Mae'r pethau i'r meithio, mae'n dweud o'r tyd i'r ffordd, ac mae'n dweud o'r bwrdd. Ond wedi gael ei gael eu hwn i, mae'n gweithio'n gweithio ar y sgol. Cecilia Javet yw'r Cysylltu Llyfr oedd yn y cyfrifio mewn cytuniau a gweithwyr o'r cyfrifio. Mae'r cyfrifio ar y cysylltu i'r cyfrifio am yr unrhyw o gyfrifio a'r cyfrifio a'r gyfrifio a'r cyfrifio. Mae'r drwyd yn dechrau meddwl ac yn neud hynny. 30 yma, gyda'r cyfnod i gylliannol y 2013, Celsiwlau'r ffeithio sgolwch yn y Tampabey yma. Felly, mae'r rhan o gylliannol, llyfriddol, ac yn ymgyrchau. Mae'r pwysig cyfrannu cyfrannu ac ymgyrchau'r rhysgrifennu ar y gyflodau 999 a 2011 gyda unig ymwysig y sgolwch yn ymgyrchau fel yn gyfynig yn ymgyrchau gyda'r gylliannol gyda'r cyflodau mewn dda erbyn yn gyfnodol. Ceilia, rydyn ni'n gofio. Yn fynd, yw'n gweithio'r gweithio'n gweithio eich bod ymgyrchai'n gweld. I wnaeth i chi'n fawr o'ch ffynig o'r gweithio'r newid yma ymgyrch. I think it's kind of fitting this morning that I'm talking about the health concerns of refugee women. Many of our speakers acknowledged the native people of their lands and I want to remind you all that here in the United States, even our native peoples were migrants who knows what sorts of conditions they were fleeing as they came across the land bridge from Asia. This is a topic that I've been interested in for a number of years. Several of my great-grandparents were famine refugees who came into the United States through Ellis Island and some of my grandparents were war refugees from Europe. So the United States is a nation that has a long history of welcoming refugees and welcoming is kind of a relative term. We're now experiencing across the world the largest refugee migration since World War II. And those of you who are already working with the women who are new to your countries know that those refugee women have special help needs. All countries have refugees. Some countries have more than others. People have migrated across the world since people started walking on two legs. Here's a photo that was taken of Africans walking into Israel. Refugee movements are often semi-organized. There are illegal migrants coming into Asian countries. Here is Calais, France and one of the things I want you to notice is how many of these refugees are men. Take a look at this slide. This one surprised me. I've been doing this presentation in various forms for about 10 years now. My husband is a professor of social work and I often talk to his classes about refugee health. In Europe and in other countries you might call people who move from country to country migrants here in the United States migrants, that term is often tied to seasonal farm work so we use the term refugee. Anybody have an idea where these refugees have landed? I see a couple people typing. Chris is saying migrant is a political statement. Chris can you come on Mike and explain that to me? Certainly. In the UK we seem to be very exercised about the position of refugees and migrants. There's a big political debate over whether we should accept more unaccompanied children from mainland Europe into the UK. The use of the word migrant I believe rather than refugee is to shift the narrative towards making the public believe that refugees are actually economic migrants, that all refugees are economic migrants. There are some economic migrants but there are plenty of refugees and in this country people, you seem to be able to test the politics of people's views about this crisis by whether they generally use refugee or migrants as their term for describing these people. Ah, good, I understand, thanks. So for those of you where the term is most often migrant, let's define for this presentation a refugee as someone who leaves a home company, a home country because of hardship and moves to another country most often without resources. I'm going to see if I can turn my volume up. Okay, I'm on high volume now. Thank you all for your answers. Greece is very close but Nastia, who has said Italy is correct. This photo is taken on one of the Italian islands in the Mediterranean where Africans have taken boats from North Africa onto that island. Men often travel alone with the women and children traveling later so that women are often in a vulnerable position of traveling alone to strange places where they may not know the language. Here are men coming across the Rio Grande from Mexico into the United States. You may know now that in large portions of the United States we've built walls to try to prevent this sort of migration. Here's a photo that was taken off of the state that I lived in for 30 years. We have many migrants, refugees who come into the United States by boating from Cuba. It's only 90 miles south of Florida and to escape political persecution and sometimes economic persecution. Cubans and Haitians put together a variety of rafts and boats and come across the sea. Yes Maureen, that definition of migrant or refugee really I think encapsulates the people who are coming into Europe now. They're also coming into the United States. Here's a photo from our state of Arizona where a law was passed making it a crime to assist refugees who are found in the desert. You can imagine that most citizens resist that law and want to help people who are struggling. When refugee women come to the United States their health stabilizes but the health outcomes of their children tend to deteriorate over time. We've watched this process happen following several world wars and other waves of refugee migration. We've wondered is it a culturation here in the United States and some other parts of the industrialized world. We're known for our poor nutrition and we've wondered whether people pick up our stressful way of life and our food styles and then their health starts deteriorating. Now we're starting to think that there's an epigenetic component to this so that when women experience a pregnancy as they're migrating or shortly after migrating, there are actually genetic switches that are flipped on that cause genetic changes, expressive changes in the offspring. So we want to think about what this means for the immigrants who are coming to our countries now. Yes Maureen, we think there's a huge stress component. Imagine the lives that women have experienced as they're coming across countries. Their basic needs aren't being met. They're living without good shelter. There's no refrigeration and very little cooking in route so it's difficult for women and their families to maintain a safe and healthy diet. That generates its own type of stress. I also want us to think about the tremendous violence that refugee women experience before their migration, during their migration.  And it's those crimes or the threat of those crimes that pushes many families into migration. Violence against women has lifelong repercussions. Women don't find themselves in a safe place and get over their past assaults. So post migration, women may have difficulty with intimacy. They may avoid health care, particularly prenatal care. They may fear physical touch. Some women who've been physically assaulted can't bear to breastfeed and may choose bottle feeding. Women may seem detached from their newborn, partly because they're having difficulty making relationships because of fear of loss. These women are at high risk for postpartum depression. When refugees come to a host country, if they can make it to a host country, they generally earn less than the prevailing wage. They start with low wage jobs.  So for refugee families, there's a greater chance that they will have work related incidents, kitchen burns, factory incidents, agricultural related accidents. Those accidents may further reduce their ability to work and support themselves. Refugee families have less buying power for nutritious food and they have reduced access to safe housing. Maureen so well keyed in to stress. You can imagine that these families, even when we view them as being landed and being in a safer place, still have tremendous amounts of day to day stress. Child care is always an issue. The families generally have low language skills. So as they're trying to find work, it's more difficult to find childcare for the children who may not also have learned the new language either. And when women are trying to seek healthcare, if there's no childcare for them, they will avoid care. I want everyone to think about the varying social safety nets for refugee women as they come to other countries. Some countries have very generous support from the state or other charitable organizations. Here in the United States, refugees have to work pretty hard to enter our social safety net outside of what family and church support they may have. Oh, Salines brought up the concept of isolation. Even if a woman has a family around her, that's a smaller social unit than she is likely to have been accustomed to. Isolation is a perfect word and a terrifying word. Years ago, I cared for a Jordanian family who were political refugees. And there were six cousins. They were each other's language and translating safety net, and they were each other's social net. And when one of them became pregnant, they all came for prenatal visits, and when one had a problem, they all were stressed and had a problem. Few refugee women even have that small of a social safety net. As women cross countries and come into new countries, they will be exposed to new viruses, new bacteria, and as part of their health care, we need to assure that they've had appropriate vaccines and tuberculosis screening. That's part of our primary care here in the United States, and it's an educational component for midwives in most countries. Once women escape the violence that they may be fleeing in war zones or countries with political instability, there still may be a legacy of intimate partner violence. There tends to be alcohol and drug use in families that are very stressed. We believe that violence is a learned process and that it can be unlearned. Midwives need to be watchful and mindful of the signs of family violence for women who've come for care. Signs of violence such as bruising, a history of broken bones, women who don't seem to be able to converse with you, women who are avoiding contact, or women who are missing components, missing visits during prenatal care. There are such varied cultural and religious laws, country to country.  