Okay, this is the second time I'm recording this video The first one was just shy of 20 minutes long and first of all the main reason I'm making this video is because I Don't want to forget how to use this program because I played with it like a year ago Got into it a little bit but then do much with it and then I came back to it and couldn't remember anything I learned But we're gonna be looking at creating DOOM levels using Eureka DOOM editor Which should be in the repositories for your Linux distribution. You can also find it at source forage Which I'm not a big source forage, but that's what they decided to use. It is released under. I'm pretty sure it's the GPL and Again, I'm just gonna be just gonna be a very quick overview DOOM Back in the 90s. I was obsessed with it. I made a bunch of DOOM levels. It was really really what got me I was interested in computers before that, but that's really got me into Programming basically even though I wasn't really doing programming with it DOOM even before even though it's open source now under the GPL But even before that you could edit and modify every aspect of it the graphics the sounds the levels the music You can even use a program called de-hacked to actually modify how the binary works and actually create new objects and Just the fact that I could do something like that is like nowadays It's very easy to create stuff back then it was like wow I can make a computer do this It was amazing and it inspired me to do a lot more and I in fact I bought my first Scanner for my computer which would cost me over 300 bucks for a little feed through black and white scanner so that I could take pictures Of my friends with my film camera scan it in then I would Manually by hand color them and then try to put them in the DOOM game I think also I mean there's a lot of reasons I got my first digital camera But it was also to be able to create things for DOOM But we're gonna quickly look at this program You have to understand that DOOM is not a 3d game It is a 2d game designed to look like a 3d game That's important when you're creating levels because levels can't be above each other Basically, the levels are made out of these things called sectors sectors I like to think of them as their rooms and each room can have its own height for its floor and its ceiling Its own lighting level and its own ceiling and floor textures If you want to have something of a different height in the same room Basically, you create another sector inside that sector and we'll look at that quickly And I'll try to give you a demonstration on on how that all works Back in the day. I used to use a very popular editing tool called Do text I believe it was DEU text. It was a great program for DOS This program is so much better than that One of which gives you a 3d view when you're in the editor So you can see what's going on or a 3d view Simulate a 3d view Real quick though when I did the first tutorial the recording which you guys probably gonna see unless you're on patreon patreon I left that got that up there for you. It was kind of a mess of a video Which this one might be as well, but hopefully this one will be better um, I kind of had been playing with this program for an hour and Kind of learned how to do some things but didn't kind of figure out a lot of things like for example if I go up to view I can click toggle to 3d view and I would toggle in and out to see things by clicking on here and going to here and there was no Label here for a keyboard shortcut So I just assume there wasn't and then I accidentally hit the tab key and realize oh tab brings you in and out of that And I found figured out a lot of shortcut keys just by pressing keys on the keyboard because I had Google search a YouTube search trying to find tutorials on this application And I couldn't find a I think there's a game called Eureka out there and stuff with that kept coming up And the few YouTube videos I saw weren't in English and didn't even have audio for some of them And I came to this website and went oh key bindings for the system And I went like this and like this shows you some basic stuff, but it's not really a keyboard Shortcut layout I did not realize because I didn't look hard enough that right here just a few lines down There is a keyboard shortcut list Which is what I was looking for and there's even a PDF file here that you can little have a little cheat sheet So check those out on that web page I am going to now start editing so again, it's Eureka It's inside your repositories at least on Debian based systems. I'm assuming most Linux systems I'm gonna hit click new project and it's gonna want you to create a wad file a wad file is basically like a zip file that contains all Assets for the doom game. I'm just gonna create one called Tutorial I actually have one from the first video. I did I'll just overwrite that save Yes replace it next gonna ask you and you have to have a some sort of doom wad installed on your system If you don't have a copy of doom You can install from repositories free doom Which is a free implementation of doom because although doom is code is released under the GPL license All the assets the art the sounds the levels are also under a copyright Which you need to purchase? Free doom the point of that project is to replace all that stuff so you can play doom Without having any of that proprietary stuff in it I have my original copies of doom on CD still so I have doom on doom 2 this found that resource files You can create your own wad files with your own graphics in it You can also get some that people have created and you can load those up So if you have new graphics and stuff and you want to see them in the editor you can load those up here But I'm just gonna leave these as default because we're not messing with that stuff today. I've done videos on that stuff in the past We're just gonna create a level and I click okay, and it starts you off with this basic sector here This is a room now down at the bottom here. You can see that you have different modes and you have four different modes Things which are things objects in your games players enemies weapons power-ups that sort of thing And then the other three are for actually creating the map that you're working with again sectors are like a room That's the room that you're in they are made up of lines, which are your walls, and then you have Vertices here, which are the points that make up the walls these little X's here now to flip through those You can usually you can click on this little menu each time which would be annoying, but it's real easy Things is T on your keyboard Sectors is s lines is L V is for vector other shortcut keys if you come down here You can zoom in and out with your mouse wheel here So you can also lock it in with this but it's much easier to scroll your wheel Grid on and off again. You can come down here and choose a grid size if you want But you can use G to turn the grid on and off And then you can use your number row at the top of your keyboard to choose a size for your grid from 1 through 0 here The default is 6 Next you can see here. It says free or snap. That's where you're snapping to the grid or free You can use the F key to snap to good so you can see right here if I go V into vertices mode You can see I can add a vertices here And it's adding it and I'm snapping a grid But if I hit F now I'm in free mode and I don't have to put it on the grid A lot of times you're gonna want to put it on the grid because it makes it easier things to line This program is a great job of lining things up for you and control Z a few times to undo those Okay, so those are your basic Things if you scroll here, you can see this arrow here, which is outside And first of all if we go into things you might have noticed there's four little space marines here and by default This program creates an empty room for you and puts in Players for multiplayer mode co-op mode for players So that's what those are the arrow out here Is your 3d view? So in not in the game, but in the editor here if I hit tab to go into edit mode You can see that we're looking at black here if you got to use WASD to move around and then your arrow keys to Turn and as you can see there's our room over there And then I can use W or front forward arrow to up arrow to move into this room if you had your Let's say you had a big level going and you didn't know where your little 3d view was put your cursor somewhere and hit in the Documentation it says back quote also known as back tick which is the thing It looks like a single quote or a Apostrophe on your number row right next to your one if you're using a standard us QWERTY keyboard I'm sorry not that one a single quote just a regular quote An apostrophe will put the player where or the view where you have your mouse keyboard Since I brought it up that back tick or back quote What that does is originally when I first using this started using this I you know if I had multiple things selected which selecting multiple things is a little weird in this so Normally if you in most programs if you select something when you click something if you click something else it unselects the first thing This program doesn't do that as you click if you want to unselect a single item you have to click it again So that's that's that takes a little getting used to but yet a lot of things selected and you want to unselect them Well if we go up to edit here, you can see Control a is to select all control u is to unselect and I was doing that at first And that's a very awkward thing to do with your hands the u is very far away from the control key Well, if you read the documentation That back tick on the number row will unselect everything so control a selects everything that back tick unselects everything That's a lot easier than doing control u. I wish they would update Basically, my biggest complaint about this program is just if I wish they would better label the shortcut keys in the menus here Other than that, it's a great program So yes, so you can go control u if that's easier for you to remember But that back tick is a lot easier to do to unselect stuff Okay, again, I'm going over the shortcut keys here because that's very important to get into things But now we're gonna start diving into actually creating a level. I'm gonna center click to drag my mouse around That's that's your mouse wheel if you click your mouse wheel down You can drag the the screen around here. Let's hit G to bring on our grid here I'm gonna do for to do it a little bit smaller And what I'm gonna do is I'm going to hit V to go into vertices mode and you can see here That we have a little little Dot if we're gonna add a vertices to here Let's hit G or sorry F to snap to the grid and I'm gonna hit space bar space bar space bar And I'm going to draw a little room here I'm going to then hit that back tick to unselect those and drag that over here now if I hit tab to go into 3d mode You can see I created a little a little room over here a little Sector and we know it's a different sector you can see there's a wall here But if I s I can select that sector or this sector. I now have them both selected Let's go V again to go into vertices mode and I'm just gonna hit space bar here here here Here and I'm creating a new Vector or a new sector So now I can use my little arrow keys. I hit tab again to go into 3d mode I'm using my arrow keys to move around So we create a new little sector there Now let's say we wanted that this sector Let's go ahead and it has to go into sector mode We can choose this sector here and then you have some options here So we have the ceiling and ground what these are called in in doom are flats Wall textures are called textures. You think they would all be called textures, but they're not there the ceilings are flats So right now I have two sectors selected and if I start editing stuff It's gonna edit both of them.  