Hello everyone, welcome back to another session in dentistry and more. So we are moving on to human anatomy osteology and embryology lecture series today's topic is pharyngeal or visceral arches, which is also known as Brankiel or Gil arches. Why it is known as Brankiel or Gil arches? Because this is humans vertebra is similar to fish vertebra. So the fish arches known as Gil arches or Brankiel arches. So this is interchangeable You also in exams the question might come as pharyngeal arch or Brankiel arch So it is interchangeable because both has both vertebrates has six pairs of arch but in humans the fifth arch is failed to develop and the sixth arch is rudimentary So let's see the details of very interesting very important pharyngeal or Brankiel arches pharyngeal arches or Brankiel arches We'll start with this picture So this is a primitive embryonic cavity a longitudinal section picture So you can see a primitive embryonic cavity around two to three weeks just true to three weeks So the total gestational period we know it is around 40 weeks So you can imagine how primitive how early it is So in the earliest stage if we take a longitudinal section, okay? This is a side view. So if we turn this 90 degree we get a embryonic cavity like this or embryo like this So if you take a longitudinal section, we get at this type of Primitive pharynx with three germ layers that is endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm So endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm are the three distinctive germ layers where the endoderm is covering the inner cavity So the primitive pharynx is lined by endoderm, which is the most innermost one Ectoderm is outermost covering of the embryonic cavity and the tissues or the Portion which is between the endoderm and ectoderm is known as mesoderm. So this is the earliest cavity This is the buccal pharyngeal membrane, which is a future mouth So just imagine you will be having head here The cranial cavity and this is esophagus will be having the other portions here Okay, so this is the very earliest primitive stage So this is around two to three weeks So so you need to visualize it in a three-dimensional view. This is side view. This is a friend view This is a cross-sectional. Sorry the longitudinal section of this embryo So around fourth week of intrauterine life or the fourth week embryo There will be a mesodermal out thickening. So mesodermal Thickening will be there which will be projected outward. Okay, so out pouching of mesoderm on both sides of developing pharynx So there will be out pouching. Okay, so it happens around fourth week So this is a mesoderm this green one. So this will grow outward Okay This will grow outward So this cavity will be like this at around fourth week of Intrauterine life. So fourth week embryo will be like this. So this Mesoderm is out pouching. So we have pouches like this One two three four pouches on either side. Okay, so it is bilateral So don't get confused when I say pouches So we have two pouches basically that is Mesodermal pouch, which is actually known as Arches that is brankill arches or pharyngeal arches. Okay, that is mesodermal thickening or mesodermal pouches. Okay The next thing is endodermal pouches. Okay, that is this one The endodermal pouches, which is known as The real pharyngeal pouches. Okay The origin is what matters. Okay, whether it origins from mesoderm Whether it is origin from endoderm Is what matters. So if it is Endodermal origin, which is known as pharyngeal pouches And if it is a mesodermal thickening or mesodermal pouches, which is known as Brankill arches or pharyngeal arches. Don't get confused. The origin is important Mesoderm endoderm and ectoderm and the most outer covering that is a ectodermal Origin, which is known as Brankill or pharyngeal clefs or grooves So the out pouching happening from the mesoderm. So the mesoderm is growing outward. Okay on both sides at around fourth week of embryo Which is known as pharyngeal arches or brankill arches. So which is a mesodermal thickening. Okay So this is a mesodermal thickening. Hope you clear this idea So That is a mesodermal Thickening which is known as arches. Okay arches so whereas the This is It both the both sides on the pharyngeal cavity. So this blue is the violet is the pharynx the developing pharynx So these pharyngeal pouches Okay Is present between The arches. Okay And now we have pharyngeal pouches Which form on the endodermal side. Okay. So the endoderm, you know inner cavity So endodermal side we will be having pharyngeal pouches. This is a mesodermal thickening. Okay This is the outermost covering is the ectoderm the innermost layer is the endoderm. So there will be pharyngeal pouches form on the endodermal side between the arches And there will be pharyngeal grooves or pharyngeal clefs. Okay. So I interchangely Use pharyngeal and branquil is both the same. So branquil cleft or branquil arches branquil pouches or pharyngeal pouches pharyngeal arches pharyngeal clefs And this pouches is the pockets of endoderm. Okay And there will be clefs pharyngeal clefs forms From the lateral ectodermal surface of the neck region to separate the arches. Okay. So The arches develops from mesoderm The pouches develops from endoderm and the clefs Is developing from ectoderm. Okay. So the mesodermal thickening and there will be pharyngeal pouches between between the arches and there will be the pharyngeal clefs which is forming from the ectodermal surface of the neck region to separate the arches. Okay. So these arches are formed from mesoderm whereas the pouches which is present between the arches are from endoderm and the clefs is forming from ectoderm which is separating these two arches. Okay. So the same picture I have drawn here. Okay. So we have six pairs of arches in general but the problem is this is similar to fish that is why it has got this name gill arches but the problem is we don't have two pairs active. So we have in turn four pairs and one is rudimentary. So we have first arch, second arch, third arch, fourth arch and the sixth arch. The fifth arch is failed to develop and sixth arch also it is very rudimentary. So actively we have four arches. Okay. So this is the pharyngeal arches which is developed from mesodermal thickening. Okay. So this mesoderm out pouching and become pharyngeal arches and the endoderm pouches is formed between these two arches which is known as pharyngeal pouches and the pharyngeal clefs or brachial clefs which separates these arches. Fine. So the same picture I am drawn here with more detail description. So there will be a buck of pharyngeal membrane just like here. Okay. So this goes here then this goes here. So buck of pharyngeal membrane will be here. We have one, two, three, four pouches pharyngeal pouches. Okay. So here the number might not be true. Here this is a clear picture. I just wanted to differentiate between mesoderm, ectoderm and endoderm. So now we are in this picture. We have clearly one, two, three, four and fifth one that is a sixth arch, fifth is missing. Missing in the sense it is failed to develop. So we have four pouches. Similarly, we have four clefs. Why? Because we have five arches. So there will be four spaces between these. Okay. Four mesodermal spaces that is known as pharyngeal pouches and four outermost covering that is clefs or pharyngeal or brachial clefs. Okay. So that is the space between these. So ectoderm will be the outermost covering. So this is the ectoderm which is known as pharyngeal cleft. The inner layer is known as endoderm which is the pharyngeal pouch. Hope you are clear with this. So you need to visualize from the very beginning of embryogenesis where the one cell, two cell, four cell, morula, blastolite is becoming. It is changing into three layer cells that is endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm. After that around two to three weeks this type is formed with primitive pharynx. So around four weeks we have thickening on the either side of pharynx that is mesodermal thickening. One, two, three, four, five arches. One, two, three, four pouches and four clefs. Okay. So these are the arches which later give rise to various structures in the head and neck regions. Hope you are clear with this picture.  