And that they have a right to control their own fertility. These may not be the same cultural norms and laws that the women we're providing care for live under. So we need to think ahead of our usual selves and think about the background of the women we're caring for. I've just taken a minute to read Maureen's comment about family translators, and I'm going to come back to that just a little bit later, Maureen. So I want us to remember the best of midwifery care, having a welcoming attitude if we're delivering prenatal care in a woman's home, trying to show that we're at ease there, or if the woman is coming to us in the clinic area, making sure that we have our sunniest face on and that we are ambassadors for health care. It always serves us well to learn what we can about the cultures and the norms of the women we're providing midwifery care with. I've seen some interesting projects lately. One was in Switzerland where the midwives are being deployed in pairs with social workers. These practices understand that many women have social needs and mental health service needs that are as important to their health as their basic physical health. So the social workers go with the midwives and they're providing service in pairs. I think that's a wonderful situation. Yeselene, culturally competent care. There's a new phrase in the United States that's being used, culturally humble care, acknowledging that there's no culture that's more right or wrong than another. As midwives, we may be able to reach out to women's groups or their church groups to help deliver health care and advice to women. For example, in many cities in the United States, the mosques and the churches have women's support groups and the midwives and other health care providers visit those groups and give general talks about health care. For example, they may go to a women's group and give a general talk about how women can support each other in labor and tell them what American hospitals are like. I'm seeing a note from Makayla saying that the social workers are going every other week to the refugee camps. Wonderful work. When it comes to using translators, it's almost as if there's the two sides to the coin. Some families may feel most safe if a family member is translating for them. It's generally not appropriate to put family members in a position where they have to be responsible for the translating. It's better if they're freed up to provide emotional support for the woman, and there may be issues such as family violence that we don't want the family involved in. Our hospitals in the United States are now required to provide certified translators, translating phones or software. We have computers, for example, that have programs on them very much like Skype conferencing, where you can see the face of the translator and hear the voice, so that the midwife and the woman and the translator have a three-way conversation going on. These certified translators know the health care language and provide more accurate translation. I have vivid memories of my father and his brothers and sisters talking about being the translators for my grandmother and what that process was like as she learned English. As midwives, we're the prenatal navigators. We are the face of health care in our countries, welcoming families into that. We're actually like tour guides. We often assume that if women are coming from urban areas that they understand what our own health care systems are like, and they're all quite individual, every little thing we can do to reduce stress in women improves their pregnancy outcomes and their general health. We need to think for the refugee women how hard are they working during pregnancy. I think I'm preaching to the choir when I say that hard physical labor and stress increases the risk for preterm labor. In many countries, we need to think not only about women's nutrition while they're working, but their hydration. My years in Florida, which is a very hot state for the most part, we often had women come in with dehydration and symptoms of preterm labor that was easily cured by getting them hydrated. We know from years of experience in postwar populations that protein deficiency causes first asymmetrical and then symmetrical growth restriction. Maternal starvation stays with a child for a lifetime. Those are those epigenetic switches that have been flipped. This is Barker's work from the United Kingdom, the Barker hypothesis, that nutrition in utero makes our metabolism and our future health care so that when mothers starve, children are at very high risk for future hypertension. Heart disease and type 2 diabetes. So we need to think extra cautiously about nutrition for our refugee mothers. Oh, here's a question from Carrie. I've seen cases of family members trafficking women. As I put this presentation together the other day, I stepped away from trafficking because that is another group of refugee women and boy, that could be a topic all on its own. Human trafficking is heartbreaking and the women who have been caught in human trafficking have all of these same health risks and many more than we need to be thinking twice as seriously about the effects of violence on them and then sexually transmitted infection treatment. In our refugee population, girls as young as 14 may be mothers. In many urban areas and post industrial countries, it's illegal for women under the age of 18 to be mothers and to be married. It is not the same in other countries and we need to be mindful of the special needs of very young mothers and to be careful that we don't treat them through the filter of our own bias against teenage pregnancies. As we're helping women plan for birth, we need to figure out what their expectations for birth are like. What did they learn about birth in their own countries? Who are they thinking might provide the best support for us? And their usual cultural routines, how can they be adapted to make the women most comfortable during birth? I listened to Marilyn's presentation last night about birth spaces. Applying that, we would want to figure out, does the woman need a very small intimate space or does she need space to roam? And then we want to know, what are the postpartum care routines for those mothers? Years ago, we discouraged families from bringing their own food into the hospitals. We thought of it as unsanitary or less than nutritious. Now, I encourage the families if they have the ability to bring in their particular foods because many cultures have ritual postpartum foods that will help the families be comfortable. Christine has just written that epigenetics is a terrifying concept. And that word terrifying is so striking, but yes, it's terrifying in its magnitude. But I would say to that, that there is a hope behind it. Gene switches are being flipped on and off, but it shows the plasticity of the human genome. We have been adapting to different climates and different environments and different social circumstances for millions of years, and I believe that we will continue to adapt. Oh, so maybe Maureen, you're thinking that the epigenetic research would lead to our manipulating our adaptation, our evolution. That's kind of a terrifying concept. What other ideas do you all have to help refugee women? I'm seeing from the chat box that it looks like many of our listeners have experience. I'm going to make some of my own notes here as you talk about what you've learned from helping refugee women. You can turn your microphones on, the little microphone at the top of the screen, right under conference. I see a couple of people typing. I think I might need to enable microphones, so let me do that. OK. OK, everybody, you have microphone rights now. If you would like to use the microphone, then you'll need to switch the white microphone to green on your toolbar, but please remember to mute it as soon as you finish speaking or to disconnect it. Cary's written that we may need specialized services for these women, and then we wouldn't see inequalities in mortality rates, and that would go for any of the related pregnancy risks. It's interesting that we call these specialized services. They are really the services that the best of healthcare provides to all people, and somehow when we need to deploy them, we think of them as special services. If we had a mother from an attorney's family here in the United States who had family violence within that family and the family was momentarily unemployed, and this happened in our last economic recession, and we deployed special social services for that woman, we wouldn't think about them as special. Somehow we have a bias that refugee women or migrant women need special services, it's the best of our services. So Nastia is saying there were refugees who came into Slovenia, but they didn't want food or clothing. Cary's asking, are the best of our services appropriate for their cultural needs? Ah, yeah, it's a good question, Cary. So not only do our basic healthcare services need to meet cultural needs, but the social services need some cultural competency so that they're also appropriate. I think also a portion of that question is, do we have the resources within the social services to provide for those special needs? And certainly that's a question that many governments are facing, and many governments are being protective as the representatives of their citizens and saying, no, we don't have the resources to help just anybody who would come here. Ah, Celine is tying this together with her presentation from last night, prenatal care as surveillance behavior and screening, instead of providing care that's soulful and really meeting the needs of the mother. It's hard to provide services for refugee or migrant women within a system that's really not designed for them. Here in the United States, I would say that our dominant healthcare system isn't even designed for our own citizens. It's designed for surveillance and screening the way Celine is talking about it. Yes, cultural competence is part of our core competencies in midwifery education here in the United States. It's easier said than done in some areas. In many areas of the United States, there are few refugees and migrant women so that it's difficult for people to step out of their own cultures and see the needs of others. I grew up in a household where on holidays there might be two or three different languages being spoken in different rooms of the house. So it's pretty easy for me to feel comfortable outside of English. I had an idea, Nastia, that the women you were describing were on their way to Germany. I saw we had somebody here from Germany. I want to thank the Germans and all of the Europeans from what we've seen in our news here in the United States for the work that they have done in helping particularly the Middle Eastern refugees. Wow, Kerry, a powerful statement. The screening for something like partner abuse in English anti-natal care is really a poor screening tool in itself. It doesn't meet anyone's needs but those of the service. Nastia is just talking about worrying about refugees not being vaccinated and bringing disease into a country. So many things to keep in our minds as we're working with refugee women. Chris, and you can imagine the United States following the attacks in the year 2000 on our city of New York and our city of Washington. Our American citizens are very hesitant to help others. I can say that my state of Connecticut is actually a state that is resettling refugees. We could take at least triple the amount of refugees that we are currently accepting. I think one of the strengths of midwifery is that we learn to be at ease with women quickly and use the non-verbal behaviors in communication to help women feel comfortable. I'm going to interject now and say we've got a few minutes left because we need to close by ten to the hour so we can change over for the next room. So probably just one or two more quick comments or questions and then we'll move on to closing and taking the polls that we forgot to take at the beginning. Great. Thanks so much, Chris. Paula Aurelia from Burn, Switzerland is a midwife that I have been working with for three years now and the research that she's developing looks to the needs of migrant and refugee women. Paula has put a poster on the VIDM website. You might see that. It talks about her literature review and the findings that low income women and many of them were migrant and refugee women. Felt that they weren't paid attention to in clinic and that they were kind of given second standing. Yeah, Celine, Chris is putting up the website for you. We've got several posters posted there. If you have one, we'd be happy to have you post it. Send it to us and we'll get it up. OK. I'm going to draw to a close now. That's really, really interesting presentation to Celia. Thank you very much for that. There's a lot of news about refugees in the UK and other parts of Europe because of what's happening in the Middle East and I'm sure around the world. So this aspect of it and tying it into our conference is really brilliant and obviously really struck a chord with the audience because that's been a really busy chat box. So thank you very much everybody and just thanks again to Celia for that. I'm going to... Thank you all for your attention. OK. That's my reminder to switch off record now, which I will do.


