Throughout the summer, Democrats cruelly blocked COVID relief legislation in an effort to advance their extreme left-wing agenda and influence the election. Then, a few months ago, Congress started negotiations on a new package to get urgently needed help to the American people. It's taken forever. However, the bill they are now planning to send back to my desk is much different than anticipated. It really is a disgrace. For example, among the more than 5,000 pages in this bill, which nobody in Congress has read because of its length and complexity, it's called the COVID relief bill, but it has almost nothing to do with COVID. This bill contains $85.5 million for assistance to Cambodia. $134 million to Burma. $1.3 billion for Egypt and the Egyptian military, which will go out and buy almost exclusively Russian military equipment. $25 million for democracy and gender programs in Pakistan. $505 million to Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama. $40 million for the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C., which is not even open for business. $1 billion for the Smithsonian and an additional $154 million for the National Gallery of Art. Likewise, these facilities are essentially not open. $7 million for reef fish management. $25 million to combat Asian carp. $2.5 million to count the number of amberjack fish in the Gulf of Mexico. A provision to promote the breeding of fish in federal hatcheries. $3 million in poultry production technology. $2 million to research the impact of downed trees. $566 million for construction projects at the FBI. The bill also allows stimulus checks for the family members of illegal aliens, allowing them to get up to $1,800 each. This is far more than the Americans are given. Despite all of this wasteful spending and much more, the $900 billion package provides hardworking taxpayers with only $600 each in relief payments, and not enough money is given to small businesses. And in particular, restaurants whose owners have suffered so grievously, they were only given a deduction for others to use in business, their restaurant, for two years. This two-year period must be withdrawn, which will allow the owners to obtain financing and get their restaurants back in condition. Congress can terminate it at a much later date, but two years is not acceptable. It's not enough. Congress found plenty of money for foreign countries, lobbyists, and special interests while sending the bare minimum to the American people who need it. It wasn't their fault. It was China's fault, not their fault. I am asking Congress to amend this bill and increase the ridiculously low $600 to $2,000 or $4,000 for a couple. I'm also asking Congress to immediately get rid of the wasteful and unnecessary items from this legislation. And to send me a suitable bill or else the next administration will have to deliver a COVID relief package, and maybe that administration will be me, and we will get it done. Thank you very much.


Welcome, I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Sandhi in Paninian Grammar. In fact, we have reached the culmination of the course. We have dealt with the topic of Sandhi in quite a lot of detail. In the light of Panchasandhi Prakrana, which is part of the traditional curriculum of Paninian Grammar, we studied various sutras. Through them, we explained various types of Sandhis. We also studied several examples. We classified the Sandhi overall into three categories. Ekastanika Ekadesha, Dvistanika Ekadesha, and also Ekastanika Dvyadesha. At Sandhi has got Ekastanika Ekadesha and Dvistanika Ekadesha. Hal Sandhi has got Ekastanika Ekadesha as well as Ekastanika Dvyadesha. Visarga Sandhi and Swadhi Sandhi can be classified under Ekastanika Ekadesha. Even though we see that the final output contains more than one Sandhis, these Sandhis take place one at a time and do not happen simultaneously. In this particular final lecture, let us look at the summary of the course. We were dealing with some examples from Srimad Bhagavad Gita and studying some strategies to split the Sandhi. Let us take some more examples. Here we have examples of r plus 0 plus ash being the output from which we can get the input namely r plus year plus ash. And then we can get applying the same procedure we saw in the previous lecture, r plus year plus ash as the earlier input and further backwards we can get r plus sir plus ash as the input. So, previously in the examples like Dhritarashtra uvachya and Sanjaya uvachya and Arjuna uvachya, we noted down that it is Arjuna ha, Sanjaya ha and Dhritarashtra ha as a separate pattern. One more clue for splitting that particular Sandhi is that there are two vowels which are placed side by side and no Sandhi is made of them. That is a big clue that this is an output in the form of r plus 0 plus r or r plus 0 plus ash. Now let us come back to this example r plus 0 plus ash and we find several examples. And then I started calling there are innumerable examples within Bhagavad Gita. Within the first ten verses of the Srimad Bhagavad Gita, I found these five examples. Atrasura, so very first verse. So this is nothing but samaveta ha and yuyut samaha. Similarly atrasura, mahesvasa, bhimarjuna, samayudhi. There are three cases in this one string. Shura is shura ha, mahesvasa is mahesvasa ha, bhimarjuna, samaha is bhimarjuna, samaha is bhimarjuna, samaha. Then vishishta ye is vishishta ha and ye. Avastthita yuddhe is avastthita ha and yuddhe. Shura madarthe tekta jivita ha, anne ca bhava shura madarthe tekta jivita ha. You have shura madarthe that is shura ha and madarthe. And you can split the sandhi by following the same procedure. And there are many cases of this kind you will find in the Bhagavad Gita where you have to be cautious and split the sandhi in this particular fashion. Let us take the next case namely o plus ash which is the output of the input o plus o plus ash. And here are the cases. Yuyudhano viratashcha is nothing but yuyudhanaha viratashcha. Yuyudhanaha consists of so yuyudhana plus o and v, v is an ash. So this o has substituted ru, ru substitutes sir. So you have yuyudhanas and if you want to write it independently it would be yuyudhanaha. Similarly drav, saubhadro draupadeyashcha. So this is the output and the input would be saubhadra plus o plus draupadeyashcha. The is an ash. So saubhadra plus o. Saubhadra plus o would be the output of saubhadra plus ru plus the. Then it ru would be the output of sir. So you have saubhadra sir plus the. And then if you want to write saubhadra sir independently it will be written as saubhadraha. Similarly Rishi Kesho devadattam is Rishi Kesha and devadattam. Kuntiputro yudhishthiraha is Kuntiputraha and yudhishthiraha. Saghosho dharta rastranam is Saghosha dharta rastranam. Incidentally Saghosha is also an example of the sandhi where the visarga after sir is deleted when hul follows. By the sutra etattato sulopo akoranae samase hali. Similarly avishto visheedan. But avishto will be the output and the input would be avishtha plus o plus o visheedan. And this o would be the output for the input ru. So avishtha plus ru. And this ru would be the output of the input sir. So you have avishtha sir. And if you want to write it separately independently you will write avishtha which is one slash one of avishtha. And you will find once again plenty of examples of this kind scattered