This is a nose. This is a lips. This is a chin and this is a neck portion. Okay. So we are talking about pharyngeal arches which ultimately give rise to mandible, maxilla, hyoid bone and all the muscles, various arteries, nerve elements, the ligaments in the head and neck region that is important of brachial arches or pharyngeal arches. Okay. So till now I hope you are clear with this, this picture, this picture and this picture. Okay. Now we are moving on to the details of each arch. So each arch will consist of a cartilaginous element, a cranial nerve, an aortic arch and a myoblast which are basically neurochleous cells. So cartilage will give rise to various elements, various bones and cranial nerve which is associated with each arch which supplies those muscles and other parts and aortic arch which is the arterial supply or the vascular supply of that particular arch and its other related structures and myoblast are the primitive cells which later give rise to various muscles associated with each arch. Now we are moving on to the derivatives of each arch which is very, very important. It is commonly as Christian, the pharyngeal arch, derivative of first arch, second arch, third, fourth and sixth and its muscles and its nerve supply and its arterial supply, the ligaments associated, the bones associated. So you need to remember this picture. Okay. So the first arch is known as mantibular arch. Okay. So the first pharyngeal arch is known as mantibular arch and which is the first of sixth pharyngeal arch that develops during the fourth week of development and it is located between the stomodium and the first pharyngeal groove. Okay. So this is the first pharyngeal groove and this is the stomodium and it forms between these two. Okay. That is the first pharyngeal arch which is formed between the stomodium that is the stomodium is a future oral cavity and this bucko pharyngeal membrane which lines the stomodium. So the first pharyngeal arch which is also known as mantibular arch. Okay. So this is the first one is a mantibular arch. Okay. So this is a lateral side. This is just one arch, not the just both arch. So the expanded version of this arch is this elongated black. This one. Okay. So this is known as mantibular arch. Okay. So as we mentioned, it has one cartilage, it has one cranial nerve and it has supple, aortic supple that is a vascular supple and muscles attached. So every arch will give rise to bones, certain ligaments, certain muscles and there will be a nerve associated with it. So let's see one by one. The first one is mantibular arch. So the cartilage which later gives rise to various bones is known as the mechels cartilage. That is the cartilage of first arch or the mandibular arch is known as mechels cartilage which is very, very important. It's commonly asked as question mechels cartilage and its derivatives. So mechels cartilage which give rise to. Okay. So this is mechels cartilage, this red dotted line which is present within the mandibular arch. Okay. So mechels cartilage which forms the mesoderm of mandibular process and eventually regresses to form the incus and malleus of middle ear, the anterior ligament of malleus and the sphenomantibular ligament. Okay. So the mandible. So you can see that it looks like a mandible. Right. So the mandible or lovojo forms by the pedicontral ossification using this mechels cartilage as a template. Okay. So this is malleus bone. This is incus bone. So we have three bones present in our ear. Okay. So hope you can imagine a future ear at this place. Okay. So this is a mandible. So this is the ear cavity. So future three bones, but the two bones are developed here. That is within the first pharyngeal arch, the malleus, incus and the mandible. Okay. So there lots of bones are formed within the mandibular arch. Let's see one by one. So the malleus, incus, then the premaxilla, then the maxilla, zygomatic bone, mandible and part of temporal bone because temporal bone is formed here. So part of temporal bone will be the first arch. Okay. So we have malleus, incus, the first two bones. Okay. The first two upper bones of ear cavity. Then we have the premaxilla, maxilla, zygoma, mandible and part of temporal bone. So most of the facial bones are formed from the first arch. Okay. So from this arch, from this arch, most of the facial bones are formed. So that is a skeletal part bone. Now the ligament is sphenomantibular ligament. Okay. So we have sphenoid bone here and disjoint mandible. So sphenomantibular ligament is formed from the first arch. And other structures are this squamous part of temporal bone exactly and the anterior ligament of malleus and the palatine bones, all are formed from first arch. Now we have muscles of mastication which is formed from first arch because it is, since it is a masticatory muscles, most of the muscles are attached to mandible. Okay. So what are the muscles of mastication? We have four muscles that is masseter muscle, medial and lateral teregoid muscle and temporalis muscle. So all are associated with mandible. So it is very easy to understand if there is mandible and if there is mandible or arch, there will be muscles of mastication because mandible is the bone which is associated with mastication. So always connect muscles of mastication with mandible. So it is easy to remember the arch one give rise to muscles of mastication because why I am telling you this because mandible instead of mandible or arch, the second arch giving rise to muscles of facial expression that is a different one. Okay. So you always get confused. So the mandible is associated with muscles of mastication. So the first arch giving these muscles of mastication, those are masseter, medial and lateral teregoid and temporalis. Along with that, we have mylohyoid muscle, the anterior belly of digastric muscle, tensor valley palatine muscle and tensor timpani muscle. Okay. So all these are derived from first arch and also along with that, we have the tongue develops from anterior to third of tongue because oral cavity is here. So we also have tongue here. So we are not going very detail about this. So anyway the tongue, the anterior to third of the tongue is developed from the first arch. Okay. Now we have nerve supple that is the first arch is known as mandible or arch and nerve supple is basically from trigeminal nerve. The