Section 23 of the Handi-Cyclopedia of Things Worth Knowing. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by Caitlin Sticko, 2007. The Handi-Cyclopedia of Things Worth Knowing. By Joseph Treenins, published in 1911, Section 23. Health and Beauty Would you be beautiful? In Womanly Beauty the excellence is expected and looked for, our faultless symmetry of form and feature, and a complexion varying in hue as the mind is affected by internal emotion, but with an expression of purity, gentleness, sensibility, refinement, and intelligence. More, the poet has given expression to his ideal of beauty in the following lines. This was not the beauty, oh, nothing like this, that too young Norma Hall gave such magic bliss, but that loveliness ever in motion which plays like light upon autumn's shadowy days. Now here and now there giving warmth as it flies, from the lips to the cheek, from the cheek to the eyes, now melting and mist, now breaking in gleams, like the glimpses a saint has of heavenly dreams. Wordsworth expressed himself in the following lines. He was among the prime and worth, an object-beautious to behold, well-born, well-bred, I sent him forth, ingenuous, innocent, and bold. Perhaps you ask how you can attain beauty if you do not possess it, or, if you have some of its qualities, how you may get those you are lacking. If you practice the following rules, you will grow more and more beautiful in the eyes of others, even if age does bring grey hair and a wrinkled skin. First, cleanliness is next to godliness, practice it in every feature of your daily life. Second, have some purpose to achieve and steadfastly work to attain it. Third, cultivate self-discipline, be master of your passions under all circumstances. Fourth, study to know the laws of life that yield harmony and good health and obey them. Look on the bright side of life always. Fifth, avoid intemperance in all things.  Care of the scalp and hair Beautiful hair, beautiful skin, and a beautiful form are the three graces which are the birthright of every woman but which, through lack of good judgment and common sense or through thoughtlessness on the part of mothers of growing children, comparatively few possess. Beautiful hair is one of nature's greatest gifts and yet we never seem to appreciate it until there is danger of losing it or until it becomes faded and lusterless because we have not used the right means for preserving it. The beauty and continuance of the hair depend upon its proper nourishment gained by the circulation of blood through the scalp and this must be maintained to keep hair in good condition. The structure of the hair is very beautiful and each hair is contained in a delicate sheath which fits into a slight depression in the skin called the follicle and around the base of the hair nature has provided glands to secrete oily matter, the purpose of which is to keep the hair glossy. In early maturity the hair reaches the state of greatest beauty and at this time the greatest care should be given it feeding and nourishing it as we would a plant giving it plenty of air and sunlight carefully shampooing it at least once in ten days. Massage the scalp to keep it loose and flexible use electricity, a good tonic and occasionally singe the split ends. If this process is commenced at the right time the result will be fewer cases of baldness in men and thin poor hair in women. The hair should also be worn loosely forming a soft frame for the face which is always more becoming than tightly drawn hair. Many women drag their hair out by the roots by tying it back too firmly. Care of the skin A beautiful skin is smooth, soft and clear the colour varies in different individuals in perfect health it is moist and with the delicate shading of a flower climate, hair and eyes of course determining the colour and the continued beauty of it depending on pure blood fresh air and sunlight and also perfect cleanliness and care the pores should always be kept free from obstruction and extremes of heat and cold avoided as much as possible. In health the care of the skin is a simple matter massage being a great factor assisted always by the use of pure creams. A good cleansing cream is a great necessity as it enters the pores and frees them from dirt leaving the skin soft and pliable in which condition it is ready to absorb the skin food when the finger massage is given making it possible for the gentle electric current to force the ointment into the deeper layers of the skin thus affecting the removal of moth patches tan freckles and other discolorations and imperfections. The vibratory massage should follow the purpose of which is to stimulate the tissues taking off worn-out particles and increasing the circulation of the blood by giving proper exercise to the facial muscles thereby restoring and preserving the colour and contour making the skin beautiful, clear, eradicating and preventing wrinkles. The use of a pure face powder is absolutely necessary best results are obtained by using a blended powder the skin tint is thus assured. To develop the bust a beautiful bust is the desire and admiration of every woman if nature has not been kind in this respect any woman can develop a beautiful bust by exercise, bathing and gentle massage with a good bust ointment or skin food electric massage is very beneficial and if properly given brings quick and sure results swimming and deep breathing are great aids. Care of the hands A study of the hand is very interesting and if mothers understood more of its beautiful construction many of the little accidents which result in deformed fingernails could be avoided. Mothers should attend most carefully to the early cultivation of their children's fingernails as the habit of biting them is so easily formed and is sure to permanently destroy their beauty. A perfect hand is rounded and plump soft, white and dimpled with tapering fingertips and filbert shaped nails showing the little half moon. It is possible for any woman to have such a hand if she is willing to take time once a week to have the nails treated and to give them a little personal attention every day. Great care should be taken in washing the hands. A mild soap should be used and particular attention paid to the thorough drying of them after which a good cuticle cream should be applied and well rubbed in. The same cream may be used to loosen the cuticle at the base of the nail when it can be gently pushed back thus keeping the half moon exposed. An orange wood stick should always be used to clean the nails. Massaging the hands at least once a month aids wonderfully in making them symmetrical and keeping the joints flexible and the skin free from dark spots and wrinkles. Infant feeding and management It is of prime importance in feeding an infant to do this at regular intervals since during the first three months of its life the feeding habits of the child should be established and if care be used in this regard the child will wake of its own accord at the proper time. The last meal at night should be at eleven p.m. and if the child is healthy and will sleep it need not be fed until three to five a.m. the following morning. In both breast and artificial feeding the above applies and the same method should be employed namely the child should be held in the arms during the meal which should last from ten to fifteen minutes. Both in breast and artificial feeding it is possible to overfeed the child. Many infants are systematically overfed. The young mother should understand how small an infant's stomach is. At birth it will hold a little more than an ounce of fluid or two tablespoonfuls and at the end of two months only three ounces. If therefore the mother persists in trying to give the child four ounces of food the child will suffer from an excess. Many children during the first few months of life bring up their food and the mother fears that there is some inherent tendency to weak digestion. It is wrong to feed a child simply because it cries as very frequently it is not a cry of hunger but one caused by indigestion from overfeeding. If the child is being fed with the bottle it is important that the food be given at a temperature of one hundred degrees Fahrenheit or as nearly that as possible, never over. And if the child be fed out of doors in its carriage it is well to have a flannel bag of some kind to slip over the bottle to keep it at the same temperature until the meal is finished. Many cases of colic are caused by inattention to this point. It is a common mistake that when a child cries it needs additional food. There are many cases where a little drink of water is the prime need of the child and great care should be taken that this is heated to the proper temperature and especially that no water be given to the child except that which has been boiled.  