everywhere almost everywhere in the Srimad Bhagavad Gita and also everywhere in Sanskrit. Then this particular type of sandhi shtutva sandhi where sir plus chir is seen to be the output and the input is sir plus chir. So you have Pandavas chir and this shir is the shtutva sandhi and so the input of this shir is sir. So Pandavas chir and this is the one slash three of Pandava. Similarly Viratas chir is the output and the input is sir plus chir. So Viratas chir. So this Viratas is one slash one of Virata. Dhristaketush cheketana. So Dhristaketush this shir is the output and the input would be sir following the rules eight, four, forty. So you will have Dhristaketush cheketana. Dhristaketush if you want to write independently then you will write Dhristaketush and cheketana. Similarly Kashi Rajas chir, Shaibya chir and Karanas chir. In all these cases shir is the output and sir would be the input in the environment of chir following immediately. Now let us look at a very peculiar case which is also very difficult to read at one go. This is five point eight and a line, a string consisting of no break. So if you have to read this particular line it will have to be in the following fashion. Pashyai charanvans prashan jai ghan nashnan gachan svapai chvachan. I repeat. Pashyai charanvans prashyai jai ghan nashnan gachan svapai chvachan. So if this is to be split we need to know the proper rules of Sandhi. What would be the outputs and what would be the inputs? So here we have marked four. This year chir, this year jir, na na and once again year chir. These are the outputs and we know how these outputs are arrived at and what is the input. So here we have written down the inputs. So the splitting of this particular string would be in this particular fashion.  These are the constituents of this particular string. When they are woven together the string becomes one indivisible unit. All these words they are the present participants. Notably dhatu plus shatru the suffix stated in paninian grammar. And so all these words are the nominative singulars of these shatrantha pratipadikas. Pashyai, charanvat, prashat, jigrat, asnath, gachat, swapat and swasat. These are the pratipadikas and the forms that you see they are the one slash one masculine forms. And the meaning that you see recorded in various translations resembles something like this.  Now let us take each case and try to explain how the sandhi has actually happened, quoting the relevant sutras. So first let us take prashan charanvan. We know that this charu as an output is derived from the input of this kind, prashan plus charanvan. Because we know that there is a sutra which applies over here and these are the sutras, various sutras. One of them applies and converts this into prashyai charanvan. So if we start from the bottom, here we see prashyai charanvan. And we can go back like that or we can come from the top to bottom. First let us come from top to bottom. So we have prashyan plus charanvan as the input. Now A331, she took, allows us to add this ta over here. And now we have prashyan ta charanvan. Then this ta when comes into contact with this char is subjected to stostanastu and this ta will be substituted by char. So we have prashyan charanvan. Now because of this char, this na will be substituted by here. So we have prashyan charanvan. Now because of this char being also described as jai. So this char will be substituted by char. So we have here char and char over here. Optionally now this char gets deleted. So you have prashyan charanvan. So you get this particular derivation. In some textbooks there will be no char, there will be just char. That is also according to the grammatical rules mainly because this ta is stated to be optional. So if this ta is not added here, you will have only na followed by char in which case stostanastu will apply and this na will be substituted by here and you will have prashyan charanvan. So we have already seen that there are four such examples that are possible in a given scenario of this kind. If we go back from the bottom and come to the top, this will be the reverse order and then we shall be able to reach this particular stage prashyan charanvan and we will be able to identify this as the input. So prashyan and charanvan is the output, prashyan plus charanvan is the input. Then the next one is prashyan jigran. This is the output prashyan jigran. This is quite simple because we have prashyan and jigran as the input and we apply 8 440 which substitutes this na by here and so you have prashyan jigran. So because jir follows, so stostanastu applies and that therefore we have here and this here can go back to na which is the input and so we have prashyan plus jigran as two independent words making prashyan jigran as the sanhee. The next output is jigran nashnan. So once again we know that two nakaras, they could be the output in the case where 8332 gamo raspa dhachin gamon niktyam applies. Now gamo raspa dhachin gamon niktyam requires that this na should be at the end of the patha which it is. It should be preceded by a shot which it is. So there is raspa followed by gam followed by an ach over here. Now this ach would get the augment namut so it will be added before. Now because this is na the closest amongst the namut augments is na itself. So we add na over here before and then we get the output nashnan and when we join them together we get jigran nashnan. This is how we can explain this output jigran nashnan as coming from jigran plus asnan. These would be the two constituents. And lastly from the line of the Srimad Bhagavad Gita we have this particular output. Swapanj swasan and we know that this would be the input swapan plus swasan. By the application of rules from swapan plus swasan we will go and reach this particular stage which is the output. If we come back from this output we can also reach the stage of this input. So first we have swapan plus swasan. Now she took 8331 applies and adds the over here. So we have swapan plus swasan. Then because of this is substituted by by the application of 8440. Then because of this this na would be substituted by swapanj and swasan. Because of 8441 again stostronas chuhu. Now because this chuh can be described as jai it is jai. Therefore now the sutra 8463 sashchoti will apply over here and chhatvam amitibhacham. And so we have shah being substituted by chah. So this is jai at the end of the pattern. Followed by shah followed by at. Bu is an at. And so shah is substituted by chah. So we have swapan chah and swasan. Then 8465 applies and optionally drops this chah. So we have swapan chah swasan. This is optional form. You can also have swapan chah swasan or you can also have this chah being optionally done. So swapan chah swasan this is possible or just swapan swasan this is also possible. Four forms are possible as we have seen before. Similarly you can have several examples and several satsandhis as part of Srimad Bhagavad Gita. I hope the treatment of sandhi sutras and the sandhis that we have done in this course will help you decipher the sandhi and the constituents of the text easily. There is something to remember as a parting note. So we have examples like Sukhinah Kshatriya Partha. Second chapter and this is 30 second verse. So in cases like this where you have visarga plus shah, visarga is to be written and pronounced and no modification