So now we have a little window I'm gonna put that back down to zero. I'm gonna move this down now You notice if I do this now our textures don't really line up and I can manually start Changing if I hit tab into this mode. I hit L now. I'm now I'm in line mode. So I have the walls selected I can adjust what the walls look like And I can adjust where the textures line up so I can be like 10 on this Adjusted the X which is the left and right so you can see that just there and Y is up and down So if I was to do 10 there you can see I can try to align that Which shouldn't be too hard for the most part if you stick to keeping everything in Divisibles of 8 so hit 8 here or 16 still it's not perfect. Let's do 12 It's kind of hard sometimes to align textures But what I could do is hit shift a and it auto aligns which is awesome Now again back in the day back in the 90s. I used do text which didn't give you the 3d view you had to Create your map in a view like this which do you even have the textures? It was just lines from what I remember And then you had to go into the game to actually view what it looked like in the next back out and so you had to You know kind of do the math in your head and after a while you got good at it But this is great that it just automatically does that and this program does a lot for you for automating stuff Which back in the day was very hard lots of times do text would give you errors But then you had to figure out how to fix them yourselves where this program does a lot for you And I'll demonstrate that in a little bit But let's go ahead and go back in a sector mode by choosing s we still have our last sector selected tab Just so we can see and I'm going to raise the ceiling back up a little bit and then I don't know how to change to Sector mode like if I hit if I'm in here and I choose l it changes the lighting it like puts lighting all the way up So that's different. I don't know how to change I should look up look it up, but I'm gonna go back in this view mode and choose l to choose those and then I can hit The lines and I can hit Shift a to auto-align that which is great So now I have a little tiny doorway, but it should still be high enough for me to fit through perfect Let's tab back in this mode s again. I'll hit back tick to unselect everything. I'll choose this room and real quick I'm gonna show you over here to the side. There's a few different things again I can choose the ground here and it lists all your flats for the ceilings and grounds and I can choose That for the ground for that room. I can choose here and I can do That for the well, I actually have both these selected again It doesn't unselect things automatically when you click something new So I put that texture there or flat there this so now I have and by default looking at the floor here You can change that in the view somewhere. I haven't really done it. It's under. Yeah, render So I think you can choose How you want to render whether you want to do floors or ceilings. I'm not going to mess with that because I haven't messed with that yet but now you can see I'm going here and I have a different ceiling and ground texture or What did I say they're called flats? Let's go Ellen to line mode and automatically has all the walls for the lines that we selected or all the lines for the sector We selected and so I can just choose these brick walls here And now I have these brick walls now you might ask Why do we have all these different? We have six different wall textures here for each wall So here's the thing Again, it's really a 2d game. So if you had a 3d game, this would be a block up here This would be a block over here. This would be a block over here, but they're not like that They're sectors their rooms and each line or wall has Three different settings that has an upper a lower and a middle and it has that for each side So what we have here when it says rail that means it's blank if I was to put something in this Rail area here. You would see that texture here. So you can make walls So let's let's do that. Let's choose this and this and I'm gonna go like that and that should have There it's it depends on what side you're What do they call it in blender? It's called a normal way basically which way your fault wall is facing But now it looks like there's a wall there and in the game You could walk through that as long as this isn't checked as in passive like click that now You can't walk through that wall if I click it again You can now walk through that but it would so you can make secret areas that work with walls You can walk through and that's how you would do that Other thing that I'll just quickly mention here is you have block monsters So if you want to keep the monsters the enemies from going Into another room you can do that otherwise you want to do that sometimes otherwise all your enemies end up All following you into one room you might want to keep them in a certain room So that will block monsters block sound Enemies don't Move until they see or hear you so if you don't want enemies in the next room over to start moving until you get in that room You want to block the sounds so they don't hear you shooting some of the other women and follow you all depends on your level design Anyway, I'm going to come back here, and I'm just going to hit back space back space and erase out that center texture So real quick where we've got two rooms here. Oh, let me go back in here So I have s this sector selected you can also choose the lighting how bright it is So let me turn this down. You have anywhere from 0 to 255 so a 256 value. Let me set this down to 50 Which is going to be a pretty dark room Yeah, that's really dark. Let's make that 100 so it's a little darker now So that's how you do lighting so you don't have lighting sources like in a lot of 3d games You're gonna have a lighting source, and you'll have diminishing Light as you get away from that like to do that if you ever in doom and you have like a hallway where it's brighter at one And it gets darker at the other You would do that. Well, let's actually do that.  I don't know if there's a more efficient way to make stairs It would be nice if there was a like a button that you can press after creating something like this to automatically adjust them But I'm just gonna create not a very long just a little stairwell here now if I walk over here now You can see we have it looks like a hallway But what I'm gonna do here is I'm gonna go into s for sector mode I'm gonna select these and I can select them one at a time or if I back tick to unselect them all I can hit shift and select all of these and then click there to select that what I'm gonna Do now is with all them selected again what I edit over here is gonna edit all of them so I can change the The ceiling and floor textures for that Let's do something a little bit nicer. Let's let's do that. Okay, so 3d mode You can see the ceiling looks a little bit different than the ceiling What I'm gonna do is I'm going to hit up On the ground here, and then I'm gonna unselect this one up Unselect the next one. So what I'm doing is every time I click that I'm raising the ground of all the ones that are selected and I'm deselecting One each time and moving on up. So here we go And Now I can see that I have a hallway here or a stairwell here going up perfect now If I wanted that hallway to be darker at the other end, it's not that long what I would do is And I actually haven't done this In this editor yet, but it's the same concept as what we just did for The ground there for the raising the steps I'm gonna select them all by default the editor creates them all at 176 I'm just gonna go Boop lower them all a little bit deselect that one lower that one a little bit deselect it And again, it's because we don't have true light sources here Each room has its own brightness. So you have to fake things like diminishing light by doing stuff like this Oops, and if I tab into this you can see up now It gets darker as you go up in here as if there's not lights Now if you've ever played doom you might have areas Where let's go ahead and vertices mode here tab tab This is gonna be a long tutorial, but I'm going into a bit more detail than I originally did But that's fine. That's fine, you know, it's 2018 if you still play doom mods They're there's still people creating them So and I would love for more people to create them because it used to be 20 years ago people were creating them all the time 10 years ago a lot people can now you get people create a couple a year You know if you go to these places where they make the the new levels It'd be great if more of you because I plan I'm gonna try to Start making more See if I can do one level a day do that for a month, and I have a full doom by default has 32 levels in it 30 regular levels and then two hidden ones anyway So I have this sector here I can choose the type and I can make it blink randomly. I can make it flash at a certain rate And if you select one of these and you want to undo that you just select nothing So let's go ahead and choose this room here, and let's just say we wanted to Blink randomly, and I don't think it will show it in here. No, you actually have to go in the game Which let's actually do that So I'm gonna hit control s to save and then if you look under here under tools I you have testing game, which is control t So something you might want to do before that is f9, which is it checks all which is awesome So I have five non blocks one side to find show so it's gonna show me those And I don't even sure what that means But a lot of times when it has stuff like that you just say fix and it's probably from when I was messing with the textures of that Of that pathway there It fixes it for you automatically like said back in the day And then it tells me that I'm missing death match starts which by default we have co-op in there But if you want to have death match you have to add death match start areas But once you have that then you hit control t to test and game It's gonna tell me to say if I just made some changes and now I have to look into see if I can set this I Have to tell it where my doom executable is because you might have more than one that you want that you have on on your system and it just needs to know where the doom executable is and I put it in here. I'll remember it this whole session, but the It doesn't remember it when I close out the game and restart it So I'm gonna hit click open and I'm gonna hit this and we're gonna start the game up. Okay, so this is our level. There's our Stairwell there that gets darker as you go up it Here's a room that we just set a little bit darker and if we come in here I thought I set this to flash randomly. It didn't take let's see. Let's go sector Choose this sector. It says blink randomly. I wonder if I have to set the Let's just do let's do flashes Save that control s to save control t to play There we go. Now. It's like flashing at one Hertz. I think it said so that's how you can make a flashing room And there's different options for that now as I said You can create Sectors within sectors. So let's do that real quick. I'm gonna go V and I'm gonna go space space space space space As to go into sector. I am going to now Change both of these to be something like this there we go and We can look over here and you can see that right there So it's basically another room is in a room and that's how you have to do these things and what we can do now Is we can change the height of this one for the ceiling and the ground and Now I can go t for things and I hit space bar and by default it adds a little Health bonus there. Let's go ahead and we can search for stuff here If we want to search through all items we can scroll or we can type in like gun and I can add a mini gun here if you're unsure have we have Categories here and go weapons and I can choose shotgun or super shotgun But if I was to go into sector mode now select that selector I can hit ctrl-c ctrl-v and lock this to the grid. I guess I'll put it right there. I Can copy of these and paste them in places and It copies everything in those sectors. So now I have a Little area and a super shotgun on each one of those which is great If you have different rooms that you want to repeat like you design a room You're making an apartment complex You can design a whole apartment and then copy it over and over again Let's go into t mode for things and we have this one selected I'm gonna change that to a plasma and then I have to click that's unselected click this one I'll do our mini gun there and I'll unselect that select this one And we'll do a chainsaw and then we'll control s control t now We're in the game and I come over here and select this like this like this like this boom