So, what we have shown is that we started with a span of these vector fields which was some distribution, we said that it is involutive by involutivity we were able to show that in the first step that you can transform it to some new vector fields which commute that is the leap brackets are 0, the new set of vector fields have 0 leap brackets then you are able to show that the original vector fields can be transformed by a state coordinate transformation to E 1 to E k and finally, that you can get annihilator vector fields h j in the original coordinates in the new coordinates anyway you have the g j's, but you can get the h j's in the original coordinates also which are basically the annihilators right and these are exactly going to be the addition the h j's are going to be the additional coordinates that we after relative degree r we have to construct some n minus r coordinates these are exactly those ok. So, what are we left with the converse I said that involutivity and complete integrability are equivalent. So, we are left with just proving the converse ok and that is what is this guy ok all this does is proves the opposite side of things yeah anyway. So, we are we do not have to look at this, but the converse proof is pretty straight forward once you have complete integrability proving invertibility is not difficult because complete integrability not just tells you the existence of these h functions it also gives you that these d h corresponding to these h functions are linearly independent ok. So, you have enough to claim involutivity in fact alright. So, what is where we wanted to focus was what is the implication on feedback linearization ok. If you remember we started with a system like this yeah single input system yeah.  Now suppose I claim that this distribution which I have constructed in a rather interesting way that is its span of g add f g all the way to add f k minus 1 g ok is non-singular and involutivity. Suppose this happens ok I mean we will see why or why we have constructed like this, but these are my f 1 to f k I do not need actually separate f 1 to f k this is my f 1 f 2 all the way to f k ok I am just constructing it out of the ingredients I have here. Suppose this happens I know by Frobenius theorem that delta is now an integrable distribution alright what does that mean it means the existence of these h functions right how many n minus k exactly n minus k and with what condition that this happens I just wrote f 1 to f k this is just f 1 to f k add of 0 g add f 1 g all the way to add of k minus 1 g yeah that is f 1 to f k yeah and h j is all of these ok. Does this condition look similar the same like lemma 0.1 0.2 this is all this is the kind of stuff we had ok what is this I am expanding this let me expand this thing now ok I am expanding not just this one, but all of them ok there are many how many are there the how many conditions are n times k conditions right this is because there is k here and n minus sorry let us say n minus k times k conditions right I believe this is n minus k times k conditions right because there are that many I am going to expand them how in this way ok because I just I am just writing the Liebrackets I am not doing anything I am just writing the Liebrackets itself this is del h 1 del x del h 2 del x all the way del h n minus k del x what is the dimension of this guy n minus k rows and n columns yes because each of them is a row vector each is a row vector each is a row vector and multiplied by this vector field that is I write all of them add of 0 g add of 1 g all the way to add of k minus 1 g what is the dimension of this n cross k why because this is a vector field n dimensional n dimensional and there are k such elements so n cross k what is the product how what is the dimension of product n minus k cross k right that is the that is as many conditions that I have right. So, what I have done I have taken this one small condition and written it in this matrix form do you remember this matrix we had no we had right in 0.1 0.2 lemma these are the this sort of matrix we have been looking at right very familiar to us ok. So, again different looking right, but very similar I mean I mean just this thing inside as d h 1 d h 2 and all that right other than that this guy is exactly the same is r is just replaced by k all right otherwise exactly the same what am I showing now there I used it for a different purpose, but you see I am going back and forth to the same sort of expression that is the important thing to remember all right great, but now integrability further tells me something that these guys are linearly independent that is that is the meaning of complete integrability. And for Venus theorem gave me complete integrability for free by involutivity excellent. So, what does it mean d h 1 d h 2 all the way to d h n minus k are linearly independent what does it mean this thing has to be rank n minus k yeah because there each row is linearly independent right. So, of course, this entire matrix cannot have rank more than n minus k this is rank n minus k ok. So, so obviously what do we have now this is this guy is of course, 0 ok no problem. So, what we are now saying is that these h 1 to h n minus k become my new coordinates saying. So, relative degree is actually not n minus k relative degree is relative degree is k right not n minus k and n minus k are these additional coordinates that we construct in which the control will not appear right. Obviously, control will not appear because if I take derivative of h 1 or any h i for that matter wait a second yeah h i dot I get L f h i plus L g h i u yeah. So, 0 ok. So, there is no control in this ok and so on and so forth yeah you basically get these new additional coordinates like I told you right these h are what become your additional coordinates when you are looking at partial feedback ok. Now, I do not have anything here I have something else there, but what does I mean it is it is nice to also wonder what does involutivity of this vector field mean of this delta mean ok. What does the involutivity of these guys mean ok involutivity means that if I take le bracket between any 2 of these any 2 then that has to be in the span ok. So, suppose I actually see try to look at that ok try to see if it really happens right. So, if I take say le bracket of g and add f g what is this is this anything that we know. So, what is add f g by the way add f g is yeah add basically gives the successive le brackets right ok. So, what does this give me what do you think happens here. So, we have to do the entire computation right we have to do a little bit of the computation this is a little bit complicated yeah. Let us see if we can let us give it a short yeah you and I have not tried it.  Let us see does this help us in some way can I simplify this further or this is it. Apparently not yeah yeah. So, I was thinking we are going to simplify this further, but no does not look like I can simplify this further ok. So, I will I am just going to make that remark cannot I was thinking if there is some nice expression or simpler expression that will come out it does not look like it not on the face of it unless one of you can work it out and tell me, but I do not think it is turning out to be any further simpler yeah. What this condition is is that this is essentially the relative degree condition see what you were doing is what we were doing is we were basically taking the output a particular output alright. Remember the entire feedback generation that we were doing until now was relying completely on a particular output ok. What if you do not know what is that output how do you verify if you have any relative degree and feedback generation and things like that yeah then you have to use this kind of a method where now you notice this is not dependent on any output this condition. So, what you have to do is you have to if you have a single input system here like this and you have no idea what output you can choose that will give you some feedback generation because otherwise you can do bunch of trials and errors right. You will have to check these vector fields for this distribution yeah and what will you have to do you have to verify that this distribution is non singular which means what like each of these are linearly independent for all arguments p at every point they give you linear independent vector ok that is what it means for this to be non singular ok and involutive you will have to actually check that they are involutive ok. Unfortunately it is not obvious that it is still giving you any output yeah at the end of this exercise if you see it is not very easily evident what is the output that you can use ok. But when we are doing the full state feedback generation you will see that it becomes very easy to find the output using this method also. So, basically this gives you a method of like sort of finding that output that will give you a feedback linearized system yeah. Here not so much I will also have to see how to get the output here one thing that is sort of evident here is that these coordinates that I got right. If I keep taking successive derivatives alright. So, I take the first derivative I get no control alright no problem. I take a second derivative I will get what Lf square hi right I will get an Lf square hi no control again. But similarly if I take k minus 1th derivative I will get Lf k minus 1 hi right and still no control ok until this point here yeah when I take the kth derivative right. So, this is this is basically add f 0 in 1. So, yeah in the kth derivative of hi I will get add f k minus 1 g hi yes this is also I believe 0 right correct because right by this this guys also 0 right. But if I take hi k plus 1 ok then the control will show up ok. But that is still vague yeah it is not evident that that is a good choice or not ok. So, I am just commenting on the fact that this hi themselves could also lead to feedback linearization yeah the output that will give you feedback linearization ok not just as the extra out extra states ok. One way to look at them is that they are the extra states right, but they could also lead you to the output that will give you feedback linearization ok. So, it is not very evident here because you need additional conditions you need to know that L add f k g hi is actually nonzero that condition is not been you know posed anywhere here yeah you need that the higher derivatives actually have nonzero input. So, that does that happen or not is not very clear in this case ok. So, anyway so, this is the implication of Frobenius theorem in partial feedback linearization basically it comes into play when you do not have an output which you can keep taking derivatives of a off and try to find the control yeah you may not have a suitable output in those cases you can actually directly use the vector fields of the system itself and the Frobenius theorem to see what is the relative degree of the system. It is not very obvious in the case of partial linearization that how to find this output ok this will give you the relative degree, but how to find the output is still a little bit of a jugglery at this stage ok. Now, if you go to the full state linearization then something more can be done ok that is what we want to look at now alright. So, we are again back to the notion of integrable distributions do not worry about it this is a repetition I already told you that if you have a distribution which is a span of some vector fields right then if you think of annihilator theory you are looking at some y's which are annihilating each of these yeah that is essentially what we have the dh for ok. So, that is what it is mentioned here in a just in a different notation please do not worry about it again. You say that the distribution is completely integrable if it is annihilated by these n minus r lambdas ok this is just different notation yeah going from h to lambda yeah of course you also know what is involutivity I am not going to actually stress on it again. So, we want to look at now the conditions under which you can completely feedback linearize ok we have already looked at the condition by the way there is nothing very