All right, this is flickering a little, I hope it, all right, should be good. No? Should I just, like, unplug it? Okay. I'm just not going to touch it and it'll be fine. Good? All right. There you go. All right, yeah, so thanks to Boku for putting this on.  And I'm excited to close out the first day of BackphoneCom Part 3. So, yeah, the title of the talk is Database JavaScript. And I sort of left the talk title a little vague just because I wasn't sure exactly what all I was going to cover in this talk. But I knew it was going to be data related. And it was sort of a play on, clicker does not work. Actually, sorry, one second. There we go. And it was a play on Database JavaScript, primarily because of a library that I've been working on for a little bit of time now, probably close to two years, which has pretty significant, I guess, like, Foundings in Backbone. And the library is called Bookshelf.js. And I'm just curious, has anybody heard of Bookshelf? Okay, anybody using it for anything? All right, so, some people, yeah, it's still young. But basically what it does is it models common relational patterns that you'd find on the server side. So, one to one, one to many, many to many relationships between models in a relational database. And it's really, really heavily inspired by Backbone.js. So, when I say heavily inspired, I actually took like the source of Backbone, I guess, and copied it into another editor and just started ripping out the different pieces that didn't pertain to models and collections like the view and the router. And then anywhere, is it still flickering? Anywhere that the, where you would be hitting a RESTful API with like a AJAX request with jQuery, replaced it with another library I've been working on called Connects.js. And Connects essentially tries to pave over the different, the different open source databases that you'd find like MySQL, SQLite, Postgres, with sort of a common API. So, in Node, there's not a common way of dealing with these sorts of things. So, each of these libraries have their own, their own API, their own conventions for doing things. So, this is, this sort of tries to give you a, a familiar query building, sort of like a jQuery type syntax, where it's Connects select all from users, where the ID is in this list of IDs, and then you can do subqueries, and you can do joins, and pretty much anything you'd, you'd want to do with a relational database, you can hopefully do with Connects. So, that's sort of the underlying layer of the, of the Bookshelf, sort of higher layer that's, that has its roots and backbone. And just an example of how similar it looks that once you initialize a Bookshelf object with the Connects object, you get Bookshelf. So, you model extend, and instead of a URL, you have a table name, and then you can add methods which, which sort of determine what the, what the different relations are. And then, here's an example of, of querying, you create a site with ID of one, and then you do a fetch, so that would do like a select, or select one from site where ID is one, and then you can fetch based on those relations, and it sort of loads everything as you, as you would need. And so, the idea here, it was first, there are two, two sorts of things. One was that I've been working with JavaScript, and I liked working with relational databases, but it, it didn't seem like there were that many good options in, in Node. So, I thought maybe it would be fun to, to try and, try and build one, I guess, so that I could work with, with patterns that I like from, from backbone with the models and collections, but on the server side with, with Node.js. And, and the other one was sort of to see if I could push backbone to this, to this Holy Grail, sort of, sort of thing. And everybody knows that the, the Holy Grail of, of JavaScript apps is, is to-do lists. So, so, so, you know, like all the, all the good, like, once you've made a to-do list app in your framework, then you know you've made it. So, I've actually never published this because I was afraid that someone might think it was a good idea to, to do this, but I was able to successfully switch out bookshelf for backbone models, collections, and have the to-do list actually work from, from, so I wrote it from, like, the to-do MVC, and was able to switch it out with WebSQL as the, as the back end, and it worked, but yeah, I was just afraid, like, don't ever do this, because, like, WebSQL is deprecated, so it's just a bad idea in general, but it was sort of a cool proof of concept. But the real Holy Grail is, is to be able to reuse, reuse code on the, on the client and the server. And so I thought that maybe by, by sort of combining sort of some of the ideas from backbone that I'd be able to do that, reuse the collections and the models on the, on the client and the server. And I think this is still something that, that's, it's not as easy as it sounds. Like, that you can't just, you can reuse some little bits of things, but there's, there's discrepancies here and there, and it's, it's not as easy as reusing the, the same API. And so, so one thing, I, I've given a few talks on these libraries before, and, and honestly, like, talking about relational databases and JavaScript is, to me, incredibly boring. Just because they're, like, there's two, I guess, probably two groups of people that would attend a conference like Backbone. And either you've worked in a server-side scripting language where you have, you know, that's, that's more established, that didn't grow up, like, right alongside Mongo, and where you have actual relational database abstractions that are pretty well built out. And so if that's the case, then the talk can, can sort of be summed up in, like, this is trying to do that, but it's probably not quite there yet in, in JavaScript. And, and so, and if you haven't done that, like, if you haven't, if you're not, if you're more of a client-side developer and you, and you just work on the front end, then the last place that you're going to want to learn SQL is at, like, the last talk of the day at Backbone.com. So I just figured that maybe I wouldn't talk about this as much.  But if you, if you want to find out more, there's recorded talks where I sort of do a deep dive into the API. And I think there's also still sort of a lot of work to be done. So have created this thing, and people are using it now that you're sort of starting to hammer on a little bit and see where the weaknesses are. And so, you know, what I was, what I was thinking was maybe, maybe I could take some of these ideas, the shortcomings that I've found either from, from the, the Bookshelf ORM that I've been working with, or some things in some applications that I've been working on more recently in Backbone and see if I could sort of share some of those ideas and then maybe see if there's anything that, that might, might come of that. So I'm going to jump back to the original title of just, just database JavaScript. And this is the second, second talk in a row with Swiss Army Knife. And I love Swiss Army Knives. They're so cool. So, so we're going to talk about the, the Swiss Army Knife of, of application data with, in Backbone, which are, which are the models and collections. And, and sort of some context of, of where I'm coming from and, and the projects that, that I've been working on recently. I work for a company and we build software for people to go in and do home energy efficiency audits in homes to sort of take a whole bunch of calculations, hundreds of, of very specific measurements about a home dealing with different things and run it through a modeling engine and then try to figure out what the, the savings investment ratio is, what the sort of ROI is on, on different upgrades to the home. And in doing this, our application has, has hundreds of fields, which are all sort of dependent on one another. That, like when one changes, then they, then all the others might change. And they're pulling data from all these different sources. And there's so many, there's just a mess of just different things that have to interact with each other. And everything is, is live. So it's Socket.io. So you've got like hundreds and hundreds of fields that are all sort of talking to each other. They're all database driven and they, they're sort of tough to deal with. So you've got a lot of models updating all the time. And then to top it off, we have to be offline pretty soon at least for, for the basic data input. So we're sort of pushing, pushing a lot of the limits of, of backbone models and collections, especially with network connectivity and, and offline first was a talk from earlier today. And so I just wanted to share some, some sort of things that, things that I've observed in, in building this application and in book, building bookshelf about the models and collections and, and, you know, see, see where, where that might go. And so these are just opinions, so taken with a grain of salt. But it, it, in my experience, backbone models and collections, I think do, do a little too much. But by themselves, they, they aren't enough alone. And this is just in the context of, of what I've been working on. And then the, the final opinion is that there's, there's better ways than listening to individual state change events on, on models and collections all, all across your application. And I did a Google image search for heresy because I know this is just like not, this goes against the core tenants of, of backbone in general. So I'll try to defend them a little bit and, and also note that these might not apply in all cases. So the first point is that, is that they do too much. And, and I know it's, it's like how, how is that the case? You know, there's only a couple hundred lines of code, you know, all together for, for, for the models and collections. So I think they might, they might do too much. Like for example, from the last talk, it sounded like backbone models and collections fit the, fit the API that you would be working against with WordPress so well that it, it's a perfect match. But, but sometimes I think if you, if you're trying to push the envelope a little bit, they, they might do a little too much. So if we look at backbone models and collections and what they do, they, they wrap data and they do validations. Yeah, change notification. And then relations, it sort of gets a little fuzzy around there because there's no best practice around how to deal with related data. I think in the documentation it actually says that you can sort of nest, nest related data as attributes on the model or collection. It deals with syncing sort of directly. So if you have the same, the same model multiple places, it could be hitting the same API at different times. And it can be difficult, I guess, just that the model is very, very tied to, to the change. And it's also the place for your app specific logic. So it's really easy to, to bog that down by putting too much on the model that doesn't necessarily belong there. And then the, the collections, they, they rat the models, which is great, but they also have very tight ties with the models like the, the models URL is driven on, on the collections. So there's a direct reference there. And maybe you have nested models or there's sort of up in the air how you should structure your, your models and collections. And in my mind, what, what they should do or what in our case, they've been better suited to do, I guess, is for the models to just wrap data and deal with getting setting to have limited change notification. And, and to also return sort of external relations based on, based on the attributes. So they don't actually store them, but based on what the ID or what other properties of the model are, you can, you can return these external things. And then all the collections do for us is, is to just filter the models straight up. So there's, we stripped out a whole bunch of the, the functionality there. So just going to talk, talk really quickly about some of the difficulties that I've had personally with, with collections when working, especially with, with bookshelf JS. And the first is that, that collections and we've seen this code from earlier today with, with Jeremy's great walkthrough, but the, they have a API very similar to, to JavaScript arrays. So they're very array like length, pop, push, shift, all the familiar ones. But they're actually, they're actually from the documentation we see that they're ordered sets. So they're, they're not actually arrays, they're, there's only really one of a particular model. But internally, they're, they're set up like maps.  