In the previous lecture, we have looked at some of the broad classifications on magnetic materials and we also looked at a clear divide between two sets of magnetic materials. One is soft and other one is hard magnetic materials and we looked at some example of soft magnetic materials like permaloid, alnico, and samarium cobalt and also some ferrites which show soft magnetic material properties and we also looked at a broad classification on permanent magnets and what are the criteria for a permanent magnet and broad classification and we also looked at some of the alloys which are used mostly alloys and borides show this permanent magnet property and also we looked at some of the ceramic materials which show this permanent magnet property. In today's lecture, I am going to deal further on some of the examples of magnetic materials specifically related to magnetic recording media and lastly I am going to touch on some magnetic phenomena which always comes out when we specially deal with ferromagnetic materials. When we think of paramagnetic diamagnetic materials, we do not see so much of a manifestation as much as we deal with ferromagnetic. So in ferromagnetic materials, there are certain issues that we need to have in mind specially when we deal at low temperature. Therefore those issues which are specifically important for ferromagnetic materials, I would like to discuss in the later part of the lecture. So let us quickly go through some of the examples that we saw in the previous lecture on magnetic materials. We looked at the properties of permanent magnets, the classification based on metal alloys or inter metallic compounds specially those with borides and then a ceramic ferrite which is called barium hexaferrite. Now the numbers that we usually look for in permanent magnet is those of coercivity and the energy product. Energy product is defined as B H max and this is expressed in kilojoules or in mega orston and the more the energy product better is the behavior as a permanent magnet and as you would see here the inter metallics usually have a larger proportion of energy product compared to alloys and we also have a substantial degree of contribution from ferrite which is a ceramic compound. Ceramic compounds although they show this property but the fabrication is a intricate issue because it is often brittle therefore you cannot sinter it. But this particular compound barium hexaferrite you can achieve up to 95 percent theoretical density therefore it is possible to use this as a permanent magnet. Not only it is used as a permanent magnet is reported but barium hexaferrite is also used in thin film recording media we will see that shortly. So when we look at the permanent magnet applications we need to bear in mind these two parameters and the more the energy product better its application we will quickly go back to all the compounds that we have seen and the range of applications that these magnetic materials hold. These are a wide variety of alloys that we can see and alloy processing itself is a challenge and therefore there are lot of chemistry routes material chemistry route that is adopted to prepare magnetic materials specially those of amorphous alloys. Because amorphous alloys is very difficult to prepare by conventional metallurgical means because when you make alloy using a conventional melting technique you usually crystallize that alloy or they are crystalline in nature but amorphous alloys have to be suddenly quench therefore the bottom up approach is usually favored for making this material one of the most important route is sonochemistry which we have seen in one of the lectures in module one. And then we need to understand in perspective that ceramic compounds mainly those which are iron based compounds find use in applications as you would see here gamma Fe 2 O 3 and CRO 2 both are simple oxides but they actually hold the magnetic recording media and even now this hold the market although we have several other candidates there but when we think of tape material still gamma Fe 2 O 3 and CRO 2 hold potential and this is a multi billion dollar industry which can never be compromised or substituted by any other material therefore we will study little bit about this two oxides in this lecture and then we have seen yesterday how by changing the zinc ferrite either substituting with manganese or nickel you can change the resistivity by orders and this is also a soft material which is used in magnetic recording today I will also mention little bit about YIG which is a garnet and hexafarite which is used in several other applications like microwave technology permanent magnets and magnetic recording media. If you look at this samarium cobalt which is a very popular alloy you see this is a very tricky or a very complex structure although they crystallize in hexagonal symmetry this is your samarium cobalt compound and this is samarium 2 cobalt 17 and these are very highly ordered alloys and if you look at this samarium cobalt 5 it is exactly the base material for the samarium cobalt 17 except for some of the samarium atoms are replaced by this sort of double shaped copper cobalt cobalt dimer. So this is a very intricate alloy that one has to engineer to prepare it carefully so is the case for neodymium iron boride where you can see the structure is quite complex one with the tetragonal unit cell. Now preparing these compounds is a material challenge and that is where materials chemistry is also a valued component most of these compounds are usually prepared by powder metallurgy and they are melted and when they are melted they are ground into micrometer sized particles and once you get the preferred dimension then these are actually oriented magnetically by an external magnetic field and then they are density densified by further sintering. So this is a very intricate procedure to get these permanent magnets it is not a simple grinding and heating but it involves a careful orientation of these grains along a particular axis mainly the magnetic field is applied along the z axis so that these are elongated particles along a preferred axis and as you would see from the magnetic behavior they have in all these magnets they have a preferred easy axis of magnetization meaning it cannot be randomly magnetized only in a preferred direction you can magnetize it therefore preparation of these materials become very very important and challenging. This is a ceramic ferrite or a ceramic magnet which is called a barium hexafarite. Barium hexafarite is named such a way because it is a solid solution of barium oxide and six formula units of Fe2O3 you can take this and grind it to get a single phase like this but normally to prepare a single phase material of barium hexafarite is very very difficult therefore soft chemistry roots have been adopted very much to engineer this compound. What makes this particular compound interesting is that it has a very high intrinsic coercivity of the order of 160 to 240 kilo amps per meter so because of this very high coercivity this is a very preferred compound for permanent magnetic materials. However when we try to look at the morphology if you look at the morphology of this barium hexafarite these are hexagonal platelets and not necessarily the desired shape for recording media but what happens is the easy axis of magnetization actually remains along the perpendicular direction to the plane of the surface as a result they usually exhibit a perpendicular anisotropy. Particles may be platelet type but the orientation of the magnetization will be perpendicular to the platelet morphology as a result this is usually used in perpendicular recording media not only that one hassle is there in using this for recording media as a memory storage material but the intrinsic coercivity is a problem because such a high magnitude is not decided for magnetic recording so if you want to use this for permanent magnet you look for high coercivity when you want to use the same material for recording you need to tailor down the coercivity how do you do that usually we substitute the iron atoms with little bit of cobalt or titanium immediately the coercivity comes down so with that you can still use this for a recording purpose or for making a thin film recording media and the point that we need to bear in mind is because of the perpendicular anisotropy this is one of the most preferred material which is not exhibited in any of the other soft ferrites although they are used for course in several electrical applications this is the