I was born in Africa, Nigeria, and I would have had a little luck if my parents were bankers or lawyers in Lagos, Port Hackett or Abuja, which happened to be the richest cities in my country, but I grew up in a village, a deep, dark, poor village where you never see electricity, tar roads or even cars. Saying my village is poor is like saying hellfire is hot.  But then, when I was 17, something started occurring to me. I had two choices. I could blame everyone and everything for the rest of my life or try and figure out how to live an above-average life. My journey from poverty to wealth was long and boring, and I don't promise you that this video will do magic for you, but I do wish that a few things I'll share in this video will help you if you're living in a poor country. Living money from heaven. You see, living in a poor country means that you're exposed to a lot of restriction, among which the poor economy is the king. If poor people are poor, they can't afford your products, so even if you try to build a business, you will either not be able to sell at a good price or you won't sell much of what you sell. But what if we can find a way around that? What if we can make money from heaven? This is what I did. A few years ago, I was living in a very small town. Needless to say, everyone was poor, so you can't make money living there. But there was another advantage to that, and that is everything is cheap as well. So what if I could figure out how to make money from rich cities while living in a poor town? Well, that was exactly what I did. Though I was living in a very small and poor town in my country, I was making money from more than 20 cities in my country. Much money may not be hundreds of thousands of dollars, but when you make money from a richer economy than where you live, you become richer than most people can imagine, because you're living in a cheaper place and spending less. So how did I do it? Well, ask Mr. Internet. You see, I've spoken a lot about the power of the Internet on this channel, and I don't think I can ever speak too much about it, because that silly thing called the Internet literally changed my life. Here's what I did. I built an agric technology company. One of the things we do is to connect the people who want to start an agric-related business with the people who have been in the business before. That doesn't seem like a great idea, but wait till I finish the story. We run a blog, use a website, a YouTube channel, and sometimes a few social media campaigns. Now, it's becoming interesting, right? We then use the keywords we know people in my country are using to look for our products and services. Why I am not trying to make all these processes seem super easy, I ended up building a business that was making me more money than almost everyone in my town. And how that happened was simple. Our blog, website, YouTube channel were attracting clients for us, from the richest cities in my country. These people can pay, because they have money, and their money means a lot to my business, because I use that money in a cheaper location. Does that seem like what makes sense? There's more you need to know. You see, as we grew, we started making money outside our country, and that actually could make you feel like you're in heaven. How can you be in a little town, in a poor country, and be making money from five countries in the world? Again, blame the internet for that evil. Like every other entrepreneur, I was always on the lookout for something new, a new land to explore. So, we discovered that we can build a gigantic media company. Not like the way the world knows it, but in a new way, by using the power of the internet. We started and sacrificed all the resources we get from our previous ventures, and again, the miracle happened. Today, we make money from more than 50 countries in the world. That is what I call making money from heaven. Some people love my personal stories and feel inspired by them. Well, you can now have access to even more inspiring stories, other people who rose from nothing to build great lives for themselves. All you have to do is to join our other channel, which we call Fame TV. Right in the description box. Look beyond your country. If you live in a poor country, as you watched this video, one of the best advice I can give you is, look beyond your country. Stop thinking that you are caged because you're not. Your grandfather was caged, and your great grandfather was.  Instead of complaining about poverty, figure out how you can make money from a richer economy. People who are in a better economy than where you live can pay better for your products and services. And since you're living in a cheaper economy, you'll be spending less money than your competitors, and that will make you relatively richer than them. If you live in a village, sell to those in town. If you live in town, sell to those in the city. If you live in a city of a poor country, try and sell to other cities in the world. That brings me to another question. How can I possibly do this? Well, this is the biggest problem I have with most people, and it's called resourcefulness. Most people in the world today are raped and deceived by the systems, so they are not resourceful. And when you're not resourceful, you can't create, build, or sell anything worth paying for. Being resourceful starts by understanding the simple technologies around you. For example, I just fired one of my employees last week simply because he could not do simple things on a computer.  So to start with, you have to learn, study, and understand how the simple technologies around you work, because they are the ones you can use to make reasonable money. The second thing is that you just have to have what someone else doesn't have, because how in the world can anyone pay you if you don't give them any value? Then someone will ask me in the comment, how do I give or have value? Start by investing in your mind. Be curious and restless. Don't live a normal life that every 21st century person leaves, read, study, and have some sleepless nights. I can't tell you what you can sell because I don't know who you are and what your strengths are, but I can tell you that if you develop your mind and invest in yourself, your mind will help you to figure out what is the best for you. I don't even know if this video makes any sense, but let me try and repeat a few things I've tried to show you. One of the best ways to escape poverty if you live in a poor country is to make money from a better economy. This won't only allow you to get people who can afford what you sell, it will make you richer than most people, because you'll make money in an expensive economy and spend it on a cheaper one. To be able to do this, the way I did it, you must be resourceful.  If this video is helpful, then we invite you to join the Fame TV, which is our other channel where we share inspiring stories of the successful people who rose from nothing to greatness, plus some villains too. We love you.


