Throughout history, people have done horrible things to other people with permanent consequences that cannot be undone. One way we heal is through somber remembrance of the past combined with optimistic appreciation of the present and celebrating our hope for the future. We do this on anniversaries like Pearl Harbor Day or 911 or more positively on Juneteenth Independence Day and observances like Memorial Day. Indigenous People's Day is just such a holiday. The purpose of this article is to update the town's holiday list in accordance with the select board's proclamation on January 25th, changing Columbus Day to Indigenous People's Day. The observance of Indigenous People's Day would not add a new holiday for observation by town employees. Rather, for employee purposes, it would stand in the place of any state or federal observance of Columbus Day. However, because the two celebrations are antithetical to each other, given the harm done to Indigenous Peoples by Columbus's regime, it is important that this be a complete changeover, not a dual holiday. Thank you. My name is Danielle Cost and I'm here as your neighbor to share my perspective about Columbus Day. And as you can see, it's very personal. As Drake mentioned, I'm Algonquin. I'm an enrolled member at the Kitigan ZV First Nation in Canada. My mother and family still live on the reservation where I spent much of my childhood. First Nations are what Indigenous Peoples are called in Canada as the first people on this land. And by land, I mean even here in Arlington, where I'm now living and raising my two children. Tonight, I'm asking you, sorry, in our community, to think about what it means to be Native American, to fight to be seen in a world that has been trying to erase you for more than 500 years, to live in a society that thinks it's honoring you with sports mascots, and instead of giving you basic respect, to have to seek recognition and validation for your very existence. And most of all, I would like to share my family story. And the pain that we suffered at the hands of Canada's Indian residential school system, which was a government effort to assimilate Native children. They happened not only in Canada, but in the US too. In 1955, the government forcibly removed my mother and her siblings from their parents and sent them 1,100 miles away. They were among thousands of Native kids who were systematically stripped of their identities, their religion, their language, and their family structures were broken. And they were severely abused and neglected. My mom was four when she was taken, I mean, which is two years younger than my daughter, which just blows my mind, and she was gone for 10 years. But she's one of the lucky ones because hundreds of children didn't survive. As my mother's daughter, I feel compelled to share her story because many people aren't aware of this history. And they're always shocked that it happened not that long ago. And some might, some listening tonight might think I'm sorry that this happened to your family, but what does it have to do with marking Columbus Day in Arlington? And it's this, recognizing Indigenous Peoples' Day is a step toward healing for Native people. It's a meaningful acknowledgement not only of our history on this land here in Arlington, but our fight to be seen as people today. Thank you. Columbus Day has been celebrated since the 1800s. It was put forward at a time when a lot of national U.S. myths were being put forward. You know, we have a lot of myths in this country such as George that some of us grew up with such as George Washington never told a lie about the pilgrims coming here to Massachusetts. And Columbus was part of that too. And it was a myth intended to create a sense of national unity among white people. Certainly it was excluding everyone else. And then it was embraced by some Italian immigrants in the 1900s as a sign of pride and especially as a way of showing that they were American too. At a time when Italian Americans were in fact facing a lot of discrimination, facing a lot of prejudice as recent immigrants and as being considered at that time, not now, but at that time as being less than white as well. You know, in facing a lot of discrimination. So they embraced it and it became a federal holiday. The problem with that like so many of these national myths is that it number one ignored the history. A lot of the history about Columbus was not known at that time, but we do know the truth now and we've known the truth for a very long time. And indigenous people in particular have known the truth for much longer because it's something that, you know, we've always been very clear that we had civilization and we had spirituality. And we never needed to be discovered by anybody and Columbus wasn't an uninvited guest. And unfortunately, like there's so many other elements of national mythologies that excludes indigenous and black and other people. And, you know, I think now in 2021, we're all sufficiently conscious to know that we need to get rid of that sort of thing. And that ends with education. We need to educate ourselves about the indigenous population, people of color. And not just, you know, this generic education, I mean, really get into it. Reach out to the indigenous populations. We're here. It's not like we went anywhere all around you learn about us. Understand us understand what we went through and create a relationship with us. The Massachusetts tribe desires a relationship with all the towns in our territory, all the cities and towns within our territory. We desire this relationship because we think it's important that the residents and the people of this area are included, meet and know the Massachusetts people who they are today and who they were so they can be better informed and they can understand what we went through so they can understand why we feel the way we feel today. And it all begins with a relationship that we need to reestablish. So we're here. Reach out, we're always willing to meet and talk. Always, we're always willing to come and help anything you need. We'll try to help you do it. Educate the children. Because we are like I said before we all need to heal and it starts with the relationship so we need to have a better relationship with each other. And we need to stop the cycle of hate that really is playing both of our communities.