For the same reason therefore if a child be fed by the bottle the water used in preparing the food should have been previously boiled and care should be exercised not to expose the food to the air during or after its preparation. It should be remembered that the food of a child must be nutritious and that in this food especially when at the proper temperature for the infant bacteria from the air will flourish wonderfully fast and therefore the food should not be exposed to possible contamination. It is of very great importance that the feeding bottles be always clean and sweet. It is an advantage to have several bottles on hand and also two or three brushes for cleaning. Keep a special vessel with water in which there is a little bicarbonate of soda so that the moment the bottle is used it may be thoroughly washed and kept in the water. Do not use a nipple with a rubber tube but the short black rubber nipples which fit over the mouth of the bottle. Do not enlarge the hole in the nipple so as to make it too easy for the baby to rapidly draw its food otherwise the food being taken so rapidly into the stomach will often cause pain or vomiting. In washing the nipples turn them inside out and see that they are as thoroughly cleansed as possible and keep them for use in a bottle filled with boiled water with a pinch of boric acid added. The first nursing it is very important that the child should be put to the breast immediately after it is washed. This is very necessary both for the mother and the child and prevents subsequent troubles. The fluid contained in the breast is at this stage called colostrum and is intended by nature to act upon the child as a laxative. This first nursing stimulates the secretion of the milk and causes uterine contraction which is very much needed at this time. It is well to wash the infant's mouth out with sterilized water every time it feeds. For this purpose use clean water which has been boiled and allowed to cool or a solution of boric acid in boiled water five grains to the ounce of water. Infants as a rule should be bathed once a day but never immediately after being nursed or fed In very warm weather a child may be sponged in the evening as well as in the morning. The water for the bath of a young baby should be warm and the temperature can be judged by testing it with the elbow which is more sensitive than the hand. Lay a small blanket on the lap cover the child with a flannel and sponge it under the clothes this prevents it from taking cold from exposure. The room should not be cooler than sixty-eight degrees Fahrenheit and the door must be kept closed to avoid drafts.  The body should be carefully dried and lightly powdered to absorb any moisture that may remain. End of Section 23 Section 24 of the Handy Cyclopedia of Things Worth Knowing This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer please visit LibriVox.org The Handy Cyclopedia of Things Worth Knowing by Joseph Treynon Published in 1911 Section 24 The Names of the Months The Derivations of the Names of the Months January The Roman God Janus presided over the beginning of everything. Hence the first month of the year was called after him. February The Roman Festival Februs was held on the fifteenth day of this month in honor of Lupercas, the God of Fertility. March Named from the Roman God of War, Mars April Latin A Prilis probably derived from Aparir to open because spring generally begins and the buds open in this month. May Latin Mayus probably derived from Mea, a feminine divinity worshipped at Rome on the first day of this month. June Juno, a Roman divinity worshipped as the Queen of Heaven. July Julius Julius Caesar was born in this month. August Named by the Emperor Augustus Caesar, B.C. 30, after himself, as he regarded it as a fortunate month, being that in which he had gained several victories. September September or seven September was the seventh month of the Old Roman calendar. October Octo or eight Eight month of the Old Roman year. November November or nine November was the ninth month of the Old Roman year. December December or ten December was the tenth month of the Early Roman year. Not the twenty-first of this month, the sun enters the tropic of Capricorn and forms the winter solstice. Days of the week Sunday Saxon Sun and dayed Day of the sun Monday German Montag Day of the moon Tuesday Anglo-Saxon to his dead from to the God of war. Wednesday Anglo-Saxon Wadness-Deg from Odin the God of storms. Thursday Danish Thor the God of thunder. Friday Saxon Fragadeg Day of Freya Goddess of marriage. Saturday the day of Saturn the God of time. The names of the seven days of the week originated with the Egyptian astronomers. They gave them the names of the sun, moon and five planets, Viz, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus and Saturn. What housekeepers should remember? That cold rain water and soap will remove machine grease from washable fabrics. That fish may be scaled much easier by first dipping them into boiling water for a minute. That fresh meat beginning to sour will sweeten if placed outdoors in the cool air overnight. That milk which has changed may be sweetened or rendered fit for use again by stirring in a little soda.  That kerosene will soften boots and shoes that have been hardened by water and will render them as pliable as new. That thoroughly wetting the hair once or twice with a solution of salt and water will keep it from falling out. That salt fish are quickest and best freshened by soaking in sour milk. That salt will curdle new milk, hence in preparing porridge, gravies, etc. That salt should not be added until the dish is prepared. That one teaspoon of ammonia to a tea cup of water applied with a rag will clean silver or gold jewelry perfectly. That paint stains that are dry and old may be removed from cotton and woolen goods with chloroform. It is a good plan to first cover the spot with olive oil or butter. That clear boiling water will remove tea stains, sustain and thus prevent it spreading over the fabric. That charcoal is recommended as an absorbent of gases in the milk room where foul gases are present. It should be freshly powdered and kept there continually, especially in hot weather, when unwholesome odors are most liable to infect the milk. That applying kerosene with a rag when you are about to put your stoves away for the summer will prevent them from rusting. Treat your farming implements in the same way before you lay them aside for the fall. That a teaspoon full of borax put in the last water in which clothes are rinsed will whiten them surprisingly. Pound the borax so it will dissolve easily. This is especially good to remove the yellow that time gives to white garments that have been laid aside for two or three years. That a good agency for keeping the air of the cellar sweet and wholesome is whitewash of good white lime and water only. The addition of glue or sighs or anything of that kind only furnishes organic matter to speedily putrify. The use of lime and whitewash is not only to give a white color but it greatly promotes the complete oxidation of effluvia in the cellar air. Any vapors that contain combined nitrogen in the unoxidized form contribute powerfully to the development of disease germs. Character as seen in faces Thick lips indicate genius and conservatism. Large dilating nostrils are a sign of poetic temperament and a sensitive nature. A long forehead denotes liberality. Arched eyebrows, good ancestry and amiability. A bold projecting Roman nose indicates enterprise. Delicate nose, good nature. A large nose, strength of will and character. An eye that looks one cheerfully and frankly in the face shows honesty and faithfulness. Lips slightly curved upward at the ends indicate a fine sense of humor. Soft round cheeks denote gentleness and affection. Dimples in the cheeks, roguery. In the chin, one who falls easily in love. Broad chin denotes firmness. Straight lips, firmly closed, resolution. Large ears denote generosity. Bell Time on Shipboard Time on Shipboard is divided into periods of four hours from midnight to midnight and the lapse of every half hour is marked by one or more strokes of the bell from one stroke for the end of the first half hour or in nautical language eight bells for the end of the fourth hour. Thus, twelve thirty a.m. is one bell. One o'clock a.m., two bells. One thirty a.m., three bells. Two o'clock a.m., four bells. Two thirty a.m., five bells. Three o'clock a.m., six bells. Three thirty a.m., seven bells. Four o'clock a.m., eight bells. Then four thirty a.m. is indicated by one bell. Five o'clock a.m., two bells, et cetera. Eight bells being sounded at eight o'clock a.m., twelve o'clock a.m., four o'clock p.m., eight o'clock p.m., and twelve o'clock p.m. Four to eight o'clock p.m. is divided into two dog watches called first dog watch and last dog watch so as to change the watches daily. Otherwise, starboard or port watch would be on deck the same hours day after day. Queer analogies in nature. The coconut is, in many respects, like the human skull, although it closely resembles the skull of the monkey. A sponge may be so held as to remind one of the unflashed face of the skeleton, and the meat of an English walnut is almost the exact representation of the brain.  