And so this sort of gets a little tricky when you get to collection dot set. Sometimes if you have a lot of different data changing and coming in from different sources, it can be hard to reconcile what, as the models are coming in and what should, what should do what at a certain point in time. And yeah, I couldn't fit all the code on one screen, but luckily we got it broken into three screens earlier today. So that's sort of a summary of that. The, and then I'm also thinking they don't only do too much, but they also might not be enough by themselves. So it's easy to have multiple sources of truth. So the idea, the fundamental idea behind backbone is that you don't want to be serializing state in the DOM. You know, like, think about jQuery where you have a class that's named user logged in, and that's how you used to check for whether a user was logged in or not. And so in all your places, you had to make sure that that class wasn't being accidentally set incorrectly. And I think, so backbone tries to push that up a layer by putting it on the, on the, by having models and collections and the views responding to state change. But then if you have, let's say, a logged in user and then also a user that's nested at some point inside a collection response for maybe you have like a post with many comments, and a user is one of the people that made one of those comments, and you have two sort of sources of the user instance in different locations. If one is updated, the other, the other doesn't know about that. And while you, maybe you shouldn't, shouldn't be doing that, I've seen it happen in a lot of cases, and it's difficult to come up with a solution that's elegant, I guess, on your own. So that's, as I mentioned, the object identity issues is similar that maybe, or maybe you go the other way where you are referencing the same user from multiple places, and then you don't actually want the same user object that you're maybe mutating some, some attributes on that, that aren't actually the attributes is the wrong word, but you're just sort of fiddling with this model and it's supposed to be behave, it's supposed to be a different instance than this other one, but it's the same because you wanted to make sure that we solved the, the other problem and you can run into some issues there. And really it just boils down to that there's no definitive place of knowing what data exists in your application. Like in our case, models, there were so many different models that dealt with one another that changes were, were sort of passing through, and it was very difficult without sort of a predefined, predefined space to deal with all this. How would you, how would you know what's actually in your app at one time without, you know, globals? So better than change events, better, better solution. I don't know about this one. Just that if you think about it, maybe there's a better way than having each view just very tightly coupled with, with an individual model that it's listening on each change events and you have all these little pieces around your app where you're, where you're listening on change events. It's, it can be difficult to visualize when a change occurs what actually is going to happen along the line. I think that's one of the, one of the problem with, with change event listeners. So I'm sort of grilling on, on backbone models and collections, but I don't think that I think that there, there might be a solution to this. So what might an elegant solution look like? Because if we look at sort of more monolithic libraries like Ember data, which, you know, has very opinionated approach to, to how your data should be structured and how it's synced and everything like that, that wouldn't really be the backbone approach. So, so let's talk about maybe some of the things that you could do to, to limit the scope of, of data. So, yeah, so first it would limit the scope of models and collections, sort of have them, have them do a little less push some of the, some of the bigger methods that had to be split into, into multiple slides from, from the keynote from today into maybe some of that belongs in a, in a different location. Pave over some of the, some of the complexities, like I mentioned, the, the collection.set can sort of be a black box you're not really sure what's, what's going on in there. And also just simplify listening to, to change over time. So if you have multiple models that are talking independently to, to a back end store, you know, posting and, but they somehow depend on one another. There's no real good way without just binding, binding listeners to, to models and collections, which you really don't want to be doing to know what the state of your app is. Every, everything sort of knows about its own little, little view of the world and your application. And, and sometimes that can be, that can be great when you're hitting external APIs, like I said from the last presentation. But sometimes when you have a, an application like the one I, I mentioned working on, you, you have to really know what's going on with everything and, and how that works. So in my mind, what this would look like is, is having sort of a backbone.session where it's just a single, single store. So you can, you can, you can think of it sort of like a, is it, is it still flickering here? I think, I think my, I think I dropped my computer once and it, what's it? So, so anyway, as, as I was fixing it, the, the, the backbone.session, you can think of it sort of like a session cookie where it's, it's something that's very, very temporary. It would only live until the application is, is refreshed essentially. And, and it would also be similar to, to backbone.sync where everything sort of pipes through one, one individual source in the app. So every, every change that happens would go back through the backbone.session and then, and then come full circle back out to the, to the models and collections. And in order for that to work, the, the models and collections would have to, would have to in turn reference back to that, to that backbone session. So it would sort of be like the single source of truth, the true single source of truth I guess you could say for your application. And, and this is the approach that we, that we ended up, ended up using and I'm going to sort of talk about just a few of the, of the different pieces that, that go into that and then see, see what anybody thinks. So we have a get path method and the get path method essentially it's similar to the URL where the URL defines like a universal resource locator for, for what endpoint it's hitting. The, the get path returns into this, into this, I don't know, into this root, root data store where, where the, the attributes that it's referencing actually live. So in this case it would be from the root it would be accounts and then ID. And in this case, so it doesn't necessarily have to be flat. So you could also sort of group things by the indexes that make the most sense to, to, should I just, all right hopefully that's better. Yes. All right. Well, there's only a few more minutes and then we're done. So, so, so yeah, so it doesn't have to be the, it doesn't have to be flat. You can, you can index things by what makes the most sense, I guess, based on how you're working in your application. So for example, you're never really going to look up a post if it, if it lives inside a site, then you're only ever going to look it up inside that site. Or if you have a comment that lives by a post, you're never going to look up the comment by its primary key because there's no, no place you're really going to know that. And if that is a common pattern, you can sort of have that indexed and what, what do you think? Well, I'm holding it, it doesn't flicker. Turn it off, Mary. I'm not here. Take my resolution down. Take my resolution down? Yeah. Oh, I could kill that too. I think that's it. All right. 800 again. 800 years. Each pixel is one, is six inches. Let's see where, where I was. Oh, no worries. All right. Thanks for, thanks for bearing with this. Hopefully, hopefully we make it through. Okay. So, so yeah, like I said, you can, so the, when you're, when you're getting Jason responses back from the server, it typically looks like this. So it makes a lot of sense to, to just sort of throw it in collection in a similar fashion. But in our, in our experience for, for the stuff that we were doing, it, it was more efficient to, to already sort of pre index what, what the lookup path is based on the, the, the foreign keys that, that sort of makes sense. And this ended up being that, you know, if you change something in this path, you can then hit the server with, with that path and then have it go through the socket IO and it knows exactly into the root session layer what, what individual model needs to change. And so it doesn't have to look through the collection and then find it and, and look it up and, and update it that way. So it was just really straightforward to see, see as things are, are coming in. So just something to, to consider, I guess you could say. And then in our case, relations were dealt with. So a post has many comments in a lot of cases where commenting is enabled on blogs. And, and so you could say that it's, it's typically based on the post ID. So on the post object, you would return a collection where the, where you'd look into the, into the root session and say, get in comments and then, and then ID. And then the way that, that setting attributes would work it from the, from the end users perspective, you know, from the background developers perspective, it wouldn't have any change really, you would just call model dot set. But internally it would be calling model dot session set in and then whatever the, the path is with the attribute that you're adding sort of tacked on, concatenated on to, onto the end. And then with the value. And so then it would sort of go back into the, into the root layer and, and refresh, you know, the different views that, that have that path. As well as it would be sort of the single source where we would have it go to our, our socket IO layer where it could be Ajax, depending on, on which piece of data we were dealing with. But instead of having it go directly from the model to the sink, it was all coming back into one place. So we could know that, you know, if something was, if there were multiple models that had to be set at the same time, like certain values that we could have one place that we were looking at that you could do the same with sink but you, that you sort of lose a little bit when you don't have the full state of the world snapshot there, sort of at your fingertips. So, so what this, what this ended up gaining us was it just drastically simplified collections. And I was sort of going through the backbone source seeing where, you know, if, if there were a, a store that dealt with a lot of, a lot of the things that are dealt with in, in backbone collections set method, what that would sort of gain and it ended up stripping out a lot of code. I didn't get it all quite working but, but it seemed, it seemed pretty significant what all, what all I was taking out. And really I think the best thing about it was that just that it was really easy to reason about if you have the entire state of the world of your application in one, in one place, you can just sort of look at what everything is and as changes are coming in, you can, you know, to Jeremy's point earlier about the, the changes being synchronous in backbone and how that's really easy to reason about because you don't have to worry about the fact that something, you set something and value might not be set on the next line. It's really easy to sort of see when it's coming in, where it's going and just have everything, everything going through a single source of truth. And then it, it's also been pretty easy. We haven't gotten quite there yet with the full application but to sort of flip that bit into offline mode to, you know, when the, when the socket goes, goes offline, we have one place that, that we need to deal with that and we also know what the state of the world is so when we need to go into, when we need to serialize the entire application and store it in local storage, we can just do that. And we are looking into, into PouchDB a little bit so the, the hoodie presentation is pretty cool today. But, but it makes it a lot easier to, to reason about. So sort of something that's, it's very simple for, for backbone, I