Hey everybody, Lee Lowell here, smartoptionseller.com. How's everyone doing? I've got another options education lesson for you today. This is what we do here in these YouTube videos. I've been in the business for 30 years, so I'm trying to help you become a smarter, more profitable options trader. So we, or I like to try to give you these videos that can help you in certain areas of all facets of options trading. I get lots of questions every week, asking me to make videos on particulars about trading options, whether they're buying options, selling options, how to make a trade, what's volatility, what's the margin requirement, how do I do a spread? So I get all these questions. But so today in this options trading video, we're going to be talking about taking profits or how to take profits, when to take profits on an option that you have sold. Here at the smartoptions seller, this is what we do. We sell options as our initial trade. We don't typically buy options all that much. We're always on the selling side of options. Now remember, option trades always have a buyer and a seller. We typically are on the selling side of options. In the financial markets, you can sell something whether you own the contract or not. Same thing with stocks. You can sell a stock before you even own it. It's called shorting the stock or shorting the options. You're taking a position from the short side, not that you're bearish. It has nothing to do with directional opinion. It just means you're selling the contract instead of buying it. So in this case, we're talking about when you can take profits when you sell a put option contract. Now that is pretty much our bread and butter here at smartoptions seller. So we sell a lot of put options. And I get questions from people, well, if I sell the option, like how do I get my money or when do I take profits or how do I take profits? It's a great question because it can confuse a lot of people because most people always think about, well, I buy something first and then I sell it at a higher price. Well, how do I make money or how do I lock in my gains when I sell an option? I'm just not sure I understand how that works. So let's take a step back and talk about what happens when you sell an option. We'll talk specifically about selling put options because that's what we specialize here. So when you sell a put option, what you're doing is you're selling the contract to the put option buyer. And in exchange for you selling that contract, the put option buyer pays you money upfront. Now, I just wanna do a little refresher here before I talk about how to take profits. When you sell an option contract, whether it's a call option or a put option, the maximum gain or the maximum profit you can ever make on that put option or call option is for whatever you initially sell that contract for, that option contract. So on day one, when you sell that option contract for whatever price you sell for, that is the maximum amount of money you can ever make on that trade, okay? So here in my little example, if you sell that option contract for $1 per contract, which in actual dollar terms, that's $100 because every option contract consists of 100 shares of stock. So you always have to multiply the option price times 100 and that'll tell you how much money you will receive. So if you sold an option for $1 per contract, you will immediately get $100 in your account. And that's the maximum that you can ever make on that option contract, okay? $100, it's the maximum you can make. And what you're doing is you have to wait until expiration to fully yield that $100. Even though you get the $100 right off the bat, your broker will put a hold on that money, a partial hold on that money until it either expires worthless or you actually buy the option back and lock in a game. So let's just talk about what we can do here. So you sell an option contract, you collect the money and now that money's sitting in your account. And what you can do at that point is that you wait to see what happens. Now, typically as an option seller, what you want to happen is that you wanna see that option price go down in value, okay? If you sold something for $1 per contract, you actually want the option price to go down, not up. Why do we want it to go down? Because if the option goes from $100 downwards, that means you can eventually, if you want to, buy it back for a cheaper price and lock in a game. That's how you make money when you sell options, okay? You sell it at a high price and you try to buy it back at a lower price. It's just the reverse of buying low and selling high. In the option selling world, what you're doing is you're selling high first and then you're trying to buy it back low as the second part of the transaction, okay? That's how you lock in a game.  It's not a full $100 locked in until or unless you close it out early or you let it expire worthless on expiration date. Okay, so that's, we have a little refresher there on how selling options works. Now, I get questions, well, can I take profits before expiration date? Do I have to hold the option till expiration date? What if I wanna lock in my gains or lock in a loss and move on to something else? Well, let's talk about what I call my 80% rule when selling options. What is the 80% rule? Well, in the case of selling options, let me scroll down here a little bit. Like I said, you sell something at a high price, your goal is to buy it back at a cheaper price. Before expiration, the faster that you can lock in your money, the better because the less time that you give a stock, the chance to move around wildly, the better. You don't wanna stock to move around a lot when you've sold an option. When you sell an option contract, specifically a put option contract, you want that stock to either stay flat or go up at price because that's what will make the option price go down. Okay, so there's a couple of things you have to understand. When you sell a put option, it's good for the stock to move up. Okay, that moves in inverse.  That's what you want to happen. So the 80% rule states that once an option value has lost 80% of its value, that's when you would look to buy the option back and lock in your gain. So let's talk about that. Let's look at an example here, okay? So the 80% rule states once you've captured, meaning the option has decayed or lost 80% of its original premium, it's smart to buy the option back and lock in the game. So let's look at an example of, we sell a three month put option for $1 per contract. We get the $100 in our account, and now we have to sit there and wait to see what happens to the stock. We have to see whether the stock drops or stays flat or goes up. But we're banking on the time decay factor of options. What is the time decay factor? Well, every option loses a little bit of value every day due to the passage of time. Okay, we don't have to do anything else as an option seller and that option will lose value just because it's passing time moving towards expiration. That's a great thing for us.  