only compound which is used for magnetic recording because of its perpendicular anisotropy so that way this stands off as a most preferred material compared to some of the alloys we will come little bit more into discussion on magnetic storage when we think about magnetic storage and applications of these magnetic materials we need to understand in perspective there are two things one is the material that is used for storing the memory magnetic memory and the other one is the material that is used for reading the magnetic information both are important and to read the material that is stored you need a magnetic material and to store you need a magnetic material so in this the materials chemistry again plays a very important role and as you see one of the important component in magnetic storage is the read head there are several ways that you can do that one is in one configuration the same material can write in another configuration the material can read or it can do only one job but today the new generation computers or storage devices usually have a head which is capable of writing as well as reading so these are popularly known as read and write heads so read write heads are also specially designed based on new generation magnetic materials so this is to do with the read head which is currently used in most of our recording applications and the other one is the material that is used for storage if you look at the storage media there are two things that are prevalent now we are in the age where we are using pen drives and few years back we were using CD and we were using floppy disk the floppy disk actually has a tape material compared to the CD so that was the transformation between a particulate magnetic media and thin film magnetic media so that was a clear divide between this floppy disk and the CD ROMs once the CDs came then the next question was how much I can condense this CDs into a smaller devices that is how the iPod came and the pen drives came so when we think about magnetic materials in all these applications you have two sets of two generation of material which are used but nevertheless when we think about the entertainment industry it is all actually stored in tapes in high quality tapes so the material that is used for recording media is usually alpha or sorry gamma Fe2O3 which is a low temperature form of iron oxide this has a very particular specific manifestation or it has a very preferred orientation where it can prove effective for magnetic media and if you are thinking about a thin film magnetic recording media then we look for alloys and the most preferred one is cobalt platinum chromium alloy or cobalt chromium tantalum alloy so what you see as a hard disk is nothing but it is a material that is made out of alloy what you see as a tape material is nothing but one which is made either of gamma Fe2O3 or another popular one is CRO2 which is also a good tape material so a particulate type and thin film type are the two generation storage materials now this is a cassette which I fondly like to remember because if you have gone got exposed to any of the tape recorder which is no more available now in market tape recorders usually had a option to say whether it is CRO2 tape because for CRO2 tape the way the read head will read or scan the tape will have a different sensitivity compared to gamma Fe2O3 based tape materials so this is a cassette which is a CRO2 cassette it is called CRO2 90 minute virgin cassette as you can see this is a very expensive one sold those days but we have lot of advances in this storage media so a typical cassette tape has a material which is made of chromium dioxide chromium dioxide originally known as a chromium dioxide tape it is good high frequency sensitivity actually helps in minimizing on the tape noise because when you play the tapes you usually have a noise the background coming and that is because of the sensitivity and greatly that has been improvised by application of CRO2 and the company which really marketed or made billions of dollars out of this CRO2 tape is the TDK company and even now the video tapes that are available those are made out of a black compound if you have time and just take a look at the tape that is running in those video tapes you would see it is a dark one whereas the audio tapes that were sold will be brown in color so the brown ones are usually gamma Fe2O3 and the black ones are usually those made of CRO2 and the main contrast between these two is gamma Fe2O3 is easily made compared to CRO2 therefore CRO2 is used for very specific applications because to make CRO2 in a preferred geometry is very important so what is what are the numbers that we need to remember regarding particle particulate magnetic recording media the most important thing is the shape anisotropy of small elongated magnetic particles which will actually give you the required coercivity that is needed for superior recording performance so we need to know that when we talk about particle particulate magnetic recording the most governing principle there is the shape anisotropy and CRO2 therefore can be successfully made using hydrothermal process I have already dealt in one of my lectures in module 1 where hydrothermal conditions are the only preferred way to get CRO2 in a needle or acicular shape so actually this is the way you have the aspect ratio of these particles and that is exactly needed for the magnetic recording in a preferred direction and mainly because you need to smear this CRO2 particles on a tape material and they need to have a particular axis of orientation it cannot be random therefore for particulate medium which is usually a tape material which has a polymer base you prefer needle shaped CRO2 particles so this is one of the criteria for tape applications the other one is ion oxide that is used and ion oxide again has acicular or needle shaped geometry and acicular ion oxide particles are magnetically stable since the shape induce uniaxial magnetic anisotropy is actually dominating the magnet of crystalline anisotropy therefore this is of a particular advantage over other materials this is a review graph to tell you what exactly I was talking about the shape anisotropy and this is the desired form of gamma Fe2O3 if you want to use it for tape because there are several chemical roots by which gamma Fe2O3 can be made but those usually end up with this sort of irregular shaped or spherical shaped particles but those are not preferred for the tape applications so this is made specially out of a particular chemical process so if you really need to win over in terms of applications we need to control the morphology and whenever we think about controlling the size we usually resort to a particular chemical process and hydrothermal condition usually comes as a aid mainly because you use high pressure to force the morphology. The next point that I want to drive home is the use of this magnetic materials for thin film media so thin film magnetic recording media usually is used for CDs and also for making the read hits read hits are never tape materials those are those are some iron cores which is coated with a particular magnetic material so in addition to the composite particulate magnetic recording media we have this magnetic thin film media which actually has taken over the hard disk applications so the criteria for thin film recording media is again similar to the tape material that we mentioned it should have magnetic hardness in terms of high coercivity, high remanence magnetization and high coercivity squareness and also the energy product also we need to have a low noise this would ensure good application for thin film media the candidates that are usually used are mostly metals or alloys the most preferred one is the cobalt based alloys and several processes have been developed not just the physical vapour deposition but if you want to make this in a larger scale the most convenient and inexpensive route is sputtering where you do not really look for a very high quality of epitaxy but just a particular orientation that is possible using sputtering because you can really make a large area deposition for this and mainly this has to be on a real real to real basis so this is achieved using vacuum technology so just want to make some sum up on these two range of materials for magnetic recording the numbers that we are looking for is the coercive field and this coercive field is actually controlled by two parameters one is the magnet of crystalline anisotropy where your k l or k u