And welcome back to our discussion with Prime Minister the Honourable Alan Chastney. We're discussing the Year and Review 2019. Tourism, St. Lucia has had an unprecedented year of success in this highly competitive global industry. We experienced a 7% increase in arrivals over 2018 and our stayover arrivals for 2019, so like in the region of 400,000, so again unprecedented for us. So we'll take a look now at some of the highlights in that sector and we'll come back to expound on some of those points. Throughout 2019 St. Lucia's tourism industry experienced record highs in old areas. From arrivals, stayover and cruise to airlift, product development and investment. An unprecedented 1.3 million visitors came to the island short, 400,000 was stayovers, representing a 7.1% increase over 2018, solidifying St. Lucia as one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the eastern Caribbean. Essential to the sector's growth is airlift. American Airlines in 2019 expanded services to St. Lucia, introducing a non-stop American Airlines flight from Chicago on December 21. Up until November 2019, American Airlines had provided 100,000 seats to destination St. Lucia, representing 43% of the seating capacity out of the United States. The cruise sector also recorded successes following the expansion of birthing facilities at Point Seraphine that enables the accommodation of vista, quantum and freedom class vessels. On November 15, with a capacity of 1,800 passengers and over 750 crew, the MV Morella Explorer II made its inaugural call in podcastries. The senior marketing manager, the St. Lucia Tourism Authority, was among officials who welcomed the vessel. Efforts at improving the island's tourism product and heightening the visitor experience continued in 2019. You would have seen the renovation of the market preparatory stage, which has already commenced. You would have seen the relocation of the vendors. We would have trained about 200 vendors to be part of this new initiative that we're doing to ensure that we can advance greater economic penetration in the sector. Meantime, the OECS Regional Tourism Competitiveness Project is undertaking the pedestrianization of the William Peter Boulevard of a side improvement programme for existing small businesses and the upgrading of sidewalks. The St. Lucia Summer Festival season as the 2019 Jazz Festival returned to form. A collaboration with the Lincoln Centre of New York featured prolific jazz musicians from the home front, the region and international. On the hills of the St. Lucia Jazz Festival, St. Lucia Carnival came to life in July, attracting increased participation from St. Lucia's and visitors. In fact, there was a 13% increase in tourist arrivals for the month over July 2018. St. Lucia's demand in the tourism market was underpinned with a prestigious title of world's leading honeymoon destination for a record 11th time. The announcement was made on November 28th at the 26th annual gala ceremony of the World Travel Awards in Oman. The winning streak continued with the Minister for Tourism being named the Caribbean Tourism Minister of the Year by the Caribbean Travel Awards. Honourable Dominique Fede was described as having stood at the destination that is one of the hottest in the Caribbean and has become a haven for high-profile investment. Glittering Sands Beach Park located at Toulanger on October 15 became the newest addition to the tourism product. Owned and operated by St. Lucia's, the facility employs more than 20 persons from the constituency of Ancelere Can-Bries. The Beach Park welcomed the first group of over 50 cruise ship guests for a fantastic day in paradise. St. Lucia's talents were showcased at Carifesta 14 held in Trinidad and Tobago. The offering was a mix of theatre, music, literary arts, performance poetry, traditional performances, visual arts, craft and fashion. The performances included a showcase of our laurels, first of all, and a theatrical performance of a little folk tale written by Monique O'Keeves and Jesse Myers and directed by artistic director, Junior Fedrick. The world celebrated along the island as it commemorated 40 years of independence. His Royal Highness Prince Charles made an official visit to St. Lucia. A special ceremony was held in view fought in his honour. Above all, ladies and gentlemen, it gives me particular pride that St. Lucia today is such a vital member of our Commonwealth family, which binds together 2.4 billion of us across 53 countries on 6 continents through our shared experience and common values. And the physical embodiment of our talent and creativity now stands at the castries' waterfront. Master sculptor Jalim Yudovic produced a statue that captures the essence of Bane's inclusion. This is your sculpture, St. Lucia, from Grosene to Barbono, from castries to Denry, from Miku to Viewfort, from La Rue to Choselle, from Souffre to Canaries, from Anselare back to Castries. This sculpture is symbolic of how far we've come and where we want to go. A look there at some of the highlights of 2019 in this area of tourism and we did include culture in there because the two are sesame intermix. Now, for the government, your aim is to increase GDP contributions to a staggering $1.9 billion by 2022. The hope also is to attract investments of $3.5 billion also by 2022 and to create over 4,000 jobs in the tourism sector. Some people may say a bit ambitious. Look, we've developed a master plan for tourism which includes a branding position as well as a strategic plan on how to diversify the tourism product. We're not only looking at larger hotels and higher end hotels but also very excited about our village tourism program to be able to help solutions to be able to get more involved in the market. The Sandy Beach project, Anselsab, is probably one of my favorite projects ever. It's funny because when Sir John was alive and before anything had been built on the causeway at Pigeon Island, the concept that we're using there is what I wanted him to use on Pigeon Island, which basically would be to not allow development on the beach but have like some kind of boardwalk that would separate the hotels from the beach and then create a village and so subdivide it and allow smaller properties to be able to prosper and to create something that's much more culturally relevant to what your destination is. People are looking for more authentic vacations. Clearly there are people who like to go to all-incluses and bigger all-incluses and there are people who like the uniqueness of a jade mountain or a sugar beach but there are more and more people who want to go to intimate inns and go to places where they don't get to see what they get back home and so it's how do you create an environment to nurture that culture of yours and Sandy Beach is exactly that so a new road will be built along the fence of the airport going into the View Fort Town where Bank of Nova Scotia is. The land between the concrete road going back to the city of View Fort will be subdivided. Water, sewage, electricity being put in, a building ordinance we put in, special incentives and so it means a solution now can buy 10,000 square feet of land. Water, electricity and sewage is already there. You don't have to borrow the money for all of that. Have special incentives and then now there's a development around them and that is much easier for them to be able to sell. With the cruise ship port coming into View Fort for home porting pre and post days means that people could now go and stay in Sandy Beach. The goal is to have an access of a thousand rooms in that location. We also know that there is development of smaller properties around the island so we're creating a new entity called Village Tourism Incorporated. Which of course Ansleray, Grozely and Souffre are the lead communities or villages right now. So will Village Tourism Incorporated and Village Tourism are part of a same circle but they're not exactly the same projects. So the projects in Ansleray, Grozely and Souffre about building the physical infrastructure to support it. So if I want to have a small guest house now in Souffre downtown Souffre, it's become more feasible. I can go to the Hummingbird Beach to go for the day to the beach. The square is there and we're now redeveloping the waterfront and it's now in a very attractive town. The goal is now to build up on the restaurants and create a water taxi service. So people from Anshasne or from Sugar Beach now can take a water taxi and come into town and walk around town and go to these small restaurants in that particular. It's to do the same thing in Ansleray. I think it would be very difficult for a small guest house to survive in Ansleray with the same with the current standards you would see there. Grozely has done a better job but there's still improvements that have to be done in the Grozely town, i.e. the beach facilities, the drains, clearing up in proper ordinances, building back up the older building so that it continues the character of the village. So physically there will be village tourism but the company we're creating is called Village Tourism Incorporated. So what happens is if I want to be able to get into the tourism business, let's say I worked at the hotel as a front desk manager or I was a reservations manager or a food and beverage manager, I want to open up a restaurant, I go in, I am tested by the group in terms of what are my deficiencies are and if you're opening up a small guest house we will give you the accounting system, we will give you the booking system, we will give you the marketing tools, we will provide the training for your line staff and for your middle management on a regular basis, we'll give you advice on your interior decorating. We will now help you source your towels and your sheets and your soaps and so starting to create a minimum standard. So there are Europeans and other people who want to come to St. Lucia for two, three weeks and stay at different properties so that those properties have to be relatively same in terms of standard. I mean Switzerland and Austria have been doing this for years. France this is one of the oldest types of tourism and it's my favorite type of tourism ever is Village Tourism. That's why my family when I had a choice of building a hotel I built it in Rodney Bay, not on the beach. Built it off the beach because that's the confidence I have in that kind of product but unfortunately Rodney Bay is still not of standard to make Village Tourism be able to work and this is what we want to be able to do. It to be successful and sustainable your local population must be involved, must be benefiting and then when you bring it to a scale the likelihood of a smaller restaurant and a smaller restaurant buying food from the farmers and buying products from all the other suppliers is much greater than when you're a bigger hotel you have economies of scale and therefore you can bring it in from abroad much easier. So the goal is really to make sure that we have a balance in what we're doing from a tourism perspective and building up the rooms and making the economic impact we think is necessary. So part of the part of the plan for product development has to do with castries the beautification of castries included in that is the rehabilitation of the castries market. So that plan people are looking forward to a timeline because we've seen bumper to bumper a traffic now with the crews the passengers are coming in. So where are we at with timeline regarding that? So the redevelopment of the castries market the plan has already been completed and I really want to congratulate Mr. Poyot I mean he is really a gem in this country in terms of you know he did the Derrick Walcott home he did the the square in Souffre, many buildings around St. Lucia you know it was his inspiration and really he's a for me a cultural icon and a person I have a tremendous amount of respect for. So the plan has already been done we've started with the place where the vendors go in the back so a new roof new resurfacing they're now about to do the bathrooms they're putting in now next to where the the marketing board is to put in a container a container park for selective smaller shops then we will start developing the interior of the building including the old building itself. So the goal here is to create an atmosphere that small restaurants can thrive that vendors now start becoming franchisees so what I want to see is I want to see the vendors become franchisees to the arts and craft segment here so people who are producing pots people who are producing baskets these young people in terms of costumes and natural soap products so the idea is that they would help the vendor design their stall help them design their uniform teach them how to sell their product and also provide them with a price spectrum so now you're not going to see that every vendor selling the exact