It's been said that there are two types of houses, houses that have termites and those that are going to get termites. Termites cause $5 billion of damage to homes in the US each year with an average repair cost of $3,500. One Purdue professor has been studying the biology of this insect in order to find new ways to control them. Termite is actually a type of cockroach. They're in the same order. Recent science has shown that they're very directly evolutionarily related. They're unique because they're social insects, which means they live in groups or colonies. Like one termite can't live all by itself. It needs to have a whole colony around it. In the world there are thousands of termite species, but in our little part of the US there's really only one species, and it's called the Eastern Subterranean termite, and we care about them because they eat people's houses. You can see the paths that they've made in the wood. They exclusively eat wood. Wood is composed of 60% sugar, and so termites chew up the wood into little pieces of sawdust, and those go in their gut. They have symbionts in their gut, basically little tiny microbes that help them digest cellulose, which is a material that most animals can't digest. And enzymes produced by the termite, as well as all those microbes, take that wood and turn it into sugar, which is metabolic energy for the termite to live. I got started in termite research because it was a unique opportunity about 20 years ago to start applying high throughput gene sequencing technology to understand what's going on in this really complex social insect. We've studied aspects of termite digestion, how they form different forms or casts within the colony, and also symbiosis. One of the amazing things about termites is that the workers are actually immature.  And then when certain factors are lifted from suppressing that development, then those workers can become supplementary reproductives. They can become soldiers as well. They have this totepotent ability to become different things. So we collect large groups of workers from around campus that we work with. We hold them in a box, and then they become their own functioning colony all by themselves. Working in termites is a really excellent system for students where they can learn how to do science, learn some really intricate biology, and work all the way from the organismal level down to the molecular level. Oh, termites are the best. They're way better to work with than cockroaches, honestly. You have to essentially extract the gut from the termite, and then you have to hope that those bacterial symbiotes, if you wanted to potentially study the microbial ecology, you have to hope those symbiotes don't die as soon as the gut is extracted, which makes the research particularly tedious. We found a whole plethora of different bacteria and it's a whole ecosystem inside that termite gut. There's so many different species, and there's still so much to learn. We've made a couple really big breakthroughs over the years that have led to important papers. The first one was we found a gene which is expressed as a protein in their body, and it is, in worker termites, it's over one-third of the total protein in their body, if you can imagine that. And it's a protein that regulates their development. So this protein is expressed at high levels. It's called a hexamerin protein, and it keeps the worker from becoming anything else. And we discovered that you can silence the gene for that protein, and thus make the protein disappear, and then the workers are more free to become other casts, like soldiers. Soldiers cannot feed themselves, so if you can make the colony become even 20 percent soldiers, that's really costly to the colony. That could lead to its demise. One other really rewarding piece of science we did, using the same kind of high throughput sequencing technology, looking for digestive enzymes in the gut of the termite. So we pulled out 2,000 guts from termites, which took a couple months. We pooled all those, and we're able to sequence the expressed genes from that pool of guts, and we were able to find genes that coated for a new kind of enzyme that would degrade lignin, which is the non-sugar part of wood, but it's the most resistant part of the wood to digestion. That led to some biotechnology inventions that are now being pursued in the industry. We have really good termite sites in the market today, but we have no idea what their market life is going to be, and if someday we might learn something about those insecticides that makes us want to cancel them, because they may not be as safe as we thought they were. So, understanding these fine biological processes like symbiosis and cast differentiation can lead to the development of new types of termite sites, new ways to control termites, and even if we don't discover the great next new insecticide itself, we can still learn things about the biology that help us to control termites better. Dr. Scharf offered a couple tips to prevent termites from invading your home. First, keep the wood on your house dry. Fix any water leaks and make sure your gutters and downspouts are moving rainwater away from your home. Second, keep scrap wood and firewood away from your foundation. Any wood is the perfect food source to attract termites to your house. That'll wrap up this edition of Boiler Bites. Remember that you can watch all of our past stories at BoilerBites.com. See you next time.


One of the distros that I always take a look at when they have a new release is elementary OS elementary OS I'm a big fan of now. I personally don't use elementary OS It's not a distribution made for somebody like me more of a power user But for really casual users, especially people that don't do much with their computers They're the kinds of people that just open up a web browser and browse Facebook, you know watch YouTube things like that They really never install extra pieces of software. They don't really customize their desktop in any sort of way You know think about, you know, you got elderly parents or grandparents, you know those kinds of people elementary OS is perfect I've had really good success installing elementary OS on Machines for those kinds of people so elementary just had a big release They just released version 6.0 and today I'm going to take a quick first look at elementary 6.0 codenamed Odin So what I want to do is I want to run through the installation process inside a virtual machine because elementary OS Does have a rather unique installer and installer They've been working on for a while and it's rather simple first select a language by default English is chosen for me And that's correct. I'm just going to click select and then what kind of English United States English So select again and then keyboard layout English US is correct and then What kind of keyboard layout whether it's default or Dvorak Cole Mac things like that? I'm using a standard keyboard and then what do we want to do with the disk? Do we want to erase the entire disk and give the entire disk to elementary OS or do we want to do manual partitioning? And then they have another option here try demo mode I'm assuming that's where we can just test it out as a live environment What I'm going to do is I'm going to erase the disk and give the entire 25 gig virtual hard drive of this virtual machine To elementary OS and I'm going to click erase disk and install Then we need to select the device the disk to install to there's only one virtual hard drive in this virtual machine So that's the only one that is an option for me And then I'm going to click erase and install then it's going to ask Do we want to encrypt the drive by default? It expects you to encrypt your hard drive. This was a real machine I might do that especially if it's a laptop Because you know you could have that device stolen and then somebody could get into your machine Especially if you didn't have a super secure password and still you know important data from you But for purposes of this video, I'm actually not going to encrypt this virtual machine And then the installation process here will continue this typically takes just a few minutes I'll pause the video. I'll be back once this is done The installation process there took about five minutes and then it automatically rebooted itself And then we get more screens about selecting our language I don't know why when you select a language in the installer that it doesn't remember it upon reboot But once again when you first log in after the installation it asked you what language I'm going to choose English again And then English us for the keyboard layout and it's a default keyboard Now we need to create a username and a password I'm going to call my user DT and I'm going to create a strong and complicated password for privacy reasons for the DT user And then confirm the password and then finish set up And now we're logged in and let me get a proper screen resolution here in this VM So I'm just going to open up a terminal and I'm going to run X render space dash s space 1920 by 1080 Because the video driver I'm using in this virtual machine does support a 1920 by 1080 resolution there. So Now when you first log into elementary OS 6.0 I will say I really like the wallpaper very attractive wallpaper as far as the actual desktop environment As far as the translucent panel and the dock at the bottom It looks exactly the same as elementary OS 5 did so visually as far as the desktop environment It looks rather similar, right? It doesn't really look like they made any drastic changes We do have our little greeter program here that will go through some of the basics of elementary OS if I click next We'll get a little slideshow like do we want a default light theme or do we want a dark theme? I can actually switch that right here in the little helper program That's really cool. Then I'm going to click next. Do you want to turn on the night light program? That's a good idea for those of you that use a computer at night It helps reduce eyestrain, especially when viewing a monitor late at night So I'll click that on and then do we want to automatically delete old temporary files and trash files? Absolutely, and then connect online accounts if I click that it'll connect our online accounts What are our options cow div and I map so our email accounts? I'm actually not going to be setting up an email inside this virtual machine So I'll skip that for now and then browse the app center to get some apps We'll take a look at that in just a second and then ready to go open system settings to make any other Changes we need to do for example if I click on desktop We can change the wallpaper here. I actually quite like the default wallpaper if I go to appearance That's where we can change from light to dark things. We can also change the accent color right now The accent color is blue if I wanted to I could change it to purple that looks rather nice or mint Let me open up a program. Let me open up the file manager The file manager is actually not in the dock That is a rather strange choice because I would think the file manager is a program that you're going to use often enough It probably needs to be in the dock. So I'm going to add it Yeah, I like the dark theme. I don't see any minty highlights