So as time marches on, that option that we sold for $1 per contract starts to lose its value and it goes down, down, down. What we're looking for is for when that option is now worth $0.20 per contract, okay? So two months later, the option is worth $0.20 per contract. It started out at $1 per contract and now two months later, it's worth $0.20 per contract. And that's a great thing. That option has lost or decayed 80% of its original value. It went from $1 down to $0.20 a contract. Now it's worth $20. Sold at $100, now it's worth $20. Now you have a paper gain of $80 per contract. If you sold 10 contracts, that's an $800 gain, depending on how many contracts you've sold. So it's really smart. In my book, the 80% rule is that once the option has lost 80% of its value, you look to lock it in. How do you lock it in? Well, you just have to buy that same option back. Whatever option you sold, you're going to buy back that same specific option at a much cheaper price, okay? So here we go. You're buying it back will cost $0.20 per contract, which is $20, which will lock in a win of $80 profit per contract. Sold at $100, buy it back at $20. The trade is over and the position will disappear from your account. Now the question is, why is it smart to buy back the option after it loses 80%? Why don't we want to wait for it to decay to 100%? Well, that's fine. You can do that. But anytime that you can buy something back where you've locked in 80% of the full profit, before the expiration date, the better. Because just think about a stock that, let's say you're holding an option position over an earnings announcement and all of a sudden the company has horrible earnings and the stock drops on you the next day, the next day in the market. That put option value is gonna skyrocket back up in price most likely. And now you're like, oh, I just gave up all my paper profits and now potentially I might have to buy that option back for a loss. So it's always smart in my book to, if you can lock in 80% of the gains before expiration, you do it. Because then you could take your money and move on to the next trade. What money are we talking about? Well, when you sell an option, your broker is going to assess you what's called a margin requirement. And what's the margin requirement? That's just money in your account, liquid funds in your account that has to be held aside while the specific trade is open. Okay, how much money are they going to hold aside of your free cash? Well, that's called the margin requirement. And most brokers today will hold roughly somewhere between 10 and 20% of what it would cost to buy that particular stock, 100 shares of that stock at the strike price. Now, in the example, let's just say we're looking at a $50 strike price. And if you had to buy 100 shares of that stock at $50, it would cost $5,000 total investment. Well, out of that total investment, your broker is going to hold aside 20% of that, which is $1,000. Okay, so in order for you to sell that put option for $1 a contract, your broker is gonna say, okay, well, yes, we're giving, you're gonna get $100 when you sell that contract. But while the trade is open, we still have to hold $1,000 of your free cash aside as the margin requirement until you close out the trade. And when you close out the trade, we will release the $1,000. So I always get, well, what's the, what's my return percentage? How do I figure out how much money I've made when I've sold this put option? Well, you have to figure out what's called return on margin, R-O-M right down here, right? Return on margin, R-O-M, it's not return on investment because you're not buying anything, you're not investing any money. So you're not figuring out the usual return on investment. This is called return on margin, okay? So if you have a $1,000 margin requirement and you make $80 profit, okay? Remember, you sold it at 100, now you bought it back at 20, you locked in $80, okay? So that's your profit. Well, what's your return on that profit? You take the 20, you take the $80 gain and you divide it into the $1,000 margin requirement. And that equals an 8% return in two months time or 48% annualized, if you like to annualize, okay? So the margin requirement is very dependent on what strike price you use. The higher the strike price, the higher the margin requirement. You're here at the smart option seller and when we sell put options, we try to stick to stock or strike prices at $50 and under, okay? Because it's a little bit easier on the wallet when you sell these put options. So your percentage return is your dollar gain divided by the margin requirement, okay? So the whole goal of this little lesson here today, this short lesson is how to take profits, when to take profits and why to take profits. And in my book, once you've locked in 80% of the maximum gain you could make, it's time to take those gains and move on. You'll have your margin money released and you could make a new trade and try to capture 80% on the next trade. Now, if you wanna hold it until expiration, that's fine with you. You can hold out for a 90% return or even wait until the option expires and then you'll get 100% return and you won't have to pay an extra commission to buy the option back. For me, I like to get in and out. When I've captured 80%, that's good enough for me. I'll move on to another trade but it's entirely up to you to decide what you wanna do. Okay, so there you go. That's your little lesson today on an idea that you can think about of when to take profits, when you've sold a put option, okay? And if you wanna learn more about put options, let me just bring up our website here real quick, smartoptionseller.com. Get a free copy of our Put Selling Basics.  You can put in your name, email address. This free Put Selling Basics guide talks all about how to sell put options and there's a good section on the margin requirement if you wanna learn a little bit more about the margin requirement. Okay, so that's it for me today. I hope this short little lesson has been helpful to you and just remember, we like to take profits. We like to get in and out. We don't like any surprises by stocks dropping during earnings. So that's why we lock in our gains at 80% when the option has decayed 80%. All right, that's all for me today. I hope everyone has a great weekend and I will see you all here next week. This is Lilo signing off.


Good evening, I am Deepak Faltak back again to offer some concluding remarks for this exciting workshop. I just got some statistics from my colleagues here out of 237 or colleges. About 12 were not able to connect on all the 4 days they missed out on some days and today about 10 colleges are not able to connect. It is sad, however I must say that it is acceptable because a total of 250 colleges is what we are targeted with approximately 18000 students registered. You will be glad to know that this is so far the single largest experiment of addressing and engaging so many thousands of students across the country on something which is not part of the regular university syllabus. In fact, you are interest on these 4 days of weekends and continued interaction even on the last day makes me very happy. It tells me that there is still an urge for creativity across our young students in the country. As I told you the tablet computers are expected to proliferate very very quickly and very very largely across the human society and over the next decade they will probably become the basic tool for education in most of the educational institutions in advanced countries and hopefully even in developing economies such as ours. To begin with I would like to remind you where you people are positioned.  I suppose most of them are third year students. Any idea about the demography of the students? Mostly third year students. Is there anybody from the workshop team here? Most of them are third year students. Well I would say senior graduates and some post graduate students may be others. There is an interesting statistics which most of you would know but I would like to remind you the number of Indians who are less than 19 years of age less than or equal to 19 years of age is very very large. And you guess how much? There are 300 million Indians in that age group. 