perfect now as I said with the With the lighting if I go into sector mode, I can choose this one I can turn the lighting down to to 50 and If I save that and I look it's it's very very dark right there Because that's the light setting for that sector. So you have to you have to think manually That's unrealistic that the whole room is lit up, but it's dark right there You can make it darker, but you don't want to go that extreme It's it's not gonna look right you can do it if it's part of your game design, but it's unrealistic And that's just one of those things that you have to think of yourself You know, I think it was uh, it was whoops There we go Did that not take? Sector there we go. That's better. Okay now what about things that hurt you let's uh go ahead and Come here, and I'll just let's create and well, let's go work on doorways first doors are very important So what I'm gonna do here is I'm gonna go into vector mode, and I'm gonna go space space space space And then I'll grab or make a room on this side, and I'm gonna show you why you should create door frames for your doors So again now I Have this walkway here and what I can do is as in the sector mode choose this sector here Put the ceiling down to zero and if I go into the three mode now it just looks like a wall Now let me go into line mode with L Back to to unselect everything I'm gonna select first of all this one You notice when you select a wall you have a line pointing out on one side of the wall and Right now these are both pointing down You want them pointing out because we're gonna make these walls clickable to make the walls clickable You can only click on the side that that line is on I forget what that's called In doom in blender these would be called the the Normal and you want to flip normal so I'm gonna select this one I'm gonna hit F1 and say flip so now it's pointing out now. I'm gonna select this one I'm gonna change the texture to this door here And go to tab mode here, and there's our door But you notice that you can see because it's repeating the texture up here You can see that texture all the way up which is looks weird especially once the door starts moving But let's finish creating this door here. I say s choose this sector now You have this tag over here, and you want to give this tag this sector its own unique tag Now you get a lot It's like oh what number I'm at if you click refresh in this program It's gonna automatically add the next number that's available So this is tag one this sector is and you can give more than one sector like if you have multiple rooms That you want sectors that you want to be doors again This is just a sector with the ceiling down all the way and that's how we're gonna create a door And everything's created with these sectors So this is tagged as one So now we're gonna hit L, and we're gonna make sure that we have just these two Doors walls the lines Pointing out selected and we're gonna give them a tag of one So now they're linked to that sector because it doesn't matter that they're touching that sector because you can put a Switch for that door all the way over here. It doesn't matter. It could be anywhere But now we're gonna say with those lines those walls selected choose and here I'm gonna type in door and you have some different options. I'm just gonna choose this first one, which is open door Now I'm gonna hit control S control T to play the game now. I can come over here. Click this and oh Something's not right. I know exactly what's not right So what it's trying to do is it's going to open this sector to the To match the ceiling of the sector next to it I must have See this sector that we just made the door have the ceiling set to zero. Let's unselect that Let's select this sector. It's set to zero as well I must have had that selected when I was changing the height of this ceiling and that's something that's they need to Make sure you don't do I'm just gonna click 128 here. It makes a ceiling 128 from the ground now save control T Now I should be able to click this and it opens up And again, it opens up all the way there and it looks kind of weird Having the door Texture like that. It's it's just weird because you had two doors there Also, look at the texture inside here. It's just a regular wall texture and that looks kind of weird So you want to when you're to design your level give them textures that make sense But as I said door frames are something that you want So let's come in here and what I'm going to do is I'm going to hit three on the Number row at the top of my numbers here to make my grade even smaller. I'm gonna go V to go into vector mode I'm gonna space space space space. I create a very small sector I'll create a slightly bigger one for our door another one here That's small and that's our door frame and then I'll create a room to go in I'm just gonna do this Like so I'm gonna choose S for sector. I'm gonna make sure this one's unselected and Then I'm gonna select this one and make the ceiling zero and Then I'm gonna go into 3d mode walk into here so I can see that door is all the way down now Let's give it the L for lines and I'm gonna give it this door texture So now it looks like this door here Actually, if I choose this Okay, I made it too wide. Let's readjust this so back tick to unselect everything And I'm gonna grab these and pull them over here I just went one two for far there now. We have a different door texture on that one and This one's actually taller. So let's go back to this. Whoops Had the wrong Things selected back tick lines like this one select this one and we're gonna go that door So that's what it looks like now. So, you know, so we still have this texture up here So what we can do now is s this sector this sector 3d mode And then we can start lowering the ceiling of our little door frame. Boom. Now we have a door Frame with the door that will go up Again, we have to now choose our sector here. Make sure we unselect those two sectors I'm gonna click refresh which gives that the next available number, which is two and I am going to then go L for line mode back tick to unselect them all I'm gonna select this one f1 Flip that so it's facing out Otherwise, we go in that room and not be able to get back out once the door closed Select these and I'm gonna give that the tag of two as well I'm gonna choose to open the door and Now I should control s control t. I Can go in here. That's our original door. Now this one makes a little more sense And again, I right now this is the door texture right here for that and there's actually textures that Look like they should be for a door going up that you probably want to pick I'm not gonna worry about that now it'll be up to you to choose what textures you use now Let's talk about damage from lava.  I'm gonna create a sector inside here space bar I was gonna give it kind of a roundish bean shape here So that's a sector s. I'm gonna choose it. I'm gonna choose the ground plane and I'm gonna make it Lava the lava Does not hurt you by default I actually think back in do text by default if you create gave something certain textures like The nuclear waste or the lava it would automatically set it to hurt you And I don't even don't even know if I knew how to change that if I wanted to This doesn't which is good. We're gonna choose is we're gonna choose and With that sector selected and again, we had like lights flashing well We have options for damage. You can do damage 5% 10% 20% Those are your options. So I'm just gonna choose 10 here save run the game Now if I go in here and I go in here now if I stand on this lava Oh, oh, oh Every time it flips it's gonna take away 10% damage and I didn't put the right texture on the back of this door But I did flip the right way so it will open again, which by the way is how you would make One way of making hitting hidden rooms. So in doom you have secrets. So if I wanted to create a secret What I could do is V here And I can create a little room here like so Sector back tick to unselect You can choose this I can put it down to zero And now if I was to go in there, you can notice you don't even see that because well Is that tech the texture is not aligned 100% because let's go into line mode here back tick to all Now the texture should line up properly And I can make this the same thing. I'm gonna go ahead and choose this and flip that so it's pointing out I'll choose both of these and Actually choose the sector I'm gonna give it a tag of three and Then go back in the line mode and select these sidewalls here and I'm gonna give that a tag of three Choose and I'll say open door now. I will save that run it and if I come in here Come in here. There is a Door right there that we can't see but if you look on the map, you can see it It's a white line. I'll click that and it opens now. That's how you would hide something But that doesn't actually make it a secret room So if I sector select and actually I haven't done this since program I choose I Soon I choose that choose just I understand how doom works and here right there secret area boom so this area is a secret area and So you want to make whatever sector you go into a secret area and that will make it so it counts It is a secret area if I save and run this now In newer version ports of doom original do we didn't have this if I hit tab You can see in the map mode up on top left there under the number of monsters. We have we have secrets Zero of one. So now if I go in here Going here and come over here still says zero But when I walk in here, I have one and you know, it's pink on the map We didn't have that in the original doom either a lot of these ports add a lot of nice functionality there for you especially that being able to have no how many secrets you have left so you know to look for them and Monsters is great So you know, you know, whether you're close to beating the level if there's just a few monsters left or a lot Anyway, going back in here and the map is a lot better in newer versions of ports of doom Okay, we haven't added items yet. So things T. We've only well we add these here But let me go ahead and hit space bar to add one here. I'm gonna go to monsters I'm gonna add in a monster here chain gun guy. Now, you notice the arrow here That's which way he's facing again.  He hears me now.  Oh, he didn't hear me I must have these walls set to no sound traveling through or maybe the door does block it if Let's go ahead and go in here And what I'll do is where there's room without a door. I'll paste in this guy I'll make sure he's pasting facing that corner. So he doesn't see me save and run it So he's in here Right. Yeah, there he is. He's in the dark. Just hanging out in the corner kind of creepy and weird little Blair witch thing going on here If I'm in this room and I shoot boom He just heard me and he's gonna be coming for me here. There he is So if you didn't want that to happen, we would go to Lines and I think I just have to do it there. I think these walls will automatically Make a bonus a block sound and that block sound. Let's see if that works So I just shot. Let's see. Oh, he did hear me. So I think What I'm gonna do is just Sector select and then line select. So I have this whole sector selected now. I'm gonna say block sound save run And now if I shoot I don't think he'll hear me Yeah, see he hasn't heard me because the walls of this room are blocking the sound from the other rooms I'll depend on your level design. Do you want that guy coming when someone makes sound here? Or do you want the monsters to be in a certain position when someone walks in this room? So they start attacking when he walks in Another thing to do if I did come in here and make a noise Now he's gonna start coming here in a second And if he's smart at all, he's looking for me. Come on, buddy. I'm over here Where you go? Oh, there he is Well anyway He can walk through that wall because I haven't blocked it from monsters If I wanted to keep him in that room so he didn't come into the other room I can set that wall to block monsters again impassable is for you If you want to make it so that the player can't get through a wall. Okay Almost done here. This is way longer than my original tutorial, but I'm feeling like it's going way better Let's go back into thing the mode by hitting T. So you have different difficulty levels in doom One of