big about it we already looked at partial feedback linearization. So, when k becomes you know when this k becomes n you have complete feedback linearization alright that is it right because you already looked at the case when for arbitrary k say if k becomes n it is completely feedback linearizable and that is what we are writing here yeah this is again for this particular system x dot is ok does not mention here, but this is again for the system assumed is still x dot is f of x plus yeah for this actually I apologize this should be this section for this section this is the case yeah alright. So, what have we done we are talking about some necessary and sufficient conditions right and we are constructing this matrix ok g add of g add of n minus 2 add of n minus 1 ok we want this to be rank n what is this matrix same thing that we constructed right just taking k equal to n right same deal what because what does it do if all these are linearly independent then you get a non-singular you know a non-singular distribution alright. So, what that is the first requirement that this has rank n yeah he is talking about a particular you know point x 0 ok, but typically you will want it for all x 0 ok alright ok great. So, this is rank n is the same condition that we saw before because this is what gives you the distribution delta ok right next now we are looking at the distribution here well fine in this particular case the one of them is removed from the distribution ok in this particular case the distribution is removing one term ok this is for a particular reason for a very specific reason we will look at it subsequently alright. So, distribution is not spanned by g add of g all the way to add of n minus 1 g, but we are going only until add of n minus 2 g ok alright. So, we are asking for the distribution to be involutive just like before ok. So, same conditions we are creating a distribution based on the vector fields in the system which is f and g right using the f and g we have constructed this you know distribution and we wanted to be non-singular and involutive alright and yeah that is it you wanted to be non-singular involutive and of course, we have also said that for non-singularity we have sort of added this additional term here ok we have added this additional term here alright. Here the h function or the lambda function is used in a slightly different way ok that is what I want to highlight now I hope this is clear can you do you see the identity between this and what we did in the partial linearization are you completely lost you see what we are doing here at least I hope you can see that these expressions are very similar ok. Otherwise we are just trying to apply the Frobenius theorem which is saying that if your distribution is involutive it is completely integrable and complete integrability means I get these functions h and I want to do something with those functions h ok we do not know what what we want to use them as, but we want to use those functions h because they have some you know these nice properties which is basically something like this annihilator type properties ok. So, that is really the whole plan alright. So, let us see even if we forget what we have looked at earlier let us look at this in a separate context. So, we have taken these vector fields ok and again we will also try to look at some examples of course and we are saying that these vector fields are independent and therefore rank n and further now we construct a distribution out of all of them, but one. So, the last one I have removed ok. So, now this has only n minus 1 vector fields. So, what will be the dimension of this distribution what would be the dimension of this distribution if it is a non singular distribution because I already said g add f g these are all linearly independent yeah. So, what would be the dimension of this distribution how many vectors does it have n minus 1 and what is the size of each vector n. So, this is an n by n minus 1 if you look at it in matrix form is n by n minus 1 right. So, what can be what is the rank of this distribution then n minus 1 cannot be more than that n is larger anyway ok. So, the idea is that rank of d is n minus 1 this is why I have the non singularity ok. I have already assumed involutivity ok. So, I can immediately invoke the Frobenius theorem and say that it is completely that this distribution is now completely integrable because it is non singular and involuted ok.


A study in the UN in the early 2000s found that from the end of the Cold War until 2002 more peace agreements were signed and had been arrived at in the entire two centuries before 1990. There was a major peace dividend. Sadly, the years since 2010 we enter the bad news story. All of the indicators have been moving in the wrong direction. The number of armed conflicts was 50 in 1990. It was down to 30 in 2010. It is back up above 50 today. 2010 is just before the Arab Spring. The aftermath of the Arab Spring has produced intense armed conflict in Syria, Libya, Yemen. Military spending started to pick up in the late 90s and the early 2000s and especially with the re-equipment programs for the US intervention in Iraq and Afghanistan. And now it's up at a high plateau back up above the 1990 level. That was 1.5 trillion. It went down to 1.1. It's now up at 1.7 trillion dollars again. Conflict problems which are being driven by issues like rising inequality, the increasing impact of climate change, the pressure of competition for natural resources are being exacerbated by shifts in the balance of power which are weakening the institutional framework that we were working with really quite successfully. Generally speaking, each conflict has its own drivers and we should treat each one individually. Whether it's more bilateral diplomacy, more economic engagement across borders, more infrastructure investment and confidence building measures. If you look at the states that we consider to be the most hostile or belligerent, North Korea right here is the most obvious example because here you see all the lights are off. But if the logic holds that if you entrench states in the system and give them less incentive to be belligerent, how will sanctions help that cause? How will trying to isolate a regime such as North Korea further help to give it the incentives to be part of the system? Infrastructure is helping to diminish conflict and they certainly have in places like Southeast Asia where countries that were at war with each other during the Cold War are now building peaceful cross-border infrastructures as a way of really uniting in the way that the European Union has. In several parts of the post-colonial world you see that countries that have realized over the last several generations that they are relatively small, poor, weak, isolated, overpopulated with poor infrastructure need to pool their resources in some ways to become more attractive to international investors to take advantage of the resources they have and bring them to market. In the East African region here you can see a growing density of cross-border infrastructure as these societies, as these countries centered around Kenya start to make those cross-border investments and that becomes something of a model if you will for the rest of Africa as they see this catchment area of 250 million people becoming a more peaceful sub-region. That's the kind of model we want to see spread across the world. Then there's cases where infrastructure is seen as something more potentially aggressive, expansionist like what China is doing with one belt and one road. We see the bilateral tensions over infrastructure projects between China and its individual neighbors but we clearly see these projects are moving forward. So will they help create a united and peaceful Asia or will those be dyads of conflict that remains to be seen?


From theCUBE Studios in Palo Alto in Boston, connecting with thought leaders all around the world, this is a CUBE conversation. Hi, I'm Stu Miniman and welcome to theCUBE from our Boston area studios. We've been doing a series of CXO leadership discussions, talking about how everyone's dealing with the global pandemic. Happy to welcome the program. A first time guest, Katie Bullard. She is the president of A Cloud Guru. Of course, A Cloud Guru, a online learning company. We've had on theCUBE many times over the years. Katie, thanks so much for joining us. Thank you so much, Stu, for having me. I really appreciate it. All right, so Katie, I remember I saw the, I think the announcement was the end of 2019. I came on to A Cloud Guru at the beginning of the year. You're based at the headquarters in Austin. Online learning is a huge topic. Cloud, of course, one of those mega waves that we've been watching in a long time. And then out of nowhere, global pandemic is striking us. So bring us inside. Obviously, taking a new role in a new organization as it's own challenges, normally it's like, okay, what am I going to do for the first 90 days and make that plan? Tell us how you reacted and how the company has reacted with the COVID-19. Did you get a chance to look at my 90 day plan, Stu? That was exactly where I was. No. Well, let me take you back. I'll take you back to kind of why I chose to come to ACG because I think it informs actually what's happening right now as well. When I was looking for the next opportunity, what I look for is I look for two things, primarily in a company. One is a product that's in a market that's growing really, really fast and a product that has raving customer fans. And obviously ACG really checked both of those boxes. If you think about, this is pre-COVID, if you think about the cloud computing market growing 50, 60% a year. And the number one challenge for people who are both moving to the cloud or moving to a multi-cloud strategy was having enough skilled workers to do that effectively. There really wasn't a better intersection of two value propositions than what ACG offered, which was serving the cloud computing market and skilling up workers in that market. Fast forward to February, it was interesting. I actually went out to our Australia offices in mid-February as this was starting to heat up, came back just in time, I think to not go into quarantine. But we very quickly saw the impact and this isn't easy for anybody in any situation. But what we are hearing from our customers and from the market is that that move to the cloud is even more important now. I think the latest stat I saw from the 2020 cloud report said 65% of companies are planning a cloud migration, 95% of companies are employing a multi-cloud strategy. So that is accelerating. And then of course, we're all sitting at home right now. You're getting me in my dining room. And we have to both learn online versus in-person. There's no longer in-person training. There's no longer events for us to go to live. So we're doing that online. We also are seeing that, you know, the way that we use our time is changing. So we're not spending hours anymore commuting. We have a lot of customers who are saying, let's use that time instead of commuting to learn, improve ourselves, improve our skills. So, you know, everything is very unpredictable in this environment. But we do feel like at ACG, our fundamental mission is to help customers get through this to give them the skills that they need. So that hopefully as everybody emerges from this later, this year, they're better positioned to take advantage of the opportunities in front of them. Yeah, no, you hit on a lot of topics.  The developer world has been looking at that for a long time.  And they've trained millions of people now. Now, some of those things, you know, could absolutely translate, but it's challenging. So I'm curious, just, you know, and you're working with the team, is there anything you're doing to connect to some of the broader audience, you know, lessons that can be learned?   