nerve supple of first arch is trigeminal nerve. So we have three branches basically of thalamic maxillary and mandibular branches. So maxillary branch and mandibular branch and also corda timpani branch which is a branch of facial nerve is supplying the first arch. Now let us move on to the second pharyngeal arch. Okay. So this is second pharyngeal arch, second pharyngeal arch. So second pharyngeal arch you can see the second pharyngeal arch which is the this line. Okay. So it is very easy to study second pharyngeal arch. The most upper part we have one bone which is steps. Okay. So the third bone of your carotomyllis incus and steps. So the bony parts are steps then the styloid process, styloid process then we have this is the hyoid bone. So hyoid bone has basically body and the conva. The body and conva is there. So body has superior surface and inferior surface and conva has smaller part and smaller conva and greater conva. So the second arch and third arch are involved in the formation of hyoid bone. So the bones are lesser conva of hyoid bone whereas the greater conva is developed from the third arch. Hope you are getting the getting the idea of it. Okay. So it is not very easy to depict here. So this is a hyoid bone this black one it has two parts basically that is conva and the body conva has smaller and greater part smaller is this one that is formed from the second arch whereas the greater conva is developed from the third arch and the superior surface of the body is developed from the second arch whereas the inferior surface or the lower part is developed from the third arch. Okay. And we have the ligaments in first arch we have seen sphenomandibular ligament in the second arch it is stylohyoid ligament. Okay. First arch it was sphenomandibular ligament and second arch it is stylohyoid ligament. One thing I forgot to mention that is the arterial supply that is a blood supply of first arch which is from maxillary artery which I forgot to mention so the nerve was trigeminal nerve whereas the maxillary nerve mandibular nerve and a part of facial nerve that is corda timpani nerve is involved the arterial supply is maxillary artery. Okay. Now we are into second and third arches the second arch I told you it all basically starts from S the stabes styloid process all are bony processes or the bone we are talking about smaller corner of hyoid superior surface of body of hyoid and again the ligament is stylohyoid ligament. Okay. And the first arch the cartilage was known as mechels cartilage the second arch which is known as raches cartilage. Okay. So the mechels cartilage and raches cartilage are important question. So this arch is giving rise to all these structures and muscles are like I mentioned muscles of facial expression then platysma muscle stylohyoid muscle and the posterior belly of digastric in the first arch it was anterior belly of digastric and this is posterior belly of digastric. Okay. Second arch is giving posterior belly of digastric, stapedius muscle, auricular muscles, occipitofrentalis muscle all are from the second arch and the nerve supply of second arch is facial now and the blood supply is basically from stapedial artery. Okay. So stapedial artery is the blood supply the first arch was maxillary artery and second arch is stapedial artery whereas the nerve supply is facial now and the muscles derived I mentioned now we are into the third arch third arch only two bones basically that is greater conva greater conva and the lower surface of body of hyoid the other parts the remaining parts of hyoid bone which is derived from third arch okay there's no ligament from third fourth and six arches and the third arch is giving rise to only one muscle which is stylofaryngeus and the nerve supply is glosopharyngeal nerve and fourth and sixth is conveniently give laryngeal cartilage such as thyroid, crickard, erythnoid and other laryngeal cartilages and this is hope you can see this is a thyroid cartilage this is a frackle rings and crickard cartilage so all are derived from fourth and sixth arches so the nerve of first arch is basically mandibular and maxillary nerve but part of facial nerve that is caudative panizer second arch the nerve is facial nerve the third arch is glosopharyngeal nerve so the fourth arch is superior laryngeal branch of vegas whereas the sixth arch is recurrent laryngeal branch of vegas okay so the fourth and sixth arch combined lingering cricothyroid, levator, pylate, constrictors of pharynx and intrinsic muscles of larynx so that was about the pharyngeal arches regarding the blood supply that is a maxillary artery the first arch is applied by maxillary artery then the stepedial artery third arch is by common carotid and internal carotid artery fourth arch by the subclavian artery and aortic artery sixth arch is basically by pulmonary artery and doctor's arteriosis so this is all about brankill arches it is a very important question so question might be brankill arches pharyngeal pouches its derivatives mechels cartilage reaches cartilage so the first cartilage is known as mandibular sorry the first arch is known as mandibular arch the second arch is known as hyoid arch because it is mostly associated with hyoid bone the stylohyoid ligament and the small cone of hyoid superior surface of body of hyoid and the styloid process so we need to learn the bones formed from it the muscles attached to it and the ligament and the blood supply and the nerve supply okay so the muscles I repeat the first arch is giving mastigatory muscles and the myelohyd muscle anterior belly of digastric tensor timpani and tensor palatine whereas the second arch giving muscles of facial expression posterior belly of digastric stylohyoid stepedius muscle third arch is giving stylofaryngeus fourth and sixth arch is giving muscles of larynx that is thyroid crickard and other muscles and the nerve supply the mandibular maxillary and corda timpani in the first arch the facial nerve in the second arch and the glosopharyngeal in third arch and the vagus superior laryngeal for the fourth arch and the recurrent laryngeal for the sixth arch okay and the bones formed from first arch myelous incus maxilla zygoma mandible and the a part of temporal bone the second arch stape styloid process and the corner smaller corner and superior surface third arch is greater corner and inferior surface of hyoid and this other bones so it was bones and this is muscles so that's all about brankill arches laryngeal arches I took a lot of time because it is very very important primitive or the embryogenic the pouches are very important so the rest of the anatomy chapters will be based on this one so you need to understand what is ectoderm and endodermisoderm what is the first second third fourth and sixth arches and its derivative so you can study very easily just like how we study tooth formation the basic steps should be very thorough so you can easily build up the remaining chapters over it so it is a very very important chapter not just for your exam purpose it is important to learn the other chapters as well okay thank you I'll come up with another topic in anatomy