though Maybe the file manager wouldn't a good program to to visually show that I'm going to use the purple accents We can also adjust the text size right now. We're using the default text size But if you wanted to make it smaller or larger or even larger you can do that You can also turn on dyslexia friendly fonts. That's a really nice Accessibility feature that's added. I really appreciate that the elementary team were thinking about those little details as far as Universal access now docking panel this of course the dock. It's at the bottom This is the plank dock now if I wanted to change some stuff in the dock I think I could control and right-click. Yeah, and then go to preferences here And I could actually change the position of the dock because typically if I don't like docks especially at the bottom of the screen because most everything when you're Interacting with the computer such as your web browser think of the back button the forward button the home button your search bars And everything everything happens at the top of the screen usually the top left-hand side of the screen You're always here and to constantly be traveling to the center bottom for that dock to do things It's really tough on your hand as far as your right hand for the mouse It doesn't make sense these days for ergonomics and just for safety reasons health reasons You really don't want a bottom panel or a bottom dot put that thing over on the left is what I suggest for now though I will leave it in the default location at the bottom you can change the size and honestly I would probably make these icons a little smaller for my screen I I think 36 point font or 36 pixel size icons actually Makes a lot more sense because I could fit a lot more things to that dock now another thing We have a setting for is the panel translucency. Do you want a translucent panel or not for me? I actually don't care for the translucent panel me personally. I would turn it off But if you want to turn it on the cool thing about the translucent panel in Elementary OS is they do have this kind of dynamic feature where if you make a window full screen It turns the translucent panel back to a solid panel and because visually that makes sense You don't want to have that sliver of translucency at the top when you have something full screen So I like you know how that works, you know when you full screen a window it Changes the translucency it turns it off and it turns it back on when you un-maximize the window Also, you can turn on and off the entelehyde feature for the dock The entelehyde feature is what is set by default is that any window that overlaps the dock It causes the dock to hide itself. So if I make a window full screen the dock goes away By un-maximize that window the dock comes back. So let's go ahead and open up the elementary app center So this is your software center your app store essentially and one of the things that elementary does that's different than most distributions Is they're really trying to do a lot with flat packs most of the elementary apps that come pre-installed Are elementary's own apps that they develop and they package them as flat packs and most of the stuff that you're gonna find in The app center will be flat packs as well I think all of the stuff you find in the app center is packaged as a flat pack and If we just want to search for something let's go to the audio category right now There's nothing displaying in the audio category other than music, which is elementary's music app. It's already installed. So Communication mail which is already installed this elementary's own application I think what the problem here is it's not showing anything other than the installed applications is maybe we need to do like a Fresh update syncing the repositories. Let me open the terminal So if I do super T to open the terminal and then let me zoom in here I'll make the the terminal full screen here. Let's run a sudo apt update Give it our sudo password There may have been a way to actually update the repositories inside the app center I didn't see anything though the app center the graphical app center didn't look like there's no settings menu or Anything like that here. It's very bare But now do I actually have more things to look at no I don't me do super T to open the terminal one more time and now that I've updated the repositories Let's do a sudo apt install Package kit and once again give it a sudo password and now let me close the terminal out the super key rings up key bindings That's kind of cool So anytime you want to figure out what the key bindings are inside elementary Just tap the super key and tap it again to make it go away Now that I installed the package kit program now when I go into audio does it actually show me anything else? No, it doesn't I have no idea why I don't get anything Displayed VM is not here. He max is not here. Yeah, I'm not sure what's going on with the app center It's definitely broken though because it's only showing me installed applications. It's not showing me anything else So essentially it's rather useless. Let me do a reboot and see if maybe it we need to do a reboot after installing all of that Reboot, I guess an elementary needs sudo privileges on most distributions these days that use system D as the init system You can just do reboot without sudo, but I guess elementary wants people To have elevated privileges to do a reboot of the system All right back to the log in manager and let's log in once again Once again, I'm gonna have to fix the screen resolution. So you run the X render command one more time Close out of the terminal and let's run the app center one more time and let's see if yeah We still are only showing installed programs and nothing else I can't search for anything other than for the programs that are already installed So yeah the app center at least inside this virtual machine is broken I don't know why that would be a virtual machine problem rather than I Don't know if that I'm assuming that would still be a problem even on physical hardware I have no idea how to sync the app center. So it actually shows me things because There's nothing to do inside the app center. I like there's no menu. There's nothing going on You can't right-click here. It's just like window features, but nothing And there's just nothing to do here It's a very bad center experience Let me do a sudo apt install Synaptic just so I have some way of installing software Here on elementary. I'll install the synaptic package manager Which is really the best graphical package manager for Debian and Ubuntu and all distributions based on Debian and Ubuntu Oh wait Well, that is really weird. Did you guys see I guess some kind of automatic update was going on and We actually have some operating system updates. Let's update all So maybe the problem was it was waiting to do this system sync this repository sync in the background and Then it would have eventually worked itself out. I was just trying to rush it I guess and now the system is up to date. Let me close that. Let's see if now the app center actually shows us things Let me go to home instead of default if I go to the audio category There's still nothing here except the music player The communication category now shows two things including one that I don't have installed Iridium which is a IRC client and you do have the option to actually pay for software So if you want to donate to the project that is really cool. I like that feature There's still hardly any software in the SAP center the office category still doesn't have a any kind of office suite So there's no LibreOffice. Let's see now. Could I find Vim? No, Vim is still not available Emacs is still not available is Gimp here. No, so a Lot of software that I use on a daily basis on a regular basis I would have to go get from somewhere else now. We did just install the synaptic package manager So let me search for the synaptic package manager if I can type Give it sudo privileges And now we can actually install things from the standard Ubuntu repositories using the synaptic package manager Of course, you could do all this at the terminal as well, but the synaptic package manager is a nice Graphical package manager. I did a video about the synaptic package manager a few weeks back check that out If you're confused how to use synaptic, let me go ahead and open up the web browser It's just called web in the doc here And I think this is based on GNOME's epiphany browser.  We do have some preference stuff It really doesn't tell me if it's based on epiphany or not I thought I would get some kind of about information, but Yeah, I'm not sure But we're just gonna roll with the web browser here Whatever this happens to be what I want to do is I want to go to flat hub dot org Since they're using flat packs You probably want to try to use flat packs as much as possible because chances are it's gonna respect elementary's dark theme and light theme and you know things that Snaps may not respect app images may not respect as it's not that snaps and app images won't respect it It's just the elementary guys probably haven't worked on those package formats to get them to respect how elementary does things So it's best probably just to go to flat hub dot org and like I mentioned I was gonna Install gimp. There you go. And if I click install Will it actually install it automatically here inside elementary? I don't know. I would assume it would automatically Open the app center and maybe try to install it See what's going on here. It says I downloaded org dot gimp dot gimp dot flat pack dot riff. I Double-click it Do we want to install a untrusted app? Yes, I do So I understand I guess the risk install anyway and there you go It's installing gimp as a flat pack. So that's probably how you would go about Sideloading programs that aren't in the app centers for us flat packs that aren't in the app center go to flat hub dot org and search for those flat packs and then just install them from the browser and it finished installing that It's asking do I want to open the app? I will open the app But I'm gonna open it from the menu system because I want to see if it actually Put that in the menu system already. Yep. It's here under applications And let's see how the gimp looks. I'm interested if the gimp respects the dark theme that we set globally It does not look like it does now. This is a problem. Obviously the elementary's own apps They respect elementary's choice as far as a light theme or a dark theme But these extra programs you install they don't really respect that and that kind of sucks But let me see if elementary's own programs all of them Do respect the dark theme the calendar does the music player did? By open the email client, I'm not going to set it up But the email client looks like it supports a dark theme and we had the photos application All of that stuff looks like it respects the global dark theme But I guess anything you install yourself any third-party packages. I guess it doesn't matter whether they're dibs flat pack snaps Whatever they're probably not going to respect the the appearance settings for elementary and that's unfortunate Let me open a terminal one more time And let's get a listing of all the flat packs that are installed on the system just to see Yeah, it