Yeah, so I mean, if I think about the actual product itself and why it worked so well previously, right? Why the Croninburg brothers brought to market something that was so beloved, but more importantly, why I think it's working so well now is that there was a recognition that we learn these days in bite-sized chunks, right? Most of us don't have four hours a day or three days a week just to sit, leave our job and go learn something. And so from the very beginning, their concept was let's break every single lesson up into these 20 minute chunks. So whether, you know, I'm on my commute in the previous world or whether I'm, you know, using some time that I used to spend on the road learning something new, I can do it in very digestible forms. And in a way that's really engaging to me. So I think that model that they've employed from day one is even more valuable now in today's environment. I think the other thing is that there was a recognition that we all have different learning styles, right? We all learn a little bit differently. And so whether it's learning in 20 minute chunks, whether it's learning through video and PowerPoint or whether it's learning hands-on, testing things, breaking things, building things, the platform has evolved in a way to enable people no matter where they are in that cloud learning journey, whether they're a novice that's just getting started and wanting to learn kind of the PowerPoint basics, me when I first came on board, right? Of the cloud or a seasoned architect who's trying to get in and build new applications. So I think those things are the things that allowed the platform to really resonate with the developer audience for so long. And now as we have added a platform specifically for enterprises, where previously it was for individual developers, we now have both. I think that's the other thing that is really attractive to large enterprises is the fact that they now are trying to train thousands of workers at the same time, realizing again that every single one of them has a different learning style. Yeah, Katie, as you said before, there is a broad need for the skill set of cloud computing. I'm curious, have you seen anything in kind of your customer base, either from the enterprise side or for individuals? Are there any skill sets that are bubbling up right now that are of critical need or anything that has grown? And we're curious, we're always, there's some people it's like, oh, I'm going to come out of this, whole experience and I'll have worked in my home gym and learn new languages and become a master baker of sourdough. Me personally, I've been really busy. So I wish I had more spare time to do the computing and no travel has definitely reduced thing, but it's also given up the time that normally I was going to read a book or catch up on training. Yeah, the sourdough bread is definitely not in my wheelhouse. So we have seen some really interesting trends actually over the last few months. The first one is that we've seen the percentage of our users that are logging in on a daily basis go up about 30%. So people are taking advantage, I think, of a little bit of extra time to accelerate their learning. The other thing that we are seeing, and I was just looking at these stats last week is the kinds of courses and content that are being consumed are changing. Some of this was happening pre-COVID and some of this is happening post-COVID, so I'll split those up. Pre-COVID, what we've seen over the last quarter to two quarters actually is a pretty significant increase in consumption across multi-cloud skills. Azure in particular is seeing about a three times higher increase in consumption than the other two large CSPs, although they're all three increasing rapidly. So as we think about the curriculum and our structures that we're bringing on and what we're building up historically, ACG specifically had grown up in the AWS world, but we are responding to that change very, very quickly and then investing in Azure, GCP and some of the other cloud adjacent courses. So that we had been seeing happening over the last couple of quarters. Most recently what we're seeing is an increase in what I call our beginner or fundamental courses. I think that is a direct reflection of people who are looking at this as an opportunity to reskill, to set themselves up for a new career. So our introduction to AWS or introduction to Azure fundamentals or the introduction to GCP, those are actually the courses that are increasing the fastest in ranking. And anecdotally, one of my favorite things to do is to go on LinkedIn or Twitter each day and look at what people are saying about ACG. And over the last week, especially, I can't even count the number of folks who've said, I'm using my lockdown time for learning or I'm putting my time and quarantine to the best use by getting trained on ACG. And so I think that what we are seeing, there is a direct reflection of that. All right, yeah, Katie, maybe give us a little bit of the update on A Cloud Guru. There was the Linux Academy acquisition. And if you can share a little bit about just kind of the numbers of how many people have gone through your program, you attract how many people actually get certifications afterwards, which I know they need to go to the providers, pay a fee for that kind of thing. Yeah, we do. Yeah, there's only been a few things happening over here in the last six months, right? We had a small acquisition and then we're dealing with this now. So we acquired Linux Academy in December. So actually I came on board about the same time that we acquired the business. One of my favorite stories is when I first started talking to Sam and team back in June, ACG had about 100 employees total. By the time I was actually accepting an offer in October, I think it was 200 employees in total. So in a four month span, the company had actually doubled. We acquired Linux Academy, which was of equivalent size to ACG. And so by the end of December, we were a 400 person company, a company that had been 100 people in the middle of 2019. So 400 people now we are, our biggest office is here in Austin. We do have a large office in Melbourne, Australia, which was where the company was originally founded and where Sam is. We have an office in London where Ryan is. And Linux Academy was actually headquartered right outside of Fort Worth, Texas. So we've got an office there in Fort Worth as well. So it's been amazing to see this company essentially quadruple in size over the last six months. Everything that goes into scaling a business like that, bringing two competitors together, integrating the business. We are in the process of integrating the products and the content and the course dialogues right now. So we're excited to bring that to market later this year, all in the midst of everyone also getting used to this very new and unprecedented environment. Yeah. Congratulations. Always good to see great growth. The thing I've noticed is, ACG just has a really good will in the community. I see the orange shirts at many of the shows. I, you know, Ryan and Sam. Oh, I feel bad I wasn't wearing one today. Many of the other teams, yeah. They'll definitely have to get back to you about being on-brand. I was trying to coordinate with my background. One of the other things, you know, is some of my favorite content over the last few years that we've done theCUBE has been the serverless event. So, you know, any discussion about, you know, will there be some virtual versions of that or are we just going to need to wait for, you know, the physical events to return before we see those? So we actually have just started a new virtual event calendar. Actually, our very first one was yesterday. We had almost 3,000 people registering to attend and so it will be a series. It's a series of virtual events and webinars that are done in partnership with other leading influencers and practitioners in the industry. So expect if anyone's interested, you can go online and register for one of the ACG webinars, but we'll be having those every two weeks through the course of this year. Awesome, love that. And I guess the last thing, Katie, there's some other things you've been doing to help the community in this need of the pandemic. Tell us a little bit about that. Yeah, so two things in particular that we've really focused on. The first one is, across both the Linux Academy and the ACG platforms, we have lowered permanently the price of our individual membership. So for individuals from 449 down to 379, we've seen that that has helped enable more people to be able to afford it who otherwise couldn't afford it. So that's now in market. The other thing that we're really excited about that we launched this week is a free educational assistance program. So we are offering 1000 subscriptions to ACG for the year. So annual subscriptions for people who have been most impacted by COVID. So we have a couple of different specific criteria, but if you've lost your job due to COVID and you're in one of the most heavily impacted industries, whether that retail or hospitality or travel and are looking to really change careers, get into the tech field, get your initial certification, we do now have a program for that. So you go online to our website, you're able to apply to that program. We launched it yesterday, maybe two days ago. And I know we already have hundreds of applications. So we're really excited to offer that. All right, well, we'll make sure to get this out to the community because I expect you'll be sold out of that. All right, Katie, thanks so much. Really pleasure to catch up with you and congrats on all the progress we've made. Thank you so much, Stu. Thanks for having me. All right, serverless, absolutely one of the topics. I've been personally enjoying digging into the last couple of years. Hope you've enjoyed coming along for the journey. I'm Stu Miniman and as always, thank you for watching theCUBE.


Watch me control a prosthetic arm with nerve signals. Picking up a cup of coffee. Shaking a hand. Technology is amazing.


For all of the great talents that have played in the NFL, only one has simply been known as The Freak. That of course, is Javon Curse. The original Titan Curse was a three-time Pro Bowl selection who totaled 74 sacks and 28 force fumbles in an 11-year career that was especially spectacular from 1999 to 2003. Those were the five years where the Titans were especially spectacular in their own right and now more than a decade into retirement, Curse watches the Titans play every week. It's no surprise that Javon Curse has been very interested in Harold Landry. Because of Landry's great start to the season, Curse's Titan Sack record of 14 and a half is in real trouble, but that's fine by Curse, he's a fan of number 58. The guy, he has a motor and basically like that's basically how I played, like I had my skill set, I had speed, I had get off, but on top of that, I was persistent and that's what he does. Like he comes, he brings it, he brings that intensity like all game. Javon Curse is most intrigued by Jeffrey Simmons.  It seems like when he wants to, when he makes his mind up, you can't stop him. He can be very disruptive and that's what you want with playing on the team with a guy like that. Especially if I was a DN, like I would love to line up next to this guy. Going there and mess things up so it can like, it can help me out on the end over here. So he's one of those guys that can like, he can change the game all by himself and that's good. Now over 40, Curse is regularly seeing the sons of his NFL peers start to creep onto NFL rosters, plus a lot of guys that he played with and against are now coaching. Mike Vrable qualifies on that list. Curse loves to watch Vrable at work and would have loved to have played for him. He was on the Super Bowl team like a dynasty. Got a lot of coaching success under his hands by playing with Bill Belichick. Now he's just putting what he did, he's putting it to use, which as a player, it makes you like be more like accountable for that person because you've seen that person. This person won Super Bowl, this person did, he did, he did the walk. So now he's just not talking it. Like now he just wants to just pass it on.  I think the first time I saw him get out in the drill with some of the football players, whatever. Like a coach that does that, like you gotta, like, let's go. Like, let's go win this thing, baby.