30 crore Indians. That means there are 30 crore Indians who are at your age or younger than you in this country trying to find out the best avenues and opportunities for educating themselves and using that education trying to figure out how to do well in life for themselves and for the nation. This is not a small number by the way. This is larger than the total population of most countries. In fact there are only two countries, three countries which have population larger than 300 million that is China, India herself and probably United States. The point is that this is termed as a demographic advantage for us but this demographic advantage will be a true advantage only if this vast pool of talent can be given proper education and then opportunities for not just earning livelihood but for making themselves and the society and the nation stronger and more prosperous. Why I mention this to you? Because you would realize that you are the leading edge of this so called demographic dividend. And a leading edge of any phenomena has a greater responsibility and also greater opportunity. What I mean is not only you people who are attending this workshop have to do well. You have to help the remaining people out of 300 million in some way or the other to become better educated to become better qualified. Obviously as of now your concentration would be to completing your course, learning useful things such as android programming and many other things and pick up a good job, do well in life. But while you do so in every activity of yours please try to see if you could also help others. In fact the contest the programming contest or the application development contest that I have planned and which I announced yesterday is precisely to provide an opportunity for all of you to help others. How as I mentioned all the applications that you develop will be released in open source which means all the applications will be available, accessible and usable by all the millions of students and even others who are even older than you. That is an opportunity and that is why I would like to see a very very large percentage of the people who are attending this workshop participating in this contest. Whether you win a award, a prize or not is immaterial but a participation will do two things. One it will give you and your team members an opportunity to really come up with something creative, something different. Writing good programs, writing programs which work, which do something which provides some functionality. Whether it is a game, whether it is a simulation whatever it is it just does not matter as long as it is created using your own talent. Please remember that whatever you submit will be released in open source with your name attributed to you and those of you who come up with something excellent, something extraordinary would be remembered by the history and by the other people. As I said all of you desire to do well in life and I wish you all well in that endeavor but I would like to use this opportunity to share with you a few things that I believe people at your age should remember. When I say people at your age I do not exclude myself because I still feel I am young enough although I am not obviously in age but by mind and by heart I am as young as you. I can relate to you well because as a teacher I deal with people like you every day. I have been doing so for last 42 years I hope to do so for some more time here. When I try to peep into the minds of youngsters such as you what do I find? I find dreams and aspirations exactly similar to those which I had when I was your age and I was a student in second year, third year, fourth year of engineering. I realize something then which you should have realized now namely that engineering education and science education are two fields which are enormously important not only for you but for the entire society. Why? Because in this century and in fact starting with the previous century most of the wealth generating mechanisms, most of the mechanisms which provide comfort and so last to humanity in their normal life come out of science engineering and that is why this education is so very critical, so very important. While we are pursuing this education and while you will pursue your professional careers later I believe that there are a few things that you should like to keep in mind such that your professional career and in fact even your remaining stay as a student is far more fulfilling, far more present and far more enriched. I am not going to talk about academics of course, I am not going to talk about preparing well for exams that is what you all do automatically and naturally but I am going to speak about certain other characteristics which are very critical in your future life for leading a successful professional career. First and foremost you need to imbibe in yourselves a set of values which could be traditional values, could be good values that you yourself believe in, could be good values that your parents or neighbors or other people in the society believe in, what are these good values and I am not talking about a specific religion or a specific dogma or specificism, I am just saying these values appear to be good because they are universally acclaimed as good. First and foremost the truth we should stick by the truth, second we should stick by claiming whatever is ours and this claiming whatever is not ours, let me elaborate a bit. When I sit in an exam and I have a neighbor who is very smart and writing correct answers known to be writing correct answers, I may be tempted if nobody is looking I may be tempted to look into my neighbor's notebook and may be copy something, well if nobody catches me I may get a few marks, if nobody catches me and if my neighbor actually has written wrong answers I will get less marks. But this temptation is to be avoided because it immediately impunges on following a good value namely truth, remember when you are getting evaluated you are being evaluated for what you know not what others know and therefore it is only proper that you articulate you describe what you know. It is possible that some questions cannot be answered by you either because you are not prepared or because you are not able to get those solutions during the examination time, it is okay to give even a blank answer, it is okay to imagine something and write whatever you think is right but the answer must be your own. The very temptation of copying from somebody else means something very hazardous, it means that I am trying to claim credit for something which I claim to know myself but I do not and that is bad value that is bad value now that is bad value later in life. In academic terms this is called plagiarism, this is in fact the first stage plagiarism that means taking somebody else's stuff and claiming it to be your own. Sadly we find that people when they grow up with this kind of temptations not controlled during the young age become sort of used to doing this kind of thing, they think there is nothing wrong in it and then they do worse things in life. Somebody in Coimbatore has done some fantastic research and published a paper in 1985, I am working in the same area in some other city like Jharsugula or whatever. Now I have not been able to get the same accomplishment but I want the same kind of recognition. I am tempted to read that paper, copy some paragraphs from that paper and claim those paragraphs to be my own work and submit them. This is theft, ordinarily if I go and steal a television or something from somebody's house it will be called a criminal offense but if I simply take a paragraph from somebody else's write up and include it and claim it to be my own I believe it is not really as bad. I would like to tell you it is not as bad, it is worse. It is worse because it is less likely to be caught and therefore you are less likely to be ever reminded of what should be the right thing to do in life. This temptation I must say you must prevent yourself, nobody else can help you. So when you give any examination, when you give any evaluation A, you must articulate what you know yourself. In research for example it is perfectly permitted to quote somebody else's work to define the context and say this is what I have read but this is what I have done subsequently upon my own thinking and so on. Such a reference has to be cited that means when I quote that paragraph I am required to do two things. One, I must rewrite that paragraph in my own words. It is not proper, it is not correct to simply copy, cut and paste, cut and paste technology which is so prevalent these days particularly because of the availability of electronic contents, I may be tempted to do that. That is wrong, that is academically considered a criminal offense. Why do I elaborate this one point so much? That is because when you embark on developing your application you have to be very careful. You may pick up any lines of code or any idea from