And so what we're going to do now is go through and talk about how you can maximize your time at ONS. And effectively, here's what I want to sort of show you. So this is the submissions we got for the tracks that you are about to go into. We got five times the number of submissions that we can afford from a timing perspective on just 70 tracks, right? We got so many demos, right? And we have tried to accommodate it as many as we can, because I know you need to take time on each of these. We put receptions, training, all the morning activities, et cetera.  I mean, this is awesome. But if you look at the topics and the technology, I mean, you can't read it, but it's very, very vast. And this is why harmonization 2.0 is so critical, where it impacts the adjacent markets. So what I have done is, this is on the website, but this is a simple diagram on technologies that are now starting to converge across three major markets, the service provider markets, which you heard extensively from today, tomorrow and day after, you will hear from cloud as well as enterprise networking folks, right? We have very, very interesting keynotes and specifics. But if you look at the way the tracks are organized, there are a couple of general interest tracks, which one of them is focusing on futures. The other one is focusing on the business architecture. So if you're like the PLM type, that would be suitable for you. And then you have two tracks for the service providers and the cloud combined, where one of them is a heavy DevOps technical track. The other one is more business architecture track. And the same thing is true on the enterprise IT side. So there's a DevOps IT, and then there is the CIO's IT architect track. So that's kind of how the tracks are located. And they are all on this floor and the seventh floor. And I think by now you should know how to get to each of these things. And so this content for ONS would not have been possible if it was not for our program committee. So I want to bring the program committee up on the stage. If you know, why don't we all come in? Please? The program committee, if you see your name, come on in. Again, it's Serpil Vendi, Lingli, Allah, Cathy, Catherine Snehal, who is not here today. Ajay, Marcus, and John. So come on in. And by the way, these are the experts in the industry. I mean, they have created an amazing content for you. So on behalf of the program committee, maybe Lingli, if you can say a few words. So she's from China Mobile, and I think you can read where they are from. So maybe go ahead. Hi, everyone. I'm Lingli from China Mobile. And first of all, I would like to say it is my honor to serve with my fellow committee members to be serving for this important event. And actually, as you can imagine, it pained us, I think, to make the tough decisions, given that we have so many distinguished submissions from all areas of open source networking in all these areas of innovation and open source. And speaking for myself, I think I'm coming from the largest mobile service provided in the world, China Mobile. And we certainly believe that we can provide some of the unique use cases and requirements and contributing our own development resources in building this open source networking ecosystem. And it also thrilled to me that I see more and more Chinese companies actually joining the force. And it might also be my slight hope that, perhaps, since we have more contributions and resource coming from Asia, perhaps, in the next program committee, we could also see more Asian faces. Because you guys are actually giving us the hard task. So you have to share the burden. And let's work together to build success. And we see some of our open source networking projects to be real deployed and be successful. Thank you. Enjoying the counter and the best feedback. So if you don't like the sessions, if you like it, no, just kidding. So thank you very much. And now we have a quick break. And we start. Thank you. Thanks. We have a quick break. I think there's some refreshments outside. I think sessions start at 3.45. And we'll be here tomorrow at 9 o'clock with some more awesome keynotes. So thank you.


Welcome to the second annual Highline College Yale Summit. Yes, my name is Rashad Norris and I'm the director of a community engagement here. So I just really will just say welcome once again. We here put on a summit for African American, Black, Latino, Hispanic, Native American, Pacific Islander, Asian American, Ladies of Color. So that's why you're here this morning. At the same time, we have one for our young men as well. So when I was out doing outreach in the community, I know some of you ladies are like, Rashad, we're gonna get one for us. We're gonna get one for us. So look, this is the second annual. So I'm glad that if this is your first time, you're in for a treat. If this is your second time, you in for double treats. So I'm just glad that you are here. Before we get started, I have to just say, if you could just say thank you to all of the volunteers and the individuals that helped put this on. Plus, you have to say thank you to our catering who fed you this morning, who's gonna feed you lunch later on as well. So you guys give a round of applause for all those individuals. So it's always a treat to have you here. Like I said, I'm about to send this mic over to a young lady that's gonna be our emcee for today. I'm at the ceremony. And this young lady is a powerhouse.  So that means that she is the president's boss, which is real cool. Real, real cool. She's a local. She lives locally in the area. Her daughters actually go to Mount Rainier, so which is real good. She actually is very well known in America and all across abroad, all the seas. So you actually have a celebrity here that's gonna be speaking with you, which is real cool. If you look in your book, everybody has a booklet here. And you can look up her profile. Miss Dabrina Jackson-Gandy. As you can see, she's been an Oprah's magazine. She's been an Ebony. She's been an Essence. She has been on TV all over. She actually has her own radio. Her radio station that she's actually was on as well, which I had an opportunity to go speak to her, which was real cool. So I would just say, please, please welcome Miss Dabrina Jackson-Gandy with open arms and with love. So ladies, I don't know if you're ready. I don't know if you're ready for what you are about to hear. I don't know. I don't know because Dr. Caprice Hollins has chosen a powerful title. You are brilliant, gorgeous, talented, and fabulous. Did you know that? Okay. So here's what we're gonna do. And I'm gonna say, are you brilliant? And you're gonna say yes. Then I'm gonna say, are you gorgeous? And you're gonna say yes. Then I'm gonna say, are you talented? And you're going to say, and are you fabulous? And you are going to say, young, educated, leading, ladies leading, young, educated, ladies leading, are you brilliant? Young, educated, ladies leading, are you gorgeous? I don't hear are your mouths saying yes. If I see you not saying yes, I'm gonna come tap you to come up here on stage with me and lead this. Let's start it over. Young, educated, ladies leading, are you brilliant? Young, educated, ladies leading, are you gorgeous? Young, educated, ladies leading, are you talented? Young, educated, ladies leading, are you fabulous? That's what I'm talking about. Well, let me introduce you to a fabulous woman who is all of those things, and she has a heart for young, educated, ladies leading. Her name is Dr. Caprice Hollins, who was born and raised right here in Seattle. She received her degree in psychology undergrad from Seattle University and her master's and doctorate degrees in clinical psychology. With an emphasis, check this out in multicultural psychology. That's profound. From California School of Professional Psychology, she has over 15 years experience working with diverse populations, providing mental health services, facilitating workshops, teaching grad courses, and she's an adjunct professor at several local universities and right now she is an associate professor of counseling at the Seattle School of Theology and Psychology. She has held offices with the Seattle Public Schools and she also has a company called Cultures Connecting LLC. She has worked hard to balance professional and family life. She has two children, three step children. Wow, that is so amazing.  