads per year is 35,000. If you look this one up on Glass Door, you're going to see $79,000 a year. And if you look it up on LinkedIn at the entry level, you are going to see a whopping 681,000 results. So the thing about this one is, yes, it is very valuable. It's kind of similar to real estate. It's a very valuable skill to learn. It's a great career to get into, but you absolutely do not need college to get into many of the jobs, especially the really lucrative ones. For instance, the most valuable skill you can learn in marketing is digital marketing. And unfortunately, when you look at marketing curriculums, they barely even touch it, right? So a lot of the time and you can just look this up, right? Colleges make their curriculum available. There's only going to be like one to three classes on digital marketing. So what I recommend instead for anybody who wants to get into marketing is to take a course from a company called Digital Career Blueprint. I've talked about this company quite a bit on this channel. They talk about in-demand careers such as digital marketing ones like SEO, pay per click, social media advertising, etc.  There was even one 16 year old, his name is James, who was able to get a job. And of course he did not have a college degree and he didn't have any previous experience. And that's the great thing about digital marketing. You don't need those things. So you absolutely do not need to waste four to five years of your time getting a college degree in marketing if your goal is to go into digital marketing. So definitely check that out. He does have a free masterclass, which I will put down in the description as well as the pen comment below. So overall, I do think this one is a little bit of correlation and not causation. I think that people who want to go into marketing, I mean, it's a super in-demand skill. So they're going to hire you and then they're going to train you anyways, but you absolutely do not need to have a degree for this one. So many companies drop that requirement. And in many cases, companies are actually annoyed when they have to unteach the things that colleges taught wrong. But overall, because it's such a valuable skill and there's so much opportunity, I am going to put this one into B tier. Next one on the list is going to be a general business degree. The early career pay is going to be 47,000 mid career pays 83,000. The demand score is 112 and the meaning is 50%. So the problem with this one is I can't even look up a career for this one because I mean, it's just general business. Like there's a million different careers that you could technically go into. But that's kind of the problem with this one is it's just way too general. When it comes to business degrees, you do want to specialize a little bit at least because they're already so flexible on their own that it's best to specialize a little bit. So this one, I'm going to have to put it into C tier. Next one on the list is entrepreneurship. Yes, this is an actual degree. The early career pay is 45,000 mid career pays 89,000 salary score is 43. Demand score is 25. Meaning is 38%. And the bachelor grads per year is 2600. And this is another one where you can't really look up the stats because if you do an entrepreneurship degree, that means you're planning on starting your own business. But the problem with that is you absolutely cannot learn how to start a business in college. That's one of those things that colleges simply cannot teach. There's really two ways that I recommend learning business. The first one is to work for a business owner and just, you know, do a really good job for them and kind of pick their brain. In some cases, you might even be lucky enough to have a mentor. And then the second way is to just simply start your own business. College is not going to teach you how to be successful at business. If anything, they're going to teach you a bunch of stuff that isn't going to work. But with that being said, the numbers here are relatively decent. I think it's another case of correlation and not causation. I think that people who are interested in an entrepreneurship degree are people who are interested in starting their own business. And so therefore those types of people tend to be more successful. So overall, I'm going to put this one into D tier. Next one on the list is business administration, one of the most common degrees in the world. The early career pay is 48,000. Mid-career pay is 80,000. Salary score is 41. Demand score is 122. Meaning is 49%. And the bachelor grads per year is 138,000. If you look this one up on Glassdoor, you're going to see $59,000 a year. And if you look up business administration on LinkedIn at the entry level, you're going to see 71,000 results. So the big problem with this one, and it's kind of a little bit of a flaw in my methodology and it can make it a little bit kind of complicated for certain degrees.  So the number of jobs available when you search indeed, for instance, with the keyword business administration degree is 64,000. However, the bachelor grads per year is 138,000. So that's actually not a good sign. And then if you look on LinkedIn at the entry level, business administration only has 71,000 results. So again, that's not a good sign when you have 138,000 people graduating every year. So overall, the stats look relatively decent because business degrees in general are okay. But again, I think that might be a little bit of a case of correlation and not causation. So this one is going to go into D tier. Next one on the list is a human resource management degree. The early career pays 44,000 mid-career pays 73,000. Salary score is 32. Demand score is 46. Meaning is 54%, which is above average. And the bachelor grads per year is 6,800. Now, if you look up human resource on Glassdoor, you're going to see $74,000 a year. And if you type in human resources on LinkedIn, you're going to see 202,000 results at the entry level. Now with this one, I will say the stats actually look relatively decent, but there is a hidden problem here. And that hidden problem is that a lot of different people can get into human resource management positions without getting a human resource management degree. However, if you get a human resource management degree, there's a lot of positions that aren't going to be as open to you, right? So for instance, there are a lot of unemployed psychology graduates who try to get human resource management positions. So it's actually a relatively decent career when you look at the numbers, but the degree itself isn't that great. But with that being said, it's also not the worst degree either. So with this one, I'm going to put it into C tier. Next one on the list is going to be random, very specific management related degrees. So for instance, tourism management. With this one, you'll see $40,000 a year starting out, 58,000 in mid-career pay, salary score is 19, demand score is 8, and the bachelor grads per year is like, you know, 684. So an office management job, you're going to see, you know, $50,000 a year. So there are a lot of business degrees like this. And generally speaking, I recommend staying far away from them, right? Hotel management, tourism management, cruise ship management, whatever type of management degree that's super, super specific, I would stay away from it. It's another one of those things where you can get into these positions with a bunch of different degrees. But if you get that degree, you're basically pigeonholed into a specific position. So that puts you at a huge disadvantage. So these types of degrees go into F tier. If you want to get a really in-demand career that you can do fully remotely that I'm seeing tons and tons of people have success with, I highly recommend checking out that free master class, which I put down in the description as well as the pinned comment below. And if you want to check out that interview with James, who is a 16 year old who is able to get a job using that master class, go ahead and check that out right here.