any source that you come across. After all there are thousands upon thousands of applications which are already which have been developed in Android and many of them are available in open source. It is perfectly fine to take an idea from somewhere else. It is perfectly fine to refer to that code but you must give credit to that code. You must begin your submission by saying I got this idea from such and such place. This is the reference which is cited at the bottom. This is the code which they have written but I have applied my mind. I have worked hard to extend that concept further to add some functionality there and this, this and this is my own work. All the rest is somebody else's work. I think you should have courage to say that and it does not matter if for two hundred pages of somebody else's work I can add only one page of my work. Believe me when that one page is your work it will get you credit and you will be respected for your honesty far more than what otherwise would be ridiculed for copying somebody else's work. In any case since we are going to release all the contents of your submissions including your application source code, the binaries, the functionality, documentation everything in open source. Please remember that it is important to avoid this temptation of copying from somebody else because the whole world will be looking at each and every application when we publish it on the IIT website with your names, with your institutes name there. It is very, very important that you therefore submit your own work, do your own work and submit your own work. Why does this temptation come in the first place is because of the natural human tendency to optimize. You know you would have heard this word optimization. Optimization of any process means you try to minimize the efforts that are put in and you try to maximize the gains that the system gains. In terms of our normal activity for example when I am a student I would like to minimize my studies and maximize my marks because I correlate my marks to the gains. This if you are smart enough you can do that by n number of strategic means but you cannot include any kind of plagiarism while doing so. The first good value is to claim what is yours and to disclaim specifically what is not yours by citing the reference to the appropriate place from where you have picked up the knowledge. There are a couple of additional things that I would like to mention. One is our ability to articulate particularly articulate in written form while in writing is very poor. I am not blaming you for that. This is a problem that the entire Indian society is afflicted with and this is not known. There is a reason for this. Our age old traditions of knowledge transfer have mostly been verbal. The script started getting used by common people very very late. Since our traditions have been verbal you will notice that Indians as a whole write much less than what their counterpart human beings in other countries and other civilizations do. We do not write our diaries. Very few people write every day their diary what they have done what they have not done etc. Our own history is written by others write from you and son to whatever whosoever outside us have come visited India and documented our history but we do not write. We speak a lot we exchange our knowledge and ideas by speaking. We read a little and we rarely write. I would like to request you to consider spending a lot of attention in your ability to articulate in written form because in this century and beyond the written articulation will become of paramount importance. I have come across many students including several of those who come and come and join our M. Tech program here. Even our M. Tech students many times are not able to write properly in English while articulating their ideas and they all claim sir this is because our native language is not English. Now that is the most bunkum argument I have ever heard. Like most of you my native language is also not English. I studied in Hindi all throughout. I did an experiment which I would like to share with you for almost 6 years while I was conducting an entrance examination for the M. Tech students. Thousands would apply of course we would do a first filtering and then we would shortlist people about 50 or 60 to be interviewed. While they are waiting for interview I would conduct a long test and in that test there would be one question. Write about yourself and your family in 10 sentences. They would of course answer it truthfully making mistakes in writing English. The next question would say rewrite the answer to the previous question in your own mother tongue. 99 percent of the time when people wrote erroneous English they also wrote erroneous Marathi Hindi Telugu or whatever. What it means is people have generally not disciplined themselves disciplined their mind to write properly. I see emails bouncing across including those which are exchanged between the participants of this workshop including the responses given by my team. If they were to be part of a proper answer in any examination all of you including my team members will fail miserably because there are grammatical mistakes, there are spelling mistakes and the sentences somehow do not make proper English language sense. Do you know why it still works? It works because my students, my staff members and you all can actually understand what is being stated and therefore you say it is alright and that is because you make similar mistakes. You are used to similar language. This getting used to is a very dangerous thing. Please remember you will be competing with the rest of the world and the rest of the world believes in proper written articulation. You have to learn proper written articulation either now or later and better learn it fast. I would submit that the documentation that you are going to prepare for participation in this contest should be written as far as possible in correct English because English is the language that we have chosen as a medium of instructions across all engineering education. There is no harm in writing out that documentation and taking it across to your own friends and others saying will you please check whether there are any grammatical mistakes? Will you please check if there is something wrong? After all do not forget that there are tools available today which can automatically check for spelling mistakes. Do you necessarily subject any email sentences that you write to spell check before sending it? I believe you do not because otherwise I would not get mistake in English in small emails from all across the country. So this is the second point I wanted to share with you. Please become as perfect as possible in English articulation. English indeed is a foreign language but is used extensively in India and there is no reason why you cannot master any language including English. You have to discipline your mind to write properly. By the same token I would suggest that if you ever write in your own mother tongue be it Marathi, Hindi, Telugu, Tamil, Bengali whatever please ensure that you at least try and write correct Hindi, Marathi, Telugu, Tamil and do not make mistakes there.    Your written articulation says a lot about you. Please make sure that it says well about you to anybody who reads whatever you have written. There are many things that I can speak about but today is a short time. I think my time is already up no I have 5 minutes because I started 5 minutes late. So I will use not all the 5 minutes I will use only 3 minutes to conclude my talk. I somehow dream that the lives of all my students and you are all my students now. It does not matter where you are sitting because once I engage with you as a teacher you become my students. For my students I have a special message. I would love their lives to be as beautiful as dew drops in the morning that you sometimes see on a winter morning. I do not know whether the word dew is it commonly known? Dew drops are those small beautiful looking water drops. Early morning you will find them on the leaves and flower petals in the winter particularly. They look beautiful when the sun shines on them and I imagine how nice it would be if all my students had a beautiful life as beautiful as these dew drops. So I define a special meaning for the three letters of the word dew. Dew is spelled in English as D E N W. For me D stands for dreaming big. You must dream big because your dreams will restrict or permit you to achieve less or more. So dream big so that you can at least aim to achieve more. Do not worry if you cannot fulfill all your dreams. But when you struggle to achieve bigger dreams you achieve much more than if you initially dream small even if you achieve it there is not much more. So dream big that is D for you.  