So we've seen that the law of Dulong and Petit, which is the same thing as the predictions made by the echopartition theorem, tell us that for monatomic solids, for this list of solids that I've included a few examples of here, monatomic solids, the constant volume heat capacity should be 3R, which as Dulong and Petit would tell us, that's 24.9 joules per mole Kelvin as an actual number with units on it. So that works pretty well. We've seen that works pretty well for a lot of solids. Many of these numbers are pretty close to 24.9, some are very close to 24.9, but there's a few exceptions. Beryllium, for example, carbon, those both have constant volume heat capacities that are quite a bit lower than the echopartition theorem or Dulong and Petit would predict. So we need to be able to understand why that's happening. So the reason that happens, if you look at this list of solids, one thing might jump out at you, in particular about carbon. If you ask yourself what's different about solid carbon than the rest of these solids, the rest of these, chromium, copper, gold, iron, and so on, those are all metals, metallic solids. Carbon is not a metallic solid, right? That's a covalently bonded solid. And now that we've noticed that, beryllium, same idea. Beryllium is, if you look at a periodic table, beryllium is off on the left side relatively far away from the line that divides the metals and the nonmetals. So beryllium is also a relatively covalent solid. So it's suspicious that the two monatomic solids that are not obeying the echopartition theorem are the non-metallic solids. And we can also think back to what the echopartition theorem requires. If the echopartition theorem is going to hold, we need to be in the classical limit. That was one of the conditions of the echopartition theorem. So really, the statement of the echopartition theorem said the heat capacity should be 3R as long as we're hot enough to be in the classical limit, as long as we're hot enough to be able to treat the metal classically, the vibrations of the atoms in the metal classically. And one thing we know about covalent materials compared to metallic materials is metallic bonding is relatively weak compared to covalent bonding. That means the force constant, the bond energy of the force constant for a covalent bond, that's much stiffer, much stronger than the force constant and the bond energy for metallic bonding. So for covalent materials compared to metallic, the vibrational frequency is larger for carbon and beryllium than it would be for these other metals. That means if we think about the vibrational frequency, another way we have of talking about vibrational frequencies is via that vibrational temperature, which is equal to h nu over k. So when the vibrational frequency is larger, that means the vibrational temperature is also larger. So that's the sign that these materials will behave differently if they're covalent than they're metallic. The covalent materials have a higher vibrational temperature. And in fact, if I pull up in the fourth column of this table, a measurement of the vibrational temperature of these materials, this is not quite the same as the diatomic vibrational temperature that we've talked about previously, but it's related. We'll talk a little bit more about what that temperature this is actually called, something called the Debye temperature, D-E-B-Y-E temperature. But that's essentially a measurement of the vibrational frequency or the vibrational temperature of these materials. And we can see that those not only are the vibrational frequencies larger for carbon and beryllium, but this measurement of the vibrational temperature is also larger for those materials. If we remind ourselves what that means, let me just draw an axis here of temperatures. So I could take each of these metals and I could plot what its vibrational or its Debye temperature is on this axis. So let's put room temperature around here, 300 Kelvin. Many of these metals have temperatures, these Debye temperatures that are below room temperature, maybe 200 Kelvin, 215 Kelvin, maybe in the vicinity of room temperature like 318 Kelvin, maybe a little bit higher than room temperature like 400 Kelvin. So if I plot the various, so maybe 200 Kelvin, so many of these vibrational temperatures, Debye temperatures for these solids are a little below room temperature, near room temperature, a little above room temperature. So if that's the case, if the vibrational temperature, the Debye temperature is less than or in the vicinity of the actual temperature, room temperature, that means the actual temperature is hot compared to this value or is in the same vicinity as that value. And these systems behave relatively classically.   That's way up here for beryllium, way up here for carbon. So in these circumstances, the Debye temperature is quite a bit larger than the temperature. And that system is going to behave very quantum mechanically. So now perhaps it's not so much of a surprise that the Ecopartition Theorem answer doesn't work for carbon and beryllium, which are not in the classical limit. They're behaving quantum mechanically. We would have to heat them up to temperatures closer to 1,000 degrees or 2,200 degrees before we could trust that they would begin to behave classically. So what does that mean about the actual numerical values for their heat capacities? I'll remind you that let's use the extensive energy first. If we go back and think about diatomic molecules that has some vibrational frequency and some vibrational temperature, we can write the energy due to that vibration is remember the 0 point energy, 1 1⁄2 H nu. And then depending on how many average excitation that molecule has, the result we obtained when we talked about diatomic molecules was the internal energy was the 0 point energy, 1 1⁄2 H nu, plus some number of multiples of that excitation energy between different steps on the energy ladder. To talk about heat capacity, we need to take the derivative of this energy with respect to temperature to get the constant volume heat capacity. I'll add one thing to this expression first. This is the energy of a single vibration for a single diatomic molecule. Now that we're talking about a solid with many atoms in it, many different vibrational modes, the total energy due to vibration of the solid with n atoms, each of which can move in three different directions, is going to be 3n of these vibrational degrees of freedom. So if I take the derivative of this expression, that's actually a fairly tedious derivative to take with these temperatures showing up in the denominator of exponentials, perhaps themselves in the denominator of the fraction. So rather than watch me take that derivative, I will tell you what that derivative is equal to. You can certainly double check me. So that result ends up being similar to the original expression. First of all, the 0 point energy, there's no temperature dependence there. That temperature derivative just disappears. These h nu's, I've converted h nu is equal to k times theta. So that k times one of these theta's came from this h nu. The derivative brought down several more factors of these exponentials and some simplification happened. So the end result ends up looking like this. The vibrational temperature theta divided by t, that quantity squared, still an exponential e to the minus theta over t on top in the denominator. I've still got a 1 minus e to the minus theta over t, but now it's squared in the denominator. This 3n is still there. I can take the whole thing and multiply by 3n. And I get that result. And I guess I'll point out two things about this result. Number one, if I take the limit where the temperature becomes quite large compared to the vibrational temperature, and again, I won't run through the math of this in particular. But if I do that and let this exponential get very close to 1, for example, and make appropriate simplifications, what we'll find out is that everything from this theta over t squared on is equal to 1 in this approximation. And my heat capacity simplifies to just 3nk, or the molar heat capacity would after dividing by n, I get 3k or 3r. So this is, in fact, the echopartition limit. That's the result we've had all along for the law of du long and petite. This just tells us the temperature-dependent form of the heat capacity that in the classical limit, when the temperature gets large, becomes 3r. So if I were to actually plot a graph of what that temperature-dependent heat capacity as a function of temperature looks like, we've just figured out that if the temperature gets hot enough, the value is going to approach 3r. And what happens in between is it starts out small, starts out zero, increases, and then asymptotically approaches this limit of 3r as the temperature gets large. And when you get in the vicinity of the vibrational temperature, then you've gotten pretty close to the classical limit or the du long and petite limit of 3r. But if you're at temperatures below the vibrational temperature, then you might have some value of the heat capacity that's very far from this limit of 3r. So that's exactly what's happening at room temperature, for example, for carbon, where if the actual temperature is 300, but the vibrational temperature is 2,000, if this value is 2,000, then room temperature is down here somewhere, and the heat capacity of carbon is nowhere near the 24.9 echopartition limit yet. These other materials, the metallic solids, they have vibrational temperatures that are already fairly low. So room temperature might be here, might be here, might be here, but it's already close to the 3r echopartition limit. So last things I have to say about this particular approach for talking about the heat capacities of monatomic solids. Number one, this Dubai temperature that we're talking about, or the vibrational temperature for these metals, unlike for a diatomic molecule, that's not derived directly from the properties of the molecules, it's derived from some experimental data. If I measure the heat capacity of a material at lots of different temperatures, I can figure out what value of this vibrational temperature makes this curve fit the data well, and that's where these Dubai temperatures actually came from. And what that means is that temperature is different for every substance. Each one of these solids has its own different value of that Dubai temperature. The other thing that's worth noting is in this particular model, I haven't used this word yet, but this is called the Einstein model for the heat capacity of solids. In this model, developed of course originally by the guy that's named after, Albert Einstein. In this model, we assume that every one of the vibrations happening in this solid is happening with the same vibrational frequency, and therefore there's only one value of this vibrational temperature that's appropriate for every one of these vibrations. That turns out to be somewhat oversimplified approximation. A more advanced model developed by Dubai leads to a more sophisticated model. But for our purposes, the basic behavior is the same. In both the Einstein model and the Dubai model for solids, the heat capacity starts out at zero, increases with temperature, and then asymptotically approaches this limit of three R as the temperature gets large. And then the last thing to point out is that despite the fact that we have a much better understanding now of these heat capacities of solids, most of them are in the equipartition limit, predictive value near 24.9. The ones that are not yet hot enough to be close to their Dubai temperature, their vibrational temperature, are lower than they are expected to be by the equipartition theorem. But notice there's a few. I'll highlight 10, for example. That's quite a bit larger than the equipartition limit. 26.9 is larger than 24.9. Nothing I've said so far would allow us to understand how a metal could have a heat capacity that's larger than three R. So that seems to indicate that there's something we don't quite understand yet, and that's in fact correct. So that's the next thing we'll explore.