We're doing something a little bit different today starting off searching with Giant's Episode 2 with a small swim bait by Live Target. We're gonna see if we can get a big old bass. Pressure is very high today. Got a very cold morning around 30 degrees right now. I'm gonna hope to just get a few bites today on this and see if we can find some big ones at these new ponds. I feel like there'd be one right here on the edge of this. Oh god you got him. There you go. Allen's got the first fish today. Allen with the first fish with a little baby but that just gets the monkey off the back we're searching for the Giant's. He's covering water with that trap. I'm throwing the swim bait trying to get a little bigger bite. Good job. That is a good start. Oh that's a decent one bro. Oh no you ain't. You're running sideways with me. There's fish in here. Weave through the dinks. Dink, dink, dink. The dink, dink, dink. Dink, dink, dink. You should have saw how oh my gosh that was hilarious. I thought he's gonna hop up on the bank. No dude look at this I'm just ripping it off the bottom. I'm letting it sit. I'm reel back my slack. Rip it off the bottom again. Like no continuous movement. He bit it. There's a lot slower. I lifted up. He's loaded. He felt big for a minute there. When they surprised you like that they seemed big. Look at that. Spooked the fish right away. There he is. That's a better one bro. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Look, look. What in the heck? He's like spinning. I might have hooked him in the tail. That's probably why. Oh, oh he's a good one. It's because he's in the face. That's why. Now he was spinning circles when I was reeling them. That's why he felt so big. I was like oh yeah that's a good one. That's the best one today guys. About a pound and a quarter if we're lucky. This is still dink so searching for giants. This is not the ones we're looking for but thank you for biting buddy. You felt big.  He was just spinning circles as I was reeling them in. I think he was a bass. Oh god.  He had it. Is he big? How big is he? Is he that big? Or you have him in the side.  Oh, it's a crappie.   Get him. Get him. Get him. Bro, that's the biggest one I've seen. That is so big. Yeah, put your hand up next to it.  Jesus. Dude that is a slab.  Let's come ahead. That's how that other fish was.   Dude that is a big one. Oh god it's a good one. Yeah. He choked it too in the back of this fish's throat. Not a chance. We're keying in on it. It's a very tough bite. Beautiful fish. What we're doing is we're keying in on what's really happened. It's super tough. You got a lot of this wind that's pushing right up on this bank. It's also pushing back in this cove and that's really what we're targeting right now. And if you guys can tell, I don't know if you guys can see there's a little flat right here.   Yeah. Oh you're on line. As I was saying guys, there's a little shallow spot right here and it drops off on both sides and that's where that fish was sitting. There should be some more sitting around here. It just made the most sense. Yo, I think I got him in the side. Oh he's not a bad one. There we go. We're figuring something out guys. Once this wind picked up, sun came out a little bit. The bite's got a lot better. This wind's helping so much though. I can't tell you how important that is. All right everybody. We're doing something a little bit different right now. I know this is searching for giants. This is episode two. Last episode was episode one. It's been a really tough morning. The pressure is super high. It was around 30 degrees early this morning and it's just been super rough. What we're going to do, we're actually going to hit one of the ponds that we hit for searching for giant episode one and just see because I mean the fishing's tough guys. I really want to get an episode out. So we're going to go, me and Alan Bob both got traps on. We're going to go out on this little grass flat out here and rip it through the grass. See if we can catch a big bass. Let's get going bro. He's running towards us. You want me to get him for you?  He slapped you that hard? He hammered it bro. I let it drop and he was like oh you see him jump. Yeah dude that was sweet. You were out there too. The wind is ripping. Yeah. Look how he ate that thing. That's good. He wanted that trap. Good job. Good job. We're getting somewhere. That's not like a giant but I mean that's a quality fish.  Oh yeah. Good job. Good job. Yes sir. I want to talk about what we're doing, why he caught that fish. We came here the other day. It was slightly different.  Fish were a little bit more active.  Every once in a while we'll rip it out of the grass. But today has been a little different approach. We're throwing this trap out there and we're ripping it hard out of that grass and we're not really consistently reeling this bait. We're trying to move it as slow as possible but at the same time ripping out of that grass. So you guys are wondering what I'm throwing. I'm throwing a simple booyah right there. That's a one-knocker and this is actually gold with a black back. It's one of my favorite traps besides like an old you know red trap. What we're doing, beaming a long cast right out there, clicking my reel.   Now let my bait sink. Now stroke it back up. So what that's doing is when that bait sinks it's going down in that grass and then I'm ripping that bait up. If I get a lot of grass on there I'm going to scare me just like that. There's a lot of grass. I'm going to rip my bait up like that. What it's going to do is it's going to kick all that grass off and that's usually when you're going to get that bite. You'll fill them, slap it. But I just wanted to talk about you know kind of what we're doing. Since you guys are watching you know it's hard to tell sometimes and that's what I want to do more of. So if you guys want to you know learn some more tips, I think you guys can tell there's a good grass that's sitting out there. Those fish are just sitting all up in that. If you guys want to see some more tips like this within the series or within my videos in general. Kind of more explaining on what we're doing and we'll be sure to do that. But let's see if we can keep casting out here on this little grass flat. Catch them all fat. What did I just say? Yeah he was out there was it? Oh god. Yeah it's a good one. Not bad. Not bad. I'll take them. This might be my best. Nah that other one I caught was bigger. Solid pounding. Oh he's peeing. I had to help him squeeze it out a little bit you know.   It was awesome. This has been a tough day but when you're catching them like that that's just fun. It's starting to get a little better. We're starting to find these bigger fish or at least thicker.  Oh splash me all in the face. Oh my gosh. I'm gonna beam pass this grass. That was about an eight pounder bro. I'm not lying right now. I cannot believe I just missed that fish. Did you see how big he was? Let's see if there's another one up there. Hey that was like a seven eight pounder. I saw all his tail. I got too excited. That was all my fault honestly. I got too excited too quick. I didn't let him eat it.  So I'm supposed to leave the video off here. Like this was to be the end of the video. It's supposed to be done this whole deal but I actually got out of class. I had a few more minutes before the sun came down and I came out here to a pond that I've been to. That's right by my house. It's been in a lot of the episodes. Anyways I'm just gonna roll the clips and I hope you guys enjoy it. Uh oh. Got him. On the swim bait. Oh he ate that big. He actually ate that big. Like two pounds though. He ate even that. He choked that freaking swim bait baby. Oh man look at that right there. He choked that freaking swim bait. Finally I've been waiting on a bite on this all day. I wasn't even gonna do this. This isn't even a part of this challenge or video but heck I'm I was bound to determine to catch one on this. Look at that guys. Pretty fish on the swim bait. He's not even that big. I thought he was way bigger when he jumped but yes we got one on the swim bait. That was my goal today. Heck yeah buddy thank you for biting man. It's pretty chilly right now. Thank you for biting. Oh all right. Yeah there we go guys.  Thank you so much for watching this video. Searching for Giants Episode 2. If you guys are new to the channel be sure to hit that subscribe button. Hit the like button as well. I actually just got done filming Searching for Giants Episode 3 and I'm in a big rush right now. I got a lot of stuff to do but I was whacking them. Okay I was whacking them. That's probably going to be the next episode. Actually it will be the next episode so be sure to turn on post notifications. Let me know in the comment section below if you guys have been enjoying these videos and as always be sure to pepper that like button but if you guys have any suggestions on the upcoming videos you guys let me know. We've been filming some bangers recently and it's just been happening. Fishing has been alright. You know it hasn't been the best. I've still been kind of banging my head against the wall to catch them but overall it's it's been turning into some amazing content that I believe you guys are really loving but thank you so much for the support. We're on the road to 100,000 subscribers. Let's make it happen in the next couple months. I believe we can do it with you guys. Without further ado I'll catch you guys in the next video.