or no sandhi is described by Paninian grammar. Because remember Ksh is made up of ke and shah. And so there is this sutra sharpare visargeniya. Ke is part of khar, shah is part of shah. So there is sharpara khar and sharpare khari visargeniya siya visargeniya eva natu anyatu. So this is an accordance with 8335 sharpare visargeniya. So visarga is not to be substituted by anything else and you have several examples in the Srimad Bhagavad Gita and all over Sanskrit literature. Always remember this particular fact when a visarga is followed by shah, pronounce the visarga or write the visarga as visarga and never as anything else. Now here are 3 examples in which the result of the sandhi analysis and the complexities involved get more accentuated and highlighted. In these 3 examples there are some strings provided, very famous strings and it is shown how the multiple combinations that are possible due to the various kinds of sandhi rules they allow the reader to have multiple kinds of interpretations. So multiple kinds of contents can be extracted from one and the same string. This is very important and absolutely critical based on the knowledge of sandhi. So here is this string, nasato vidyate bhavo, nabhavo vidyate satah. This is 216 from Srimad Bhagavad Gita. I repeat, nasato vidyate bhavo, nabhavo vidyate satah. Now this string can be split into its constituents and you will have nasato as first and obviously there is the sandhi. So this o is the output and the input is a plus o, nasatah plus o, o is the output of ru because this b is part of hash and so this ru is the output of sir, sasajishu ru. So we know that this is nasatah if written separately. Vidyate bhavo, bhavo is again like nasato, nabhavo this o also is like nasato and so on. So now we can split this particular string into two nasato, vidyate, bhavo, nabhavo, vidyate and satah. But the same string can also be split into another kind of another set of constituents namely nasato, vidyate, abhavo, nabhavo, vidyate, asatah. So as far as the words are concerned there is this string in which vidyate is followed by the word bhavah and here vidyate is followed by the word abhavah which is extremely opposite. Similarly here vidyate is followed by satah and here vidyate is followed by asatah. How is this possible? This is possible because the output of this a plus a is going to be a like this here. Similarly a plus a and the output is going to be only a. So from this a you can derive two inputs. Vidyate, bhavo, no sandhi or sandhi, vidyate plus a bhavo. Both of them are possible from this particular output. This is in fact the second one is in fact the way this verse is split by one tradition of the Vedanta philosophy. This is a very famous sutra from the Mimamsa Sutras, Athato Dharmajidnyasa. And the popular and common and main split is Athato Dharmajidnyasa. But some commentators also split it as Athato Adharmajidnyasa. Just as you have a desire to know dharma you should also have a desire to know what is a dharma so as to avoid it that is complementary to the knowledge of dharma. Now this toh, this o can be the output and the inputs could be these two toh and dharma, no sandhi at all or toh plus a dharma. So o plus a is going to be o. This o is coming at the end of the padha and this a is coming at the beginning of the second padha. So the output would be o. So this can be the explanation of Athato Dharmajidnyasa based on the sandhi splitting. And we have an example within grammar namely the sutra na jhalo. And how the later Paninian grammatical tradition splits this na especially a into two constituents. Generally we would assume that na jhalo this a can be split into a plus a, na plus a jhalo. But we also can split it as na plus a jhalo and this a can be split as a plus a. So we can derive na plus a plus a jhalo. So this a is additional element that we get out of this particular splitting. And thereby negating the homogeneity of long vowel a and consonants is possible. This we have discussed earlier. This is just a recap of what we have discussed earlier. So these are the three examples which show the complexity involved in sandhi splitting and multiple explanations or interpretations which are possible based on this particular complexity. And that is one of the reasons why there is a lot of over generation which needs to be reduced with the help of the dictionaries and with the help of the subword matching. Now to finish this course let us have the cognitive explanation of sandhi. And these are the verses which are swopadnya which are created in the commentary written on the Sanskrit text Shabdasutra by Eurst Ruli. They are following And this is the meaning of the first verse. One indivisible sentence together with the words in the form of something and many ending in swps which are semantically related and also processed with sandhi denotes one meaning. And the second verse means that sentence together with the sandhi effects located in the intellect and established in the word space which is the cause of the semantic space is expressed by the emissions of sounds. And the second set of verses are this is this The meaning of the third verse is this by the expressed emission of the sounds when and which expression takes place in the intellect of the listener which is together with the sandhi and which is similar in both the word and semantic space and which is generated out of one sentence and the meaning continues in the next verse. Then if there is a cognition of one meaning together with the sandhi Sandhi in meaning there is fulfillment and then it is said that the dialogue has indeed taken place. This is the importance of Sandhi. Sandhi is not just the phonetic description of the sounds being uttered one after the other but this is in fact programmed and this is part of the Shabdha kasha as well as Artha kasha just as we have Sandhi of sounds we also have Sandhi of Arthas and also Sandhi of Buddha or cognition. So we have a Buddha Sandhi we have Artha Sandhi and the one that we studied we have also Shabdha Sandhi or Varna Sandhi. Now the final benediction we have studied Sandhi and its various facets so far. So I close this particular series of lectures by this final benediction. I read the verse for you. I repeat. This verse is composed by yours truly and the meaning of this verse is let the Sandhi of the word and meaning which is the maker of one intellect out of all always and everywhere be for peace and dialogue with or of one's own self. I repeat. Let the Sandhi of the word and meaning which is the maker of one intellect out of all always and everywhere be for peace and dialogue with or of one's own self. And I dedicate these verses to all of you. Thank you. Thank you for your patience. Finally as we close this lecture and the course I would like to acknowledge the help I received from various people in making this course a success. First of all I would like to thank my TA Dr. Iravati Kulkarni for her timely help in the editing overall running of this particular course. I would like to specially thank the video team of NPTEL Mr. Amin Sheikh, Tushar Deshpande, Vijay Kedare, Devendra Parab and Ravi Paswan. And also the web team of NPTEL Bharati madam and also Sandip. Thanks are also due to the NPTEL team at IIT Madras. Finally I would like to thank IIT Bombay for giving me this wonderful opportunity and thank you all.