Give her some love. Woo, woo, woo, woo, woo. Good morning. Now I just came from the Bahamas. I just got here to this spot. Went from the airplane home to shower and came here this morning. So I am Ty Yerd. Are you awake?  Are you ready? Thank you for that introduction. I'll tell you something. Before I went to graduate school, I went to Dabrina's first book signing. We didn't know each other then and I remember thinking to myself, how does she do it? How did she write her own book? I was just amazed because I saw her as a fabulous, brilliant, talented, gorgeous woman and I thought to myself, I want to be like her when I grow up and here I am in front of you. I didn't always want to tell you something. I did not always see myself where I'm at today and I want to share with you a story about my life and I'm hoping that in some way that my story, some things about my story will connect to your story and share with you what my journey has been like as you think about where you're going. What are you going to do with your life? I remember when I was in fourth grade, my sister died. I have five siblings and my sister died and it was the first time in my life that I had ever met my father. So fourth grade, my sister passes away and my dad comes from Texas and I open the front door, I come home from school and my dad is there. I always knew who he was but I had never met him because he lived in another state and I always struggled and never knew like what am I supposed to be doing in life. I had a younger sister that's about 18 months younger than me and she was always smarter than me, always knew things that I didn't know, always kind of teased me and would say things like you don't know that and I remember being very shy and very timid, I wouldn't go and spend the night at people's houses. I had tutors in school. I remember when I was in high school I didn't know the difference between a country and a state. I was very just introverted, I didn't get in trouble but I just kind of worked my way through so that like where people didn't really notice me. That's what my shyness did. I had this fear that people wouldn't like me and so I was afraid of stepping into my greatness. I'll tell you something else about myself but I'm going to tell you some things and I'm going to be vulnerable and let you know because I want to paint a story for you that who I am today is not who I have always been, right? That people don't just become doctors. They don't just become authors or owners of businesses. There are a lot of challenges and things in life that you will have to overcome and a big part of that is that you're going to have to stay focused and you're going to have to know that there is a greater purpose for you in spite of what your challenges and experiences are in life. Not only was I shy, not only did I have a sister who was smarter than me, when my older sister had passed away, she was only 14 years old. I'm in the fourth grade, she passes away and my mom decides to go and work in Alaska and when she goes she keeps us with our grandparents.  Even in my high school years, my mom still would go to Alaska and my sister and I would live in our home alone. When I was in fourth grade, I think I was just very afraid of the world and I wet the bed. I wet the bed until I was in the sixth grade, something that I don't tell people and I just had a hard time in life. But something, I don't know, something helped me to make it in spite of all of my challenges and I want to tell you today 10 things that I learned along the way, how I got to be where I'm at. But I first want to tell you a little bit about my family background. My four older brothers and sisters are white from my mom's first marriage and my parents, my grandparents on my mother's side disowned her and they disowned her because I was born at a time when interracial marriages and interracial relationships were still illegal in some states, right? And so the thought that a white woman is pregnant by a black man was not okay during that time and my mom didn't marry my father and he left shortly after she became pregnant with me. So my mom created a family for us. All of my aunts and uncles are my mother's best friends, right?  So my mom's birth certificate, white woman, says that her parents are African-American. So I was just lost.  My sister really struggled with it in that she never graduated from high school. She went on the rebellious kind of side of things. But before I tell you the 10 things I learned along the way, I want to share with you a poem that I wrote to give you a better idea of what my life has been like. I'm going to put a little window into it and then think about what are your challenges and how will you use those challenges that you have in your life or that you're experiencing right now. Raise your hand if you're experiencing challenges. What will you do to turn those challenges into your strengths? What will you do to overcome the obstacles that you're facing right now? I am from an Irish and Scottish world. Translated white who never fully accepted me but never quite rejected me like the way they did my dark skin, sisters. I am from African Queens who took pride in the gaps between their teeth until years of enslavement divided us with, you think you're better than me, don't you? That's where I'm from. I'm from a laid back pool playing absent fatherhood children I've never met and your daddy loves you, honey, he's a good man. I'm from a pimp for a stepdad. Lester Lee Wingate III. But there were still fun times in Kachakan and Valdez and hey, we got a new baby sister now. That's where I'm from. I'm from a mother who made as a family when her own turned the other way who loved me with all her being who believed that I was beautiful whose eyes would beam with pride at every step I would take who would take away all my pain if she could. You have the world to fight, don't fight one another, shotgun in her hand if anyone was to ever try to hurt one of her babies and don't judge one another kind of mother. That's where I'm from. I'm from Marin and George's Barbecue and Catering on 23rd and Judkins, grandparents who found the blessing of being grandparents in me, piled high on their bed watching old black and white seein' white dressed as Chinese and Indians playing penny ante poker, homemade potato chips, costumes, jams and jellies and a kitchen that always smelled oh, so good. Everything from scratch except for the closet full of toilet paper and paper towels because you just never know and how come you don't have more black friends, honey? That's where I'm from.  