dominates k l or k u is nothing but the magnet of crystalline anisotropy coefficients which are specific for either a cubic or a uniaxial ferromagnet and then your shape anisotropy also comes into picture so shape anisotropy and magnet of crystalline anisotropy they determine the value that you can generate out of it so the values that you generate for shape anisotropy is roughly of the order of 800 kilo amps per meter so these are the estimates specifically mentioned for small magnetic particles the fascinating material which not only shows the room temperature metallic property because this is the only oxide which is both ferromagnetic as well as it is metallic at room temperature so this is a very important oxide in magnetic recording not only that in the recent past we have observed another unique feature of this c r o 2 particles especially when you talk about small particles not as a thin film if you look at the small particle you can see the resistivity of this metal seems to be rising at low temperature when they rise at low temperature that means the exchange coupling between the particles are affected because of the random orientation of this ferromagnetic domains so as result if you try to look at the influence of magnetic field on c r o 2 you can see here there is a substantial increase in the magnet of resistance ratio in other words c r o 2 can be used not only for magnetic tape material but it can also be used for read head application mainly because it is responding to a field and it varies the resistance how it varies the resistance at 0 field you see the resistance is at its maximum and at higher field the resistance almost drops down and this is the case with the with change in temperature as you would see here nearly 44 percent of negative magnet of resistance ratio is achieved at 4.2 Kelvin for this c r o 2 particles and that is mainly happening because your transfer integral of one spin to the other spin is actually governed by cos theta i j which is the angle that is made between two spins so when you apply higher field and at low temperature you can actually bring about a collinear exchange between two c r o 2 particles so as a result you see as large drop in resistance even at very fairly low field so this is one of very important breakthrough in the recent past on c r o 2 technology where c r o 2 can not just be used for as a tape material but it can also be used for magnetic sensor applications but the challenge in c r o 2 is that it has to be prepared under extremely difficult conditions because if you take a c r o 3 which is a lab reagent and then you heat it all you would get is c r 2 o 3 which is chromium tri oxide and this is a green compound which is thermodynamically stable so your c r o 3 6 hexavalent compound comes to a trivalent compound and it is very difficult to promote this c r 3 plus here to c r 4 plus that is why it has to be stabilized under high pressure condition so one of the most important way by which we can stabilize c r o 2 is by hydrothermal process where you apply very high pressure to a starting compound so that you can stabilize this phase so this is a very narrow range where you can stabilize c r o 2 and the production of c r o 2 has actually crippled the massive use of this in the recording medium and this is actually crystallizing in a t o 2 rutile phase and you can see this is a typical x-ray pattern that you should get but what you would see is a bit of c r 2 o 3 coming as impurity which is not a desired so to get 99.999 percent pure c r o 2 is a challenge which is the challenge for the materials chemist now the other important application in magnetic memory is bubble memory what is this bubble memory there are some compounds which actually in the presence of external field will not show a systematic orientation of domains rather the domains will coalesce into a bubble and this bubble can actually move and in this bubble you can try to store the memory and this is a cartoon which tells what is this bubble memory about it forms a bubble where the read write chamber is placed and you can sense this magnetic information as a 0 1 bit and this is confined more in a circular motion not in a linear fashion that is why it is called bubble memory but this bubble memory actually has one critical disadvantage because it takes more time to read the information as a result what was predicted to be a breakthrough in the early 70s later faded out because lot of new compounds started coming which was a pleasant replacement for this bubble memory devices some of the notable materials which are used as bubble memory devices are perma-loy the first discovery was actually on perma-loy and later ferrites were used so just run through some of the definition for what this bubble memory is about it is a type of non-volatile computer memory that means it is non-volatile because even after you remove the magnetic field the magnetic information will still be there whereas in non in volatile memory devices with the moment you remove the magnetic field the memory information is lost whereas in this magnetic bubble memory devices it is a non-volatile computer memory and this actually uses a thin film magnetic material and this thin film magnetic material can be magnetized into small bits or small bubbles and therefore you can actually hold the memory in each bubble and you can treat each of this bubble as a bit so that is why you call this as bubble and not domains each of this stores one bit of data so bubble memory started out in 1970s but it failed because of the commercial disadvantage it was actually Paul Charles who actually worked with perma-loy who observed that the domains can actually orient perpendicular to the plane of the film and that gives an idea about a perpendicular anisotropy so magnetic domains are in orthogonal directions with the film and a group of compound which showed this property is from the ceramic ferrites in other words oxides and they are called as ortho ferrites. Ortho ferrites are usually RE Fe O 3 where your RE is nothing but rare earth so we can talk about lanthanum Fe O 3 or we can say neodymium Fe O 3 these are called ortho ferrites and one of the reason why they are called ortho ferrites is because they show magnetization which is orthogonal to the thin film surface and this is very peculiar because not all the magnetic compounds can show such a orientation and if you actually try to channelize it by running wires on this thin film and in x y direction what you can do is you can generate a array of this bubbles and this bubbles can be used to store datas it was later by IBM personnel Bobbeck who could use magnetize small spots perpendicular to the surface and could move the magnetic spots more in whatever fashion you can design and some of the ways that you can do that is seen in the next few slides the difference between the ortho ferrite and the normal magnetic material is this when you place the magnetic material between poles usually the opposite poles attract the respective ones so in this case the shaded colors tell tells you how a typical magnet would respond but ortho ferrite will actually respond this way it will not align opposite but rather it will exhibit a dipole so it will it will remain perpendicular to the pole and therefore you can get a domain structure like this a bubble memory device or a material will actually show your domain in this form and these shaded areas or colored regions are the bubbles perpendicular to the plane of the film so now if you try to place it between a poles of a magnet then you can see all these bubbles whatever you are seeing this coalesce into small bubbles and then if you try to use some small magnets then you can easily move this bubbles throughout so what you can do you can try to put some circular wires and if you try to homogeneously apply a field then if these are the shapes of your ferrites then you can actually rotate this bubbles in any direction that you want so if you want this to go in a linear direction then this is the configuration that you need to keep so you can generate each of this red once what you see here is nothing but a bubble that you can generate and you can push it along a particular direction if you want V shaped motion then you can design something like this so this is one of the very distinct feature of a bubble memory device which is used for storage application and to know whether these are really homogeneous you can get micrographs of these ortho ferrites and you can see here this MFM mapping can clearly