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Today, we are taking our pictures for graduation. We got to wear our dress blues. I can make it through this. It's for the first couple of weeks, it was kind of hard to realize if it was possible or not. But taking that photo, you kind of realize you're more than halfway, and that it's better to keep going and stop now. These recruits today took their pictures in their dress blues, and after taking the pictures while waiting for the other recruits, these recruits ran scenarios for combat care.  These recruits need to take that combat care class seriously because these recruits have every chance of being in combat. Plus one. Plus two. Plus three. Yeet, don't touch that. It might be contaminated. 78. 7. 7. 7. 8. 7. 9. 8. Okay. Okay. There we go. Okay. Nice. 8. 7. 8. 7. 9. 9. 9. 9. 8. 10. 9. 9. 10. 19. 1. 9.


I want to make a brief statement in this video because there's a piece of software I got to talk about and that is a video conferencing software that's really taken off in the past couple weeks due to this Coronavirus thing and it's called zoom. I've heard of it before But now it's all over the place because a lot of people are using zoom to talk to their friends to hang out Because you can't hang out in person Or I've even seen universities who require zoom for classes now I want to do this video and say if you have a choice in it do not use zoom There are much better alternatives that are much better for your privacy and security and all that kind of stuff zoom is not a company or It's not software you want to be relying on okay now if you want to if you want to not wait to the end of the video I will go ahead and tell you I'm gonna recommend something else. It's called talks Tox or Q talks is the name of its client. I recommend look I'll put the link to that and to other software. I might recommend that as an alternative now Let me explain why it is a better alternative than zoom, which is especially bad Okay, first off think about the history of video conferencing. Everyone hates Skype.  They can look at them no matter what that's just how it is and Skype forces updates it does lots of terrible things out of your control and Over the past couple years people have started to leave Skype and go to other services like discord The problem with that is people have realized that discord is basically just as bad This is why people are using zoom, but I'm gonna argue that it's just it has exactly the same potentiality now Discord is just as bad. They ban people all the time. They shut down chats that they don't like They shut down groups that they don't like not groups that are even being illegal I'm just saying groups that do things that they don't like. Okay, and so now people are moving their zoom The problem is Skype and discord and zoom have the same problems two problems I'll mention. I'll boil it down to two one is the client-side application and really the whole service is Proprietary what I mean by that is it's not free and open-source software meaning when you install Skype or when you install zoom on your computer You know a computer programmer or anyone else cannot look and read the source code that is important because Skype for example Manifestly monitors your data. They look at what you're doing on your computer. What what's in your memory? What you know what programs you're running everything they can they will look at it They have the ability to and even if zoom is not doing that already because it is proprietary software They have the potentiality to do that that is something that they are able to do So even if you trust zoom right now, just say that they have the ability to do something like that same thing with discord Okay proprietary software a proprietary system the second problem is that they are not properly end-to-end encrypted They're not supposed I mean they were designed not to be end-to-end encrypted What I mean by that is in the encryption If you want to talk to someone securely you have to use end-to-end encryption It is a way of sending a message over the internet. It's set for it can it because it is encrypted It can only be read by its intended recipients. Okay now Skype is not like this what this means is or you know zoom It's the same thing zoom what they'll do is you know, let's say you're talking with your friend that video It's not going directly to your friend. It's going to a zoom server, but worse than that It is not encrypted meaning people on that server can look at it and see what's going on Same thing with discord same thing with skype all of those programs have the same issue now The the program that I recommended a second ago called talks is different and again talks is not the only one if you Don't like talks. There are many alternatives. I'll put a link to a list in the description But talks runs on windows and Mac and Linux and I think even your phone nowadays and it's Into end encrypted and it's free software. It's free software Therefore that means that it is not going to have feature features quote-unquote like it monitoring What's going on on your computer or taking your data without your permission? Because its source code is looked at by the public even if you don't know how to read source code of course But this is basic free software stuff. It is not going to have those malicious features on the client side So you don't have to worry about that that if you're using talks or another free software application Now last week I actually mentioned something called telegram which although it is not into end encrypted It's it's bet except in a special case it at least has a free software client side application When I say client side that means the thing you install on your computer So it at least is not spying on you on your computer But the problem with telegram and the problem with zoom and the problem with skype and discord and most of these features out Services out there is they're not into end encrypted meaning when whenever you send out information on telegram or zoom or skype Anyone who runs those servers can just look at the information. It is not a problem whatsoever Even if it is encrypted on the way to the servers they can still read it. It's no problem for them Okay, so that is what is different about talks talks that does not happen I think in the specific case of talks it actually doesn't even use a centralized server So it actually sends it directly to your the person the people you're talking to but aside from that Even if it did use a centralized server because it's into end encrypted You know the people on the server cannot read it. Okay, or at least, you know, if There it's in the end encrypted and they don't have the keys. That's the important thing, right? So the great thing about this why is it? Why am I this sounds like a nitpick? Whatever? What's the big deal? Well, the issue is when you're deciding what software to use And the reason I do this video now is because I don't want the whole world to get on zoom and then Two years later. We can't do anything about it when there are our alternatives that will never do you wrong They'll never give you up and the reason why talks won't give you up is because even if the people who develop talks when evil They can't do anything. They can't look at your data.  