Almonds and some other nuts resemble the different varieties of the human nose, and an opened oyster and its shell are a perfect image of the human ear. The shape of almost any man's body may be found in the various kinds of mammoth pumpkins. The open hand may be discerned in the form assumed by scrub willows and growing celery. The German turnip and the eggplant resemble the human heart. There are other striking resemblances between human organs and certain vegetable forms. The forms of many mechanical contrivances and common use may be traced back to the patterns furnished by nature. Thus the hog suggested the plow, the butterfly, the ordinary hinge, the toadstool, the umbrella, the duck, the ship, the fungus growth on trees, the bracket. Anyone desirous of proving the oneness of the earthly system will find the resemblances in nature a most amusing study. Scientific American Modern fables Luxury Of two cats, one thinking to be very fine, hunted only hummingbirds and the other hunted only mice, the first had to hunt much longer than the other because hummingbirds were scarce, so that it spent nearly all its life in getting food, while the other had little trouble to get all it wanted. How unfortunate it is, said the first cat, that I have formed my liking for what is so hard to get and is so little when I have it.  But once, when drinking with his head turned upstream, he saw a whole drove of hawks washing in the water above him, attracting attention. A flea, which saw many people trying to get the attention of a king and waiting long for that purpose, said, though I am but a little thing, I will get his attention. So he jumped up the throne until he got on the king's head.  In making yourself a nuisance, you get recognition before the lords of the realm, but only as a flea.  He went back the next day to get his tail when he got his foot cut off. Now he said, Go back and get both my foot and my tail.  Mug Whumpery A mule on one side of the fence was discontented because he was not on the other side. He finally jumped over when he was equally discontented because he was not back again. Which side of the fence do you want to be on? asked the horse. The matter, replied the mule, provided I am on the other side. The non-partisan A dog running about in an irregular way was asked where he was going. I am not going anywhere, replied the dog, but only running about to learn where to go. Partisanship The swans, wishing to drive the peacocks from a park, procured a law against big feet. The peacocks retaliated by getting a counter-law against big necks. Soon one side could see nothing but ugly feet, and the other nothing but long necks. At last they came to think peacocks were all feet, and swans all neck. Number of miles by water from New York. To Amsterdam 3510 Bermuda's 160 Bombay 11574 Boston 310 Buenos Aires 7110 Calcutta 12425 Kenton 13900 Cape Horn 8115 Cape of Good Hope 6830 Charleston 750 Columbia River 15965 Constantinople 5140 Dublin 3225 Gibraltar 3300 Halifax 612 Hamburg 3775 Pavana 1420 Haavre 3210 Kingston 1640 Lima 11310 Liverpool 3210 London 3375 Madras 11850 Naples 4,330 New Orleans 2045 Paris Paris Paris Paris 355 Panama 2358 Pekin 15325 Philadelphia 240 Quebec 1400 Rio Janeiro 3840 Sandwich Islands 15300 San Francisco 15858 St. Petersburg 4,420 Valparaiso 9750 Washington 400 Around the globe 25000 and of section 24 Section 25 of the Handy Cyclopedia of Things Worth Knowing This is a LibriVox recording All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain For more information or to volunteer please visit LibriVox.org The Handy Cyclopedia of Things Worth Knowing by Joseph Trennans published in 1911 Section 25 Business Law and Brief It is a fraud to conceal a fraud Ignorance of the law excuses no one A contract made on a Sunday is void A contract made with a lunatic is void The act of one partner binds all the others An agreement without consideration is void The law compels no one to do impossibilities Agents are liable to their principles for errors Principles are liable for their acts of the agents A receipt for money paid is not legally conclusive Signatures made with a lead pencil are good in law The seal of a party to a written contract imports consideration A contract made with a minor cannot be enforced against him A note made by a minor is voidable Each individual in a partnership is liable for the whole amount of the debts of the firm A note which does not state on its face that it bears interest will bear interest only after due A lease of land for a longer term than one year is void and less in writing An endorser of a note is exempt from liability if notice of its dishonor is not mailed or served within twenty-four hours of its non-payment In case of the death of the principal maker of a note, the holder is not required to notify a surety that the note is not paid before the settlement of the maker's estate obtained by fraud or made by an intoxicated person are not collectible If no time of payment is specified in a note, it is payable on demand An endorser can avoid liability by writing without recourse beneath his signature A check endorsed by the payee is evidence of payment in the drawer's hands An outlawed debt is revived should the debtor make a partial payment If negotiable paper pledged to a bank as security for the payment of a loan or debt falls due and the bank fails to demand payment and have it protested when dishonored the bank is liable to the owner for the full amount of the paper Want of consideration a common defense interposed to the payment of negotiable paper is a good defense between the original parties to the paper but after it has been transferred before maturity to an innocent holder for value it is not a defense Sometimes the holder of paper has the right to demand payment before maturity For instance, when a draft has been protested for non-acceptance and the proper notice is served the holder may at once proceed against the drawer and endorsers Negotiable paper payable to bearer or endorser in blank which has been stolen or lost cannot be collected by the thief or finder but a holder who receives it in good faith before maturity for value can hold it against the owner's claim at the time it was lost If a note or draft is to be paid in the state where it is made the contract will be governed by the laws of that state When negotiable paper is payable in a state other than that which it is made the laws of that state will govern it Marriage contracts if valid where they are made are valid everywhere Contracts relating to personal property are governed by the laws of the place where made except those relating to real state which are governed by the laws of the place where the land is situated The right of Dower Dower is one-third of the husband's estate and in general cannot be destroyed by the mere act of the husband Hence in the sale of real estate by the husband his wife must with the husband sign the conveyance to make the title complete to the purchaser In the absence of signature the widow can claim full Dower rights after the husband's death Creditors also sees the property subject to such Dower rights The husband in his will sometimes gives his wife property