same thing and that they're going to be able to add value and so a tourist walking around is going to be able to smell see and hear and taste solution you know my vendors who are on Jeremy Street right now nobody's got a blender and mixing fresh juices this is the kind of stuff that we need to start seeing and that's what's going to happen at the castries market and that you're going to have a variety of standards so basic products all the way to arts and paintings in the air small restaurants so a tourist going in can get the flavors of Saint Lucia me looking for a restaurant to eat in Saint Lucia I can go there it's almost like being in a bazaar so when we went to Burroughs market in London this is what we're really sampling behind and I have to tell you ecstatic about what we're going to be doing there followed by the demolishing of the pantry I'd like to think the parliament but the parliament probably be on hold for temporarily and then the courthouse but the ultimate goal this constitution park will be a park so when I'm standing at the castries market and I look back I'm going to see the cathedral which now is going to connect us to the Derrick Walcott Square now again just also gets in the face left yes how can you have a person and name a park after Derrick and it looks the way it does a cultural icon of this country both in all forms of the arts where do I see that in that place and normally when you have iconic parks you will see restaurants and activity around it where is it a car park around it so the goal is to really change that the customs building sheds four and five start clearing out the place so that now that those become pedestrian ears and you allow the out of the city to be able to breathe moving the container port now the cul-de-sac getting we want to be able to put a convention center and now newer older buildings in the location CDC's we're looking to demolish those buildings but we want to make sure that we have a place to relocate people before we do that that will become now the new government center so you'll have your high court you have your prime minister's office you have parliament you have now certain government buildings that are going to be in that location and so there's this character and I want to be able to walk through castries we're talking about Ben An's I love Ben An's you know nobody's talking about removing the people from Ben An's but we're talking about improving the quality of facilities getting the dock going back again and you talked about congestion so why not have it from point serif and we have a little ferry that carries the passengers that want to go on tour to the south take them to the Ben An's all the buses are waiting for them there now you don't have all those buses going through what I call the gauntlet move the taxis that are currently by Plas Karanaj still have them on the inside but they go and collect their bus down by sheds four and five so when they're leaving they're leaving in front of this last building so again you're not congesting the town so these are all obvious decisions but for some reason everybody's scared to pull the trigger on these things and that's what I'm very excited about we've spent the year redoing the plans because when I made the pronouncements everybody said oh there was no consultation but I think people forgot the fact that there was an intensive consultation in 2007 and 2008 but guess what went back to the process met with everybody again and pretty much the same plans but do you think that not pulling the trigger really has to do with the cost that is attached so all what you have described there it sounds all wonderful it's great but how do we pay for it so we have cut a deal with the cruise industry to allow them to manage both our castries port and our view for port that's the mo you that we signed with world caribbean and carnival they're in fact bringing down with them accompanied it to review our plans finesse them in whatever way that they think it's going to be possible so we've borrowed 13 million u.s. dollars to do the redevelopment of the castries market which is part of the loan agreement that we have of the time when these government we are spending our own money to demolish the existing buildings and to put in the proper parks and then when the cruise industry comes in they're prepared to also bring cash to the to the table so they've agreed to look at their tax structure and we've looked at our tax structure in terms of of having a tax on that will help now pay for these these different developments that we're going to do it we're meeting with the EU and also cdb about the infrastructure that's required in castries sewage we know that water is leaking putting in better utilities how we're going to deal with the surface waters how we're going to expand some of the roads and create now the whole new traffic network so again by accessing development funds to be able to do that so it's still going to cost us money but at least it's on a more concessional basis we believe the return comes in by bringing more business to town 430 castries is dead okay we have a private sector investment that's going to go into point serif and we're going to build a merit courtyard we're hoping to begin and break ground break ground very soon we've got a plan for redeveloping the shops they're horrible and and the fact is that it can't have a facility on prime land like that that's only there for the cruise industry i want to see point serif and being used seven days a week all the time by locus and visitors like you know as well as the tourism industry is doing and the plans that you've just um outlined there sound really good and then asked about how we pay for it you spoke about looking at the tax regime and so forth the hotel accommodation tax or fee if you want to use if that's a more dumbed-down word uh it has been announced that it's being introduced and it's not something off the cuff we've heard about it being in the in the pipeline for a while now but there is that public concern that really and truly you're sort of overburdening the one sector that is keeping st luccia afloat so sadly i could have rewritten the article st luccia is the first country in the caribbean to reduce the vat rate on tourism but then you're saying that you're taking away but you're also undercutting so so the point that's i'm saying that's why i said you i could rewrite the story and say to you that st luccia is reducing the vat rate on tourism from 10 to 7 percent and then applying a fee correct so it's a it's what we call a revenue neutral tax so the purpose of doing what we're doing is in order to allow the monies to be collected directly off of the of the the uh tourist and it's a user fee of st luccia right so they're paying if they're staying at a smaller property three dollars per person per night if they're staying at a larger property six dollars per person per night okay that money is going directly into the tourism authority so that means the tourism authority is no longer dependent on the tourism budget so the 35 or 40 million a year that we're putting into the tourism authority that stops by being now a separate entity like slasper because that's how slasper makes this money off of taxes and revenues that is generating at the port both of the airport and at the seaport it means it has its own budget has its own board because there's too many restrictions to it when it's operating within the government context i mean you remember me when i was director of tourism absolutely when i was minister of tourism constantly complaining that the cash flow of money all of a sudden when you're doing well is when government cuts back on the revenue and that you fight in cabinet every day because people see this as money that could go to health care or education or infrastructure which all need but the fact is is that investing and doing marketing is an investment a brand is a value so the better known your brand is the better it helps bananas the better it helps our rums better helps you when you travel and that people know where solution is okay there's that's an asset value to the state that we continue to be able to invest in and that's why we say the solutions you know when we're committing crime or we do things against the tourists what we're doing is we're undermining our own brand because those are the stories that are going to be remembered out there so i don't want people to think that they should do it for tourism do it for yourself do it for brand st lucha let's be known as one of the best places to live the best places to invest that's the story that we want outside there so the changes that we've made are to facilitate making that happen and so therefore there will be no increase in the cost of coming to st lucha but structurally now we've made it much more efficient in order for the monies to go into the tourism authority and for the tourism authority now to be able to spend the money the deal that i did with the cruise with the hoteliers is very simple there were deficiencies in the old st lucha tourist board too much money was being spent on overheads too much money was being spent on events okay which they were understanding what the value to the branding was so we've structured that we've taken events out we put some restrictions in how much money can be spent on an administrative basis and to make sure that there is greater efficiency and more accountability and building our brand but now people are concerned that what's happening to the tourism industry is that now st lucha becomes a more expensive destination i just said that's not the case so if you reduce the vat rate but you put it back on as a form of a head tax your revenue neutral so that's what we're saying is that the cost of coming to st lucha hasn't been has not been affected would not be affected at all pending projects in the tourism industry you did speak about the sandy beach project during the budget you did indicate that we would be having no more less than five or so projects so where we are with that are we still so on stream cap it which is a new golf course hotel and real estate project is broken ground so they're doing 90 rooms and 18 who golf course and 300 real estate lots i'm extremely saddened over the sandals project to be honest with you now that's a project that should have started and actually would have been coming to completion right now it would have added almost 400 new suites to st lucha on a piece of land that is only air marked for tourism development it's the piece of land that's lies between sandals grand and the landings sadly the landings decided to challenge the dca in their decision they lost the the first case and they've decided to appeal and the developer basically is holding off because he feels is too large of an investment to take that risk it was a very difficult position for me because i really want to let all my investors in my country know that this is a good place to invest and we follow the rule of law so that would have that's a significant delay and we would have already been feeling the economic benefit and the momentum from that happening but i'm still hoping that that project is going to is that the only stalled project because you did mention that the hilton yep so what so so what happened well not hilton we had hilton going in at rex and we were plans were completed everything when hilton first which was at rex and we were very advanced and then the rex people decided to do a partnership with sunwing with the same people who were doing the world in not only on the sun lucha product but on all of their developments around the island the country so granada tobago and antigen particular so it means you have to go back to the drawing board um my understanding is they're pretty far advanced in their concepts they're looking at i think it's a planet hollywood to go where the building was demolished because they had gone as far as to demolish the building uh they're rebranding the old world solution into mystique or mystique i think mystique um and then they're also going to be developing a new branded property where papia is uh so that is supposed to be starting later this year we then have the hiate project which is going to go in shock so there's an 800 room property 400 rooms all inclusive 400 rooms e p with also major conference facilities you have the marriott courtyard that's coming here at point seraphine uh you have the uh sabbushah project which now is going to be a park hiate so originally that was going to be a fairmont and there was new owners that came in um and have taken over that property so we're hoping that that's going to get started very soon the uh people at dsh are developing um their first hotel which will be right next to the site what's exciting is that hotel is also going to be a university um with luzan university which is phenomenal means you're talking about the best um uh hospitality university in the world and solutions will be given access to that university on a very affordable basis but once you become a graduate of luzan you can get a job anywhere anywhere in the world we have like 30 seconds left we have canals which is the honeymoon beach this weekend this weekend uh january 15th we're breaking ground uh so very exciting times and there are other things but i want to wait until they're more advanced before we announce we've now concluded our second hour with prime minister the honorable adam chastney as we look back at some of the events of 2019