guess, that acts similar to, to sort of a central source of truth like what, what we heard earlier today with the, with the hoodie application. So I sort of picked out just a few, a few little bits of code just to take a quick look at that, that might illustrate some of these points. I didn't quite get it working into a full backbone plugin yet. It's sort of been tricky to strip out what's not application specific. But, but this is sort of what the, what the different methods would look like similar, like a mix in similar to, to the way that the events work. Like this is something you would mix into the prototype for the, for the collection or for the model. And so you have, you can sort of create a reference between this, this root session and it essentially proxies all the events and, and passes them through to the, to the model and collection, which, which it's, it's sort of acting the, I guess the, the models and collections backbone in this, in this instance become more of like a proxy where they have application specific methods, but they aren't the, aren't the actual data. So the attributes are, are living somewhere else, unless you end up calling D ref. So if you want to, let's say you have a user and you're editing their username, but you don't want that username to actually change in the root until you've hit submit. You can sort of cut it, cut its ties with the, with the root session that you're dealing with and, and edit it locally and then, and then maybe save it and sync it with the, with, with the root session after that. And so this is sort of a little bit of what the model looks like. Again, I'm not sure if this is all entirely correct. It's, it's quite close, but sort of just pulled out a few specific bits of code. But the, the idea is that when, when the models constructed, it sort of figures out based on the, based on the path, what it's, what it's supposed to look like. And so you mix in the session methods and then the same thing would, would happen with the, with the collection. And then this is sort of a very stripped down version. But it, I guess the point that I'm trying to make with this is that it really doesn't have to be some, some complex monolithic, almost just entire data layer that you're dealing with. Like it doesn't even have to know about, about how changes are synced or anything. It just seems like it might be a good idea, or it could be a good idea, I guess. I'm sort of opening the conversation I want to hear what others think, because if anyone else has hit this problem, you know, maybe, maybe it would make a good plug-in. Or maybe it's just me. I don't know. So this is just a stripped down example of what the, what the session would look like. And it would have individual models, which would only act for, for holding the attributes temporarily. So looking beyond Backbone models and collections, I mentioned this in the, in the talk. So I, in the talk, little, little snippet. So I figured I'd just mention it really quick. But a library that, that has come out recently that I think is, is really worth taking a look at. It's, it's pretty cool is Immutable.js by, by Facebook. And what Immutable gives you is essentially persistent data structures in, in JavaScript. So what, what it provides is that think about how often you need to defensively clone or extend empty object, whatever in, in JavaScript, because you don't want to be mutating values as they come in. Immutable essentially gives you data structures similar to like ES6 map, and, and it gives you a list, which is an array like, and it gives you a set. And as you make changes, it, it doesn't actually mutate the value that you're working with, but it instead returns a, a new value. But it shares sort of similar, some of the structure with the old value. So it's, it's more efficient than doing like a clone or a, or a deep clone. So here we can see in the example, it's like x dot set a, sorry, get a one and then y is one as well. But then x, b is undefined. But then, I don't even know if I have this right. Well, it should be y. The last line should definitely be y because that would be a bug if it was not. So, you know, I, I tried. So, so the, the takeaway points, I guess from the talk was that if, if you like node, but want to, want to use more relational databases than, than just Mongo. Take a look at, at Connection Bookshelf, actively being, being developed by me and, and some other maintainers and I'm excited about it. And, you know, maybe, maybe backbone.session could be a thing, I don't know. It's definitely something that I've realized that not having a single source of truth for at least the models and collections in, in the, in the database library can really, can really hurt you. So, so maybe that's the same on the client, some cases. I'm interested to, to hear what others think on that. Or, or maybe it could be ampersand.session, I don't know. We'll find out more about that tomorrow, I think. But the, the, the main point of the talk, I guess, was just to, to really critically, like spend time and critically think about how data flows throughout your application because time spent on that can really save you a lot of, a lot of time and headaches in the long run. And that's, that's about everything.


Good morning guys. I hope everyone is doing great. So welcome to our channel. So in this video We are sharing legato health care interview question This was shared by one of our subscriber friend and cannot reveal his identity as he has requested us not to reveal So this was for full stack developer with health legato health care And this is one such kind of interview where everything goes in the wrong direction right from your selection part So why I am saying you that I'll explain you in the later later on in this video So let us quickly start about Interview patients that he has shared us. So it was a full stack developer So the first question was on how many ways we can create objects in JavaScript. So you have to say that Next question was how do you send username and password from login page to? controller in Angular in HTML, how do you store values basically asking about local storage or session storage? So this was the question like how we do you store your values? Yeah, we can have windows to Storage local say our session storage or local storage wherever we can ask for our application design. We can wherever we can store wherever we want Next question was Identify length of objects in Java string JavaScript. Sorry. How to identify basically how to how can we identify the length of the object in? Java script was a question What is the MVC structure of Angular? How do we choose Angular over any other framework? So the question itself is wrong Maybe the question that was asked in the interview was right like Angler doesn't follow MVC. It has its own pattern So we are why the interviewer like all the friends said this is because he is not a full stack developer And luckily he was asked questions in JavaScript and Angular to which he is obviously nobody could Answer so here Just want to share one thing like whenever I like this is wrong actually see whenever we are conducting the interview So as soon as you start the interview so we we can say we will be having the resume right before only so we can directly Stop the interview at the first moment saying like like we can say it nicely that we have a full stack developer requirement But seeing your profile we can see that you haven't Don't have any hands-on experience on any of the ui framework So we are we cannot continue because the position is for full stack developer and we can smoothly reject the candidate but There are few people like personally also Oh, who just want to satisfy their ego will ask questions in relative questions and we'll reject the candidate after 45 minutes of inter Don't know why later on they said the guy doesn't have hands You have technology and like don't have experience on your technologies So most when you know when you were seeing the resume before the interview itself You you know that the guy don't have the entire hands-on experience and any ui technology Then why you have conducted the interview itself first question? So let's just there a tabby no can nobody can do anything. So let's discuss about next Questions are which are related to Java. So Basically the questions are on the embedded container in spring boot. So how can we disable or what is our default? Embedded container or what is the embedded container? What is the benefit of it? How can we disable in higher environments and all those stuff we can expect What are covariant return type in Java? This is a simple question What is spring? What is spring cloud? And in form which giving response from API if requires comes more than 10 Then multiple soft tenth record background should be in red dynamically in the ui part So basically one question is what is spring cloud and the second question is just like there are hundred records So every tenth record should be highlighted in the red color. How can we do that? Simple that is also like we just need to have one if condition and load the CSA that the right time The next question how to remove duplicates from a list in Java 8 So there is directly we have distinct method. We can use that and we can remove Firstly, we need to convert that RL is to like that doesn't need to convert. Sorry RL is dot stream We can directly do Now the next question is streams better or loops better in Java So it's up to you whichever you feel I personally feel streams are better then loops So these were the questions that were shared to us and This is the mail that we got legato healthcare technology Bangalore Full stack developer interweave process. Hi here are the questions that were asked for me For my interview JavaScript and Angular so JavaScript various These are different ways to create objects how to send username and password from login page In HTML, how do you store value basically asking about local storage or session storage? That was the answer. So identify length of objects in JavaScript What is MVC structure of Angular? How do we choose Angular or other framework? so this is Then Java and spring questions with just five embedded container then springboard or covariant return type in Java What is spring cloud in form which is giving response from API like there are ten hundred soft record every 10 30 code should be having a dynamically red color How to remember duplicates from our list five streams better or those better? So here I have highlighted that part as well I got rejected because I'm a backend developer and don't know anything in JavaScript and Angular. So This was the mail that he has written. So we have asked few things like can you please let us know the experience or shall we hide or Display your details. So to which he replied or please hide my details the package He didn't take or read on the experience part. So the package is 12 lakhs per annum They offer but he was rejected when they called me for schedule in the interview. They asked only Java and springboard but when Attendant the internet they started asking JavaScript questions, which I wasn't aware. I didn't do it was a full stack developer Opposition, I thought it was for a backend developer position and attended. So this is what happens These are few unlucky interviews that everyone has to with that everyone would have experienced in their Careers so this was the thing that we wanted to share So if you have liked that video you can subscribe if you haven't subscribed like the video if you like the content Share it to other technical platforms where it might be helpful to others as well You can provide the feedback by commenting in the comment section and one more thing if you want to Contributors you can use the Amazon affiliation link which is there in the description So that if you are purchasing something on Amazon using that link We will be getting some commission on that thing and if you're on our channel for the first time So you might be having it out like who are we and what we do So we are basically a bunch of software engineers who are in interviews and share our real-time interview Experiences through these videos the company names that are getting printed on the your screen So these are with this we have already shared on our channel You can visit our channel and you can get benefit out of it like we get a lot of ways that they get benefited So you will also definitely get benefit out of it and apart from that if you want to share your Interview experiences or interview questions that you have encountered in different interviews you can reach us out at the email ID that is there in the description and Thank you for watching. I hope you like this video