Moving away from Democracy Day reports, the chairman of the New Nigeria People's Party NNPP, Ola Po Si Ogine, has denied his prepared to the rest, saying he only honored the police's invitation to Abuja. Ogine accused the party's governorship candidate Olufemi Ogutoybo and some others as responsible for the widespread of his fake arrest. He described a petition written to the police as frivolous. The federal government has announced that the nation's forests can now be sustained according to current data, according to the Ministry of Environment during the flag of the 2023 tree planting day. The government was already putting in place a number of strong measures to stem illegal activities in the nation's forests and other plant conservation centers across the country. The Ministry had placed a ban on the exportation of timber and charcoal in 2016, but that was lifted in January 2023. About the use of the forest products, placing a ban on it will not make the full potential of the forestry sector to be known. Part of the condition given to the group was to ensure that they have forests and the forests they must plant, they must ensure that they increase the forest cover because where they are taking produce from, they must care for the place. We have a 10-year strategy as our short-term goal because trees take a long time to mature, so there has to be planning and our major strategy is to use fast-growing specialized seedlings, which is why we have Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria to supply us with the specialized seedlings that will grow fast in three to four years. Our forest-prolet allied groups must have what we call return to forest, that is, they must also plant trees. Climate change, the effect is not today. It's a result of the depletion of human activities for years past, minimum of 30 years. So now we are having the effect of what has happened a long time ago. So the research has been geared towards several myths involving the effect of climate change. Anything that has to do with the legal process of getting the business done lawfully and creating a traceability system where we can be accountable for the environment, that is our major aim and objective. Our forest-prolet allied groups must have what we call return to forest, that is, they must also plant trees. Climate change, the effect is not today. It's a result of the depletion of human activities for years past, minimum of 30 years. Now we are having the effect of what has happened a long time ago. So the research has been geared towards several myths involving the effect of climate change. Anything that has to do with the legal process of getting the business done lawfully and creating a traceability system where we can be accountable for the environment, that is our major aim and objective. So forest-prolet allied groups must have what we call return to forest, that is, they must also plant trees. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


A former president in Jalaspur and pastor Tony Bakker has recounted the reason why he lost the old Progressive's Congress presidential party primaries that was held on the 7th and 8th of June this year. The Bakker said this during a Sunday server that his church of seated a global community. He said despite the challenges leading to the primaries, he refused to compromise his standard by giving bribes. Our correspondent Paul George was there and now reports. The church is full to capacity. It is a moment of praise to God Almighty as pastor Tony Bakker amounts the pulpit to give his speech on the aftermath of the primary election. He starts by celebrating his welcome with a song. The pastor says he is more convinced now than ever before that the future of his cause is bright hoping that a new Nigeria is possible. The words of Martin Luther King, Jr., it is my earnest prayer that a good law will bless Nigeria with leaders not in love with money, but in love with justice, not in love with publicity, but in love with humanity. Leaders who can subdue their particular egos to the pressing prejudices of the great cause of freedom. Pastor Bakker says he is glad he and his team did not compromise on the values which are integral to building a new Nigeria and that made him score zero at the primaries. While appreciating his team and the people who supported his ambition despite the outcome, he congratulated Ashwajubola Tinubu for imagining as a party's standard bearer. He has ever said Tinubu's victory is a seal to his contribution to the party and the political sphere in Nigeria. To my supporters across the nation and in the diaspora, I thank you for your unaccompanied support despite the challenges leading up to the primaries. Our heads remain unbound because we did not compromise on the values and are integral to building a new Nigeria. I congratulate the winner of the ABC presidential primaries, Ashwajubola Tinubu, for his victory. His imagines as a far bearer and presidential candidate of the ABC is a testament to his significant contributions to the cause of the Southwest as well as his labor to work the formation and establishment of the ABC and therefore extend best wishes to him as he proceeds on the campaign trail towards the 2023 general election. This is a moment where those leaders will begin to revive the dreams of our founding patriots, the dreams of the Nigeria strong and united, good tribes and towns may differ. And the dreams of the Nigeria where no one is oppressed, no matter what part of the country they come from and lead, and no matter how they choose to worship God. As Nigerians begin to come down to the general election to elect a new government, many still believe there is hope for the country. Paul George, Plus TV News. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


Hi and welcome to the session. I am Shashi and I am going to help you with the following question. Question says, an electronic assembly consists of two subsystems. Say A and B from previous testing procedures. The following probabilities are assumed to be known. Probability that A fails is equal to 0.2. Probability that B fails alone is equal to 0.15. Probability that A and B fail is equal to 0.15. Evaluate the following probabilities. First part is probability that A fails when B has failed. Second part is probability that A fails alone. Let us now start with the solution. First of all let us assume that A complement denotes that A fails and B complement denotes that B fails. Now we can write according to the given question probability that A fails is equal to 0.2 or we can write probability of A complement is equal to 0.2. Probability that A and B fail is equal to 0.15 implies that probability of A complement intersection B complement is equal to 0.15. We are also given probability that B fails alone is equal to 0.15. Now we can write probability of B complement alone is equal to 0.15. We also know that probability of B complement alone is equal to probability of B complement minus probability of A complement intersection B complement. Now clearly we can see probability of B complement alone is equal to 0.15 and probability of A complement intersection B complement is equal to 0.15. Now we will substitute these two values in this expression and we get 0.15 is equal to probability of B complement minus 0.15. Now adding 0.15 on both the sides of this equation we get probability of B complement is equal to 0.30. We know probability of B complement represents probability that B fails and probability that B fails is equal to 0.30. Now in the first part of the given question we have to find the probability that A fails when B has failed. Now clearly we can see this is the conditional probability and it can be represented by probability of A complement upon B complement. Now we know by conditional probability probability of A complement when B complement has already occurred is equal to probability of A complement intersection B complement upon probability of B complement where probability of B complement is not equal to 0. Now clearly we can see probability of A complement intersection B complement is equal to 0.15 and probability of B complement is equal to 0.30. So we get 0.15 upon 0.30 is equal to probability of A complement when B complement has already occurred. Now simplifying further we get required probability as 1 upon 2 or we can say probability of A complement when B complement has occurred is equal to 1 upon 2. Clearly we can see here we can cancel common factor 0.15 from numerator and denominator both and we get 1 upon 2. Now in the second part of the given question we have to find probability that A fails alone. We can represent this probability as probability of A complement alone. We know we can denote A fails by A complement. Now probability of A complement alone is equal to probability of A complement minus probability of A complement intersection B complement. Now clearly we can see we are given probability of A complement is equal to 0.2 and probability of A complement intersection B complement is equal to 0.15. So we can write probability that A fails alone is equal to 0.20 minus 0.15. Subtracting these two terms we get 0.05. So probability that A fails alone is equal to 0.05. So we get required answer for the first part of the given question is 1 upon 2 is 0.5 and required answer for the second part of the given question is 0.05. So this is our final answer. This completes the session. Hope you understood the solution. Take care and have a nice day.


Welcome to Toffy TV, this is the news daily. Cair Zuma is an Everton player. The wait, the fear, the tension is over. There was fears that Zuma's paper work hadn't been processed in time, but that has been ratified today by the Premier League and Zuma. We'll now spend the 2018-19 season on loan at Gooderson Park. Mark O Silver did say that there was no clause in the loan agreement for Everton to buy the player. We'll just have to see how it goes. Zuma spent last season on loan at Stoke City. He played 36 times for them. We'll have to see how he bets into this Everton side. He's gone away the number five share for this season. He's played 40 odd times for Chelsea as well. Having got in the St Etienne team at 16 years of age. Decent in the air, got a good turn of pace, he's strong. So he's a welcome addition, most definitely into the centre of defence. A lot of people feeling as though we needed strengthening, and obviously along with Yeri Mina, that gives Everton some good defence of options, really, to go with Jagelke, Keane and Mason Holgate, of course. Mark O Silver has done his first press conference ahead of the new season. He thanked Mr Farhad and the board for their backends in the transfer window said that, ideally, he would have liked the players in on July 3 when everybody returned, but it's the nature of the market and it's the difficulty and the well-cub complicated stuff and things like that. But he was very, very happy with the purchases and the strength in the squad. He did say that none of the deadline date signings would be involved for tomorrow's trip to Wolves, but that's only to be expected, you know, we knew that anyway. Bernard hasn't played for a while. Andre Gomez is actually injured at the minute with a hamstring, Yeri Mina only returned to training on Monday with Barcelona, and K2 Met, obviously that's only being done today, finally. So, he did say those players or some of those players will have a pre-season over the next couple of weeks, but, you know, you may well see a couple of them in the squad for Southampton Game next weekend at the Gouldersen Park, so we'll have to just watch this space on that. Other things that came out of the press conference, Mark O Silver feels that we're ready for the game at Wolves. He said it's obviously the start of a new era. He said that he knows new notes, Santos, and that he's a friend of his knows how he plays, and it'll be a tough game. Wolves are a good side, but he feels confident that Everton are ready. They've worked on stuff all week, and so we'll have to wait and see how that goes. Hopefully it'll involve us defending a little bit deeper against the pace of the likes of Adama Triori. Other things he said was that he expects Gomez to be fit in around three weeks' time. He's currently a nurse in the hamstring, he's the Portuguese midfiel player, and he spoke about Adamaola Luchman and said he is part of our plans. He said he went out on loan, went to Leipzig. They obviously enjoyed him and said he was a good player and he did well there, and he said he doesn't understand why Luchman wanted to stay, but he's an important part of our plans, and it's up to us as a club now to make him feel loved and make him feel wanted and happier. So we'll have to see what happens with that. He also said that Mohammed Bezzic has moved to Middlesbrough collapse because of the dispute between Middlesbrough and an agent over a fee, but it's still expected that Bezzic will make the switch to Middlesbrough on loan with a view to a payment at the end of the season. So we'll have to see when that's ratified, but that looks like that's still going to happen. And Yannick Bellassie again today linked with a move to Middlesbrough. That didn't materialise yesterday, but Bellassie doesn't appear to be part of Marco Silva's plans right at this moment in time, so it wouldn't be any surprise to see him go out of the door. And Nicolab Lassidge as well. He's another one. It looks as though he may secure a move to CSKA Moscow before this transfer window is out. They are heavily into Lassidge and would like to take him. So we'll have to see that alone as well. No mention of Sandro, but I suppose he's in the squad anyway, so it's only if someone brings him up being mentioned now. Finally, spoke about the ritualism fee. He was asked a question about the ritualism fee, because a lot of pundits, namely Paul Mason, had fallen off when we bought the ritualism the other week. And Marco Silva said, well, really bothered about it. Look at last summer when Job and Pickford went for £30 million and has proved his worth and no-one's questioning that fee now. And he said, I feel it will be the same with the ritualism. He will come in, do well, and nobody will be talking about the fee next summer. And that's really what we need to do. We need to make sure that the ritualism does well enough that everyone forgets about the fee and just says, what a really good player, Everton, of course. That is it for me. If you haven't subbed, please do so. Make sure you get over to Peyton and be a sub on there. It's boss. Loads of good stuff on there. Do that now. Have a fantastic weekend and let's hope Everton delivered the first three points of the season. See you later.