Can't wait to go home because names do hurt me. I'm from Gumbo, Oxtail Stew, Collard Greens, Mahalia Jackson on Cleanup Sundays. Michael Jackson, enjoy yourself, step into the groove and doin' the bump if you can. I'm from Summer Trips to the Oregon Coast to visit Father Timmy and Uncle Billy and Mommy, who's Jim Crow? Whistle while you work, Nixon is a... You kids, knock that! I'm from Coopville, Washington, loving summer life on the farm until what's that you're putting in your hair and you must be good at basketball? I don't need to ask you why you won't ask me to dance. I already know because you nicknamed me Shadow and played games called Nigger Knocking and then said you were sorry that you wanted to invite me to your sleepover, but couldn't. I'm from a family who loves me, but a world that still judges me because of the color of my skin. Where are you from? Thank you. So here I am, just coming off of an airplane to be with you, a trip to Bahamas, never thought I would do that. Our family vacations were in a station wagon going to the Oregon Coast. That was the extent of it, or maybe going fishing. And so to imagine myself one day being here on a stage talking to over 200 young, beautiful, gorgeous, talented, brilliant women was only something that I could dream about. So how did I get here? There's some things that I learned along the way and I hope that they'll have some meaning for you. How did I get here? What is it that when I look back and think about what's the difference between me and maybe somebody else who had even worse circumstances that I've come from and didn't make it, so to speak? One of the things my foster brother told me, he said, Caprice, he said, find what makes your heart sing. Don't look for what will make you the most money or what will bring you the most popularity or what might look good to other people. I remember working at African American Academy and I talked with young black youth like yourself and I'd say, what do you want to be when you grow up? And they would say basketball player or a petition or sometimes they'd say a lawyer and I'd say, well, what makes you want to be a lawyer? And they'd say, well, my mom says that I argue a lot. Those aren't good reasons to want to become something. You have to figure out what brings you alive? What makes your heart sing? If you look deep in yourself and say, what am I good at? What would bring me joy? I remember I wanted to be a model but the only reason I wanted to be a model was because nobody ever told me that I was smart.  I went to the modeling agency and they said, you're too short. You have a gap between your teeth, right?  Now, if I really, really wanted to be a model, I would have found a way around that. But the truth of the matter was it wasn't what made my heart sing. And I spent time journaling and thinking and reflecting and I thought to myself, I want to do something where I can help people, where I can support them that way. No matter what struggles that they're facing, that they would have someone to lean on, someone to talk to and find and share what their problems are. And so I started out at a community college because see what you have to remember is that when I graduated from high school, as I said earlier, I didn't know the difference between a country and a state. I spent my time trying to figure out what was the best color lipstick that would look good on me or what clothes to wear, right? And so when I went to community college, I had to take classes like English and math that weren't college level starting all over again, starting from the beginning. But see, I wanted something more. By that time, I wanted something more than I had wanted in high school. See, I didn't have conferences like Yale encouraging me, right? I didn't have role models around saying to me that you can do it. And so I started on this journey and once I got my A degree, I thought, you know what, that wasn't so bad. Let me try my bachelor's degree. And then when I tried my bachelor's degree, I said, well, you know what, I wonder about this doctorate degree thing, right? And before I knew it, I was in LA getting a doctorate degree. Now, here was the thing about being in LA getting my degree. I at this point had known intellectually that it was something that I was going to accomplish, right? I'm already in graduate school. But it wasn't until I met my college professor, Dr. Shelley Hurrell, an African-American woman that I realized for the first time that I was actually going to do this. See, what happened was one day I was in class and Dr. Hurrell was a young woman. She was pregnant, getting ready to have her first child. And there was a white woman in class with me. And we're studying race issues. And I remember this white woman saying, when Dr. Hurrell had a substitute in the class, I remember this white woman saying, when are we going to move on? She was tired of talking about race. When are we going to move on? Now, she was rich. I remember she was very wealthy. Her father was like some kind of orchestra person. I don't even know what the name of it is, right? And I got so angry. I said, move on! Move on! Wouldn't it be nice if we could all just move on? And see, I'm probably in my mid-20s or so, and I remember thinking to myself, I'm going to tell Dr. Hurrell that this student doesn't really want to be here. I go knocking on my professor's door, and she opens the door, and I just latch on to her and I start weeping. I literally, like that gut, you know, that gut weeping, that one that you don't even know where all that pain comes from. And I realized in that moment that I wasn't there to tell on this other student, right? I'm a grown woman, right?  It was the first time in my life that I had ever seen someone who looked like me doing the very thing that I hoped to one day become, right? Role models, people in your life that encourage you, that even just by their presence, reminds you that you can be anything that you want to be in the world is important, right? Did you know that you are the average of the five people you hang around with the most? You are the average of the five people you hang out with the most. So look around you, see who you're hanging out with, right? When people, see right now, my best friend is smarter than me. And why do I have a best friend that's smarter than me? I have to ask her every time we have a conversation, what does that word mean? Because I am stretching myself to be better than I am today. So one of the things is to find role models. The other thing is to be around people who are doing better than you, who want something more for their lives. In middle school, going into high school, my best friend was my cousin and another young lady, and I remember they used to steal, right? They used to steal. We'd go downtown and they would take things from the store. And I didn't know this because they knew that if I knew that I wouldn't hang out with them. And one day we're in the elevator and they're talking with one another and something comes up where I realize that they have stolen. And I decide on that day that I can't hang out with them anymore. And see, even in middle school, even though I knew, didn't know what I wanted to be, I knew that I didn't want to be that. I knew that I didn't want to be that. And so when you think about the people that you're hanging around with, think about are they encouraging you? Are they making you a better person?  