What if there were a place where technology wasn't good or bad? The devices we use, the social media we consume, the apps that help us throughout our day were extensions of our values and not labels for our tribes. What if technology was completely invisible? The screens were gone, the keyboards vanished, the cell towers virtually invisible, leaving only the connections to ourselves, each other, and the world around us. What if we could see the connections between all of us all the time? Data traffic becomes sound. Trending news represented by shades of light and notifications are just a touch. What if it started at the enterprise? Now imagine if companies aligned to our priorities and values, and how we got work done was how we embraced the future. Join us at Connection21, a truly connectable world, October 5th, 6th, and 7th, 2021.


Hello friends, it's Wilson here and today we're going to be talking more about how do you become a successful restauranteer entrepreneur and so I just had lunch with a friend of mine his name is Victor and We were just talking a little bit more about what are the qualities that makes us who we are and Victor is a very very successful entrepreneur himself and We realized that there's this one thing that makes us a little bit different from the rest of The nine to five people the nine to five people that are working day-to-day on their jobs and that one thing is the ability to visualize and That is what really Paralyzes the 99% of the people out there that is fearful in building their business and why is that the case? Back when you're young You might be you might have encountered something like this and because this is something that's happened to me when I was young I was really really afraid of the dark. I was really afraid of what's in the closet I was really afraid of what's under my bed and every time I go to sleep. I need The lights on I need that sleeping light so then that way at least I can see at least I can see that there's no monsters hiding there and It is precisely this Idea That we as humans we are scared of what we can't see we're scared of what's behind the corner We're scared of what's underneath your bed, and that's precisely the reason why a Lot of people might have the heart might have the passion to start their business But then the fear kicks in because they cannot see they cannot see through how this business will come out They cannot see through the different steps to take in order for them to get there They cannot see how it's gonna work out, and that's the reason why that's the reason what prevents them from taking any type of action Whereas Entrepreneurs like myself like Victor we're able to see in advance We're able to see further out into the future about potentially what it would look like and thus we also match that with action in order for us to build This thing that we see I think people can't visualize because We are not raised To Imagine we're raised to follow rules. We're raised to follow the The basic principles of you know go to school find a good job be a lawyer be an accountant. We are not raised To imagine and build what we want to build We're raising the structure in a system where we should play our role and that Security is what we should strive to hit we should always look for the benefits We should always find a job with with good salary We should find a job with a good corporate job and all that comes into play and that all that like just Squashes the ability to visualize because as long as we follow these principles, we're gonna get taken care of And that's the reason why And that's the reason what prevents a lot of people From even daring to visualize from even thinking to become an entrepreneur one day Because that's just not how we were raised. That's just not in the educational system Right and that's the reason why majority of the people out there. They just play their role They cannot visualize now The way to get there might be completely different. We can't see the steps We can't see every single problem that we may encounter However, the vision of how it looks like will always be there that might pivot that might change But the principle is the fact that if you can try to visualize What you want to build? Then you're already more than halfway there Then you'll gain the courage in order for you to start to take the first step to get there And that's the reason why I shoot so many of these videos for you. It's to help you Visualize to help you see into the future to share with you the insights to share with you the Experiences and the steps that I've taken in order for us to build our our ice cream shop into it being acquired So that way you can start seeing in your shoes painting your dream restaurant For yourself and that way you can gain the courage the confidence to build your dream restaurant I hope you enjoyed this video. Make sure you smash like button Show some love. I'll see you guys in the next video


My name is Bharat Kumar D.K. and I have cleared Indian Forest Service. I have got the rank of 88. And my optional service was forestry and agriculture engineering. And I want to thank Shankar Akademi and Kartikeyan for this success. Because Kartikeyan himself, I took forest means series with him. And he helped me a lot to clear out many of my doubts. And he gave proper direction to my studies. After that, the major thing what he did was, I used to write on my own and practice on my own. But I was prepared on my own which made me make lot of mistakes. So the mistakes what I was making, I didn't know it was the mistakes. He corrected and evaluated and guided me properly. Even during Chennai fields and even during his length due to COVID and his back injury. But he supported me completely. After that I had taken a mock interview with Shankar. They also guided me very well because it was a fully dressed mock interview. And over there they gave me how to handle this questions properly, how to sit properly, how to enter properly. And how to look at everyone while giving an answer. So all in all Shankar has helped me a lot to clear this exam. And my preparation strategy was, I gave around 8 test series with sir, Karthik and sir. And I wrote and I solved all the 20 years question paper of both forestry and agriculture engineering. So I would recommend people to do that also. Because many of the questions they keep repeating. And for English and general studies I solved all the 8 years question paper. That was my strategy for this exam. And I have done my electronics engineering, electronics and communication engineering. And I have done my MBA in UK. This is my background which helped me clear this exam. And I would like to thank my family, my friends and Shankar and me, Karthik and sir. For mentoring me and supporting me whole life and helping me clear this exam. Thank you.


لا إله إلا الله أن سيدنا محمد عبد هو رسول أبسله بالبدأ ودينا الحق يبهر وعالتي لكل الله صلي وسلم وبارك وترحم على محمد وآل محمد كأفضل ما صليت وصلبت وبارك وترحمت على إبوان وآل إبوان في العالمين إنك حميد المجيد وصلي الله وسلم على خلفاء نبيك وأوصيائه وأهل بيته علياً أمير المؤمنين وقائل القرم المحجنين وعلى البضعة الطاهرة فاضمة الزهراء سيدة لساء العالمين وعلى سبطة مبيل الرحمة وسيدة شباب أهل الجنة الحسن والحسين عليهم السلام وعلى علي ابن حسين ومحمد ابن علي وجعفر ابن محمد وموسف لجعفر وعلي ابن موسى ومحمد ابن علي وعلي ابن محمد والحسن ابن علي والخلف الهادي المهدي عجل الله متعالى فرجع وسحن مخرجه وجعلنا من انصاره وعوانه أعوذ بالله من الشيطان الرجيم بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم والتكون منكم قمة يدعونا إلى الخير ويأمرونا بالمعروف وينهون عن المنكري وأولئك هم المفلحون The month of Ramadan should not be of benefit only to us as Muslims This benefit has to spread to other communities and other religions and to the non-Muslims During these difficult times that we are experiencing have a big responsibility and this responsibility is to introduce our religion the core of our faith and our religion to others I traveled a few weeks ago in several European countries and each time I go to these countries and here in America and Canada I realize that people are very suspicious and skeptical about Islam and Muslims to be honest with you they don't have good ideas and you don't blame them when there is a concert in Manchester people are partying during their time and someone comes and he calls his mother two hours before he tells his mother mom forgive me if I have done something bad to you and then he kills 22 people the same person look at the brainwashing look how some Muslims are outdated and crazy and insane someone a young person calls his mother two hours before is his mother if I have done something bad to you please forgive me and then he goes and he kills 22 people this is the type of Islam that being promoted by Wahhabism by Wahhabism in many countries so I don't blame Europeans and Americans when they despise Muslims they don't like them in their neighborhoods we tried to purchase this building and we gave full offer 2.2 million dollar they said no, no for a mosque they can make it night club anything but they said no to a mosque you don't blame them there is a reason for this prejudice prejudice does not come from vacuum because they see, they watch on television when Muslims do not kill others non-Muslims they start killing themselves destroying their cities their towns their places of worship we used to hear 50 years ago that and non-Muslim bombs a mosque today a Muslim a worshiper goes inside a mosque and destroys the mosque with the worshippers but we have to do something about that we are not a government neither a powerful agency nor a CNN or media outlet we are Muslims and we have to be responsible in this Slamadan share the beauty of your Islam and the truth about your Islam the forgiveness of Islam the mercy of Islam the compassion, the love of your faith share it with your neighbors if you can afford to invite them to iftar to your house that's a good thing sometimes we just say hi to the neighbors only when we take the trash cans outside and they are taking it that's the only opportunity this time let's do something else and tell them come and share and try to speak about Slamadan open up to them let them see the truth about you you are not hiding something so yes I am sorry for what is happening but I am not responsible there are some thugs who usurp the wealth of our Ummah and they sit with another person who goes from here just to milk them he milked them 480 billion dollars in one day 480 billion dollars last Saturday I was visiting some Saudi students from the eastern province who graduated from Chico State University they invited me they said say it they cut our salaries to half 50% rather than giving this money to their students to their children to excel, to study, to thrive to prosper they give it to someone whose business and his talent is just to milk people this is not our own problem but we have to speak about it we have to enlighten and educate people speak about it day and night day and night say it to your neighbors let them see what is happening within Islam let them see that those political leaders are only murderers and thugs they are not working for their nations and for their people they are working for their seeds and thrones to stay in power longer and longer and longer so let's share the beauty of Ramadan if we can invite them to our Masajid we must in this Ramadan I am going to visit many synagogues and churches and the police department and the mail office to speak this is what I can do I can't afford more than that what I can afford is to tell them this is not in the name of my religion what is happening in Manchester and other places this is the bombing terrorism this does not represent the true spirit of our Prophet and Ahlul Bayt this is not the spirit of this book these are not the teachings of our book so let's share let's share your iftar invite them if you can't invite them to your house bring them to the Masjid and tell us here tell the administration that we have guests so we can take care of them many people are going to visit us so we can take care of them it's the sheriff of Orange County she said she wants to visit our Masjid this season we welcome her and we welcome all the neighbors we have to be open we