So, welcome to today's lecture where what we are going to do is continue from where we left off in the last lecture where we were analyzing the linear stability of the Rayleigh-Bernard problem. So just for a brief recollect, we had taken the stationary solution and we had imposed small perturbations on this stationary solution and these perturbations are actually being denoted by the tilde variable. So, t tilde represents the perturbation on temperature, v tilde represents the perturbation on velocity and we started with the original non-linear equations and we linearized the equations about the steady state. So what this basically means is we assume the perturbations to be of order epsilon and retain terms only of order epsilon to the power 1. We do not consider terms of order epsilon squared because they are higher order terms and they are negligibly small.  So what we have done is if you remember you had the perturbations on u, the x component of velocity, the perturbation on pressure p tilde and we have eliminated those 2 variables and you had 4 perturbations on the 2 velocity components on the pressure and on temperature. What we did is we eliminated 2 and we reduced it to a system of 2 equations, one on the temperature perturbation and one on the vertical velocity component perturbation and this is what we had derived in the last class. What we want to do now is take the analysis further and in our quest for getting an analytical solution, okay. You observe that these 2 equations are linear and they are also coupled. The temperature equation has velocity in it, the velocity equation has temperature in it. So you have to solve them simultaneously and you also observe that they are homogeneous that is every term present in each of the equation contains the perturbation variable or the derivative of it to the first power, okay. So they are linear and there is no non-homogeneity and these are important characteristics of a linearized problem. So what we want to do now is remember that the temperature and the velocity perturbations are actually functions of are dependent on x, y and t, the time. They are independent on z where they assume the span to be infinity and which basically means that these are partial differential equations. So what we will do is, we would like to convert these to a set of ordinary differential equations. So we are going to seek the solution as t tilde of x, y, t as being equal to t star of y times e power sigma t times sin alpha x and v tilde of x, y, t as v star of y times e power sigma t times sin alpha x. What have I done here? I am going to give 2 interpretations to this functional form that I am seeking. One is the physical interpretation. The physical interpretation is I am going to seek solutions which are periodic in the x direction. Now the fact that the x direction extends to infinity allows me to actually seek periodic solutions in the x direction. I do not have to worry about boundary conditions in the x direction and the fact that this is a linear equation which is first order in time allows me to seek the time dependency to be exponential and sigma is the growth rate of the disturbance in time. The y dependency is captured in p star and v star. So clearly if you have a system which is stable then the real part of sigma is going to be negative and that implies stability and the real part of sigma is going to be positive. This implies the steady state is unstable. So this is the physical interpretation. The other interpretation is a mathematical interpretation. The mathematical interpretation comes from the techniques you have learnt in your mathematical courses where you have been talking about taking Laplace transforms and Fourier transforms. So when you are taking a Fourier transform or a Fourier sine transform or a Fourier cosine transform you are essentially seeking a periodic solution in the x direction. When you take a Laplace transform you are essentially seeking time dependency in the Laplace domain and which is also going to be exponential. Our objective is to seek solutions of this kind and get the t star of y and v star of y.  So remember that is the objective. Convert partial differential equations to ordinary differential equations. We can do that by using a physical argument or we can use a mathematical argument. So let us write this down. We want to convert PDEs to ODEs, ordinary differential equations. First is physical argument where we seek periodic solutions in space, exponentially varying solutions in time. The second is more of a mathematical argument, mathematical interpretation. We take a Fourier sine transform in the x direction and a Laplace transform in time. So the fact that we have actually assumed the x to extend to infinity is what is allowing us to do a Fourier sine transform okay and this is where the assumption of x being large comes in handy. The form assumed for the temperature and the velocity here implicitly assumes that the temperature and the velocity are in phase as far as the spatial dependency is concerned. That is both of them are varying as sinusoidal. It is not that one is varying as a sine and the other is varying as cosine okay and whether they are actually going to be in phase or not we can find out only by substituting these equations, these forms for the perturbation in these governing equations. So if it turns out that by substituting these forms in these equations the e power sigma t and sine alpha x occurs in every term then you can essentially cancel off the e power sigma t and sine alpha x okay from every term and which means that such a solution is possible and this has to be true for both the equations okay. So that is basically what we are going to do now. We are going to substitute these forms for the perturbation in these equations and find out how this equation can be reduced to an ordinary differential equation.  So let us see what is the time derivative of the temperature. So supposing we were interested in calculating d by dt of t tilde I need to get d by dt of t star of y e power sigma t sine alpha x. This is a function of y that is a function of x. This depends on time so when I differentiate I am going to just have to differentiate only this term and this is going to give me sigma multiplied by e power sigma t times sine alpha x times t star of y okay that is how the time derivative is found. Now let us look at how one can calculate del square of t tilde. Remember del square is 2 dimensional it only has variations in x and y and so del square is essentially d square by dx square plus d square by dy square of t tilde which is t star of y e power sigma t sine alpha x. Now when I am going to differentiate this term with respect to x these are for all practical purposes constant and the derivative of sine alpha x the first derivative is going to be alpha times cosine alpha x and when I differentiate it one more time I am going to get minus alpha square and I get back sine. So please understand that this is going to be the same as the first term it is going to give me. If I look at the first term I am going to get minus alpha square sine alpha x times t star of y times e power sigma t and now when I am going to differentiate this with respect to y these are going to be constant and what I have is essentially the second derivative of t star but since t star is only a function of y it is not going to be a partial derivative anymore but it is going to be a total derivative and this is going to be written as d square by dy square of t star times e power sigma t times sine alpha x. I can take out a power sigma t and sine alpha x common from these two terms and I can write this in a slightly more compact way as d square by dy square minus alpha square of t star divided by e power sigma t sine alpha x okay. The derivative operator is only in the y direction is alpha square is of course the wave number of the periodic disturbance okay it is the reciprocal of a wave number of the wave length sorry this is the wave number which is the reciprocal of the spatial wave length and these are the time dependency. So what is normally done is to make things a bit more compact I am going to write this as t star times e power sigma t times sine alpha x where d square is nothing but d square by dy square. So remember this is the Laplacian of t tilde you see that there is also del to the power 4 operator occurring in the velocity equation. So the del power 4 operator of the velocity equation is going to be of the velocity variable is going to be nothing but del square of velocity okay.  Again this operator is operating only on v star remember v star is a function only of y and this derivative d capital D here is a derivative only with respect to y okay. So that is basically what we have done we have just made sure that the partial differential operator del power 4 can be converted to an ordinary differential operator d square. Now it may appear to you that I have actually jumped a step but if you understood how you have done this I think what you would do is just go through the algebra and you can verify for yourself that this is indeed correct that is one when you apply del square you get the d square minus alpha square when you apply it again you get another d square minus alpha square and that basically gives you this okay. So if you are not comfortable with this I suggest you work this out in your home and make sure that this is indeed right. Our job now is to basically substitute these expressions in my partial differential equation and convert it to an ordinary differential equation. So let us do that. So the first equation here on temperature now when I want to look at the time derivative with respect to temperature I would get only sigma okay and this is got v tilde I am going to write this as v star of th minus t0 divided by h and what I have done is replace all my tilde variables in terms of my star variables okay.   Now remember we have made this assumption of things being in phase okay. Now the fact that we are on the right track that the velocity and the temperature are indeed in phase is going to be confirmed by the fact that every term here has this the exponential term and the sin term okay. So this is basically an indication that indeed those variables are in phase.  So this is again a linear equation but now it is a linear ordinary differential equation. What I like to do next is take the second equation here this equation and convert it to a ordinary differential equation. So when I do that I get rho 0 times the time derivative gives me a sigma and the del square operator gives me at d square minus alpha square okay and there is already a minus sign. So that gives me this minus sign. So what I am doing is I am looking at this term here. I am looking at this term and I am getting a sigma because of this time derivative this del square gives me the d square minus alpha square and v tilde remember is now going to get converted to v star okay and this gives me v star of e power sigma t times sin alpha x that is my left hand side. On the right hand side I have 2 terms the first term is the del power 4 operator which is nothing but d square minus alpha square whole square of v star times e power sigma t times sin alpha x okay. So this is the viscous term which goes with the fourth order del or del power 4 and that gives me my d square minus alpha square square times v star times e power sigma t sin alpha x and then you have the body force term which remember is this term here. This term here is the body force term and this is associated with the second derivative with respect to x. Now this is something which I had not done earlier but remember the x dependency is sinusoidal. So when I am differentiating it twice I am going to get a minus alpha squared multiplying this and so this term now is going to be reduced to minus rho naught beta g alpha squared times t star times e power sigma t times sin alpha x. All I have done is said that invoked the fact that the second derivative of t tilde is nothing but minus alpha squared of t star. Again what we see is that the exponential term and the sinusoidal term cancels off because they are present in all the terms. They cannot be 0 because if they were 0 then my perturbation itself is 0 because I have assumed the perturbation to be of the form e power sigma t sin alpha x. So they are non-zero and that basically justifies and allows me to cancel them and the fact that they are occurring in all the terms tells me that the assumed form of the spatial dependence for temperature and velocity in the x direction the periodic sin alpha x in phase is indeed right okay. If they are not cancelled off then it means that those velocity components are actually out of phase with the temperature component and there are situations where variables can be out of phase.  