मूनूटी पालएची, रूलच़, बचास, दिसक्रीष्यन. तूँडन्त साभ जांते हैं के मूनूटी पालीची के बारे में कंटूवर्सी मوجود है, खलासिकल्स में और केंच में, के क्या मूनूटी पालीची को यूज करना चाहिये, इकोनमी को मैंनेच करने के लिए यह नहीं करना चाहिये. तो आज हम इस पर बात करेंगे, यह एक दिबेट है कि क्या, monetary policy should be followed by rules or by discretion. इस पर हम बात करतें, the conduct of monetary policy rules versus discretion. Monetists and classical macroeconomists advocate the use of rules. Rules make monetary policy automatic as they require the central bank to set policy based on a set of simple, pre-specified and publicly announced rules. Examples क्या है, rules की कि अफाँ एक लिए हो सकता है, के increase the monetary based by 1% each quarter. एक यह simple rule हो सकता है, the 2nd rule हो सकता है के maintain the price of gold at a fixed level. So, the rule should be simple. There should not be much leeway for exceptions. The rule should specify something under the control of the central bank, like the growth of the monetary based, not something like fixing the unemployment rate, for example at 4%, over which the central bank has little control. The rule should be simple and the rule should be based on the things that are in the control of the central bank. For example, the monetary base can be effectively controlled, so the rule should be based on this. If the rule is not that we have to maintain the unemployment at a particular level, it is obvious that it is not in the control of the central bank, so the rule will not be effective. The rule may also permit the central bank of Pakistan to respond to the state of the economy. The rule can also be maintained that the state of the economy should be responded accordingly. But whatever the rule is, it should be pre-specified. It is not that when the state is there, it should be decided at that time. It should not be a discretion. It should already be determined as a principle according to which the rule should be worked. Do you know Keynesian? They favor discretion instead of the rule. Discretion means the central bank looks at all the information about the economy. And uses its judgment as to the best course of policy. That it should evaluate the economy and assess its situation. And according to that, it should use its discretionary powers to form a monetary policy. Discretion gives the central bank the freedom to stimulate or contract the economy when needed. It is thus called the Activate Policy. In the context of discretion, the central bank has the opportunity to stimulate or contract the economy. What is the policy? It is suitable. Since discretion gives the central bank the way to act while rules constrain its behavior, why would anyone suggest that the central bank follows the rules? When apparently we feel that in the context of discretion, the central bank has the flexibility to make a monetary policy according to the situation of the economy so that the economic requirement can be met. What is the objective? To keep prices stable, maintain growth rate, and not to increase unemployment rate to a certain level. These are the objectives of the economic situation. If the central bank has the discretion to make a policy according to the situation, then what is the harm in this? Why is the rule talked about? According to the rule, the classical and especially monetists favor it very strongly. And the leading economists in the monetists, you must have heard of Milton Friedman. He thinks that the monetary policy is very important. And in the long run, there is no disagreement that in the long run, it only affects nominal variables, not real variables. But in the short run, the monetists believe that it also affects real variables. That is why it should be used with great care. This economy can be very disturbed if you take it wrongly or adequately if you do not use it. So, they believe that this is a very important policy and that is why it should be based on the rule. So, the rule, as I said in the beginning, is a simple rule. So, it is possible that 1% should be increased in each quarter. There is a very famous Taylor rule that we will talk about today. Taylor rule is that nominal interest rate is equal to the inflation rate plus 0.02. This is the question. Plus 0.5 Y plus 0.5 inflation rate minus 0.02. So, I is the nominal policy rate. Pi is the inflation rate over the last four quarters. And Y is the percentage deviation of output from the full employment level. I is the nominal interest rate. Inflation rate. And Y is the deviation from the full employment level. So, the rule works by having the real policy rate. This was the nominal interest rate minus inflation rate. So, the difference will be real policy rate. So, it responds to the Y. Y was defined as the difference between the output and the full employment level of output. And it responds to the inflation target. If you have a 2% target of inflation rate, then it will respond to the inflation rate more than that. So, if either Y or inflation increases in the economy, if you have a Y or a full employment level, or inflation is more than that, your target level is more than that, the real policy rate is increased causing monetary policy to Titan. So, the real policy rate will increase, real policy rate and monetary policy will be tight. And vice versa.


Hello students, I am Dr. Prakash Sarunke. Let us talk on valve timing diagrams in IC engines, the first session. At the end of this session, students will describe the term valve timing diagrams and will be able to explain effect of changes in the valve timings on the operation of the four stroke petrol engine. So before going for valve timing, we must understand the operation of four stroke SI means spark ignition engine. To understand the valve timings, initially we must know the working of four stroke IC engine. In this engine, operating cycle is completed in four strokes of piston or two revolutions of crankshaft. The four strokes are suction, compression, expansion and exhaust for suction stroke. The engine cycle starts with suction stroke. The inlet valve will open as the piston starts moving from top dead center position TDC towards bottom dead center position. And the air fuel mixture will be sucked inside the cylinder throughout the stroke. This is suction stroke. After the suction stroke, the piston reverses the direction and starts moving from BDC to TDC which will compress the air fuel mixture during its upward movement. Now this action causes rise in the pressure inside the cylinder. Then it will create high pressure which is essential for the combustion of the fuel. The inlet valve is closed at the beginning of the stroke and remain closed so that compression will occur. The next stroke is expansion stroke. At the end of compression stroke, the combustion of the fuel takes place due to ignition by spark and results in further rise of pressure and temperature. The charge or products of combustion will push the piston which is at TDC towards BDC and output power is obtained. During this stroke, both intake as well as exhaust valve remain closed. Then comes the exhaust stroke. After expansion stroke, the piston which is at BDC reverses and starts moving towards TDC or top dead center. At this time, opening of exhaust valve will take place so which is required for the removal of these residual gases from the cylinder. So exhaust valve will close after the piston reaches top dead center so that all the residual gases are removed. Now valve timing of force to move. Now what do you understand by the term valve timing? Yes, think for some time. Valve timing? Yes, you are right. Valve timing is the control of the points or timings in the operating cycle of engine at which valves are set to open or close. I mean both inlet or exhaust. And a valve timing diagram is a graphical representation of the timing at which opening and closing of both intake and exhaust valve of the engine take place. The opening and closing of the valve of the engine depends upon the movement of piston from TDC to BDC and vice versa. The valve timing diagram comprises of a 360 degree figure which represents the movement of the piston from TDC to BDC and back. On this diagram expected opening and closing of the valve are marked in degrees. This is the theoretical valve timing diagram. Now you can see here so this is TDC and this is the BDC so this is the position from which piston moves. So this is represented in 360 degree of crank rotation. Now theoretically as the piston starts moving from TDC to BDC the inlet valve will open and suction will start. So that will end here at BDC. Then inlet valve will close here and compression will start. The piston will start moving. So the compression will end here. At that time both inlet as well as exhaust valves are closed. So then here spark will be produced and combustion will take place and that will push again the piston back. So this is the power stroke or it is expansion. So products of combustion will push and up to this point it will be going on. Now here again exhaust valve will open and the piston will reverse the direction and the products of combustion will be driven out so this is the exhaust valve. As the piston moves up to top dead center so this 180 degree they are completed and exhaust valve will close here and again the cycle will repeat. So this is the theoretical valve timing diagram. Now actual valve timings differ. Let us try to understand. As described earlier in the idea cycle opening and closing occurs at dead centers. However there is deviation in the actual cycle. There are two factors mechanical and dynamic so which cause the deviation. Mechanical factor. Vals are opened with cam and tapet mechanism which are required to be operated slowly so that they should not be jerk. Similarly abrupt closing may cause, closing opening may cause bounce of valves on the seat. So both operations should be smooth and to smooth to avoid wear and noise. So these are the mechanical factors. The second factor which cause the deviation are the dynamic factors. So quantity of air fuel admitted inside the cylinder is affected by the duration of opening, the speed of engines and dynamics of fluid flow. So that affects in turn the volumetric efficiency. And because of that again say we have to change the valve timings. So let us see. Intake valve timings for both low and high speed SI engines, spark ignition engines. Inlet valve is normally opened 10 degrees before the piston reaches top dates interposition. This will ensure that the valve will be slowly opening and it will be fully open at top dates interposition and press charge will move inside completely and immediately. Now press charge will be sucked inside continuously throughout the suction flow. Even though piston reverses direction due to momentum and inertia the flow of charge continues to flow inside. This is called RAM effect. To take advantage of this effect which will enhance volumetric efficiency, intake valve is kept open even after BDC. Theoretically it is supposed to close at BDC. For low speed engines normally valve is open for 10 degrees after BDC. While for high speed the duration could be up to 60 degrees after BDC. That is one third part. So if you see this actual valve timing diagram you will find that the inlet valve opens. Before BDC. So that here the suction instead of starting from here. So it will start here and it will continue throughout this. And after BDC also that RAM effect is there. So that inlet valve will be open and it will be closed later. Similarly now say the compression instead of starting from here will start from here. So it will continue. So now both valves are closed. So this will continue up to top dead center position. Here there will be ignition say in the spark ignition. And expansion or expansion stroke will start. So that process of combustion will push. No expansion stroke should continue up to this. However exhaust valve will be opened earlier. And say you will find that the expansion stroke from here onwards itself. The next that is exhaust will start. Exhaust will start. And say that will continue. So further after TDC also. So for high speed engine the RAM effect is higher and to take advantage of it. Intake valve may be open up to 60 degree after BDC. For variable speed engine the valve timing is adjusted for best performance between the two. Exhaust valve timing. Exhaust valve is said to open before BDC. Otherwise pressure inside the cylinder will be considerably higher. Increasing the work required to expel the gases outside. So that is changed. Too early opening causes loss of useful expansion work. And tradeoff is done to achieve the net gain. For low speed engine valve is opened 25 degrees while for high speed once opening is at up to 55 degrees before BDC. Exhaust valves are closed after TDC to take advantage of inertia of moving gases thus increasing the volumetric efficiency. For inside there is a RAM effect. Similarly for outside say the charges will be moving on say even though the piston is reversed. The valves are closed 10 degrees for low speed and 15 degrees for high speed engines after TDC. So if we see the valve timing for low and high speed engines these are drawn separately here. Earlier diagram only one diagram were described. Now these are separately for low and high speed. So which are showing the relative differences say here the angles and different that you can see. So this is for SI engine and four stroke. So today we shall stop here. I have taken the references from the book of IC engine Mathur Sharma and say this web site mechanicalbooster.com from the Atowile page. Say that figure is figures of valve timing diagrams are taken. I thank to both of them. So I thank you also for patient.