give you the domains which are rich in ferromagnetic component and the regions which are rich in anti ferromagnetic component so this can be clearly studied and the phase homogeneity can be modified. Another compound which is of interest is garnet garnet is also used in storage media this is believed to have no preferential direction of magnetization since the garnet is cubic so it is not supposed to show any isotropic behavior so this was again used by Bobak to explore the application for a bubble memory applications. One of the important feature of this garnet is that it is used more in magneto optical devices reason they can this YIG or etium ion garnet is actually capable of rotating the plane of light so this can be used in magneto optical applications specially for faraday effect where you can use this more as a polarizer so if you use this light you can plane polarize it when you pass it through a polarizer made of YIG and in that case you can actually get a plane polarize light as a output therefore you can study the ferromagnetic response of any magnetic material so this is one of a very important application of garnet that is used in today's device for example notable application is in the field of smoke smoke is nothing but surface magneto optical care effect this is a optical way of studying the care rotation so if a magnetic material if a material is magnetic then it will actually rotate the plane polarize light in different directions so you will get a hysteresis like this similar to what you get in a VSM in a vibrating sample magnetometer or using a squid if you see a hysteresis the same hysteresis can be generated using a plane polarize light and this is specifically used for recording media these are some of the view graphs of YIG shows how the ferromagnetic domains are aligned this is mapping under magnetic imaging this is a MFM image of the same thing and this is a unusual structure which is not as simple as the spinal structure or the orthophoretic structure so this has its own characteristics of crystal and lastly I would like to conclude on the classification of this magnetic materials with those which are present generation materials used for read heads this is a cartoon that you would see in an IBM website where the current read head mechanism is very clearly mentioned and what is being used nowadays is a permaloid based read head material that is nothing but a multi layer device so if you look at the read head structure this is where your read headed which is a very small spot and if you try to magnify that to see this is a multi layer which is kept over inductive coils and the tip of this read head is nothing but a multi layer which is of this geometry and this is made of several structures and the popularly this is called as spin valve structure because with these it is possible for you to rotate the magnetic moment of the top layer so if your layer has to read your magnetic memory or magnetic information in 0 1 bit then this top layer magnetic moment has to rotate very freely and that is why it is called spin valve it can easily be flipped so the spin valve is the current generation 1 and that is one of the reason why we are able to store lot of memory even in a small area so the field sensitivity of this spin valve is very very important and the compound that really shows such a read head capability or the spin valve device is nothing but bi layers of iron chromium or nickel iron and copper sort of multi layers the view graph that we see here is nothing but a response of resistance normalized resistance over field and what you see is a multi layer device which is made of iron chromium repeat of the order of 30 such bi layers or 36 or 60 such bi layers you can make where after every 3 nanometer iron layer you see a 0.9 nanometer thin chromium layer so this is nothing but a magnetic non-magnetic bi layers so if you stack such magnetic non-magnetic bi layers what you are effectively bringing into perspective is a ferromagnetic and a anti-ferromagnetic coupling between two magnetic layers so if you have this sort of a anti-ferromagnetic ferromagnetic coupling then in the presence of the field and in the absence of the field you see a change in the response and that is what we call it as magneto resistance so let us take the case of a simple bi layer like this at 0 field it has a very high resistance and at say 10 kilo gauss you can see that the resistance has shifted but if you control the size of this interlayer from 1.8 nanometer if you go down to 0.9 nanometer you can see this fall is quite steep so thinner the non-magnetic layer higher the magneto resistance response so what essentially it means is in the absence of field and in the presence of field I can control the resistance so that is why it is called as a magnetic sensor and this is precisely a sort of layer that is used in the current read head applications so this is actually taking over most of the attention compared to the traditional magnetic materials that are used in the read head applications so what we have seen so far is the range of magnetic materials from ferromagnetic to ferromagnetic we have seen some of the examples of diamagnetic materials and we have largely looked at the different classification of compounds between hard and soft magnets and some of the candidates for magnetic storage media. In the next few minutes I am going to discuss with you about some of the problems one would encounter when we handle ferromagnetic compounds although ferromagnetic compounds are a luxury to use in several applications the way the magnetic response happens at a wide range of temperature say room temperature and low temperature actually brings about interesting physics and chemistry so I am going to show some of the magnetic phenomena which are embedded in system which we need to understand in perspective some of these examples I will be discussing in detail in the next module but I will show only the examples to highlight the point of magnetic phenomena for example one issue that often we confront in ferromagnetic material is spin glass it is not only seen in oxides but also in other metallic compounds to show what the spin glass behavior is I take this popular example of a phase diagram of lanthanum calcium magnet if you take lanthanum magnet and dope it with calcium then as a function of calcium you can see the ferromagnetic response varies in other words the curie temperature keeps on varying so there is a domain where you can see this is the domain where you get a very strong ferromagnetic response but as you keep on substituting calcium before and after here and here the ferromagnetic response vanishes completely and you get into a sort of related phenomena and that is exactly one of the phenomena is spin glass which you can actually see in this domain spin glass and what we also observe in the same ferromagnetic material is a charge ordering these are all embedded along with the system and we can understand how to eliminate or what the origin of these mechanisms are now what makes this lanthanum magnet more interesting is that if you look at the band structure of this lanthanum magnet these are the 2 p bands from oxygen and this is the 3d band from manganese and you would see that this is the situation when the material is above Tc temperature is above the curie temperature this is the band structure but once you go to temperature below Tc when the system or the material is showing ferromagnetic nature you can see that at the Fermi level the up spin electrons or the d bands dominate over the other sub band that is the low spin sub band so as a result this has high degree of spin polarization and this makes it very important for magnetic application spin polarization but what happens this half metallicity or 100 percent spin polarization of one particular carrier of electron is actually distorted by several other factors which happens in the lattice now this is the cartoon which tells what is important about this lanthanum magnet and what is the magnetic phenomena usually we confront with what is happening here is you have a manganese 3 plus and you have a manganese 4 plus so this manganese 3 plus has a eg electron which actually goes via oxygen 2p to manganese 4 plus and then this becomes a manganese 3 and this becomes manganese 4 then the same electron can go reverse back which is called as double exchange ferromagnetism and when this double exchange ferromagnetism happens if you look at the AB plane which is nothing but manganese oxygen manganese