it makes as it gets harder the monsters move faster they shoot faster They're just better overall, but you also have options too. Let's say I want in In Hard mode for there to be four bad guys in here, but in easy mode only two You have options. So let's select these two guys right now. They're in easy medium and hard. I'm gonna uncheck it So in easy mode These two guys will not be here. So there will only be two guys in this room in easy mode in Medium and hard they'll be four so you can adjust that another thing is let's say I put I want to make things easier I can say health. I can put, you know, a couple of health packs around here and Now I'm gonna select these two. Let's do a caddy corner and I'm gonna say here Oh, and remembers the last thing so right now. These are only available all four. These are only available in Medium easy medium and hard. So now they're available in all now I'm gonna uncheck some of these and say okay in hard and medium I don't I only want there to be two so in easy you have four health packs in hard You only have two so you can do that now if I was to check one of these like this guy here and Check that guy there and uncheck it so it's in none of them the game will run Okay, but if I hit F9 here, it's gonna check all errors and it's gonna say one Unsponible thing what's saying is you created something in this but will never appear in the game because it's not set to be in any of the difficulty levels so I Can say show and it'll show me the item if I hit F9 again I can just say fix and what does it automatically checks all of those so now that item will be in all those again I have two tag sectors without undefined lines So I did something wrong in creating these walls the game is working fine But technically those are errors that could cause problems and Unfortunately, there is no apply fresh Okay, so when I click the plie it no it didn't fix those so it shows those And I'm not 100% sure what the problem is there it's not an option to auto fix those and everything's working fine So I'm not gonna worry about it too much. I do want to say I had an error like that once I saved it when I came back into the game and open it It told me there was an error with certain things and it fixed them for me then If the game's playing I get the game's playing alright But what something like that could be Is you could have a vector that's not connected to something a lot of times it will fix by removing those or merging those things but just the fact the F9 does puts forth an effort to To fix things for you and at least shows you them is awesome So we have two tag sectors without matching the fine lines so sector. Oh At some point This sector got changed to four that's an issue that one as well So these actually probably aren't working in the game. So it's good thing. It told me that So let me go ahead and save and run this in the game The store probably that's still opening opening This one's still opening that's that's interesting So what it's telling me here That's tagged before I'm gonna line mode here These walls are tagged with zero. See that's that's I don't know how that's working I must have cloned something at some point as they're more than one wall there My tags are messed up is basically what it's saying, but it's still working So that is something I would want to look into before I sent this game out into the world, but it's working So I'm not gonna worry about it too much But basically what I think it's saying is this sector is tagged as four and there's nothing linked to four There's no wall as in this when we set it so these switches open the sector It was set to sector two. I believe and the walls were set to sector two Well now it's saying sector four and that's just weird anyway I'm not gonna worry about it too much. Oh, and then of course exiting levels That'll be probably the last thing I show you and there's more like when it comes to walls and switches You can have a lot of different things when you go to choose Like I said, there's a lot of different things there But what basically what I'm gonna do here is I'm real quick. I'm gonna do this real sloppily I was gonna go to vertex mode space bar and Space bar so I added a little line segment here. I'm gonna choose that line. I'm gonna change I'm gonna take here. I'm gonna take in switch. So it brings up all my different switches I'm gonna choose this one here because it should somewhat. Oh did I Still choose that Boom, let's go into 3d mode and go over here. I have a switch on the wall The texture is not quite Lined up properly. I didn't make it wide enough. So let's go ahead and go into vertices mode here I'll pull that over there. Am I selecting the right wall here? It seems like it's still two Okay vertices pull it over here. There we go. Okay, so we have a switch on a wall textures lined up nicely Let's go ahead with L for lines choose this go to choose and we have all these different options like opening walls Let's go in here and filter this out and say exit and you have Exit level secret level exit exit level secret level. What's the difference? Okay? So you see we have s1 s1 w1 w1 So you can have an exit and go to the next level or exit and go to a secret level when you have an s for switch W is for walking through. I'm assuming the W is for walking through walking through the wall If you want to have it so when you walk in a room it ends the level which people do a lot It would be one of these W ones, but we just want to switch So when we click on it ends level save that or click that save that control T again to run it I'm coming here Oh bad guy see me run away flip and it goes to the next level. We haven't created next level So it's gonna go to the next level in the original wad file, and that's it. We created a level Only 46 minutes so far in this recording Which is double-waded last time, but I felt like this one a lot better. I'm more familiar with the keys and stuff now But let me know what you think below. I Definitely think especially if you're new to programming or even just any type of game doom is very simple But can do a lot you can learn a lot from it the source codes all open You can modify it very easily the level design is very simple Which makes it easy for you to create things that still look good With real 3d games out there that we have now you can create spectacular things But takes a little more a little more effort where this you can create something. It looks pretty decent pretty quickly And I recommend anyone who does any type of programming especially game programming to play with doom Play with the editors play with the source code because you get the basic concept on how games even modern games You can understand the concepts better when I play doom I'm a better doom player because I know how the levels work And I know the concepts of how the sectors work and stuff like that I can find secrets and understand what I'm what's trying to be accomplished and Also appreciate what some people do because I understand how the game is created better and I think that To become a better programmer looking at how other people create stuff is very useful and John Carmack is a genius his game design was a genius for its time But it still holds up today Look at the source code create levels even if you only do it a little bit I think it will help you learn even if you want to create modern 3d games the concepts here will will Teach you something very useful and make you a better programmer and game designer So check it out play with it again. This program is called Eureka should be in your repositories for your Linux distro if not You can go here Eureka dash editor dot source forge net Get it there if you're on some operating system that doesn't have it in the repositories or you have an operating system That doesn't have repositories Go ahead check it out. Thanks for watching. If you did like this and want to see more go ahead and comment in Below and let me know the truth. I'll probably do some more on this in the future I might do a breakdown Shorter videos on all this in the future just because I think it's very useful Thanks for watching and I hope that you have a great day Films by chris.com chris the cake check it out Have a great day


So, what is the conclusion? This conclusion is this is a methodology with open-ended formulation which means you can modify anything that you feel like in the methodology. It is useful for conceptual design study for non-rigid airships. It is useful for finding the sensitivity of some operating parameters and it also helps you in looking at what if scenario, what if the engine changes from petrol to diesel? What if we have a ducted propeller? And the purpose is to carry out the multidisciplinary analysis and optimization of the airship. What are the limitations? So, this is the area where some of you can come forward and improve it. There are many limitations. First of all, it only looks at conventional axisymmetric body of revolution. It might be a good idea to have a shape generation scheme so that more complicated shapes could be investigated and you can do the analysis. It depends heavily on past data and past data in 2003 is lower than past data in 2015. So, there is scope for improvement by putting data for newer airships, more experience. What can be done? You can extend this to non-rigid, semi-rigid types and also to RC airships. So, this extension of this methodology to RC airships has already been done by few students who came for internship and one dual degree student few years ago, sorry, a beta student few years ago. He had already done this as part of his BTP. So, I now have publications which talk about a methodology for sizing RC airship on the same lines. But now the data is changed based on our experience and knowledge. So, there are a series of publications in AIWA which you will see in the recent times. And there are some students who are working now on design of semi-rigid airships but there is nobody working on the methodology or the calculations. Secondly, I am not happy with the visualization. I can just draw the cross section but I would like to see in 3D. I would like to couple with this with some CAD technology so that we can see it better. I want to recast the whole thing in optimization framework. So, briefly now the two papers which have been published based on this work. This is the first one which was presented by me in this conference in Denver, Colorado in 2003. This is the conference paper. So, when you read the papers, read this paper first because this was written earlier. And then it appeared as a technical note in general of aircraft. Do you know what is a technical note and how is it different from a paper? So, a technical note or engineering notes are short manuscripts, maximum words are 2500, which describe a new development or important results of a preliminary nature. So, look when you do research and when you realize that you have done something which is a small thing but new and useful. You do not wait till you take it to logical conclusion. You immediately claim authorship of that by sending an engineering note or technical note. This is what we did. We did not want other people working on airship technology to publish before us and claim the credit because when we were doing this work we were contacting several airship manufacturers getting their data. They would ask us what are you doing with it and some of them said run the numbers for us. So, they knew that these guys are up to something and they are developing a methodology. If we had waited long enough we could have lost and somebody else would have become the first person to do it but we are the first people to do it. So, therefore, our paper is now always quoted as the first paper in modern times which gives a methodology for arriving at the baseline specifications of an airship given the operational and the customer requirements. Before this the information was only available in individual operating manuals of airships. So, if someone wants to do an independent study there is nothing available. So, we had the option of keeping it to ourselves but we decided to share with the world and we wrote this technical note in December 2008. So, now these two notes are uploaded and you are requested to go through them and ask specific questions on the model page.