Hi guys, welcome back to my YouTube channel. This is Daniel Rosal here bringing you this video today from my home office in Jerusalem And for this particular video I wanted to give a little bit of insight into what I do on a day-to-day basis as a marketing communications professional What's really involved in marketing communications if you're thinking about taking this as a career path and Where you might typically end up working if you work in marketing communications So my experience in marketing communications dates back from basically my first job after college I actually studied law in university in Ireland But during the course of my time as a student I got increasingly sucked into what really is my passion, which is communications I became a very active student journalist. I set up my own student news website and While sort of trying not to flunk out of my law degree Ended up actually realizing that journalism was something I was really really interested in doing I actually then studied journalism in the UK But my first job after graduating from college or really from two different colleges was and being a marketing Communications manager for a political technology startup based in Cork in Ireland now. We were a very very small team I was actually the fourth higher on the team So it was literally a table full of people and that actually tells you a little bit already about marketing communications Now what I'm going to be talking about in this video is very much off the cuff I have a few notes of things I want to cover here But I'm just going to try to keep it sort of non corporate and give you guys my two cents on what it's actually really been like So marketing communications is really a hybrid job I would say of what have typically been two silos in marketing and two silos don't really need to be silos in a lot of cases that is marketing and communication So if you think about more traditionally oriented companies, you would have the marketing team responsible for you know planning out marketing activities Engaging in marketing activities and doing everything that would be thought of as pertaining to marketing And then communications that would kind of have a bit of ownership over the brand image But they would be the people responsible for doing all the comms work such as what is thought of as pr and pr is not just publicity There's a lot more to pr than publicity But those would be often working side by side But they might be different teams with different managers and then reporting to let's say a vp of marketing So marketing communications is a field. I think there's really two ways to Define it or look at it. The first way is saying. Well, it's a It's a mushing together of marketing and communications responsibility So it's just what the marketing people would do what the communications people would do in small companies It's the more calm person who do it now. I've heard it called more calms more calm Marketing calm a few different variations, but it usually however people choose to You know combine it into one word They're trying to describe much the same job Now the second way to look at it is well, you can define marketing communications as Really any communication emanating from a business that is intended for marketing, right? That's what the words mean marketing communications take your communications take the communications that are intended for marketing and All that stuff which might be Content marketing social media, etc is the responsibility of the marketing communications person I actually don't like that definition as well Because in your average small company, it's pretty safe to say that 90% of the communications are probably marketing oriented, right? In larger organizations, you might have an internal communications function somebody trying to coordinate communications within The team or you might have an investor relations function Somebody responsible for liaising with the company's investors if it's a public concern But in your average small company, there really may be no Group of there might be nothing in that Venn diagram That is within communications that really doesn't have a marketing slant, you know Again, other other type of communications might be stuff like public affairs liaising with public bodies But let's take your average nimble tech startup and that's where I've spent most of my career to date working the work of the marketing communications person is more just a Amalgamism of marketing and communications. So based on what I've seen based on the type of companies I've worked for and contracted for I would say that marketing communications Tends to be a position that exists Primarily within smaller companies because when companies kind of scale from start-up size small size to medium size At that point they begin to take a very Small lean marketing team and then break it back out Into those silos. So maybe the mark on person was doing social media And now there's a social media hire and there's a social media Agency and there's a pr agency commonly gets brought into the picture Around that stage and now the marketing communications person just kind of has oversight Or they might split out into a communications team So what I think when I think about what companies hire for marketing communications I think it's probably smaller companies at the medium size of scale I think you see the split happening and then when you get to the large company Size scale ironically you often see a vp of marketing communications or even an svp Of marketing communications because the organizations got to the point that there's enough layers In the hierarchy or the food chain that the marketing person and the communications person then might report to a svp Of marketing communications who might You know respond report to the director of marketing So sometimes you have that kind of funny situation that you have this job title and position In small companies and enterprises and not so much in the big kind of Middle of the road companies. So what just just to sort of get down to a more concrete level What would be jobs that a mark on person might do on a daily basis? So I've run marketing communications for a Political technology startup. That was my first job out of college for a industrial iot company in israel Which was very very random. It was basically selling To government some municipalities The sensors they would put into critical infrastructure stuff like waste water applications like sorus are very very different from a political technology Company, but that's actually something I really enjoy about working in marketing and communications Is that you're not necessarily over time? You do tend to pick up or develop expertise in an industry But you don't necessarily have to stay within that industry for your entire career It's more that I see it more as a skill set. I'm developing and carrying with me between jobs So I worked at an i iot company the ii stands for industrial iot And then I left that to basically start my own business I've been doing that for about three years after I left the iiot company and my latest job is running communications for sir ronald cohen who is a philanthropist and For an individual in other words as opposed to doing it for a company and I would love At some point maybe after I'd been in the job for a year hoping I make it to that point I'd love to do a video about what it's like doing communications for An individual because it's actually pretty much the first time I've done this versus doing it for an agency or a company which I've done an awful lot of It's been very interesting so far and I think that after a year I'll have a few insights to share in the format of a video So what are some kind of day-to-day tasks that mark on people would do? So if we take that broader definition of while it's marketing and communications There would be a lot subsumed into that so content marketing is kind of Fits within inbound marketing and inbound is now The kind of go-to methodology for most companies So a lot of time will be taken up with content creation You might have in that kind of typical structure a content writer working under you as the mark on manager Or you might be the content writer the unofficial content writer You might work with freelancers But the marketing communications person would kind of be the person holding that function And tying it all together to make sure it got done and ideally got done with a strategy because it's very easy For companies to just go sort of creating as much content as possible Without putting any strategic thought into it and it almost never works out well Um a digital marketing in my experience now this may just be my own experience Digital marketing is what I always used to tell clients. That's the one thing I'm just not that into I understand the importance of seo, but it's really I'm more of a creative Than a numbers guy. So when I worked in marketing teams, I've typically Outsourced the digital marketing and seo aspect to experts I don't know if that's just me or that's typical But for me as marketing communications I prefer to keep my focus on brand identity brand message communications And then all the kind of content creation Flowing from that that it should really be all aligned with that set of values um Then on the communications side Of things we'd have maybe event management can be something that Marketing communications folks can step in with and again because this job is so varied And by the way, that's what I actually really enjoy about it. That might be another agency relationship So you might actually outsource the actual, you know Find details of running an event to a professional event manager or event management team But you'd kind of be the point of contact for the company's marketing team I mentioned earlier that marketing communications folks Commonly work in smaller teams or that's been my experience And does that mean they're