oxygen manganese so this is your AB plane the ferromagnetism is actually ordered in this direction and this is a strong ferromagnet it is a correlated for ferromagnetism but when you go to low temperatures what happens some of these ferromagnetic clusters can actually disalign and they can get frozen into a cluster therefore this can freeze as it is as a disordered state but each of this can be grouped as a ferromagnetic domain so this is not completely it has lost ferromagnetism but there is a competing interaction to the strongly ferromagnetic character that you would see at the TC so at room temperature when it is a ferromagnet this is the situation when you go to low temperatures you have competing interactions which we call it as spin glass or as cluster glass or as cluster glass what happens this is a ferromagnetic domain this is a ferromagnet but they are misaligned as a result you won't get a strong ferromagnetic loop rather in the absence of a magnetic field you would see that it is almost going towards zero so how do we see that in a typical magnetic response this is a m versus t data which shows there is a strong ferromagnetic transition at low temperature there is no problem it is strongly ferromagnet and as you bring it to the curie temperature it becomes a paramagnetic situation so this is a simple m versus t response of a typical ferromagnetic compound but what happens when you try to remove the field and cool the substance what is happening here is the same compound which is showing a very sharp transition here when you do a ZFC that is zero field cooling it immediately shows a response like this so what is this response this is called as blocking temperature Tb and this is called as Tf which is called a freezing temperature why because at this place the ferromagnetic domains are totally frozen into a spin glass it is more like a cluster glass and how do I know that you if you carefully look at the relative or the complementary response of this resistance versus temperature you can see corresponding to this transition you can see a very clear metal insulated transition but as you go down the temperature with the fields that are freezing you can see the resistance is sharply going so it is showing metallicity in this regime which is corresponding to this ferromagnetic ordering when it is getting cluster glass situation or when it is frozen as a spin glass then you see that the domains are not coupling together or there is no exchange coupling between two domains as a result you can see the resistance is going so when you have a complementary response between resistance and magnetization and when you see this set of typical behavior then you can classify this as cluster glass now what is the difference between a cluster glass and a anti ferromagnet in a anti ferromagnet you would exactly see the whole thing the moment sharply going to 0 which means even with very little field it is it would not be possible for me to reverse the anti ferromagnetic coupling so if you apply an external field say 1000 R state or 500 R state it is not possible to remove this anti ferromagnetic coupling whereas in spin glass or cluster glass even with very little field for example it is mentioned here as 100 R state with 100 R state if I apply somewhere if I sit here at this temperature and apply 100 R state then immediately this behavior comes back so this is the signature of a cluster glass or a spin glass but why we are studying this why this is important because this can certainly bring about a candid response or influence on the electrical behavior so if you want your material to be a metallic material down to 100 K or 50 K and if you want a magnetic response then there should not be any spin glass behavior in that case we need to modify the composition so that we can get a strong ferromagnetic ordering for example if you take another compound or another substituted compound of ruthenium lanthanum magnate you can see between this and this there is a very small opening it is not as this one what it means is the spin glass behavior in this particular composition is very very less than this one therefore the competing anti ferromagnetic interactions are minimal in this case compared to this composition so this much of information we can try to understand for want of time I will not be able to discuss other issues but I just want to sum up on this cluster glass here is another compound but this compound is actually varied with different applied external field and the ZFC and FC curves are recorded here as you would see here if I do the ZFC FC curve at 2 tesla you hardly see any change between these two which means the cluster glass influence is actually suppressed by external magnetic field whereas if you lessen the external field to just 300 r std then the opening becomes bigger and if you go still further if you just apply very meager magnetic field then you can see a very clear spin glass or cluster glass behavior coming so what it means is this anti ferromagnetic interactions can be largely minimize when you study this material under high magnetic field with this I should be able to end because I do not have much time to cover other examples so I would just sum up with one particular view graph that we have seen some of the issues related to magnetic phenomena in ferromagnets especially the spin glass and I have also touched upon in this lecture on special materials which are specific to bubble memory devices and also storage recording media.


Hi everybody, Joe for Jaspy's casebreaks.com. We knocked out that filler that knocks out three breaks. So first we're gonna do chronicles and then if you're watching live, the next two videos will be those optic contenders optic basketball breaks. But this is 2020, 2021 Panini Chronicles basketball six box pick your team number six. Second half of the case that we popped open last night. There you go. So on December 2nd, thank you very much everybody for spending a bit of your Thursday with us. So if you see a little rooftop next to your name, that means you won those spots. In fact, for example, for Patrick, he won a spot into the filler to win a spot. So nice little parley there. And I think Serenity ended up with last spot mojo with Dallas. So thanks everybody, appreciate it. No matter how you got in, whether you bought spots or you bought fillers to get into the fillers, to get into the spots, no matter how you did it, I appreciate it. All right, now remember last night, we marked these with six. So we know they're all from the same case. And away we go, good luck. Joe Christian talking a little fanatics here. Yeah, that seems to be, I can't really say for sure. Obviously, I don't know either way, but it seems to be that the speculation is that once fanatics, once push comes to shove, fanatics will end up attempting to buy some of the major manufacturers and then let them operate the way they normally would, is the hope, I think. But everything's good now, Rex. Rex was having some buffering issues, but everything seems to be good now. All right, there's Emmanuel Quickly, 85 out of 149, LeBron, and CJ Elby, 10 out of 99, Limited Jersey and Autograph for Portland.  Maybe you need to go to Roy, won that spot. Maybe YouTube hiccuped or something like that, or maybe our internet hiccuped. There's Chris Middleton to 149, there it goes this way, 86 out of 149. Middleton is gonna go to Sean Maddock in Milwaukee. James Wiseman to 49, nice James Wiseman for the Warriors, that'll be for Jared. And we've got a Monty Morris Autograph, Rookies and Stars Airborne Auto for Denver, that'll be for Ryan Kasin and Lamello Ball for Kevin and Charlotte. Why won't, Joe P, why wouldn't you want fanatics to do that? Otherwise, Tops and Panini don't have any license, any players union licensing, they're essentially a bit neutered, really be able to do anything. 47 out of 149, Chris Paul. Joe, you know what their plans are for the hobby? Michael Hughes, Phoenix Suns, and we've got a nice XR Lamello Ball. We've got more Lamello, all these add up, Kevin. And there's an Anthony Edwards.  