Why life should be enjoyed? Because life is the only interval that you are consciously aware of. We are born will be dead some day. The interval is life and every instance in that life comes only once. So please remember every instance in our life is extremely precious including this instance. Currently you are spending time listening to me. If I had not prepared very thoroughly then sometimes I would waste your time by not speaking meaningfully. I must enjoy every instance of speaking I must enjoy every instance of listening I must enjoy every instance of writing a program. I must enjoy every instance of trying to find out the error in my program. I must enjoy arguing with friends. I must enjoy seeing movie I must enjoy dreaming, I must enjoy everything. Enjoy life enjoy every instance of life because every instance is precious.  For dream big, for deep, enjoy life, enjoy every instance in life for E and the last is W. W is for working hard. You have to work hard. This is a question I often ask my students how many hours in a day do you sleep? The typical answer is 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours. Well, I do not graduate. I would love to sleep for 6, 7, 8 hours but for last 45 years I have been sleeping on an average only 3 hours and that is because I realize very early in life that the more I sleep, the more of the instances in my life are wasted because there is no productive work that is being done. Please remember when I say dream big, I do not mean dream in your sleep. Dream while you are awake. That is what is big dreaming, not the kind of dreams that you make. I am not suggesting that all of you should become mad like me and start sleeping only for 3 hours a day. That is nonsense. Every human being requires a proper amount of sleep but you can reduce that average quantity of sleep that you spend every day by working may be 15 minutes extra, 30 minutes extra and more importantly every minute that you are awake you can utilize that time by doing a great amount of planning and by optimizing the time utilized. But if you work hard then and only then you can create something which others who work less hard cannot do namely you can create history. History is not created by working 9 to 5 or by attending classes or by just doing defined thing. History is created because you dream, you take up challenges and you face those challenges and you work more than others do. So dream big, enjoy life and work hard to create history. It is my wish that your lives would be as beautiful as dew drops. I will conclude by saying thank you very much for participating in this workshop. I do not have exactly the number of students who have participated. I take this opportunity to thank my own team. I believe my experiment of exposing my own project staff, m tech students and RAS to work as teachers has succeeded well. I was looking at some of the question answer that were happening. Please do not stop at the question answer interaction that has happened here. The Moodle login will be kept on I believe for a long time and you should be able to continue to post your questions and receive your answers. In fact what has happened today, what has concluded today is the creation of a strong body of students. Thousands of them, I believe 18,000 or something. Let these 18,000 students represent the first largest collaborative group in this country which will together work in coming months and years and it will not end just with the submission of your test assignment but it will continue further prompting you to contribute continuously to the inclusion knowledge. You might have been given some aakash tablets. These tablets were meant only for the duration of the workshop. You will all be returning these tablets to the aakash coordinators of the remote centers. Sadly we have yet to receive more tablets. We expect the delivery of tablets to start happening in a short while. When that happens, we will be sending more tablets to our aakash project centers and they will be given as per the directions given to the aakash project coordinators. Some of you who will continue to do their final year projects next year will probably be issued some tablets. Some of you will be attending a course, a subject which is taught by a teacher as chosen by your institution will be using the aakash tablets for you know listening to video recorded lectures in that subject giving daily quizzes in that subject etcetera etcetera. Others will have to wait till the government of India comes up with the larger procurement of aakash tablets to be distributed at subsidized rates. These aakash tablets belong to IIT Bombay's project and they will only be issued for the project purpose. Thank you very much once again and I hand over to or nobody is that the end. I am told that everybody wants to know more about the coding competition. Well as I had announced yesterday is Pratik here but his two colleagues were to be here, Nithin or somebody? No. What I discussed with my team is that to begin with from today onwards they will or today or maybe tomorrow they will they will open that site where the participants have to enter the names of their team members. So the first thing that you have to do is you have to decide which two or three of you will form a team. All members of the team must ensure that their names are entered and the names have to be their moodle identities. So we will be will be validating that site will be validating against the moodle entries and we will simply collect the team entries. At this juncture you do not have to define what problem you are solving or what program you are going to do. Spend five days a week to think about what you want to do but once you define that you work on that and the submission details will be put on the same website and you will all be getting an email once you register for the contest. The important detail about the contest is that those submissions which are made from remote centers where there are a number of teams which are participating certainly more than maybe ten teams at least would be given the first, second and third awards as announced as an incentive. It is a cash award which your institution will hold a small function and and give you after these are submitted and evaluated. For those remote centers where there are very few teams we will probably find out an independent way of clubbing them together and judging them. But the important point is that all these award-winning entries will be put very all the entries first of all will be released in open source and the award-winning entries will be proudly listed by the Akash project in a prominent manner on our website including the names of the participants who have prepared those programs and the names of their institutions as the great contributors to this project. I think that much of details is sufficient so please start forming your teams. I think you would have already done that. I think tomorrow you would get an opportunity to register your team. You will have to register formally. All the students who are certified as having attended these workshops by your Akash coordinators will get a formal certificate of participation from the institute in due course of time. Thank you very much for your interest and continue enjoying programming for android tablets, programming for Akash. All the best. God bless you.