looks like all the elementary apps The standard elementary apps like the web browser, which is GNOME web. It's epiphany events Which is the PDF reader all of this stuff is packaged as a flat pack the camera app the calculator the screenshot utility And then of course gimp which we installed ourselves now being based on a boon to a boon to usually has a Snap installed by default or enabled by default and sometimes snaps installed by default I don't know if elementary uses snaps or not if I do a snap list Snap is not installed. I'm kind of curious if I do a sudo apt install snap D Let's install a snap and see how it looks with the theming So we just installed snap D, which is the snap daemon is what you need to install before you can actually Install snap packs and already created the sim links and everything so we're good to go I could do a sudo snap installed name of package now to install anything as a snap And I think one of the things I want to install is a better terminal emulator I don't know this terminal emulator, but it looks ugly. It has scroll bars It has a tab it has a tab open even when there's only one thing open I don't know that's that's completely wasted space and it doesn't make any sense And I don't think you can turn that off because you have a settings menu Which allows you to change the background color and to zoom in and out the text and that's it That's the only settings right click does nothing so I can't disable the scroll bar the tab bar I can't do any of that like you can do and almost every other terminal emulator known demand So let's do a sudo snap install and I know alacrity has a snap So let's install the alacrity terminal emulator and it looks like alacrity is a special kind of snap by default Snaps are confined packages meaning they don't have access to certain parts of the system for security reasons But because alacrity is a terminal emulator it has to be able to break out of that confinement It's what's called a classic snap and to install these you have to add the dash dash Classic flag to the command. Don't worry. It's not a problem with alacrity as far as it's not Insecure or a potential security issue all terminal emulators, of course need access to everything on your system I mean, that's what you're doing with the terminal is you're running these commands that can change system setting stuff So that's why alacrity has to be one of these classic snaps rather rather than the standard snaps which are sandboxed Probably why you really don't see terminal emulators packaged as flat packs because I don't think flat pack I think every flat pack is containerized as sandboxed and a terminal emulator Just doesn't work in that kind of strict containment and it took a couple of minutes for alacrity to install as a snap And now let me close out whatever terminal emulator This is elementary's own terminal emulator, which I really didn't care for at all just a few minutes I spent in it and now alacrity as a snap does not show up in the menu system So I'd probably probably have to log out log back in or maybe reboot the machine for it to show up But if I just type alacrity the full word and execute alacrity Yeah, it launches just fine and this is alacrity as a snap pack and once again It doesn't respect the global dark theme So really other than elementary's own applications everything else is still using a light theme Even though we enabled the dark theme globally, so that's kind of annoying It's been this way for the last few versions of elementary and I don't know why this can't be fixed because for me It doesn't matter. I just want my applications that I need I don't care how they look but a lot of people are really OCD when it comes to appearance and having some Applications using a dark theme and some using a light theme. That's really going to tick off some Computer users so the elementary team really need to work on just Getting the theming right for their applications So this is alacrity if I did a snap list now We can see that now we have three snaps of the snap D Damon the core which is needed So those are just installed when you enable snaps and then the one snap that we actually installed alacrity Of course, I can install Firefox as a snap and gimp as a snap All of those are also available as flat packs since elementary is basing on flat packs I probably try to use flat packs where possible, but if for some reason you can't find something as a flat pack like alacrity I don't know. I don't think they do terminal emulators as flat packs. You go grab that as a snap So let me open up a terminal again now. I could do super tea, but it's going to bring up that other Terminal emulator that I didn't like so let me just execute alacrity one more time from the run launcher And let me zoom in in alacrity and is H top installed by default on elementary It is and what kind of RAM are we using I gave this virtual machine six gigs of RAM It's using 850 megs now. We've opened a lot of programs here in the last few minutes So probably what I should do is actually what I'm going to do is I'm just going to reboot and see what H top is on a cold Boot and get our login manager All right, and we're back here once again alacrity now has an icon So now it actually shows up I'm going to do a x-ranger to get our screen resolution back to 1920 by 1080 And now let's run H top on a cold boot Yes, 626 megs of the six gigs of RAM. That's rather light That is in the same neighborhood as something like Xfce KDE plasma, which are kind of middling Middle of the road desktop environments as far as RAM usage typically Xfce is using I don't know 500 megs KDE Plasma 5 600 megs elementary's pantheon desktop environment looks like it is Not using that much RAM not using it is using a little bit of CPU 38% of the CPU I'm in a virtual machine though. Well, actually that settled way down I'm assuming that CPU spike where it was using a whole lot of CPU was it doing the automatic updates because that really spikes the CPU when it has to sync the repositories and check for updates And of course, it's going to do that probably immediate upon logging in So that's probably what that was and you saw though that it settled back down to using about three four percent of the CPU That's pretty normal. Let me right click on the desktop And I'm going to change wallpaper because let's take a look at the wallpaper packs because honestly Elementary comes with some of the best wallpapers out there. I really like the default wallpaper But they have two variations on the default wallpaper They have the darker one here which would look great with the light theme and of course you had the lighter one Which would look great with a dark theme, but that's that's really nice They have two variations on the same setting and that is rather cool. Some of the other wallpapers since I'm using a dark theme I think actually this black and white photograph would look very nice Yeah, I could use that or this here is a black and white with a little bit of red accent That would look very nice with the dark theme Yeah, really nice wallpapers. I'm going to go back to the default there Overall, you know elementary is always looked rather clean and polished. It's very professional It's kind of its own walled garden like Mac OS, right? They present Limited options limited options which for somebody like me the power user I couldn't use elementary OS because I've got to do other things, right? I would have to go install other package managers I got to go install snaps and app images and things like that And I'm going to go get software that maybe doesn't look quite right with elementary's pantheon desktop And it's eventually going to frustrate me enough where I'm going to install another desktop environment or window manager and use that instead of elementary's pantheon desktop environment, which it's pretty much all they work on right if I strip away The pantheon desktop environment and all the elementary apps or another desktop environment with other apps Then why am I using elementary OS, right? That's that's not the right distribution for me to use at that point But for many people with basic needs if you're a basic computer user Think about people that know nothing technical about computers All they know is how to sit down and open up a web browser and surf the web and that's all they do They don't change themes. They don't change icon sets They don't even change the default wallpaper that comes on their computer And there's millions and millions of people out there and for those kinds of people Things like the Mac OS is great for them and things like elementary OS is great for them because it's really good out of the box You know this small little suite of software actually works I mean you can pretty much get everything done you want to get done inside elementary OS and for the power user They're probably gonna want something like one of the Ubuntu flavors of the standard Ubuntu with Kenoma or even Kabuntu with KDE Plasma Which has a million customization options or Linux Mint Cinnamon is a very nice desktop environment It's highly configurable. You're probably better serve putting people on a distribution like that rather than elementary If they're a tinkerer if they want to get under the hood and play around a little bit They're not gonna have a good time with elementary now before I go. I need to think a few special people I need to think the producers of this episode. I'm talking about Absi gave James Mitchell Paul was a commie Ellen Chuck Kirk David Dylan Gregory Heiko Mike early on Alexander peace arching for door polytate raver Red Prophet Scott Steven and Willie these guys. They're my high-steered patrons over on patreon without these guys this quick first look at elementary OS 6.0 codenamed Odin it would not have been possible The show is also brought to you by each and every one of these ladies and gentlemen as well all these names You're seeing on the screen. These are all my supporters over on patreon because I'm sponsored by you guys the community if you like My work and want to help support me. Please consider subscribing to distro tube over on patreon. All right guys peace Maybe I was a little harsh on that terminal


The rapid development of coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19 vaccines has not been met with an effective and equitable global distribution mechanism. This has led to low-income countries being particularly vulnerable due to high costs and supply shortages. In addition, parallel bilateral agreements have further exacerbated the situation by creating a system of vaccine nationalism which has led to hoarding of vaccines and unequal access to them. Furthermore, there is evidence of discrimination against certain groups within countries as well as a lack of preparedness for mass vaccination campaigns in many countries. To address these issues, pharmaceutical companies must share their technologies to increase supply and reduce prices, governments must prioritize equitable distribution to the most at-risk populations in all nations, and low-income countries must strengthen their logistical capacity in preparation for mass vaccination campaigns. This article was authored by Agnes Ben Aguajo, Ketis Mithuos, and Sheila Davis. We're article.tv, links in the description below.