I mean, I think people just say that cause they're just anti-change and they're just like, all change is bad. The hobby especially has been traditionally like that. I mean, people thought Panini getting into the business was bad. I haven't discussed this in depth with Mike Jaspis and the boss man, Nick's dad, here. But he has a couple friends that are kind of high up in fanatics that he's been friends with over the decades that's been in the industry. And from the conversations they've had, from the conversations they've had, overall, Mike walked away feeling good about it. And he's got more experience in the hobby than any of us. I mean, there are gonna be changes in that and we just don't know what's gonna happen there. But there's Sadiq Bay to 49, there's Devin Vassel to 99, RJ Hampton, there's Precious Achua to 149, and Cassius Winston. No, it's not, but that's been what Tops and Panini have been trying to do for ages. It's really gonna hurt the distributors more than the consumers, I think, is my guess. I mean, hopefully they can still get, I mean, I feel bad for the distributors because I think they're gonna be the ones that are kind of pushed out. But they're gonna respect the consumer level hobby shop, 31 out of 149, John Wall. But I think as Joe Christian was saying, right, companies buy companies all the time. As long as they're making money, yeah, they don't want to disrupt. And they don't want to disrupt what's been a bit of a golden goose, you know what I mean? There's Lamello Ball, Charlotte, 67 out of 99, James Weisman, and Isaiah Thomas, 21 out of 199. I think that's gonna be a big part of it, but I think Joe is right. So I think, and I don't know anything exactly, so this is not on the record or anything like that, but yes, they want to improve the retail buying experience, Joe P. I think that's what you're reading. They want to improve that retail buying experience.  But selling retail, like Rex was talking about buying Chronicles boxes at Walmart or whatever, that's been a mess over the years. You know, like being able to sell it and the secondary market going unchecked and all that sort of stuff, it's been a mess. I think they're trying to fix that and improve that retail experience. And a lot of it is gonna be some like direct stuff to straight to the customer, which Panini has already started doing with first off the line stuff.  There's another Lamello ball. At least that's the buzz I'm hearing. And a lot of conversations with fanatics as well is the buzz, nothing official. There's Jonas Fallon, June is 67 out of 99. Breakers maybe not the local car shop will be fine. There's OB Topp into 149. Local car shops who are smart, I think would be fine. And there's Damian Lillard. All right, three boxes to go. Well, Joe P, we actually run a local car shop here. So the sky's not falling for us. Let's put it that way. We're in this day to day, man. Got Dave Cohen's. Old Celtic, 43 out of 99. More Lamello ball, all these add up, Kevin. And we've got an Anthony Edwards, Threads Anthony Edwards. Well, people would argue that the average Joe can't afford to buy stuff in the hobby now. So how is that gonna change? I don't think it's gonna change too much. I mean, the way things happen on the, I think for you and me, for the breakers or the shop to the consumer, I don't think a lot is gonna change. I think a lot of stuff behind the scenes will be different. There's Emmanuel Quickly. I'm sure pricing on some stuff will inevitably change, but prices go up all the time.  And then people said when it, when the price went up again in 1920, prison basketball, people said that was insane, you know, but the hobby has been able to absorb that.  Prices will go down. There's a James Ramsey for the Kings. Do you think it'll be 10 times worse than they take over? 10 times is a lot. I don't think so. I think that's wrong. Kings, that's for Ryan Harreld. But hey, if it does get 10 times worse and it works, then they'll be making a lot of profit. If it doesn't work, guess what? The lower prices. That's economics. I'm not super concerned about that.  And once they're starting to lose profits, they'll adjust what they need to adjust to make profits again. If any of these are 149. Yeah, but I mean, listen, even without knowing what we know from fanatics, I'm just, that's just so like illogical, Joe P. Why would they just arbitrarily raise prices 10 times, right? To lose, to ruin the value of secondary market stuff, which they know is important, and lose the hobby, like how does that make sense? Because if people aren't buying at that price point, they're shooting themselves in the foot.  Like logically, even if we don't know it, logically just doesn't make sense. They're gonna spend all these millions of dollars in licensing for trading cards and then just blow it. You know, it's not like some mom and pop, like stumbling into the license for the NFL, you know, or privately held companies or anything like that. There's Isaac Acour of 54 out of 99. Trying to corner the market is bad for the hobby, is it though? People said the same thing when Panini was gobbling up licenses and year over year, I think for a lot of the hobby, it's been good business. There's Trey Jones, 38 out of 41. But how can you make it, they wanna make it a trillion dollar industry, but how do you make that trillion dollar industry if you're making it difficult for people to buy? People don't buy, they're not gonna make it a trillion dollar industry. So if the prices are too high to make it a trillion dollar industry, wouldn't it make sense for them to make prices more competitive, to make it a trillion dollar industry? 38 out of 10, Tayshon Alexander. It'll be a rich man's hobby, but people will say that now, Joe. So what's it gonna be? How does that change anything? People say it's a rich man's hobby now. People talk about it, I wish it was the 90s. You know, so I don't know, that argument doesn't really work. It's already not a hobby for anyone else. That's what, how is it gonna change with fanatics? It's not gonna get any worse. So, I mean, with that argument, it doesn't really make sense, because that's what people are saying already right now. Anthony Edwards, hometown heroes, here's James Harden Silver, and there's Diane Williamson to 149. I don't know, I mean, it's hard to have it really both ways, to have a hobby that could be for everybody, you know, and still try to get everybody involved, but still have it be valuable. It's gonna be a tough challenge for sure. My understanding is that they wanna make the retail, the Walmart, Target, retail side of things, improve that a lot more greatly. And then that will give people better exposure to the hobby, and then lead them towards stuff like higher end stuff, hobby boxes, and stuff like that. I was like wondering why, that's a typo, guys. Don't freak out. It's James Harden. There's Kendrick Nunn. Heat Edition has not really played done much for the Lakers yet. Still been injured, Jordan Ashton. I mean, listen, Joe P, I understand what you're saying, but at the end of the day, you know, to put it bluntly, prices have been going up already and people have still purchased, you know what I mean? Like so it's the market can, for now, the market can sustain it, you know what I mean? There's Anthony Edwards, C1K with the Timberwolves, we'll get all those Anthony Edwards' izz, izz, izz. So like, it's difficult for me to logically go down the road of it's gonna be 10 times worse with fanatics. I mean, for most average Joe's already, they're already saying it's a rich man's hobby I've been priced out, you know? Which is something that we hear often. It's something that we hear often. So it's already not good for most people, but I think they're gonna make at least an effort to figure that out.  So I don't know, maybe that broader exposure will be better. There's Aaron Naismith, 99, both nags, but I feel like, I don't know, I feel like Joe, people would still argue that, you know, that the smaller middle class is already priced out of the hobby. For the magic that's Karim Mané, 43 out of 99, hometown heroes for the Orlando Magic, that'll be for Diego. There's a LeBron Luminance to 149. Devin Booker, Tyrese. And we're gonna close out with, gonna close out with Jay Sean Tate to 149. And there you go, ladies and gentlemen. Listen, at the end of the day, you know, if I think we're, Jaspie's as us, we can only really speak for ourselves. We feel pretty bullish about the hobby, you know? And I think we're looking forward to seeing how all the changes work out for the hobby. So we're gonna ride with it and roll with it and hopefully you'll support us through any changes that happens in the hobby and elsewhere in life. So thanks for breaking with us. Jaspie's Case Breaks, see, Group Break's still the best value out there, ladies and gentlemen, because you're not having to shoulder the whole price of a box. I'm Joe for Jaspie's Case Breaks.com. I'll see you next time for the next break. Bye-bye.