in lieu of dowry In this case she may, after his death elect to take either such property or her Dower but she cannot take both While the husband lives the wife's right of Dower is only in co-hate it cannot be enforced Should he sell the land to a stranger she has no right of action or remedy until his death In all cases the law of the state in which the land is situated governs it and as in the case of airship full information must be sought for in statute which is applicable Marriage and divorce Marriage may be entered into by any two persons with the following exceptions Idiots, lunatics persons of unsound mind persons related by blood or affinity within certain degrees prohibited by law infants under the age of consent which varies in the different states and all persons already married and not legally divorced The causes for which divorce may be obtained very greatly in the different states In South Carolina only fraud and force are recognized as invalidating the marriage tie with this state having no divorce law In the District of Columbia and all the other states with the exception of Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan and Virginia cruelty is a statutory cause and desertion in all but New York In most of the states neglect is also recognized as a valid cause Imprisonment for crime is a cause in all except Florida, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey and New York Physical inability is a cause in all of the states except California, Connecticut, Idaho, North Dakota and Texas Massachusetts, New Jersey, North Carolina, North Dakota Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia and West Virginia The time of residence required to secure a divorce varies from six months in Idaho, Nebraska, Nevada and Texas to three to five years in Massachusetts In most states it is one year Rights of married women Any and all property which a woman owns at her marriage together with rents, issues and profits thereof and the property which comes to her by descent, devise, bequest, gift or grant or which she acquires by her trade, business, labor or services performed on her separate account shall not withstanding her marriage remain her sole and separate property and may be used, collected and invested by her in her own name and shall not be subject to the interference or control of her husband or be liable for his debts unless for such debts as may have been contracted for the support of herself or children by her as his agent Married women may likewise bargain sell, assign, transfer and convey such property regarding the same on her separate trade labor or business with the like effect as if she were unmarried her husband however is not liable for such contracts and they do not render him or his property in any way liable thereof she may also sue and be sued in all matters having relation to her sale and separate property in the same manner as if she were sold In the following cases a married woman's contract may be enforced against her and her separate estate may be traded in or respecting the carrying on of the trade or business of the wife two when it relates to or is made for the sole benefit of her sole or separate estate three when the intention to charge the separate estate is expressed in the contract creating the liability when a husband receives a principal sum of money belonging to his wife the law presumes he receives it for her use and he must account for it or expended on her account by her authority or direction or that she gave it to him as a gift if he receives interest or income and spends it with her knowledge and without objection a gift will be presumed from acquiescence money received by a husband from his wife and expended by him under her direction on his land and improving the home of the family is a gift and cannot be recovered by the wife or reclaimed or an account demanded an appropriation by a wife herself or of her separate property to the use and benefit of her husband in the absence of all agreement to repay or any circumstances from which such can be inferred will not create the relation of debtor and creditor nor render the husband liable to account though no gifts of word be spoken a gift by a wife to her husband may be shown by the very nature of the transaction or appear from the attending circumstances a wife who causally deserts her husband is not entitled to the aid of a court of equity in getting possession of such chattels as she has contributed to the furnishing and adornment of her husband's home her legal title remains and she could convey her interest to a third party by sale and said party would have a good title unless her husband should prove a gift wife's property is not liable to a lien of a subcontractor for materials furnished to the husband for the erection of a building thereon where it is not shown that the wife was notified of the intention to furnish the materials or a settlement made with the contractor and given to the wife, her agent, or trustee the common law of the United States has some curious provisions regarding the rights of married women though in all the states there are statutory provisions essentially modifying this law as it now stands the husband is responsible for necessary supply to the wife even should he not fail to supply them himself and is held liable if he turn her from his house or otherwise separates himself from her without good cause he is not held liable if the wife deserts him or if he turns her away for good cause if she leaves him through good cause then he is liable if a man lives with a woman as his wife and so represents her even though this representation is made to one or she is not he is liable the same way as if she were his wife the law of finding the general rule is that the finder has a clear title against everyone but the owner the proprietor of a hotel or shop has no right to demand property of others found on his premises such proprietors may make regulations in regard to lost property which will bind their employees but they cannot bind the public the finder has been held to stand in the place of the owner so that he was permitted by all action against a person who found an article which the plaintiff had originally found but subsequently lost the police have no special right in regard to articles lost unless those rights are conferred by statute receivers of articles found are trustees of for the owner or finder they have no power in the absence of special statute to keep an article against the finder any more than the finder has to retain an article against the owner the law of copyright the new copyright law which went into effect July 1st, 1909 differs in many respects from the law previously in force its main provisions are given below but those desiring to avail themselves of its protection should write to the register of copyrights Library of Congress Washington DC for full instructions and the necessary blanks etc. the new law provides that the application for registration of any work shall specify to which of the following classes the work in which copyright is claimed belongs A. books including composite and psychopedic works directories, guisetteers and other compilations B. periodicals including newspapers C. lecture sermons address is prepared for oral delivery D. dramatic or dramatic musical compositions C. musical compositions F. maps G. works of art models or designs for works of art H. reproductions of a work of art I. drawings or plastic works of a scientific or technical character J. photographs K. prints and pictorial illustrations necessary steps to secure copyright for works reproduced in copies for sale 1. publish the work with the copyright notice the notice may be in the form of copyright 19 year date of publication by name of copyright proprietor 2. promptly after publication since the copyright office Library of Congress Washington DC two copies of the best edition of the work with an application for registration and a money order payable to the register of copyrights for the statutory registration fee of $1 In the case of books by American authors or permanent residents of the United States, the copies deposited must be accompanied by an affidavit under the official seal of an officer authorizing to administer oaths stating that the type setting printed and binding of the book have been performed in the United States Affidavit and application forms will be supplied upon