Hello, so I am responsible for technology at the Microbit Educational Foundation and I want to talk about some of the things we've learned and some of the ways we've approached trying to inspire the next generation of students and teachers to get creative and feel digital confidence, not necessarily all become coaches. So I'm going to start with a quick reintroduction to the Microbit in case people aren't aware of what the project is and the Microbit Educational Foundation. Then I'm going to talk a little bit about technology and magic, so you understand the context for the rest of the talk. Then I'm going to give you some examples because the technology magic might be a little bit philosophical, I don't know. Then I'm going to talk a little bit about what we're thinking about now and finally I'm going to look at whether I think there are lessons from the Microbit process that can apply to the wider world. So I'm going to start in 1981, I'm not going to go year by year, but in 1981 the BBC created the BBC Microcomputer and that was a project to put one computer in every school in the country and I think everybody here will know it had tremendous impact both educationally but also commercially. And in 2015 potentially aligned with Charter Renewal, I don't know, but the BBC wanted to do something with a similar impact in schools and in education and it came in the context of curriculum change as well. People think that the BBC is a broadcaster but they also have a remit for education and to teach a wide range of people about the curriculum. So as the curriculum changed to include computer science, the BBC wanted to create something that they thought would help teach computer science to a diverse group of people. And so in 2015 they did the BBC Microbit project and they put one million devices into the hands of year seven students in the UK. But the BBC never had an attention of running that project forever. And so in 2016 the BBC separated out the Microbit Educational Foundation with the help of a number of founding partners who said these people were involved in the original project. I think it's important to say there were 29 partners involved in the original project to create the Microbit. So a lot of what I'm talking about is not the work of one organisation, the Microbit Educational Foundation, but the work of a massive partnership pulling together sometimes very disjointedly, sometimes in a very unified way. But it's kind of a bit of a journey with lots of inputs. I'm just the one talking about it now. In the BBC Foundation we have to say thanks to these founding partners for helping us exist, but we're not of a profit. And our goal is to inspire every child to create their best digital future. And I'm going to unpack this sentence a little bit because I think it's quite important to kind of finesse, think about the words we've spent a while finessing. So firstly, every child. Our goal is not just to reach the kind of students that already know computing is interesting to them, although it would be really nice for those students to enjoy the Microbit. We want to reach out to a broad audience. And I think in some ways, you know, one of the reasons that we exist is because we think that if the future of technology is not shaped by a diversity of people, we're going to get the same very narrow kinds of thinking and the same very narrow kinds of products. And that probably doesn't serve society best. So part of that then, inspiring a diverse audience, is inspiration and creativity. Computing is fundamentally, at least for me, a creative process. It's about solving problems. It's about creating. But that can often get lost in the early stages of teaching computing, where there are a lot of rules. There's a lot of stuff you have to know before you can make progress. And if your brain doesn't already work in a very rules-based way, that can be really problematic. So we want to make sure people get that experience of computing being creative and inspirational. And then finally, their best digital future. This is actually really an anti-statement. This is us going, we don't know what the future is going to be. We don't know what the technology of the future should be, but we want to empower this generation of students to create it. So it's carefully worded to say, we don't know what you're going to make, but we want you to be the people that make it. And the way we can achieve that is by making sure that education with the micro-bit is about kids inventing things and expressing themselves and doing things they care about. The idea needs to come first. And I think that's one of the approaches, at least initially, that set micro-bit apart. And that was something that had been in research with other groups. Micro-bit kind of helped bring it to a large audience, was that kids focus on what they want to do and learn computing almost as a side effect of really caring about whether they're expressing themselves, whether they're solving a problem. And part of that then is making sure that we don't hide away what's going on. We don't kind of push the detail under the carpet too much, or we don't just kind of make it magic. And that's when we got started thinking about this idea. So everyone, I think, will be familiar with this quote. Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic. And that's great. Magic actually can make complicated things look simple. It can be fun, it's definitely intriguing, and it really engages people. People love magic shows. But there's another side to magic that is relevant when we start applying it to technology. If you are watching a magic trick, magic is not under your control. It's not meant to be understood. Actually, understanding the magic trick ruins it. It's not empowering. It's a trick. And I think it's inscrutable. So if technology is not under my control, it's inscrutable, it's not empowering, how are kids going to get engaged and start shaping the future with it? But there is a balance to be struck because people these days live their lives around such compelling, such brilliant technology that just works. They throw them something which is super-paired back, really basic. It's really problematic. If you watch kids trying to create games and they're used to playing really high-fidelity games and they create something that's fundamentally not, you know, it's text-based or it's not as interesting as the thing they're playing, that can also be disempowering. So the balance that the project has come to strike over years is to present simple analogs of the complex technology that people have in their lives that gives students confidence and control over the technology in their hands but allows them to extrapolate to the more complicated things that they see. But in order to do that, in order to present really clean, clear analogies, we have to do a lot of kind of paddling under the water, a lot of stuff to make that experience of physical computing intuitive and magical. And just a quick detail here on physical computing. One of the things that I kind of just found out, initially I think there was some research at Manchester University, the Codebug Project as well, looked at this, that if you take the computing experience off the screen and let kids do something in the real world, that can actually be really compelling. But physical computing has a bunch of hassles because you've got to plug something in, you've got to get the code onto the device. So we have to do a lot in order to give that kind of compelling physical computing experience well. So some of the ways we do that in Microbit, we've got a very simple LED display. That's a simple, very simple display. It's the most essential, I think, version of a display you could do that still gives people an idea about pixels. We've got block-based programming to get rid of some of the kind of errors, so you focus on your logic. We've got a simple on-loud block, we'll talk about radio messages. But also to enable this, we've got a Microbit drive. We've got a whole bunch of kind of software running on the device to present a USB mass storage device.  So here's the Microbit. And we often like to say, here's one in real life, so you know how big it is. We often like to draw an analogy between a Microbit and a mobile phone. And I think that Microbit is possibly the most kind of stripped-back version you could have of a mobile phone. It's got a display like your phone does. It's got some buttons. It can do wireless communication between other Microbit devices. It can run code or apps. And you can power it with a battery and it can sense motion. So if you feel like you understand the Microbit and the Microbit is under your control, we see that students can then feel more confident that they would be able to understand the different parts of the phone if they wanted to kind of take that step. But we don't just kind of throw them the most basic interface. So here's the Microbit display, which is on Microbit V1 and V2 slightly differently laid out. It's an array of LEDs, rows and columns, and actually to be drawing a heart on display, you need to be constantly updating those rows and columns to make it work. But we, alongside the buttons, throw a much simpler abstraction to students.  And you can scale it up and have confidence about that. Quickly through the other bits of the Microbit, touch input and output pins, some holes for banana plugs or crocodile clips, an edge connector for accessories, and then back. So the back of the Microbit is where some of that magic I was talking about happens. And so we've got two processes on the Microbit. Most people who've used the Microbit maybe don't know there are two processes on there. One of them is where your code runs, and the other one is infrastructure to make sure that your experience of running your code is good. It's actually a full debugger as well. If you want to kind of write C++ code and debug it, that interface chip can debug it. It's a USB drive feature of the Microbit. So when you plug the Microbit into your computer, it shows up as a USB mass storage device and you can take code, a hex file, and drag and drop it onto the Microbit drive and that programs your Microbit. So these days that's a really familiar model. It was pioneered by Embed in ARM and Embed kind of helped contribute that into the Microbit project. And because you only need to drag and drop a file to put it onto your Microbit, that allows us to deploy the Microbit code editors to the web browser. So if you're in a school and you can't install any software, which is probably the case if you're in a school, then being able to just use your web browser, rock up, type in the URL and program the Microbit from a file that you've downloaded is really important. And likewise, because you only need to create that hex file artifact to program a Microbit, it's also easy to create other editors. So we've got a whole host of third-party editors that target the Microbit device using that hex file mechanism. So some pretty neat magic in the web-based editors. So this is stuff that the Microbit Foundation didn't do. It's partners we work with, both MicroPython and Microsoft. So when we first did the project, we had a compile server. So we basically turned the students code into C++, send that to a compile server, compile it and send it back. It doesn't scale. It's slow. It's prone to errors. And what Microsoft realized, well, first what we did with MicroPython was you can catenate an interpreter into the hex file in the browser and distribute it. You don't need any servers. And crucially, you don't need to send any student code to a server, which means we don't need to worry about person-identified information or anything else like that. So schools are really kind of happy that we're not sending the information to any servers. And then Microsoft actually do something even more crazy. They compile the students code into ARM assembler in the browser. They've got an in-browser assembler, which they then concatenate with a pre-built C++ blob and the assembler calls into the C++ blob for most of the key functions. And so that I think is sort of neat. There's a slide on that later. This is a picture of our new Python editor, which is in beta right now. And I'd love you to go and try out. There's a feedback down here. Please give us any feedback on that editor. We'd love to hear what you think about it before we finalize it and release it. So this is, if you're interested in how to write an in-browser assembler for thumb 2, this article is really great. I would recommend it. Take your photos at the QR code now. Right. But I want to talk a little bit about the downsides of this USB interface as well because I think it's really clear that when