They can't do anything They can't do anything malicious, you know what I mean? So that is what separates it. You don't have to trust I mean if you're if you're involved in technology You know, you don't have to if you know what you're talking about You don't want to have to trust the people who are writing your software And if you're using free software and if you're using in an encryption, you don't have to trust on them for that To always be there. It's getting a little windy. I'm gonna go inside, but I will say one example take Take Twitter. Okay. Twitter is not is social media It's different but similar and the thing with Twitter is people used to rely on Twitter five years or so ago People used to rely on Twitter because it was like a free speech bastion You could go to Twitter and you could say and do anything and it was great and Pretty much everyone was on it. Everyone was having a good time but eventually around actually probably around the 2016 election in America Twitter realized that there are people that they don't like who are using their service and Because they were a proprietary service because you know, it is and they can do whatever they want Basically, it's centralized. They can shut people down. No problem. No big deal so that's what they did now Twitter is the most stifled site on the entire internet and What why I mentioned that now it's not exactly the same when we're talking about video conferencing services But when you're looking for software to use don't use software that has the potentiality to go bad And the problem with zoom is that it has that potentiality people got sick of Skype They moved to discord people got sick of discord They went to zoom and all of them have the same problems Whereas you wouldn't have to worry about it if you just use an end-to-end encrypted free software application.  I mean, I guess you have to but that that's what I want to speak That's why I want to do this video because I don't want you to be in the situation Where everyone is just requiring the software because oh well, it's this new thing We've never heard of and we have no way of assessing if it's it could be potentially dangerous or bad or whatever Okay, anyway, that's it. I'll see you guys next time


I can't decide what to do for an intro, but it really shouldn't be me singing. Hey everybody, my name is Erin Bogo-Bagosian, and hi! This is me, this is the grand reveal, I don't know. I've been the project manager for Psych2Go's YouTube department for just about a year now. We're getting close to that big hurdle. And myself along with a wonderful team of animators, voice actors, script writers, and article writers have all been working together to produce this wonderful content, which I'm thrilled to be a part of, and I'm thrilled that you guys enjoy. So I've been a part of Psych2Go for quite some time now, and obviously I've seen the comments, I've seen everything, and you guys are just the coolest community ever.  You're curious, you ask questions, and it is just so fulfilling to see that. As a thank you for being such an amazing community and such a wonderful group of people, we decided that we would answer one of the largest questions that you have been giving us, that being, can we have some merch? And as you will notice from my shirt, yeah, you can! You can have some merch, it's possible now. Before I say anything about the store or about anything that we're doing, I just want to take a moment to thank Bonfire. They have been a pleasure to work with, and managed to turn the merchandising operative, if we'll call it that, into less of a corporate, you get this much, I get that much, and this much goes to somebody else. They turned it more into a fundraiser. We have say, and we have rights, and the profits go to help support us, and our channel, and our community, which is the kindest thing that any provider could possibly do for a little psychology company like us. That being said, this is a fundraiser in a way. So all of the proceeds will be going to help fund more Psych2Go content, help us get better equipment, help us re-amp the website, clean up the YouTube page. We're going to do so much with it, it's going to help support us, and make sure that we can keep giving you the content that you enjoy, and that we can make more of the content that you specifically want to see from us. So not only is this a fundraiser for us, but we plan on donating at least 10% or more of the proceeds to a psychology charity, or a psychology association, or some other company or corporation that helps people with mental illness, and other psychological problems. So basically we're going to try to use some of the money from the proceeds to help make people's lives just a little bit easier if they're dealing with mental illness, and you will be contributing to that, which again, that just makes it all better, makes everybody feel happy inside. Now that all that is out of the way, let's talk about the shirts, because they're pretty cool, and they're not just the shirts, there's some more stuff too. Let's start with the t-shirts, because I just so happen to be wearing one. We're going to start with the unisex tea, which is the first option on the Psych2go merchandise page. The unisex t-shirt is $21.99, and it comes in five colors, which you can see. We have white, black, royal blue, tahini blue, and turquoise, all of which look like very nice colors. I'm going to jump real quick to the one that I'm wearing, the women's slim fit tea, mostly because I gotta say I'm very happy, because this one is also $21.99. Isn't that something special? The women's shirt and the unisex shirt are the same price, that, I don't know, that really made me happy. That's just a nice thing to see, you don't usually see that in society. Thank you to Bonfire. This one also has five colors, black, dark heather gray, hot pink, midnight navy, and red. This would be midnight navy. It's a very nice shirt, I like it a lot. It's actually kind of sad. I think this is the best quality t-shirt that I own, as of right now. It's actually pretty good. This is a durable shirt, like I know usually when you order shirts from these types of sides, it's like, oh, how's the quality gonna be? It's good, trust me. This is the softest and coziest shirt that I own. I would definitely, definitely take advantage of the sizing charts when you're using this, because this is a large. Now, you wouldn't expect me to be like, hi, I want the large one, but this is a large, and it fits me perfectly. It's super comfy. They have some models on there showing height and weight and what they're wearing, which I found very helpful. Bonfire is a pretty good website, proud of you guys. If you'll notice, though, there are some other really cool options that we have on that site, such as one of my personal favorites, the women's slouchy tank. Slouchy tank is a bit more expensive at $25.99, which I'm assuming is for the very nice material that it's made out of, which, you know, you gotta give or take. Yeah, so I'm wearing a black slouchy tank. It is a medium, so that is that, which is available in athletic, heather, black, blue tri-blend, red tri-blend, and red. Now, this is obviously a bit biased. I got this one too, because I mean, that's why it's one of my favorites. It's because I'm wearing it, and it's really soft. It's really soft. Obviously, I got it in black because, you know, I thought it would look nice, and it is. I imagine wearing it as a workout shirt or layering it up with some flannels, because it's so cold where I live, and it's just a really nice tank top. As a person who likes tank tops, quality tank top. The crewneck sweatshirt is also an amazing looking product. I haven't personally had the liberty of trying it on, but if any of their other products are something to go off of, I'm sure it's very, very comfy. Sadly, it doesn't have a