request Books of foreign origin in a language or languages other than English are not required to be manufactured in the United States In the case of a book in the English language published abroad before publication in this country an add-in term copyright for 30 days may be secured under certain conditions Copyright may also be had of certain classes of works CAB and C below of which copies are not reproduced for sale by filing an application for registration with the statutory fee of $1 sinning therewith A. In the case of lectures or other oral addresses or of dramatic musical compositions one complete manuscript or typewritten copy of the work Registration however does not accept the copyright proprietor from the deposit of printed copies B. In the case of photographs not intended for general circulation one photographic print C. In the cases of works of art paintings, drawings, sculpture or drawings or plastic works of a scientific or technical character one photograph of a terrifying reproduction of the work In all these cases if the work is later reproduced in copies for sale such copies must be deposited Duration of copyright The original term of copyright runs for 28 years and may be renewed under certain conditions for a further term of 28 years making 56 in all Assignments Copyrights are assignable by any instrument of writing. Every assignment of copyright must be recorded in the copyright office within 3 months after its execution within 6 months after its execution without the limits of the United States Legal holidays in various states January 1st New Year's Day All the states including District of Columbia except Massachusetts, Mississippi and New Hampshire January 19th Lee's birthday in Georgia, Florida North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia Alabama and Arkansas February 12th Lincoln's birthday in Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware Illinois, Kansas, Massachusetts, Minnesota Nevada, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota Pennsylvania, Washington and Wyoming February 22nd Washington's birthday in all the states and District of Columbia in Mississippi observed in the schools April 14th 1911 Good Friday in Alabama, Delaware, Florida, Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Tennessee April 19th Patriots Day in Maine and Massachusetts April 26th Confederate Memorial Day in Alabama, Florida, Georgia and Mississippi May 2nd Sunday Mother's Day recognized in 16 states May 10th Confederate Memorial Day in North Carolina and South Carolina in Tennessee 2nd Friday of May May last Friday Pioneer Day in Montana May 30th Decoration Day in all states and territories and the District of Columbia except Florida, Georgia Idaho, Louisiana, Mississippi North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee and Texas in Virginia called Confederate Memorial Day June 3rd Jefferson Davis's birthday in Florida, Georgia, Alabama Mississippi, Tennessee, Texas and South Carolina in Louisiana called Confederate Memorial Day July 4th Independence Day in all states, territories and the District September 4th 1911 Labor Day in all states, territories and the District except North Dakota October 12th Columbus Day in New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Connecticut in Montana, California, Ohio, Maryland, Kentucky and Rhode Island November 1st All Saints Day in Louisiana November General Election Day in Arizona, California, Colorado Delaware, Florida, Idaho, Illinois Chicago, Springfield and East St. Louis only Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota Montana, Missouri Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey New Mexico, New York, North Carolina South Dakota, Ohio 530 a.m. to 9 a.m. only Oklahoma, Oregon presidential only Pennsylvania, Rhode Island South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, West Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin and Wyoming By active March 3rd 1875 elections of representatives in Congress take place on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in November 1876 and every second year thereafter November 30th 1911 Thanksgiving all the states, Arizona, New Mexico and the District of Columbia December 25th Christmas Day in all the states, territories and the District Arbor Day in Arizona, Maine, Maryland, New Mexico, Wisconsin, Wyoming and Pennsylvania by appointment of the governor, Texas, February 22nd Nebraska, April 22nd Utah, April 15th Rhode Island, 2nd Friday of May, Montana, 2nd Tuesday of May, Georgia, 1st Friday of December, Colorado in the schools 3rd Friday in April, Oklahoma Friday after 2nd Monday in March Arkansas first Saturday in March half holidays every Saturday after 12 o'clock noon in California public offices in Illinois cities of 200,000 or more inhabitants in Maryland, Michigan, New York New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island Virginia, District of Columbia for banking, New Orleans, Charleston Louisiana and Missouri cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants in Tennessee state and county offices in Colorado for June, July and August in Indiana from first Saturday in June to last Saturday in October for public offices in counties with a county seat of 100,000 or more of population principal points of constitutional law Congress must meet at least once a year one state cannot undo the acts of another Congress may admit as many new states as desired the Constitution guarantees every citizen a speedy trial by jury a state cannot exercise a power which is vested in Congress alone one state must respect the laws and legal decisions of another Congress cannot pass a law to punish a crime already committed U.S. Senators are chosen by the legislatures of the states by joint ballot bills for revenue can originate only in the House of Representatives a person committing a felony in one state the Constitution of the United States forbids excessive bail or cruel punishment treaties with foreign countries are made by the President and ratified by the Senate in the U.S. Senate Rhode Island or Nevada has an equal voice with New York when Congress passes a bankruptcy law it annulls all the state laws on that subject writing alone does not constitute treason against the United States there must be an overt act Congress cannot lay any disabilities on the children of a person convicted of misdemeanor the territories each send a delegate to Congress who has the right of debate but not the right to vote the Vice President who ex officio presides over the Senate has no vote in that body except on a tie ballot an act of Congress cannot become a law over the President's veto except on a two-thirds vote of both houses an officer of the government cannot accept title of nobility order or honor without the permission of Congress money lost in the mail cannot be registered a letter does not ensure its contents it is the House of Representatives that may impeach the President for any crime and the Senate hears the accusation if the President holds a bill longer than 10 days while Congress is still in session it becomes a law without his signature silver coin of denominations less than one dollar is not a legal tender for more than five dollars copper and nickel coin is not legal tender the term of a congressman is two years but a congressman may be reelected to excessive terms as his constituents may wish amendments to the Constitution require two-thirds vote of each House of Congress and must be ratified by at least three-fourths of the states when the militias called out in the service of general government they pass out of the control of the various states under the command of the President the President of the United States must be 35 years of age a United States Senator 30 a congressman 25 the President must have been a resident of the United States for 14 years a grand jury is a secret tribunal and may hear only one side of a case it simply decides whether there is a good reason to hold for trial it consists of 24 men 12 of whom may indict a naturalized citizen cannot become President or Vice President of the United States a male child born abroad of American parents has an equal chance to become President with one born on American soil end of section 25 section 26 of the handi-cyclopedia of things worth knowing this is a LibriVox recording all LibriVox recordings are in the public domain for more information or to volunteer please visit