It's LinkedIn learning author Monica Wahee with today's data science makeover. Watch while Monica Wahee demonstrates how to delete rows from a data frame based on column criteria in R. It's Monica and I'm back with our line items data set, which is my demonstration data frame for you. You'll see I have the read RDS code here where I read in the line items data set. If you don't know how to do that, just look in the description, there's a link to a video there for you. Then I ran the object line items so you could see what's in the data frame. You'll see here in the console that the line items data set has only five columns. Today we are going to use this variable tot underscore cost. It probably means total cost. As the column on which we set the criteria or in our case criteria on, I just had one to demonstrate. See some of these costs are above $100 and some are below $100. So that's what we are going to do for the criteria. Actually, let's cut to the chase and look at the subset command. First, please note that we are making something. We are making a new data frame line items too. We are not overwriting the old data frame. It's kind of important because what if we get cold feet and we want some of those rows we removed back? Okay, now to get rid of the rows where tot underscore cost is too low for us, which is under $100. We will use the subset command, which has these two arguments. It's time for some exciting arguments. Here are two arguments. The first argument is the original data set, which is line items. Then we have a comma and the second argument is the criteria part. Are the criteria part? Here we are saying we want to keep the rows where tot underscore cost is greater than $100. You can use these arithmetic functions in R. You know, look in the description. I'll link you to a great webpage I use as a reference for that. Okay, we could just run this code, but it's better if we prepare. It's better if we first look at the number of rows in the original data set because remember, we are going to be supposedly removing rows, so we need to know what we start with. And if you think about it, we'll want to know the number of rows we have left when we are done subset. So that's why all my subset commands are a sandwich between nrow commands, the top one for the original data set line items, and the bottom one for the data set after the subset, which I am calling line items too. If you are unfamiliar with the nrow command, look in the description for a link to my video. All right, I'm going to highlight this whole thing and make it run. It ran. Nothing more validating. All right, let's look at the console. See that? There were 95 rows, but after we removed the ones with a tot underscore cost of less than $100, we were only left with 72 rows. Actually, let's look at the new line items to data set. I'm going to run it to the console. See that? None of the small costs under $100 are in there. We clean them out. Feel so fresh and so nice, like a brand new data frame. And that's your data science makeover for today. Thank you for watching this data science makeover with LinkedIn Learning author Monica Wahee. Remember to check out Monica's data science courses on LinkedIn Learning. Click on the link in the description.


Welcome to Code Pink's weekly webinar, What the F is going on in Latin America and the Caribbean, every Wednesday at noon. And I am very pleased to have with us today, Galix Tortega, who is the president of Venezuelan Central Bank. And we are going to talk today about the situation of the Venezuelan gold reserves that are currently in the vaults of the Bank of England. For those of you who are not familiar with the situation, Venezuelan Central Bank made a legal claim to the Bank of England to try to force the bank to release part of the $1.2 billion in gold reserves that this entity grows and refuses to release. And it belongs to the Venezuelan people. The government of Venezuela made a deal with, has a deal with the UN development program for them to administer a response and to be used for Venezuela's coronavirus response. So welcome, Galix Tortega, and please talk to us a little bit about this legal battle in the UK. All right, thank you and hello to your audience. My regards from Caracas, Venezuela, from the downtown Caracas, from the office of the president of the Central Bank. And this is a very, very meaningful place right now because what's been happening is that a group of people are actually saying that the bore, the ones that come every day to this building to work are not the bore. That the bore of the Central Bank, it's formed by another group of people that actually they don't even live in Venezuela. And this is the whole situation that we are fighting right now. I would like to start by saying that the issue is not related to the government of President Nicolás Maduro. The issue is a legal, the Bank of England had been served with a legal claim by our lawyers, our representatives. Following the Bank of England decision to deny Venezuelan Central Bank access to our international reserve, particularly in the scenario of the COVID-19. On April, we go to the Bank of England informing them that we were deciding to use around one billion euros of our international reserve to liquidate the equivalent in gold so the proceeds could be transferred to the United Nations Development Program for them to do the procurement of medicines, food, health related equipments and so on. The basic respond that countries are exercising against the COVID-19 in the pandemic situation. The Bank of England refuse and they claim that they have some confusion because they have received information from another group of people saying that I am not actually the president of the Central Bank. And that there is someone else that is the president of the Bank. So we start the claim and we hope to receive a positive, just decision that it's aligned with reality and it will be in favor of the Venezuelan people. So the preliminary issues that have been discussed the last two days are related to who runs Venezuela, who is actually the president of Venezuela, who is the head of the state and the head of the government because the other group, even though they don't live in Venezuela, even though they don't come to this building, they are saying that they are the Central Bank or because a gentleman that last year said self-proclaimed president actually select them to be the board of the Central Bank. And the judge basically is doing what the English law system says that is basically listening to both parts, listening to the arguments and so for him to make a decision that would be very important for this case. Our position is basically the reality that there is only one function in government in Venezuela. There is only one minister of finance, defense minister, treasurer, health minister, all what you need to be a government and it's the government of President Maduro. So that's basically what's happening right now. You talk about this claiming about who is the legitimate government of Venezuela. We just read this extracts from the book of John Bolton claiming that the UK foreign minister wanted to help promote the US sanctions policy by freezing Venezuelan gold deposits, but the Bank of England claims that it's independent. So how can this claim affect the outcome of the lawsuit? Yes, it is not a common ground to think that Mr. Bolton could be a resource of accurate information or rational opinions. But it's true that he basically described an event that is very important for this case. He basically says that they were playing politics against Venezuela and part of the strategy was to block the central bank of Venezuela because according to their strategy, it was a good thing to do and in order to make a regime change happening in Venezuela. If this was true, it's basically a proof that all what happened was a political strategy and if this was true, then it's a proof also that the Bank of England polluted with the government of the US and the government of the UK against the Venezuelan people. Ultimately, all these policies, sanctions policies, blocks of funds are against the Venezuelan people. It is very far from the truth to say that sanctions only affect the public officers or the ones running the institution. Of course they make our life more difficult because at the end we have an institutional responsibility to operate. But at the end is the Venezuelan people who are suffering. So how could you possibly say that no to a request of getting funds to respond to the pandemic even so in a strategy, in an attempt to release the funds. We said to the Bank of England, you know what, you don't need to worry about how are we going to allocate the funds. Even though it's not your problem because those are Venezuelan assets. But in order for you to have less things to worry, we are going to work with the United Nations. So the UNDP is a neutral institution. It doesn't play politics. It's not one side or the other side. They just want to help the Venezuelan people. It was good for us because it will represent access to market prices because right now if you want to buy something for Venezuela, people will charge you incredible high prices because of the worries they have to pay lawyers to defend themselves when the US government will claim that they are doing something against the law. And they say that it was not possible. This is something that Elliot Abrams, the special representative for Venezuela says all the time. Companies are afraid to make business with Venezuela because of the cost of the lawyers and they're proud of that. As if it was something that it was good and it was working for somebody else that making a collective punishment for the Venezuelan people. Yeah, it's unbelievable. I think only time will describe exactly where the internal discussions and how exactly they were thinking. I think this book gives you some examples of this way of thinking. The chapter of Venezuela I personally read it and it's an interesting case for schools. I'm not sure about public policy but maybe some psychiatrics and psychology because the way these gentlemen describe how to work and how to interact with Venezuela it shows like a feeling of supremacy if they were above the law, above the international law, above all the international arrangements that have been put together by nations for years. Yeah, like Tom said about Venezuela supposedly that Venezuela was part of the U.S. So what are your expectations around this case? And if you lose this case, can you appeal? Is there an international body that could address the case like the World Trade Organization or something? Well, I am cautiously optimistic. I have to be realistic at the same time. Remember that what is being discussed if I am the president of the Central Bank and I am talking to you from my office. So it is very difficult to imagine and when I have to interact with the government of Venezuela I have to meet with the Minister of Finance which is in the next building. I have to meet with the vice president, executive vice president which is in front of this building. I have to meet with the economic vice president who has three blocks from this building. So what we are trying to describe is just reality. It is just fact checking because the other government, supposed government is a government that only exists on papers. That only controls four or five Twitter accounts. And that's it. So my expectations are cautiously optimistic because since this is politics I can only imagine the pressures that are being right now, all the strategy right now being developed in London from other countries that don't want this to be ruled in a realistic way. But yes, since our case is just fact checking reality we have reasons to be optimistic. Finally, I wanted to ask you about the situation of the sanctions because the critics of the Venezuelan government have often