hoodie. It's not a hoodie, but it is just a long-sleeved crewneck, and it's very nice. It's a bit more pricey again, but that's, of course, expected with this sweatshirt. At $32.99, and it also comes in five colors, black, maroon, navy, red, and sport gray, you know? They all look really cool. I'm a fan of maroon, so I might pick one up. I don't know. And of course, in case you got any Psych2Go kiddies out there who want to wear a nice, cute little Psych2Go shirt, they do offer a youth shirt. I don't know if it translates, but I'm overly excited about this. I'm just super ready to start seeing people posting pictures, wearing Psych2Go stuff. Feel free to post it anywhere. Tumblr. Reach out to us. We're on Twitter. We're everywhere. The YouTube department is opening up a raffle where we're going to have about five winners who are going to win either a unisex t-shirt or the women's slim fit t-shirt because they cost the same, so might as well offer them both. It's if you're strapped for cash. It's really if you, oh geez, I can't afford it right now, but oh, I want a chance at it. I understand you. I feel that. I am an artist by trade. I created an email for you guys to send stuff to. It's psych2go.raffle at gmail.com. All you have to do is send an email to that with the subject line t-shirt and then in the contents of the email, if you can just put a name that you'd be comfortable with us addressing you by so we don't post your email or anything when we reveal the winners. Again, this is only limited to the unisex t-shirt and the women's slim fit t-shirt. I can't stress that enough. We simply can't afford to do the slouchy tanks or the sweatshirts or, I mean, the youth shirts are kind of iffy, but you really want one. Then you win the raffle, I mean, okay? So the raffle will start today, February 16th, and it will go all the way to March 1st. And then the winners will be released on March 2nd. We'll contact you via email and we'll probably make a blessing depth video just saying who won. And congratulations, look out for an email. That being said, the store will remain open until March 9th because we want. So March 9th is the last day. The last day you can order a shirt. Last day you can order a slouchy tank. Last day you can order a crew neck. Last day, March 9th. Notice on the Bonfire website, it will say that the shipments will start going out on March 14th. So you will expect them. I got my stuff relatively quickly when I worked with them. I don't know if that's because it was rushed or anything, but you'll probably expect it sometime mid-March. The store is live now. You guys are welcome to, if you don't want to enter in the raffle or if you don't want to risk anything, you don't want to press your luck, you don't feel like a lucky person. I know I'm not a lucky person. The store is open right now if you want to go and buy your own shirt, buy your own slouchy tank, buy your own crew neck sweatshirt, buy your own kid a shirt. It's open now and it will be until March 9th. So you're welcome. Gotta wait for that paycheck. You got time. So there will be a link in the description. Straight to the Bonfire website, right to our page. Other than that, I just can't thank you guys enough for being a part of the community. It's really just been wonderful and I'm very glad that I can be a part of it with you guys. So again, I will unprofessionally say it for like the millionth time. Thank you guys so much for watching. Thank you for being here. Thank you for being a part of the community. I'll be in the comments answering questions. Feel free to find us anywhere that we usually are. Psych2go.net, our Tumblr page. We have a Twitter, Facebook, everything. We have a Patreon.  But just thank you guys for everything. I hope you have a wonderful day and I'll talk to you soon.


zero accounting software 2023 sales tax set up get ready because it's time to become an accountant hero with zero 2023 here we are in our custom zero home page going into the new company file we set up in a prior presentation that being get great guitars support accounting instruction by clicking the link below giving you a free month membership to all of the content on our website broken out by category further broken out by course each course then organized in a logical reasonable fashion making it much more easy to find what you need than can be done on a YouTube page we also include added resources such as excel practice problems PDF files and more like quickbooks backup files when applicable so once again click the link below for a free month membership to our website and all the content on it continuing on with the process of entering those beginning balances as well as those foundational items necessary to make a data input and the normal accounting process as easy as possible this time we want to talk about sales tax as though we're in the United States however the sales tax is basically a kind of usage tax so if you have a tax that needs to be collected when you're making a sale this is going to be that type of concept in the United States the major federal tax is the federal income tax and then on the state level that's usually when the sales tax comes into play on state and local levels that means the sales tax could change as we go around in the United States so we're going to practice kind of our generic sales tax problem then turning on the sales tax now there's a couple things we want to keep in mind with the sales tax when we turn on the sales tax we have to think about one setting up the sales tax making sure we set it up properly for the location that we are in and then two applying the sales tax to when we make sales with invoices and and money in forms and we do that with the sales tax items primarily and then three we might have customers that are exempt from the sales tax so then we can change the customer settings in the event that they might be exempt say from a sales tax so the general idea would be that whenever we make a sale we would do so with it with an invoice or receive a money item and we if we have the total down here if I add an item let's just add an item and say we've got this one here if this is subject to sales tax what we would like to see happen is the sales tax being calculated so if this was a $500 guitar that we're selling we would like to be tacking on whatever the sales tax is collecting the sales tax so that we can charge the client for the full amount including the sales tax and then hopefully have the system to properly track the sales tax so that we can then pay the sales tax in accordance to whatever payment schedules we have to do that all right so I'm not going to actually record this invoice so let's cancel this one and let's think about the sales tax process to be setting up so if we go into the accounting up top we're going to go into advanced within the advanced we've got the tax rates on the right hand side and then within this section it says getting started with tax rates so every transaction line item you enter into zero needs a tax rate the tax rates you use will depend on the location of your organization so generally the software is getting better and better at being able to basically get the right tax rate based on the location which is great so tax rates can have multiple tax components for instance you can have an item that is charged a tax rate called the tax on goods 8.75% that has two components a state tax of 7.75 and a local tax of 1% so the sales tax can get somewhat complicated if you're in the United States for example you could have you know the state tax and the local tax that