So what I have done is converted partial differential equations to ordinary differential equations and the idea is I know how to solve ordinary differential equations especially because these equations are linear. What I am going to do now is tell you that the objective we have is to find this point of onset of natural convection okay. When exactly is natural convection going to start that is this critical value of the temperature gradient for a fixed fluid and the geometry. So when the temperature gradient is less than this critical value if you were to impose any disturbance this disturbance would actually decay and you would have the system going back to the stationary solution where the fluid does not move okay. If the temperature difference is more than this critical value when you are going to be giving a disturbance the disturbance will get amplified such that you would actually see convection. So the transition between the stable to the unstable is going to take place by looking at the real part of the growth constant in time sigma. If the real part is negative I have a stable system if the real part is positive I have an unstable system. So the critical point where you have the change from stable to unstable is going to be given by the condition that the real part of sigma is 0 okay. So for the onset of natural convection the critical condition is given by the real part of sigma equals 0 and one of the things which we can establish and I am not going to do that in this course is show that for this particular problem the sigma is real that is the sigma is not complex there is no imaginary component okay. And so rather than talk about the real part of sigma being 0 I am going to talk about the sigma being 0 okay. We can show that sigma equals is real so transition occurs at sigma equal to 0. Now I just give you an inkling of how we can go about proving that sigma is indeed real and this arises because you know matrices which are real symmetric okay they have the property that their eigenvalues are real and what we can do is generalize this idea of a real symmetric matrix to that of a Hermitian matrix to that of what is known as a self-adjoint operator. So rather than talk about matrices we can look about this as an operator a matrix takes a vector and converts it to another vector this is an operator which takes a function converts it to another function and we can talk in terms of eigenvalues of this operator and for this particular system we can look at the fact that whether it is self-adjoint or not and establish that sigma is 0. So this is just some piece of information I am giving you for those of you who are interested in pursuing this otherwise you just accept what I am saying sigma is indeed real and so the transition occurs at sigma being 0. So since I am interested only in the onset of natural convection what I am going to do is I am going to further simplify my equations by putting sigma equal to 0 in these ordinary differential equations that I have just derived which describe my V star and T star okay. So we put sigma equal to 0 to find the transition and that basically means this particular equation reduces to mu times d squared minus alpha squared whole squared times V star equals minus rho not beta g alpha squared T star. I just want to make sure that I am not messing up negative sign anywhere because I might get into trouble later and the other equation becomes rho not Cp times T h minus T not divided by h times V star equals d squared minus alpha square of T star. So you have 2 equations now but these are ordinary differential equations and they have velocity and temperature and you can see that the velocity and the temperature again couple to each other okay. Remember all these are constants which I know for a given experimental system. What I like to do now is write down the boundary conditions for this system of equations that we have okay. The condition on temperature is going to be obtained from the boundary conditions on temperature that is going to be telling me what the boundary conditions are for the perturbation. So remember T equals T not at y equals 0 okay and you know that T was written as Tss plus epsilon times T tilde okay and what we want to do is we know that Tss is equal to T0 at y equal to 0. Therefore you know Tss equals T0 at y equal to 0 which basically implies that T tilde equals 0 at y equals 0 okay. So basically since the steady state satisfies the boundary condition of the original problem the perturbation is going to vanish at y equal to 0. Similarly and what we have done is we have decomposed T tilde to T star of y and so this is actually the condition on T star of y. T star equals 0 at y equal to 0 because T tilde is nothing but T star multiplied by e power sigma T sin alpha x and those are independent of y. So the only way T tilde can vanish is if T star can vanish. You can similarly establish that T star equals 0 at y equals capital H. These are the boundary conditions on the temperature perturbation. Look at the equation for velocity. This is a fourth order equation for velocity and therefore I need 4 conditions 2 on the upper plate and 2 on the lower plate. Remember v star is my vertical component of velocity. So since my plate is impermeable the liquid cannot penetrate my upper plate and so the velocity component is going to be 0, v is going to be 0 at both y equal to 0 and H okay. And so I am just going to write this here that v tilde equals 0 at v equals 0 at y equals 0 and H. This follows from the fact that the liquid cannot penetrate the wall and v remember is nothing but vss plus epsilon times v1 tilde v tilde and this is 0 and this is 0 at y is equal to 0 and H and therefore this implies p tilde is 0 at y equals 0 comma H and in other words v star is 0 at y equals 0 comma H okay. So I have v star also being 0. So I have Dirichlet conditions on temperature and on velocity v star but do I have enough conditions to solve the problem? The answer is no. Since I actually have a fourth order equation remember in v star. So I need 4 boundary conditions and what I have is only 2 boundary conditions. So I need 2 more boundary conditions. Where am I going to get this from? I am going to get this from the conditions on the x component of velocity u remember what we have done is we have converted this problem simplified it by eliminating the x component of velocity. In this process we have not used the boundary conditions on the x component of velocity okay. So we have to figure out a way for converting the boundary conditions on the x component of velocity to conditions on the y component of velocity v star. So let us see how we can do that and let me give you a clue we are going to use the equation of continuity to accomplish this okay. So what I want to do is I want to get 2 more boundary conditions for v star by using the boundary conditions on the x component of velocity u star okay. So the no slip boundary condition implies that u equals 0 at y equals 0 and h and you can make the same argument but the steady state velocity is 0 at 0 and h and so u tilde which is equal to u star equals 0 at y equals 0 and h and this is my no slip. So this is the boundary condition on my original velocity this is the boundary condition on my x component of the perturbation velocity. So this is for original and this for perturbation. I want to convert this to a boundary condition on v star remember du by dx plus dv by dy equals 0 that is my equation of continuity and I am going to write this again in terms of my perturbation variables. So I get du tilde by dx plus dv tilde by dy equals 0 you can convert this to star variables but remember u tilde is nothing but 0 and y equal to 0 and h. So that means all along for all x this is proof at y equals 0 and h no sorry this is not true at y is equal to 0 and h. This is the equation of continuity which is always valid but u tilde is 0 at y equal to 0 and h which means that u tilde does not change with x for no matter what the position is in the horizontal direction no matter what the x position is u tilde is 0. So not only is u tilde is 0 but du tilde by dx is also 0 u tilde equals 0 for all x therefore du tilde by dx equals 0 at y equals 0 and h. So that means if du tilde by dx is 0 that means the first derivative of v tilde is 0 at y equal to 0 and h and this I can use to say that dv star equals 0 at y equals 0 and h. So this is the boundary condition which I have on velocity okay. So what I have done is basically these are the extra 2 boundary conditions which I was talking about earlier which I need to solve my problem and this basically tells me that the first derivative of the velocity of perturbation v star is 0 at the 2 walls. So now I have 6 boundary conditions and I am all set to solve the problem okay. However what we will now do is do a further simplification and this simplification is going to come by converting the system of 2 equations that we have to only 1 equation 1 variable. So what we have here is a system of 2 equations which are coupled to each other in 2 variables v star and t star. I like to write this as a system of equations or only a 1 equation in only 1 unknown v star that is I want to eliminate my temperature perturbation between these 2 equations okay. I like to keep my equation as if it is an equation which describes only the velocity perturbation without bringing into account the temperature perturbation. So let us do that by operating on both sides by d square-alpha square. So if I do that I would these are all constants I have d square-alpha square of t star. I can use this equation and substitute for that expression from here and that way I can eliminate t star okay. So operating on this equation by d square-alpha square what I get is mu times d square-alpha square whole cube of v star equals-rho not beta g alpha square of d square-alpha square t star. So that is what I have done I have just operated on that using d square-alpha square and now I am going to use the fact that d square-alpha square of t star is given by my velocity perturbation from the second equation to write this as-rho not beta g alpha square and d square-alpha square t star is nothing but rho not cp times th-t not divided by h. You know I think I have missed thermal conductivity somewhere I have missed a thermal conductivity here I have missed a thermal conductivity in that equation. So this thermal conductivity is important okay because remember the del square goes comes with the thermal conductivity and so I would have a k at the bottom here and I can write this equation now as d square-alpha square whole cube of v star equals-rho not beta rho not by mu times beta times g times rho not cp by k times th-t0 divided by h and I am going to write I have missed a v star here and that is going to be a v star here okay. So all I have done is rewritten this as it is here and that is an alpha square which is important.  So this is my sixth order equation and like I said I need 6 boundary conditions I have found 4 boundary conditions on velocity that is the velocity perturbation and the first derivative must be 0 but remember my other 2 boundary conditions are on temperature. So again what I want to do is I want to convert my temperature boundary condition a velocity boundary condition okay and how do I do that? I should not have erased that sorry yeah. I am going to use the fact that t star is 0 at y equal to 0 and h see if t star is equal to 0 at y equal to 0 and h that means this term has to be 0 at y equal to 0 and h and so from since t star equals 0 at y equals 0 and h this implies b square-alpha square whole square of v star equals 0 at y equals 0 and h. So what I have done is I have converted my boundary condition on temperature to my boundary condition on velocity okay. So this sixth order equation that I have just written is going to basically need 6 boundary conditions and the 6 boundary conditions are v star equals dv star equals d square-alpha square whole square of v star equals 0 at y equals 0 and h and the differential equation is d square-alpha square whole cube of v star equals-beta g alpha square times nu by alpha t times th-t0 by h v star. So this is the differential equation these are the boundary conditions and what we have to do is see how we can solve this. We will do this in the next class. Thank you.