cited socialist policy as the reasons for a Venezuela current economic crisis. Yet they rarely factor fluctuation of oil prices or even the inflation that is induced. Can you briefly tell us what are Venezuelan biggest economic challenges today and some of the measures that are being taken to overcome them? Yeah. The most damage has been you could describe the most related to sanctions. The worst part of the situation is related to sanctions. A policy that it's illegal. You have many institutions, international institutions it's against the law to do what they are doing against Venezuela. And it's politics. You could see for example what happened last week where basically the US government said that the international criminal court was going to be targeted with sanctions. People that worked there, their family members because they took the decision. It's like the reality of the decisions are impressive and the damage that it caused in the case of Venezuela there are exercises here trying to summarize to put together a number of the costs of the sanctions. I think it's very difficult to... It's going to be a very difficult exercise because the economy of Venezuela has been distorted because of this. You pass from selling 3 million barrels per day at $100 price, so $300 million a day that is like $3 billion for 10 days, $9 billion per month, more than $100 billion per year. Last year maybe $5 billion. So it's a reduction of 95% of your income. Imagine a household that is living with $1,000 in Washington is too little. Let's say $5,000 per month and then for some reason the income of the household is going to be $250. And you have to pay for school, you have to pay for healthcare, you have to pay for everything because the income evaporates but you exist, you have to live. It's a criminal action against the Venezuelan people. What do we have to do? We have to resist, we have to fight legally wherever there is room for it and try to do our best on this resistance exercise until a more rational policy could be actually put in place and that the Venezuelan bilateral relations with other countries including the US could be exercised on the basis of self-respect, self-determination, like normal and regular bilateral relations. But what are the concrete actions taking by the government? The concrete actions taking? I cannot talk. No, I mean... We are trying to do our best with the tools we have that are very limited because of this situation in order to have the results that we had had the last year. So for example, since two years ago, things... So the level of... How do you say that in English? Level of... How many products do you see on the stores when you go to buy? When you visit a store, how many of the products are you looking to buy actually there offered to you? Those statistics are getting better before the pandemic. There are some relative numbers that are getting better and in the case of PDVSA, it is public information that they are producing gasoline now and there are things that have been solved using the Venezuelan labor and the Venezuelan people that are trying to solve all these issues. So thank you so much. It's been already 20 minutes of conversation with Calixto Ortega and thank you so much, Calixto. Thank you. So thank you so much for joining us today. I just wanted to remind you real quick that last year, Code Pink sent a letter to the UK Department for International Development signed by many of you, saying that the sanctions are deadly and that the only way forward in Venezuela is through dialogue between all Venezuelans. That is still the case today, but we were thinking of updating this petition and asking the Bank of England to release this money and give it to the UNDP so they can administrate these funds and Venezuelans can fight COVID-19 with their own resources. As you well know, the US has not been a good neighbor to Venezuela and Venezuela is one of the countries that has been hit severely with the criminal unilateral coercive measures imposed by the US. So stay tuned and once we update this petition check our webpage at www.codepink.org and through our Facebook page. Don't forget to follow us also at Look For A Good Neighbor Policy, New Good Neighbor Policy in Facebook. And yeah, and see you next week for another episode of what the F is going on in Latin America. Every Wednesday at noon.


In 1932, Paul Coons discovered the muon. Using both the direction of the curvature and the thickness of the bubble track, he calculated that it was a positively charged particle that was lighter than a proton but heavier than an electron. Later on it was found that this was the anti-muon. Here's another look at a muon created by an event that created two visible particles. A muon and an unknown particle. The muon displayed a new particle property that had not been seen before. It was unstable. Unlike protons and electrons, the muon would only exist for a short period of time before it decayed into other particles. One was an electron and the other was unknown. On average it lasted only 2.2 microseconds. That's 2.2 millionths of a second. Muons are light, elementary particles like the electron and the positron. These particles are called leptons, meaning light rather than heavy like a proton. The particle that was created at the start, along with the muon, turned out to be the long sought after particle called the pion. In 1947, using cosmic rays at high altitudes, this particle was found. Here we see an event that kicks a proton into motion and creates a muon and a pion. Then we see the pion decay into an anti-muon that itself decays into a positron. It lasted only 26 nanoseconds. Now that is a very short life. The muon lasted almost a thousand times longer than that. Pions are spin-zero particles with around 14-hundredths of a proton's mass. Although that's small, it's a good deal more massive than the muon. Pions came in three flavors, one with a positive charge, one with a negative charge called an anti-pion, and one with no charge at all. Also in 1947 another particle called the kion was discovered by George Rochester and Clifford Butler. They also used cosmic rays. Here's a look at their bubble chamber picture. Just below the lead plate, in the lower right hand quadrant, you see an inverted V that extends to the lower right. Measuring the momentum in charges they determined that they were a pion and an anti-pion. Rochester and Butler concluded that this event had to be a photographic record of a novel phenomenon. The decay of a previously unknown, neutral, heavy particle later called the kion. The discovery of kions represented the first time we deduced the existence of a particle from its decay components.


So here's what's happening. Blizzard released the WoW in 2024 roadmap.  So this is the roadmap for what's to come in World of Warcraft for the following year, obviously, just as the title suggests. I haven't taken a look at it yet, but people were saying they have some retail WoW stuff in here. They have some classic WoW stuff in here. You're really going to get to see the idea behind what they're going to do with season of discovery. I'm very excited. I'm very excited to see something like this because it's going to allow us to kind of like know what to expect as far as like how drawn out each phase is going to be. I hope. Let's take a look at it. So World of Warcraft in 2024 the road ahead. It's been an incredible year for the WoW team. We're endlessly grateful to our community for being in our world as we grow, change, experiment and deliver as much magic and fun as possible. This time last year I posted our first roadmap. I'm so thankful to our team for seeing it all become real and then some. We know that promising a thing is a far distant second to actually delivering on that promise. With that said, we continue to learn and evolve with each release and announcement this year and we are fully focused on listening and responding to you and building for a strong future in Azeroth for all of us. Listing everything we did together this year is huge. Six Dragonflight content updates, Wrath content updates and then return to Icecrown Citadel, Classic Hardcore, Blizzcon, Incredible Worstable First and Dragonflight Season 3 and just recently Classic Season of Discovery. This year has been one to remember and we want to keep the momentum going. Now it's time to take a look at 2024. In modern WoW, you're going to see three more content updates for Dragonflight. Wait, what? They're gonna have three more patches? That's actually surprising. Three more content updates for Dragonflight arriving before World of Warcraft, The War Within releases next year. In these updates, we'll be wrapping up the story for this expansion and laying the foundation for our next one. Dragonflight Season 4 will revisit Dragonflight's Dungeons and Raids along with outdoor content featuring updated rewards, few new twists. Listen, guys, there's only one twist that we want. Okay, there's only one twist that we want. I don't care about all the other ones. All right, I just want Command to Martyr, please, okay? I don't need these other twists, man. Just give me that big seal twist, okay? Then in the spring-summer, we'll ask for feedback with the War Within, Expansion Alpha, and Beta Test Drop. We'll continue to communicate details, dates, and more goodness as we get closer to content updates just like this year. Coming up next in January, we'll have the Seeds of Renewal content update on tap, and we're currently keeping an eye on your feedback on the live public test rooms for this update. In WoW Classic, we have updates coming for Classic Hardcore with solo self-found support in February. So, Classic Hardcore's solo self-found comes in February. They said they're coming in- They're coming in. They're bringing it in spring, but I guess February it is. There's a new way to challenge players. Add a little more hardcore into your hardcore. Looktar Oghar will have also more phases to release in Season Discovery next year as the adventure continues, and, of course, Cataclysm right around the corner. This is the Retail Roadmap. Oh, when they said content updates, they meant like, they didn't mean big ones for retail. Like, a season is like a raid. Okay, so that's how they're splitting it up. And then, War Within's going to come out summer, autumn, so this is probably going to be in August. Right, there's new retail expansion. That's like their normal time frame for whenever they put out the new expansion. It's usually August, September. For Classic, Winter Ruby Sanctum comes out second week of January. January 11th, okay. Yeah, January 11th, Ruby Sanctum. And then, Season of Discovery, level 40 in New Runes, new PUP event, and then a No-Merghan raid. So No-Merghan will be the level 40. I think they had already said that. By the way, if you missed it, I've had a lot of opportunity to talk to the Classic team. One of the points of feedback that I was giving them was enhancement shamans, two-handed enhance. So people were still asking me about this. They had announced this already, but in case you missed it, they are going to add support for two-handed enhance at level 40. Technically, they didn't say at level 40, but I would expect it at level 40 because they said after Wind Fury. Wind Fury gets put in the game at level 30 for shamans. That's really whenever two-handed enhance, that's when you would really care about two-handed enhance. So yeah, I would expect it if you're an enhanced shaman player to finally get some two-handed enhance stuff coming then. So cool. Pog. Then after that, Solo Self-Found is coming. So Solo Self-Found is coming in February. Based on this timeline, then you can expect Classic Season of Discovery to be at the end of January, probably, which goes in line with what we thought. Oh, well, I guess Self-Found. It's not Solo Self-Found. I keep saying Solo Self-Found because I'm used to saying