are basically combined together for that same location that would be the sales tax and then you can generate reports on any tax rate and tax components if you need to report an income separately to expenses or capital purchases separately to expenses then you should create a separate tax rate for each so we have the tax options down here now normally you would want to go into the sales tax lookup where it says here look up our rates for when when invoicing customers so you got the sales tax lookup and then you have your physical address and you basically it can help you to calculate the actual tax rate based on your physical address which is great that's usually the way you would want to go note that if you're doing online sales then it gets a little bit more complex because then you have to determine whether or because usually the sales tax is going to be subject to your location so in the United States multiple states and localities are going to have different sales tax and then the question is well what if you're selling stuff on an e-commerce situation then you know where are you subject to sales tax on your home base or on the places where you're actually making the sale and then who's responsible for the sales tax if you're selling on other platforms like an Amazon or something like that you have questions of who's responsible for the sales tax so if you have multiple areas where you're so where you're subject to sales tax it gets a little bit more complex for our practice problem here we're going to use a generic sales tax because we want to keep it kind of generic because again sales tax even in the United States is different from place to place so we want to get the concept of how a usage tax like a sales tax would work so let's go down to the tax rates and put like a generic tax rate down here and we're going to have tax on sales so I want to go into the tax on sales and then I'm going to say a generic five percent so I'm just going to make up a generic five percent tax on sales and just note that if I made another component down here just so we could see that so like you could have tax on sales for for California and then you could have sales tax local or something like that and it would let's make it add up to five percent four and one hour let's say so you might have multiple components that that you're subject to sales tax based on your location so I'm going to say let's save it and then I'm going to check that off that's going to be the tax on sales I'm not going to have any tax on purchases and so so I'm not going to put anything there but you have the option for tax on purchases if you're subject to that as well and so let's go ahead and save that and then let's check it out so let's just test it out if I go well first I then the next step before I enter an invoice is to go to our items and choose the items that are subject to tax so possibly not every item is subject to tax so the items are the things that we're selling so if we go into our business up top products and services and we check out our items now I'm going to imagine that the items subject to sales tax will be the inventory items and not the service items so we're only going to have to deal with sales tax with the inventory items so I'm going to go into each of the inventory items and then edit the inventory item and I want to say that it's subject to sales tax now this would be a great thing to have had available when we set up the items but I wanted to do it separately because of course the sales tax is kind of a kind of a whole burden in and of itself which I want to put a whole another presentation on but you might you know it might have been good to do it the other way around right set up the sales tax and then set up your items so that when you set up the items you would then say whether or not they're subject to the sales tax but in any case I'm gonna say the sales tax is on save it and then let's go back to our products and services that was the ukulele I'm gonna do that for each one of these so we're gonna go into the Gibson USA let's edit that item and turn on the sales tax tax on the sales por favor that's the Gibson USA back to the products and services I'm just gonna do this for everyone epiphone semi hollow body that one subject to sales tax to you're not getting away without the sales tax epiphone hollow body the government wants a piece of your hollow body so it's semi hollow body now it's semi after they took a piece out so then we're gonna go to epiphone less Paul and edit that one as well and say that one subject to sales tax and epiphone less Paul back and now we want epiphone Riviera edit that one subject to sales tax as well and one more one more and then we have to stop this good times because it's the last one we get to do so enjoy it people edit the sales tax and then this one is gonna be tax on tax on and then tax on wax off okay so there we have it then if I was to make a sale up top with an invoice perhaps invoicing someone typically you're gonna need a customer up top because it's possible that the customer could be exempt from the sales tax so it's got the tax rate tax on 5% so if I let's make a generic customer customer number one and I'll just make a generic customer and put our item down here we're just gonna say an epiphone boom sales tax then being calculated down below as you can see with that 5% so the generic 5% being calculated so what's this gonna do I won't actually record it now because we'll record some in future presentations and we'll dive into the transactions in more detail as we do but notice this adds a level of complexity to the transaction because if we're selling an inventory item it's already kind of complex we've got the 57750 that we're expect to be collecting from the customer that's gonna increase the accounts receivable the other side going to sales but not including the 2750 therefore sales is only going up by what we charged the 550 the difference 2750 is increasing a payable a liability for the sales tax payable and then inventory is going down by an amount not shown here but known by the item and the other side is going to cost a good sold so notice that again this 2750 is not hitting the income statement as revenue you can imagine a situation where it would and you have an accounting system that kind of works you'd say hey the tax is just like an expense it's a business expense so you might imagine why don't I record 57750 as revenue and then the 2750 should be an expense basically because that's an expense of doing business for me paying the taxes right but we don't do it that way and one reason we don't do it that way is because the idea is that you are not the one being taxed as the business owner that might not be the way it works in practice but that's the idea right the person being taxed supposedly is the client you are just the tax collector therefore we shouldn't be recording the 2750 as revenue it should just be recorded off income statement as a payable a liability that will accumulate upwards and then we'll pay it down like an accounts payable kind of account periodically when we owe the tax so let's cancel this out now there's one other thing to keep in mind here you might have some customers that are not subject to the sales tax so you might say I'm making some invoices but I don't want to calculate the sales tax for those particular customers because they're exempt for whatever reason so in that case you would go into the customers up top and say let's go into our customers we made customer number one here or where is custom let's just do it doing a