you present this magical stuff you can't reasonably on small low-cost devices push that magic all the way to the edge. You cannot emulate every aspect of a master's device if you don't have real flash. So there are some downsides. We get students that think they might be able to store files on the microbit because we just told them it was a USB drive. They think they should be able to write data from the microbit and copy it off and that's not possible. And also there are these slightly weird things where kids that are paying attention go, I've got a 1.2 megabyte file here and I just put it on a device that you told me had 128k or 256k of flash. So there's this kind of dissonance and I would say potentially inauthenticity that we present. And we kind of wrestle with that and we've come to the conclusion that it's okay. It's a kind of valid trade-off. So long as we're thinking carefully about the fact that we're still empowering people and why we're doing it rather than just doing it because we think it's cool. So, okay, so far, so 2016 I've only really talked about the microbit original project. So thinking forward, when we started the microeducational foundation we went out and spoke to a bunch of teachers and said cool, right, we're here, let's do a microbit v2 and the teachers went, whoa, no, please don't do a microbit v2. I really don't want you to change the microbit. It's a really good idea for you to have a lot of conversations around the product just keep it exactly the same. And so microbit v2 looks exactly like microbit v1, really. It does everything that the microbit v1 can do, but it does some additional stuff as well. So it can make and sense sound. It can detect touches on that logo, that capacitive touch which actually kind of allows us to talk about capacitive touch on mobile phones as well. And it's got a much more powerful processor And the reason we felt it was important to do a microbit V2, despite the fact that teachers were kind of saying microbit V1 is serving us very well, is that we felt there were important aspects of the current technological world that we were going to struggle to teach and expose in this way, like we have a mobile phone with the technology that was on the table for microbit V1. So I haven't shown you any block diagrams yet, and I feel like that's mandatory. So here's a block diagram of microbit V1. You can see you've got the target processor and the interface processor, the Cal26Z. Microbit V2 looks really similar, but crucially has this I2C, the communication interface, between the target microprocessor and the interface microprocessor. And that allows us to start to communicate between these two things. And because the interface processor is the one providing that USB drive, that kind of slightly obtuse magic causing us some problems, we can potentially, using this I2C interface, do some stuff that mitigates those. But we gave ourselves another problem in making microbit V2. If I hold up these two devices, which one is a V1 and which one is a V2? So these have different microprocessors on them. They've got different amounts of flash, different amounts of RAM. But it's totally reasonable for a student or a teacher to think that they should just be able to put any file that works on one of them onto the other one. And in fact, we know teachers that have just bought new microbits, they've got a mixed class set. So it's not reasonable to ask students to determine which device they've got. So we needed to find a way to keep that magic programming experience and make it work. So we created something called Universal Hex, which we kind of stole the name from Apple. We were calling it Fat Hex. And then we realized that Apple had gone from Fats Universal, and that was much more friendly and inclusive. So we called them Universal Hex Files. And they basically just be one hex file and a V2 hex file whammed together. We had to do a little bit of kind of reverse engineering of our own technology here, because microbit V1 wasn't designed with this in mind. So we had to kind of shape the Universal Hex format to avoid the things that would trip up a V1. So you wouldn't have to update your firmware on a V1 to be able to consume these hex files. So microbit V1 actually kind of reads through these things. And then in certain versions of the V1 firmware, we kind of trip it up here so it fails and doesn't see any other stuff, just so we can kind of make it work without a firmware update. So that means you can create one hex file. That's the file you programmed onto your microbit that works anywhere. It can work on a V1 and a V2, which is fine if you're only using features that exist on a microbit V1 and a V2. But if you start to use features that don't work on a V1, well, how do we signal that to a user? They've dragged and dropped a file across you. You know, you actually, in many cases, don't have any connection between the programming editor where the student wrote the code and the device works running because you've just got this one way channel. So we needed a way to signal that. And we didn't want the failure to happen if it didn't need to happen, right? So if you're using a program, if you've got a program that has some button stuff that's on both of the devices, it should work until you do something that doesn't work on the microbit V1. And that also makes it clear what in your code cause it to fail. If you're looking at a big program and it fails on boot, well, that's not very helpful for diagnosing what the problem is. So we've actually done a lot of work to make failures on microbit V1 if you use V2 features kind of happen instantaneously. And then the final little magic that we did here was that if you use an older hex file from a microbit V1 and put it onto a microbit V2, that should also fail explicitly because we think explicit failure is a really important part of helping kids have mastery and understand what's going on. Kind of failures where you don't know why it's failed, you don't even know it has failed, they're really disempowering. So we actually pre-build a tiny little error binary which we ship inside the interface firmware of the microbit. And if we put a V1 program onto a microbit V2, we instead of flashing that V1 program, we flash the little error program instead which goes, fail, I can't do it and tells you what's going wrong. So I'm gonna do a very quick demo of a teleporting duck. I might do a quick demo. Let's see how it goes. So that should be, I need to move that to another display somewhere. All right, right. So here is my microbit editor. I've got, I've set a radio group. I've got sending a string. If I shake my microbit, I send the string duck and if I receive a string, any string on the radio then I'm gonna show an icon of a duck and I can kind of simulate this here in the browser with a shakes, if I shake this one, I will send the duck string and this one receiver and I'll teleport the duck between the two microbits. So kind of like really simple example and what I'm gonna do is I'm gonna download this hex file. So I've got a hex file here. I'm gonna show that in Finder, hopefully on the right display. No, drag it across. And I'm gonna drag and drop this file onto the first microbit which is the microbit V2. So drag, drop and the LED on the back of this microbit is blinking, hooray. So while that's copying over, we're gonna go back and look at the code. I've also put in this program a little bit of V2 only codes. If I push button A and B and hold button A, I'm gonna show a bar graph of the sound level in the room on the microbit display. So that's on my microbit V2 now. I'm gonna unplug my microbit V2, plug that into a battery pack maybe and then plug in a microbit V1 and copy the program onto the microbit V1 as well. So this is exactly the same hex file that I downloaded onto this microbit V1 and LED blinking. I'll plug in the V2. So in the meantime, we'll have a look. Right, so can everyone make a loud noise? And now go quiet. Right, so I hope you can see on the screen of the microbit, it's showing the sound level in the room and that's the microbit V2, great. Microbit V1 is ready now. I've got a duck because I shook microbit V1 so I'm gonna shake. Can you see the duck moving? I don't know if you can see the LEDs. Okay, great, right. So I've got a teleporting duck. But if I now try and do the same thing on the microbit V1, then I've got a sad face that tells me I've got an error because I don't have a speaker or a microphone. So if I just switch over to camera, so you can see this, right. There's my sad, you can't see it. There's fresh rates wrong. That's a shame. Okay, so I've got my sad face. I think the ones at the front saw my sad face. Back to slides. All right, right. So that's the teleporting duck. And you might have seen when I started doing that sound level thing that there was another LED that turned on on the microbit. Did anyone notice that? So there's a little LED at the top right corner of the display on a microbit V2 that tells you that the microphone is on. And when we put a microphone on a device that we were gonna sell into schools and give to children and put in classrooms, we had quite a lot of discussion and thinking about how we could expose the implications of that potential privacy risks of putting a listening device in the hands of kids. And we came to the conclusion it was unrealistic and impossible to prevent, to create something that was compelling and would let kids code stuff, but to prevent any kind of situation. And what was really important was to have the discussion with kids about privacy and what that meant. So we put this LED on the microbit, but we are trying to, the microbit V1 was an iconic design. I think it looks pretty sweet. It was designed by Tech Will Save Us. And we didn't wanna kind of ruin the face of the microbit by sticking another LED on the front. So we stuck the LED on the back and put a whole, well, kind of cut out in the copper on the back until the LED shines through. And this LED is actually on the power line of the microphone. So if you turn the microphone on, if you want to use the microphone, you basically have to have this LED on. And it's a trade off. Like we basically have heard the power performance of the microbit while recording in order to turn this LED on brightly. But that's the kind of trade off that I think is acceptable and reasonable in order to make something that goes into a school and allows us to kind of have this privacy preserving or at least privacy indicator on it. And because it's EMF, I thought I'd take a bunch of photos of our like first experience with this. We first just like sold the LED onto the antenna of a microbit V1 because it was some useful tracks that we could do. Scratching the silk screen. Here's the like initial board. And here's us playing with like exactly the right size and shape and style of the icon. Right. So I mentioned that one of the reasons we did V2 was that we felt like we wanted to kind of expose more of the technology in students' lives. And we were looking at the rise of smart speakers and how popular these were becoming in schools and in homes and felt that microbit V1 was struggling to expose kind of analogistically. As an analogy, what these smart speakers were doing because it couldn't really do anything with sound. So we wanted to kind of make sound engaging and not magic. And we spent a bunch of time experimenting with kind of teaching the microbit. Clap patterns, wake word. And actually came to the conclusion that it's so much simpler just to have a loud sound trigger an event. And that in itself, immediately kids go, right, I get it. And I think we've got a bit to fill in the gaps between loud sound and, you know, Hey Siri or Alexa. But even just with a loud sound, it was amazing how effective it was in giving kids that sense of like, Yeah, I understand. It's like responding to an event and being programmed. But we also wanted the microbit to have kind of to make sound that were cute and playful and compelling. And we have this, I'm going to call it low cost speaker on the back of the microbit, which has different resonances and lots of different places. It's very hard to get good kind of sound across all frequency ranges. So we went, okay, how can we make the most of that? Well, Clangers, it turns out, speak mostly between about a thousand Hertz and five kilohertz. And that is where our speaker is quite resonant. So we kind of looked at making sounds that would fit well on our speaker. But I think if you kind of look at these, we put this block together, play sound and it was kind of kids loved it. They made nice sounds. But if you ask them, like, what is that sound? What's happening? They were like, oh, I don't know. It's a cool sound. And I think we, in our initial release of the sound stuff, I think we've failed to kind of give people that sense of knowing what the sound was and what was happening. So what we've been working on and it's gonna be released in the next release of Microsoft MakeCode is this new sound editor that gives you all of the controls you need to make each one of those micro bit sounds that you've got. So you can play with the wave type, the duration, the ramp, that kind of stuff.  