have to share the beauty and piety of Ramadan the spirit of Ramadan with others this is the least we can do for our Islam and for our America the least so do not I want to focus on my Ramadan I have nothing to do with neighbors and community members no please open up please reach out one of the important messages of Ramadan is to reach out to others and show them the goodness of your faith invite them to iftar invite them to your house invite them to your local Masjid bring them here we can't change the whole world that we can change a few people which is enough good enough and I invite you to be here if you have not participated in the past now it is the season that we go to the Masjid more and more to strengthen to strengthen the spirit of community and togetherness here we have to hold back hold each others back in America we have to support each other and I take this opportunity to call upon our Sunni brothers and sisters and friends and neighbors we open our hearts to you anytime you want to come here this is feel free this is your Masjid day one when we established this I said this Masjid is not only for Shi'a not only for Iranians not only for Arabs this Masjid is for all the humans even if they are Christians and non-Muslims they are welcome to come here and they should feel free and honored and welcomed and respected when they come to the house of God for this house does not belong to a person or a group وَأَنْ لَنْ مَسَاجِدَ بِاللَّهِ the true Masjid belongs to God and all the people also belong to God so they have they have this ownership and every temple and every Masjid they should have this sense of belonging and sense of honorship I was going to recite the khutbah of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم just two lines of this khutbah in Ramadan فسأل الله ربكم بنياة صادقة take advantage of this month and ask your Lord with true intentions نياة صادقة وقولون بالطاهر a pure heart وفضلكم لصيامه واتي لا واتي كتابه so you are able to fast from tomorrow saturday until the end of the month you fast this month and you recite the book of God فَإِنَّ الشَّقِي the misfortune is the one who is he فَإِنَّ الشَّقِي من حُرِ مَبُفْرَانَ اللَّهِ فِيَهَا الَّشَّقِي the real loser the real person who is unfortunate is the one who does not receive God's forgiveness by the end of this month so we have to strive to be inshallah in the list of those who have received Allah's mercy and Allah's pardon and Allah's forgiveness in this month اللهم اخبر المؤمنين والمؤمنات والمسلمين والمسلمات والأحياء منهم والأموات تابع لهم بيننا أموات


MOOCs, or massive open online courses, are gaining attention around the world, partly because they're free and available to large amounts of people, but also because of the innovative learning opportunities they provide in the online space. Here at Curtin, we're proud to be at the forefront of the innovations with our new Business of Mining MOOC. Welcome to the Business of Mining. The project itself is actually a four-week online course which students can come and enroll in for free. You'll find there are four modules which explain the life cycle of a mine and the business processes involved behind it. Within each particular module there's a whole range of different activities that you can do. There are videos from content experts, both from Curtin and external industry experts who've got jobs in the field at the moment, so you can see what it's really like from them. As well as the videos throughout, we've got lots of assessment points, so there's little quizzes to test your knowledge that you're paying attention to what's been said. As well as assessments, there are interactives, which are basically multimedia activities which you can complete, to test what you're learning about. So, you know, you get to decide, okay, you've got your particular company, where do you want to drill? Where do you want to do your core sampling results? Where do you want to, which piece of equipment do you want to use? What transport or infrastructure are you going to set up to make your mine successful? So there's lots of decisions that you have to make to basically run a successful mine. And you'll also find that as you work through the interactives, if you complete them all, they will unlock the scenario. So you can then continue on your game throughout each of the modules.  So you're kind of gathering your range of badges throughout the module.  The MOOC's aimed at people interested in finding out a bit more about the minerals industry. So perhaps students who are interested in looking for a career at Curtin want to know what to study in geology applied geology applied physics, metals and metallurgy. It might be actual professionals who are already in the minerals industry, but interested in finding out a bit more about the business side of things. It might be people who have got relatives in the industry.


My name is Dr. Walter Ladman, I'm a senior lecturer in international relations here in the Department of War Studies and it gives me great pleasure to welcome and introduce David Lloyd. David Lloyd is a senior visiting research fellow here. Come on in, come on in. In the Department of War Studies, he is of course much better known for what he did in, we might say, his previous life where for nearly four decades he was an award-winning foreign correspondent. David has covered conflict and development issues in the Middle East, in Africa, in Europe, and of course in South Asia and he is most closely associated with the country of Afghanistan where he was, am I correct in thinking he was the only Western correspondent who was embedded with the Taliban when they took Kabul the first time in the 1990s? He subsequently visited Afghanistan every year since then, has written several books on the subject and I think really adorably, particularly from a scholarly standpoint, didn't just observe and write about the country but as at times rolled up his sleeves and actually got involved so spent more than a year as a strategic communications advisor to the president of Afghanistan. And today he's going to talk to us about his latest book which is The Long War, American Afghanistan Since 9-Eleven which the San Francisco Book Review has called a powerful work of history that will engender high regard in the years to come. So David's going to talk for about 45 minutes and then we'll have an ample opportunity for Q&A and discussion. David. Thank you very much, thank you very much for coming and I appreciate as well to serve on this, on this wet night. I want to go right back to the beginning of the war and look at right at the end of the war because I mean we can all agree the beginning and the end were really bad. The end was certainly very bad, the way that the international community just scuttled and abandoned Afghanistan last summer. So just to go back right back to the very beginning of the Afghan war in 2001 what America came in with was a plan that they would only have a light footprint of forces they wouldn't put in large heavy forces into Afghanistan and I think that in my view was one of the war's very first mistakes from the American military point of view the only American boots on the ground were groups like this special forces detachment who were alongside President Karzai you can see there wrapped in a blanket or later became President Karzai and Hamid Karzai quite bravely he'd been a Pashtun, the Taliban at one point asked him to be an ambassador for them but he never really worked alongside them. He was always really opposed to the Taliban but he was seen as very much a uniting figure and he quite bravely came into the south of Afghanistan while the Taliban were still there initially just on a motorbike. There's a wonderful book by Betta Dan, a Dutch journalist called Two Men on a Motorbike which tells the story of Hamid Karzai's first arrival and how he came in. The Taliban found out where he was, things became very hot for him he had a sat phone that the Americans had given him and they came in and got him out before the Taliban got to him and then he went back in with this detachment commanded by Jason Amri the guy in the light beanie hat there and this is the only photograph that existed of them because a couple of days after this picture was taken on the 5th of December and I think you can actually chart many of the problems that happened over the 20 years in Afghanistan to what happened on one day in December back in 2001 on the 5th of December the first thing that happened was a misdirected American bomb hit the position where two of the soldiers in that picture were killed one of the soldiers not in that picture also killed American soldiers more than 20 of Hamid Karzai's soldiers killed, he was slightly injured and so from the very beginning he knew that smart bombs didn't necessarily always go where they were supposed to he had a real lesson in how precision warfare is not really quite precision warfare in terms of these smart bombs and come in, come in the second thing that happened that morning very soon after the bomb in fact was he gets a phone call from the hastily convened bomb conference and is named as the interim leader of Afghanistan remember the whole country has not yet fallen to the Taliban Kabul has already fallen, the North has already fallen there was major aerial bombardment but very few American troops on the ground so it was all an air war the Taliban were bombed out by airplane, air power and Karzai was then named interim leader of the country by this conference in Bomb the third thing that happened that morning was a group of Taliban came deputed by Muramad their leader to offer surrender terms to Karzai and they wanted to negotiate a very in fact their terms were very light they didn't necessarily demand very much they wanted to be able to return to their farms of course they didn't want to face any trials they wanted some impunity for their commanders and there was talk of handing over all of their weapons caches and of course they would sever their links with al-Qaeda and it was the following day that Donald Rumsfeld of the Pentagon press conference made it very clear that there was going to be no surrender so from the very beginning the Americans wanted a military defeat of the Taliban and anyone who spends five minutes studying insurgency Walter's written a book about it will know that on the whole insurgencies are not defeated by major powers you don't win in an insurgency nobody actually wins they're conflicts that tend to finish in different ways but from the very beginning the Americans were not wanting to negotiate with the Taliban in fact it took more than a decade before they changed that policy which I think was a fundamental mistake so you saw three things right at the beginning of the war bombs that don't go where they're supposed to causing Afghan grievance the imposition of America deciding who the leader of the country was going to be very much a sense of this being an American dominated project rather than allowing Afghanistan to decide for itself and thirdly that the Taliban offered surrender there was going to be no talks with the Taliban the Taliban were going to be defeated on the battlefield the race to Kandahar ended up in fact with two American units almost fighting each other because as well as Hamid Karzai there was this guy called Aga Sherzai and as the CIA station chief in Islamabad said make damn sure he's wearing a turban when he introduced him to an American general before he went in the American sense was that these were the people who were going to pacify the Afghan countryside they put back into power people like Sherzai with again with an American detachment within in order to give him support and if you were in the south of Afghanistan and the name of Gulag Sherzai came to you in the mid 1990s he was one of the most corrupt warlords in the south of the country a bandit chief who's excesses as the governor of Kandahar in 1994 were the reason the Taliban emerged in the first place so by putting Gulag Sherzai back into power in Kabul it looked to the Afghans as if America was taking a side in their civil war and so rather than you know coming in understanding the context realizing who these people were, who the good guys were and who