You see, I believe in the saying that hurt people hurt people. And when we're hurting in life, we like other people to hurt with us, right? There's something about that that makes us feel better when other people around us are not doing well, right? Another thing that I learned along the way is don't ever give up. I struggled and I struggled in school through high school. I struggled in college, but I never gave up. Even when I took my license exam as a psychologist when you graduate, you still cannot call yourself a psychologist until you take a license exam. And you purchase these books that stand about this tall from this podium. And you will be tested on it. It costs you about $500 to take this test. And if you fail it, you have to wait another six months. And I took the test and I failed it. And I took the test, again, I thought to myself, okay, well, maybe I need to study with someone. So I took the test again, studying with someone, and I failed it, right? And the third time I said, you know, this can't happen again. And I got a bigger study group together. And I took that test a third time and I passed it. Because one of the things that I learned about myself and I learned about people is that there are different kinds of intelligence, right? There's multiple types of intelligence. And by taking a test, that's just one... If you take a test and you pass it with flying colors, that's one kind of intelligence, right? The second part of this license exam is that you have to be interviewed by about eight psychologists, right? And they ask you, they throw all these questions out. And I'm ready for that one, right? Because I love to talk. You don't know that about me, but I love to talk. I'm in the center of attention, right? And I love talking. And I know that I know what I know. I just don't know how to tell you that I know it when I'm taking a written exam. But I know how to tell it to you. And I passed that test with flying colors, right? I had a college professor at Shoreline Community College that says, you know what, it's great if you can get straight A's, but what I really want to know is can you dance? See, what he was saying is that it's important to be well-rounded, to not just know how to do one thing, but to know how to do multiple things. And I'm going to tell you something. I can dance. In fact, I can get down. I can jam, right? I may not be a straight A student, right? So don't give up. The other thing is that I learned was to step into the world unapologetically. Now, this one was a tough one for me. Are you with me on this? Are you with me? You got your phones out? Am I boring you? Are you with me? You're with me? Okay. To step into the world unapologetically. See, when I was shy, if I said something that offended you, or if I did something wrong, I would say, I'm sorry. And you would say, that's okay. And I would say, I'm sorry. And then my friend would say, stop saying you're sorry. I'm sorry. I would say, right? And I started saying to myself, I started reading books. When I say no, I feel guilty. I felt guilty to tell someone no. But I started to really work on myself. On my self-esteem and my self-worth. And I used to have this little saying. I didn't tell this to anyone. I had this little saying. And I would say, this is my world too. This is my world too. That it wasn't just about me making space for other people in the world, which was all that I did up to this point. I had to learn to make space for myself as well. And so to step into the world unapologetically means to love yourself, right? I have learned that I love me some Dr. Hollins. I do. I love me some Dr. Hollins, right? And I don't apologize about that. And I remember just when I came in, and I was seeing Dabrina, and I'm giving her a compliment, she reminded me of what it means to step into this world unapologetically. When someone tells you that your outfit looks nice or that you look pretty today, you say thank you. I worked hard at this. It does look good, doesn't it? Or I do look good, don't I? Right? Rather than how I used to be where if someone gave me a compliment or said something nice to me, that what my role was was to tell them that no, this isn't true of me. Do you know what I'm talking about? Right? It's like I worked hard. I worked. I ran home. I drove home quick today. And I got in the shower and I ran here putting on my best clothes for you today.  Right? Thank you very much. Yes, I do look good. And I worked hard to look good today. Right? That sometimes if we wait for other people to lift us up, we will be waiting a long time. Right? We will be waiting a long time. I worked hard to get my doctorate degree. You are working hard to get through school. And when someone tells you good job, you tell them thank you. And in some way, shape or form, even if it's to yourself, say yeah, I know I do look good today, don't I? Right? Or I did do good on that exam. Make sense? Unapologetically. Turn to your neighbor and say, dang, I look good today. Right? Here's the other thing that I learned. Here's the other thing that I learned. That it's okay to want to be liked. Because see, that was part of my problem. Was that I wanted to be liked. Okay? The problem with wanting to be liked is when you let your desire to be liked inform the way you interact in the world. Right? We all, every single person in this room, every woman in this room wants to be liked. Sometimes we say, oh, I don't care if other people like me. Yes, you do. You care. Right? Other people in our lives matter.  That's when it becomes a problem. Because then you're doing things for everyone else and not for yourself. Okay? And when you're doing things for everyone else and not for yourself, you don't know what problems, what pains, what struggles or challenges that person is having that's informing them and the way they're interacting in the world. If you know what your values are, if you know what your beliefs are and you hang on to those and stick with those, you will do well in life. I remember there was a kid in my school, I won't say his full name, but let's just say his name is Dennis. And I remember he used to get teased. All the kids, a lot of the kids at school would tease him. And I didn't tease him. I was not a person who would tease or who would pick on other people. Okay? But there can be pressure when one kid is not liked by other kids to be like the other kids and treat that kid ill. Right? In my 20-year school reunion, high school reunion, I'm opening up this door to go into the building where the reunion is at. And there's a, it's one of those one-way kind of doors where you can see yourself and you can see how good you look as you get ready to walk into that, right? But I can see behind me Dennis. And Dennis comes up to me and he says, Caprice, I've been, I was hoping that you would be here. I was telling my wife that you were one of the few people who didn't pick on me in