the top dog in marketing in my experience? It's usually one layer even at that relatively small layer of scale It might be one layer beneath the vp of marketing So the answer is no the answer the answer to what might be a career progression In that kind of environment looked like I would say it would probably be From the marcom manager to the vp of marketing What would the vp of marketing do that the marcom manager wouldn't do? Well, as I hope I've described the marcom Management day-to-day job can actually be really really busy. You've got a lot of deliverables You've got your social media your content marketing perhaps your event management your communications work your pr work So that person's going to be busy and the vp of marketing can be summoned a little bit More senior to that person who spent their time getting their hands dirty with all these activities And can now focus on more strategic meetings perhaps interfacing with the rest of the vps or the ceo in that company So that that's the progression which was uh, which was what I was going for and finally who might you work for? Well, I think I've already covered that there's definitely a large demand for Marketing there is a large demand for content writing particularly in the market. I'm based in here in israel I think that's a great foot in the door for people. I personally this is just again My opinion. I've never held a content writing job or that is my job title I'm someone who personally enjoys knowing a little about a lot And I think that that's probably uh, there's there's a reason that I ended up doing This and not focusing really neatly on content marketing. I like trying to see the big picture and doing a little bit of things I would probably find focusing 100 to my time on content marketing Very boring. I like a little bit of travel in my jobs I don't I've never been in a job where I'm like on the road all the time And I would really hate that like maybe a sales rep job But I like um jobs where you occasionally go to conferences Organized events and I think that that can be definitely fall under the purview of a marketing communications person um, so in terms of who This job who you could work for I think it's more a case of Deciding if you're going into marketing. Do you want to work on digital marketing?  It's definitely maybe more established Whereas I'd say the potential negative of marketing communications is you might find yourself a little bit Hamstrung in terms of the size of organizations you could work for and potentially also the type of orgs There's also probably a little bit of a bias in marcom towards tech Companies that that's my experience those companies that are a bit more willing to embrace Untraditional layouts. Um, I didn't even touch upon video marketing That's really been a big part of my work For the past number of years or I've seen video coming more and more into marketing And how that would fit into your role as a marcom manager Well, you might actually be the guy holding the tripod and camera and Recording videos for your company's youtube channel or you might be doing a bit of that But also then outsourcing so it's kind of the same pattern Whatever a discrete marketing function that we really look at so I hope that's given you a bit of a flavor again This wasn't a sort of corporate video about here's what here's what it's like to join a marketing team I wanted to try give a little bit more of a real flavor for what's actually entailed in the job Do I enjoy it? I actually really enjoy it. Um, as I mentioned at the start of this video, um It didn't really take long for me when I was studying my law degree because it sounded responsible and sophisticated I think to realize I love communicating. I originally planned to go into journalism But I also enjoy Communicating stories whether those are for corporates or even the type work I'm doing now is actually more in the non-profit space more mission focused And that's actually a transition. I've really really enjoyed. I love being able to do a little bit of communications I've definitely built up skill sets in terms of PR, you know press release writing media monitoring You know Analyst relations media relations then doing a lot of content creation And then picking up little bits. I think that's one of the beauties of actually working in a Hub and spoke environment outsourcing work to agencies is that you actually sometimes get to learn From the external people the contractors you're working for so I really enjoy it and I definitely recommend it My friends I think all believe that I am a content writer and I don't usually have the patience to explain to folks at For 15 minutes, uh, the nuance is what that is But if you are interested in this field, I'll put a link to my LinkedIn profile in this video description because it's professionally focused And I always like having conversations with people doing the same thing as me Hope this video is useful. Thank you guys for watching And if you'd like to get more content from me, please hit the subscribe button and subscribe to my youtube channel Thank you for watching


This paper proposes a roadmap for designing and selecting exoskeletons for hand rehabilitation, focusing on the technical features of soft, rigid, and hybrid devices with an impairment-oriented rationale. The clinical requirements are identified through a PICO-inspired approach, while the technical features are extracted from a proposed design process and narrative literature review. A cross-analysis between device families and features is presented to support the design and selection of exoskeletons for hand rehabilitation.


No more, as is said in our national constitution, in the preamble. It states very clearly, we reject violence and seek consensus as a means of solving our common problems. I now represent all the churches, all the men of faith in the nation, even boys of faith in the nation, in calling to the entire nation of Papua New Guinea, men and women, no more violence on women and girls. Let me repeat that, no more violence on women and girls. We say, it's all in your blood.


Okay, we'll get started. So, hi, everybody. Welcome to Jenkins online meet up. Thanks for joining us in today's session. Geesaw, lead mentors will be doing an overview of 5 project ideas. And I will share those 5 project ideas in a little bit. If you're not speaking, could you please go on mute because I'm hearing some. Background. Okay, she runs. Can you please go on mute? Thank you. So my name is Alyssa Tong. I'm 1 of the admin for GSOC this year on this webinar with me are other GSOC mentor admins. Jean-Marc Mason, Chris Stern. Chris is also a mentor and then also Mark Waite is another lead mentor for our project. So, some housekeeping items before we begin this session is being recorded. We will share the link to the recording after today's session. We also have an active GSOC Gitter and discourse channels for further communication. So feel free to join the conversations there or post questions there after this webinar. And lastly, the code of conduct. This is in full effect here as well as throughout our community. So please be respectful and be kind to one another. So, in case you missed last month's webinar, we did a session on setting the expectations for potential candidates and tips on how to be successful in this program. If you missed that webinar, please use the link that I have there under recording and see, you know, are you going to be up for this and we want to make sure that you're successful in this program. So have a look and, you know, make sure if it's right for you. And then, so in this webinar are lead mentors who are Mark Waite and Chris Stern. They will walk over these five project ideas. The first three project ideas will be covered by Mark and the last two will be covered by Chris Stern. So, Mark, I'll let you take it from here without further delay, but for the remaining project ideas on the list, we will cover it at another day, which we will schedule soon. So more to come about that. Thanks, Alyssa. So one thing for my benefit is that you as participants in this session can be a big help if when you have a question you'll raise your hand. Now, the way you do that is down at the bottom of at least the screen I have, there's a reactions button. When you click that reactions button, there's a raise hand.  We've got a lot of people in this session. And if we don't, if we don't use a some way of arbitrating, it gets really complicated. So please use the reactions button, raise your hand and then ask a question. But we do want you to ask questions. It's crucial that if you have a question, don't be shy, because if you have a question, several other people probably have exactly the same question and wish that they were brave enough to ask it. So, Mark, are you able to share from, okay, here we go. There we go. You should be able to share now. Great. Okay. So here we here. Let's sharing now and everybody should tell me if you see my screen. You should see a We background of something or other. Yes. Okay, great.  