new customer so add a contact and then I'm going to say this is customer number two and I'll just add generic customer number two and then on the address I don't need anything on the address will add more customers later by the way on the sales information what I'm trying to get to it says I use the organization settings for sales tax meaning that basically means we're going to use the default settings that you're going to be charged sales tax based on the items right but if they're sub if they're not if this person is exempt from sales tax for whatever reason we could say they're exempt and now if I was to make a another invoice for customer number two customer numero dose so I'm gonna say this is gonna go customer two and then when I put the item throw down the item it doesn't calculate the sales tax right whereas if I had customer one again custom this contact has different settings let's do that let's just let's just cancel out of this because I don't want to confuse I don't want to confuse anybody here including myself I confuse easily so if I say this is customer number one again no customer found so I'd have to add customer one but the idea being that they are not exempt therefore the sales tax is calculated right so customer to it was exempt notice if I chose something that I didn't have sales tax on like a diagnostic or the hourly service no sales tax is calculated because the item didn't have a sales tax on it so I got to turn on the sales tax I got to make sure I've got the proper sales tax calculations in place which could be based on your location you could do that but we made the generic sales tax then we have to make sure the items are set up to populate sales tax per line item because I could have multiple line items right I have that one and then I could have another item this one is subject to sales tax that one wasn't right so now I've got an invoice with two items but only one of them subject to the sales tax and by the way if you if you did need to generically adjust it you can go into these line items and say that one should be subject to sales tax like that so that's a way to kind of kind of override the system that's a kind of an override you don't want to have to override the system generally you want it to all be set up so that you can just create the invoice and the sales tax will calculate the way it should be calculating all right so now that that is set up when we do the data input and future presentations we'll have that generic five percent sales tax calculated


At the extreme corner of the United States, a new 100-mile highway connects 25 islands from the Florida coast to Key West. Susie Zuzek, a Key West treasure. Archival film clips are shown along with close-ups of colorful paintings and hand-printed fabric featuring fish, flowers, vines, and birds. Leanne Martin-Hooten, artist, Key West hand-print fabrics. Susie was incredible. Her work had so much integrity in it. Intricate designs of animals and flowers pack artworks. Retired sales manager Robert J. McKenzie. She was brilliant. Absolutely brilliant in her understanding of art. And she had a knack for conveying amusing things with her design. And a pink floral pattern features smiling cheetahs. Retired seamstress Yolanda Maloney. She had a very loose, very, you know, she could do a couple of lines. She could do a figure. And that's always, it's so free, you know. Other prints are shown. She was one heck of an artist. Dogs, fish, and golf balls. Silver-haired wearing a plaid shirt and spectacles, light-skinned Susie Zuzek works in a studio. Between 1962 and 1985, textile designer Susie Zuzek created over 1,500 designs for Key West hand-print fabrics. Daughters Catherine and Martha Dupu. She was born on a farm in upstate New York. Susie smiles in monochrome photos. Her father and her siblings would give her little scraps of paper. She spent a lot of time in the kitchen drawing. She wanted to draw from an early age. She grew up, and it was World War II, and she joined the military with her sister. She rides in an open jeep and gathers preserves in a military uniform. After the war was over, she had been in the army, and they had the GI Bill, and so she went to Pratt. She had roommates, and one was from Key West. I had been an old friend of my dad's, and he came. He was a merchant marine, and he stopped in New York and came to see his friend and met my mom.  Eventually, they drove down to Key West, and they got a little house. With two babies? By then, there were two babies. More photos are shown. She immediately was recognized as a very gifted artist. Key West hand-print fabrics needed a textile designer. Here was my mother. Not only did she know textiles, she was here. When Susie came into business, that was a godsend, Mary Parsons. She shifted from one kind of pattern to the next kind of pattern. Right behind her or beside her, she had books, and she would pull them out and look, and then just from sight, she would draw with her ink pen. It was amazing. Caracatures of suns and white birds fly in blue. Lavender llamas and flowers surrounded by white space. Dozens of pelicans are drawn in black, white, and orange. Video footage of a pelican flying in the sky. Key West of the 1960s was a really interesting place to be. There was a huge military contingency down here, so it was really ripe for businesses to open. Key West Historical Society curator Dr. Corey Convertito. Key West hand-print was started very early for a lot of Key West businesses. Jimmy Russell and Peter Pell, who were both from New York and had worked in theater, came down to visit. June Clossing. They came down to Key West and fell in love with it. Retired retail manager. And decided that they were going to open up this shop. At that time, they were in a place called Harbor House over on Front Street. It was an old brick-building kind of New Orleans style with black, wrought iron. And that's where they had their first little shop. And I believe that was in 62. And with the connection of Lily Pulitzer and Handprint and the orders that she was putting in, they needed to expand. The light-skinned woman with dark hair and a bun holds a mannequin. Key West Handprint became one of the major global brands for Key West. Newspaper with multiple images and a headline. Florida's Key Unlocked Store to Sunny Print Fabrics. With Lily's idea, Peter's coloring and Susie. That was the trio that made it successful. Two men work at long tables lined with fabric. We had a window in the back of the store. And you could look through it to the printers. You could see them printing. So to visit the store was a delight. Women shop in archival photos. Everybody loved Key West Handprint Fabrics. It was one of Key West's main attractions. It was part of the colors and the atmosphere of Key West. Every woman can wear it. In archival footage, Jackie Kennedy wears a vibrant floral summer dress. There's nothing angry in the prints. There's nothing glaring or anything. It's just happy. She was constantly, constantly creating. I just thought everybody's mother did that. For me as a daughter who always appreciated her art, I thought she made beautiful things. And I'm so glad that's not lost and I'm so grateful.


I've long regretted losing our comrade's souls to Netherrealm's evil. Kung-La, who came? They were like sons. Do not deserve to rejoin us. I serve Shinnok and the Netherrealm. You are surrounded. What will you do? My father always spoke highly of you, Sub-Zero. He wants to talk. Talking always his first choice. Okay, let's try Pummel. More visions, Raiden? Do you still see the future?