Hello, everyone. My name is Mikael Salin. I started working on Linux and security long-time job, and particularly on Unlock more than five years ago. At first, it was a personal project attributed by personal needs. I wanted to take control of my own data to be able to know which applications were able to access some specific files. Then I continued this work with my previous employer, the French National Cyber Safety Agency, and now with Microsoft. This is KCD. Can you illustrate what is a common issue with current traditional Linux workstation? If someone steals my laptop while I'm logged in, they can read my email, take my money, and impersonate me to my friends, but they can't install drivers with my permission. That is very true. And you can think about your restaurant pictures, your bank document, your estate key, bgb keys, email, and so on. The thing is, the security for traditional system is designed to protect the system, not the user and his or her data. So what is it about? This talk is not about current protection. Backfixing, security, handling, can attack the situation. All this stuff is very important, of course, but this talk is focused on access control and risk mitigation for user space developers to protect their users. The idea is to limit damage of expected bugs, which may be known or not, fixed by an ongoing update or not. The audience is mainly application developers, system admin status, poor users, hackers, privacy testing people. As a developer, we are responsible for what we put in the end of our user. So here's the plan. This talk focuses on the user log by user space, explaining the rationale behind the design, how that one for what ability are handled, what features are currently available, and what could come next. State of security for application developers. The initial assumption is mainly the trusted computing base, TCB. Abjecting chosen by users or system managerator are trusted, trusted from the user point of view. In a system, unless some user specification must be trusted, otherwise you cannot build on anything. Trust means that we trust the honesty and well intention of the developers. There's multiple and different level of trust and different consequences in case of a breach, particularly on the system, on the user, and on application data. Trust doesn't mean that applications are bulletproof, not safe to use in any condition.  The conviction is secure enough, and other critical parts of the system are trusted and deemed uncompromising. So here are the threats we are talking. An in-accused and trusted process can become malicious during its lifetime because of bugs exported by attackers or just triggered by users. And application can be misused by user, but this should not be considered malicious, of course, because here we want to protect these users. What is sun mixing? And sun mixing can be used for different meanings, but in this talk, it is used as a security approach, not a binary state. The threat models for sun doting are, well, protecting from vulnerable code maintained by the developer, sorry, self, protecting from malicious third party codes that may be trusted of the case, but sometimes accidents happen. And last but not least, the threat model can be defined by the developers as it fit best for a specific application. Why do we need sun boxing? Perfect security doesn't fit with pragmatic development. Bulletproof and useful software is costly, not only with money, but with time, developer, and skills. And, in fact, it is very difficult to achieve, if ever possible, and the need to add an application. Because we don't want as developer to participate in malicious actions through our software, which might come from an explicit bug, a vulnerability leveraged by an attacker. It is also important to note that the responsibility of huge data is kind of overseen by developers. There's a multiple solution to answer these issues. One of them is the next thing that says multiple ones. First, of course, and what is a reactive solution, which is to fix bugs quickly and pressure dates. But more importantly, there is practical solutions to look for bugs and fix them, of course, to do some testing, to add more tests and use them to use safety languages, libraries, complexion, and so on. And in this case, we should consider our software as potentially malicious and protect the rest of the system from them. That is sandboxing. State of the art. There's here a partial list of non-linux systems. The new sandbox is used by iOS and macOS. There's also the app container using Windows, which is, for example, used in web browsers. Here is the implementing Capsicum, which is a capability system, which is a way to delegate access-wide of physical services. And OpenBSD developed Pledge and Unveil, which enable to, well, create sandboxes, especially for the faster. So this is pretty similar to Linux. But what about Linux? There's a lot of features available in traditional Linux itself. We can identify a set of security features, which are available to the system. And by system here, I mean the system and the setter of a