All right. And I see thumbs up. Very good. All right. So now let's bring up my my page. All right. So Let's start first with the where do you go to find this information. The first step is you look here on Jenkins under sub projects Google summer of code. All right. And on this page is GSOC 2024. And here is a hyperlink. That shows you where the project ideas can be found. So I just jumped to those and I want to talk first about And I'm talking about these in what I'd call my priority order. So, so as a lead mentor, there are things that are more important to me and things that are less important. So let's talk about them in my priority order. They may not be things that are as interesting to you, but this is what my priority order is. So the first piece for discussion is the back ending in extension index or tool. Jenkins is a large and long lived project. And it's important to our users that they be able to find information about it and that they, they get detailed and deep information. One of the things that we document for them is for the developers, we have an index of the extension points that are available from Jenkins plugins and Jenkins core. And this extension points, extensions point index helps them identify where they can add their capabilities. Oh, I could just use this to do that. I could use this. However, we have a problem. The tool that generates this thing is broken. If you look at this, it shows maybe if I were to give a rough count that might be 100 items in that list, maybe 50. Whereas there are probably four or 500 plugins that provide extensions. So this list is much too short and it's too short because of this problem. It needs to be reimplemented. All right. So what, what the story is, is that if a plugin has been modernized, I know this is going to sound terrible, but if a plugin has been modernized, it disappears from the list. And that's really a bad thing, right? We, we don't want modernization to cause you to disappear. So what we've got is the existing implementation looks like this in this repository. And this implementation needs to be revisited to consider how can we, how can we replace this implementation with something that works better to extract the back end extensions. Now, what's cool about this project is the way it does its work. It downloads all the Jenkins plugins and iterates over all the Jenkins plugins and should look inside their binaries for specific, specific Java objects, specific Java annotations. And that then flags, oh, this is an extension that should be indexed. And that exercise learning how to traverse large code bases and how to rapidly inspect binary data inside Java, Java files, Java binary files for me is a cool project. And that's what I think makes this one interesting. It's also a thing that's been broken for a while and we very much want it back. Now, to the group, do you have questions based on my description of the back end extension index or tool. And it's okay to raise your hand at this point, you could even just unmute and ask your question. It seems relatively quiet. We're okay with that. Jenna, go ahead. Yeah, I have. My query is that you said that back end extension index tool needs to be implemented. It means we need to be implemented in other way or just need to stick in the existing code. I think it would probably be a re implementation. So it will likely be a new implementation. Just because we've got a tool right now that already exists called the usage in plugin usage in plugins tool that knows how to download all the plugins and iterate over them. And it does a search inside those plugins for for things. And so that tool, the usage in plugins tool is probably the starting point for this recreation of this thing. It could be done by reworking the existing code. It that might also work. But my hunch is that it would be better to consider a full replacement. And the replacement has to meet the, the needs that were are already provided by the existing implementation. So this list of extension should still be there, plus many more. John, does that answer your question. Yeah, I got it. So you have a question from Carlos Carlos go ahead please. Yeah, Mark. Well, my question is where is it specified which kind of annotations we need to search or basically this part of the implementation that you mentioned before. Where are the good question and that's in the source code of the current implementation. So that's a that's a very good question. It's like, okay, where is it that this thing is defined and the answer is it's down here in the source code. So if we look here, we'll see, Hey, here is the here is the extension points extractor. And, and so it's right there in that implementation. Good, good question. Excellent question Carlos because right now what they're what doesn't exist is a formal specification or even a working prototype of something that says, Oh, this is how we would do that. It would be necessary to specify that like a formally so will be easier later. Right, I think that I think that that's part of the development of the project plan is, Hey, this is what should be extracted. And this is how it should be should be written. Yeah. Okay. Yeah. Now I have to I have to potentially refine this, I may be wrong on estimate of project size I've been wrong. Almost every time I've estimated project size in my life. So don't be shocked if in defining this you realize if someone who's working on this says, Oh, Mark's wrong. It's not a small size. This is medium or potentially even large. That's okay right me, me being wrong and estimating project size is a long standing pattern. Yeah, like every software engineer I think. Yes, yes, I'm not alone right it's a relief I'm not alone and being bad at estimating. Yeah, okay. Thank you. And if you come on these kind of findings. Don't hesitate and I recommend that you put that in your proposal and also document it and say for this and that reason, right, this is how I break down the work for the project. Right and and the reality is, is the project plan is the best way to improve this estimate right. For a real project plan is much better than mark make weight making a wild guess. Wild guesses just aren't nearly as good as real project plans. Good. Any other questions. Thanks. Thanks Carlos an excellent question very, very good. I don't see any other question. Okay, so, so let's let's look just just to remind people just how broad this is. Here's what plugins that Jenkins that I oh looks like. I'm going to show one little thing here which is 39 pages of plugins for Jenkins that need to be visited by this tool. And these pages I think it's roughly 50 per page. So, so there is, there are a lot of plugins that this tool will be traversing walking through as it assesses. Is there an extension in this plugin that needs to be indexed. So, oh Carlos question, go ahead. Yeah, sorry. This information and this binary is already storing some kind of database or file system or which kind of Very good question. Yes they are there. So we have we have an artifact repository that's the authoritative artifact repository for the Jenkins project. And that authoritative artifact repository is repo dot Jenkins CI dot org. And in the, in the tool I think in the source code for back end extension index or you'll probably see it. And you'd also likely see it in the usage in plugins tool where it asks a question of probably the update center and then uses the artifact repository to download the files that it needs. So it's a file system based repository. Okay, it well, I don't know how JFrog stores it at the back end because for me, it's a magic, it's a magic box into which I push artifacts and they bring them back to me anytime I ask. Yeah, that is important. JFrog you use for the artifact. Okay, right. Yeah, it's it's a donated donated JFrog artifact and we're very grateful to JFrog for hosting it they've they've hosted it for what 10 or 15 years for us and they're just very kind to do us. Okay, thank you. Any other questions on back end extension index or we're not done yet. This is this is just step one. Okay, so let's, let's shift our focus then to the next one which is bear token authentication. And this one is again an opportunity for Mark wait to hang his head and embarrassment and say that when I propose this project idea. I had what I thought was a simple concept for how to do it. Thanks to the explorations of several G Sock potential contributors, I've learned much more, and that that increased learning has said, Oh, wow, this is both more complicated than I expected and in fact, maybe almost infeasible in the in the way I had envisioned it. So let's let's talk a little bit about what this means. So bear token authentication is a form of authentication that uses HTTP protocol to share a a an authentication token between the get client and the get server for instance bit bucket. And a special header is used to transmit that bear token with a special format that special header is sent in the get command. However, that special header, then if we read the internet RFCs, advise that Oh, we should only send it once and gets already sending it. And there are all sorts of surprises and complications hiding in this thing. So right now the bigger challenge with bearer token authentication is to understand, is it feasible to solve the problem. And that is being being proposed here because the request from the users who asked for this was, please give us bearer token authentication so that we can talk to our GitHub server, using a, a simpler credential. And the answer right now that's being needs to be explored is, is that feasible is that and what is the right way to do it to fit with things like command line get J get get large file storage so get LFS each of them has some interesting complications hiding under this under this particular topic. This one I assume is going to generate some questions so so what questions do you have about it. And I'm okay if there aren't questions too that's great. I see your hand raised raised by Carlos Carlos go ahead. Yeah, well, one question related to the bear token. So, what is the, or how is the, how, how you are getting that token with the authority or who is the. Yeah, I don't know which kind of implementation you use for that to get these we are talking. Good question so the, the get plug in, or in this case the get client plug in has a very simple way of thinking about credentials, it asks the Jenkins credentials storage system, the credits Jenkins credentials manager to give it a credential by ID, and then it uses that credential and it's up to the user to create those credentials with the correct values in the Jenkins credential manager. So it's my assumption anyway was that this bear token is just requested from the Jenkins credentials manager by identifier and then pushed as part of the