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we discussed the following question which says, from the given Venn diagram, that is this Venn diagram, list the following sets A union B, A intersection B and A minus B. Before we move on to the solution, let's see what is the union intersection and difference of the two sets. First we have A union B. This is the set containing the element X such that X belongs to A or X belongs to B or X belongs to both sets A and B. Then we have the intersection of the two sets A and B which is the set containing the element X such that X belongs to A and X belongs to B. Then A minus B that is difference of the two sets A and B is the set containing the element X such that X belongs to A and X does not belong to B. This is the key idea that we use for this question. Let's proceed with the solution now. We are given this Venn diagram in which we have the sets A and B and the universal set Xi. So from the Venn diagram we have set A is the set containing the elements A, B and C. We have set B which contains the element F and we have the elements E and D which are outside the sets A and B which are included in the universal set Xi but not in the sets A and B. So now we can easily write the elements of the universal set Xi as the set containing the elements A, B, C, D, E and F. Thus we have the universal set Xi and the sets A and B. Next let us find out what is A union B. Now from the key idea we have that A union B is the set containing the element X such that element X belongs to set A or set B or X belongs to both sets A and B. Now we can write A union B as the set containing the elements that belong to both sets A and B. So this would be the set containing the elements A, B, C which belong to the set A and element F which belong to the set B. So this is A union B. Next we have A intersection B. From the key idea we find that A intersection B is the set that contains the element X which belongs to both set A and B that is it is the set containing the elements common to both the sets A and B. Now from the Venn diagram you can see that there is no element which is common to both the sets A and B. So A intersection B is Phi that is it is an empty set. Next we find out A minus B. From the key idea we have that A minus B is the set containing the element X such that X belongs to A and X does not belong to B. This is the Venn diagram. So this would be the set containing the elements A, B, C. Since A, B and C they belong to the set A but they do not belong to the set B. So this is the set A minus B. So we have got A union B, A intersection B and A minus B. This completes the session. Hope you have understood the solution of this question.


This is such a treat to have you guys. And it's a lot of fun. And the podcast, all the work you guys, not even a podcast, you guys are literally all over the place and everywhere. And it's fun because it's really entertaining. It is an easy listen, but the information is top notch. I remember I, you know, in the heyday of good morning football, I would be like, oh my gosh, I need to like know what's going. Just I, if I could get it on six speed, I would do it just to get, I'm like, I want to hear about like the dogs, guys, but get me the information. Let's go.   So I wanted to get some intel out of you guys for our viewers here. We're to do this clock on a clock style cause TV is a little different than, than we want to get to a lot with 30 seconds each. And let's start with Andy. And Andy, I don't just follow you on Twitter. I follow everyone on Twitter.  You don't follow this guy. Really? But that's all right. Take a look. I think I do follow you. Yes. Yes. I got the gas follow. Dreams come true. Dreams come true. Thank you, Kay.  You were here before. Yeah, you don't need us. You're crazy. Well, you're absolutely crazy. But Jason, I just followed you because I heard that I didn't follow you. Oh, it's a big day. It doesn't, don't say that. But I do want to start with you with 30 seconds. I mean, obviously NFL trade deadlines, October 31st. And we have fantasy trade lines to deal with. Who is a player? Let's manifest it. Let's put the goodness out there. In the second half that you're currently want to campaign someone to trade for. Who you got? Who you like? Yeah, I think you brought it up on your show a couple of days ago talking about Derek Henry may, may be on his way out from Tennessee. And so Tajé Spears is a player that you have to pay attention to. And I don't know if you want to watch the games after Derek Henry leaves in Tennessee if Ryan Tannehill's not out there. But Spears is a actually talented backup. He's got as many targets as a guy like Joe Mixon this year. And that's playing alongside somebody with the ninth most carries in Derek Henry. So Tajé Spears is a talented player.  I like it. Let's go, Jason Moore. Put somebody on the map. Who do I need to trade for? Trade for Marquis Hollywood Brown. Kyler's coming back. Kyler's practicing in full. He's without a sleeve on his knee. This offense is going to take a massive step forward. While you're trading for Hollywood Brown, you're going to get a couple of good weeks. And then he's going to go to the moon. And in the meantime, pick up Kyler if he's out on waivers.  He's going to be good. And he's not going to be good later. Week one, he's back. He's going to be good for fantasy football. And with 10 seconds to go, we'll see those 10 last 10 seconds for Mike. Go for it. I'm going to stand for my guy, Dak Prescott. It's tough in the streets for the Dak Truthers and the Dak Supporters lately. But here's what's going on. It's been a really wacky season for the Dallas Cowboys. Blowouts on both sides of the ball. You've got to expect that that will balance out eventually. And then the most important thing for quarterbacks aside from, you know, super talent, but it's the matchups. And the matchups coming up for Dak, he has the third best schedule for quarterbacks, third best for wide receivers, 10th best for tight ends. Meanwhile, fifth worst for running backs. So it's shaping up that Dak Prescott, who's coming up with a very great game, his best game of the season. I think that he's about to turn it on. Wow, trusting Dak Prescott. The fantasy footballers are here. You guys also have a comedy podcast. It's called the Spitballers podcast.  There's like an irreverent fantasy draft. I love it. But we thought we'd put our own spin on the draft game. We're going to have you each draft, one or the other. There's only three of you. So I'm going to ask each of you a question and that person has to draft one of the other footballers. We're going to call it drafting the footballers right here, World Generic Segment Animation. All right. Andy, if you scored two tickets to see Taylor Swift or not to see her, to sit with her in the box at Arrowhead for a Chiefs game, which footballer are you drafting for us overall to come along? I'll take Mike with me. I'll take Mike with me. I think he, I just think the party atmosphere. Mike is, you know, he puts on a performance for the camera. You know, the sideline cameras are going up there every 30 seconds. I think Michael brings some of his best. Oh, I'll know where they are. You'll know where they're at. Jason, are you not having fun? No, I am even more fun, but I don't have a neck tattoo. So the cameras, it just doesn't work quite the same. You know, I would have drafted Mike over myself.  I have the tickets, you two go. I don't want to go. Mike, if you're stuck in an elevator at 7 a.m. on, let's say like 7 a.m. West Coast Sunday morning, which footballer are you choosing to set your fantasy lineup? Who do you trust? Oh my gosh. Well, that's such a mean question to ask me. I will go, I'll go with Andy. Wow. I think we have the most overlapping agreements. We, it's weird. We play the game a lot different, like our strategies, but at the end of the day, I know that if my lineup is not ready at that moment, Andy's going to go fire out about 150 different trade options around the league and he's going to make sure that we buy a win that week. Jason, you got to get a necktatt. It sounds like- Yeah, I got to, that's what I learned today. I need to get a necktatt, even though I'm the reigning champion, Andy's setting the lineup over here. Oh, that's why. That's why they're just, you know, they're jealous of the champions. That's what it is. I need to, I should have worn my ring today. He forgot.  Oh, that's an easy Andy, for sure. It's not because he's better than Mike. It's because he's in my division in our main league. He is my nemesis. And I mean this with like true sincerity.   I want his team to- You literally said you wanted me to get in a traffic accident today because of last night's Thursday night football reform.  He had Josh Allen and he had Mike Evans who got that touchdown and I had Gabe Davis on my bench. Oh, you bench, Gabe Davis. It was a cold, dark night for Jason. At least you don't have a scorpion, like glowing in your backyard. Oh no, we have those two. Yeah, that I know. Andy, for a $1 million prize, blindside hit for Miles Garrett. Can't fumble. Which of these two are you drafting? Jason Moore. Yes. Jason Moore. We have a history of, Mike is rejoicing flag football success together in the past. Jason can take a hit. Yeah, I'm a beef boy. So if one of us is gonna, if one of us is gonna take the hit, it's gonna be the 260 pound guy. I'll take it on. Man. This is so fun. My two producers are crying, literally. Let's show that they're literally, I mean, bucked out. Eric is literally crying. I'm loving this. And Marissa's a Philly fan. You're loving it. You're just talking well about Deck Press Cup, but you're happy? Hey, comedy is comedy. I'm loving this. That's the truth. I'm loving this content. It's so fun. Okay, let's do one more here. I'm having a good time with this. Okay, Mike, you all live in the same neighborhood. You guys talk about it a lot and it's amazing. Who's most likely to have a secret doomsday bunker somewhere in their backyard? Oh man, that's a producer. Yeah, that's actually, that's Al Borland, our producer. He is, when anything hits the fan, we say, we need a, like, when I'm like, I need a man to come and help me out. Yeah, I don't call these guys, we all call them. We got a man back there. We all call the producer. Like I have, I have FaceTimed him through so many home renovation projects. Like what? Oh, like, like my shower. Like the- I was saying real basic stuff. Yeah. Just like- How do I turn my shower off? I can't, it's- Well, when your shower cartridge goes bad, you can't turn it off. And I'm like, Jeremy, save me. And he's like, this is exactly what you have to do. And then I'm like scribbling it all down as fast as I can. So it's not a footballer, but he works here. So I'm counting him. No, I mean, yeah, it's like, I have this piece of bread and this toaster. What do I do, Al Borland? He should be giving me the scorpion advice. And we all love that, of course. Now listen, Taylor Swift- He'll be there in 20 minutes. Oh great, great. Taylor Swift has her Swifties, right? And we've got, you know, I'm trying to think, like, ICP has the juggalos. There's all that. Everyone has their community. Sports fans are a special breed altogether. I wanted to give you guys just a second. I know you talked about it, it's sort of just baked into what the show is. What makes the foot clan so special and so unique? I think what makes them special and unique is that they're good people. Like, you know, and there's a lot of, there's a lot of just garbage people out there. Philly's fans. Right, Philly's