Well, good morning. Good afternoon. Good evening. Whenever you're listening, this is Davisville on KDRT LP 95.7 FM in Davis, California We live at KDRT.org online. I'm Bill Buchanan, the host, and thank you for tuning in to what is our second program recorded remotely since the pandemic temporarily shut down our recording studio at KDRT. If the program sounds a little different than usual today, that's why we're recording via computer without the benefit of the KDRT studio. Anyway, today's guest is Bob Leland, and our subject is the effect of the coronavirus pandemic on city finances and the services they pay for. Bob is well known in municipal finance circles as an expert on that subject. He lives in Davis. He was the finance director for the city of Fairfield for 26 years, and he has been a consultant since retiring from that job in 2010. Among other jobs after working in Fairfield, he analyzed Davis's finances in 2017, and that's among the things that I hope we'll be able to talk about today. The health of the budget at City Hall, of course, affects all the things that we rely on the city to provide from police and fire to recreational and social programs and parks and functioning streets. So, Bob, thank you for taking the time to talk with us today. Well, thank you for having me. So, you know, the pandemic and the restrictions on public activity have hammered the economy. How bad does it look for local governments in California? Well, that is the challenge right now. There's been a lot of attention focused on unemployment and the small businesses that have closed, and so mainly the impact on the private sector, but more and more there is attention being focused on what's happening with the public sector. Most of the revenue that a city receives is from the taxation of economic transactions that occur in the community. So, they could be sales tax for purchasing a commodity at a store. It can be selling a house and having a property transfer tax applied. It can be staying in a hotel room and having a transient occupancy tax applied. That's about half of the revenue of a typical city, and since the social distancing orders and stay-at-home orders came through, most of that economic activity has ceased. And the grocery stores are open, but a lot of what they sell is not taxable. So, this quarter's worth of revenue is going to be pretty well wiped out. Even going back to the Great Recession, there was serious revenue losses there, and they grew year by year for four years until they began improving. But during that period, you weren't prohibited from going to a store. You might not have had the income if you'd lost the job, but the shopping opportunities weren't closed off, but that's been a pretty profound impact right now. And so, in a lot of cases, certain revenue sources, about a quarter of it, is being wiped out for the year. I was sort of doing the math while you were talking.  Those categories are pretty much going to be flat for the quarter. So, that would be roughly an eighth of the city's... Oh, flat or wiped out. Oh, yeah. That's what I mean. I got flat lines. Yeah, flat lines. Hotel tax, for example, there are a few rooms open and being rented. Some motels are being turned into homeless shelters, and those aren't going to generate tax. So, yes, a number of the revenue sources, including things like recreation programs, programs are shut down, so no revenue from that. So, if a city loses that kind of revenue, and of course, I'm interested most in Davis, what happens? How does the city react to that? How do they respond to that? Well, nobody's ever had to respond to anything profound as this. The Great Recession is the last example of a major economic downturn that we have, and it happened for a number of different reasons. That was a collapse of the housing market, and so there was a big impact on the property tax in most communities. Now, property values actually stayed pretty high in Davis, but in some places in the Central Valley, they dropped in half. So, we're not looking at the property tax being hit hard. That's not an economic transaction in the same way that sales tax is. That's the fundamental value of the property. And if it doesn't go down, property tax won't be hit as badly. But as I said, everything that's transaction-based got wiped out, is being wiped out in this fourth quarter of the fiscal year that ends June 30th. The real question is what happens next year? When will the social distancing be eased up? And when it does, are people going to flock back to shopping opportunities? I mean, in a lot of cases, businesses will have gone out of business in the meantime, and I think a lot of businesses will be cautious about rehiring, because they're not sure if there's going to be a second wave of the virus. I was reading about that just today, that the head of the CDC thought that we might get another wave next year in the winter, combining with the flu. Which is, yeah, the flu season typically starts up in the fall, so that could happen. So there are a lot of reasons why next year may not be a pure recovery year. It may be half still suffering from lower levels of economic activity, and maybe only later in the year does it begin to improve. And it will probably take a few years after that to get back to where we would have been otherwise had there been no recession. So I guess if you kind of boil this down, and I realize the city will be the one making decisions, you're not on the council, you're not part of the administration. But cuts seem inevitable. I mean, do that seem reasonable, a reasonable scenario? Yeah, local governments are going to find that the taxes that are the lifeblood of the services that they offer are being severely affected, and then sort of to add insult to injury. CalPERS is going to lose a significant amount of money this year on their investments. And when their investment return goes down, the rates that employers are required to charge by CalPERS to collect an adequate amount of money to keep the system funded will go up. And so the cost will go up. We should explain CalPERS is the state retirement fund. And part of the way they pay for the pensions of every public employee who's retired is they get money from the employers, in this case the cities. Right, they get about two-thirds of their total income from investments. And of the remaining one-third, most of that comes from the employers, the cities, the counties, the schools, in the case of the STRS, the state teachers retirement system. And then a portion comes from the employees, but that portion's fixed. So when investments go down, the only place to go to make up the difference is the employer. And so the city's rates go up. And as those rates go up and the amount that a city pays for pension goes up, that tends to crowd out the ability to pay for anything else. So this just sounds kind of grim, honestly. Well, it's going to be a real challenge. We've been comparing what cities went through in the Great Recession to where the various scenarios are for revenue loss right now. And the COVID-related losses don't tend to be as high as the Great Recession, mainly because the property tax, we're not really viewing that as getting engaged in revenue loss the same way it was with the Great Recession. Of course, remember the Great Recession was in 2008, 2009, housing market collapsed. And unemployment got higher and higher, but it took years to get to the level that unemployment already is right now, given the losses that we've had just in a few weeks. So there's a lot of unknown as to what we're facing. The other unknown is whether the federal government who's been handing out a lot of money one way or the other for businesses has been urged to make money available for government. So far, there's a portion that may be available for cities over 500,000 population. Of course, Davis is much smaller than that. So they're not eligible for the initial round and whether they receive aid elsewhere is an unknown at this point. And of course, it's a moving target. We're talking on April 21st. And in a week or two, it could be very different. I know that the Congress has been looking at money for smaller cities and counties and so on. But yeah, that's not part of the plan yet, as I understand it. Really, things are changing day by day. So what should cities be doing? What should the city of Davis be doing? Well, what every city has to do at this point is remember the old adage cash is king. And so you want to preserve cash and you want to stop hiring new employees. You're going to have to get by with a higher level of vacancies. And of course, that affects service levels, but it's better than laying off employees. As far as part timers go, most cities are laying them off because the programs that they serve, recreation programs, let's say, aren't functioning. And so with no program, there's both no revenue and no need currently for the employees. There's going to have to be curtailment of planned capital projects unless they're really important. It's always good that capital investment helps spur the local economy as well. But when your primary consideration is saving cash for the general fund until you know a little bit more about what's going on, you really want to hold off for the next probably six to 12 months until you get a better idea what's going on. Well, in fact, the city is constrained from taking on a lot of debt, right? Well, yeah, there has to be a way to pay for it. If the voters approve a separate property tax, well, that takes care of itself. But typically, when you're issuing bonds, if they're for the water system, then the water rate payers will pay for it. But otherwise, if it's coming from a general source, there has to be the revenue to pay for that. This is not a really good time to sell bonds. Typically, you can only sell bonds for capital improvements anyway. One of the things that is being looked at is to try to come up with a sort of a medium term borrowing right now, unlike the private sector, which borrows all the time to pay for operations. In government, you can only pay for operations for the current year, and you have to pay back what you borrow by the end of the year. Well, this is a situation where to get by, if you could borrow enough money and pay it back over, say, seven to 10 years, then that might be a situation that could help you get by. You could borrow enough money to bridge this gap, but cities aren't going to be in a position to pay it back by the end of the year, or even maybe within one or two years. So there needs to be some legal things done to enable California cities to borrow for a longer period, and that would help. So I was about to ask, it sounds like that would require a change in state law to allow a city to do something like that. It does. And then I can imagine that might get considered, you know, whether voters would want that, I don't know, but I can imagine that could get evaluated in a time like this because, well, there's still a lot of unknowns except that the trajectory is down, right? Right. So it's, you know, just in March, the city voters approved really overwhelmingly an extension of the city's 1% sales tax. But I suppose that doesn't really help here, right? That just keeps the pain from being worse. It's not, because it's tied to sales and sales are down. Well, it helps for the long run because it was going to expire in a year. And so now the city has the security of knowing that it's permanent. However, at this point in time, people aren't buying things locally. So it's not generating the amount of revenue that we might have expected. So for the short term, that's a problem. I think it was forecast for, I have the number right about $8.6 million per year. And who knows what that will really come down to. We are talking with Bob Leland. He is the short way to say it, he is an expert on municipal finance and he lives in Davis. And we are talking about the effect of the pandemic on local government finance, particularly here in Davis. This program is Davisville and Bill Buchanan. Are there any bright spots you're seeing? Well, you know, it's interesting. We're all in the space right now of creating new habits. We're communicating right now, not face to face, but from a respective living room, so to speak. And I guess one bright spot is people are beginning to understand the real capabilities of virtual communication that may lead to some increased telecommuting in the future. And that may result, for example, in less air pollution. But on the other hand, people are getting into new habits in terms of people might have gone out to dinner all the time. Now they are learning to cook. So for the long term, that may have implications for local restaurants. There may be issues in terms of how UC Davis provides education in the future. It's always been a model where people show up in person to the extent that they people phone it in virtually. Then there may be fewer students at any one time in town. So, I mean, there's a lot of unknown. That's not really good news. There's just a lot of unknown. Yeah. Obviously, the short term goal is to get through the pain and the disruption of this and to try to come out the other side in as good a shape as we all can. But it seems to me that this is going to reshuffle, rebuild, recreate a lot of things, either because of ways that people are adapting now that maybe they'll want to keep that way, keep going that way. And that's got to have an implication, I'm sure, for things like city revenue, right? I mean, depending on what you tax and how people are organized and even where they are, I can't begin to imagine what kind of changes that might lead to. Well, there's some practical changes just in the workplace. I mean, I've spoken with a lot of city officials throughout the state. And one of the things that they're planning for at the same time that they're worrying about their loss of revenue is how ultimately they get a workforce to agree to come back to the office. Some people, certain jobs that are more information technology related or, you know, processing information on a computer, say you're an accountant, that can be done, they're finding from home.  