For those of you that may be new to quantum computing, there's a few fundamental concepts that make it remarkably different from classical computing. We're all familiar with the term bits. It's the fundamental unit of information that classical computers use today. We've seen endless representations of this binary system in the string of ones and zeros that people can to think of as data. However, in quantum, the fundamental unit of information is called a quantum bit or qubit. The basic idea is that this qubit could carry information quantum mechanically, or in other words, the same way that nature carries information. Simply put, a qubit is not bound to a binary system of information like ones and zeros, and that very simple difference is what makes quantum computing so powerful and so complicated. For you to truly appreciate what we've achieved and going to introduce you to two physicists who can tell us more about how we got here. Jerry, an exciting quantum research lab, tell us what did it take to build the first programmable quantum computer on the cloud in 2016? Really, in order to be able to get a system on the cloud, it started a lot in labs like this. We're working on fundamental research and understanding how to make the underlying qubits better, reproducible, reliable, and stable. We had to work on a lot of things to basically make them to be usable and actually accessible from anyone on the cloud. Now, it's actually very interesting looking back where we are today from even a decade ago. If you take a look right here, this was state-of-the-art in terms of our qubits in 2011. What happened since then? That was a decade ago, then 2016 first computer on the cloud. Then what happened in the last five years? Yes. Really in the last five years, it's all been about actually deployed real systems. We've deployed over 30 systems since 2016. Over 20 systems accessible right now through the IBM Cloud serving 150 clients, over 300,000 users running over a billion executions a day. Wow. That is amazing to just see that and just realize that now there's over 20 quantum computers. It's just an amazing progress. What's next? Yes. Really now what we're doing is we're building up towards new generations of systems. Last year we had the 65 qubit machine coming bird. This year we're going to have an Eagle processor over 127 qubits and moving towards 2023 over 1,000 qubits. 1,000 qubits. We're going to get a chance where that can be built. That's going to be built in this lab here, but then we're even looking beyond that. We need to look even how do we go beyond 1,000 qubits. So this is super fridge. Our project really to build a refrigerator that's going to be large enough to give us runway beyond 1,000 qubits. Yeah, so Jerry, so what are we seeing here? What is this giant thing? So in the other room we saw that there are actually these dilution refrigeration systems that allow us to cool down our qubits, our quantum processors to 15 milli Kelvin. And how cold is that? That's many, many times colder than it is outer space. But the point is that in order to actually cool them down, we also have all these other components that are part of it. So there's wires and there's filters and attenuators, all these different components. And as we scale up along that roadmap towards 1,000 and beyond, there's just more and more stuff. And so planning for say even up to a million qubits, we need to build bigger refrigeration systems and we're doing that right here. So it is a testament though of what it takes to succeed in quantum computing. You have to invest for a long period of time on these sustained roadmap. And it's also a reflection of the theme of today, of talking about hard tech in computing. And I gotta tell you, Jerry, the work that you and the team do, it is the hardest form of tech in computing. And I wanna thank you for all the fabulous work and keep up the great results. We're gonna be now talking to Jay Gambetta about how we are putting quantum to good use. Hey, Jay, how are you? Good. Good. Just came back from spending some quality time with Jerry. And it brought back memories of the launch of the IBM Quantum Experience. And it's a story that is not just about hardware. It's a huge software environment that makes all of this possible and makes quantum computing a reality. So first, what was a memory of that time in May, 2016? I think what I learned most and I learned a lot was there's a big difference between doing a science experiment and building a practical system. Yeah, because in the end, there's a difference. Once you expose it to that first week, you went from a few dozen people to thousands of people using the system. I mean, and the numbers are now what? Yeah, so as you say, we got up to 7,000 people in the first week and now we're up to around 300,000 users and they're running at least a billion circuits a day. You brought up quantum circuits and sometimes people get confused about what is a circuit. They imagine some physical connecting thing. But circuits, it's a software construct behind the scenes. What is a quantum circuit? Yeah, a quantum circuit is the fundamental unit for quantum computing. You can think of it as the instructions that can only be done on a quantum computer. It does the marvelous math that makes quantum mechanics possible. We sometimes draw the analogy of MIPS, like the number of instructions per second that you can run on a classical machine. But in quantum world is how many of these circuits can you run on an ongoing basis? Because some of the math that you get to do there, you can only do with quantum computers, but also you gotta run a lot of it. So how much do you need to run? So you can think of quantum computing as I need to run like a billion of these circuits. So take this nature paper from 2017 that we did. In this, we actually ran around four billion circuits. So let's take a billion circuits as a typical application. And if you think about that, if I need to run a billion circuits and I have to wait a microsecond for it, that means I'm gonna run it in basically 16 hours or so. If I need to run it at a millisecond, it's gonna be about 11.5 days. So now you see how fast I can run these circuits really matters for doing these practical applications. So I think that that's not widely appreciated, right? Any practical application, machine learning or chemistry or optimization that you wanna leverage the power of quantum systems, you're gonna need to run hundreds of millions or a billion quantum circuits iteratively, right? To get to your answer. One of the reasons I really love the superconducting system is the fundamental physics allows us to run these with fast gates, fast reset. In fact, our latest Falcon processor has an update that gives you ability to reset the qubits in less than a microsecond. And you ask for the comparison to irons. Irons have done wonderful demonstrations. They keep pushing the fidelity, they're great. But at the moment, they're time to cool and get their trap ready. So to get the quantum two-cubic gate to happen takes 100 milliseconds typically. And this is a big challenge for them. They've got some great demonstrations that are showing some ways to get beyond it. But at the moment, it's really, really slow for them to run it. And this is why for a superconducting technology, we can imagine we can run our circuits at a much faster pace. But again, it's milliseconds versus microsecond. There's a factor of a thousand X there. So let's bring it back to an application. You're saying to be able to reproduce state-of-the-art results, so say of a chemistry experiment, but that would be true for machine learning as well. You're talking then down the road of comparing technology that would deliver your result in tens or hundreds of days versus being able