vendor, for example, of an appliance. There is authentication system, firewall with net filter, common access control system, which call the disk-referencing access control system, DAC. There's also mandatory access control system, for example, SNNX, Secum, that may be used by OpenSSH, for example, and no luck. But here, there's only a subset of these features, which are available to the end user. And here, I'm talking about an invalid user, that's a hood user, statistically. So there's still the disk-referencing access control system, Secum and Unlock. And if you want to take a look at what is available to app developers, well, app developer can safely use Secum and no Linux, but the systems may not be independent enough from the application. We can now compare different kind of sandboxing implementation. There's four categories here. The first one is performance. Performance is relative performance, for example, to exchange data between sandboxes or between the OS system in a sandbox, for example, to exchange files. The fine-grained control category is to identify a system that enable to set specific access rights on specific resources, for example, to be able to read files, to list directories, to do specific items, and so on. The embedded policy category means to be able to embed a full standard policy in an application. So that is really targeting app developers. And the unfreeze use category is to identify mechanism that can be used in an unfreeze way, which means that they don't need special Linux capabilities, or system configuration, or S2ID binaries. So when we think about compact monetization, we may think about virtual machine. These are great tools, but they are not what we're looking for sandboxing. There is no easy way to exchange data between virtual machines, except if you rely on the network, or if you share a full block device, or if you share a specific file system between virtual machines or between machine in the host. Well, virtual machine are not designed to do access control with fine-grained control. Well, you cannot embed a virtual machine in an application. And most of the time, running virtual machine requires some privileges. And this thing, as control system, is S1NX. But that may be the same for APAMOS, MAC, or two-way. These are implemented in the Linux scandal, so they are peppermint. There is a fine-grained control way to set permission on processes, chooser, and file. You cannot directly embed a security policy in an application because, well, security policy is designed to be enforced at the system level, most of the time at good time. And S1NX, well, we can work privileges to be able to enforce the security on all the processes of the system. Then there is containers, and especially line spaces. Well, as well, they're designed to be peppermints. There are some issues, potentially, with network line spaces. Well, line spaces are not an access control system per se. So you cannot indicate that a specific file can be accessed with a specific set of actual, for example. You cannot embed policies in an application. And this may require to use, and let's use a line spaces. And this kind of user line spaces come with limitations. And there's also maybe kind of a risk for the kind, because there's a lot of complexity there. And, well, that may not be a good idea. Second BPF is a really interesting feature. In actual, it is a firewall for system calls. So it is designed to be quite patterned. Well, it does not access control system per se. So there's no fine-drained control of accesses to files. It is designed to be embedded in application. So that's really good. And it's designed to be used in an unfinished way. And finally, there is now Landlock. The idea with Landlock is to check all these boxes to be performance, to be able to express fine-drained control for an access control system, to embed a Landlock security policy in an application, and to use it without requiring specific privileges, like FID binaries. But what is Landlock exactly? Landlock is a set of features available since Linux 5.13 to create syntaxes. It is a way to restrict ambient write, according to the kind of semantic, as well as the access to the file system, for a set of processes, because second is not an access control system. Landlock is a way to create safe security sandboxes as new security layers, in addition to the existing system-wide access control. For example, DAG system or S&MX. With Landlock, we can compose access controls from multiple tenants, for example, a stem and a set of developers, or even cloud clients. The limitation is that it is a cloud feature. So there is no use-space semantic here. For example, there is no way to filter any encryption where there are bus communications. This should be implemented in use-space. Here are some use cases. Landlock is interesting for building application sandboxing and sandbox management. With the current features, it is only possible to harden passers, which is really important, because they take interested inputs, most of them done. With the current implementation, it is also possible to restrict