Last time there were trees harvested for the USS Constitution would have been during a period of time between 1991 and 1994. White oak, it's a naturally waterproof wood. It was what was originally planked or it was actually the whole material for the original USS Constitution so they're keeping that original. They're huge. They're up to 40-50 feet long and you're talking trees anywhere between 15 to 20 thousand pounds a piece. We've been counting some of the rings of these trees that are fallen and they range anywhere between 120 to 150 years old so you're talking 1860s, 1890s is when these were these trees were initially seedlings. It's an honor to be a part of some living history such as this and like I said this was a ship that was commissioned by George Washington. This Constitution is one of the first six frigates that was built for the United States Navy so it makes us feel very very proud to be part of its heritage.


Mike Roberts, ICANN's first CEO, from 1998 to 2001. Mike, thanks for taking the time to talk to us. Peter Dengate Thrush said that ICANN was referred to as the ICANN experiment in the early days. Is that the way you saw it? I think most of us did in some form or another. You have to remember that the model for ICANN didn't exist. The blueprint was in the white paper and somewhat reluctantly people all over the world signed up to that, which didn't mean they loved it. So it was really up to the first board, the first nine members that had been recruited from around the globe and to some extent to the staff, to me and my helpers to make us credible and make that experiment turn into reality. When you say my helpers, how bad was the staff? You and who else? Well, I was extremely fortunate that our agenda, people ask, well, what were you supposed to do? In some sense, we were supposed to carry out the mandate of the white paper, but more directly, we were supposed to pick up several really nasty, intractable policy issues that the government managers hadn't been able to make any headway on. The trademark community was in a state of great upset. And as you know, because they're very closely tied to Hollywood and the big-time media people, their lobbyists were pounding on the Congress and on the White House all the time about cyber squatting and this awful damage that the Internet was doing to their business.  So one of the very first things we had to do was to take up this thorny issue of the relationship of trademarks to domain names and do something about the cyber squatting. What I'm hearing you say is they simply had a heavy lobbying influence with those governmental entities. Well, they did, and there was reality behind that because some of the nastier cyber-squatters were really doing damage to legitimate American brands. So how many people did you have working with you at the time? Molly Van Holling, who's gone on to a distinguished legal career and who was in a gap year before she clerked for Justice Souter on the Supreme Court, agreed to be my senior policy person. And she was a Harvard Law distinguished Harvard Law graduate who is now a distinguished member of the Berkeley Law Faculty. And by the way, a world champion biker, woman biker. Behind her came Louis Tutan, who at the beginning was at Jones Day, but subsequently came to ICANN as general counsel for a dollar a year. And then Andrew McLaughlin, who was another young Harvard Law graduate who had policy written all over him. A dollar a year. At the beginning, that's in addition to the IANA staff who had their own plate full of operational matters. That's all there was. So a very tiny group of people was the foundational structure of ICANN. That's true. What did you do for money? Money was a persistent issue. I'll give you where we ended up and where we ended up was a domain, an annual domain name fee which is assessed by the registrars and remitted to ICANN. But my understanding, and correct me if I'm wrong, my understanding was there was a time lag between the time that you guys started your work and when that actually occurred. It took over a year. So in that year's period of time, what were you doing for money? There was a collection taken up by a group of interested corporations in Washington that had been advisors to magazineer Roger Kuchetti from IBM, who was IBM's chief lobbyist in Washington, was very helpful. Vint Cerf, who was mostly senior technologist for his company. Vint has done everything in the Internet, as you know from your interview with him. But he also helped gather the forces and get some money flowing. And they committed the best part of a million dollars. And after quite a while we got some of that money. You have to remember that the way that charitable donations work in the United States is that the target organization has to have what's called a 501C3 letter from the government. And you don't get that right away. Ours took nine months. So in the meantime...  Yes, a charitable non-profit. So in the meantime, when the people directly trying to help us went to their corporate people to get a check, they said, what's their 501C3 number? And there wasn't any. They managed... And IBM helped a lot with a $100,000 unrestricted check. And others followed in. So finally by the spring of 1999, we had some money. But before that, nobody built us. Everybody put their bills in a accounts receivable basket. And my checking account and my credit card and some other things paid the bills. So wait a second.  Well, for instance, Molly and Andrew and I never got a paycheck for six months. And you're putting forth money of your own funds to get things going, right? That's right. We believed in it. We believed in the experiment. We believed that this... You have to remember that the internet bubble, we were right in the trailing edge of the bubble, but everything was in a very go-go atmosphere. And this was an opportunity to put some private sector public interest stamp on all this commercialization. Did you feel pressure to make it work? Oh, yeah. But I wasn't a newcomer to pressure. You know, I've been a university CIO, which is a very tough job. I'd been the designated guy for research university networking for 10 years in Washington. My impression is that, and correct me if I'm wrong, my impression is I can was very much a sort of the foundation going past the green papers and the white paper. All of that generated with Ira. The way that Vendis called the father of the internet. Yes. Is it a fair description to say that Ira Magazine or the Clinton aide was the father of I can? Yes and no. Ira did a great service by being the White House guy who chaired the committee that had all of these rough edged agency people in it, most of them from the research side of things, a few lawyers, a few NIST people. Ira essentially forced them to make peace over the green paper and the white paper, which had a lot of things in it that Ira alluded to that the research agency managers didn't think a lot of. For example? The whole idea of mandating things like competition in a domain name space, bottom-up management. This was not their cup of tea. Let's deal with that for a second, Mike. How do you get by in the typical corporation? Policy is set by the board and it filters down. Yes. You've got this funky new concept where you've got a bottom-up policy formation structure. Yes. Where the I can community is making policy and it's going up to the board. Was it difficult to get acceptance for that model because of its uniqueness? I have to digress a little bit. After the IAHC meeting in Geneva, which is a seminal moment, the white paper was out there. A lot of people who complained bitterly about the green paper stopped complaining and signed on. All the big players were in Geneva, even though it was this sort of ad hoc meeting. I was there. Becky was there. John was there. I was there. People like Larry Landweber from the academic networking community were there. By the end of that meeting, everybody said, well, we need to do this. What happened next was people started asking questions, saying, well, the white paper doesn't say how to do this. How are we going to do this? Of course, by throwing the ball in the court of a private sector nonprofit organization, that crossed up people who thought their private scheme, their own personal favorite scheme would go somewhere. One of the key moves was that Joe Sims from Jones Day offered pro bono to help John put it together. He sat down with John.  