So some people are going to have to come back to work. But there are a lot of people in a typical office setting that are to accommodate them, you may need to space desks farther apart, you may to feel safe from interacting with the public, there may be plexiglass screens all over the place. And some people are going to say, you know, I had to commute to get to my job before I kind of like working from my home office. And so I don't really want to come back, or at least I don't want to come back every day of the week. So that has implications for the workplace of the city itself. It has implications for the businesses in the downtown that serve City Hall, as well as other businesses that are going through the same questions as to what does the future look like? Yeah, we have about 10 minutes left. There's a couple of the subjects I want to get to. One is a few years ago, you did a report for the city of Davis where you sort of analyzed the finances at that point. In fact, Dan Carson, who at the time was chair of the City Finance and Budget Commission, said it was a plainly written, well documented and concise explanation of the state of the city's finances. What I'm wondering is if you could recap briefly what it is you found and how far we had come before the pandemic hit. Obviously, that's changed things. But the general goal right was to try to get Davis on the right road financially. And so you took a look at where we were and what was coming. And prior to the pandemic, Davis was doing a good job. Three years ago, we put a long range budget model together. We are firm and the staff have updated it every year since. We've stayed in close contact. One of the things about Davis that sets it apart from other cities is that they were very concerned about infrastructure, maintaining the investment that the city has in streets and parks and facilities. And they've identified those needs and have been putting money to the best that they can and into those needs. Most cities are afraid to even ask the question as to what that unmet need looks like. And so they don't ask to Davis's immense credit they have asked. They have a very active finance and budget commission and they have encouraged this kind of emphasis. They've also encouraged so basically conservative outlooks such as assuming that the pension costs will go up over time due to lower investment returns at the state. And so we've built that in. They have very carefully adopted each year's budget in concert with that long range plan. And I give them a lot of credit for doing that. The council and the staff have been very supportive. And so they have a model already in place, which we have adapted to give them scenarios for kind of a blow by blow account of what the COVID-19 impacts may be. So they're in much better shape than most cities to do the financial planning to get through this. Do they have some numbers already or have you seen some numbers that might give some indications what the city is looking at? Well, the type of indication I gave you at the beginning comparing to the great recession, the impact is close to being comparable in the beginning because the loss of income up front right now due to the social distancing orders is much greater than what happened in the great recession. But we don't expect the property tax to get engaged and we expect there to be a phase out of the loss over the next several years to where the city would then be back where it started from. So the challenge is going to be to get, you know, to bridge that gap of the next couple of years. And they're going to be looking at possibilities of debt financing and they're going to be looking at possibilities of curtailing revenues because probably increased revenues are not an easy sell at this point. They were fortunate that they got the the sales tax made permanent, but it's not any higher rate than it was before. So it's what it's capable. Yeah. What do you mean increased revenues in this case? You're talking about like revenue from city programs or tax revenue, things like that. That's not likely to grow. And I'm sitting here trying to remember how bad the impact was 12 years ago in the recession and I didn't look it up. I know it was severe, but I don't remember if the city had a 10% hit or 15% hit something like that. You know, most cities suffered about a 15% reduction below what revenues would otherwise have been. So over a couple of years it went from sort of six to nine to 12 to 15. And then that was the peak. And then over the next five or six years, it gradually reduced until there was no loss compared to what they'd had before. And so again, I don't, I don't want to concoct any numbers here. But if we're looking at an impact of about the same as the great recession, would that mean roughly 15% right now, given all the caveats, all the unknowns? And given the property tax would be different, obviously, it's more of a hit to sales tax and use tax, I think, than it is to property. But it's probably, it'll probably be about a six to 8% loss for the year that'll be ending June 30. And then the question is, for the second year, will it be higher? Because as bad as things have been for this fiscal year, there's only three months in which it can be bad. Whereas next year, there's an entire fiscal year of 12 months, all 12 months could be bad, in which case, obviously, the loss would continue to grow. Yeah, I mean, there's, there's a little trick of, not a trick, but I mean, a condition of the math in there that I want to be sure we don't miss, that if the year ending June 30, it is down 6%. Well, that's down 6% in just three months. Right. So in other words, if it was an annualized drop, that would be much larger. But because there's only three months left, you had nine good months, three bad months. Right. Your point next year is they could all be bad. Yeah, it could be. The other thing I wanted to ask about was about Prop 13. And this is because I understand from your biography, when you were getting started in 1978, you were a staff consultant at the Assembly Revenue and Taxation Committee when Prop 13 passed. And for those who may not know, because it was 42 years ago, this was a proposition that basically its chief selling point was that it greatly curtailed increases in property taxes. And it sort of signified a tax rebolt in California. You know, Jerry Brown became a famous, or an again tax cutter, as he called it after he was governor before and after it passed. This is pertinent now partly because this fall, there will be a ballot measure to require commercial and industrial properties to be taxed according to their market value as opposed to their purchase value. That's one way, I guess, the difference between the two.  That's true right now for all types of property, but the measure this fall would say, no, we'll have commercial and industrial be taxed according to their current value, basically. Homes would still be taxed based on Prop 13. It's called split roll. It's a complicated subject, as you can see. Just explaining that, trying to simplify is a difficult thing to do. But I'm wondering, and as I say, we have just a few minutes, but what's your sense of the impact of Prop 13 on city finances? And then what do you think about this ballot measure this fall? Is split roll a good idea? Going back to the beginning of Prop 13, it had a huge impact. It was two thirds of the revenue from the property tax vanished overnight. But over the years, it's grown back, not as high as it would have been if all property were still taxed at fair market value. The proposal for this initiative is to take commercial industrial property and put them back on the pre-Prop 13 footing. And I think the rationale is that there's normally a 2% cap in terms of what value can go up each year unless you build something new, or in the case of an existing parcel if it sells. So residential property is much more likely to sell and be brought up to current market value, because that's what happens when you have a sale. It's taxed at not at its artificially restricted low Prop 13 value, but what it's truly worth on the marketplace. But commercial industrial properties, corporate ownerships have creative ways of avoiding a legal change in ownership. And so the concern has been that over time, residential properties on the whole are bearing a greater share of the property tax than commercial industrial. Now, this is an interesting time for this proposal to come through, because who knows what kind of election we're going to wind up having this fall, depending on what the health considerations are. But that measure will be on the ballot. And if it passes, it's expected to generate in the neighborhood of $8 to $11 billion more in property tax than the current system. That's a lot of money. Given what we were just talking about, governments might certainly feel like that would be a very timely arrival of additional money. It would be split between the state and the schools and local agencies. So it may well be that if it passes that local government will receive extra revenue at a very important time for them financially. But of course, the opposition argument is that this will discourage businesses from remaining in California and will drive them to other states. Do you have an opinion one way or another on the measure or on the idea of the measure, maybe? Well, it returns commercial industrial property to the basis that they were used to paying, granted 40 years ago, but at the time they were used to paying that kind of a burden and were capable of doing it. Obviously, any incremental change from where you are now is tough and a lot of businesses are going through an existential crisis right now. So finding out that your tax burden goes up is probably not going to be welcomed in the business community. And it's by no means assured that it will even pass. If people are concerned and fearful of things, they may not decide that that's worth the risk. Well, and I suppose you made a point there, I think that the impact would be very different on a small business than it would be on a large one. I mean, if you own a shop in town and you own your building and you're assessed at Davis property values, that's a real hit to a small business, very different than if you have the oil refinery in Venetia. All right. Well, Bob, thank you for talking with us today. We've been talking with Bob Leland who lives in Davis and knows municipal finance, and we've been talking about that subject. So I appreciate your time, Bob. Well, thank you for having me on, Bill. And folks, this is Davisville. Again, we're recording differently, so it sounds a little different, but we'll see you again soon. Thank you.