So good morning and welcome to the 2023 North University Peace and War Middle East Summit. But thank you very much for your attendance, for those that are here in person and for those of you that are joining virtually, we welcome you and glad you're able to join us from all over the United States and the world. So welcome. So it is my pleasure to introduce the third session. My name is Dr. Travis Morris. I'm an associate professor here at North University and I'm the director for the Peace and War Center. And we've had two fantastic sessions already this morning and very much looking forward to the session and the insights that our distinguished guests and our own faculty members will bring to this particular session. So the way the session will run, I'll just do a quick interview. I'll introduce, excuse me, introduction. I'll introduce our panelists. And then the format will be our two distinguished scholars. We'll give about a 15-minute presentation and then we'll have an eight-minute discussant comments and then we're going to open it for a question and answer from you in the audience. So you see these two mics and when we get to the end of the discussant's comments, please feel free to move forward and ask your questions. This is a unique opportunity for those of you that are in the room. So it is my distinct honor and pleasure just to introduce our panelists. So Dr. Guy Zeeve, he's an associate professor at American University School of International Service where he teaches courses on U.S. foreign policy, international negotiations, U.S.-Israel relations and Israeli-Palestinian peacemaking. He has received multiple outstanding teaching awards and his current research project focuses on civil military relations in Israel. He has a background in policy and has worked on Capitol Hill and for Israel Policy Forum, which is a non-for-profit, non-partisan organization that promotes American efforts aimed at resolving the conflict between Israel and its Arab neighbors. His articles have been published in peer-reviewed academic journals, blogs and major newspapers and news sites. He also appears regularly as a commentator in leading media outlets. Welcome. Our next distinguished panelist, Dr. Jeremy Pressman, he studies international relations, protests, the Arab-Israeli conflict and U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East. He's co-founded and co-directs the Crowd Counting Consortium and Event Counting Project that has tallied and made publicly available data on all manner of protests in the United States since 2017. He's published several books and I'll read several titles. The Sword is Not Enough, Arabs, Israelis and the Limits of Military Force, Security, Point of No Return, the Deadly Struggle for Middle East Peace and Warring Friends, Alliance Restraint and International Politics. He has also published journal articles in Cooperation and Conflict, Diplomatic History, International Security, Perspectives on Politics, Science Advances, Social Movement Studies and many other publication venues. Dr. Nicholas Roberts is a historian of the modern Middle East and the Islamic world. He is an assistant professor of history at Norwich University. And for this academic year, 2022 through 2023, the inaugural W. Nathaniel Howell Post-Archival Fellow in Arabian Peninsula and Gulf Studies at the University of Virginia, he's the recipient of that prestigious fellowship. His current book project, A Sea of Wealth, Said Said bin Sultan, his Omani Empire and the making of an oceanic marketplace draws upon research in a dozen archives across four continents. This book uses the reign of Oman's longest serving ruler as a lens for highlighting the Omani Empire's formative role in uniting the Atlantic and Indian oceans into a shared oceanic marketplace. And this is a crucial step in modern global capitalism's rise. Let's give them all a round of applause. And I welcome Dr. Zeve to the podium. The floor is yours, sir. Thank you, Travis, for the nice introduction. Thank you, Professor Aku and the organizers of this wonderful summit. I have my phone with me here, so I'm gonna try to stick within the 15-minute allotment of time I was given. I've been asked to talk about the Israeli-Palestinian peacemaking. And since there hasn't been any peacemaking in many, many years, I'm gonna talk about the ideas that are out there, which are not really new, but nevertheless continue to stir debate, especially among academics and policy analysts as to how is this conflict, is this conflict ever gonna be resolved and so how? And traditionally, the two-state solution has been seen as kind of the paradigm for resolving this conflict. And we've seen one U.S. president after another from Bill Clinton through President Biden endorsing this sort of solution as have most Israeli prime ministers and Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas. However, the peace process has really not materialized since April 2014, which is when it last collapsed. And so with more and more settlements, Jewish settlements spreading in the West Bank and with all around pessimism among both Israelis and Palestinians, there has increasingly been this kind of notion out there that the two-state solution is quote unquote dead or dying and increasingly people have spoken about the one state, the so-called one-state solution. So that's the focus of my talk this morning and the paper I wrote that coincides with this talk. Today, there are over 500,000 Israeli settlers in the West Bank that's a 16% increase over the last five years. And that has led many to conclude that a contiguous Palestinian state in the West Bank is no longer an option and that therefore the one-state solution, a state that is equal to all is kind of the way to go. And what I argue is that given the disparate versions of this so-called one-state solution and the fact that it is very unpopular among both Palestinian and Israelis, it's basically a non-solution. That's kind of my main argument here. What we are seeing is a binational state in the making. And so even though it is not a solution, we are seeing Israel becoming de facto a sort of binational state. Geographer, I'm known so far, he's a very prominent Israeli geographer just last August so that there are now 7.53 million Arab Israelis and Palestinians and only 7.45 million Jews which is less than 47% of the population in the area between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. So we're talking about parity in Israel essentially heading inexorably toward this kind of binational reality which would be a blow to the Zionist project. The idea that Israel was meant to be both a Jewish and a democratic state and that is increasingly coming under attack for multiple reasons that are beyond the scope of this presentation although I'd be happy to address questions about the current legal overhaul in Israel which is contributing to this kind of threat that Israeli democracy is facing. Now the idea of a Jewish Arab binational state is not new. We have seen its origins dating back to 1915 with the Hashomer Hatzair movement, a movement that was comprised primarily of Polish Jews and exile to realize a binational socialist society in Palestine was their dream. In the 1920s, there was a small organization called Britshalom which was composed of primarily Jewish intellectuals that aimed to create a state for two nations. And there was even a political party in the 1940s called Ehud that advocated a binational state. The problem with all these kind of binational or one state solution advocates at the time was they never really had any Arab takers and even among Jews in Palestine it was a very unpopular position. And so organizations like Britshalom for example never really numbered more than a hundred despite the fact that as I mentioned some of its advocates were actually well-known figures in Jewish society. So one of my main arguments here about the kind of modern rendition of the one state solution is that given the disparate ideas of what that means it is not really much of a solution. So one model that I look at is the model that I call political inclusion with equality. And we have seen a number of Arab as well as Jewish intellectuals embracing this idea given that the two state solution does not appear to be very viable. And we've seen Zionist cyber a long time Palestinian intellectual who used to advocate a two state solution give up on that idea and instead support this idea of a binational state. The late Edward Said in 1999 said that a separate Palestinian state was simply unworkable and instead both Jews and Arabs would need to learn how to share the land in a truly democratic way with equal rights for each citizen. Jewish intellectuals as well Tony Jude, the late Tony Judt and Ian Lustig currently an academic who's been writing a lot about the kind of death of the two state solution and also advocates the one state solution. One of the problems with this kind of idea of an inclusive state with equality for everyone is that very few Palestinians support it about 26% of Palestinians today favor the solution and even fewer Israeli Jews support it only 14% Jewish Israelis favor of it even as their support for a two state solution has dwindled. And it is specifically a highly problematic concept for Israeli Jews. One of my colleagues here who's gonna speak after me, Jeremy Pressman noted as well in one of his writings why would Jewish Israelis willingly forfeit the advantages they enjoy in a system that privileged them and there is a Fatah activist, Ahmed Naim who once pointed out that in one state one of us Israelis or Palestinians will feel the need to dominate the other. And I think this is one of the kind of driving forces behind the opposition in Israeli society to this sort of solution. There is also a different model out there in Israel among the more religious or conservative Israeli Jews and that is this idea of political inclusion with a Jewish identity. In other words, they're looking at annexation of the West Bank or at least parts of the West Bank and full rights for both nations. So this is something we saw for example, several of the Likud, the dominant Likud parties Knesset members have embraced this idea. The former president of Israel Ruby Rivlin also embraced this idea. It would be a fully democratic state as far as they're concerned but they wanna make it clear that it would be a Jewish state as well. And finally you have a model of political exclusion. So this would be a Jewish state with no pretense to having any sort of equality for Arabs in this kind of new state if such a new state were created or the existing state of Israel plus the West Bank, equality would simply not be something that they would be interested in. Here we see in this kind of most extreme solution actually some of the current far-right ministers in the new Netanyahu government embrace this vision and that includes finance minister Bezalel Smotrich who said, if we have to choose between democratic and Jewish, I have no doubt what I would choose. Others such as Itamar Ben-Gvir who's a national security minister think likewise. And as I mentioned at the start, the idea is very, very unpopular. None of these visions, none of these models of a one state solution are popular with either population. And so this last model that I mentioned has only 22% of Israelis favoring it even though that has gone up from 15% in 2017. Alarming to some advocates of democracy of course but still we're talking about a relatively small population in Israel who embrace it. So to conclude, several kind of takeaway points here. One is that the visions of the one state solution that the various visions that are out there are simply not compatible with one another. They're irreconcilable. There is no widespread support for a one state solution regardless of the political model that is envisioned here. And no agreement means no solution. So even though Israel as I mentioned is moving inexorably towards this kind of binational one state reality, by no means should we call it a solution. This is a recipe for just more strife and we've seen quite a bit of it taking place not just between Israelis and Palestinians in the West Bank and in the Gaza Strip but also within Israeli society itself including Arab citizens of Israel and the Arab residents, the Palestinian residents of East Jerusalem. And so if the one state solution is not a solution and is not viable and is not likely to take place, what about the two state solution? Is it really dead? And here the jury is still out. The Journal of Foreign Affairs had a little symposium recently that pointed to major disagreements over this question. Scholars and other intellectuals who were invited to participate were pretty much split on this question. And what I can tell you is that the Israeli security establishment, and I'm referring specifically to the Israeli security community of former senior members of the IDF, former generals, former heads of the Mossad intelligence agency and former heads of the Shin Bet domestic security agency are basically the agreement that a two state solution may not be in the cards right now but that the idea for the two state solution can be kept alive by steps that they would like to see their government take that their government has not yet taken that may be unilateral at first before there is a resumption of peace talks with the Palestinians, but steps that would prevent Israel from turning into a binational state that can keep the two state solution alive. And even today where trust is at an all time low and there's plenty of pessimism on both sides, the idea of a two state solution is still the most accepted solution even if it's not embraced by a majority on either side for resolving the conflict. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Dr. Pressman, the floor is yours. First, I just want to thank the center and Norwich University for a warm welcome and a kind introduction. It's really a pleasure to be with you today. I'll take a quick drink of water and get this frog out of my throat here. You know, I'm going to move to kind of the big picture of U.S. foreign policy. One critique that we could think about would be the kinds of questions about the ethics of meddling in other countries and that's really important but I want to in just the next few minutes I have focused on a different type of question which is a practical question which is about does U.S. military intervention in the region even work or is it possible that U.S. intervention over the history of U.S. foreign intervention has actually just continued a cycle of instability and insecurity. And personally I tend to lean towards the idea that it has although I have to say I at least today want to think about some of the plausible pathways and leave this question with each of you to think about because I think it's one of the central questions we need to always be thinking about in terms of U.S. foreign policy, the practicality of it. I specifically address this question in terms of the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003. I selected this case and there's other cases that we could talk about but I selected this case because I think it helps tease out the particular aspect that I'm interested in and that aspect is thinking about if it's true or if it's plausible that U.S. policy sometimes leads to greater insecurity. What are the specific reasons that that's the case? I mean even if we make some broad contention that it worsens the situation, what might the specific pathways be that do that? And I consider this question against the backdrop of a number of scholars over the years who have thought about this not just in the Middle East but thought in general about the way in which the use of military force can backfire. And I wanted to mention just a few things quickly. First of course I want to mention the late scholar Robert Jervis, one of the foremost U.S. international relations scholars of the late 20th and early 21st century who passed away relatively recently. And I often gravitate towards Robert Jervis' work on the Spiro model and the deterrence model. If you haven't read it I'd be happy to share the PDF with you or the citation. It's a little bit of a dense reading but I think it suggests two basic ways of thinking about international politics and the one I want to focus on today is Jervis' Spiro model. And if you've studied the security dilemma, there's a lot of overlap here between Jervis' understanding of the Spiro model and the security dilemma. The idea that the effort that one makes to improve one's security situation can often end up in an outcome that leads to greater insecurity. That the counter moves and counter mobilizations that one's rivals and adversaries take may make the situation worse, not better. Now Jervis also posits a different model with different understandings, but the deterrence model. But in the interest of time I'll move on to a second scholar that I just want to mention briefly, which is a book that got a lot of attention about 20, well time flies, doesn't it, about 20 maybe even 23 years ago by Chalmers Johnson, which was about called blowback. And you've probably heard that term blowback. Johnson was particularly focused on CIA activity and the possibility that sometimes US CIA activity negatively affected US outcomes. I've also written about this in the context, not of US foreign policy, but connecting with Professor Zee's wonderful presentation, writing about it in the context of Israeli, Egyptian and Palestinian decisions, that sometimes decisions they've made that are meant to make the situation more secure have actually worsened the situation. So getting back particularly to the case of Iraq, I want to think about it in terms of what might we learn from that case to think about how we could end up with a worse situation rather than a better security situation, and I'd want to suggest four, I'll give you the list first and then I'll talk about each of them in a little more depth. The first possibility is that military intervention creates new enemies and new rivals. The second possibility is that military intervention reshapes the balance of power in unfavorable ways, potentially strengthening and emboldening US rivals. The third is that US military intervention becomes fuel for hostile fundraising and membership recruitment by other organizations. And the fourth is to think about opportunity costs, the possibility that one intervention uses up resources that could be used for other domestic or international endeavors. And I want to stress the domestic, I think the international is kind of straightforward, I want to stress the domestic a little bit too, because one of the things I think about not as an expert, more as a layperson, my expertise, there is an expert here about the political economy of this. But to think about the ways in which some of the resources that are used in other places might lead to neglect of some of the pillars of what it takes to be a great power in the international system, to have an advanced system of higher education that you're experiencing, to have advanced scientific endeavors going on and we could go on. But let me just take a couple of minutes to go into each of these that I've mentioned. In terms of thinking about the creation of new rivals, I think the Iraq 2003 case steers us directly towards the Islamic State and the fact that within a few years the United States was fighting a new rival. And I don't just generally connect this because of the geography. I think the geography is important. But there's two points I wanted to highlight in particular about the Islamic State. One is the emphasis that some have pointed to of the role of disaffected, ex-bathist soldiers and military personnel, largely Sunni soldiers who had been a key part of the regime of Saddam Hussein and were let's just say left out in the cold after the U.S. invasion. Some of whom maybe didn't provide the ideological fuel for the Islamic State, but provided some of the expertise and technical know-how. And the other piece is that toppling a regime generally creates a vacuum and while the toppling of the Iraqi regime in 2003, I wouldn't argue caused the Syrian Civil War. I think there's many other causes that we would point to in a separate discussion. When there was a vacuum nearby in Syria, the fact that we had disaffected bathists and others contributed to the development of a new U.S. rival. The second idea I mentioned was the idea that it changes the balance of power when you pursue military intervention. And I think as we've talked about a lot today, we've talked about the country of Iran. And I don't think there's just a simple story about how the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003 either helped or hurt the Iranian strategic position. I do just for the sake of argument because I'm just trying to sketch out something plausible. I want to note two points. That the United States knocked out Iran's primary rival. Remember, as many of you know and may have studied that Iran and Iraq fought an eight-year war from 1980 to 1988 and that the United States was not disappointed that two of the key potential challengers in the Gulf were engaged in fighting each other. So we could think about the way in which the United States helped Iran in terms of knocking off Saddam Hussein. But also, and others here have much more expertise on this than I do, thinking about the rise of pro-Iranian influence inside Iraq after the toppling of Saddam Hussein, whether we're talking about Iranian influence in the Iraqi political system or potentially Iranian contribution to training certain militias inside Iraq. The third point that I suggested was about fueling hostile fundraising and membership recruitment. I think this one is really difficult to judge because it's very difficult to isolate. It's first, it's difficult to isolate just the effect of U.S. foreign policy on organizations and then it's difficult to isolate the effect of U.S. policy towards Iraq from U.S. policy towards other states and other participants in the region. There is maybe some tentative evidence that I won't go into now that this helps. But again, I think it's difficult to isolate just the U.S. invasion of Iraq, excuse me. And then lastly, as I said, the idea of opportunity costs and thinking about what are you forgoing by pursuing military intervention. I've seen estimates ranging from $2 trillion to $8 trillion in terms of what the U.S. intervention in Iraq will ultimately cost the United States if we think about all the continuing costs of care for the military personnel and others who served in Iraq. But if we think about the lives that were lost, the lives, the Iraqi lives, the American lives, the British lives and the lives of other countries that participated in the conflict, if we think about the trauma that was inflicted and the continuation of people living with that. And so my point isn't to, there's nothing unique about the Iraq intervention in the fact that there are human and financial costs when we go to war, but we should be thinking about potentially what choices we're making to devote resources to one situation as opposed to any others. So just to think about wrapping up, I do want to offer a couple of clarifications or caveats maybe about the particular case that I briefly sketched for you. One is that one could certainly go further back just in Iraq. Dr. Roberts, who will be presenting his paper in a panel this afternoon in his paper, talks about interactions with Iraq going back to the 1950s and 1960s. So there is a risk or a utility depending on how you look at it about going into a deeper history in some of these relationships. And I think the other thing I want to say was there's different arguments for why you might look at other cases as well. The US relationship with Afghanistan since the Soviet invasion in the 1980s or maybe even looking, sorry, 1979 and the 1980s or even looking earlier, the US relationship with Iran, of course. We've heard a lot about that going back to the Shah of Iran and the dramatic shift before and after the 1979 revolution. So I do want to suggest that there's many other places we could certainly look to think about US foreign policy in the region and the extent to which it's been helpful or hurtful for US national security. I just wanted to close by saying that I think this should lead or remind us to have a healthy skepticism about assessing contentions by the US government or by any government if we owe allegiance to another country about