fans. Or Eagle's fans or- 76ers fans. 76ers fans. All right. No, they're nicer than we are. Yeah, we're the worst. No, the foot clan is about community, camaraderie. We have this shared hobby and when they find our show, they like us because they enjoy having a good time while getting good content. And so I think that there's like a natural marriage of just being a regular person. You know, they're not looking to scrape thousands of dollars off the bottom of their bookie. They're just wanting to have a lot of fun, be a good family person. And we're all very like-minded in that. And so we all get along, I think- Yeah, only one team wins. I mean, we're trying to have a good time throughout the whole year. And that's what it's always been about for us is the community of having fun and enjoying one another in the league and the process and commiserating on every terrible Thursday night. Mm-hmm, they're always terrible. Do you guys ever get, how authentic are these, not fights, but like what happened last night? Like it's real. Like you guys are really feeling that and then you have to go and do a show. But I feel like you bring a lot of obviously levity but authenticity. Like you bring that onto the podcast, it's great. Yeah, I mean, the podcast started with these two guys making a podcast just for our league of 12 people. It is, it couldn't be more authentic. Yeah, it's so good. Yeah. Well, you have two successful podcasts, right? We just talked about both. You have a loyal foot clan following who you guys love and I can tell you have a big appreciation for. What's next for the footballers? What's next, Mike? Well, I mean, hopefully- Baseball. Hopefully, no, no. I mean, short term, hopefully some championships, long term, I don't, who knows? Video's looking pretty good. People are talking, people have altcasts. I'll just throw that out into the universe. Yeah, just throw it out there. We'll hang out with you on Thursday night. Yeah, we'll have you on our altcast. Very interesting. You guys crushed it on YouTube. YouTube's doing amazing things with, with what they got going on with the ticket. Interesting, highest bidder. These guys are amazing. Mike, Jason, Andy, I'm so glad. And I appreciate you guys just taking the time. Truly, just watching you guys do what you've done for so long, so consistently. It's fun and it takes a lot of work. It takes a lot of commitment and a lot of sacrifice and a lot of fun. So I'm super grateful for the time, for the intel, the info, of course. Listen, people out there, if you wanna win your fantasy league, you already know. Subscribe to the Fantasy Footballers, the podcast is streaming everywhere, all platforms. You can join the foot clan on Patreon. You can check out their weekly Fantasy Football rankings over at thefantasyfootballers.com. Andy, Jason, Mike, thank you guys. Thank you, we love you. Thank you. Okay, and Al, 20 minutes. I'll see you at the crib in Bretwood. I'll see you, we'll have to figure that out, my goodness. Thanks for watching. Subscribe here to get the latest up in Adams content right on YouTube.


Welcome to the After Hours podcast, hosted by Harry Haas and James Friedlender, presented by My Investing Club. What's going on guys? We're back with another episode of the After Hours podcast. Today we have another special guest. We have Vic, who is one of the moderators at MIC. Vic is pretty cool because when he joined MIC from what I gather, he didn't have too much pre-knowledge in trading. And he's really cool because he stuck to the MIC process, found a great tab and kind of moved his way into the super great, profitable, successful trader. So I've been pretty excited to have him on. So thanks for coming on, Vic. Yeah, absolutely, man.  We're doing the pre-marker right now. I've got a few trades going on. This is like, we wanted to do it in the morning.  Yeah, I mean, well, my love for trading, right? The reason why one of the trades started many, many years ago, but I never really had the opportunity to really get the right education, the right avenue to get involved and really understand what I was doing. I read a book by a guy by the name of Larry Williams. He said, you know, it was basically the title was like how he made a million dollars trading futures. And that was literally like decades ago.  So that was a really long time ago. And that got me like interested. And then I saw the movie, Trading Spaces. Oh, well then. I know, right?   Pork bellies. Right, exactly. And I was like, and orange juice, I like, okay. So I looked into it and I tried to understand it. And I was like, you know, I was so early in even my civilian career and everything else I was doing. I just didn't have the funds to really go after it. And there was nobody really teaching anything. There was no education out there. So it just kind of like, I'm not gonna say it felt to the wayside, but you know, I really pursued my real career, everything that pushed me forward to get me to the point where I am today. And then, you know, here I am, I find MIC. And I'm a skeptical motherfucker, man.  The things I do, right?     You know, what do I got to lose? Let me check these guys out and see what's going on. So I call the number that Tosh has on the thing. And, you know, Tosh doesn't answer the number all the time.   He's like, yeah, bro, I only answer texts. Fuck!  He's like, look, he's like, just try a month. Try a monthly membership. And if you like it, stay. If you don't, then at least you found out.  What's a month, you know? And that's how I got started. That's how I kind of came into MIC. And then from there, it was just kind of a snowball effect. It was, when I joined MIC early in 2020, it was before COVID really hit. So I was looking around, you know, trying to figure out how am I gonna really study and maintain my day job? Because my day job is busy as hell.  So, if I'm... You shouldn't have done that. Now everyone's gonna go backwards.  Does that one count? Vic, how long were you in the service for? I spent 22 years in the service. Jesus, dude, good for you. Thank you.  So you found trading just kind of like through, you know, just through like finding like movies and like those books and like stuff like that. That was the only thing. It wasn't like... That's when I saw that, yeah, like trading was a real thing.  So, you know, that's how I kind of figured it out. And I was like, fuck, okay. So then, I found a way to have my scene. And I realized that my learning curve was very short. I went from here to here, you know, in a very short period of time. Most people, it's a little bit longer. And, but I attribute that a lot to my discipline. You know, the discipline that I learned in the military, the discipline that I've learned in my day-to-day life and things that I do. So when I was on my way to work, I put a video one on a car and listened to it. So I'd be listening to Joe going over the basic trading series, you know, and just listening to it. And then when I hear things that like, oh, I need to go back and watch that so I can see what's happening on the screen. I come home that evening, spin it back up and go through it a second time to see what's happening. And that's how my education started into this thing. And then, you know, I just kept digging into it and digging into it. Then COVID hit and I was like, fuck, I got time, bro. So then I really dug into it and spent quality time going into the videos. I didn't ask questions like my first two and a half, three months, because I was like, I'm not asking questions.  Yeah. I don't even remember you joining in the first, like before COVID, like I didn't even know that you were like a member. We have a ton of people who just come in, join. They don't really participate in the main chat. They're not really looking for any sort of attention. They're just, you know, coming in to learn. They want to see what's up. They read the main chat. They don't necessarily participate. They don't participate in after hours. And I mean, we have like, right now we're at, like on this day, we're at 2,300 people, almost 2,400. And how many of those people, you know, are participating actively in the main chat? A lot of people are learning. So we do have this kind of silent majority of people learning and just chilling. So I honestly think that that is, that can be a good way to really jump start your learning as, you know, using the community if you need it. But also if you're a good learner that way, like kind of Vic is, that's another way to go about it, you know, and that's not really, that's not, there's no right or wrong way, but I think that that is like, that's another good avenue that a lot of people have mentioned on this podcast, you know? Yeah, I agree. It's okay. Well, I was going to interject real quick because it's funny to me that the most successful people that, like everyone wants to get into trading and make money really quick, but it's like nobody wants to like put their head down and like bury into the work really quickly. They always want to like jump, jump right into trading and making money. So like what I noticed with you and Vic's, one of Vic's tabs was from my name, Faye, they just put their head down and they were just work. It was just focused on that, that was it, nothing else.  And like, I think that's really, really good. How did you get it? Oh, sorry. Oh, good man. How did you meet Faye? Like, do you want to kind of go about that journey? Sure. So matter of fact, I had a conversation with another member in a group or in a club about how this happened and kind of gave him some pointers as to how to go find a tab. So when I was in the group and in the main chat, you know, I'd see Faye posting and I saw that she was really, she was doing well, right?  She was asking good questions and she seemed like somebody who was just about where I was within my journey becoming a trader. So I was also looking for a tab at the time. And you know, I talked to Woody and he was trying to link me up with somebody. And so I just hit Faye up. I'm like, hey, so I'm sure you get asked this all the time, but would you like to be on my tab? And she's like, sure, let me ask the other guy I'm currently linked up with. And then maybe we'll invite you in. I'm like, fuck, cool. Okay, and then sure enough, later that afternoon, sure, join the group. So there was three of us in the group. Me and Faye were probably the most active, another gentleman by the name of Kevin, super nice guy and he was just, he was kind of at that same point of his journey. And that's how I met Faye. That's how I ended up finding, for me, the right tab was I saw somebody who was at a similar level that I was at, a similar point in their journey and the attitude just seemed right. And we clicked immediately. And from there, it was just the rest is history, literally. Did you guys push each other to like study harder and stuff? Was it like very balanced that way? Or like, how did you guys kind of come? Cause again, you guys, I think it just both of you came into this so quick and that is, it is kind of rare to see. So like, I think what was like the driving factor to that? So I think me and Faye were really good at research and analytical stuff, right? So Faye would go out and she would dig into other videos and then she would like send over a video like, hey, look, this is a good one on this specific topic. And so we would dig into that.  