the bad guys were the old warlords were put back into power many of these people expected to face trial instead millions of dollars were shoveled into their pockets so you could get money as an Afghan warlord very easily in those days by saying that guy, the mayor of that village, he's al-Qaeda and the Americans would drop a bomb in his head and give you the money and that was so we were taking sides in small local conflicts all the way along right from the very beginning of the Afghan war and the place where we saw this most egregiously really that we saw what had happened in terms of policy was such a mistake it was the Battle of Torobora in October just a couple of months in fact before the December, no it's just after the December 5th event when Osama bin Laden was found to be holed up in the Torobora cave complex that he built in the 1980s during the war against the Russians and of course this was finding Osama bin Laden was the reason for the war there were three and a half thousand U.S. Marines available to conduct this operation they had helicopters, a winter kit, they were geed up because of 9-11 and their commander Jim Mattis later of course the U.S. Defense Secretary later in general and the U.S. Defense Secretary they were screaming at Senkot to send in my boys and they weren't sent in because of the demand to have a light footprint I put that photograph in of foreign journalists because there were other end other end I put that photo in because there were more foreign journalists at the Battle of Torobora than there were foreign journalists and in fact the guy on the left there, Peter Juvenel was then a photographer, a very good friend of mine in fact went back after August last year, he's in a Taliban jet he was jailed 12 weeks ago, he's been there for 12 weeks and he was trying to do business in the new Afghanistan so you can see how difficult Afghanistan is to work under the Taliban now so there was a sense from the very beginning of not putting troops in of a real obsession with the way General Tommy Franks put it that's really about the Russian war a real obsession with how Russia had been defeated in Afghanistan America didn't want to repeat what had happened in the Russian war running around, losing lots of soldiers we're in and out of there in a hurry but at the same time there was this contradictory sense in the Bush White House that America was the exceptional country that wouldn't just leave Afghanistan stranded that would actually leave this a different kind of country and although there was this strong sense in American foreign policy of not doing nation-building and particularly among Republicans who'd seen Clinton in the 1990s doing a variety of small different wars right across the world which they didn't, about every two years during the Clinton years during the eight years of Clinton there was an intervention somewhere in the world and they didn't want to be involved in that but at the same time there was this sense from George W. Bush that they wanted to leave Afghanistan a better place and to the surprise of officials on the ground who'd heard that there was going to be no real aid for Afghanistan and certainly no military support in the spring of 2002 he went to Virginia Tech which was the University that George Marshall had taught at and made this speech appealing for a Marshall Plan for Afghanistan the Marshall Plan you'll know was the plan that rebuilt Germany and some other European countries after World War II huge American intervention in post-war Europe so there was a real sense of this contradiction in plans so without troops on the ground standing up warlords but at the same time funding, beginning to fund but not funding with any sort of sense of a really functioning policy and there was no pause at the time for discussion of goals, timelines, strategies no single decision that led to the long war but instead there were a series of small changes in policy during 2001 and 2002 that led to incremental increases in troop numbers and although the light footprint was designed to satisfy the tax-paying public who had limited appetite for wars, certainly long-term foreign military engagements it failed to stabilise the country and it set the very conditions in my view that made that long-term engagement inevitable because there weren't enough troops right at the beginning so what you had was what this is Marshall Fahim who has been the commander of the Northern Alliance forces the Jamiat forces after Amit Shah Massoud was killed by the Taliban a month before and he was really keen on his militias he was made the defence minister of the new government immediately broke every deal that he made with international forces by bringing his troops into Kabul within a year there was almost a standoff between American troops, international troops and Fahim's troops because he still had his tanks and he still had all of his heavy armour very close to Kabul so he had this contradiction that the army was under a defence minister who had no appetite to build a standing army in the new country because he wanted to continue to build up his militia so he was standing in the way of what the international community were trying to do right from the beginning in the Lloyd-Jergar in 2002 the first meeting of Afghanistan since the civil war, since the Taliban had emerged the Taliban were not there and should have been in my view they should have had some representation of Taliban figures but the country wasn't ready for that but it was the first opportunity for the old communists from the 1980s the jihadis from the 1990s and diaspora figures people who came back from abroad people like Ashraf Ghani basically became president were very prominent in the Lloyd-Jergar but the people who were most prominent were the old warlords who when it was set up swept in and took the seats at the front and were most prominent in what happened in that Lloyd-Jergar and at the same time as this quite significant security mistake was made in terms of handing the country over effectively to old warlords a huge amount of money began to pour into Afghanistan because of the George Bush's Marshall plan in Bish and a billion dollars in the first year that went up to several many billions in the years to come the World Bank started talking about an aid juggernaut that had descended on Afghanistan and of course all it did was to fuel corruption that by the way is 19 million dollars that photograph happens to be just one sort of tranche of money coming into Afghanistan and the sense of corruption beginning to take root and the money going into the hands of the warlords unaccountable funding coming into the country began very early on and there was a sense in which from the beginning rather than building an Afghan state too much of that money was going outside the state very large donors particularly the United States and Japan put their money into parallel systems rather than putting it through state systems and I write about this quite a lot in this book the problems of corruption that began right at the beginning of Afghanistan because of this parallel economy that was built and after 2014 when we started taking the scaffolding away that was supposed to be holding this thing up it was as if there was no building left behind all that had been done was to build this infrastructure of scaffolding because so much of the money went into the hands of security contractors, foreign contractors effectively went back overseas again rather than actually coming into the country and of course as the corruption began to emerge in the country it became easier for the Taliban to regroup 2001, 2003 it was quite difficult for the Taliban to recruit people were tired of them there was a new opportunity there was a new government people were talking about democracy whatever that was people really understand what it meant but by 2005, 2006 I remember going into rural villages and it became much more easy for the Taliban to recruit people because of this corruption and because of the way that the government was seen as predatory rather than supportive of the people because the police were seen as predatory and because the government was seen as predatory rather than supportive so in the rural villages where the Taliban controlled security where the Taliban controlled government they were able to operate a very different kind of system and people would talk about the Karzai government as this sort of alien corrupt force whereas the Taliban was seen as their protectors and that was the language that they were using and the way this was put to me by one American analyst and I really like this phrase in any society you have about 4% thugs and about 1% of warlords and the foreigners didn't understand this so they gave money to the thugs so the inevitable reaction of the 95% everybody else was to ally with the extremists against the thugs because they were the people who were the problem and so there was a sense in which there was a rational, rural support for the Taliban because of the people that we had re-enfranchised and at just the same time that this sort of this very sense of small life footprint ate money going wrong by 2004-5 there had been an agreement in NATO that the country was now a country that NATO would stabilise this was called the International Security Assistance Force we weren't fighting a war we were supporting Afghan forces who were fighting their own war and the really significant powers that came in Germany to the north Italy to the west America in the east those were the big powers who remained in Afghanistan until last summer they were the most significant true country nations alongside the UK of course actually and the Canadians in Kandahar the UK who took Helmand province most controversially they wanted to go to Canada who was going to go to the south the Canadians had some investment in Kandahar so Tony Blair had agreed as Prime Minister that what Britain was going to do in terms of priorities in Afghanistan was counter-narcotics was going to end the poppy growth and of course because most poppies were grown in Helmand it was rational for UK forces to go to Helmand and from the very beginning this was seen as a policing operation to support aid and I remember Henry Worsley who was the SAS officer who on the ground right at the beginning in 2006 who handed over to the conventional forces very quietly sitting in the streets and they we've come to police aid but there's no way to police and the politicians who sent the soldiers in and I think this is actually the most stupid phrase by any politician in the 20 years of the Afghan war we'll be happy to leave in three years and without firing a shot as John Reid who was the UK defence secretary who sent in British troops in 2006 he really liked this phrase he came out with it a couple of times and this was a sense of policing aid and not really being engaged in a shooting war which of course the United Kingdom forces were very significantly from the very beginning more sanguine military analysis came from Brigadier Andrew Mackay who was one of the best British officers who went to that we went to Helmand with our eyes closed and our fingers crossed and there's a sense that the policy was not connected again I write quite a lot of detail in my book of the disconnect in policy in 2006 between Whitehall, Brussels the soldiers who were training to go in and if you read Patrick Bishop's book Through Para Through Para was the unit that went on the ground in the first place he hasn't won a lot more detail on that a couple of years later there was a reset were four US presidents all together engaged in the Afghan war and in 2009 President Obama came in very much wanting to change policy his ambition was to end the war his ambition was to pull out all American troops to leave the country as he did in Iraq and he spent the whole of 2009 his first year in in office engaged in a whole series of decisions on the Afghan war more thinking went into Afghanistan and any other foreign policy objective in the Obama Whitehall's during that time period senior officials that I talked to for the book said more senior executive time i.e. President Obama's time was spent on the Afghan file than on any other file