get request from get client towards the get server bucket or get hub. Got it. Okay. So, so now in terms of that doesn't put any constraints on the lifetime of that token right it doesn't put any that we rely on the the provider of the token to decide what's lifetime should be. And it doesn't put any constraints on how it arrived in the Jenkins credentials manager it could be that it's somehow generated and published automatically to the to the Jenkins credentials manager, the get client plug in just cares. I asked for a token by identifier and I get a value back and I ship it. So the issuer is this Jenkins credential manager, the issuer of the token. Either that or the issuer is the upstream repository and then it comes into Jenkins through some other means. Right. Yes, so, so the issuer from the get client plugins perspective is in fact, the Jenkins credentials manager. Got it. Okay. Other questions. All right. Oh, okay, well, go ahead. Thanks. My question is similar to Carlos. I was just wondering like, I guess the implementation for the bearer token identification is already active. So what exactly are we doing different. You may mention about making it simpler. What does simple mean. Good question. Okay, so that that's worth some some background on the get get client plug in authentication alternatives. So the get client plug in speaks to protocols. It either will speak to the remote server using SSH protocol, or it will speak to the remote server using HTTP protocol. When it speaks to the remote server using SSH protocol, it must use a private key. All right, so that's a private key type credential, something you and I would use when we run invoke an SSH command. Those are private keys. SSH private key is used for SSH protocol based communication. When the get client plug in today communicates through HTTPS with a an upstream server like GitHub or bit bucket. It uses username slash password credentials. So the username slash password credential is a different credential type in Jenkins than the SSH private key credential type. What this the idea here was we would add support to the get client plug in for one more credential type instead of just SSH private key and just username password. We would add secret text type where secret text is just a single string and that single string would be what would be pass as the bearer token. So the idea there was instead of two credentials system two credentials being allowed SSH for the SSH protocol and username password for HTTP. We would allow three where SSH is required for the SSH protocol, but either username password or secret text would be used for HTTP. And it would be up to the user to decide which credential they chose and that would then let us choose that type. So Okawama, did that answer your question? Yes, yes, it's very close. I think it's clear now. Okay, good. Yeah, and there's actually a pull request pending that proposes to add the support for secret text. However, the technique being used I guess this is another one where it's worth maybe it's worth highlighting this to everyone here. There is a pull request that proposes Hey, here's how we could add support for secret text and do this bear bear token authentication. The problem is that proposed pull request assumes a version of get which is newer than the versions that we support. So this is one of those oh flinch because some of my colleagues in the platform sig know what mark weight feels about certain old operating systems. Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 is not my friend, for example, but Debbie and 10 and Ubuntu 20, both ship a version of command line get that won't work with this pull request that's been submitted. And I would expect whoever proposes this project must propose a solution that will work with these older versions of get we simply cannot abandon our older or our users on old operating systems if the operating system is supported by Jenkins we owe it to them to keep supporting it. So it that that is a technical difficulty hiding in this project that you don't just have to think about the version of command line get that is running on your windows machine that you just barely installed. You also have to think very carefully about the command line get that is installed on mark weights Debbie and 10 box that he installed originally three or four years ago and is still using and keeping updated. So, so that's a that's a be safe and be aware. Any other questions on bear token authentication. Okay, you've been very patient let's talk about another question. Oh, go ahead. Oh, okay, well, okay, okay, model. No, I was giving it thumbs up. Oh, great. Thank you. Okay, super. Thanks very much. All right, we're we're we're we're I've used more time than I probably should have so let's get to the next one the plugin installation manager tool. Okay, so the plugin installation manager tool is used by people like me who construct Jenkins controllers with configuration as code. And we define the list of plugins that we want to install. And then the plugin installation manager tool downloads those plugins and makes them ready so that I can create my new Jenkins controller based on it. We use it in the Jenkins container images with Docker. There are users who use it outside of that for instance with a standard installation. It works really well. However, it doesn't always meet every need. And the challenge then is that there are some things that need to improve here. And those things that need to improve are you're invited to explore them to understand them. One of them for instance was discovered or discussed in depth at the Jenkins contributor summit in Brussels, Belgium, February 2 2024, where we need a concept of a lock file in the plugin installation manager tool with that lock file being a precise list of exactly the plugins we need, as opposed to the high level definition of which subset of plugins are most important to me that is used to generate the lock file. That's one. The other thing that we need from this particular project is Bruno and I right now are suffering because of a bug in this project. And that suffering is causing us to wish somebody would please fix that bug. You can find that bug in the list of issues. And it is that we're not resolving trans transitive dependencies correctly. So, so there's an interesting problem in graph theory hiding there. And this one needs your help. Any questions about the plugin installation manager tool improvements. Hey then Alyssa, I think we're ready to go on to Chris. I'm going to go ahead and stop sharing my screen for now unless there are there are questions. I am sharing my screen right now. Hey Chris. Me. Not there yet. Yeah, it's kind of weird. It seems like I'll stop. Back so. I'm sharing and sharing again. Hold on. Now that now is this the right slide now. It's still locked on shows Alyssa is starting a screen chair. While we're sorting that out, I see that there is a question there from Jana.  For a single project idea, how many people can contribute? Because you asked that again for a single project idea and then I lost the last of the sentence. Yeah, for a single project idea, how many people can contribute. You explained that Mark or do you want actually I'll leave it to you john mark or to Chris so. Yeah, okay. So, several people can compete. On one proposal or on one project idea. Only one person will be selected or a given project idea project. And this person will then be sponsored by Google during the summer to do the work. So, many people can compete only one person will be selected. And once selected, there will be only one person working on that project during GSOC. Does that answer your question. I don't want to take we can we can take these kind of questions at the end of the presentation we want to focus right now. From Akash in the chat. So, oh, I want to take a look at it and answer it because it's it's where to project. It's not a general question. So we have to plug in. You see it mark. I do see it. Okay, so let's let me see if I can give an answer. So how many features or enhancements can you propose as many as you feel will fit inside the time of the project. Remembering that project plans are are a best guess and propose several. I would not see any any shame in proposing a set. In this case, the most crucial ones, the bug fix that I want to see is a good way to show. Hey, I know how to work on this code. So you could even fix that prior to the prior to the release prior to the decision on which projects are being selected. There's an additional question. Oh, sorry. Oh, go ahead. What's the additional question additional question. How, yeah, follow up question. How will they be prior to rise. And I can answer that one is you propose so the candidates says, in my opinion, this is the order which I would like to tackle the different features. So you build a project plan. You can discuss it. People will review it so the mentors will say, well, my opinion for that and that reason I would change the order, but you come with a proposal. Don't forget one of the ideas behind Google summer code is that you, you're not going to do what you're told to do. You are in the lead, you are proposing things and we're just there to help you achieve that. So it's, it's a different relationship than at school, where you have to do what a teacher tells you to do. Does that answer the question, Akash, waiting on the. Eventually you can come back. Yeah, okay. Thank you very much. Being mindful of the time. I propose or suggest that we move to Chris presentation, and that we keep the remaining time for questions. Sure. Go ahead. Next, I'll talk about the implementing UI for Jenkins interest statistics project. It's supposed to be a medium sized because like Google just introduced three sizes this year. So used to be like this one was called the standard size last year. And the project difficulty is intermediate. It's, if you're a beginner, you're welcome to