application with limited fire renaming and linking. We'll see later specific limitations here. And it's also interesting for monolith application dealing with different level of confidentiality, which may be the case for web browsers dealing with different websites, different domains. And, for example, for traffic services dealing with different user accounts. What could come next will enable to use Landlock for system services in a general way, but also for generic container and sandbox managers, for example, Docker, Papak, or even Finder. The current access control features are focused on the function. The idea is to allow thread and its future children to access a set of file access. There's some declarations, which are kind of common. For example, to be able to execute, read, or write, to fight, to be able to list a directory or remove files from specific set of directories, or be able to create files with basic kind of. There's some limitation with the current implementation. And this is due to the minimum variable product approach, which was used to match the current co-part of Landlock in the container. First limitation is fire rebranding, which means to name or link a file to a different directory. This kind of action is always denied in a sandbox created with Landlock. And kind of similar limitation, there's no way to change the file to them topology from inside a sandbox, for example, to do arbitrary mount points and stuff like that. However, a sandbox could still use the Shrout system code, which may be useful for security purposes. Automatic hierarchy restriction. Because Landlock is designed to be used in an unprolet way, we need to handle composition of layer of policies, which means to have multiple sandbox layers. All application, including shells, are allowed to create their own sandbox, which may create a case of sandbox. For example, if your desktop shell created a sandbox, then you want to launch WebRather, which may create its own sandbox too. Then there is two levels of sandbox. Then there is a hierarchy. And what is important here is that a sandbox can only drop more accesses, not gain more accesses, of course. Otherwise, it would be a privilege escalation. And to avoid other privilege escalation, it is also forbidden to access parent or sibling sandbox processes. Introspection, well, mainly using P-trails of process not in child sandbox or same sandbox, is forbidden. Indeed, introspection could lead to impersonation. This may be used to bypass a sandbox, if you please. Let's see an example. There's the first process here, P1, which may create a new process P2. And then this process P1, one to sandbox itself. So it can create a new sandbox. So it is a sandbox creator which creates a sandbox domain. But in this case, P2, which was created before the sandbox, is not in the sandbox. The sandbox hierarchy is different from the process hierarchy. If P1 now creates a new process, P3, then this process will automatically be restricted by the sandbox domain created by P1. But this P3 process can also create a new sandbox, nested one. And in this case, restriction from the first sandbox and second sandbox are all enforced on P3 and all its new children. For example, here, P4. So now let's see a demo. This is a virtual machine running with slendog enabled. We can see that by looking at the bootlog messages. So I'm logged as root. And I will do this demo as root. But I can do the same with other users. But it is interesting because root, most of the time, can do anything. In his case, I will be able to restrict even the root user. I will use a sandbox manager which is available with the Linux source code. So you can't use it freely. This sandbox manager is a simple helper which can take multiple arguments as an environment Bible. If I run this command, it will launch a shell, bash, which will then only be allowed to access in a read-only way slash bin, slash pro, and so on. And in a read-wide way, slash def null, slash def full, and slash team. OK, we are now in a new shell. Let's look at some properties of this process. You can see here that the new please bit is set. So this does not mean that the log is enabled, but in our case, sandboxer set this bit. We are still in the root directory. However, because it's not listed in the directory, as it will be allowed to have access, we cannot list the content of this directory. And it is the same for the slash directory. We can also try to create a new file on the current directory, and this is not possible. However, we can list the slash team in the directory and create a new file there. Last on the list, we can test if we can impersonate some important processes. For example, any process. And you can see that it is not allowed anymore. If we go out of the sandbox, we can try to set up a group, which may not be a good idea anyway. Thanks to security policy consultation, we gain a lot less control and development. There is no bottleneck because of one global policy, which may, for example, be the case with a global SLNX policy. It's also easier to maintain a set of small policies. And because