quite quickly in the spring he fired the commander on the ground General David McKinnon he was a really decent really decent man who was actually doing counterinsurgency but he wasn't charismatic enough I think for some of the people in Washington he wasn't watching his back and in fact this was quite a big deal McKinnon was the first US expeditionary field commander to be fired since General MacArthur in career in 1951 so this was a political activism political decision making in a war but this very much made it Obama's war McKinnon had been a really successful tank commander he commanded the move across the desert in 2003 into Baghdad which had been the longest and fastest armored assault in military history and highly successful in those terms but he was yesterday's man by 2009 counterinsurgency was the new thing a coin as it became called under General Stan McChrystal who replaced McKinnon in the field and McKinnon was the heavy army his skills were not regarded by the new light army the new intellectual thinking your way through everything Stan McChrystal loved whiteboards and if you can see any of the useful about insurgent math and he'd go around Afghanistan into forward operating bases with a whiteboard and he would work it out so there's Afghanistan there and you can see the fame diagram the insurgents are on the side the irreconcilables are in the top of it some of the insurgents were irreconcilable and there's respect and honour as two words that's what the soldiers were supposed to be doing with the Afghan population and insurgent math was if you take you can see 20 insurgents at the top which is the final result if you take 10 insurgents and you shoot two of them how many are you left with and of course everybody says eight and he's no longer left with 28 because the two insurgents have nine cousins between them so it's a multiplier of the number of people you kill so you've got to be really careful of not killing people and that was all of this counterinsurgency thinking in order to try to connect the population to the government separate the population from the insurgent classic counterinsurgency theory going back to David Kalula and Chairman Mao in fact that was the key sort of learning of counterinsurgency of draining the water out of the pond so that the fish you know the fish would drain and the fish of course being the insurgents and the water being the people who would then be on the side of the of the government McRisto only lasted a year and I think it's one of the counterfactuals of what ifs of the Afghan war if the ash cloud hadn't happened remember the ash cloud in 2010 which came suddenly stopped all global flights for about a week and McRisto at the time was on a tour of Europe going from country to country quite quickly in his little executive jet with his team in order to gee up the allies and make sure that there was this alliance because by then there were 150,000 troops in Afghanistan 50,000 of them mostly from NATO countries and he needed to keep them on side it was his wedding anniversary his wife was there he went out to dinner with the boys you know some dream was drunk and there was a Rolling Stone correspondent who was a T-Total who was sitting quietly on the side who had been given very open access to McRisto and his team and he wrote up all the stuff about the kinds of name names that this team America is the as their opponents called them very tightly knit group of officers who worked with him very tightly and of course he all appeared in Rolling Stone he was out of office and I just wonder if the ash cloud hadn't happened he was committed to staying in Afghanistan for as long as it took three, four years if necessary and he had this will to really change the change the nature of the war whether it would have been different there bottom of the picture there on the left on the right by the way that's Nick Carter who was who commanded in the south of Afghanistan a British officer later became chief of defense here the head of the armed forces in the United Kingdom and at the time as a two star major general was commanding more American troops than any other British officer since the Second World War so you know there was quite a lot of quite big military activity going on for these large armies of very large forces that were in Afghanistan and there was a peak of 150,000 troops as I said and some of that development spending began to stick to the sides and began to be effective and by 2011-12 you were actually beginning to see some effect of what had happened in Afghanistan but it was still a really really tough and Marjah for example which was a big campaign in 2009-10 to take a huge area of the poppy fields in Western Helmand became it was supposed to be quite quick and it became bogged down in what a McChrystal called the believing ulcer Nick Carter was the general who was commanding that I think it was a really tough a really tough battle and despite what they were doing in terms of improving development and in terms of taking more ground and pacifying more ground, they were still unable to control corruption and that remained a significant challenge for Afghanistan and in 2011 there was a report in the nation magazine at the United States 2009 rather which sounded the alarm about how serious things had become on corruption and a huge convoy of trucks bringing in goods to this huge force the ground forces the ground convoy were going in from Pakistan for food and fuel and ammunition and all of the things that the American army but war needed you know Kentucky fried chicken and all the rest of it and around 70% of what was brought in came across came from the land and was very vulnerable inevitably to attack in these big exposed convoys that weren't very heavily armored and in order to get those convoys going protection money was paid all the way along to people who in the end of the day turned out to be the Taliban and this report in the nation worked out that around 10% of the $2 billion a year that was going to fund this supply convoys the United States was literally funding the enemy and as Congress the Congress report that looked into this found there was a reliance on warlords for supply chain security which has the effect of dramatically undermining the objective of bolstering the Afghan government which is what the war was about so you have this corruption was literally eating into the very logic of counter insurgency and trucking contracts were only a small part of military spending by these years the American military was spending more on aid in Afghanistan than USAID and huge amounts of money most US reconstruction money went through the Army the State Department the peak year was $19 billion in 2012 which was just a billion dollars less than Afghan GDP so you had an aid budget being spent by military officers who weren't experts in places to put aid and with very little coordination between the military and civilian sides of government General John Allen who was there in 2012 told me that if there was a joint civil military development plan he wasn't told about it there was a strong sense on both sides that this wasn't coordinated and at the same time you had surge troops leaving on timetable there was a timetable for pulling troops out of the country and you had a civilian service that was the biggest failed part of President Obama's plan for bringing all these soldiers he wanted to try and recruit agricultural experts teachers etc to go into the Afghan countryside both in terms of quality and quantity that failed really dismally in terms of the kind of people that came in and the failures of the recruitment campaign in the first place even paying the American departments the Department of Agriculture didn't have a program to be able to pay people to work abroad in the way that they wanted to work abroad so the systems didn't operate for the presidential desire to do things and at the same time there were still civilian casualties in very big numbers and civilian casualties mostly caused by special forces rather than conventional forces and what you saw was I mean this quote from Doug Luke who was running the war in the lighthouse the sun would come up and there would be a burning compound a conventional infantry unit would have to go and figure what happened just make amends with the locals and it just went on and on and that sense of civilian casualties which again corroded the capacity of the international community to build the kinds of links with local people that they were trying to build outside every time there was any kind of civilian attack would go immediately on to television and weep and demand apologies from the Americans and because of social media because of Facebook people were hearing about these much more quickly than they had before the flash of bang time as they like to say in terms of information was much quicker than it had been before it was very difficult for the United States and the international troops to sort of control the narrative even if they managed to with a number of civilian casualty incidents quite big incidents 80 people killed in a wedding party 100 people killed by a bomb who were civilians and it's how calling attacked one after another during 2009-1011 when all these troops on the ground caused very significant again erosion of the relationship between the state and the people 2016-2017 the third American president comes in it's exactly the same as 2009 a president comes in wanting to close down the war not his war didn't see it as being a very good war to be in but a year later the generals who he'd appointed including Mattis and most significantly Mattis as his defense secretary persuaded him to change policy and for the first time there was no conditions put on withdrawal of international troops until then there was very they were on a timetable up to 2014 the surge troops were pulled out someone remained there was the end of operations for NATO in 2014 but after 2014 American troops could still carry out offensive actions against the Taliban and other insurgents but only in very limited circumstances mostly in self-defense so you saw significant reduction in American fire power 2014-15-16 and in 2017 Trump took the gloves off said to General Nick Nicholson who was then commanding in Afghanistan you can drop what you want as much as you want on whoever you want and in fact Nicholson then took that literally and dropped the Moab the largest bomb that America has in its military arsenal on a huge cave complex of Islamic State in the spring of 2017 and I saw the effect of that because I was working in the presidential palace and a group of elders and it was effective in a liberty to one valley a group of elders came to the presidential palace with a white horse which they presented to the Afghan president it was a great war leader it was a slightly bizarre event so there was a strong sense that also at the same time in this policy in 2017 that they were going to move towards negotiations so people who talk about negotiations the mantra about negotiations is to have a mutually hurting stalemate and until 2017 there wasn't a mutually hurting stalemate because the Taliban weren't losing but all of this offensive capability 2017-2018 led to a peace deal and by 2020 you had and it was a really bad peace deal so you have this really good policy in 2017 pushing the Taliban to have a negotiating table but then you have Zalma Khalzad who was appointed as the American negotiator who negotiated the deal who was told effectively just to pull out Trump wanted the troops out before the election in 2020 ideally and there was this very strong demand on Zalma Khalzad and it was a really so this is where the beginnings of the end of the war was such a a mistake and such a scuffle that we fled from Afghanistan rather than leaving in any kind of good style but in 2020 there was finally this peace deal sign and all that it did all that it demanded of the Taliban was that they would sever their links with al-Qaeda in return America had a very strict timetable and there were two other parts to the peace deal it was a ceasefire and a demand that the Taliban would talk to the Afghan government but neither of those were conditions based neither of those