I was really worried about that kind of picture. It gives you an intuitive understanding that as you change frequency, you're changing the waveform, but it is not an actual representation of the waveform because the real waveform is just too hard to fit. You know, there's far too many peaks and drops to fit there. But when you click play, you'll see in a moment, we actually show the real waveform when you hit play. So we kind of got this compromise between trying to give an intuitive understanding of what's happening and giving a kind of reality when you hit the play button. I hope I hit play button in this demo. Go on, hit play, previous Johnny. Wait, there you go. And on a screen, it's a bit clearer. So there's definitely not time for the lonely duckling demo. So we kind of talked about the micro bit being a USB driver and that having challenges of its own because kids want to get data off. And that's the other thing we've been able to do with micro bit v2 is do this slightly weird magic where we use half of the storage of the interface chip as a way of letting the users kind of store files, which is kind of neat. You can get a new file on your micro bit called mydata.htm, which contains the data that you logged from your micro bit. So here's an example of the mydata file. You can download and you get a CSV out. You can view the data as a graph. And people ask why isn't this just a CSV on the micro bit drive? And as I mentioned before, the micro bit drive is not a real drive. So if you make just a CSV on the micro bit drive, you double click on it, you make some changes, you try and click save, your program may crash or the micro bit may eject itself, you might lose data. So by kind of shifting away, we've been honest, this is not a CSV. This is your data, it's some kind of special format. And I feel like the part of what we learned from this is that the honesty is an effective way to kind of make things work. And these have some simple blocks which are gonna be in the next release of make code as well. Right, so finally a few other places that we do some magic. We kind of fill in the gaps between the audio capabilities of the two devices. We totally debounce button events. So when you click a button on a micro bit, that is not like an interrupt hand or anything like that. We actually sense like using the LED matrix, we flip the LEDs to reverse bias and measure the current leakage through them based on the light level. So those are all kind of neat things that we do in order to get more capability out of the micro bit device. Okay, in the last five minutes, I just wanna talk very quickly about the things we're thinking about. So we're trying to do machine learning better. There was a workshop at EMF that kind of gave us a lot of information about teaching people about the kind of reality of machine learning in this exposed way. I want to make radio a lot more visible to people that teleporting duck, I think it's still a bit too magic. And I would like to be able to do a version of it where I'm sending the messages with sound and then corrupting the sound with noise and maybe shifting the frequency so I can have multiple micro bits on different channels at the same time. And I think that will help kind of expose the magic in radio as well. And lastly, we've been struggling with the silicon crunch and we've just done a revision of the micro bit which uses a different micro processor on the interface just to allow us to continue producing it. Okay, so finally, does this approach have any relevance and utility to the wider world? Are there lessons that we can apply to other products? And I think as I was thinking about this, I realized that working for an education and not for a profit is quite a privilege because you get to focus on some very specific kind of use cases like making sure people understand what's going on in their world. But I firstly realized we're absolutely not alone here. So like there's loads of magic in your everyday life, like your car steering wheel is sort of not, it is still directly connected to the wheels but there's a lot of other stuff going on to make your steering kind of fluids, drone controls, batteries really aren't just one battery anymore, there's loads of batteries inside your battery or pretending to be one battery. But one different thing about these is they aren't designed explicitly to expose the technology, they're designed purely to give you a magical experience and sometimes that has real downside. So I think actually if you hide those realities, people don't necessarily understand what's actually going on and that can be exploited. So like one example for me is we started hiding URLs in browsers generally, both Chrome and Safari do different things to hide the actual URL. So this is a Google search, I can't get the URL of my Google search if I want to copy and paste it to another browser. Even if you copy that and paste it in somewhere else you just get the search terms. There is really no way to do it and I think there are a bunch of things going on that contribute to a lack of understanding of what a URL actually is. And I think that's a bad thing because it makes people vulnerable to kind of exploit like this. Here is for someone who doesn't understand URLs a kind of reasonable looking text message about a delivery fee that you've got. But if you do really understand what's going on in a URL you know that that subdomain bit, the only bit that says Royal Mail in that could be any string that the person setting up the web server wants to do. So there's this kind of downside to some of the magic that we do if we don't kind of also think about making sure people have the appropriate understanding of what's going on to empower them. And I also think this is relevant to fixing stuff. So here's me at Repair Cafe, fixing someone's tablet, probably I'm not sure if I succeeded. But I think one of the things that happens at Repair Cafe is you see a lot of people with fairly trivial problems that would be soluble but they didn't necessarily have the confidence to do it. And I think we have to ask ourselves actually would more confident consumers with better mastery of technology be kind of demanding better of manufacturers of their technology? And I think the answer is probably yes. So finally I think if we can encourage people to build technology that is understandable, is clear, we can improve people's trust in their technology, we can improve their confidence in technology and I think that leads to a sense of mastery and I think that will result in people in general demanding better and even if you aren't actually implementing technology, a mastery of the technology in your life I think will result in a much stronger idea about how you can use technology in the work you're doing, whether you're an artist, a lawyer, a marketing director, I think kind of mastery of our technology is a really important thing. So I'm gonna leave you with that slide. Thanks very much.


In order to understand how the profitability of a company can be assessed, we use the concept of different financial ratio and one of the many very useful financial ratio is the concept of is the ratio or the concept of return on equity which is abbreviated as ROE. When we take into account ROE, it basically tells you the ratio of net income and the shareholders equity. So, we consider how much a company owes debt and that is accounted for when we calculate ROE. So, basically it gives you an idea that what is the ratio with which the proportion of net income is earned because of the shareholders' participation or investment in that company. So, when we look at the formula or the look at the details of ROE, it is basically obtained by dividing the net income's value by the shareholders' equity and it is also considered as the return on net assets. Why I am using net assets because when you are going to calculate, find out the denominator value, you are going to consider the debt also and that debt will be subtracted from the overall value of the company's assets. So, ROE is considered as a measure of how effectively management is managing a company and how nicely they are utilizing the company's assets to make or create profits. So, when we look at the formula of ROE, as I mentioned earlier that it is basically the value obtained by dividing net income earned by a company during a certain time period and then you are going to divide net income's value by the average shareholders' equity and this is how you are going to get the value of ROE and when you talk about the net income, it is the amount of income which is net of expenses that you are considering the expenses in order to find out the difference between the overall gross income and then you are going to subtract the expenses and then you are going to take into consideration the taxes also that is something which is not going to stay with you. So, the taxes will be deducted as well in order to find out the value of net income and this will give you the value that you are going to put in the numerator. When we say what is meant by average shareholders' equity, it is basically calculated by adding the equity at the beginning of the period. The beginning and the end of the period should coincide with that with which the net income is earned. So, that is something which is a checkmark that you are going to calculate the average shareholders' equity. So, when we calculate net income over the last one year or the full fiscal year, you can find out the value of the net income from the income statement and we have already discussed the three different types of financial statements and we discussed the components of income statement also. So, in order to search for the value of net income in order to calculate the value of ROE, So, then when you are going to look for the shareholders' equity value, for that you have to refer to the balance sheet. So, from the balance sheet, you will find out the equity value of the shareholders. So, take those two values and divide the net income with the shareholder activity equity, then you will get the value of ROE. As you can see here, I am going to show you an example. They have been taken from the examples we discussed in the financial statements. When I illustrated or explained the different types of financial statements, I discussed the company ABC's data with you. They have been taken from there. So, I already told you that we will get the net income from the income statement. For the shareholders' equity, we will have to look at the balance sheet. So, this is $23.4 or $300 from there. ROE is calculated. So, if we express the value of ROE in percentage form, that turns out to be 7.8%. So, this is how we calculate ROE and when ROE's value is very high or very low, then that type of observation is observed when we have different industries' values. So, basically, we cannot say that ROE is a pharmaceutical company. We will match ROE for comparison with some hotel's ROE calculation because you can see a lot of variations in that. So, it is better to compare the values of ROE in order to understand whether my company or the company where I have invested is doing good in terms of financial profitability. So, when we are going to evaluate the financial performance of a company, it is essential, important, necessary that you compare the ROE of your company with the company in the same sector comparison purpose. There is another very common shortcut which is used by the investors. It is considered that if the ROE is somewhat close to 14%, then the company is considered to be doing good. If it is lower than 14%, that is considered to be the benchmark. International company's ROE or their financial performance, if you have to evaluate or compare, the benchmark used on the international level, that is a 14% value. So, if your company is doing good in terms of ROE, ROE is above 14%, it means that your company is showing excellent financial performance. But if it is lower than 14%, it means that on average, your global average performance, here financial performance company, your company is performing under it. So, this is how we try to assess or compare the financial performance of a company by considering the values of return on equity values.