LibriVox.org recording by Rosalind Wills the handi-cyclopedia of things worth knowing by Joseph Trinans published in 1911 section 26 shammy skins the animal from which the shammy skin derives its name inhabits the high mountains from the Pyrenees to the Caucasus shammy's are most numerous in the Alps where they dwell in small herds and feed on the herbage of the mountain sides they are about the size of a small goat dark chestnut brown in color with the exception of the forehead the sides of the lower jaws and the muzzle which are white its horns rising above the eyes are black, smooth and straight for two-thirds of their length when they suddenly curve backward provided with a gun, a bag of provisions an iron shod staff to assist him in climbing and leaping an axe to cut steps in the ice and shoes studded with iron points traverses the mountains and follows his prey not only during the day but also at night nearly all the shammy skins now in the market are made from the skins of the lamb or sheep this industry has been largely developed in England and France and these countries have supplied the market of the United States almost exclusively until recent years when the manufacture of these goods was commenced in the United States what's in a name? origin and meaning of names of men A. Aaron Hebrew a mountain or lofty Abel Hebrew Vanity Abraham Hebrew the father of many Absalom Hebrew Red Earth Adolphus Saxon Adrian Latin Alan Celtic Slavonic Albert Saxon Alexander Alfred Saxon Alonzo Alfonso Alfonso German ready or willing Ambrose Greek immortal Amos Hebrew a burden Andrew Greek courageous Anthony Latin Flourishing Archibald German a bold observer Arnold German a maintainer of honor Arthur British a strong man Augustus Latin venerable grand B. Baldwin German a bold winner Barnaby Hebrew a prophet's son Bartholomew Hebrew the son of him who made the waters to rise Beaumont French a pretty mount Benjamin Hebrew the son of a right hand Bennett Latin Bertram German fair illustrious Bertrand German bright raven Boniface Latin a well doer Brian French having a thundering voice C Cadwaladre British Valiant in war Caesar Latin Adorned with hair Caleb Hebrew a dog Cecil Latin Dimsided Charles German Noble spirited Christopher Greek Bering Christ Clement Latin Mild tempered German Abel council Cornelius Latin meaning uncertain Crispin Latin having curled locks Cuthbert Saxon known famously D Daniel Hebrew God is judge David Hebrew well beloved Dennis Greek belonging to the God of wine Douglas Gaelic dark gray Duncan Saxon brown chief Dunstan Saxon most high E Edgar Saxon happy honor Edmund Saxon happy peace Edward Saxon happy keeper Edwin Conqueror Egbert Saxon ever bright Elijah Hebrew God the Lord Elijah Hebrew The salvation of God Emmanuel Hebrew God with us Enoch Hebrew Dedicated Ephraim Hebrew Fruitful Erasmus Greek Ernest Greek Ernest serious Esau Hebrew Harry Eugene Greek Nobly descended Eustis Greek standing firm Evan or Ivan British the same as John Evard German well reported Ezekiel Hebrew the strength of God F Felix Latin happy Ferdinand German Pure peace Fergus Saxon Manly strength Francis German Free Frederick German Rich peace G Gabriel Hebrew The strength of God German joyful George Greek A husbandman Gerald Saxon All towardliness Gideon Hebrew A breaker Gilbert Saxon Bright as gold Giles Greek A little goat Godard German A godly disposition God free German God's peace Godwin German Victorious in God Griffith British Having great faith Guy French A leader H Hannibal Punic A gracious lord Harold Saxon A champion Hector Greek A stout defender Henry German Rich lord Herbert German A bright lord Hercules Greek The glory of Hera or Juno Horus Latin Meaning uncertain Howl British Sound or whole Hubert German A bright color Hugh Dutch High lofty Humphrey German X I Ignatius Latin Fiery Ingram German Of angelic purity Isaac Hebrew Laughter Jay Jabez Hebrew One who causes pain Jacob Hebrew A supplanter James or Jacques Hebrew Joel Acquiescent John The grace of the lord Jonah A dove Jonathan The gift of the lord Joseph Addition Joshua A savior Josiah Hebrew the fire of the lord Julius Latin soft haired El Lambert Saxon A fair lamb Lancelot Spanish A little lance Lawrence Latin Crowned with laurels Lazarus Hebrew Destitute of help Leonard German Like a lion Leopold German Defending the people Louis or Louis French the defender of the people Lionel Latin A little lion Llewellyn British Like a lion Llewellyn Celtic Lightning Lucius Latin Shining Luke Creek A wood or grove Manfred German Great peace Mark Latin A hammer Martin Latin Marshall Matthew Hebrew A gift or present Maurice Latin Sprung of a moor Meredith British The roaring of the sea Michael Hebrew Who is like God British a mariner Moses Hebrew Drawn out N Nathaniel Hebrew the gift of God Neil French somewhat black Nicholas Greek victorious over the people Noelle French belonging to one's nativity Norman French one born in Normandy Oh Oliver Latin an olive Orlando Italian Council for the land Orson Latin a bear Osmond Saxon house peace Oswald Saxon ruler of a house Owen British well descended P Patrick Latin A nobleman Paul Latin Small little Percival French A place in France Percy English Adaptation of Pierce I Peter Greek a rock or stone Philip Greek a lover of horses Phineas Hebrew of bold countenance R Ralph contracted from Randolph or Randall or Rudolph Saxon pure help Raymond German quiet peace Ruben Hebrew the son of vision Reynolds German a lover of purity Richard Saxon powerful Robert German famous in council Roderick German Rich in fame Rollo Form of Roland QV Rufus Latin reddish Roger German Strong council Roland German Council for the land S Samson Hebrew A little son Samuel Hebrew And by God Saul Hebrew Desired Seth Hebrew Appointed Silas Latin Sylvan or living in the woods Simeon Hebrew Hearing Simon Hebrew Obedient Solomon Hebrew Peaceable Stephen Greek Saxon very high T Theobald Saxon bold over the people Theodore Greek The gift of God Thomas Hebrew A twin Timothy Greek A fear of God Titus Greek meaning uncertain Toby Hebrew goodness of the Lord V Valentine Latin powerful Victor Latin Conqueror Vincent Latin Conquering Vivian Latin Living W Walter German A conqueror Wilfred Saxon bold and peaceful William German Defending many Zacchaeus Syriac Innocent Christian names of women A Adela German Same as Adeline QV Adelaide German Same as Adeline QV Adeline German A princess Agatha Greek Good Agnes German Chaste Althea Greek Hunting Alice Alicia German Noble Alma Latin Benigniant Amabel Latin Lovable Amy Amelia French Beloved Angelina Greek Lovely Angelic Anna or Ann Hebrew gracious Anna Latin Affair altar Aurora Latin Morning Brightness B Barbara Latin Foreign or strange Bella Italian Beautiful Benedicta Latin Blessed Bernice Greek Bringing Victory Bertha Greek Elizabeth QV Blanche French Fair Bona Latin Good Bridget Irish Shining Bright C. Camilla Latin Attendant at a Sacrifice Carlotta Italian Same as Charlotte QV Caroline Latin Noble Spirited Cassandra Greek A reformer of men Catherine Greek Pure or clean Charity Greek Love bounty Charlotte French All noble Chloe Greek A green herb Christina Greek Belonging to Christ Clara Latin Clear or bright Florence Latin Constant D. Dagmar German Joy of the Danes Deborah Hebrew a B Diana Greek Jupiter's Daughter Dorcas Greek A Wild Rose Dorothy Greek Gift of God E. Edith Saxon Happiness Eleanor Saxon All Fruitful Eliza Elizabeth Hebrew the Oath of God Emily Corrupted from Amelia Emma German A Nurse Esther Hester Hebrew Secret Eudora Greek Good Gift Eugenia French Well-Born Eunice Greek Fair Victory Eva or Eve Hebrew Causing Life F. Fanny Diminutive of Francis QV Flora Latin Flowers Florence Latin Blooming Flourishing Francis German Free G. Gertrude German All Truth Grace Latin Favor H. Hannah Hebrew Gracious Harriet German Head of the House Helen or Helena Greek Alluring Henrietta Feminine and Diminutive of Henry QV Hilda German Warrior Maiden Hilda Latin Honorable Hilda Hebrew A Weasel I. Irene Peaceful Isabella Spanish Fair Eliza Jay Jane or Jean Feminine of John QV Janet Jeanette Little Jane Jemima Hebrew Joan Joanna Hebrew Feminine of John QV Joyce French Pleasant Judith Hebrew Praising Julia Juliana Feminine of Julius QV Kay Catherine form of Catherine QV Ketura Hebrew Incense L. Laura Latin A laurel Lavenia Latin Of Latium Laetitia Latin Joy or Gladness Lilian Lily Latin A Lily Lois Greek Better Louisa German Feminine of