We're taking in some golden hour photo shoots out here in this field. Damn it, that's what she wanted the whole time. Cooking by Isha. She's not ready. So we're out here taking a photo shoot. Well, I said I couldn't vlog, but I did anyways. I had to hold it really steady or she won't use the footage. We're taking in some golden hour photo shoots out here in this field. Get out of this steady footage. We should go for makeup on and everything so we can't waste it.  If you didn't know these are hashtag keys, you can hashtag get them on hashtag Twitter or hashtag Instagram whenever you prefer to hashtag. Every beauty blogger has these, including Sonali. This isn't a paid promotion and by any means I just really like these sunglasses. Get the best model in the game, get them with these eyebrows. They look hideous, don't you not? Well, she's a guy so. Well, yeah, how are you getting? She's getting her good lens for pictures. We're doing a lens switch. See you guys on the left side. See you.  She's so mysterious. How is she in a field? Who knows? Why is she wearing a cable nut sweater? Why is she wearing sunglasses at night? No one knows. So we're still out here vlogging, GoProing, steady camera scaling. This is the music video. Go slow though. I'm a drone. Are you always coming through? So we're still out here taking GoPro pictures. You vlogged two seconds ago. No, I was like 45 minutes. You guys just don't know. So I'm on a steady hand on my type Parkinson's. No offense, but honestly, like I don't know how you get so shaky when you vlog. Like everything freaking shakes. Remember to kneel at your trash kids tonight, people. I probably won't. We can't decide what we're going to eat. So I'm putting all the restaurants that we might eat at in the name picker. It tells us what we're going to eat. Fix. Damn it. That's what she wanted the whole time. It's the first day of winter. Yes, Ray. Really? Yeah. No way. Yeah. Why? Oh yeah. Cause I know. Why do you want to know why I know? If I know. I know, cause I know. I know why you know. I googled it today. Yesterday? You've always exposed me. We just got out of Target and I bought like all the sauces, avocado and all that just cause I thought it'd be a lot cheaper. She got lost in the sauce and spent 30 bucks. All the sauces added up so fast. So now we're at the fresh market and we're going to get the tuna but he's going to get his pizza cause he's not eating my stuff. I always tell him to bring his stuff or what about it cause I hate when he drinks from mine. So I got this tuna from fresh market and he literally gave me the smallest piece ever and I still had to pay like the same price which is really annoying. Comment who you look better. I got this for eight dollars. That's not a steal. I don't know who it is. She looks cute. You. You're taking my glasses? I got these for Christmas. So comment down below if you think you like them. Every time you say that no one comments. No one. Come on guys. I should do this time. I need to know. Santa doesn't like them. Some people do. I don't care for them. I don't. I'm indifferent. I think they're cute. Girl, I think she's 70 dollars. I'm unwrapping my tuna and I'm going to just cut it up into cubes. Cooking with Aisha. I have no idea how to cut this. So I'm just going for it. Who gets the green? What? Who gets the green? Am I doing it right? I don't know. Really? Okay. So you do this one? No. Now I'm cutting up these onion things. I think I thought they were scallions but they're onions. Did you enjoy your pizza? Ryan's food's already done. Some Maggi sauce. All the Indians out there now. I know. I put sesame oil, lime, avocado. What else did I put? I think I put a little bit of soy sauce but I guess it doesn't hurt to add more. I just feel like something's missing from it but I'm about to add some ginger. I did. I thought I bought sesame seeds but apparently I didn't.  So I'm done with my tuna bowl and I got the spicy mayo stuff and I also tried to get eel sauce but it's mostly teriyaki sauce but it will have to do. But the spicy mayo is actually really good so wait let me show. Let me show. This is what it is and we got it at Target. Bone apple tea. What's bone? Everyone says it now. Yeah, what's bone apple tea? They're going to put it on camera. I don't know if I'll put it on camera. Wow. Like I feel like it's just when people spell things wrong. Yeah, that's true. But like that one is said like all the time on YouTube. I know. She's tasting my creation. I don't like it. It's because the tuna is really mushy. Do you know what I'm saying? No, I just don't like it. I'm sad. It's because the tuna's mushy. Did you keep it out for long? No. Like you kept it in the fridge until you put it. I went to the grocery store and got it and then I went and cooked it. It's currently 1 14 a.m. And I'm going to end the vlog here. This whole time I was just doing a newsletter that I still have not yet completed. I'm just now like doing everything over again. I just kind of like was so pissed off at Photoshop that I was like I need a break. I just will do it later. So now I just need to get it over with and tomorrow I'm filming a morning routine or I hope it goes well enough to post and well. But Ryan's actually going to help me film like everything which is really awesome. And I think we're going to start at like 8 a.m. So yeah, we'll see how this goes. But I literally wrote out every single clip that I want. So hopefully it goes smoothly because I did that. It's definitely helpful to have like a guideline of what you want. Especially if you don't have the whole day to do it. Ryan actually has like an appointment at 2 o'clock tomorrow. So we need to get everything done before then. Also, I don't know if I told you guys but I really did not like the tuna thing that I made. It was just really, really disappointing. I had such high hopes for it. But honestly, I feel like if I had Sousa's sauces like the eel sauce and the spicy meal from Sousai or Sussai or whatever, I think it would be way better. The first thing on my agenda when I get back to Orlando is to first of all, eat Sousai or Sussai and get the sauces from there as well. I hope you guys enjoyed today's video and I will see you guys in the next one. Bye guys.


The purpose of this film is to demonstrate sanitary surveillance and inspection of food preparation areas aboard ship. You will learn the significance of time-temperature relationships in the preparation, storage, and handling of foods. You will learn how to monitor and evaluate food service personnel, sanitary conditions, the effectiveness of cross-contamination barriers, and handling of leftovers. One of your responsibility as the medical department representative is the physical examination of food service personnel for disease or poor personal hygiene practices that could contribute to foodborne illness. These men have previously been examined, and their records indicate that they are free from communicable disease. At musters such as this, you will be looking for symptoms of upper respiratory illness, acne, and open lesions of the face, neck, and hands. Everyone in these areas will be clean. Nails will be cut short and will be clean. Hair length will be within appropriate limits about the head and face, and will be controlled during food preparation and service by appropriate caps, hair nets, beard bags, or snoods. Of course it is to be expected that personnel and their uniforms will be clean and neat during muster when anticipating inspection. What you need to be alert for is what happens in the course of the working day in the galley and adjacent food handling and storage areas, to the food, to the equipment, and to the personnel. Sanitary surveillance and inspection is a continuing requirement, at scheduled inspections to be sure, but also on an unscheduled basis, at random intervals throughout the working day, frequently enough so you can effectively monitor and study time related aspects of the prevention of foodborne illness over the entire food preparation cycle. You should be looking for sanitary work habits during your inspections, and for your guidance, let's review basic principles and their application during your evaluation of food service preparation areas. Among the most fundamental principles are those concerning the time and temperature relationships that either permit or inhibit the growth of bacterial organisms. They are related particularly to the preparation and handling of potentially hazardous foods, meaning any perishable food that consists in whole or in part of milk or its products, eggs, meat, poultry, fish, shellfish, edible crustaceans, or other ingredients, including synthetics that are capable of supporting rapid growth of pathogens. Pathogens for pathogenic activity are unfavorable at temperatures below 40 degrees Fahrenheit. Become increasingly favorable at about room temperature, and become unfavorable again above 140 degrees Fahrenheit when many pathogens are destroyed. Studies have shown that growth of pathogens is reduced when potentially hazardous foods are maintained at temperatures below 40 degrees Fahrenheit or above 140 degrees Fahrenheit. The danger region lies between these temperatures and particularly at room temperature, where harmful bacteria and toxins develop rapidly in protein foods. Studies also show that the hazard increases the longer such foods are held in the temperature danger region. Even if potentially hazardous foods are intermittently refrigerated, the effect is cumulative, because pathogenic activity resumes if food is then re-exposed to hazardous temperatures. Accordingly, potentially hazardous foods held between 40 and 140 degrees Fahrenheit for more than three hours are considered unsafe for consumption and must be destroyed. When such foods are not served immediately after cooking, they must either be chilled below 40 degrees Fahrenheit or held at 140 degrees Fahrenheit or higher. An indispensable tool for checking food handling and storage conditions is a calibrated thermometer or other temperature sensor