The proposed CFRCNN algorithm uses the CBAM attention mechanism combined with the FPN feature pyramid structure to improve the detection accuracy of small-sized, occluded, or truncated objects in complex scenes. This algorithm outperforms existing algorithms such as faster RCNN and other algorithms in terms of mean average precision, MAP. This article was authored by one Shunshen, Shilfinyu, Jianlin, and others.


Hi Psych2Goers, Amanda here, speaking on behalf of the entire Psych2Go family. It truly means so much to have such a strong community supporting us. Psych2Go started with the mission of making psychology and mental wellness accessible to everyone, but we never expected it to grow this much. So to thank you, we're offering a giveaway. The giveaway will be for these candles made by Cindy, our project manager, and they will be gifted to a select few who leave a comment about the very first Psych2Go video that you ever watched. Thank you again so much for all of your love and support and for helping us build the most beautiful community ever.


To survive, trees have to lift water from the soil to the leaves that can be many meters above the ground. They seem to do it effortlessly for a very long time without failing. So how can they do it? How can they lift all that water up there? They don't have a water pump. They use evaporation. Evaporation is a major force of nature that our society seem to have neglected for a very long time. We use the power of falling water. We use the power of wind. And we use them to transform agriculture, power generation, transportation. So think about how this major force of nature, evaporation, what it can do for us if we can harness it efficiently. We came across with this question through serendipity. My lab developed special microscopes to look at small things and probe their mechanical properties. At one point, we were studying bacterial spores. Spores are dormant organisms. They do not need food to survive. We found that spores are extremely rigid. And this is very surprising and interesting because spores change shape in response to changing humidity. When it gets humid, spores take up water, they get bigger. When it's dry, water evaporates and they get smaller. For a rigid material to change shape like this, it must take a lot of energy. Actually we calculated it. We found that half a kilogram of spores have enough energy in them that could lift a car a meter above the ground. That's a lot of energy and you would think that has to have a lot of applications. While spores are so tiny, so how can we create larger structures from spores to make something useful? It turns out that spores mixed with glue can be pasted onto surfaces and they would make the surface move. Spores will push and pull each other and they will bend the underlying material, transfer energy to it. It can respond to changes in humidity quite rapidly. And this is very interesting, but in nature you don't have rapidly changing humidity. Instead we have evaporation from large areas of open water. If you make a horizontal device with shutters, spore-based material can expand and contract as the water evaporates. Moving back and forth and it means there's power. You can then use this power to do something you want. Well to do this we have to have a material that can expand and contract horizontally. And we set out to do this. It turns out that designing the material by pasting spores with a special pattern, you can achieve this. You can create wavy shapes of plastic that can quadruple their length as you bring them from dry to humid. You can stack many of these materials and then you can lift weight as it gets dry and then you can lower it as it gets humid. Now if you have a material like this, you can place it on the surface of water horizontally. And you can then use some shutters to control evaporation. This material is actually working very much like a muscle. It's controlled by humidity. And when you then put all these things together, the shutters and everything, you create an evaporation engine. It sits on the surface of water as moisture from the evaporating water fills the box containing this muscle, muscles elongate. They open the shutters and then moisture escapes from the box, gets drier, muscle gets shorter, shutters close and then cycle keeps on going. You can connect this engine to a generator and produce electricity with it. You can do whatever you want, you can generate light. All you need is a standing body of water and a simple device. You just put this device on the surface of water. Well to make this demonstration, we actually cut so many corners. It can be much more powerful than this. We calculated it. We used weather data across the country and we calculated how much power you can generate. We found that evaporation can give you as much power as today's solar and wind power technologies. But equally interesting, we found that harvesting energy from evaporation would lead to savings of water because you would slow it down. There are two major societal needs. There's something even more interesting. The body of water that evaporates is actually a natural energy storage device. If you don't use the energy, it stays in the water as heat and you can deliver it whenever you want. So we calculated again that throughout the year, you can match the power demand and power supply without needing external energy storage devices. So in the end, evaporation is many potentially transformative properties. It works with biological materials. It works mechanically. It can store energy in it and using that, it can deliver power on demand. And as you harvest energy, you would also save water. The potential applications could be limitless. And as you see in this demonstration, we have an evaporation-driven car. There's water in the white-colored wet paper that water evaporates through the device and it makes the circular engine rotate. And the engine is connected to the wheels so it pushes the car forward. You can think of giant versions of this producing power. So the applications are limitless and we don't know where to begin.


Hey, Brian. Thank you for joining me on stage. It's great to have you here today. How are you enjoying Helsinki so far? I love Helsinki! Yeah! Go Finland! Finland! Great. And what happened to your arm? Oh, the most Canadian thing you could do. Ice hockey. Yeah, so I'm Canadian, so I might think I feel like I'm very finished too. Yeah, who plays ice hockey? I can't play right now, but later. Yeah. Great. So what does keep do? So keep is quite simple. We said in advertising today a lot of it is take, take, take. Let me take your attention. Let me put something here. Look at me. Look at there. We said instead of just taking, why don't we give? Why don't we reward the user instead of just advertising to them? So in your phone, when you're using your apps, you do a lot of things.  And what if in those moments a brand could actually reward you? You could finish a run and Gatorade could be there to reward you with something. So that's what keep does. Fantastic. And what kind of customers do you work with and what is the kind of value that you've been able to drive for them? So most of our customers today are the big brands that many of us are familiar with and we realize that to make big impact, these guys are spending, you know, billions of dollars. And if we could take just a tiny slice of this, show them the value that instead of just a taking fashion, you give and you're there in the right moments, and we call it moments-based marketing, at the right moments in time, you could be very effective. Excellent. And you started keep when you were just 19 years old. So considering what you know today, what do you wish you would have known at the time? So I'd say most of the things. So I'm an old man at 26 now. You can punch me later. It's okay. But at seven years in, and by the way, a lot of us, I know our founders and just remember these things, it's a marathon. It's it's not a sprint. And at seven years in, I think most of the lessons, if I can even claim that I've learned ones that are conclusive, is around working with people, right? It's around, you know, just the most important things and the most cliche things around recruiting and making sure that when you're working with someone, you let them do what they are most inclined to do. And so, you know, my book, I talk about it as superpowers. One of the biggest lessons is we actually ask people in interviews, you know, what is your superpower? And the reason is because everyone kind of should know what it is. If they don't know, we help them find it. But your superpower is where you end up spending all your energy to hone in on and make yourself better. And instead of spending all your time trying to fix all your weaknesses, which it'll never work, right? Because when you get to a certain point in your adulthood, all your energy should go into your strengths. That becomes one thing we try to highlight and really make a big part of how we hire and who we work with. So that was one of the big lessons. Great. And what do you think is going to be the biggest changes coming up in advertising during the next three to five years? So I think right now, and I hope I can explain this for those of you who aren't neck deep in advertising, we use a lot of lingo, we make up a lot of words and terms, and I'm sure a lot of industries do this too. But I think put simply, advertising for a long time was based on content. It was based on you're watching a TV show and we'll show a video. You're playing a game and we'll show another video and make it playable. You're doing something, it's all around content. Because that was technology that was available at the time around media was when you're watching the food channel, you might most likely be interested in food, right? But what's happening today with connected devices, aka just the smartphone in our pockets is also a connected device, is we can now see behaviors, we can now see actions and things that people are doing. So I asked the question, instead of being there, let's say you wanted to target someone who's trying to be healthier into fitness. You could buy an ad in Men's Health Magazine. Or why not be there the moment he's just finished running? So that is the big change, I think the shift is going to be around behaviors and what people are actually doing rather than just media. Because a lot of us in this new generation, we don't consume media the same way we used to. I don't own a TV. I'm sure a lot of you don't own normal set-top TVs where you have your cable. It doesn't happen as commonly anymore. So the way you can reach people have to be, again, very mobile-centric but also behavior-centric. Yeah, and what does 2018 look like for KEEP? What are the main things that you're going to be focusing on? It's connected devices. So we actually made an announcement that we're integrated into Amazon's Fire TV. So you can now get rewarded for binge-watching, which is a behavior, by the way, so that's why. But another really fun one we actually did was there's a connected toothbrush that Oral-B has. And it's a very expensive toothbrush, but it's awesome. I highly recommend you check it out. But we're actually going to reward people for their toothbrushing activity as well. So it sounds kind of like a novel, fun, quirky thing, but it's a bit of a peak of the future, which is our connected devices, our connected home. Let's say you hit your energy savings goal and your nest can reward you. These are the types of things that we're looking at and the future, and not just the future, like 2018 and what we're already executing today. OK, that's fantastic. So as you know, I mean, YouTube, they've during the past few days, they've had their second kind of boycott wave during this year because ads have been placed together with inappropriate comments that have been on videos. And a lot of advertisers are pulling out. What's your advice to brands that are advertising on platforms like YouTube and Facebook? And how can they make sure to stay relevant? And how can they protect their brand as well when advertising? So that's the main topic. I think a lot of us, we have ad blockers installed. Safari, the new version is allowing you to stay hidden from the advertisers with your cookies and your data. It's there's a lot of consumer blowback, right? We are resisting. We're saying why. And by the way, I have to remind you why you get to use Facebook for free. Why do you get to use Google for free? Because of advertising, right? And I think people sometimes forget that the world's biggest two Internet companies are funded primarily by advertising dollars. So it is why we are able to be able to live our digital lives. So just don't forget that part. But I think what we're forgetting, the brands are forgetting is that again, they can create the most beautiful ads. They can create the most funny ads. They can put all this energy and investment into the content. But the one thing that I think a lot of brands have forgotten is timing. When are you the most receptive? The reason why we're rejecting things is because like blah, blah.  