to do things in days or hours. That's the difference. This is one of the reasons we like this technology because we can see how we can build a business on it. We can run for the users, maybe thousands of applications per day with all the systems we have. And we can see that we'll be able to get lots of results. Whereas I look at these ions as a great example of a scientific experiment. It gets us to today's announcement, right? Of something called the Quiskit runtime. You had set the goal for the team of achieving a 100X speedup. So tell us what it is. Yeah, so I would like to correct you slightly. We got 120 times, and as a combination of the runtime, better devices, better software, and some algorithmic improvements. I'm very happy that we got what we promised. I'd love to be corrected when it's better. But let me show you how it works. Okay, let's take a look. For this problem, the first step is the user needs to define a molecule and its electronic structure. The next step, the user needs to specify the quantum program and the circuits that will be used. Then the user constructs the VQE program that they want to run. This is based on the Quiskit runtime as we talked about. Now they simply just call solve. So now here's where the fun starts. The quantum computer is now this quantum system plus a hybrid classical server plus the user's computer. Let's start with the user in San Francisco. The runtime program now goes to the user's computer through the cloud. And it actually in our case goes to the IBM cloud that's in Austin, where it's authenticated and sent to the IBM quantum data center in Poughkeepsie. Here the runtime manager starts. It sets up this new container program and this does the classical computing and it makes the circuits to be run. As you see, there's lots of circuits that are being sent to the quantum systems. These are run on our quantum systems and the results come back and you'll see there's lots of zeros and ones. Now it goes to the classical server again and it processes those results. And if the algorithm calls, it resends those circuits through to the quantum system and it comes back again, processes the results, gets the final answer and sends it back to the user that's in San Francisco and now they see, as in this example, the chemistry plot. I think everybody's gonna be feeling a set of relief to say they're not gonna need to know quantum mechanics to benefit from quantum computing. But this vision is powerful, right? Because you're gonna run your everyday program that you like and behind the scenes, this is what's gonna enable right through this runtime. So Jay, that's amazing. What's next? So what's next? There's beyond the chemistry, we also have an exciting result in AI where we actually use this hybrid classical computer combination to find the correct circuits to improve an AI task. And I'm excited to bring that out. And ultimately the release of our 127 qubit system this year. Yeah. So that's the thing. We talked a lot about chemistry but there is a burgeoning field of the intersection of quantum and AI and the theory team and the software team has a really seminal work that is also really influencing deeply the field and now this roadmap of more powerful machines. Thank you for you the team and the whole Qiskit community and the IBM Quantum Community that are really pioneering a whole new industry. So a pleasure and talk to you soon. We've defined the industry's leading roadmap for quantum advancement through our family of superconducting and cubing processors to deliver generation after generation the most capable quantum computers in the world. A new system every year with the goal of unleashing the era of quantum advantage where we aim to achieve computational speeds that will drastically exceed classical computers. We're making the hard tech of quantum frictionless for the user. That's why we've curated, created and nurtured a global quantum community through our open source software Qiskit the world's most popular software development environment. It has helped usher a fast growing quantum developer community and we brought the power of all of this to business with our IBM Quantum Network a global network of quantum computing partnership consisting of hundreds of businesses, startups institutions and governments. It's been an incredible journey so far but know that we're just getting started. We invite you to join us to benefit from the growth of the quantum industry that IBM is pioneering.


What's up everyone? It's your girl Kenzie here from Layton Sports Cards and I'm ripping a personal for Rob s aka six We got a 2022 Panini Spectra football hobby as well as a 2022 Panini impeccable football. You know what Mary Kate? You're right. I do need to go to the bathroom and take the trash out. We'll be back shortly short intermission here Rob I'm just kidding. All right. Here we go. We're gonna rip spectra first. Come on Come on. Come on There crazy I'm feeling a Heinz Ward auto out of here say I don't know why he's got autos in this doesn't it? First up We've got a wavelength of Russell Wilson that is 82 of 99 And a Dallas Garters equals 72 of 75 and we've got catalysts that is 11 of 75 Patriots Mac Jones And first hit up Cowboys again full spectrum is Layton van der Ech Layton van der Ech that one is 24 out of 35 back here We've got a die cut of T. P. Barber Giants T. P. Barber 4 out of 50 and we've got a Chris Godwin on the silver base Got to 60 bangles brilliant patch of T. Higgins bangles and Five of 25 a willy land linear for the chiefs Willy linear All right, come on Steelers. We're hiding It's pretty thick. I'll save that for last. All right. At first. We've got Tyler Lockett base and a Garrett Wilson rookie nice one here Jess 13 of 99 7 of 25 we've got building blocks on the quaw triple relic sorry of A mod sauce gone Gardner 7 of 25 125 Desmond Ritter on the jumbo rookie patch auto nice two-colored patch there six Starter in Atlanta, you never know nice Ritter. All right last pack here Last pack We've got Jermaine Johnson the second rookie base and a Michael Thomas Michael Thomas that is four out of five Hopefully he can come back strong Dude was like at the top of his game and then just been injury prone. That's a nice M.T. There Neon Marvel. Yeah We've got 18 out of 75 a jumbo relic Kyle Hamilton for the Ravens Four-color patch there kind of a nice patch got admit got admit you jinxed yourself six and Three of 25 RBA on the pink ink Kyle Hamilton Hacked it back hammies It's a nice looking card though. These were usually first off the line explosives, aren't they? All right, no Steelers. Come on.  You'll be burning Impeccable I know bar in this one Filler right here we go redemption on the bottom Might be a redemption here five of ten Matt Ryan Colts Got 49 out of 50 Tyler Lockett Seahawks We've got Seahawks again six of 50 elegance of veteran patch auto of Chris Carson three-color patch Got rookie landscape Matt Corral 58 of 99 love these landscapes dodgy Harris redemption We've got bills on the alitious elusive in illustrious, let me try that for a third time ink 66 and 75 Thurman Thomas That's a cool one We've gots for the Jags. Oh that is nasty 2425 Trayvon Walker nice one there This next one is six six Got a printing plate one of one Randy Maas Wow one of one Patriots Randy Maas That is sick It's on that one six probably most of your money back right there honestly That's nasty. We'll mag this one for you And last but not least we got elegance rookie helmet and patch autos card 126 Trey McBride. Yeah, this is on card six. Yeah Trey McBride Tied in one. You never know what he'll do. All right six. Thanks so much for that order That was a lot of fun congrats on the one-to-one Randy Maas. That's disgusting. Thanks again. Yeah, right? We'll get this right out to you