that can measure the temperature range between zero degrees to 220 degrees Fahrenheit. You will be checking temperatures in numerous places at various times. Galley temperature, for example, should not exceed 80 degrees Fahrenheit. Storage spaces for potentially hazardous foods must be maintained within specified temperature ranges, freezers at zero degrees or lower. Dairy product boxes between 32 and 34 degrees Fahrenheit. Fall boxes between 32 and 35 degrees Fahrenheit. And fall boxes between 36 and 38 degrees Fahrenheit. The reading must compare with your calibrated thermometer within plus or minus 3 degrees Fahrenheit. If food is not chilled below 40 degrees Fahrenheit, it must be maintained at more than 140 degrees until ready to be served to keep it out of the danger zone. It is for this reason also that water in steam tables must be at elevated temperatures, 180 degrees Fahrenheit or higher, so that taking energy losses into consideration enough heat will still be transferred to the food container to maintain it at more than 140 degrees Fahrenheit. Under no circumstances is the steam table to be used to bring food up to that temperature due to the time it would take for the food to reach proper temperature. Similarly, the refrigerated salad bar is designed to keep foods cold and should never be used to chill foods down from room temperature. Potentially hazardous foods should have been pre-chilled in the chill box to be low 40 degrees Fahrenheit. But checking foods to see if they're cold or hot enough at any given time is only part of the challenge you face in sanitary surveillance. The other is monitoring the amount of time foods spend in various temperature ranges. For this, it is necessary to track batches of food through successive stages of preparation. Fall boxes, for example, are to be maintained in the temperature range of 36 to 38 degrees Fahrenheit. Ideal for the preferred slow thawing of frozen foods such as meat, poultry and fish. Food should remain in original containers and wrapping to ensure uniform thawing and to reduce moisture loss. Once foods are thawed, they should be held below 40 degrees Fahrenheit or cooked promptly and held above 140 degrees. Refreezing is prohibited because this increases the potential for pathogenic growth and toxin production in potentially hazardous foods and reduces shelf life. When adequate refrigeration space is unavailable, frozen foods can be thawed at room temperature provided certain requirements are followed. Room temperature must not exceed 80 degrees Fahrenheit. The food must remain in the original sealed wrappers or containers. Negative heat, warm air currents or immersion in water are not permitted. Proper precautions must be taken to ensure that foods once thawed are not allowed to remain at room temperature. Again in accordance with time and temperature rules, they must be chilled or cooked and maintained at appropriate temperatures. You as medical department representative must be notified if these rules are not observed. Every surveillance and inspection have other aspects too. For example, health standards for food service personnel require that there be no smoking in food preparation and service areas and that hand washing facilities be conveniently accessible and suitably equipped because food service personnel are required to wash hands before assuming duty and after trips to the head. Personnel are to be reminded of both requirements by conspicuously posted signs in the food service area but it is only by continued observation at random intervals that you can monitor compliance with these and other more basic preventive medicine concepts. Another basic principle you should be aware of is the need to establish barriers to prevent spread of contamination originating in equipment, mass personnel or in the foods they handle. It makes sense to wash hands that are dirty or contaminated to prevent spread of disease. It is less obvious that one food may be a source of contamination to another food. Having processed one batch of food, food service personnel must wash, rinse and sanitize equipment. Hands must be washed also before processing a different food item using the same equipment. By this action, a barrier is established that aids in preventing cross-contamination from one food to another. This is a key concept but you can determine compliance only if you are there often enough to see what actually happens. Keeping potentially hazardous foods out of the temperature danger zone as long as possible is equally important as preventing cross-contamination because hand processing of salad mixtures containing potentially hazardous foods increases the risk of contamination and takes time that must be counted against the three hour limit. Individual items should be refrigerated to below 40 degrees Fahrenheit until all ingredients are ready to be mixed. The same time and temperature principles must also be applied to dehydrated foods that have been reconstituted because they are then as susceptible to contamination as fresh items. Greens and head vegetables such as lettuce and cabbage are cleaned more thoroughly when broken apart. This step is essential if these foods are of uncertain origin or are suspected of being contaminated with pathogenic organisms. Sanitizing in a solution containing the appropriate amount of disinfectant is then required for specific periods of time. Vegetables must be thoroughly rinsed before being cooked or served. By developing a sharp awareness of the many ways in which time and temperature relationships and the establishment of barriers to the spread of contamination can contribute to sanitary conditions in the galley, you go far toward assuring that the food you and your shipmates are served is wholesome, appetizing, and above all safe to eat. Sanitary surveillance and inspection based on these principles extend beyond initial preparation to include the handling of leftovers. Potentially hazardous foods such as salad dressing in bulk containers should be placed out for service in small amounts and discarded at the end of the meal period. Potentially hazardous foods composed of ingredients that have been chopped, diced, peeled, or sliced by hand must also be discarded because the three hour time limit is usually taken up in preparing, chilling, and serving the food. On the other hand, foods that are to be retained as leftovers must be handled with due regard for certain additional basic concepts. Freezing of leftovers is strictly forbidden. Prior to refrigeration, the food must be labeled with the time and date of preparation so that storage time can be monitored accurately. Eating leftover food after more than 36 hours is prohibited. Further, it is prohibited to store leftovers at a depth greater than 3 inches. The reason again is the time and temperature relationship. The food must be chilled as rapidly as possible to remove it from the temperature danger zone. If the food mass is very extensive, the chill line may not reach the center before the permitted three hours have expired. The center of the food mass may remain warm long enough to allow growth of harmful bacteria or development of toxin. When the food mass is small enough, prompt and thorough chilling to 40 degrees Fahrenheit or below to the center of the food mass within the required time frame can be achieved. Specifically, leftovers to be chilled must be placed in shallow pans to a depth of no more than 3 inches and covered with lids, waxed paper, or other appropriate coverings. Part of your responsibility as medical department representative is to monitor the handling of leftovers in accordance with the basic principles we've just reviewed. The responsibility for sanitary surveillance and inspection continues throughout the cleanup following the meal period. From the lids on garbage containers and the search for insect infestations to the cleaning of deck, walls, food preparation areas, and equipment, your view needs to be thorough enough to assure that clean and sanitary conditions are achieved after each meal period. For example, you need to verify that proper equipment and procedures are being used to clean food contact surfaces and that no steel wool or metal polish is being used on these surfaces. You should be familiar with the procedures that apply to the cleaning of steam kettles, urns, and the component parts of these devices and other equipment throughout the galley and bakery. During one visit or another, you should observe everything that could affect the wholesomeness of food that is prepared and served. Along with utensils and all food preparation surfaces, check out cutting boards for nicks, cuts, scratches, and cracks that might harbor bacteria. Look for safety hazards such as loose wires or cables in electric ovens. Inspect for defective or missing safety guards over lighting units. Check walls, ducts, and piping for loose paint, soot, or condensation that could contaminate foods being prepared or served. Make sure that steam safety release valves operate properly and be particularly vigilant when looking for cross connections between potable and non-potable water. To avoid the possibility of backflow and contamination, there should be an air gap of at least two pipe diameters between the potable water feed line and possible sources of contamination. Cross connections may occur wherever potable water feeds a piece of equipment. In the steam table, for example, potable water supply is well above the drain. But in some installations, you might find a hazardous condition. The potable water inlet submerged in water. This could permit contaminants to feed back into the potable water system. Your efforts in conducting comprehensive evaluations of the food preparation area will significantly reduce the possibility of foodborne illness. Results of your inspection should be reported to the commanding officer using the food service inspection form NAVMED 6241. The recommendations you provide to correct unsanitary conditions may be the critical factors to protect the health of the crew.