I'm basically I don't want to see you anymore in real life when I'm having a conversation with you and you're ignoring me. What should I do? Should I just speak louder? Right? That that's essentially what advertising has been. It's like, you're going to ad block me. Let me find another way around you. Oh, it's really hard to see the ad when you like accidentally over, you know, hover your mouse over, boom. You know, like it's just like it's it's we're not trying to be unique. We're not trying to take the smart approach of let me be there when you actually want to engage with a brand. Because you guys have to remember we have brands all throughout our daily lives. We use a brand. The first thing we do when we wake up in the morning, right? We use a brand when we drink our coffee. We use a brand every moment in the day, pretty much. And I think the brands have to make it less just about them. They're very me, me, me, me, me. And I think being where people already are and being respectful of the timing and the receptivity is the most important. And so the advice I have for them, too, is the reason why these things happen with YouTube, you guys probably saw the blocking was because there was like, you know, really inappropriate content combined with the brand messaging. This was all a result of programmatic advertising, a result of programmatic buying. Programmatic is an automated way, very overly simplified of an explanation, but an automated way to present advertising to the right people. But I think there's a pendulum that's shifting a lot of the times when things are overly automated, very quickly do they become less automated, right? More people want to do things more direct. So the advice the brands would be instead of being so faithful in over automation, attempt to use some of your time and energy into creating high impact relationships with publishers that actually as a direct buy, you can do a lot more. Thank you for that. And Brian, you mentioned that one of the things you've learned is really about focusing on superpowers and how many people are you now at Keep? 107. 107. And there's a lot of startups in the audience. What kind of advice do you have when it comes to building a team and making sure that people can focus on their superpowers? Like you mentioned. Yes, so I think there's so many, but on the team side, it's complementary superpowers, right? So you don't want people who both of them want the same title. Both of them think they're the best at the thing. So for me, I actually used to do graphic design, my quick background. So I play ice hockey. I play a lot of video games. That's my background and I play I designed. So but I had a co-founder who was also really awesome at design. And I thought I was pretty decent at design. I wanted to do some design stuff in the beginning. But then I looked at what he was creating and I was like, OK, you're going to decide you could take it. So he was in his lane. And then when you entrust people, you empower them, right? And I always learned that you have your version of perfect as a founder. You're very much a perfectionist, but everyone else has their version of perfect. You let them do their version of perfect. Very magical things can happen. And and I think as well, there's a very big management philosophy. We have it keep. We call it subservient management.  Managers is not about telling people what to do. Management is about actually empowering them, enabling and removing obstacles is really how it works. And for me, it was mainly as philosophy that reflected who I was, because I look like I'm 12. I realize this and I go into a room. It's not like I can say them. I'm the most experienced CEO. I'm not and I never will be because there will always be someone more experienced. And when you go in there, when you bring this person in, you said I picked you because you're the best at this. I'm not in any place to tell you what to do. You tell me what to do, right? And I think that's really the the philosophy now that you're hiring people that are autonomous, that are that are actually self guided. That's that when you tell someone to do, it's an ultimate sign of mistrust. Thank you. And we're also accepting audience questions. And Brian will actually be donating a book to the best question received. So I don't know their names associated with questions, but you'll have to like self identify when I tell you that the question that you asked was the best and then I'll give you the book. Yeah, we don't have any questions so far. OK, all right, let's keep going. So hopefully we'll get a few in. But Brian, then thinking about kind of your journey as a founder to to where you are today, what are kind of the moments that you feel have been most decisive when it comes to where we're keep us at this time? So I think you're always constantly innovating. It's funny because at seven years as a company, we already feel old and think about companies that are actually a hundred years old. But you can imagine how they feel. And I think, you know, there's a lot of this this dynamic around always having a mechanism to try new things. So in our team, we have an element or sort of a division called growth and their growth managers. And growth is a is I know buzzwordy word, but essentially their job is to come up with, you know, sprints and new ideas and test them and make sure that they actually can be continually applied. But the moment you stop innovating, the moment you stop swimming, you're dead. And I think Gary V says this really well. I was like, wake up in the morning and think of the biggest way you're going to put yourself out of business and then start to invest in those things, right, because there will be people trying to put you out of business or they don't even do it intentionally. And if you're able to think of it on your own, then it's a much more powerful thing rather than relying on people around you to the end and having these things scare you and then be unexpectedly taken aback by something. You know, that's not a good thing at all. Yeah, thank you. And we have a question which comes to your funding and, you know, you've raised over 30 million dollars in venture capital funding. What's your advice to startups out there looking to raise money? I get this question a lot. I think you should absolutely raise because there's capital available right now. So do it if the question is, do it or not? Because people always ask, well, I want to bootstrap whatever. I'm like, there's so much there's I would say in the market today and please if there's better data and I'm doing this anecdotally, I'm sure there's something that supports it. There's more I think venture capital than there is good ideas and good teams. So it definitely is a founder's market, not an investor's market.   Our seed round was three hundred thousand dollars.  But it was there was more than enough in the early days to vet things out. And I just think that's one thing. So be conservative, understand that the goals that you're being put against are a lot more realistic. And I was like making a joke as I wish it was like 2012 where no one understood what the meaning was of profitability. Like it was like a foreign language. But now everyone is very fixated on your business model working and profitability being shown very early on. So make sure at least when you raise this money, you have a path to achieving these financial objectives. Otherwise, you're just dealing with funny money and you're not going to feel good inside. Ultimately, it's can you sleep at night, right?  But most of you aren't psychopaths. Well, maybe you are because you're an entrepreneur. But I always tell people you're creating true value. You know, it's really simple things. Is your customer buying your product and are they continuing to buy your product? It's really that simple. If you have no customer that wants to buy your product, then it doesn't work.  So there's very simple things and it's always customer based and people sometimes forget this. Yeah. And then going to content marketing, we have a question about the role of influencers and co-creation. Now that content marketing has got a lot of buzz. What do you think the role of them will be? So I love how we do it in advertising. We like to give things names like content marketing and native advertising and whatever. And really at the end of the day, this is just good content, right? That is with the objective of helping explain the value of a brand in your life, either through aspirational, if there's an influencer that you aspire to and this influencer is aligned to the brand. So I think there's always gonna be a place for this. It has been since the days of any celebrity and any thought leader. And I think it makes sense to continue to have that be part of the mix. But it isn't for everyone. I think how many of you guys have been on LinkedIn recently and you're reading like basically every second post is some expert saying that they're awesome at something. And it's like sometimes it's best to stay quiet. Sometimes it isn't the best model just to talk about everything all the time. Scarcity in my opinion is king. And I think that's something that hopefully a lot of brands and other influencers keep in mind. Your value is not in frequency. It's in scarcity. And we have time for one more question. So digital advertising has been measured by clicks. How do you think this should change? Yes, thank you. Okay, whoever asked that is gonna get the book. But basically what they're hinting at is right now in advertising there's a lot of common metrics, CPC or CTR click through rates and then CPMs and CPCs. So cost per thousand impressions and cost per clicks. So I think that there's two big movements in advertising right now. It's outcomes-based marketing and people-based marketing. And in English what that basically means outcomes-based as you pay on the outcome. So it's not just CPC anymore. It could be cost per purchase, cost per subscribe, cost per conversion. And this scares a lot of people by the way but it is the future is cost per outcome. And then the people-based marketing what is the latest trend around it? There's this thing called ABM account-based marketing and you go down and can you actually convert that individual still comes down to that outcome but it's looking at that person. Like if I found you on your phone, the TV, the billboard, the magazine, whatever it doesn't matter, it's still you. If I'm paying on the unique individual that becomes much more powerful too. So the technology and the data, we can send spacecraft to Mars, we can do crazy things but we can't seem to figure out if someone watched an ad and bought the shit in a grocery store. Like for some reason people still think that that's an impossibility, it isn't. And today if we can actually make people responsible for it and then pay based on that, the world will change.   The moment the advertising economy moves from impressions to outcomes, it will actually have radical magnitudes of change in how content is created and how we actually experience the web. It won't be around frequency anymore. In fact, it'll be around actual quality. And I know it's a very bold prediction and I don't think it'll happen in 100% like total carte blanche change but you will start to see this more and more and more publishers in the coming years where it'll be less about, I just want you to look as much, like the schizophrenia of it is gonna be gone, it's gonna be about true quality because if they don't care about you clicking 10 times anymore, they don't need the 10 impressions, they only want you to care. Do you care about the brand and can they make you care about it? And that will be the most important metric. Great, well, hey, Brian, thank you so much for this talk and a person called Mira is the winner of the book whilst there she is. Mira, fine, fine me over there, thank you. Thank you, everybody. Thank you.