stretch behind us into the past, forming corridors of time which echo to the bugle sound of valor. Those years and that valor have been given tangible focus here in this quiet shrine of tribute, the Hall of Heroes. This space is dedicated to a nation's remembrance, not of events, but of deeds. Deeds of Americans in uniform who gave more than was asked, more than could be asked of them. Not always their lives, but always themselves, without pause and without reservation. Each man whose name appears on these walls and those whose names will appear here are members of a unique fraternity of courage. They are all recipients of our nation's highest award, the Medal of Honor. It is given to those whose actions meet the standard spelled out in these few words, gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of life above and beyond the call of duty. To such men, the Hall of Heroes was dedicated on a sunny spring day, May 1968. Today we confer the Medal of Honor on four more gallant Americans. This is the first time that four men from each of the military services have been so honored together. Charles E. Hagemaster, James E. Williams, Gerald O. Young, Richard A. Pittman. They will place their names now in a new Hall of Heroes, created here in the Pentagon as a memorial to all who have earned their country's highest award for courage in combat. Action. Specialist Hagemaster, unhesitatingly and with total disregard for his own safety, race through the deadly hail of enemy fire to provide them medical aid. He changed his rifle for a machine gun and several belts of ammunition, left the relative safety of his position and unhesitatingly rushed forward to aid his comrades with serving as patrol officer of two river patrol boats when the patrol was taken under fire by two Sampans. He boldly led the patrol through the intense fire and damaged or destroyed 50 Sampans and seven joints. Regarding serious burns, Captain Young aided one of the wounded men and then attempted to lead the hostile forces away from his position. For more than 17 hours, he evaded the enemy until rescue aircraft could be brought into the area. Mission of those four names, 3,210. Each name a reminder which illuminates for every man who reads it a higher vision of his kind. In one version of the middle of honor, today there are three. This one specifically for the army and there another one for the men of the navy, marine corps and coast guard and finally one for the air force. They all however celebrate the same qualities and actions, qualities and actions which add up to what we call inadequately heroism. It's a quality whose high connotation is safe now as always because those who would pull it down somehow never stand quite tall enough to reach it. It is a quality for all times and all people and for us as Americans, its roots reach back to our first beginnings. Better put steel into the determination of the ragged ranks which moved to defy the British at Concord Bridge in the hearts of the first citizen soldiers who left homes and families gathering to pursue their awakening dream of national independence and individual liberty. Incredible hardships of years of struggle, it led them through Trenton and Saratoga and finally to Yorktown which lit from within those first men to call themselves Americans and to place their lives and all else that they had or might hope for in the balance of freedom was kindled there never to go out. But the hard one independence of the United States was to require reassertion again and again. The next test of whether American sovereignty was to be an accepted and honored fact among the nations of the world came in 1812. The British practice of stopping American ships on the high seas and impressing American seaman into the British Navy was an issue here and the war was primarily a naval one. Its one major land battle has come to be known as the Battle of New Orly. Southsville American woodsmen faced advancing ranks of disciplined British forces who fell bravely but in numbers too great to be born. In the end this brief war of 1812 made its point to the watching world. Americans would live in liberty and individual citizens would enjoy their rights as citizens wherever on earth they might travel. No names appear here from among the ranks of those who fought in 1812. The Medal of Honor had not yet come into being but the qualities that the medal would one day be created to honor these were there as they have always been and these qualities were soon again to be sorely tried. Before it was a century old the nation faced a conflict that shook it to its foundation and marked in deep suffering the beginning of its maturity the civil war against brother and so it was a more tragically exact description would be hard to come by. The soldier in gray fought with fiery bravery that was rooted in a proud way of life a tradition in which honor and gallantry were deeply fundamental. His skill and courage were never depleted but in the end his resources would be. Union forces it first suffered from the effects of overconfidence and disunity in their high commanders but their ultimate mission the preservation of the union was too desperately important to allow prolonged discouragement. On each man in blue a profound responsibility rested whether the nation endured would depend heavily on his faith in the union's cause and his ability to prove that faith in the most demanding of all testing grounds so it was that the nation searching in its agony for the promise of its future found itself looking into the faces of its sons the longings fears and loneliness of a boy coming suddenly to manhood this was so like the developing state of the nation itself soldier and nation together found that their fears and doubts were not so strong as their faith in the cause of a unified country the soldier in blue kept that faith and fought for it with steadfastness and courage and a grateful people in the midst of war forged a medal to honor that courage in the swirling fury of this war of american against american the medal of honor was born because we live in the unity that this tragic war preserved and in national shrines like Gettysburg we memorialize the men of both sides who gave of themselves unreservedly for what they believe to be right aims the last of the men in blue are gone but the union they preserved remains and honors for all time the men who made it possible and right over here is a roll call of names from the years which followed the civil war the time when the nation grew expanding westward the west of making the frontier safe was the regular army out west that meant the cavalry the troopers who rode into that wide country were vastly outnumbered their adversary was often a master of combat a raw hide tough and experienced fighter dangerous to underestimate this era in america's growth has passed into legend but real men lived it many were awarded the medal of honor the names of their battlegrounds are obscure now most of them others will never be forgotten names like little big horn where 24 of the men who stood with custer won the nation's highest award but wherever he fought on the planes among the beauts or in the timber he got the job done that job was simple enough to state it was to establish security and stability across the vast middle reaches of the continent the continental united states was changed from a goal to a fact a full security had only just been established in the great western country within our borders when americans were called on to do battle outside our shores in the spanish-american war america's desire to help the cubans to their independence from spain flamed into action when the battleship main was blown up in Havana harbour teddy rosevelt's rough riders made their famous charge through a storm of whistling lead up the slopes of san juan hill soldiers of this war won the nation's highest tribute the first to win army medals of honor on foreign soil 81 navy and marine corps fighting men were also awarded the medal this first conflict by american ground forces outside our nation's borders was brief but it was a hint of things to come america's growth the prospering of the adventurous idealism on which it was founded these were making the united states a world power a position of world leadership unsought but unavoidable was even then being thrust upon the nation this time it was no isolated conflict this time the challenge to freedom and the involvement of free men in it would have such a scale that a name never used before in man's history was created to describe it the world war from our perspective in history the first world war hundreds of thousands it was the world war the personal level it was perhaps very little different from any war anytime where that sergeant go we're due to move out any take your time sergeant don't hurry on my account where do they get them all there's not that many shells in the lousies let me go out there we can't move to i wish i was home i wonder what they're doing it do something boy was one of mass firepower and jagged trench lines cutting across the heart of france facing and using weapons more deadly than ever in history the men in olive drab pressed the attack each enemy position a step forward bravery is not fearlessness it is going on in spite of fear a million men met this definition across the scarred and flaming fields of france and the bravest of the brave 95 of them joined the roll call of those who wear the medal of honor 95 names a private who silenced four machine gun positions and was killed while charging into the fifth the captain cut down by machine gun fire who led his company to its objective from a stretcher and the legendary sergeant from tennessee whose one-man assault on an enemy position brought in 132 prisoners was over or so many of us in our inexperience believed but a mere heartbeat of history two decades would prove otherwise what remained we paid a little something on account and while we bought time 14 million americans responded by training for the greatest and most destructive war in history so began world war two and before it was over 430 from among the 14 million would win the medal of honor some would come upon their moment on islands of the pacific others in african desert or the steep and hostile terrain of italy but for each it would be a moment when somehow the price that action might exact from them was left unconsidered shoulder to side by their individual commitment to meet the need for that action of loved ones of home of just how much they had to lose my darling we got your letter dated may 25th and as always i've read it a dozen times i keep them all we'll read them together someday johnny is as tall as my shoulder fine and straight and there's more of you in his eyes every day mom and dad are well and they send their love i have your letter here and we'll read it again before sleep meantime try to know how much i love you come back safe to us come back safe and beyond which everything would be remembered in a kaleidoscope of bits and pieces this was the moment when the ramp dropped down and there was the beach they knew what they were to do they knew where and in what sequence they had to do it the thing they didn't know was could it be done it could be and somehow it was but only the meat know what it took from each of them we know only that what it took their strength never stopped growing and the spearheads of that strength penetrated steadily inward toward the enemy's heartland sometimes slowly and then more swiftly his allied strength mounted and that of the enemy was worn away the end was inevitable and finally it came first in europe in the pacific the second conflict to bear the name of world war was over once again hundreds of thousands came gratefully home others remained in ground they had bought and paid for with the ultimate currency of life itself unlike the doboy of world war one the serviceman returning from europe or the pacific was not so quick to believe that the conflict just ended had ended war for all time but he did know this forces which had once again threatened to destroy his way of life had been defeated and that way of life preserved and he knew too that without him it could not have been done korea june 1950 for the first time the armed aggression was that of a communist enemy the answer was clear and emphatic of what became stalemate combat while truce talks war on men did what had to be done constant patrolling fighting again and again over the same bits of splintered ground day and night once again the aggression against free men would be met and thwarted 131 of them were added to the roll call and here in the hall of heroes this is the last on a roll but one this latest section has not yet been completed earlier you saw four of the men whose names appear here like all the rest they are in illustrious company and once again the challenge they face is far from our shores here as in every conflict the american fighting man has faced the effectiveness of all else depends upon him the man himself true the means of his combat the swiftness of his mobility and the staggering volume of his firepower are such as the battlefield has never known before himself and the inner force that animates him these are unchanged he arrives at his objective faster and fresher than any man of arms in history and in his hands are weapons more deadly than any of the past but he well knows that despite all the technological advances in the final analysis there is no easy road he knows too that however hard the road others have traveled it before him and what men have done men can do what enables a man to move forward into a maelstrom of roaring slashing sound and flying steel and flame the mere words in which a commander shapes the orders to do so the knowledge that the others who move forward count on him to be in his place a sense of pride that will not let him do less than his friends or leave them with more to do because of him or the simple consciousness that this is going to be done and it is his time to do it whatever it is whether we name it courage sense of duty bravery or simply guts it is there and they go and get it done because it been awarded the medal of honor in the combat zone you will find the face of courage casually worn anywhere you care to look and so the honor is doubly great for those who from among the brave are singled out in one sense these medals are no more than stylized bits of metal but in another more fundamental sense they are the tangible representation of a priceless intangible this then is in celebration of that something in man which is both indefinable and undeniable for this the hall of heroes exists to say to all who come this way read these names think for a moment of the men whose courage put them here what they did each in his own moment is a statement a shout a cry that echoes for each of us remember and be proud


The study evaluates the short-term outcomes of laparoscopic single anastomosis sleeve allele bypass, SUSI, procedure which involves a sleeve gastrectomy followed by a side-to-side gastro allele anastomosis. The results show that one year after surgery mean BMI decreased to 29.1 kilograms per square meter and there was significant decrease in plasma level of fasting blood glucose, insulin, and low-density lipoprotein. Additionally, there was a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein plasma level, while hemoglobin and albumin plasma levels remained normal. The study concludes that laparoscopic SUSI bypass is an effective, safe, and simple procedure for the treatment of morbid obesity and its associated metabolic consequences, with minimal post-operative nutritional complications in comparison to other bariatric procedures. This article was authored by Tema MS Saloma, Kareem Sabri, and Yasser L. Gamrini.