claims about leaders talking about war. Excuse me. That we should just remind ourselves and I trust that those of you in the room, the students here, you are not only gonna be leaders of tomorrow but you're gonna be leaders who have some of the highest level of knowledge and skills that you've acquired here and in your subsequent career. But remember that that's not all of the public. All of the public isn't as interested in international affairs it turns out as we are. And so I would just remind you that maybe the default public position should be one of healthy skepticism to assume that or remember that war results in high costs that work and have long duration and multiple spillover effects. And that that's something we should be asking as an informed citizen be very conscious of. So thank you very much for your time. I look forward to your questions. Thank you very much, Dr. Pressman. We're gonna have Dr. Roberts is gonna come to the podium and to offer his remarks and reflections. And then again, students after Dr. Roberts's or guests, students or guests, welcome to ask questions during the remainder of our time. So please prepare your questions. So Dr. Roberts over to you. Thank you, Professor Morris and thank you to Professor Ziv and Professor Pressman for their papers and presentations. I admire their work and it's a privilege to comment on it especially given that I am their junior. In his paper, Professor Ziv provides an overview of different positions regarding the idea of a single multinational state in the land of Israel and Palestine. He does an admirable job of showing the different complicated positions, very complicated positions. So admirably in fact that if I did have a criticism of the paper was that it was too short but that's of course not his fault. One of the things he raises is something that I think we can discuss more in the question and answer period. This state right now of the Israeli government. When we think of the Middle East extremism often comes to mind synonymous with how Americans understand the Middle East and Islam. But the Israeli government as we speak is dominated by self-described far right extremists. As someone at the DC based Israel Policy Forum recently said to me, they never thought in a million years that they would say that Bibi Netanyahu represents the left of the Israeli government. Another thing I think we could talk about more is kind of the elephant in the room which is Christian Zionism. The role of Christian Zionists in the United States in shaping the conflict. But I'm going to backtrack a bit now before I get to the crux of my big question for Professor Ziv. And I'm going to say that I have sympathy actually for those who work on Israel or Palestine. In scholarly and professional terms I remain purposefully detached. It's so polarizing that I like to genuinely respond when someone asks me about it with, I don't know, I studied the Arabian Peninsula hundreds of years ago. It is as a historian though I would say very unfortunate that I can say that I think it's a myth that history is used in the United States to shape present and future policy. I'll never forget when I graduated Georgetown for the first part of my graduate training. I was in DC having lunch with a very prominent former government official. And I told him why I thought my training as a historian equipped me for a career in public service. He responded, Nick, no one in this town cares what you learned about history in school. I think the history of US foreign policy proves him correct. The reason government officials and many others might not really like having historians in the room is that we're really good at saying not so fast. We by default probe assumptions and ask really difficult questions. But since Professor Ziv is not only a distinguished scholar of policy, but also a practitioner of policy in a very friendly way, I'm not gonna let him off the hook so easy. I'm going to set up a thought experiment to ask him to share more of his ideas with us, especially because this hypothetical thought experiment might not really be so far-fetched. So for this thought experiment I want this to be crystal clear. Let us assume that we are departing from a position of wanting a vibrant, healthy, strong Israel and a flourishing life for Israeli citizens. I want that to be crystal clear. Departing from that assumption then, let us also assume for our thought experiment that the two-state solution is dead. So for the thought experiment there is now one state, Israel. So now what? What steps does Israel take to continue to flourish? Do Israeli government officials dispense with the idea of being a liberal democracy? Or do they embrace the idea of being a two-tiered state? We can talk about this in hard, concrete policy terms, like how do you ensure equity in public schools? How do you ensure equity in healthcare or infrastructure? But I'll end here on an admittedly thorny philosophical question. And I'm prompted to raise this question because it is one that I listened to my Jewish friends and colleagues around the world debating amongst themselves and for themselves. If there is one state, Israel, what might it come to mean from the pens of historians centuries from now that Israel came to exist born from the oppression of Jewish peoples in European history, by means of eliding the existence of another political human community? It's a tremendously difficult question, of course, but as I said, it's one that I listened to my Jewish friends around the world always having. I'll turn now to Professor Pressman's paper, which is very timely, of course, given that it is the 20th anniversary of the American invasion of Iraq. Professor Pressman uses the 2003 invasion in suing occupation of Iraq as a policy case study and alluding to his far broader body of scholarship, but also alluding to an overwhelming number of examples from world history. He argues that military intervention usually does not make a state more secure. I admire the human element of his argument, that while the American invasion harmed the United States in terms of deaths and casualties of its own service members, its own economy and its own reputation, it overwhelmingly harmed the Iraqi people. Citizens of a sovereign state that was invaded on a preemptive case rooted, as we now irrefutably know in myths and disinformation. Today's interventions, as he says, often create tomorrow's security threats, or as he says, if they solve one thing, they might also create other problems, a string of many-headed hydras perpetuating a persistent demand for military intervention. This has been something of a categorical problem for any military throughout world history, but there's also distinctly American elements to it. The United States is in fact a global empire today. No informed person on the right or the left, whether they think it's a good thing or a not-so-good thing, denies that. The United States controls one-third of the world's wealth. It has 750 military bases and three-quarters of the world's countries. In 2021, the United States spent $801 billion on defense, more than the next nine countries combined with seven of those nine countries falling firmly within the U.S. defense orbit. Now let's be blunt here about what that means. The militaries of states such as South Korea, Japan, Saudi Arabia, or the United Kingdom are essentially extensions of our own. The idea then that the United States could have easily toppled Saddam Hussein in 2003 and then reconstructed Iraq to look like an American-style liberal democracy might easily have not seemed far-fetched to the officials in the Pentagon planning it all. The power and the wealth and the capabilities of the United States military is overwhelming. It's difficult actually to comprehend. But those Pentagon officials and the ones in that building right now, I would submit, could have used a dose of education from the theorist, Michel Foucault. Perhaps the most important modern or contemporary intellectual for understanding the nature of power. In a sobering thought, and hang with me here, in a sobering thought, Foucault instructed that human beings are aware of what they do. Unlike other species then, human beings have self-awareness. Human beings are aware of what they do and humans are aware of why they do what they do. But as Foucault said, human beings are not aware of what what they do might do. In other words, we have no way of knowing the future and its unintended consequences. When ISIS came about, there was a debate amongst historians regarding using the adjective Islamic to describe it. Sure, we can call it Islamic, but we can also call it a lot more. As Professor Pressman might argue, the immediate conditions for allowing ISIS to come about in the first instance were because of US actions in the Middle East to be certain, given the staunchly, aggressively secular autocracies of Syria and Iraq before 2003, it would take a wild act of imagination to imagine how a group like ISIS would come about to the extent it did, unless the United States had created the conditions for anarchy in the region. So I'll end with a real softball of a question like I did with Professor Ziv. If we know that military intervention usually does not lead to greater security and in fact that protracted military intervention, like the 20 year global war on terror actually harms and weakens our military, why then does the United States continue to approach every global issue through a military lens? Has the history of militarily intervening in the world, beginning with the expansion of the United States across this continent becomes so fundamental to the function and economy of our state that to not militarily intervene would mean the dissolution or degradation of the engine of its economy to such an extent that the United States might not continue to exist at the level of flourishing we have grown so accustomed to. Thank you. So Dr. Roberts, thank you for your reflections, your insight and I would also say just your powerful questions that could take the rest of the summit to answer in depth, but there are people in the room that could address those. So we do want to turn it over to just Q and A for just a little bit and so if any students are interested in asking a question, please go ahead and move forward to the microphone and it looks like we have a student. So Jacob, go ahead please. And the mic should be on, just go ahead. Testing, okay. So we hear a lot about the one state solution between two states, Israel and Palestine, but I recently got into contact with a different group which sees that state being actually belonging to Syria and being a province of Syria and the same could be said with Lebanon and Jordan. What do you think about the solution to prevent one Arab, one Muslim control and one Jewish control instead of being a secularized province of Syria? What do you think about that? Am I supposed to answer also the discussants question or is that for, how would you like me to proceed? Let's see if you address this and then if we don't have any student questions then we'll go to the discussant questions. So I think in order for any solution to take place, it has to capture the imagination of the public and it has to be accepted by at least a plurality if not a majority of the public. Otherwise the solution is not viable. So this is something that I don't think is a prominent solution. It's not one I've heard of. It's an interesting one and I'm intrigued by it but I think at this point we're talking about one of the longest, most intractable conflicts in history and so we don't need to necessarily reinvent the wheel. I think that the contours of a solution are out there and I think what we are lacking is leadership that is willing, world leadership, that's willing to take political risks to create a peaceful solution for everyone. Thank you very much for your question August. All right, so first I wanted to say thank you to all three of you for making my job presenting later easier. Your comments played directly into the paper that I'll be presenting on so thank you for that. I wanted to ask a question about the one state solution. Has it been considered to sort of model after the model of Bosnia and Herzegovina or would that sort of be out of the question? No, I