SSF, but technically it's Self-Found. So let me let me clarify that. It's just a Self-Found mode. That means that you can still group with people. You can still do dungeons. You can still do group quests, all that stuff, which in my opinion, for what WoW is, it's better. I think it is better if you're going to limit the game. You limit the game to Self-Found, but if people want to do Solo Self-Found on their own, then they can do that. I feel like playing Solo Self-Found, requiring people to play Solo Self-Found takes too many elements out of the game that Hardcore already takes out. I think that's a good idea, adding a Self-Found mode for Hardcore. Okay, so Cataclysm in the first half of next year. I mean, I would expect kind of the same. I don't think that Blizzard should make each season for Season of Discovery longer than two months. I think two months should be the cap. I think six to eight weeks, they're making these level caps so low that you kind of run out of stuff to do on a day-to-day basis, as far as like having a thing to grind if you want to grind that. I would expect this to be what, January, February, March, April. You're probably looking at like April. Yeah, I think if you wait till after the end of March actually, it's going to be a long time. Then you're probably going to get Cataclysm in May. Now, here's what I hope that they don't do, actually. Blizzard does this thing, and at first, like years ago, I was completely against it, but I understand why they do it now because they actually were right. They try and stagger their releases. Things don't coincide with one another as much as possible. Initially, I was like, well, the people that play retail and the people that play classic and the people that do this and the people that they're all different people, I was wrong. Nowadays, so much of the WoW community, it's like this big Venn diagram, not a Venn diagram, a big Venn diagram, and there's a ton of people that do play like two or three versions of the game. I hope that because of Cataclysm launch, Season Discovery level 50 doesn't end up being like three or four months long, because I think that will actually like, they're playing into release hype all year round, when they should, right? Because that's always whenever WoW is always at its peak whenever it plays around release hype. But if we're looking at like three to four months for level 50, damn, that would not feel great. Now, level 50 is a lot better than level 25, for example, but that would be rough, I think. Then again, Cataclysm classic is going to come out. I personally am not a huge fan of Cataclysm in the past. The reason I even came back to WoW after I initially quit and came back for Cataclysm, so Dracova and I had a mutual friend who was trying to get us both to come back. Then I came back to play. I played for like two months and all I did was PvP and I just didn't like it. I was like, I don't feel like I'm playing a Paladin anymore. This class doesn't feel the same. It doesn't feel like I'm playing the same game. I didn't enjoy it. Now, with all that being said, I didn't really raid. I was in a guild called like No Kingslayer. All we did was PvP, all that stuff. So from what I've heard from a lot of other people who played Cataclysm is actually Cataclysm raiding was phenomenal. Sorry I was a little late putting those visuals together for your slideshow, but here's a draft. No, not a men diagram. Okay, unbelievable. Wait, this is pretty good. So anyway, I've heard from a lot of other people that Cataclysm raiding was actually phenomenal. If you guys remember, the whole phrase Wrath Baby came about whenever Cataclysm launched and then the content, the PvE content was too hard for people and then people kept saying, oh, like these kids don't know how it used to be back in the day. These kids ain't got no idea. These Wrath Babies got no idea how it was, man. We grew up, man. When we grew up and going to Molten Core, they don't know how it was in Blackwing Lair. They don't, they, they got no idea. They don't know anything about our SSC, our Tempest Keep Attunements, our Serpent Shrine Attunement. They got no idea. Cataclysm raiding, I never did and I've heard that it's very, very fun and very good. I more than likely will not really go too hard on Cataclysm, but I do think that the leveling in Cataclysm was phenomenal. I had, I actually had so much fun leveling in Cataclysm. So more than likely I will, I will play Cataclysm on launch and level and do that. So after that, after Cataclysm launch, we're going to get our level 60. So this looks like, you know, level 60 New Ruins and game activities. And then this is the key thing to look at here. At the end of the year, season of discovery and game content updates is what we have here at the end of the year. We were probably looking at an October, November, probably after BlizzCon. So it's blocked. Dude, it's like three pixels. Okay. Hold on. There. Saved. Okay. What does end game content mean after this phase right here? Is this like a phase one classic wow level 60 molten core, no dire mall, no nothing? What is this? I think what this is relies so much on what we get here right after Cataclysm comes out right when you hit level 60. I think it is a bad idea to release all the content at once. You guys know my history. You guys know what I'm about. I'm huge on on patch progressive, like a patch progressive release of vanilla wow. So the extreme version of a completely non progressive vanilla wow is what we saw in hardcore. Not only is there no progressive itemization and you know, you're going through the patches and the items get buffed and nerfed as it was originally to where it like fits with the content. But on top of that, you're getting all the boosted ZG gear, all the buffed up aq 20 gear, all this stuff that's supposed to be catch up gear, catch up content for people that are new to the game or new level 60s to do moan core. You can do that before you do moan core. You can do that before you do BWL and a lot of the gear in those dungeons are actually better than stuff that you can get out of the raids. Not only that, in the raids themselves, there is gear that drops in molten core that didn't drop whenever the game came out. There's gear that drops in the game that just didn't exist. There's gear that drops in dungeons. There's there's gear that is super strong in dungeons that was not like that at all when the game came out. Very famously savage gladiator chain is is like the best melee DPS chess piece until aq 40.  Maybe that's something like an enhanced shaman would wear normally, but that wasn't really a thing in original classic, right? Not not very well anyway. It was it was pretty pretty scuffed. I would love for them to do progressive minorization. They will never do it. It's a pipe dream. I like to talk about it because it's fun because that it changes the game so much. That's by the way, that's what we got on like Nostalrius, Elysium, Light's Hope, all that stuff. Show them. Oh, okay, here you go. So this is like some old stats on gear. So this is the old this is the old version of savage gladiator chain. The original version. So this doesn't get buffed until patch 1.10 in original WoW. Original WoW patch 1.10 was the patch after aq 40. I believe that's the same patch that they added the tier 0.5 quest chain. So a lot changed with vanilla WoW that a lot of people like if you started playing vanilla WoW in classic 2019, you don't know. Or maybe you just forgot, right? There's people forget things all the time. But there's so much about this game that like changed over the years that people have no idea. And I say people, obviously there's people that know, but I would say like if you like the average person doesn't know about like a lot of these minute details. Again, this is a pipe dream. I don't even know why I'm talking about this. I love talking about it, but it I don't think Blizzard will ever do it. That would be the best version of vanilla WoW they could possibly make is if they had peresvitamization in like a classic era setting while tweaking some of the stuff under the hood. That is the best version of vanilla WoW I could think of. Now in a season of discovery situation, I actually don't know if they should do that because they're modifying the classes around what's currently in the game.  I think it would actually maybe be too much to do with them adding all these runes and changing classes so much. Let's wrap all that up and go back to this. And I think a lot of what you see at the end here will be dependent on what you see in probably September, I would guess.  If it's September, that's going to be miserable. Oh dude, they might stretch this because of this and if they go to March, that would be so long, dude. Now here's another thing though, they might need this much time to just develop it, man. Dude, if you compare this to retail, War Within is probably going to come out. It's probably not going to be staggered at all. Like there's like too much. If you were a WoW player, by the way, this year is going to be crazy for you. You're going to have so much to do in WoW. This is like the year of WoW. If you play Cataclysm, if you play Hardcore, if you play Season of Discovery, I mean just look at this, man. WoW is back, baby. WoW is back. So my prediction for dates of Season of Discovery, looking at all this, I think this will be at the end of January. I think Season of Discovery is at the end of January, phase two. Hardcore solo self-found is in February. I think Season of Discovery level 50, it'll probably be between April and March. I think that Cataclysm is probably going to be in May or June. Level 60 is probably going to be August. Maybe July. I hope Season of Discovery is July. You know what though? I bet level 50 is going to be good content. You are right, N.W. James. You know why? For stream content, trying to do level 60 raids at level 50 is going to be awesome. Project 50. Yeah, literally. You need to be 55 to enter raid. No, I'm saying dungeons, not raids. Did I say raid? Maybe I misspoke. So what do you guys think? Are you guys excited about the roadmap for Classic? Do you guys think it's too fast? Do you guys think it's too slow? I'm a little bit worried about the speed here, and I think as far as end game goes, are we going to see content after next? Are we going to see a natural, like, progressive phase situation where it's like, okay, we got Molten Core here, we got BWL here, and so on? I hope they don't release everything all at once. I think that would be a poor decision. Also, this kind of leads me to believe I think of Season of Discovery as like a Classic Plus Beta. That's the way that I'm thinking about it. But this leads me to believe that this kind of is their Classic Plus, and they might not do a release of like a full, fresh level 60 Season of Discovery Classic Plus thing once it's all said and done. I don't know. That was my initial thought. Maybe they're not going to do that now, or maybe they do this, or maybe they show this as this, and then what they're actually going to decide to do is, hey, we're going to, we're going to do a fresh Season of Discovery starting at level one and go straight to level 60 and all that. So yeah, it is what it is. So anyway, yeah, like I said, let me know what you guys think while I was back, baby. Let me know what you guys think. If you guys like it, like the video, make sure to subscribe. Leave me a comment. Let me know what you think. I'm very excited about the future of Classic personally with Season of Discovery and everything. The Classic team has done a really, really good job. And I said this earlier. I said this after BlizzCon, but this is like the first time I've felt like positively about Blizzard as a company in like 15 years. Everything is SfanTV, Twitch, YouTube, Instagram, Discord, Reddit, everything is SfanTV. Thank you guys for watching. I'll see you guys next time.