had any kind of international apparatus to control them so there was not really any seriousness about the other parts of the policy there were some desultory talks that went on in Doha between the Afghan government and the Taliban in the autumn of 2020 and into 2021 but they were never serious and there was never a ceasefire and there was no apparatus to manage the talks and they really lived into the ground after the presidential election when Trump was defeated at the end of 2020 so fourth American president comes in last year President Biden and he really wanted to close the war down even more than the other two who come before him and in the Obama White House when he was the vice president he was the strongest voice in the room always for no more troops in Afghanistan he had pulled down to a thousand troops back in 2009 rather than having the surge and if you look at the body language of these two men this picture is taken when then vice president Biden went to Afghanistan soon after the election between the election and the inauguration and you can see it he's not having any of it tries again with one more American tries to say look just give us a few dollars more and there was what was described by a senator who was at this dinner as a dinner to remember after this meeting in the private office so I was shouting at President Karzai and in the end he stalked out of the room because he wasn't getting the guarantees he wanted in terms of cutting corruption and ending corruption for the Afghan government so in 2021 when he extended the Trump deadline for only a few months he pulled the troops out he walked to section 60 of Arlington Cemetery which is where the graves of those dead in Afghanistan and Iraq are buried he said to the cameras just after he was walking across he said from the very beginning I never thought we could unify Afghanistan he didn't even see it as a united country it had no sense of Afghanistan as being a function place at all so we left that's August 2021 Major General Chris Donahue an echo of the famous picture in February 1989 of General Gromov crossing the friendship bridge into Uzbekistan the last two general officers in the last two wars 10 years in the Russian war 20 years in the American war their government lasted three years the American that government lasted three hours after the last helicopter left the American embassy and then there was that terrible fortnight when they were trying to get as many people out as they could we lost the war we lost in the most significant sense that the reason why the war happened was to end terrorism from Afghanistan this is the first United Nations sanctions report six months after the fall of Kabul looking at the Taliban and its links with Al Qaeda which they promised to serve in the 2020 peace deal you'll remember the UN sanctions committee found that the Taliban had had a tactical alliance with Islamic State in the month before the fall of Kabul in August Osama bin Laden's son had visited Kabul quite openly Al Qaeda have only maintained strategic silence so as not to compromise Taliban efforts to gain international legitimacy and the sense of the Taliban wanting to gain international recognition is very very strong but terrorist groups enjoy greater freedom than at any time in recent history in Afghanistan so it was a defeat really on epic proportions in Afghanistan and I just wanted to could we're running a bit short of time my lessons if you like of the Afghan intervention which are understand context, don't go in and give money to wars we're too obsessed with an exit strategy people are always talking about exit strategies in these insurgency campaigns what's needed instead in my view is an intervention strategy we need an intervention doctrine, we need forces configured to go into these kinds of countries because if countries like United Kingdom, United States countries that see expeditionary capability as being something our militaries do having the responsibility to protect of people in countries abroad then we need to have forces configured to do the task and we need to train those forces in order to do the task and we need to have much better coordination with the civilian side with defence diplomacy and development so that the 3Ds so called have much more understanding because in Afghanistan counterinsurgency was made up on the hop was made up all the way along between the State Department and with and with the Pentagon in the United States and I just want to close I just that's a viewer again of Arminalo's desk by the way which is a bit of a shock to me when I saw that photograph having sat in that chair on the right in the meetings that I had with the President which I put in we can talk perhaps about options for the future in questions as to what we what we might do what the international community might do in Afghanistan because they're quite tough but I just wanted to close with a few pictures which I'll rattle through quite quickly for and after pictures because although it was an epic defeat in Afghanistan the international community the West didn't lose the people and more than half of Afghan citizens were born since 911 it's a remarkably young population and the Taliban are finding it an alien society it's much more difficult for them coming in to Kabul and to the cities of Afghanistan now than when they came in in 1996 and they're not doing the same things that they did I was actually on the phone just in the taxi coming here tonight to a friend of mine in Kabul who said we're just coming up to Nowruz New Year which is a in the Persian world in the Islamic world is seen as a great moment of celebration but not traditionally in the Pashtun world and in some of those cities there's more sense of Nowruz this year so there's a sense in which the Taliban are allowing some differences to come and that's because although a lot of the aid was misspent and a lot of what happened went clearly wrong and the war was lost we spent the Marshall Plan and we didn't get Germany out of it which the Marshall Plan delivered in 1945 these are before and after pictures of Kabul that's the main street below the Balehissar in the north of the city and that's it today so that's the what year are these? that's the 2001 so that's what the Taliban left us in 2001 they've been in power for five years and that's what Kabul looked like after the Taliban have been in power that's what that's what Kabul looks like now after what's happened so it's down right in the centre of town the two swords are called now as a teaming bazaar the back streets of Kabul the Taliban back in 2001 now again functioning streets the right across the city you're seeing a very different kind of landscape physical landscape very different people so there's even shopping malls in Kabul that's all again so what has happened over the last 20 years it's the Javan Masjid the big mosque on the other side of the river teaming now with coaches much better built than it was and it's also of course in terms of the people of the country and there she had proudly voted in the 2019 election showing the economy the Afghan cricket team the blue tigers highly regarded worldwide playing now at world cup level within climbing mountains in Afghanistan the restoration of the Darul Aman mosque and it goes on there's a completely different sort of society and I think the Taliban are going to find it much more difficult this time to govern in the new Afghanistan so I'll stop there and so very happily engaging in many questions


Here in the gospel of Mark chapter 16. I want to begin reading to you at verse 1 I'll read verses 1 through 8 and we'll get into our study this Easter morning Mark Chapter 16 beginning at verse 1 reading to verse 8 Now when the Sabbath was passed Mary Magdalene Mary the mother of James and Salomey bought spices That they might come and anoint him Very early in the morning on the first day of the week they came to the tomb when the sun had risen and They said among themselves Who will roll away the stone from the door of the tomb for us? But when they looked up they saw that the stone had been rolled away for it was very large and entering the tomb They saw a young man clothed in a long white robe sit in on the right side and they were alarmed But he said to them do not be alarmed You seek Jesus of Nazareth who was crucified? He's risen. He's not here See the place where they laid him But go tell his disciples and Peter that he is going before you Into Galilee There you will see him as he said to you So they went out quickly and fled from the tomb for they trembled and were amazed and they said nothing to anyone For they were afraid It's only been three days Might a while have been three years And for the disciples it was hard for them to believe that it had all come down to this Just a week before Jesus had ridden on the fall of a donkey into the city of Jerusalem and what we call Palm Sunday He had been surrounded by a multitude of people all shouting welcoming him in Many had spread their clothes palm branches on the road before him as he entered Mark in chapter 11 told us in verses 9 and in 10 Those who went before and those who followed cried out saying Hosanna Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord Blessed is the kingdom of our father David that comes in the name of the Lord who's on in the highest The atmosphere was electric. It was charged with jubilation and filled with excitement This was the beginning of a very momentous week in the life of Jesus and and his men and the week was filled with activity When you look at your bible and you read what took place during that last week We read that on Monday he returned to the city of Jerusalem as he came in he cursed a barren fig tree Went to the temple and cleansed it on Tuesday. He gave what is called the Mount of Olives discourse He was teaching there in Matthew chapter 24 and 25 and he spoke to them Concerning the last days and the second coming and spoke to them of judgment The bible doesn't say what he did on wednesday, but on thursday he celebrated pass over He washed the feet of his disciples On that night he instituted the Lord supper He used bread and wine as symbols of the life that he was yielding on their behalf And he taught his men something very simple. He said remember me He then went to a garden It was there that his former follower a man by the name of Judas betrayed him His disciples all foresook him and fled And he was led away to be tried And after this sham of a trial Jesus was sentenced to death And he was crucified on friday At this point we need to consider what Jesus's disciples would have been going through They went through the incredible loss The trauma that would be produced when Jesus was taken and crucified This miracle working man Was taken and was killed This man that they had seen walk on water A man that they had seen feed thousands He could command a storm and the storm would be quiet He made blind men see crippled men walk. He cleansed lepers. He even raised the dead He was undefeated in debates with religious experts. He would silence them And he was love in human flesh. He welcomed and transformed outcasts and sinners Even in Gethsemane when he was arrested his men knew who was in charge When the officers and soldiers entered the garden to take him They didn't approach him. He's the one who approached them In john 18 verses three through nine John writes a Judas having received a detachment of troops and officers from the chief priests and Pharisees Came there with lanterns torches and weapons Jesus therefore knowing all things that would come upon him went forward and said to them, whom are you seeking? They answered him Jesus of Nazareth Jesus said to them, I am he And Judas who betrayed him also stood with them Now when he said to them, I am he they drew back and fell to the ground And he asked them again, whom are you seeking? And they said Jesus of Nazareth and Jesus answered I've told you that I am he Therefore if you seek me let these go their way that the saying might be fulfilled Which he spoke of those whom you gave me I have lost none This man was invincible Yet he was taken he was crucified And he died And his followers were confused They were afraid When Jesus