The floor may not be in your old box. If you want to know who I am, the best I can tell you is that I'm the oldest child in a family of five. My sister who moved away with her dog, and my other sister, who's currently in college brought a female pet bird. Another one of my sisters is really talented at art, and there's the youngest child. He's my little brother and really great at programming.  Billy's not his actual name. It just rhymes, but he's really cute and we love him. Fast forward summer break, and my cousins were getting engaged, and they were throwing an engagement party before they get married in the future. However, they were at Canada. I know we could drive, but it would take 10 hours plus bathroom stops. We figured it would be better to travel through flight. The airplanes have those entertainment systems, where it streams channels live on the back of a chair with a remote on the arm of the seat. After waiting for a couple hours until the airport boards the passengers, we are finally on the flight. After a couple more minutes of waiting for the passengers to get in, and more minutes of waiting for some sort of airplane safety video to finish, the airplane finally flies, and we can finally watch TV on an airplane. I decided to watch some SpongeBob SquarePants, so I went to the menu to see what episodes of SpongeBob were airing, and of course, there were just modern episodes. But there was one that caught my eyes. The episode's title said, Grandma's Cookies. Just to let you know, my brother was a huge fan of SpongeBob, and I decided to start a SpongeBob Marathon, or what we call, the Sponjathon, on Paramount Plus, and I never remembered seeing that episode. Maybe it was a new episode that was currently released. I was sitting next to my sister, and asked her to go to the TV channel's menu, to see if she has the same thing, but she told me that there wasn't an episode named Grandma's Cookies. But instead, there was an episode named Doodle Dimension, which we did watch in the marathon. So I looked at the episode description. SpongeBob visits his grandma's house to learn how she makes her delicious cookies. All they're missing is one secret ingredient. It appears to play after the episode Mrs. Puff You're Fired. So I watched it to see if it would actually play Grandma's Cookies after that, or if it was just a glitch, and it was supposed to air later. So after 11 minutes of watching SpongeBob, getting trained by someone replacing Mrs. Puff, I waited until the commercial break ends, and after SpongeBob plays the recorder on his nose, I was ready to see what they chooses. The title card of Grandma's Cookies shows, and then the episode begins at SpongeBob heading to his grandma's house. SpongeBob opens the door and yells in happiness. As he runs to her and hugs her, his grandma gives him a kiss on the forehead, and told him that she almost didn't recognize him because he was growing older. She also told SpongeBob that no matter how old he is, he will always be his little baby to her. SpongeBob goes to the kitchen as his grandma prepares to bake a batch of cookies. She asks SpongeBob, Want to know how I make my cookies as delicious as you think? SpongeBob nods in happiness. She goes to the mixer and says, We add daughter, eggs, flour, water, chocolate chips, and most importantly, love. As she puts the ingredients and mixes them.  His grandma tells him that she has a secret ingredient that makes her cookies stand out, and tells him to close his eyes. SpongeBob asks her about the ingredient, and she tells him, If I tell you, then it won't be a secret ingredient anymore. Just like how you make a crappy patty with the secret ingredient. SpongeBob starts growing suspicious. You're plankton in disguise, aren't you? He said. She tells him. I don't know him, but I do remember moments of a little walking green jellybean that always tries to steal what he calls the secret formula. The camera goes to the inside of a closet, and she opens it, and gasps. Oh no. We ran out of the secret ingredient. I gotta go get more of it. SpongeBob was upset about the situation, so he tries to find the ingredient. Using his knowledge that his grandma doesn't have the ingredient at home, he goes outside and grabs random stuff, from seaweed to kelp to krabby patties. But none of them tasted like his grandma's cookies. He tries to call his grandma multiple times, but she won't pick up. He called her again and she finally picked up. Of course, he asks his grandma about the secret ingredient, and of course again, she tells him that it's a secret. He doesn't give up, and goes back outside to get more random stuff to find the secret ingredient, but none of them worked. He decided to try random parts of characters, from plankton's body to mr. krab's arm. None of them worked. He soon wondered if his grandma was lying to him about her running out of the secret ingredient, so he looks around the house until something caught his eye. A door that has a sign hanging on the doorknob, saying in all capital letters, do not enter. He wanted to see what's inside, but he didn't want to invade his grandma's privacy while she's away. Curiosity got the better of him, and he enters the room. He felt something touch him on the foot. He looked down, to see some skeleton bones, with the word, help, written on the floor. Grandma appears behind him with a baseball bat. Looks like you found my secret. She said. SpongeBob was sad, and scared at the same time. And I totally understand. How would you feel if your grandma was using dead people for cookies? Let's just say, I found out sea sponges can regenerate, so I knocked your grandpa out, and used his body parts as the secret ingredient. Since I baked the body parts in the oven with the cookies, it won't regenerate, so I can use it as an ingredient. SpongeBob's grandma said. She knocks SpongeBob unconscious, and throws him next to his unconscious grandpa. She slams the door closed as the screen turns black. Then, a locking sound can be heard. The credits play like normal, and there's nothing out of the ordinary. Then, it gets to the United Plankton Pictures Incorporated logo. The logo was replaced with United Chocolate Chips Incorporated. The water background was replaced with fire, and the Planktons were replaced with trays of cookies, with some skeleton bones in the tray. I was shocked, and I wanted to learn more about this episode. My plane has Wi-Fi, I did some research about this episode. Here's what I got so far. One, the episode was made originally, because a man was friends with a person who was a worker of SpongeBob SquarePants, and that man wanted revenge because his ex, who loves SpongeBob so much, cheated on him. Two, he was able to make a copy of the Nickelodeon streaming service, and replace the episode with the one I currently watched. Three, there's actually a rare chance for the episode to accidentally air on the real Nickelodeon streaming service, instead of the duplicate. It looks like I got that rare chance. Here I am now, after the engagement party. It was really fun, but it didn't distract me from this episode. I understand that cheating is wrong, but I think the man was carried away with the episode.


This article discusses the importance of information and digital technologies and pre-service teacher training as well as the content and components of information and digital competency of prospective primary school teachers. It also highlights the need for these skills in order to develop digital literacy among primary school students as well as to prepare primary school teachers for their own professional activities. Additionally, it proposes an integrated approach to modernizing this training, which includes both classroom sessions, independent work, practical training, and assessment activities. Finally, the article reports on the results of a pedagogical experiment designed to test the effectiveness of this approach. This article was authored by Olga G. Yerushenko, Alina DeSamborska, and Arnold E. Kiv.