That's not what this has to be. We have to put articles of incorporation together. We have to have bylaws. We have to find a board of directors of suitably senior people of a global diversity. So July and August of 1998 were really in my world because I was enlisted as a helper. I had just finished being a startup guy for the Internet to consortium, which needed many of the same things. So that's how we spent July and August, was making the concept in the white paper into a real organization. With the unexpected death of John Postel, how did that affect the direction, growth and structure of the organization, if at all? Yes. By the beginning of September, one of the other curves that we got thrown, which wasn't in the white paper, was that the government lawyers decided that the agreement with us could not be a sole source agreement. What does that mean exactly? Well, under the code of federal relations relating to contracts, the normal practice has to be demonstrated competition. This is sort of an article of faith. The government deserves a proper competitive bid on its work. So the white paper implied that once that the government, meaning NTIA really, came to agreement on the details that the selected organization would be off and running. So what the announcement about no sole source meant is that John's group had to throw a proposal over the transom at NTIA and any other interested party that wanted to compete for the business, if you will, the ICANN business, had to throw their proposal in the hopper too. That meant, of course, that everything had to be a lot more definite than was implied by the white paper. So it sounds like what I'm hearing is the white paper was sort of the frame, but you guys had to fill in everything. A lot of blanks, a lot of blanks. John's role ended up never being defined. I think Joe assumed, a lot of people assumed, I certainly assumed that John would end up being the CEO. But behind the scenes, it came out later that John had told Joe he didn't want to be the CEO. Joe wasn't very happy about that because he didn't think that the initial board was going to be very equipped to do an executive search. Why didn't John want to be the first CEO? He saw himself as a PhD research guy, not as an executive. And frankly, he didn't have a lot of admiration for the commercial side of the domain name business. Let me ask you this question. Postel is kind of universally accepted as a sort of nonconformist, if you will. Charismatic. Long hair, sandals, the whole thing. Which brings to mind the question, at the time that ICANN was born, it was coming on the heels of Watergate, a lot of distrust and authority. And a lot of you guys were children of the 60s. You were children of that. How much of that influenced the sort of structure and being that ICANN became? Ultimately, an organization like ICANN, especially technology nonprofit, is built on trust.  You know, an interesting statistic was there were 23 million domain names when we started. And today, almost 20 years later, we're headed towards 500 million. So how were you possibly going to write bylaws that scaled to that different world? We had to leave things as flexible as possible in, and we did. Someone mentioned to me that ICANN works because people believe it should work. Is that an oversimplification? Yes, although we took a lot of heat on a lot of different fronts from people that were not inclined to trust us. Because the model, you know, telecommunications worldwide, the divestiture of AT&T was only 12 years old. 82 to 96. And so there was a big hangover of the way you do these things is you pick a chosen corporation and put them under regulation and tell them how to run their business. That was, you know, we were 180 out from that model. But certainly inside the Beltway, there were lots of people that thought that ICANN should be run that way. Here you are, heading of your CEO, the first CEO of the Spunky Organization, the likes of which had seldom been seen. You don't have a hell of a lot of money to play with. Definitely. What kept you awake at night? The university community, where the internet was incubated, certainly Sirf and Kahn and Crocker and the early technical pioneers came up with a protocol on which it's founded. But in terms of making a market and demonstrating that this crazy open source suite of protocols would work, it was done in the university community with NSFnet. The internet went from having fewer than 500 nodes in 1985 at the end of the ARPANET period to more than 1,000 by 1989, almost all of them in the university community. So it was that community that really believed in this. To some extent, they believed in the initial board and they believed in people like Louis and Andrew and Molly and myself. But what did you fear? Did you fear, again, what kept you awake at night? I was very concerned that our legal vulnerability would lead to some sort of a loss of faith on the government side and it collapsed back into essentially a government-run corporation. That was always a possibility. In other words, if the ICANN experiment had failed, it's back to the U.S. government. People might have argued about that, but if you think about it, the Congress and the Bush administration by that time were not about to allow any other outcome. How much of a problem was it with the change in presidential administrations? We were very fortunate that by and large, and especially because of 9-11 and because of Iraq, the attention of the administration, that day-to-day the White House lived and died over that war and over the steps that were taken to strengthen our own homeland security. So wait a second. You're saying the plus was that you weren't on the radar. That's right. And we were also fortunate that Becky's successors Becky Burr as the director of NTI, Larry Irving, of course shared a Stanford background with me. We had a lot of good handshakes and he was very supportive of the ICANN model. And Becky was his second in command and really had the ball to work with us to make, I can't go. But to answer your question, it was her successors that maintained a light touch. As long as we sort of followed the game plan, paid attention to the bottom up, kept working on molding the support organizations into a wider model. And in effect, you know, in the beginning, I think Becky said this to you, we didn't talk about multi-stakeholderism in the beginning. It was sort of bottom up was the byword. But we did this lateral arabesque into a more generalized, supportive multi-stakeholder environment. John had the idea that the initial board would not be able to be trusted to do the right thing. You know, here's this researcher and the guardian of the protocols looking at recruiting effort that was grabbing evil hither and yarn from around the board. So in the bylaws, he made sure that Joe gave a very powerful role to these three support organizations, one for protocols, one for domain names, and one for numbers. It turned out that model didn't work. And in fact, it didn't even last a year before it was being subverted into a more generalized, more broadly supportive participation. And I definitely need to make the point that the reason that evolution worked was because of the willingness of so many people on a global basis to step in and do hundreds, thousands of hours of volunteer work. If you ask what made ICANN model work and the analysis in the latter-day analysis, it was all that volunteer help. Mike Roberts, thank you very much for taking the time to talk to us. You're very welcome.


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There was pandemonium in Moshe area of Lagos early today when urchins took over the streets disturbing public peace. Motorists and communities were thrown into panic with no known cause of the agitation by the area boys. Residents hoped the law enforcement officers would come to their rescue before the riot would result in casualties. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news, please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.