think the people bringing up the Bosnia situation are the opponents, a lot of the opponents of a one state solution who warn that that was a preview. The bloodshed you saw in the form of Yugoslavia is a preview of what would happen if Israel is going to become a binational state. It is usually not held up as a success, a successful model for a political solution to this conflict. And I just to build on that, one thing I might add is, like and I think you bring this out in my senior paper, theoretically people often talk about either more of a kind of communal solution, right? So it's one state, but each community has some prerogatives that they reserve, whether that's about holidays and language or education or those kind of things. And you might contrast that with a one state solution that's more individually based, more about you and I regardless of our ethnic and religious identity, each have the same political rights. So those are at least two of the kinds of frameworks that people talk about. Thank you. Thank you for your question. Sean, please. Good morning, gentlemen. Thank you first, Professor Ziv, Professor Pressman and Professor Roberts for presenting today. I wanted to direct this question to Professor Ziv regarding the one state and two state solution related to the United States. And this kind of harks upon the information given by Professor Pressman. What role, during your presentation, you talked heavily about the internal perception of between the one state versus in its multiple forms and the two state solution for the Israeli and for Palestinian perception. But what role does the US have to play when it comes to perhaps killing the two state solution or efficating any variant of the one state solution? And as future leaders and military political governance, what minefield should we avoid given the fact that as Professor Pressman pointed out clearly, our intervention may have unintended consequences? Excellent question. I think the US has an essential role to play in the conflict, in mediating the conflict. And the US is the only actor that can serve that role as an honest broker. And by honest broker, I'm not referring to neutrality because the United States has never exactly been neutral when it comes to the Arab-Israeli Palestinian conflict, but honest broker in the sense that we have successfully mediated several of the disputes in the region. Had it not been for the United States, Israel and Egypt would not have a peace treaty. Israel and Jordan would not have a peace treaty. And more recently, the Abraham Accords would not have been signed. So I think the US has an interest in A, promoting stability. And so bringing about a peaceful agreement would absolutely be in America's best interest. But in addition, we often focus on the common interests that Israel and the United States have. We don't always focus as much on the common values. And that's becoming more prominent today because of the internal debates and deliberations in Israeli society about the future of Israeli democracy and the legal system and the courts that the current government is trying to gut. And we were just talking on the way over here about the phone call that President Biden had in the last 24 hours with Prime Minister Netanyahu where he reminded him about the importance of democracy and how that is something that we have in common. And so I don't think we can divorce domestic politics from the Israeli-Palestinian dispute. And so there's a very important role, leadership role that the US has played in the past and will need to play in the future if there is going to be any sort of solution, which is why we saw this with the Clinton parameters. President Bush had the roadmap for Middle East peace. Obama tried his hand and I think President Biden is on the same page. But obviously President Biden has other priorities right now. And so this is not necessarily a high priority given the other challenges of US foreign policy. Thank you. Just one quick addition that the United States has tremendous leverage with Israel and the United States as it is done with most, excuse me, most of its allies has usually chosen not to use that leverage. And that's a decision to make, but it has consequences in terms of the ability to influence the direction of the Israeli-Palestinian future. Thank you so much. Thank you for your question, Annalise. Mike should be on. Thank you. My question is for Dr. Pressman. You kind of went over four reasons why military intervention may cause more tensions in national security. My question was primarily focused on opportunity costs and I just wanted to ask at what point do you believe that the cost of military intervention outweigh the results that we're looking for? Kind of going off of what your topic was about and what Professor Roberts said, we sent troops into Iraq based off of a preemptive case that we eventually found out was false and it cost thousands of Iraqi lives, US forces lives and British lives. At what point do you believe that cost kind of outweighed the result we were looking for? And at that point, why do you believe that we couldn't or didn't stop? Well, I think it required, in this particular case, it required recognition on the part of US leadership that there were initial mistakes, right? And that there were factors that the United States took into account such as the possibility of some kind of existing nuclear program or nuclear weapons program that didn't pan out. But, and I'm not, I wouldn't just restrict what I'm about to say to the case of military intervention in Iraq. I would say it in general about politicians that it's very hard to decommit from a policy, especially one like that that was the core of President Bush's foreign policy. So I don't think we should be surprised or that there's anything unique about that president or that administration that they were unwilling and some of them to this day and some of them to their death, like if I think about the passing of former Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld, that they never saw the downside, the costs, the missed opportunities that resulted from that. I think it requires a certain kind of ability to self reflect and public politics, being in the public spotlight doesn't lend itself to that. We as a public often are very harsh on politicians who admit that they made some kind of major mistake and especially one that has the kinds of human consequences that decisions to go to war have. Thank you. Thank you very much for your question. And, you know, anytime we talk about the Middle East, particularly Israel and American foreign policy and the relationship within Israelis and Palestinians, we are often left with more questions. Dr. Roberts put two very important questions on the table and as I mentioned, we could spend the rest of the summit discussing those and we wanna leave this session with a final question from Professor Martin and whatever the question may be, we just have about 30 seconds or less, so just a quick sound bite. So we'll leave this particular session to your question, please. I appreciate that and I deferred to students for theirs first. I happen to be an English professor here and I wanna just maybe won't respond to these questions or the primary question. I'd like to just synthesize the two talks and I appreciate how much you packed into these very articulately. I'd like to synthesize two questions. One is American foreign policy and one is the situation in Israel, Palestine specifically. And this is sort of a complicating gesture. The US is the chief provider of military arms to the state of Israel. And so I think that complicates the notion of its neutral broker ship. And I guess the question that I think would be worth thinking about for this audience is, what is the state within that context for efforts to reach a piece? What is the status, the legal status of Israel's settlement building and acquisition of territories that were conceived to be part of that second state? Because my understanding is that they're in violation of international law. So those are just some thoughts, but I will not expect too much from you today in terms of time. Thank you. Like I said, we'll end with a question and our guests will be around for further discussion for the rest of the day. And so thank you so much for your insights in your paper and Dr. Roberts, thank you so much for your excellent response and also powerful questions. Let's give everybody a round of applause, please.


Hello my name is Frau Kiekruijsse. I work as a scientist market and trade for world fish and I'm based in Amsterdam. I'm also involved as a focal point for the gender initiative of the life-saving fish program. What I've been working on is with a group of people to try and integrate the gender transformative approach into value chain analysis. So what we've done is we've developed a set of tools that can be used as a standalone toolkit or can be used integrated into a complete value chain assessment and these tools really try to get at some of the underlying causes for inequalities in between men and women in how they can benefit and participate in a value chain. So to develop the toolkit we first looked at what are some of the aspects that we really need to look at in these tools. So one of the things is decision making and really the process of decision making within the household and not just for the value chain but also in other aspects of people's lives. Then it's about roles and responsibilities. How do men and women spend their time, not just again on productive roles but also on roles within the household and within the community. Then another important aspect are these relationships that are not just the relationships in the chain but also in how power dynamics within the household and within the community. And then the really innovative and interesting part I think is the way that we've tried to look at gender norms through drawings, eliciting opinions from people and really starting to get them to discuss them and women amongst themselves, men amongst themselves but also between men and women. And finally we had an exercise where people really have to start voting with their feet on different statements and then that also was intended to generate discussion. To give you some examples it's for example about relationships in the chain that go beyond just the relationship between value chain actors but also for example how a value chain actor relates to people within the household and the community. So this is all about trying to understand how women in particular are limited by this social context but also how they're supported by people in the household. For example a mother-in-law might be supportive to her daughter-in-law helping her to participate in the value chain by taking care of the children for example so that she has time to do other things. But it's also about understanding how in society maybe husbands may not be allowed to support their wives doing domestic work because they'll be left by other men. So it's really trying to understand the wider social and gender context in which these value chains operate. So these tools of course needed to be tested so what we've done is we've used those in Bangladesh to really validate whether they work or not and we integrated them into a value chain sort of a standard value chain analysis. So some of the things that we found were that indeed there are a lot of social and gender norms that limit women from participating fully in the value chain and benefiting fully. So to give you one example women it's found upon if women are seen in the marketplace so they cannot go out and sell their own fish except for at the homestead pond to their neighbors or relatives. It of course depends on the social context of the particular community in some communities it's women are a bit more mobile than in others but generally women feel that other people would speak ill of them if they go into the market. So they realize what that means for them in terms of their incomes because it means that they have to ask someone else to go sell for them they may have to pay this person or they don't have control over where it's sold and what price it's sold and they may not in the end receive the full to full benefits from selling that fish.