try to try to if you're capable so project nature is more in front end web development data visualization and presentation and maybe a bit of data wrangling to the goal is to build upon the current guitar pages base to UI into user friendly and full featured website for showcasing Jenkins interest statistics. So, this means that this project has some market value for Jenkins because like we can use it to to to get more sponsorship from interest parties. And it's may be why it could be like a potentially a good project to voice for because like it's kind of important to Jenkins. Skills wise, we'll use mostly react. So, either invites of it or gets me. So it would be probably in JavaScript, we might consider typescript but I don't think it's worth a hassle because I for if we do in typescript it may take longer. And I, it may take more work to get done properly. And also we'll be using pun libraries like Apache, each hot or plot need address, depending on like what the contributors preference and so. So is there any questions about this project. I just answering a small questions from Carlos in between so oh no we're we're going, I'll answer to you Carlos afterwards but first. I can't read rattle. I hope I don't butcher your name. Go ahead. Hello. Yeah, so after saying the code base, the first thing that I noticed that the number of Jason and CSV files are a lot. So I was thinking that to use a database SQLite database maybe, you know, make an API and fetch the data from there. Because it's said this way because like, I think it's like for security issues as well and on top of that, like, the infotainment say that that's the way they've been doing things and it may not be feasible to ask them to change the way things and we probably won't have access to pose rise surveys to fetch it from. So we have to work with. Yeah, hosted. That may be a limitation, but that's also like that that maybe has advantages to it too, because they got it's. In a sense, more stable. Okay, and one more thing I think I asked this in the chat, but that the part of the count of plugin per Jenkins version. That's actually hard coded in the website, in the GitHub pages, right for every file there is an HTML every plugin there's an HTML file hard coded and the data are hard coded. Yep. Okay. Let me try fun. We're looking at what you're talking about it's because I already found it so you mean in the way but right. Yeah, in the report. That's, that's, do we still remember which part of it is, and is it in test data. Yeah, let me see once. Yeah, inside the plugin versions folder. Plug in versions. I mean, I see it. Okay, just Yeah, you will see there are a lot of HTML files and each HTML file has the data of each plugin will hard coded into it. Okay. Like, do you have the power of what you're looking at? Can you share it with a chat? Share. I don't think my network will hold if I share. Oh, okay. Share a link via the chat. Yeah, just paste a link to the page that of concern in the chat system. No need to share your screen. Yeah, okay. Wait a second. Okay, let me see. I think like these. We have to, what was it was exactly a question you mean like for which file. Yeah, I'm basically asking in order to make it dynamic right we should make it dynamic if you're doing it in real instead of hard code. We have to replace all this. So we will have to replace all these in a wax. Right. Yeah, we have to make it into JSON or CSV file set for each plugin. I think they already have. The CSV. They have it. They have it but I didn't see it in the repo. They're generated and not hard coded. Yeah. Yeah, and one more thing I just made a demo web application to just see where it goes. Can you guys check once. Okay, so again, so where do you get that info? Yeah, sorry. What what do you say. So because I didn't catch like every word. Yeah, I was saying that yesterday I was like thinking how to make the website and stuff and I just made a demo website so would you like to review or something. You can post it in the chat like on Gitter so we can have we can all take a look. So all of the mentors can take a look because like when we do ranking all of us contribute not just one not just not just four mentors for the project or the lead mentor. Yeah, I didn't catch on. Can you repeat once. So the what Chris Chris is saying that these demos you can share in ask people to review it by sharing the link in the Gitter chat. But definitely you should hold on. But definitely you should mention them in the links to that in your proposal. So you the written document where you will describe what you're going to do and why we should pick up you as a. Yeah, right. And on top of that, like every mentor within Jenkins we evaluate every one of the projects. So like you may want to like, you may want more people who get to get a look get to take a look at what you've done. Depending question from Carlos and Chris how much time do you need for your last project. Should be quite short. Okay, we can go with a question from Carlos. Yeah. Okay, go ahead. Yeah. Sorry guys. Well, the question is I'm seeing the code so basically this project is to migrate from the jQuery version that you have to react. I'm mistaken or is to migrate from is like from the current GitHub pages version to react version to full version. Exactly. It's not very well designed. Yeah, because I'm seeing that you're using jQuery for the components so. Yeah, I see in the code. React. Yeah. Okay. Yes. Okay. And also another question is, do you have environments to test this if we do some coding just to test the resolution or how, how do you do that? It's saying the back and already the front. How do you. Manage that you have. Yeah, if we're back ends like that. There's a way to get the data. So I will let my co mentor talk about like later maybe on GitHub. You can ask him, then his name is Harvey. So if you ask the question, he will you monitor the channel. He'll know it. So you answer. So that's basically just to. Yeah, he's in charge. He's in charge of the info part of the project. Okay. He definitely knows. He knows where, where to test and set. Okay. Okay. Thank you. Yeah. And so, Carlos, the working assumption is build locally generate a static site so that we can see it. It's not nice. It's, it's much healthier for all of us. If we can do a local build. Rather than having to rely on. But I'm talking about just the front. Yeah, the front that we can do it locally. Yeah, you can create a docker container for that. But I'm talking about the backend because you need to access the file system or the repository. So, yeah. Yeah. And I think even there, the simple approach I've seen is. Download the data files to a local copy and reference them. Okay. Got it. Okay. Got it. It's mostly because if you want to see maybe improvements, let's say in the searching party in the, in the backend. Yeah. You need, you need some amount with amount of data to see if the, the change that you did basically is. Performance or not. So. Yeah. Basically is that. Thank you. Okay. So next one is improving plug in have score scoring mobility project. So it's same as last one of medium sized. So we, but it may be shorter than one in a certain five hours because it depends on how many, how many, how many probes you're going to add. The project difficulty is ranging from beginner to intermediate because it doesn't require like to like our knowledge, but we do require you to know some basic OP is Java to complete the project. Project nature. So plug in have score attempts to provide an accurate assessment of how much can help a pocket needs in its current state and can be used for every interested potential contributor to have an in depth look at how they can fulfill those needs based on expertise. This means that like it offers kind of like some metrics to user or contributor to decide like how much work they need to do to work to do on it to make it to make the plug in the functional one or to restore itself and make it like have a very good have school. So also allows users to make a conscious decision before installing and using a parking. So it's as is like for as reference with the users. So if if the health score is kind of low, they may consider not to install parking or uninstall it all together. And the goal is to add some additional probes to your scoreings to the parking house project. So we do have a cone. We pull for it is called parking health scoring as hosted within a thing within Jan's info and the skills to be gained or developed through these projects are Java OP data extraction and GitHub repositories. There is realization and lessons. And then we do have like some suggested probe ideas and plug and have scoring repo as well in the issues tracker so we may want to take a look if you're interested. And I think that's about it. Is there any questions about this project. We have already one from Carlos. Oh yeah. Yeah. So, so the, sorry, so the, the scoring part is already defined in the, in the code, right? How do you score or how do you define which is a health score for a plug for it. If you have more probes, you have to refine the formula to. Actually, it's necessary to define that part like a specification of something to decide when we'd be. Thank you. So, so Carlos, what I would, I would phrase what you just said slightly differently. The health score that we have today is a good health score, but we want to improve it and some of the improvement may be changing the scoring system that's being used adjusting weights or adjusting values that are being applied. So the measures might be adding new, new tests, new checks for this or that measure of health. And again, again, in order to include those in the score, they'll, that will require that the scoring system be adjusted to include them with an appropriate weight. Okay. Also, the idea of that health score component is to have an API for that to be consumed. Oh, it's much more than that.  