had been taken They forsook him They fled Some had gone into hiding in fear that they would be pursued hunted down and killed And this had happened on friday But now it's sunday The bible says in verse one When the Sabbath was passed Mary Magdalene Mary the mother of james and salami Bought spices that they might come and anoint him These women had come to the tomb bringing spices that they might anoint his body Mary Magdalene Mary the mother of james the last who was an apostle He's the son of alpheus a woman by the name of salami Who was a mother of james and john as well as joanna And other women were there as it says they came to finish the burial of jesus christ Two of his disciples a man by the name of joseph Another by the name of nicodemus secured his body for burial They had followed them these women had followed them in order to know Where jesus had been buried In luke 23 verses 55 and 56 it says the women who had come with him from galilee followed after They observed the tomb and how his body was laid They returned and prepared spices and fragrant oils They rested on the Sabbath according to the commandment You see joseph and nicodemus had hastily prepared jesus's body for burial So these women had come that they might finish The procedure they wanted to anoint the body of jesus because the jews didn't didn't balm dead bodies They anointed them That was to offset the smell of decay It was an act of love and an act of honor for jesus Again three days before he'd been crucified. They witnessed his death They came early to finish Burying him and that's what is meant when mark says that they might come and anoint him Now this provides proof by the way that the death and burial of jesus wasn't a hoax There are those who believe and say that jesus only appeared to die and that is a hoax or rather a a Statement that was made very early in his ministry even see it in the gospel Where it states that that they were afraid that jesus would be stolen His body would be stolen by his disciples and that's what they had said a guard Around the tomb because very early people had believed that jesus's body had actually been stolen From the tomb and there have even been books written over the centuries concerning that So they say well jesus christ only appeared to die or they came and stole his body I don't know if you know this but islam teaches that jesus did not die on the cross In their quran in chapter 4 verse 157 it reads because of their saying We slew the messiah jesus son of mary allah's messenger. They slew him not Nor crucified him, but it appeared so unto them And lo those who disagree concerning it are in doubt thereof They have no knowledge thereof save pursuit of a conjecture. They slew him not for certain And so this is something that's been going on for years where people have denied that jesus died was buried and was resurrected He did not fake his own death in order to deceive people into believing that he had risen They're coming to the tomb prepared to finish his burial speaks loudly to this And he didn't faint he didn't pretend to be dead and then roll away the stone the bible makes it very clear He died And jesus died at three in the afternoon Bodies were not to remain on a cross on the Sabbath So a special request had been made for the body of christ In order that it might be removed and be buried mark 1543 says that joseph took courage And went into the governor and asked for the body in requesting his body He was confessing to be a believer something he hadn't done before So joseph and nicodemus took jesus's body. They gave him a king's burial It may be that they felt they didn't give him honor The kind of honor he deserved was still alive And so in verse two it says very early in the morning on the first day of the week They came to the tomb when the sun had risen The women arrived early sunday morning. It was dawn. It was still dark And that's a demonstration that they hadn't listened closely to him as he had taught them Remember that jesus had prepared his disciples for this very important day He knew that they'd be overwhelmed with what they were about to go through Matthew tells us in chapter 17 verses 22 and 23 While they were staying in galilee jesus said to them the son of man is about to be betrayed into the hands of men They will kill him and the third day he will be raised up They were exceedingly sorrowful on many occasions jesus had taught them from the very beginning It's recorded in john chapter 2 and several times through the gospels He was preparing them, but they still weren't ready even the night before Jesus had once again attempted to prepare them John 16 tells us in verse 20 that jesus said most assuredly i say to you that you will weep and lament But the world will rejoice you will be sorrowful But your sorrow will be turned to joy Which was a picture of the fact that they were going to have joy at his resurrection He had taught them that he would die. He had taught them He would be resurrected and he wanted them to know and believe that death would not have the final victory He would definitely die, but he would be raised from the dead But that message was too deep for them to understand You see The reason part of the reason is is because in all human experience death is absolutely final In the book of jobe in chapter 14 verses 1 and 2 We read man who is born of woman is of a few days and full of trouble He comes forth like a flower fades away He flees like a shadow and does not continue Death is finality There are a few things that speak with the authority and the finality of a funeral There's something about attending a funeral that actually sobers you up Funerals cause us to consider the brevity of life the Inevitability of death in ecclesiasties chapter 7 verse 2 It says better to go to the house of mourning than to the house of feasting for that is the end of all men The living will take it to heart You go to a funeral and it makes you sober minded you go to a party and you don't learn anything And so the writer of ecclesiasties says that it's it's better to mourn than to be always laughing because you get a sobriety and you understand finality You see in the midst of the pain you go through we might even forget. We've been what we've been taught about resurrection When you're there viewing the body of someone you love deeply it has an impact. That's immeasurable And the grief is sobering It's like time suddenly stops as you view this and experience this pain And during that time we might even forget what we've been taught In our christian teachings about resurrection Viewing that body Is just an immeasurable moment for us the reality of death Can cause us to forget all that we would claim we believed Like in the case of martha and jesus After martha's brother lazarus had died When lazarus died martha began to speak to jesus. It's recorded in john chapter 11 verses 21 and 22 John says that martha said to jesus lord if you'd have been here my brother would not have died But even now i know that whatever you ask of god god will give you And so jesus responded jesus said to her your brother will rise again martha said to him i know that he'll rise again in the resurrection at the last day jesus said to her i am the resurrection in the life he who believes in me though he may die he shall live Whoever lives and believes in me shall never die and then he asked that question that he'd ask us today He asked her do you believe this? Though jesus had prepared them for this day it was beyond belief As understandable as it is in reality their actions were built on doubt and not on faith in god They'd been instructed to have joy through all they were going through Death wasn't going to have final victory. They should rejoice at its defeat In john 14 28 jesus said you've heard me say to you i'm going away and coming back to you If you loved me you would rejoice because i said i'm going to the father for my father's greater than i But there they are at the tomb And they have a question that needs to be answered Verse three says they said among themselves who will roll away the stone from the door of the tomb For us who will roll away the stone from the door The stone was in the shape of a wheel it was on an incline It would roll into a groove cut out of rock and it would seal the tomb It weighed a ton and a half to two tons It was impossible for these women to roll back the stone up that incline their unbelief provokes them to create an imaginary need that was impossible to meet And as they're speaking amongst themselves who's going to roll away this the stone verse four says when they looked up They saw that the stone had been rolled away. It was very large Their concerns had been answered They needed no one to roll away the stone Matthew 28 2 says an angel of the lord descended from heaven came and rolled back the stone from the door and sat on it There are things that you go through That you're going to be saying who could roll away this stone Well, the problem is is you can't do it in your own strength. You can't do it with your own power You cannot do it with your own will you cannot do it with your own intellect the stones in your life can't be removed in that way I discovered a long time ago and many of you have too that the one who does the impossible who rolls away the stone is god himself God has a way of taking the impossible that we have the situation in front of us that we cannot answer and we cannot We cannot find a solution to god has a way of saying i could roll away that stone And some of us have to understand that today There are things in your life that are like stones that are blocking you and god is saying listen I have the ability to roll that away so you can find life You see that stone was rolled away not to let jesus out but that the world might enter in to see that he's alive He isn't dead. He is no longer in that grave. He's alive and he still rolls away stones in our life It says in verse five entering the tomb They saw a young man clothed in a long white robe sitting on the right side and they were alarmed But he said to them do not be alarmed. You seek jesus of nathreth who was crucified. He's risen He's not here see the place where they laid him So they enter in and there's an angel matthew mentioned him And very often in the bible angels appear in human form and he speaks to them He says don't be alarmed in other words fear not Calm down, but they were startled and tells them in verse six. He's risen. He's not here See the place where they laid him You have come to the right tomb But jesus is no longer here Now this provides them with visible proof The place he had been laid to rest Is now empty In john 20 verses six and seven it says simon peter came Following john following him and went into the tomb And he saw the linen cloths lying there and the handkerchief that had been around his head not lying with the linen cloths But folded together in a place by itself and evidence of jesus being gone And so they see this and it says in verse seven, but go tell his disciples and peter That he's going before you into galilee There you will see him as he said to you Even though they had fled that night in the garden There's still a place for them Remember that jesus had given a parable of a lost sheep How that the shepherd left the other sheep and went looking for the one that was lost Like that sheep Jesus was calling his disciples home But peter especially needed comfort Because it was the apostle peter That had claimed that he would never deny the lord Just recently As they were there at the Passover supper remember how Jesus was speaking And he was sharing with them what was about to take place And as he was speaking the apostle peter Had said though all were to deny you Though all were to forsake you He said i never would I never will He said i would even die for you And remember how jesus looked at him and said will you I tell you this night you will deny me three times And he was more vehement. He was so upset. How could you say that i would deny you? This is peter this is the one who so many times had been the center of our attention in the gospels He's the one who when others stayed in a boat He's the one who climbed out of that boat and and walked towards jesus christ He was a brave man He was the man that that when when jesus was in the garden just later on How he was the one who who when the soldiers came the detachment of soldiers and and officers came to take jesus It was the apostle peter who took out his sword and and went after the first person that he could hit a man by the name of Melchus and we Remember the story of how he hit him on the side of the head cut off his ear And and jesus told him put your your sword away and and healed melchus and and peter had demonstrated even that night That if i have to be taken down i'll be taken down i will give up my life for you I told you i love you i love you more than these i will do that i love you that deeply But it was the apostle peter who later on Went into a garden And he was there with john And he saw jesus jesus looked at him and Peter remembered what jesus had told him because he had been there by a fire and He had denied knowing the lord three times and he hears the rooster as it crows and jesus looks at him and And he went out luke tells us and he He wept bitterly. This is the one who failed him miserably.  