Everyone, Sam here with the late in sports card, just doing the random four. The Jalen Green, I'm just gonna change the break title here. Jalen Green, Jalen Suggs, and Josh Giddy Triple Auto from 21 Immaculate, 21-22 Immaculate. So yeah, all three of the participants of the break decided they wanted this card random, so here it is. Can't really see it, but Jalen Green, Jalen Suggs, Josh Giddy. So that's Rockets with Jalen Green, Magic with Jalen Suggs, and then The Thunder with Josh Giddy. So again, this will be uploaded to YouTube after, if we can case another participant are here that will be uploaded, so let's roll the dice. We're gonna random this card nine times, nine times. So good luck everybody on this card. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, and ninth and final, go into the magic, go into the magic with Jalen Suggs. So congrats to that, get this right uploaded to YouTube.


What they gonna do with me now? I'm still a twerk of the town. Baby, the sisters, I'm hooking them down. Reaching the smiles and the frowns. Game hop out, then we clearing them. Hey, guys, we're on a new episode of Talk of the Town. Today, we got a special guest, Mama Million. Hey, guys. How you feeling? I'm feeling good. How are you? I'm good. New York, how has it been for you? It's been good. Really just person-run a lot of other interviews and stuff. I need some good food spots, for real. What you looking for? I was just telling them. What you looking for? I don't know. Like, it don't matter. It just gotta be good.  We don't really have, in the South, y'all gotta seafood for, like, we don't really got good seafood spots. Unless you go to, like, City Island or something, which is not far. Oh, no, I'm not from the South. Oh, you think I'm from the South? My accent. To me, anything, like, under, like, you know, that's down. Yeah, must. Okay. You know what I'm saying? Like, not like... Yeah, I get it. I get it. All right, so I'm gonna ask you a couple questions to say the first thing that comes to mind. What's your favorite color? Pink and black. Favorite food? Not wings. First album you heard start to finish? Chris Brown, heartbreak on the full moon. Um, last movie you saw? The Blackness. Okay, Celebrity Crush. Drake. What's the one song you know word for word that's not yours? Dang. Honestly, I don't even know. I'm having brain freeze right now.  Clothes. Favorite music video of yours? Uh, Hershey Kisses with me and Mella Books. And what's one conspiracy theory you think is real? The Earth is below. The Earth is below? Below, yeah. Not round. Yeah, flat. Flat, yeah. Okay, so what goes... I mean, tell us a little bit about your rap name. How did you get the name Mama Millions? Well, originally, my whole life, I've been called Mama ever since I was a baby. And then one of my brother's closest friends, my brother, you know when you grow up, and people become family. He kind of like my brother too. He gave... I always been like an entertainer, and I told him I wanted to rap, and I used to just rap for them and stuff like that. And one day he just came to me like, Mama, your rap name should be Mama Millions.  Because I was just sticking to Mama, so I'm like, okay, cool. And I was like a shorty, like I was real young. And that just stuck with me from there. I'm like... I mean, y'all still cool to this day? That's good, that's good. So how is he feeling about your success now? Oh, they're proud of me. They're super proud of me. I love my brothers. Okay, was family always supportive of the music dreams? Yes. My family's super supportive. I think now it's just more serious. Because when I was younger, they didn't take me serious for real. They were like, what are you going to rap about? You know, like... Yeah, you had to make sure you really wanted it. Okay, so if he wasn't getting into music though, what was he getting into? Like hair, makeup? What was he getting into besides the music? Maybe a dance choreographer. Because I started out dancing. And then I transitioned into music. Okay, when did you know music? What's your thing now? When I got inspired by Michael Jackson. So I wanted to be a dancer. I was already dancing. I've been dancing since I was two years old. And I started writing music at five. But Michael Jackson inspired me to write music. Because I'm like, if I want to be a superstar, I got to have a whole bag. You know, like I don't want to be no background dancer. I want to be the spotlight. So they just encouraged me to write music. Okay. Alright, so what was your first studio session? The first time you went in the studio, lay the song down? The first time I went in the studio was with my uncle. He over there. The first time I went in the studio was with my uncle. I had just went viral on Facebook. Wrapping with my best friend or whatever the case may be. And then we had got called to the studio to do this song or whatever the case may be. That was my first time rapping. And my uncle met us there. And then we left that studio. My uncle had a studio built in his garage. And we left there. And then I went in there and recorded like ten songs. Ten songs for a session? Yes, like one take. Because I had so much music just sitting. Because that was something I really wanted to do. But I didn't have a studio or anything like that. That was just stuff that I was just writing. And then from then my uncle been locked in here. That's fine. Okay, so on the music tip what made you, what motivated you to keep going with it? What pushes you everyday to keep doing it? My family, the people that support me. And I feel like I just came too far to give up. And also my team. That motivated me and pushed me to go harder. So you from Chicago? Yes. Okay, so just come over. People move there and stuff like that. So being from Chicago, how do you feel about the music team, especially for the girls right now? Oh, we put it on. I feel like we the hottest out right now. Uh-huh. Yeah. Yes, Melo doing her thing. Who else are you listening to out there? Fendi. Melo, Fendi. Y'all listen to Cashmere. Other female artists out there. Sizi. Uh-huh. Sizi coming up next. Oh my God, it's so many. So many. That's what I'm saying. But they hard dumb. That's a lot. That's a lot. But they hard dumb. It's a lot. So what do you think makes you stand out as a female artist from Chicago, so hot right now? Hot, what stands you out from everybody else? How are you different? Um, really just being in my own lane. Tunnel vision. If you watch previous interviews, um, that's just me. That's my aura. That's my persona. Like that's who I am. I stand firm in it. Tunnel vision, um, just focused on me.  I don't want to be number one. I don't put myself superior to nobody, nor inferior. Uh, I'm just me, you know? I'm just doing it because this is what I love to do. Other people love that I do it. And like, I probably make other people a day when I do it. That's all that matters, you know? Yes. Yeah, so that's what I'm doing. Okay, so if someone didn't listen to your music, what song would you want them to hear first? Other songs that's out. Because I know you got so many unreleased. Oh, okay. So out of what's out, if a person never heard of Mama Million, what would be the first song to play them? For male and female? Male and female, yes. Uh, a song I would want them to listen to right now would be... Like, what's your vibes? What you want them to hear? Why are you so indecisive? Because I'm like, I've got so much music. I don't know. Out of these songs, that's out, yeah. I would say my recent probably, um... Nah. Maybe Mama Sita. Okay. Because it's just like super uptempo. It's like it make you want to dance and make you feel it. Okay. So when making music, being that you used to dance, when making music, are you making sure you can dance to all your songs or like... Before, no. But now, yeah, for sure. I always say it like, can y'all twerk? Can y'all dance? Okay. Now when I'm making it. Okay, okay, okay. And do you feel like your music is, you try to kid it to the girls or the guys? Right. So really, my main focus is really the women, because I was so like leaned over the side to like boys were so attracted. So I started making stuff. The boys just hot out there, yeah. So I had to make stuff more relatable to the women, too. So really the women now. So, um, so who, I guess, who are some artists you were listening to growing up? Michael Jackson, of course. Of course he is. From my time, I mean from my city, Chief Keith, I grew up listening to her, Lil Durk, I listened to Chris Brown, Beyonce, Drake. Like, I grew up listening to a lot of different artists. I don't have like a favorite artist. I love music.  Yeah, definitely, definitely, definitely.  Walk us through some like pros and cons. You feel like about being a female industry right now? Pros and cons. Some of the good stuff and some of the bad stuff. I think bad because everybody, you have, I don't, everybody don't have the same asset. It's me coming from my perspective. So everybody look at it as competition, which to the labels and everybody else it is. Yeah. But I don't really look at it in that way. So I feel like it just create like a lot of negativity in a way too.  