So like things like understanding the level to a little bit deeper, understanding some of the things that are happening in the tape. You know, you listen about, talk about how the tape is not really necessary, but there are clues. There are things in there like the ball going up in the air, slowing down, it stops, and then it comes back down, those kinds of things. So I would talk about those kinds of things and we would share ideas and information back and forth about things that we're learning. So I would find something out, she would find something out, we come together, we talk about it, and then we start applying it. And that's really what I think pushed us in that direction further. That's what kept that catalyst going.  We literally worked as a team to keep pushing each other a little bit further with things that I was figuring out.  So, you know, and I'm competitive. So that kind of drove that a little bit. So I would dig into it a little bit deeper because she was pushing stuff at me. She was like, hey, check this out. So she'd start digging into the options a little bit and saying, here's some good info on the options stuff. We both attended the options bootcamp by Joe. That was huge. So stuff like that, it was just, it was a really good synergy that we had between us pushing it back and forth. And that was a big piece of it. I think that really helped move us down that road faster. Yeah, absolutely, better. I think a lot like, because Bow was an engineer as well by trade.  Like, that is where his trading or his engineering degree can't get a trading degree yet. We're issuing them next week. Yeah, that's where I think it helped them want. If there were like, do you think it was just like the work ethic and study of the engineering? Or do you think it was more so a lot of the technical side that helped you out? Because I've always kind of had this question with a lot of engineers is like, did you find it was more so the technical side or was it the discipline that you had to put in your degree or was it more so like building things and figuring shit out like that? I was just kind of wondering. So that's interesting that you said, because I never really thought about it that way. And there were times where I thought my engineering background is actually a hurdle because I want to know so many details. And some of those details really aren't that important when it comes to trading.   All those things, how much volume is actually happening there? It's not, there is no one thing that matters that much more than something else, right? When it comes to those things. So being an engineer, I would dig into those details and I'd be like, fuck, I want it.  It's not that important. Later, I can dig into it if I want to just for my own curiosity's sake. So I think early on, I think having my engineering background, definitely the discipline with having to be focused on details enough to put pieces together, knowing that I can't just jump in knowing one thing. I have to jump in knowing multiple things that put a system together, right? Because that's what engineering is all about. Engineering isn't just engineering one thing. Engineering is engineering pieces that come together to make an entire process or box or whatever it is. And I think that really is what helps from an engineering perspective, right? Is that you know, you can't go in just saying, okay, I understand the chart. I understand this is support. I understand this is resistance. And that's what I'm gonna do. You understand those things. Now you need to understand, okay, there's also volume that comes into play. And then there's also the trade management piece of this or the risk management piece of this to know how to size your trades. Those three things right there is enough to get you moving in the right direction, making good trades. But you can't take just volume and make good trades. You can't just take risk management and make good trades. You can't take just support and resistance and make good trades. You need a couple of pieces of things to put together in a process. That's what helps you to start making good trades. And I think that's really what engineers bring to the table from a understanding perspective that allow them to kind of progress down that path with less hurdles than other folks. Yeah, exactly. And I think that that's a good, because I get a lot of questions from members too, where like, I think that was a perfect explanation of that because that really makes sense to me now. And I get a lot of questions from members where like, let's say for instance, you have two members. One member, I get these questions a lot where they're like, oh, well, I'm just gonna trade off support and resistance. And yes, you can do that. Like no one's saying that you can't do that. But the next step is going to be stock selection, right? And so you get one member who's a short seller. And I get a lot of short sellers too because they're interested in what I'm thinking as far as the long side as well. And so we have one member who's trying to short the hot check off a daily resistance or maybe the pre-market high and that didn't work out, got stopped out. And he's like, well, I'm using the resistance. What's the problem? It's like, well, now you need to dig deeper and look at the stock selection. Alex in his watch list every day is saying, don't short the hot check, don't short the hot check. So if you're combining a broken stock with a little bit of volume, with support and resistance, that is going to be a winning recipe. Whereas if you're just trying to cherry pick here and there and then try and say the process isn't working, well, for someone like me, I'm like, okay, well, you're not digging deep enough. And when you're talking about the details and the little things that you find, that sounds exactly like me. I'm not like an engineer at all by any stretch. I did business, but that sounds like me because you're always kind of hunting to, it's like a snowball effect, right? You start with a tiny snowball and then as you kind of build and learn and grow, the snowball of your knowledge really grows and then you can build a snowman, right? Exactly, yeah. And it's, I talk to traders all the time and they get hung up on wanting to know so many things in the beginning when you really don't need to know everything in the beginning. There are key pieces that are absolutely important for getting started and moving in the right direction and taking that first trade. And those things were found in the accelerator course. And if they just follow that piece of it, it'll be huge and it'll take them to that first step of making some good trades and getting them on the right road to being profitable. And being a good trader, it's just like anything else. It's all about the work you put into it. If you work at it, you're gonna be good at it. Baseball players don't show up 10 minutes to practice and be like, fucking, I'm gonna be good.    Yeah. It's true. And I think a lot of people too, when they watch the accelerator and the trading fish, I think in those two videos alone, they give you enough technical background to learn how Bow trades and kind of like a very good glimpse in the MIC process. Like I have a lot of people ask me about Bow. How does he do it? How does he do it? And it's like, I think people with that technical mind and that like hardworking mind early on because if everyone just watches that last IG live where Bow talks about why he quit his engineering job, it's the same thing. It's like, they put in enough work early on, they have this technical mind and they can put like a rhyme to reason to what they do in their trades and that kind of pushes these people into being profitable so much quicker. And it's like, people show up and they're like, like I watched the videos now, I watched a video now what? Why do I short here? Give me the tape, give me this, give me that. And I like that you are kind of explaining it as more of a puzzle piece that like is like a little bit of hard work, a little bit of like technicals and like what you got to figure out. And like, I think that's really helped you get to where you are now.   It's another thing to get the mindset right that early too. So how did you do that? What kind of brought you to this step? Oddly enough, so when I first started like putting my first trades on, my lines sucked. I was horrible. I was early on trades. And so once I figured out that I was just being early on trades, I started sizing down and, you know, sizing down even more than what I was already sized down as, you know, I wasn't trading, you know, 1,000 shares, 2,000 shares, 10,000 shares and like that, but I was trading, you know, 100 shares, 200 shares. And you know, that like 500 shares was like my max size because I wasn't willing to put it on any more than that. So early on my lines were absolutely horrible.  And then once I kind of figured that out, like, okay, you know, I'm a little bit early on some of these things. I need to look at some things a little bit better. I understand the lines a little bit better. And I keep going back. I'd always go back and match my lines to Alex's lines when he starts drawing lines on his watchlist videos that he would put out. And then also on the watchlist itself, now he doesn't do the videos much anymore, but he does still put the list out and he's drawing and he's saying what prices he's interested at.  I think a combination of that. And then, you know, now my goal is, and anybody's goal, honestly, is when you get into a trade to start that trade off, I dip my toe in the water.  You don't know what's happening behind the scenes, right? This is the other reasons that things happen, right?  Well, if I dip my toe in the water, sure. It's gonna stink a tiny, tiny bit.  And that's where I think some people can take some stuff away is just dip your toe in the water. You know, that initial trade, if your size on any trade is gonna be 500 shares, well, that first trade should be like 50 shares. Throw 50 shares at it. If it starts to confirm and starts to really farm up, then add some more size to it. And then, you know, as it further moves in your direction, now you're adding to a winner, add a little more size. And that's, that is really one of the things, I think, that helped me understand even deeper the whole risk management side of it.     And I think some traders who see this stuff and see these things that I'm doing, they see how quickly it can add up.  You know, nobody realizes how much money that is. If you count like 20 trading days in the month, that's four grand. Yep. You know, how much would four grand change somebody's life for making a car payment, making a mortgage payment, or just having that extra money to put aside to take a really nice vacation, all these kinds of things. If people would start thinking smaller, instead of thinking bigger and looking for the Lambo, they would, you know, change the way that their mindset is. And that's, I mean, I could think that's another thing that really helps too, is that, you know, I don't have to trade. I could stay at my day job and I'm comfortable. I mean, I make good money, I don't have to do it. But the supplemental income that I'm bringing in through trading, why wouldn't I do it, right?   Like, of course, like everyone wants to make millions of dollars and like, it is all possible. Like, honestly, like, the MSU processes like that groundwork for that. But it's like, people forget like, it's like people are making 50 grand a year and then like, if they're trading and they're making like 500 a day, like that's not enough.  Like the guy had a nice day yesterday and like I, and I was happy with it.    