Louis QV Lucretia Latin A Chased Roman Lady Lucy Latin Feminine of Lucius Lydia Greek Descended from LUD M. Mabel Latin Lovely or Lovable Madeline form of Magdalene QV Margaret Greek A Pearl Martha Hebrew Bitterness Mary Hebrew Bitter Matilda German A Lady of Honor Maude German Form of Matilda QV May Latin Month of May Mercy English Compassion Mildred Saxon Speaking Mild Mini Diminutive of Margaret QV N. Naomi Hebrew Alluring O. Olive Olivia Latin An Olive Ophelia Greek A Serpent P. Patience Latin Bearing Patiently Penelope Greek A Weaver Persis Greek Destroying P. Phoebe Greek The Light of Life Phyllis Greek A Green Bow Polly Variation of Molly Diminutive of Mary QV Priscilla Latin Somewhat Old Prudence Latin Discretion R. Rachel Hebrew A Lamp Hebrew Fat or Plump Rhoda Greek A Rose Rose or Rosa Latin A Rose Rosalind Latin Beautiful as a Rose Roxanna Persian Dawn of Day Rosamund Saxon Rose of Peace Ruth Hebrew Trembling or Beauty S. Latin Sprung from the Sabines Salome Hebrew A Princess Selina Greek The Moon Sibylah Greek The Council of God Sophia Greek Wisdom Susan Susanna Hebrew A Lily T. Tabitha Syriac A Rose A Dosia Creek Given by God U. Ursula Latin A She Bear V. Victoria Latin Victory Vida Urse Feminine of David W. Walburga Saxon Gracious Winifred Saxon Winning Peace Z. The Life of Jupiter End of Section 26 Recording by Rosalind Wills of Silver Spring, Maryland Section 27 of The Handy Cyclopedia of Things Worth Knowing This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org Recording by Larissa Jaworski Brisbane Australia March 2007 The Handy Cyclopedia of Things Worth Knowing by Joseph Trinan Published in 1911 Section 27 Principal American Cities with population of over 100,000 in 1910 The population for 1900 is given by way of comparison. New York, New York Population in 1910 4,766,883 In 1900 3,437,202 Chicago, Illinois Population in 1910 2,185,283 In 1900 1,698,572 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Population in 1910 1,698,572 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Population in 1910 1,698,572 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Population in 1910 1,549,008 In 1900 1,293,697 St. Louis, Missouri Population in 1910 687,029 In 1900 575,238 Boston, Massachusetts Population in 1910 670,585 In 1900 560,892 Cleveland, Ohio Population in 1910 560,663 In 1900 381,867 Baltimore, Maryland Population in 1910 558,485 In 1900 508,957 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Population in 1910 533,905 In 1900 451,512 Detroit, Michigan Population in 1910 465,766 In 1900 285,704 Buffalo, New York Population in 1910 423,715 In 1900 352,387 San Francisco, California Population in 1910 416,912 In 1900 342,782 Milwaukee, Wisconsin Population in 1910 373,857 In 1900 285,315 Cincinnati, Ohio Population in 1910 364,462 In 1900 325,902 Newark, New Jersey Population in 1910 347,469 In 1900 246,070 New Orleans, Louisiana Population in 1910 139,075 In 1900 287,104 Washington, District of Columbia Population in 1910 331,069 In 1900 278,817 Los Angeles, California 319,198 In 1900 102,479 Minneapolis, Minnesota Population in 1910 301,408 In 1900 202,718 Jersey City, New Jersey Population in 1910 267,779 In 1900 106,433 Kansas City, Missouri Population in 1910 248,331 In 1900 163,752 Seattle, Washington Population in 1910 237,194 In 1980 261,671 Indianapolis, Indiana Population in 1910 233,650 In 1900 169,164 Providence, Rhode Island Population in 1910 224,326 In 1900 175,597 Providence, Rhode Island Population in 1910 224,326 In 1900 175,597 Louisville, Kentucky Population in 1910 223,928 In 1900 204,731 Rochester, New York Population in 1910 218,149 In 1900 162,608 St Paul, Minnesota Population in 1910 214,744 In 1900 163,065 Denver, Colorado Population in 1910 113,381 In 1900 133,859 Portland, Oregon Population in 1910 207,214 In 1900 90,426 Columbus, Ohio Population in 1910 181,548 In 1900 25,560 Toledo, Ohio Population in 1910 168,497 In 1900 131,822 Atlanta, Georgia Population in 1910 154,839 In 1900 172 Oakland, California Population in 1910 150,174 In 1900 66,960 Worcester, Massachusetts Population in 1910 145,986 In 1900 118,421 Syracuse, New York Population in 1910 137,249 In 1900 108,374 New Haven, Connecticut Population in 1910 133,605 In 1900 108,027 Birmingham, Alabama Population in 1910 132,683 In 1900 38,415 Memphis, Tennessee Population in 1910 131,105 In 1900 102,320 Scranton, Pennsylvania Population in 1910 129,867 In 1900 102,026 Richmond, Virginia Population in 1910 127,628 In 1900 85,050 Paterson, New Jersey Population in 1910 125,600 In 1900 105,171 Omaha, Nebraska Population in 1910 124,096 In 1900 102,555 Fall River, Massachusetts Population in 1910 119,295 In 1900 104,803 Dayton, Ohio Population in 1910 116,577 In 1900 85,333 Grand Rapids, Michigan Population in 1910 112,571 In 1900 1565 Nashville, Tennessee Population in 1910 110,364 In 1900 80,865 Lowell, Massachusetts Population in 1910 106,294 In 1900 94,969 Cambridge, Massachusetts Population in 1910 104,839 In 1900 91,886 Spokane, Washington Population in 1910 104,402 In 1900 36,848 Bridgeport, Connecticut Population in 1910 102,054 In 1900 70,996 Albany, New York Population in 1910 100,253 In 1900 94,151 State Flowers The following list includes all the state flowers commonly accepted or officially adopted Alabama, Goldenrod Arizona, Sequoia Cactus Arkansas, Apple Blossom California, Poppy Colorado, Columbine Delaware, Peach Blossom Georgia, Cherokee Rows Idaho, Syringa Illinois, Violet Iowa, Wild Rows Kansas, Sunflower Louisiana, Magnolia Maine, New York New York Magnolia Maine, Pinecone Michigan, Apple Blossom Minnesota, Marcuson Mississippi, Magnolia Montana, Bitterroot Missouri Goldenrod Nebraska, Goldenrod New Jersey, Sugar Maple Tree New York, Rose North Dakota, Goldenrod Oklahoma, Mistletoe Oregon Oregon Grape Rhode Island Violet Texas, Bluebonnet Utah, Seago Lily Vermont Red Clover Washington, Rhododendron Height of Noted Structures Following is the height in feet of some noted monuments and structures Amiens Cathedral 383 feet Bunker Hill Monument 221 feet Capitol, Washington 288 feet City Hall, Philadelphia 535 feet Cologne Cathedral 512 feet Eiffel Tower 984 feet Florence Cathedral 387 feet Freeborg Cathedral 286 feet Masonic Temple, Chicago 354 feet Metropolitan Building, New York 700 feet Milan Cathedral 360 feet The Great Pyramid 451 feet Ruin Cathedral 464 feet St. Paul's London 404 feet St. Peter's Rome 433 feet The Singer Building, New York 612 feet Strasburg Cathedral 465 feet St. Stephen's Vienna 470 feet Ward Building, Chicago 394 feet Washington Monument 556 feet The Maximum Age of Trees Palm, 250 years Elm, 355 years Cypress, 380 years Ivy, 448 years Maple, 516 years Larch, 576 years Lemon, 640 years Plain, 720 years Cedar, 800 years Chestnut, 860 years Walnut, 900 years Cedar, 800 years Chestnut, 860 years Walnut, 900 years Lime, 1076 years Spruce, 1200 years Oak, 1600 years Olive, 2000 years You, 2880 years Balbab, 5100 years Dragon, 5900 years Eucalyptus, or Australian gumtree The Great Pyramid The Great Pyramid The Great Pyramid The Great Pyramid The Great Pyramid The Great Pyramid Eucalyptus, or Australian gumtree Sometimes grows 24 feet in 3 months Bamboo, 2 feet in 24 hours Dictionary of Aeronautics The new science of Aeronautics has given rise to many new worlds Among them some of awkward derivation and even those properly formed and worthy of preservation in the language are often erroneously used The following compact lexicon is therefore both interesting and instructive Aeroplane A generic term applied in common use to all classes of sustaining surfaces strictly applicable only to flat surfaces Adjusting Surfaces Commonly a comparatively small surface usually at the end of a wingtip used to adjust lateral balance preferably restricted to surfaces capable of variable adjustment but not of movement by controlling devices See Stabiliser and Wingtip and compare Aelioron Advancing Edge The front edge of a sustaining or other surface Advancing Surface A surface that precedes another through the air as in a double monoplane Error Curve A proposed substitute for aeroplane Error Drone A substitute proposed by Langley for aeroplane strictly applicable to a force rather than to a vehicle Aelioron A small, hinged or separated wingtip or surface capable of independent manipulation for the purpose of maintaining lateral balance Aviation Dynamic Flight by means of heavier than air mechanisms