I am. No, no, no. Well, you could either stop sharing or we could have you navigate to plugins that Jenkins.io. This is something I think it's worth showing people how it looks. Yeah. So if you if you could just open plugins that Jenkins.io. My computer is. It's still alive because we see it flickering in your glass. No, we cannot see you're joking. I'm joking. Well done. I'm getting there. Or, or Alyssa, if you prefer, I can share my screen either is fine. There's no, this is not, not something that it has to be you driving. Perfect. Okay. So here is the site. This is plugins dot Jenkins.io. There are by now almost 2000 plugins for Jenkins that are presented on this page with that many plugins. Jenkins administrators confront a very real problem. How good is this plugin that I'm considering installing should I actually install it. So Alyssa in the fine plugins field let's have you type in how about the word platform let's see platform is that a good choice. Let's let's yeah let's pick one get get is okay get is a very very reasonable and it's the most popular search term we're not adjusting the search. Okay, on the top left set of tab of cards you'll see in the card section get the top left most card that one click it. This is the Jenkins get plugin page. It's got all sorts of useful information pages and pages of documentation, etc. videos embedded la la la la la. All the way back up to the top Alyssa because we want to look at one of the other tabs there are five tabs across the top. So releases tells us what are the plugin releases that are available, and their change logs issues don't click issues because we don't want to wait. The get plugin has an embarrassing number of issues open on it dependencies tells us what are the things on which this plugin depends and which plugins depend on it. And the last one, the most important one for this discussion is health score. What you see here is this plugins health score is 99 out of 100. And the thing that lowers its score is in that nice highlighted section down below repository configuration. What this project is proposing to do is further improve this. So Alyssa for instance you could expand any one of those down arrows on the right hand side over by the 100% on adoption. And it says, Oh, here are the details that this score was applied to the plugin is not up for adoption. And it's been released fairly recently. So it didn't lose any points there. This site is what you're trying to improve. And yes, we do back end assessments to help us contribute to the site but ultimately we're presenting to users Carlos did you have a question there. That actually is clear. So, so basically with this, you can, I don't know, like, decide or define a which plugins needs to be. Yeah, the people to work on or something like that. This is one of the indicator that it gives the other one is when you're administrating Jenkins is instant and somebody of your team comes a I found this nifty plugin and I would like it to be installed or with the administrator can have a look and see there is this well maintained has it been released recently and so we have a couple of probes that give this picture and worse continuing to improve that. So the, for example, it's much better if a plugin has was released within the last year, then if it was released nine years ago, and we have plugins that were released nine years ago. So, so it's it's good for users to know, oh, this is current it's also good for them to see the list of maintainers on the right hand side there that hey there are multiple maintainers or if there are no maintainers that gives them another hint. Yeah, or if he said deprecated also to take a right deprecated is another one or open security vulnerabilities. It's all good contributors to health score. And it's we like for our users to know about those kinds of things. Yeah. Okay. Yeah, clear. Thank you. Chris was there anything else you wanted to highlight in terms of the screenshot the pictures. No, but maybe can we go also to the report itself to the plugin. I have scoring repo in. Yeah, that'll be a little more complicated Alyssa so so under the under the links under the links on the far right hand side there's GitHub if you click that that gets us to the repository for this plugin. I'm going to rewrite the URL. And I think it's well actually, Alyssa maybe I'll just paste it to you. Yeah, because I think it's isn't it called plug in site or plug in health score. Plug in health scoring here we go. So I'll paste it into the chat Alyssa in case that helps. Yeah. So, whoops, where is the chat. There we go. Here we go. So here is the page and this is the contributing page for if you just click that link. It'll take us into the right page. Contributive page. We can take a look at that. This. Are you able to so I pasted I pasted it into chat but we're currently seeing your get the get plugin page. It's not sharing. So now I have way too many things. Hold on just a minute. Perfect. Yeah. And Chris was there something specific you wanted to show I just took her to the contributing doc. So if you can like we can go through it quickly. So if you want do want to contribute to this project we remember to go to this page first to get like to get like the basic info about what to install and what steps to take because it can get kind of complicated and kind of confusing. 100%. Yes, actually I think this component is quite important because it's to keep basically a healthy login ecosystem. So, yeah. Right. Plugins are is the power of Jenkins. Yeah. But on the other side to manage or give clear indication. Well, yeah. It's like when you go to a to a restaurant or or self service you want to know if the food is good goods or or is too old. Yeah, the reviews right on the right. At least I can we go up top to the issues tracker. Issues. And maybe click on just probe. Just just click on the chip or whatever you call it. Click on. It's fine. Yeah, just click now. So I can see like all over here, especially first bill by Adrian. Those are the probe ideas that we currently have for for the GSoc2074 project. So, but you can always think of new ones. But the issues want to like the thing we the things we want to consider are like objectivity, how useful it is. And also like how accurate the measure can be. So like, so yeah, go ahead. Yeah, yeah, I was thinking that maybe the rules that maybe needs to be reviewed because I don't know what are the measures that you are taking maybe number number of commits the last month or the number of the number of downloads, or yeah, I don't know. I'm not I'm not sure about a number of downloads that it may be, it may be like a good measure, but not not like a very objective measure because it's a kind of popularity to is like, on top of that, like, it can be downloaded more because like there might be some issues sometimes. So that. Okay, so this is the indicator. Okay. Yeah, so we need to find like good indicators, good, good key measures, you know, to determine like which new probes to add. And it's like, we have some other suggestions previously and they were not good and retracted them based on some reasons that like they may not be like very accurate and reproducible. That's why we don't we have to be very careful we can see which probe to add. Yeah, I think guys, a matter of review the rules and maybe try to add more meaningful ones but that's good. Yeah, meaningful ones. Yeah. So, Jean-Marc, you have a question. Yes. Well, I don't have a question I have a comment because we're reaching slowly the top of the hour. I'd like to make a general comment here. So, GSOC at this stage, and we're still waiting to know what are the organization that will be selected. So, but in any case, sort of the rewind, take a deep breath. Sorry. A lot of people will compete, will work on a proposal, get interested, and will try things on. Not being selected does not mean that you need to close everything, forget it, and so on. What I would like to advocate here is saying that the work that you're going to do and the preparation, even if not selected, is worth the exercise. And I encourage you also to continue for the fun for two reasons. And the most important one, this is the best way to learn how things work, how to contribute, learn what others did and you're building on their shoulders. And this is a very important way to grow. I agree. This is a competition and there's nice pocket money to earn with that. It's very, it looks very good on resume. But it's not the only thing. And learning how to contribute, how to participate in a big project and being proud that your code has been merged and is being used by thousands of people. Just that is worth doing the effort. So don't do it only for winning and be part of the team that will attack the summit, the picture of the mountaineering in the beginning. You can still learn. You can still have a lot of fun and also give back to the community by participating. I just wanted to share that insight. It's a competition agreed, but contributing, participating. And I heard with a question a lot of people get excited. Oh, this is interesting. This is interesting. And so don't refrain yourself. Just participate to it, learn. People will be around maybe in other forms to help you. Maybe not the same pace as GSOC, but the community here is welcoming and everybody learns from these parents. So I'll stop talking as an old man with white hairs, but just very interesting and useful things to do. So yeah, so we're out almost out of time. We got like less than a minute, but as I mentioned earlier, I will send out the slide and the slide deck and the recording to this meeting shortly. And then we still have the remaining list of project ideas that we will cover with you at a later day in time. So I'll probably try to schedule that for next week. So keep an eye out for that. But otherwise, keep the conversations going and get her and we'll talk soon. Bye. Thank you everybody. Bye. Bye. Thank you for your attendance.