elementary school. Right? He had remembered that from elementary school. I go back to my 30-year reunion and I'm looking for him. And I ask people, has anybody seen Dennis? And they said, oh, Dennis passed away. Yeah. And I felt good that while he was on this earth that I didn't treat him in the way that other people treated him just so that I would be accepted. See, that's having core values, values that in spite of what everybody else is pressuring you to do or they're pressuring you to behave. Even if it's not spoken, you can still feel those pressures that you know the difference between right and wrong and that you live by those values. Make sense? You don't hear me? You hear me? All right, all right. Treating other people the way that you want to be treated or treating other people the way that they want to be treated. In all of this, I'll tell you there have been moments where even still in my life I get knocked down, right? Because it's hard to have accomplished so much and to stay humble and to remember that even while I'm saying, wow, Dr. Holland, you did a great job or you've really done something with your life, always reminded that I'm not who I am today just because I'm great. I am who I am today because of the people in my life that were there for me or the role models or the people that came before me, even my ancestors that I didn't know that made it possible for me to be where I'm at today. And so just remembering that you are all that and you're not, right? That whatever it is that you become in life it's really not about you. It's really not. It's about what you can do to contribute to the world to make it a better place. And there is a plan for you even with all the struggles and the challenges that you are facing there is a purpose in even that because it will make you stronger if you can overcome it. Right? It will make you stronger and it will help you to understand what other people are going through so that you can reach down and help people up. Right? I'm going to share a poem and then I'm going to see if you have any thoughts or questions that you have of me and then we'll just have some conversation. I used to keep this poem on my desk all through undergraduate school and graduate school because I was constantly again struggling with this notion of just kind of stepping into the world unapologetically. I read it for his inauguration speech but it was written by a woman named Marion Williamson. She says, our deepest fear is not that we are inadequate. Our deepest fear is that we are powerful beyond measure. It is our light, not our darkness that most frightens us. We ask ourselves who am I to be brilliant, gorgeous, talented, fabulous? Actually, who are you not to be?  You're playing small, does not serve the world.  We are all meant to shine as children do. We were born to manifest the glory of God that is within us. And even if you don't have a belief in God if you don't have a belief in a higher power, still know that you have a purpose in life. It's not just in some of us, it's in all of you. As we let our own light shine, we unconsciously give other people permission to do the same. What they're saying there is what she's saying is when you magnify your brilliance and your talent you're giving other people the permission to step into theirs. As we are liberated from our own fear, our presence automatically liberates others. Thank you for your time today. So could we please stand to our feet, stand to our feet, stand to our feet, stand to our feet. And give Dr. Caprice Collins a hand.


Good morning everyone. My name is Jelena Porter and I serve as the Principal Deputy Spokesperson here at the Department of State. I'm also a proud alumna of Howard University. It's my honor to welcome you all back to the second day of our 13th annual HBCU Foreign Policy Conference. Nothing brings me greater joy than speaking on behalf of HBCUs in my current capacity. Our institutions have paved a robust legacy of leaders in African-American diplomats, including my fellow Bison and Delta Sororor, Ambassador Patricia Robert Terrace, Civil Rights Activist and Lincoln University graduate ambassador Franklin H. Williams and Ambassador Teddy Taylor, a Florida A&M University alum. During today's program, you'll hear from our recruiters, diplomats in residence, and student program coordinators. Before we begin today's sessions, I'd like to share a little bit about my HBCU story and why pouring into HBCU students helped shape the next generation of foreign affairs professionals. As a Louisiana native, I always dreamed of my career taking me all around the world. It was during my time at Howard University that led me on the path that I'm on today. At Howard, I leaned into staying a lifelong learner and also being curious and fearless enough to learn about the rest of the world and more importantly have the rest of the world learn about me and others like me. It is imperative that HBCU alumni at the department tell the story of the American people abroad as well as at home. Our legacies are so important and you never know who you might be inspiring to take a similar career path. Since my time at the department, there has been significant progress to messaging to both local and global audiences about the importance of African American voices in diplomacy. You might be wondering, what does a leading legacy for aspiring diplomats for HBCU students look like? It looks like taking a stand against social and racial injustices in your community. It may also look like writing a policy to enact change in your hometown. It can also look like signing up for people-to-people exchange and leaving your family for the first time. Leading by example is an age-old phrase that speaks truth to power today. If we want to be the change, we must take the first step. Ambassador Terrence Toddman took that first step by leading a legacy of change and desegregating the State Department's white-only cafeteria. The legacy of HBCUs has been ingrained into our country as institutions of higher learning dedicated to the advancement of African Americans. HBCUs play an invaluable role in the black community here in the United States as well as abroad. The department wants to tell the story and we seek talent from HBCUs to continue this legacy. Leading a legacy for future diplomats means speaking out on policies, processes, and inequities that don't always provide a seat at the table. As a late Congresswoman Shirley Chisholm once said, if they don't give you a seat at the table, bring a folding chair. This is what it means to be legacy-driven to shift the culture of diplomacy moving forward. I welcome students studying international business and economics, computer science, mass communication, or even humanities and the arts to stay engaged and encourage regardless of if you are clear or not what path that you would like to take. If you're a parent, administrator, or friend, please know your role as a part of the support system during this process is highly invaluable. I hope this message leaves you encouraged and inspired to pursue a career in diplomacy. The legacy of black diplomats at the department was paved by HBCU graduates, which is an honor I'm proud to share. Thank you so much for your time and we hope to see you again after today's program.