policies can be embedded within the code, we get security policies tailored to an application. Developers know how it works and what is required. So that makes sense. And of course, this can be kept in think with developing business strategies over time with updates. And this can also enable to dynamically build security policies according to application configuration. And then be able to adapt to this configuration. And finally, because it is a standard user space feature, can be tested like any other features. That is very good. Now, let's go a bit deeper in another. First, a bit of vocabulary. An object in Unlock is a cannot resource. Maybe a file, hierarchy, process, socket, and so on. An action on Unlock. Maybe, for example, to list the content of a directory, to write a file, to create a file, and so on. The Unlock rule is a set of action on Unlock. And the rule set is a set of rules. In Unlock, the subject enforcing a CTVC on itself is the coding process. It's implicit. So how to use Unlock? Well, there's three system calls that are available now. The Unlock create will set this call. The Unlock add will this call. And the Unlock restricts self this call. The first step is to create a rule set. You need to define a set of access that will be denied by default. Then you call the CIS call that creates a rule set. And you gain a new file selector, which is a rule set file selector. The second step is to add rules. Here, we define a path binis rule, which contain a set of allowed accesses. And identify a file hierarchy thanks to a file descriptor. Then we add this rule to the rule set file descriptor thanks to the Unlock add will CIS call. The third step is to enforce this rule set. And because Unlock is an unredaged access control system, we first need to apply it to a system, to a camera, that will not gain new privileges, for example, by executing an SOID binary. This is the key thanks to the new previews command. And then we can enforce the rule set on the coding process thanks to the unlocked access with the rule set file descriptor. There's multiple developer tools. First, Lipsies. There's JLipsy 2.34, and soon there's a Lipsy, which includes the unlocked CIS call ID. Astrace, which is really useful for debugging, and now supports unlocked access call arguments.  And another written in REST for REST developments. And one important point is the compatibility. Canal compatibility. The problem here is that application developer may not be aware of the canal on which the application will run. It is better for users to implement best for security, which means to use available sandbox features as much as possible. But if there is none, well, most of the time you want your application to run anyway. Then I will gain new features of the time, so application must be prepared to run on your canal. The solution was designed in Llanlock C-Schools as backward and forward compatible with previous and future canal versions. Let's see what is backward compatibility. Backward compatibility is, for example, running application developer new canal on an old canal. The solution is to rely on the ability to prop the canal to get the Llanlock API version, which indicates the sandbox features supported by the linker. And then your space library can map can features according to this Llanlock API version. The other side is a future proofness. Running application developed from old canal on a new canal. The solution, well, is mainly imposed by the Llanlock canal API. One must always be compatible with previous version. With Llanlock, we also use extensible structs as C-Schools argument to enable a flexible addition of future features. A struct can be larger than expected, but the unknown fields must contain zeros. This is why we not only add the rule set attribute structure, but also specify the size of the structure. And another important point for future proofness is to add optional flags, which are here. And also to view the canal on map for Llanlock is an end-going default. But here is assembly. In the first time, the idea is to improve canal performance for the current features, but also to add the ability to change the trajectory, to rebound the file like we saw in previous slide. The medium term roadmap is to add all the features with debugging, to extend first-time access control types to address current mutations, and to add the ability to follow a deny listing approach, which is required for some use cases. In the long term, well, this is a lot of features. But some of these features are to add minimal data access control types. And as you will see, create a list of capabilities compatible with Capsicum. Of course, I'm sure you have a long wish list.  Let's wrap up. Llanlock empowers developers to add on the application and protect user data by managing tailored and compatible security policies. New canal policies will lift current limitations, improve performance, and bring you some mixing features. There are also high-level Go and Rust libraries, a main list, and a website. Thank you for your attention. And feel free to ask any questions in the chat.