It's like so much fake love in a mix of it. You get what I'm saying? And I feel like the pro about it is that like we shine, like we winning, like we shining right now. Right. And that's good to see because once before it was the males time. Yeah. The girls definitely got it right now. So, um, so being so with that, so you of course taking label meetings. Yes. Right. So like what are you kind of looking forward to move forward if you want to do a label? Like what do you kind of expect them looking forward to looking for really anything that makes sense? Okay. It just has to make sense. I don't want to like say too much, but anything that makes sense makes sense. How do you feel about the whole independent route though? I feel like that's the best way to go also. Um, just being, having that freedom. Yeah. Owning your stuff. You know, I feel like that's the best route to go. Definitely. Definitely. If you can, if you can do that for as long as you could, I would say be independent. Okay. So what inspired the Hershey Kidz record with Mellow? Um, honestly I had been made the song. Mm-hmm. When I first met Mellow, she'd be like, yeah, she'll send me a song. But around that time I was focused on like building my brand. You know, putting myself in one pocket. And I wanted to make it like pretty, but a little savage girl music. You get what I'm saying? And that's what I was focused on. So Hershey Kidz was like one of my beginning, beginning songs that I've ever made. It was, it was really old song. How old was that song? Probably like the beginning of this year. You're old. Like six months old. Yeah. Um, and I had made it because I felt like that was pretty girl. Hey, who ever with me? Chocolate Hershey.  I can hear girls getting ready to that song. Making videos too, you know. And that really inspired that. And I had sent Mellow like three, four songs. And that was one of them that she picked.  You know what I'm saying? That's what I was saying. Like what's so perfect? Yeah, it was, it was perfect. It was perfect that she picked that. Yeah. So, um, so also I feel like another one that's really moving right now is Mama Cita. What inspired that record? Honestly, I was just in the studio drunk. And I heard the beat. And I'm like, yeah, you need to go do that. Go do that. And then after that, I just took it from there. Like, I'm Mama Millie, but my call me Mama Cita because my name Mama, you know Mama Cita. Yeah, you know.  Okay, okay, okay. So, um, so the Hershey Kids record is awesome. Like how do you feel about, you know, like working with more girlies in the industry? I'm definitely looking forward to it. Yes, girl. It's good for now. Yeah. I like, I love it.   For sure. And I mean, you know, as a girl, we go through different things as guys. So how do you, how are you balancing like your personal life with your music career? Honestly, I'm balancing it good. I'm not in a relationship. I'm not, you know, worried about that stuff. I'm just really focused on having fun and making music, you know, achieving my goal because I'm getting older and I don't have no job, you know, like this is what I do for a living. So, ain't no time to waste. This is what I got to do. Mm-hmm. Mm-hmm. Yeah, because, you know, I feel like when girls are going up, it's always a guy that always wants to come into the mix and be in a role. How do you feel about like personal relationships, like public relationships? I mean, I don't know. I would never go public again. It's a wrap.  Yeah, definitely. Ain't nobody going to know my man. You ain't even going to know what his kneecap look like. It's over with. Okay, okay, okay. So going into, you know, it's fourth quarter. We ended up the year. What else are you going to do this year? Hopefully, I'll be able to drop a project by the end of this year. Yeah, that's the goal. I don't have plans on it. I have enough music for it, but having really made plans, you know, I'm just going to love right now. You got all these records. How are you going about what song gets released versus what song you hold? Like, how are you going about that? Timing. Okay. If the timing makes sense, me and my team go over it, you know, it's kind of hard too because it's so much music. Right. That's what I'm saying. So. So, okay. Then I'm in the studio a lot too. So it's like, I might make harder stuff than the stuff that I have. So it's like that throws it off too. It's just super hard. Like, it's just hard. So when picking a song, is it you and your team in there? Is it you and your team and your friends? Y'all in the studio, y'all trying to pick through the songs? Yeah. Me and my team. Group effort kind of. Yeah. Okay. That's cool. That's cool. How'd you meet your team? Well, of course, I've been down, but like how'd you meet everybody? Through my family, through my family, my family like introduced and that's how that happened. Okay. So, um, yeah, so definitely a project. You want to drop a project this year. Okay. Got a title or not? My turn. My turn? Yeah. You already got a title? Yeah. My turn. If I drop a project right now, it's going to be my turn. Okay. Period. That's going to be the name of it. Before the year ends. Right. Yeah. So maybe dash dash two three. My turn. Okay. Let's see. We'll see. We'll see. We'll see. Yeah. Put pressure on her. All right. So, um, it's time for music. Do you want to get to acting? Yes. Anything else? Any different revenues and stuff? Do you have a favorite actor? Honestly, I don't be knowing the active name. Okay. A movie? Favorite movie. Twilight. All the twilight. Okay. I'm not really, Yeah. Or like thrillers. I don't really like the hood movies and stuff. I'm sorry. I can't watch it. It's too corny for me. I just can't do it. Okay. Okay. All right. So, um, what else should we be looking forward to this year? Project. How are you feeling with some of your goals moving forward? My project is one of them, um, to keep working with different artists upcoming and, uh, local and hopefully, hopefully go global too. I'm sorry. Yeah. My words out to hopefully go global too. Why would I say it again? But y'all get what I'm saying. But yeah, that, um, In New York, you worked with anybody out here yet? Um, she's not from New York, but me and Asian doll just linked up. Okay. Uh, last night and we did some stuff. Yeah. Any other features on the way? Or like still working it out? No, I'm still working it out. Okay. All right. So definitely looking forward to more. Tell the people where to find you. How can they tune in? Oh, you guys can tune in with me on Instagram at M-A-M-A dot M-I-L-L-I-O-N underscore. Yeah. Oh, YouTube, my million. Go check my videos out. His subscribe, like, you know, drop a comment. And that's the talk of the town. Make sure you like, comment, and subscribe and make sure you check out our website at www.talkofthetownshow.com.


Everybody Matt here for Leighton Sports Cards ripping 16 boxes one case of 2023 Panini prism collegiate draft picks football hobby. These are for Jeremy B. Good luck Jeremy. Let's do it See some big hits for you is Hyper auto zekwande zekwandre right or what zekwandre white There's fun rookie silver and to 99 that is purple ice Saturday star Otto Zach Harrison Tanner Morgan rookie red Drew breeze blue Still 199 Vom witherspoon and Jackson Smith and Jigba Joey Porter Dak silver and Saturday star Otto R. J. Snead Chris Olava a blue ice to 99 Vonte Adams red wave Malik Willis annual Forbes and To 199 red Otto Vincent Gray made McBride rookie silver and Grant Morgan Otto Trey Palmer rookie blue Isaiah Foskey rookie purple ice There gives and Devin a shame that is to 99 Blue and gold ice Justin Tucker and to 199 That is red draft picks autographs Davis Allen Black and gold a Mari Cooper. This is five of five very nice Max Duggan rookie red wave brilliance bow Cedric Tillman mixing and Dawkins Colesia Kansy rookie silver and to 199 red Otto Deontay Banks Lucas Van Ness rookie blue ice manual Forbes rookie red What is that? That's brilliant. Eric Dickerson and behind that hype that is will levis I guess orange pulsar 49 Nice levis Vonta Smith That's will McDonald Saturday star Otto Charles Woodson red and red wave Dante Deemus 149 blue Otto Jeremiah moon Anandika Ozama rookie silver and Dylan Horton silver Otto Tray Lance purple George Pickens blue wave Tam Tebow trophy hunting Deon Matthew Stafford silver and to 149 Leonard Taylor blue Otto blue wave Christopher Smith red wave Joe mixin Key Palmer This is trace willing Hyper Otto Jordan Addison rookie silver and to 49 Cory Trice signing day orange pulsar Otto Alvin Kamara purple ice Monro St. Brown red. Oh, Jolari price young Alvin Kamara silver and to 199 Michael Jefferson red Otto Lamb Jack blue and Kyler red wave Manningham will levis Clayton tune and Tegan Q. Otto Tegan Quatoriano Jalen Hyatt rookie silver and to 49 orange pulsar Otto Demetris Robinson Darnell Washington rookie red and George Pickens snakeskin Max Duggan from your Gibbs smart Chase And another Gator Otto that is silver Otto ventrell Miller Alton Kincaid It's a rookie blue wave Emily Cunningham rookie red wave Anthony Richardson and Jordan Addison Chris Rodriguez Zach Evans 99 purple ice Otto Tyreek Smith Jamiro Gibbs rookie silver and Otto silver Charlie Jones blue Clayton tune and purple Zach Charbonnet rookie that is to 75 Charbonnet hype and Addison to Perry and Jackson Smith and Jigba Pat Tillman and to 75 Saturday star blue ice Otto Siaki Ika DJ more red Red wave Patrick Mahomes Zappi Ty Chandler silver Otto Sean Tucker rookie silver and Otto Chance Campbell Justin Herbert blue wave and Darnell Washington rookie snakeskin Nice Darnell Bryce young person break air and