فشرف بل اشتغالي بالعلم ولا تبغي به ما عشت يا دا دا دا لا وياله من شراف عظيمي ولذلك عبد الله بن مسؤول ذهر رضي الله تعالى عنه ويسأل that one of us would see a sin as though he was under a mountain fearful that the mountain may fall on him that's how we saw the sin and how big it was but he said that the tragedy, the transgressor, the criminal he doesn't see the sin except he perceives it as though it's like a fly that comes and descends on his nose and he removes it with his hand like this in other words for him the sin is nothing no weight and the Prophet ﷺ told us إياكم ومحققاتي ذنوب stay away from the belittled sins and that's common I would think to myself that the sins that they may have belittled or those which was belittled in their eyes were the minor sins for us today the major sins are belittled the كبائر, the major sins the مهلكات the ones that the Prophet ﷺ said سبع المبقات قالوا وما هن يا رسول الله what are the sevens that would dip you into the hellfire I find a lot of the Muslims who belittled those ones أشيرك بالله والله it's belittled أشيرك and it's importance and how serious it is it is mocked and it's taken as a joke killing an innocent black person today it's seen very lightly ربع is seen lightly خمر is seen lightly زينة and ultra-infornication have you not seen that? it comes and he talks about it he posts about having spoken to a girl look at the emails that come through people asking questions like it's the fear of زينة is really little today it's enough and said to people you know even sometimes when I get sad by people's dealings with زينة how lightly they see it people say to me you really don't understand this is light this is minor now it's nothing that's the basics simple but we're talking about worse now so it's very sad and all of that starts off from a particular point we always say that Shaytan's dealings is خطوات it's not to take you one time throw you into the deep end Shaytan starts off slow footsteps after you know one footstep one after the other you start you make you he'll probably start you with indulging into the موبحة too much which is موبح nothing wrong with it just so he can keep away from that سنة he'll start off smoother like that until he makes sure that he takes you to شركة كفر بالله so we have to realise that our إيمان is not something we can gamble with it is not something we can put it on the line there's a book I advise each and every one of you to buy to read it's also translated in English I've seen it myself it is the book التوضيح والبيان لشجرة الإيمان written by عبد الرحمن ناصر السعدي رحمه الله and also the kitab written by الشيخ عبد الرزاق ابن عبد المحسن العباد البدر which speak about his book عبد الرزاق is called أسباب زيادة الإيمان ونقصاني there are things that cause the iman to increase and that which causes it to reduce so many books brothers it will give you good insight يا إخوة دقائده is what عرفت الشر لال الشر ولكن لتوقيه ومن لم يعرف الشر من الخير يقع فيه knowing good from evil is important عمر رضي الله عنه what did he say تنقض عور الإسلام عروة إسلام will be it will be taken apart bit by bit and what did he say إذا تكلم في الإسلام من لم يعرف الجاهلية if he talks about Islam the one who didn't know jahilia so that's why we need to know what increases the iman as much as we need to know what reduces the iman so that's why he will help us knowing أسباب زيادة الإيمان and we also know أسباب النقصاني and that which reduces it so we can stay away from it ولذلك حديث رضي الله because of that كان الناس يسألون رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم عن الخير وقلت أسأله عن الشر مقافة he said that the people used to ask the Prophet only about the good I used to ask him about so I could what so I could stay away from it so one tries to learn the good and he also learns ما يضاده that which opposes it and that which is opposite to it so those two books that I mentioned which are and also the books أسباب زيادة الإيمان ونقصاني with those two books one person's iman they can increase it and stay away from that which will cause their iman to reduce نقر بأحوال القيامة كلها ومشتملته الدار حقا ونشهده we affirm what shall take place and the resurrection all of it as well as all contained in the final abode and we bear witness to this the author now he speaks about رحمه الله تعالى أصل من أصولي الإيمان one of the fundamentals articles of faith right and that is الإيمان وبيوم الأخير believing in the day of the day of judgment so we believe in everything that's going to happen the day of judgment every situation in every stage in details we believe in it we believe for example because believing of the day of judgment what falls under it الإيمان which is مجمل الإيمان which is مفصل it's two things a very comprehensive generic belief which is that okay I believe in the day of judgment I know that there's a life after this that's the general belief of the day of judgment the second one is the most specific form of belief of the day of judgment it is the belief that the stages and the levels and the accounts that are going to take place for example you believe in فتنة عذاب القبر you believe the trials and the tribulations of the grave and the bliss of the grave you also believe in البعث the resurrection you believe in نشور حشر the gathering of the people together جزاء حساب الدواوين the scrolls سراط you believe in the Salat that everybody is going to take the path and ميزان you believe in the scale you believe in جنة and you believe in نار that is المفصل all of that which I found in الكتاب و السنة we find the كتاب and the سنة we believe in that نقروا و يفهم that بأحوال القيامة يكلها all of the situations of the day of judgment we believe in that و مشتملته الدار and we also believe what it consists of and this is a form of affirmation of what he already said رحمه الله anything that we find in the كتاب of الله سبحانه وتعالى and anything that we find in the سنة we also believe in that و نشهد and we testify to it and this is him trying to follow the ayah 4 صورت البقراء in which الله سبحانه وتعالى لهم يوقينون they have certainty of the day of judgment so we have certainty و مشتملته الدار و نشهدوا و نقروا اقرارا يقينيا we believe that this all of this with certainty and how can a person gain certainty of this day how can he fall under the ayah is by studying it in details learning the stages learning the things that are going to happen after the grave what is going to happen and this is something a person needs to study they have to understand the life of the day of judgment from the grave to every single body entering the jannah all the narrations the person should bring them together and he should study it اه تفكر بآثار العظيم و ما حوات ممالكه العظم لعلك ترشد contemplate the manifest signs of the most majestic and all contained in his tremendous kingdoms so you may so you may be guided or alright the author here he speaks about تفكر to ponder and look بآثار العظيم the signs of Allah which are great in which he has created and is brought into his existence sometimes people go to buildings and they see the infrastructure and they are baffled and mind-boggled say wow many people they travel to turkey they see the the ancient and they are shocked they see the pyramids in Egypt and they look at this and they are baffled people travel to Dubai and they see buildings and they see and they are baffled but look how sheytan has diverted them from looking at what is much greater يا اخوة do you not know this world that we are in today قرون generations after generations have walked this earth this world is older than every creation on it الله سبحانه وتعالى has created it on the way we were talking about a water we saw and the color changed and we said that this water the changing of this color of this water has got a lot of stories in the world world one two whatever it saw endured that water can speak and tell us ما شهدو that which it saw these are signs of Allah تفكر بآثار العظيم to ponder on the signs of Allah that are around you يا اخوة if you look at the sky for example الله made the sky stand بغير عمد انترونها there is no pillar holding it it doesn't fall it doesn't drop there is it standing like that سبحانه وتعالى الله said it's raining from it all of it happening look at the human today when he loses a part of his body and then the doctors give him a new part it's just never as good as how Allah's one was have you not seen some people they fix their eyes for another eye to see with whatever it just looks plastic you can see are you with me يا اخوة all of this is تفكر بآثار العظيم وما حواد يدالك سبحانه وتعالى one of the most powerful things that a brother once said to another brother he had much he didn't have much knowledge and it gives him the ability to to utter and to speak that which is wise a brother who felt down and you know who was depressed and sad he said يا اخي I'll ask you something after he gave him a good long reminder one of the things that he said to him was what he said to him يا اخي if I was to ask you today to give me your finger for a million pounds would you give it to me knowing that all your debts and everything that you're struggling about will be paid but you do that he said no 2 million no 3 million no 4 no 5 no 6 no put a price to it no nothing يا اخي I can't even say you're a billionaire walking around you're worth more than a billion you are worth more than more than all of that you wouldn't do that صحيح it means everything but you were given to it for free يا اخوة have you not seen a person who's rich rich rich he's got money he's got everything he needs but he's got diabetes he's got hepatitis C he's got this illness or that illness so he's not allowed to eat particular foods but there's a فقير guy who's got no money nothing but he's healthy he can eat everything and this rich man is jealous of a poor guy who can eat what he wants he can eat whatever this man is rich are you with me he's jealous of a poor person why but however much money he has today cannot buy what this poor man has poor man his health is something Allah gave to him no one else can give it to him his money can't bring that for him بأثار العظيم the big signs that are around you look at your body look at the things that are around you that are happening and how they are taking place were charged for everything right imagine you were charged لكل نفس every time you breathed you had to pay for it every time you breathed what is حرون الرشيد one of the leaders I think it was حرون الرشيد حرون هزيم he came up to him يبكرس الماك يبكرس الماك يبكر السماك water you drank the water these generations have mentioned in different of the talk but for this cup of water you would have to give up your kingdom half of your kingdom would you do it كما قلت to him , دستراكشن فيتر كيندا بسورة كابا وورتا . سورة سورة كل ما تريدون فيها في الوقت لتصميم كابا وورتا لتجربه لكي تذهب إلى جميعك صحيح ! one was for it to be given to you you gave half of your kingdom for it and now you have to realize brothers حارونا الرشيد use to talk to the clouds who say to the clouds امطلي هناك او هناك go and rain there or there فإنو سيخرجوا لي خراجك whatever ever you rain the crops will come back for me because if it goes to the land of the muslims pay attention to this we went to the land of the muslims the cat will come and it will come to and if it was the disbelievers they will pay jizya the jizya used to come to the muslims so his mulk was where very vast this wasn't one country they govern he is saying I will give half of all of that just for a cup of water and then he is saying the other half I will give it for the other remaining part صح I will do that that what does it show the value of what you have the blessings the kingdom is nothing the value of this world is nothing what Allah has given you so you need to ponder so he said تفكر بآثار العظيم ومحوث think of Allah great things that he has created ومحوث and that which it consists of ممالك والعظم of Allah's kingdom سبحانه وتعالى once you think of it and you ponder it how he designed it and he put it together with that إن شاء الله وتعالى you are going to gain guidance and maybe like you Ibrahim what was he doing he was looking at the moon looking at the sun and the stars all of that these are from the things these are the signs that are the signs for you to come to guidance as we mentioned yesterday these are the signs for you to look at the one who created all of this designed it controls it you see you're thinking you're thinking what you're doing is you're thinking there's a creator before he gets the conclusion there's a creator all of this which I see today and the way it's running and the way it's moving and the way it happens this creator has brought me to this world and doesn't have no purpose from me when he has a purpose from everything else around him I as the creation have this tissue next to me right now for a reason I have it here for a reason I wear this watch for a reason I have my mobile phone for a reason and etc everything you do you do it for a reason these great things that are around me they have a purpose in why the one who did it did it so what's the purpose for me then the person goes in he goes in the conquest of finding out that answers that question and he seeks the knowledge of it guidance comes to him from it that's why the author is saying لعلك ترشده there's a statement ابن القيمسان in his kitab مفتاح ودار سعادة the first volume page 214 he says وأحسنو ما أنفقت فيه الانفاسو one of the greatest things that a person spends his time and his life in is اتفقوا في آيات الله it is to ponder and to think about Allah's signs وعجائب الصنعي and the amazement of how Allah made things and He brought about things والانتقال منها إلى تعلق القلب والهمة به دون شيء من مخلقاته and then moving on to connecting your heart and having the aspiration to Him سبحانه وتعالى besides everything from His creation from the greatest things that a person can spend their time doing is pondering on the signs of Allah he says and how amazing Allah has brought all of this about and then from that third thought your heart automatically becomes connected to Him and have loving from Him that's the greatest thing that a person can spend their time to do we'll stop there إن شاء الله I will carry on tomorrow anything which I have said that was wrong or incorrect is from me الشيطان and that Allah has missed and brought free from it سبحانك اللهم بحمدك أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله استغفرواك وأتوبوا إليه