I'm your woman. You might say and Whatever you want me to do lord i'm there i'm there for you You know the people that i knew when i first got saved they've they've walked away from you lord But not me i'm gonna remain faithful to you i'm gonna follow you to the end And then you find yourself slipping away Step by step listen back sliding isn't an instantaneous thing It's a series of small decisions that leads you to a place that you never thought you could come back to It doesn't happen instantly guys.  It starts out sometimes with noble Things noble causes noble reasons i'm gonna do this.  They'll do it.  It's gonna be fine I'll tell them about jesus you had a good heart and you started to slip away And now you wake up and you wonder how did i get here? What happened? And there are a lot of people like that A lot of people who started well, but didn't finish well a lot of people who began Who made claims god? I love you who wept during worship who went forward at an invitation who said god I'm your person. I will do what you call me to do Then you meet an unbeliever and you hook up and before you know You got a baby and and what happened where did go and you may be thinking I said i would never let you go But lord seems that i have and that's why jesus is speaking because peter had said i would die for you He was broken hearted. He was in terrible pain because he the man who said i love you more than these is the one Who had fled with the others he had forsaken him and so what does jesus do here?  It's to you. He's speaking right now And he's saying you need to hear this He died for the sin of the whole world which includes yours He knew what you would do with the gospel when he gave it to you and you received it He knew what you would do and he still loved you and he still gave you that gospel Why because his love is forever jesus christ forgives all sin all manner of sin no matter how much sin He has the ability to do that and he will do that you need to understand it the blood of jesus christ His son cleanses us from all sin not just some sin or past sin years ago He forgives us for all sin and when we say god be merciful to me a sinner He doesn't say no. You've already filled up your cup of ugly. I don't need that. I'm not going to forgive you No, he says I will forgive you and if you come to me tomorrow I'll forgive you again.  I'm alive go and tell him. He's broken hearted And that's what happens. He needed comfort. He boasted. I'll never deny him And so these words are intended to communicate grace to a broken hearted man Peter you failed miserably Jesus would be saying but my love and my grace is sufficient For your recovery And so they went out Verses says they went out quickly. They fled from the tomb. They trembled. They were amazed Said at first they said nothing to anyone They were afraid they went out quickly at first. They didn't dare to speak They were that afraid But they did go and they did tell the apostles And by their writings the apostles told us What did they tell us? Well, they tell us this the apostles in the writings tell us sin is terrible Sin separates us from god And it results in eternal condemnation Sin affects every element of being everything about us And every person is a sinner There's none righteous. Romans 3 10 tells us no not one In Romans 3 23 all have sinned fall short of the glory of god The apostles told us that sin must be dealt with On an individual and personal level Romans 6 23 says all have sinned fall short of the glory of god They told us that ultimately when not dealt with it results in judgment Hebrews 9 27 it's appointed unto men to die once after this judgment They told us god loved the world And he gave us jesus christ to save us Jesus on our behalf took upon himself the sin of the world. He is the lamb of god He took upon himself the sin of the world which includes ours In first peter chapter 3 verse 18 the apostle peter who learned this lesson writes Christ also suffered when he died for our sins once for all time He never sinned But he died for sinners That he might bring us safely home to god He suffered physical death But he was raised to life in the spirit They told us that our salvation rests on the fact of his resurrection Had he not been raised from the dead Believe in him would not matter In first Corinthians 15 17 if christ isn't risen your faith is futile.  Where is your sting? Oh grave? Where is your victory? Because the sting of of sin is death But guess what we have victory in jesus christ because he lives we live also in him We have been forgiven We don't worship a dead teacher. We worship a living savior We worship the one who yielded his life up for us the one whose blood Cleanses us from all sin the one whose spirit and dwells and empowers us the one who took our name And wrote it in the lambs book of life The one who one day will say come up here and we will be with him And then we will see him face to face and we will say god. I love you Thank you for what you've done for me. I followed you because you loved me and gave yourself for me That's our savior. He's alive. He's not dead. Buddha's dead. Muhammad's dead Confucius is dead, but jesus christ is alive. He's alive this morning He's alive. He's alive. We worship a living savior And he forgives us of our sin. He cleanses us from all unrighteousness And he empowers us by his holy spirit There's not a sin that god will not forgive if you yield it to him He will wash it clean and you he will take your sin And as far as the east is from the west so far will he separate your sin from you Never the two will ever meet again God looks at you as the one who has what is called the imputed righteousness of christ when he looks at you He sees his son's perfection. It's not what you have done It is what he has done for you and that's why we're alive in christ That's the christian message It isn't works of righteousness, which we've done But according to his mercy, he saved us by the washing of regeneration by the renewing of the holy spirit I didn't work my way into heaven. I received it as a gift Jesus christ died on the cross. He was raised from the dead. I believe that I said god be merciful to me A sinner wash me and cleanse me and fill me with your power And I've been following jesus christ for 48 years and I can tell you he is alive and living today and changes life I have seen god move and he will continue to do so He will continue to do so And if you haven't received christ I invite you to do so today If you haven't said god be merciful to me, i'm a sinner one if you don't think you're a sinner You must not be married because i'm sure your spouse has let you know Every one of us sins and falls short of the glory of god It's not somebody else's fault. There are things that contribute to my sinfulness in the way that I express it But I sin because i'm a sinner by nature That's what I am I am when i'm born i'm born with this dark Soul and I do evil things and I will do those because by nature that's what I do I cannot make myself righteous because my sin is that deep I need a cleansing my own works can't cleanse me But the blood of jesus christ which is perfect and pure Can and he washes you and cleanses you by his blood That's how it works and you say I I I need to be cleansed I remember somebody who said well, you know he was saying to a christian You know your brain washed and the christian's response was indeed My brains were filthy dirty and they needed a good washing and jesus christ washed that with his blood There's no doubt about that and if you're crippled right now If you're like the apostle peter and you're just dealing with grief and denial and things that you've done Jesus christ would be saying and tell you And tell you he's alive. He forgives. He will cleanse you. He will receive you. He will transform you He loves you and all he's asking you to do is turn from your wicked ways Turn to him and watch the miracle that your life will become Think about the people that will be impacted when your life is transformed Think about what god can do when you finally say god Immersable to me a sinner. I have a friend of mine right now in this in this room Who I went to high school with I've known him since I was 14 years old He's in this room right now And uh, I knew him. We were 14 years old. He sure has gotten old and uh And uh He was coming to this church for a year And didn't know it was me Because of the transformation god had done in my life He said that couldn't be my friend from high school god can change your life To become unrecognizable To those who used to party with those who knew you best God can change your life you yield to him and watch what he'll do Do you have sin in your life that needs to be dealt with? Jesus christ can deal with it. It takes humility on your part. You have to say to him god I agree with you and the scripture says if you confess your sin the word confess simply means it's a greek word homo It simply means to say the same thing God says you are unrighteous. You're simply saying I agree with you god.  He washes you changes you and one day he'll welcome you into his kingdom He'll look at you and say well done my good and my faithful servant enter into the joy of the lord This has been prepared for you from the foundation of the world and one of these days One of these days and guys, it's not that long not that long The voice is going to say come up here and the church will be gone And we will be seeing him face to face and we'll be able to say to him. Oh lord. I've already rehearsed I pray i'm able to do this I just I just want to do this. I want to look at him. I want to say to him I'm looking into the eyes of the one who wept for me I'm looking into the the man who laid his life down on that cross for me And all I want to do when I see him is just say thank you jesus. I love you That's all I that's all I can do. Thank you jesus Can you say more? Can you say more? No, thank you jesus I love you I love you and it's not that long till we'll see him face to face Either you'll see him as savior or you will see him as judge But you will see him and I want to encourage you today to receive him as your savior because you don't want him to be your judge


You say you're tired of black men. Explain what you mean by that. Black women are running around chasing this mythological dream of black love that black men have not bought into and have shown that in many different ways. I can't even respond to that. I'm just gonna let that one fly right on over. And within this culture, we put way too much of an emphasis on black men. What? We're calling them kings, although they have no kingdom. We're sold into this narrative as black women that if we consider an option outside of black men, then we are betraying the race. We do not care. And that it is our duty as black women to stick to black men so that we can carry the black community on our backs. It makes sense that our reflex is not to only blame black men, but it's also to see black men as the perpetrators. That was programmed by white supremacy. The whole point of this, I'm trying to get black people back together.