mingo Mike Evans This is Colisea Kansy Colisea Kansy Otto Purple Derek Henry and CJ Stroud rookie red wave Went in Johnston. Which one was that? Yeah, there is a scratch on the surface of that Colisea Kansy Yeah, good eye We'll send an empty box Jeremy grab an empty box You want to try to get that one replaced in Kincaid Devin Ashain stained glass Nice rookie stained glass Charles White silver and BJ. Oh, Jalari Otto Musgrave purple and Kelly Ringo Red wave well Anderson Justin Hall Otto Marva Mims rookie silver and Jamie Robinson Otto do spawn It's a rookie blue and Dalvin cook red wave Smith John L. Way silver and Otto Anthony Russo Big Montgomery and Lucas Van Ness red wave other snakeskin coming. There's nozzy Smith mazzi Smith Dante Deimos junior rookie silver and Silver Otto Chris Oladokun DJ Moore blue wave and Brian Breesie snakeskin rookie Hi, I'm Carter manual Forbes rookie silver and to 199 Corey Sutton red Otto Yeah, that's personal Vaughn Witherspoon rookie orange pulsar That's the 49 Jamir Gibbs rookie blue wave Manning and levis Foskey Eli silver And this is to 49 signing day purple ice Otto Jaren Hall BYU J Spears rookie blue ice That's the 99 Red wave rookie Elijah Kansy. That is Otto Raheem Blackshear Elijah Kansy rookie silver and Andre Jones Silver Otto Derek Carr blue wave Najee Harris red, you know those snakeskins Anthony Richardson and Jordan Addison rock Kim and Jarrett Dexter Nick Chubb silver and to 199 Stephen Jones, Jr. Red Otto Purple ice TJ Watt and Charles Woodson red wave. Do you got paid to put S period J? Joe Jalari rookie silver and the 25 signing day mojo Otto Corey Trice Rookie blue CJ Stroud Nice one to 199 Bijan Robinson rookie blue bow brilliance and Zach Evans Blue and gold 99 Just a K. Yeah, I see another mojo coming Justin Tucker silver That's Hunter Renfro Silver Otto Nice Renfro and mojo rookie Dalton Kincaid and is eight of 25 It's Jalen Hyatt red wave rookie and McDonald that is Otto Kalan Geiger senior Kalan Geiger senior Derek Hall rookie silver and Aubrey Miller, Jr. Silver Otto Marino and Palmer Levis Jarrett There's an Anthony Richardson on top that's been registered right away. Kamara and Michael Jones Otto there's bow blue wave Drake London red wave. All right, we're due for a huge hit here a Box number eight says four autos per box, but it seems like we've been pulling six a box here It's a Caleb Elby Otto Tanner McKee rookie silver and to 149 draft picks autographs to Lee To we pillow to So blue Otto Brian Dawkins blue wave DJ more red Sharon Hall grab your spots for group breaks tonight With force 5 p.m. Start time Seven banks Refractor silver Otto Dalton cook purple Emma Smith red wave Levis as imagined Jeremiah Hall hyper Otto Clayton Tune rookie silver and 75 that is the moon Clark Purple, I'm sorry blue ice Otto Michael Meyer rookie purple ice Dalton Kincaid blue wave Jalen Carter and Travon Walker Trophy hunting Orange 49 Contashton Robinson Allen and To 199 Hookah Nakua Red Otto Park Phillips blue wave Andre. I Am red wave, I would say we're probably full for the day After this we have six Cosmic Chrome Johan Dotson Silver Miles Garrett and a redemption Nice that is Saturday star signatures arch manning. There you go, Jeremy Congrats on the arch You know, I'm white blue waves are now Washington red wave Tebow and Dion and in stroud 75 blue Otto Khalil Shakir to report a junior rookie silver and Signing day Otto MRE Demercato Andre Carter rookie purple because the athletes didn't get the cards back to the manufacturer in time Kyler Murray red wave McKee late Cunningham Dalvin Cook silver and 149 Stephen Jones Jr. draft pick autograph blue Joey Porter jr. Rookie blue and Luke Schoenmaker rookie red wave bigs me Manual Forbes rookie silver and to 99 Jarek Bernard's converse purple ice This is orange 49 Dan Marino and Arnell Washington. That is rookie snakeskin. That's the second one of these I think TJ Spears Tyreek Stevenson rookie silver and Charlie Jones hyper Otto Sean Tucker rookie red Dontavium wicks rookie snakeskin Christian McCaffrey silver Michael Wilson hyper Otto Jaden Reed blue Darnell Washington red wave James Mitchell Otto Trey Palmer rookies silver and Darius Rush silver Otto grunk Blue wave Kenny Pickett red CJ Stroud hype Justin Fields and Lance Boykin Otto purple ice Malik Willis Travis Kelsey red wave All right Six boxes to go Bob we're due for a big hit There a call rookie silver Jameen Martin Otto Mack Jones red and Tyson Baggan rookie snakeskin Dama Kintsu Joe burrow silver and Jake Hayner draft pick autograph silver Josh Allen blue wave manual Forbes red wave rookie It's to 199 red Otto TJ Carter Joey Porter junior rookie silver. This is to 199 Colby Wooden red Otto Dalton Kincaid rookie blue wave come on and orange to 49 Monroe St. Brown Bo Jalen Carter Luke Musgrave rookie Williams and Michael Jones Otto There a call rookie purple ice Marcus Allen red wave And we are full-on Personals with Tom see with six tops cosmic chrome after this and that'll be it for the day You might end up having room for another box or two, but I wouldn't count on it We don't have a personals again until tomorrow night after group breaks do spawn rookie silver and Chris Oladokun Otto Barry blue and Vonte Smith snakeskin Anthony Richardson Travis Kelsey and Nice, that is silver Otto Bo Jackson There you go. Nice one Jeremy nice bow Evan Hall rookie red are now Washington rookie red wave Forbes and Porter Justin Ross silver Otto Wayne McBride It's a rookie silver This is signing day Otto Signing day Otto Corey Trice Jaren Hall rookie purple ice Sean Tucker rookie blue Emmett silver and Robert Beale Jr. Otto Max Duggan rookie blue wave Justin Jefferson red wave Jones and Robinson four boxes to go Soon a few nice hits working for a big hit though a spoon and chub It's Tanner Morgan rookie silver and to 199 signing day Otto red Jack Campbell George Pickens red and Snake skin rookie Tim DeMorot Joe Montana Will McDonald Saturday star silver Otto Big Ben blue wave Jackson Smith and Jigba red wave and wreath It's trace willing Pat's willing son Chase Brown rookie silver and to 49 that is Saturday star orange Otto Zach Harrison nice orange pulsar Tua blue and Brian Robinson Jr. Purple Anthony Richardson height Jaren Hall Drake London Trevor Lawrence and to 25 that is Michael Jefferson mojo Otto Michael Pittman Jr. Red Amari Cooper red wave Josh Allen What's up Caroline Joey Porter Jr. Rookie silver and Zach Harrison Saturday star Otto Jonathan Taylor purple ice Vontae Adam snakeskin Richardson, it's Marino silver to Mar and Jordan mems Otto You go Jeremy blue Derek Carr and red wave Marvin mems auto Hyper Justin Ross annual Forbes rookie silver and to 99 red Otto is real about a conda Spawn digs blue ice Jalen Hyatt rookie red Bryce young height Spawn digs silver to 199 Stephen Jones Jr. Red Otto Aiden O'Connell purple ice Brian Dawkins red wave Trophy hunting Bryce young. All right two boxes to go Do a quick auto recap at the end here? Jaden Reed rookie silver and Andre Jones hyper Otto Breeze Hall Orange Pulsar Peyton Manning red or blue wave And Jordan Addison hype that is gold 10 of 10 Nice one Jeremy Josh Allen silver and Signing day silver Otto Cedric Tillman Tante Demas rookie blue wave Dwayne McBride rookie red wave It's 149 Marquise Bell blue Otto Jonathan Mingo rookie silver 199 red Otto Jacob Slade Zay flowers rookie blue wave Luke Musgrave purple ice rookie Zaffia Woodson Pat Tillman silver 149 Kyle Sowell blue Otto Parker Washington Rookie Orange 49 Jalen model red wave Zay and Bryce young All right last box we need a huge hit in this last box. Let's finish strong And we are Pull on personals for the day pretty sure just Order your own restaurant. If I can't get to it before three then it'll rip after group breaks tomorrow night Monday night Clayton Toon rookie silver and Anthony or G or Jai Otto the Andre Hopkins purple ice and Stevie young blue translate phonetically here a call Dalvin Cook silver and to 15 that is Jamal Williams Saturday star orange pulsar Otto Stefan digs blue Brian Branch red wave rookie Cooper and Flutie 49 Jermaine Waller Orange pulsar Otto Jamiro Gibbs rookie silver and to 199 Colby Wooden Saturday star Otto red Jordan Addison rookie blue wave and Andre. I You see boss blue I'm sorry red Downs. All right last pack Kenneth Walker silver and Robert Biel jr. Otto Zach Charbonnet rookie purple Patrick Mahomes red wave Randy Moss and Randy Moss on the back. All right. Give me just a minute and we will recap the autos a few parallels here Show off Devon a shame rookie stained glass. We'll have us hype orange 49 Jorn Addison hype gold 10 I'm Ari Cooper black gold to five. All right autos Beal wooden Waller Williams Orgai So well bell Slade Tillman Jones Jones Ross Vana Kanda mems Harrison Jefferson Swilling Harrison McDonald Campbell Beal Bo Jackson Ross Trice Aladokun Wooden Jones Carter Martin Hainer Jones and Wilson Mitchell Rush Boykin Bernard converse Shakir demercado Jones arch manning Saturday Star signatures Nakua Clark Hall Banks LB to a pillow to Jones Geiger Miller Renfro Trice Blackshear Jones Jones Hall Sutton Aladokun Russo and Ojalari Hall Robinson Kansi Eka our Ika Chandler Campbell Smith Jones Miller Trice Jefferson Quatoriano Robertson Swilling Harrison Taylor Horton Moon Banks McDonald white Morgan Snead Allen and Gray All right, that'll do it for your boxes appreciate it Jeremy. We'll get these right out to you