It's true, it's like people lose that side of that. And I think it's cool that you're like, oh, I made 50 bucks, I made 50 bucks and then boom, a thousand, boom, like whatever. So I think that's really, really key for you. And I think that, especially as you trade bigger and bigger and like grow, it's like that $50 trades are gonna be the $100 and then it'll be like 2000 and forth, whatever. So it's pretty cool. And I like how you've explained trading as a whole. I think for new traders, like you guys need to pull yourselves back and see where Vic is coming from.  I just turned 51. 51, so Vic's 51, he's in service.  I've never heard him bitch and moan about put in the work. He not only has he done all that, he's also put in extra work to become like a moderator and all this stuff.    I hate it.  The info is there. If people just take a step back and look, you said it, right? Everybody wants to come into trading and make a million dollars.  But your dream has to start with the first step. And that first step has to be a realistic step. And that realistic step has to be, I need to make 50 bucks a day. And then from there, okay, I've made 50 bucks a day. Now that 50 turns into 60, turns into 80, turns into 100, 120. And it takes time. And everybody's progression to go from that 50 bucks a day to 500 bucks a day is gonna be different.   I mean, I made 30 bucks a day trading 200 shares.   Not many, not a lot. Right, think about that, right? So when you wanna think about what kind of money you're making in that first hour of trading, I spent from 9.30 to 10.30 and I made 30 bucks an hour. Think about that shit, right? And then all of a sudden, oh, yeah, okay, I'm making 30 bucks an hour and I'm only working one hour a day. You keep, then that turns into a catalyst of, I'm making $300 an hour for an hour a day. You know, and it just, that's what it becomes.  Keep repeating that. And one of the other things I think people do too, which really, I wish they wouldn't do, is once they start to find a little success, they start changing things. They change what they're doing a little bit and just by doing that, it all of a sudden throws a wrench in a process.  And it's because they changed something. You don't change anything, right? When it's time for any individual trader to size up more, you'll know, you will absolutely know.  It'll just happen organically, it'll happen naturally and you'll figure it out on your own as you're going through this process.  Then as you grow, if all of a sudden you're making consistent profits every day, you're making 20, 30, 40 bucks a day, now all of a sudden I'm gonna change my starter size from 20 shares to 100 shares.   If you wanna size up, you should be sizing up 10% of whatever your starter is. That will put a realistic level on you to keep it simple, right? And give you a little bit more size, but not without biting off more than you can chew. Because when you bite off more than you chew, more than you can chew, you end up putting your mind at a different place.  Don't do it. Don't put the extra stress on yourself if you don't have to. If you're comfortable trading 25 shares as your starter, trade 25 shares and eventually trade 27 shares, whatever.  There is no written rule that says your starter has to be at least 100 shares.  If your first starter is two shares, then it's two shares. It is what it is. I just wanted to say one thing. I like how you kind of, you know, I think for every person who gets into this, there's some type of reason why. I mean, mostly people are getting in for the money, but I mean, it's what the money brings. The money brings freedom and the ability to kind of do what you want, right? And it's really important to kind of, I guess say to yourself like, you know, what is my goal? Like for some people, their goal is to put their kids through college. For some people, their goal is to do whatever. It's not necessarily drive a Lambo or be super flashy. I mean, for every single person, there's a reason why they got into it. And I think it's really good that, you know, you're able to kind of say, my goal is that I want to kind of save for my retirement. You know, I want to keep doing this as kind of supplemental income. And then that's kind of what I want to do, you know? And, you know, I think that that's a, you know, there's no shame in saying your goals and what you want to do, right?  You map out a plan, you say, this is what I want to do.  And so I think for everyone, everyone needs to just kind of map out their goals and why they're doing this.  Matter of.  People can pick up at the end.   They don't want it to put in, they don't want to be patient. They don't want to, they, I don't know. It's everything, they go against everything we're saying. They want to make the money now. They want wear Lambo and then they want to be like super rich and famous. But like, they don't understand that like, most traders started out with this like slow mindset of like 50 shares, 100 shares like this. And it's like, it's crazy. It's like, it irritates me further. Like this whole podcast is irritating. It's like, I'm hearing someone do exactly what they're supposed to and like look at how quick it snowballed.  And it's like, but instead what people do is they don't put their head down. They don't take it slow. They make a giant snowball and then it just melts. And they like can't make the snowman.  And, and Vic, I think you did an amazing, amazing job explaining that. And as we are coming up on our time here, but I just wanted to say, you know, thank you for coming on. I think this is an episode that I feel like every new trader, I feel like new members should watch this over and over until they understand that there is a process, there is a path. And as long as you stick on that path, you're going to go down the profitable route.  That's when you just, that's when you kick the can or whatever down the, down the road even further, just going to take longer and longer to catch up. Yep, absolutely. Yeah. I want to say one more thing about goals that, you know, kind of Harry put out there. Sure, have that, have that big picture, long-term goal. But in order to get to that goal, you need to have a path. You need to set yourself up with shorter term goals, smaller goals along the way in order to reach that bigger goal. So if your bigger goal is to, you know, replace your day job income at some point, right? And that's many new traders dream, right? They want to be able to walk away from their day job and have the freedom to be able to just trade, make money on their own and do their own thing. If that's your ultimate big goal, start out your first goal with just, if you're just starting out, I want to make sure that I have, I want to get to my first one full week of profitability. I have five green days in a row. Start there. And those five green days are just small, green, consistent days. Do that from there. Okay, now add on to that. I want to go from five green days to seven green days. And now I want to go to 10 green days. I helped a trader in the room. He's a super great guy, prior military. And I gave him some really good information that kind of clicked with him. It clicked with him. He put it to use immediately. And the last time I talked to him a few days ago, he was up 33 green days in a row. Jesus. Because he just took the information to heart. He applied it, paid attention, did the right things.   And that consistency is going to carry you through. 50 bucks. I mean, look at what that's going to do. Right? Yeah. And that run true with him.   I just helped another trader. And once he saw, he told me what his max size was, 500 shares. So I traded with 500 shares and I showed him what was possible.  That's all I want to do right there. I'm like, it's, if you just take your time, trade. And then he sent me some charts yesterday.   And all of a sudden he's, he's sized down, wide the stops a little bit, making better trades, taking profit. And it's just, it's starting to come together. And then that's how it begins. That is how it begins. And then you just keep building on that right there.    And that same brick, they do the same thing every day. Same, same thing. I'm not going to lay bricks differently today because it's a different day. I'm gonna lay bricks the same way I did yesterday because it worked yesterday.  Yeah, I think that's a good quote and probably good one to kind of end it on James. I know James usually ends it. That was perfect. I love it. That was nice.


It's LinkedIn learning author Monica Wahee with today's data science makeover. Watch while Monica Wahee demonstrates how to concatenate strings with the paste command in R. Hello everyone. Before we get too deep into things, I thought I better show you the paste command in a very safe setting like this one where we are not dealing with a data set just yeah. So first let me give you a very simple example of the paste command. See how we are making something here? What we are making is a concatenated string of characters. I actually thought I'd demonstrate by using this old phone number. Shout out to St. Anthony, Minnesota. Here's an example of the paste command. It takes as many arguments as you want to paste together but then at the end you have to put the sep. So you will see that I have a U.S. phone number which is three numbers, three numbers, then four numbers, and I put these without quotes in three arguments with commas in between. Then the last argument is sep equals two quotes next to each other which literally means do not separate these three arguments. I'll run this. Then I'll run the new object we made so we can look at it. See that? That's what happens when you put nothing between the quotes in the sep part of paste. It smashes the arguments together. And even though these are all numbers, here let me show you with the class command that even though these are numbers and there is no sep, I mean no separator, this is still a character string. Hey, if you want to know more about the class command, look in the description to this video. I'll link you to another video. See it says character. Okay, let's go look back at our code. Now let's try this again, but this time let's make two changes. First, let's put a dash in the sep. And second, let's not say 8888 anymore for the last four digits. Instead, let's use a letter code. 8 is represented by the letters T, U and V on a phone. So I chose to represent 8888 as TV TV. So notice that when I use letters, I have to put quotations around it since these are characters.  The name of the object we are making is phone number with dashes. I'm going to run this code to make this new object, then run the object to show it to you. See? Now people use paste for a lot of different things. What I use it for is assembling labels that I want to put on plots. Where it is particularly powerful is when you set a variable to a particular value and then place it in a paste command to produce a very nice sentence. Imagine you had a sentence like, the temperature in the freezer is some degrees at probably some time. You could automate copying values from the freezer's thermometer to some temp variable and the current time to some time variable then use these variables in a paste command to create a sentence and then send that sentence in a text message to someone like the lab director. Yes, I had a bad experience with a quickly warming freezer in a lab. Maybe someday I'll tell you about it. But for now, that's your data science makeover for today. Thank you for watching this data science makeover with LinkedIn Learning author Monika Wahee. Remember to check out Monika's data science courses on LinkedIn Learning. Click on the link in the description.