Aviator The operator or pilot of a heavier than air machine Aerofoil Term used to indicate lifting surface Angle of Incidents The angle which a line drawn from the leading to trailing edge of the plane makes with the horizontal trailing angle between the tangent to the trailing edge of the plane and the cord or a line drawn from the leading edge to the trailing edge Arc Any portion of a circle or other curve Aspect The top or plane view of an aeroplane surface Automatic Stability Applied to lateral or longitudinal stability Maintained by the action of suitable elements on mechanisms independent of any controlled exercised by the operator There is a tendency to restrict the term of such stability secured by an automatic manipulation of controlling devices rather than to systems in which balance is maintained by the use of dihedral arrangements By plane An aeroplane with two superposed main surfaces Balance to maintain equilibrium by hand or automatic movement of balancing surfaces as opposed to equilibrium maintained by stabilizing C stabilizer Body Aeroplane or other aerial vehicle in which the motor fuel tanks, passenger accommodation etc are placed Camber The camber of the ribs is the amount of curvature which is imparted to them in the same way that a motor car spring or a road has a camber or curvature Chassis That part of the main framework of a monoplane to which the main planes and tailplanes are fitted to maintain the engine and aviators seat Centre of pressure Really a line of pressure along the underside of a wing or aeroplane surface on either side of which the pressures are equal Centre of gravity The centre of weight about which the vehicle balances in all directions Cord A straight line drawn between the ends of the arc of a circle or other curve Derigible Steerable or navigable applied to balloons Derrick A tower in which a falling weight is dropped in starting an aeroplane Diagonal A diagonal brace or stay in a framework Dihedral Set of wings Pairs inclined at an upward angle to each other Elevator A principal supplementary surface of a miniature form of the main planes used for purpose of altering the vertical direction of machine Gap The distance between two main planes in a biplane Gliding Flying down a slant of air without power Gyroscopic effect The property of any rotating mass whereby it tends to maintain its plane of rotation against disturbing forces Gaussissement or warping applied to the main planes and produces the same ultimate effect as the use of ailerons Hanger A shed for housing balloons or aeroplanes generally the latter Horse power A rate of work equivalent to the lifting of 33,000 foot-pound a minute Head resistance The resistance of the surface to movement through the air closely proportionate to its projected area Heavier than air applied to dynamic flying machines weighing more than the air they displace Horizontal rudder A horizontally placed rudder for steering in vertical directions Lift The sustaining effect expressed in units of weight of an aeroplane or wing surface Monoplane An aeroplane with one or more main surfaces in the same horizontal plane Main plane Usually the largest or lowest supporting surface of a multi-surfaced aeroplane Mast A spar or strut used for the attachment of wire or other stays to stiffen the wings or other parts of a structure Main spars Lateral spars upon which the main planes are built Main landing wheels In and alighting gear the wheels that take the chief shock in landing Ornithopter A dynamic flying machine of the heavier than air type in which the suspension is provided by the effect of reciprocating wing surfaces Pylon A tower to mark the course in aerial racing contests Ribs Supports for the fabric made of ash or spruce and bent to the correct curves Rudder One or more steering planes are invariably fitted to practical machines to control the direction of flight Superposed planes Arrangement of one plane over the other as in the right voisin and farman machines Supplementary planes or surfaces Additional surfaces which are used for stabilisation Stabiliser Any surface for automatically maintaining lateral or longitudinal balance Struts Fixtures used in biplane construction to maintain an equal distance between two planes Skids Long skates on which the machine can land safely Span the distance from tip to tip of the main planes in a transverse direction of that flight Soaring flight The flight of certain large birds without wing flapping Its solution and imitation constitute one of the problems of aerial navigation Sustaining surface Any surface placed in a horizontal or approximately horizontal position primarily for the purpose of affording suspension Triplane An aeroplane with three main surfaces Webs Small blocks of wood placed between the ribs which act as distance pieces Wind warping A system of maintaining lateral balance by differential twisting of wing tips in such manner as to increase the suspension on one side and decrease it on the other New York Tribune College Colours Amherst Purple and White Beloit, Old Gold Baudin, White Brown, Brown and White Columbia, Light Blue and White Cornell, Carnillion and White Dartmouth, Green Harvard, Crimson Indiana, Crimson and Cream Iowa Scarlett and Black Iowa State Cardinal and Gold Johns Hopkins Black and Old Gold Lake Forest, Red and Black Leland-Stanford Cardinal Northwestern, Royal Purple Oberlin, Crimson and Gold Princeton, Orange and Black Purdue, Old Gold and Black University of Chicago Morone University of Illinois Orange and Navy Blue University of Michigan Maze and Blue Old Gold and Morone University of Notre Dame Gold and Blue University of Pennsylvania Red and Blue University of Rochester Dandelion Yellow University of Wisconsin Cardinal Vassa, Rose and Gray Williams, Royal Purple and Yale, Blue The Claims of Osteopathy Strictly construing the claims of osteopathic doctors, it is an anti-medicine system of practice for the cure of every disease to which the human body is liable. Dr. Andrew T. Still, who claims to have made the discoveries that led to the establishment of the School of Osteopathy, asserts that all diseases and lesions are the result of the luxation, dislocation or breakage of some bone or bones. This, however, is not now maintained to any great extent by his followers. Osteopathists, though, do generally claim that all diseases arise from some maladjustment of the bones of the human body. And that treatment, therefore, must be to secure the normal adjustment of the bones and ligaments that form the skeleton. They claim that a dislocation is not always the result of external violence. It may be caused by the ulceration of bones, the elongation of ligaments or excessive muscular action. The constriction of an important artery or vein, which may be caused by a very slightly displaced bone, an ingerated muscle or other organ, may produce an excess of blood in one part of the body, thereby causing a deficiency in some other parts of the body. A dislocated member will generally show ulceration in the form of the joint and axis of the limb, loss of power and proper motion, increased length or shortening of the limb, prominence at one point and depression at another, greatly impaired circulation and pain due to the obstruction of the nerve force in the parts involved. The osteopathist claims that pain and disease arise mainly from some maladjustment in some part of the body, and that a return to good health involves treatment for the normal adjustment of the bone. He asserts though any laxation may only be partial, it may cause pressure at some point upon a blood vessel or a nerve of which the patient may be unconscious, and thus be a barrier to the restoration of good health. Osteopathy asserts that trying to heal the body of an ailment caused by a dislocated member, be it bone, ligament or nerve, by which abnormal pressure is maintained upon a blood vessel or a nerve, would be like trying to operate a machine with an important cause. Osteopathy asserts that trying to heal the body of an ailment caused by a dislocated member, be it bone, ligament or nerve, by which abnormal pressure is maintained upon a blood vessel or a nerve, would be like trying to operate a machine with an important cog out of gear. To cure it involves the reduction of a dislocation, the breaking up of adhesions, and the arousing of the innervated organ or organs partially or wholly failing in the performance of function.