Hey everybody. This is Brett. I'm in charge of the Summit Auto YouTube channel. All the videos that we do here pretty much I do in this beautiful pictures facility that we have here at Summit Auto and just have some really exciting news. We hit 19,000 subscribers this past week and just want to say thank you to everybody that watches the videos Subscribes, shares, I don't say like subscribe and share for no reason The more you like the more you subscribe the more you share The more people watch the stuff the more people that get involved on the conversation check out the new Jeep and all our Inventory and everything so we're really excited. I'm really excited to hit 19,000 I'm hoping to get 20,000 before the end of the year, but I don't know if that's a realistic goal Almost halfway through and I'm only at 19,000 so a thousand more subscribers would be sweet by the end of the year But if not Regardless, it's been an awesome year awesome past four years on YouTube for our channel and for Summit Auto in General in fact, I have other big news that maybe if you've watched some of my other videos you've seen First off we've got a brand new 2022 Jeep Compass right here completely redesigned and everything so that's really cool But I want to show you exactly what we have going on outside because that is even Cooler than the 20 toting to Jeep compass not to say that that isn't cool. I mean look at that thing completely redesigned It's got all the new technology in it, but let's take a look outside I want to show you what we got going on out here Because it's gonna mean a lot of stuff for All the subscribers all the viewers and if you're a Jeep fan Enthusiast in general, it's good for you because What we got going on here is a brand new We're gonna be one of the first in the Midwest with a standalone Jeep dealership Here at Summit Auto and this is the construction. We're slated to move in in April of next year and we're in December right now, so Probably about four more months. This will be all done But we're gonna have a showroom a drive-up and it's gonna be one of the first Jeep standalone showrooms here in the Midwest so very exciting stuff that we have going on here at Summit Auto and We're located right off highway 41 in Wisconsin here. So this is highway 41 right in front of us Just look for the place with all the all the trucks on 41 so Lot of cool stuff happening here at Summit Auto and what this means is that we're gonna get preferential Treatment from Jeep when it comes to inventory new products Training all that good stuff. So very exciting and once again Thank you to all my subscribers viewers that have got us to the 19,000 Subscribers and all the views were over. I believe we're over 11 million views on the channel. So that's amazing as well, and it's just it's just been a really great year and I just wanted to say thank you to everybody again and Be prepared for more great stuff to come in the very near future and thanks again


This is Think Tech Hawaii. Community Matters here. I'm Marcia Joyner and this is a 10,000 year odyssey. So tell me news of that great plant of many resources which wondered far and wide the ancient plant of food, fuel and fiber and cultivated for millennia. As we venture through the past 10,000 years, we will explore and discover the plant from which cannabis derives, the many uses of the plant. Hemp, hashes, cannabis, cannabis and religion, cannabis and medicine, cannabis and dear old Uncle Sam. And so our odyssey begins. Today our odyssey is not long ago and far away. It is current and it is in progress. And that is medical cannabis. My guest today is my dear, dear friend Scott Foster and Scott has been a medical cannabis advocate since the very beginning. So Scott, welcome back. Hello, how are you? So we're talking about medical cannabis. So let's start with Scott. And how did you get involved? Because you've been involved since, what is it, 02? 20, 02, something like that. So how did you get involved? I was, came from the 60s and cannabis in those days was considered a recreational drug, although many people who used it, including myself, understood that it had a therapeutic effect, that it had a calming effect, that it certainly had a relaxing effect. And so as the years passed, I sort of quit using it. It fell out of favor. And until 1998 when my late wife, Lynn Ellen, Lynn Ellen Ryan, was diagnosed with terminal cancer. And someone suggested that marijuana might help her with her nausea. And I hadn't smoked marijuana in years. So I got some from a friend. And sure enough, during her final days, it reduced her nausea, but it also had a dramatic impact on her middle state. The heavy drugs that were prescribed took care of her physical pain, but the medical marijuana took away her anxiety. And so until her final day, marijuana was part of her regime. So you did both the heavy morphine as well as the marijuana? Yes. Well, actually, morphine was the first stage. Delotted, which is an IV drug, was the drug that really worked for the pain at the acute stage. And liquid Ativan was a relaxer, to help take care of the anxiety. But those two drugs usually just put her to sleep. With the marijuana, I found that I could back off, because I was her caregiver at home, I could back off on the heavy IV drugs, and the marijuana took care of her anxiety. And the emotional. So she was able to communicate. Oh, yeah. And watch basketball, which was her favorite game. Really, until three days before her death, she had a good death. A good death. I like that phrase. So tell me real quick, so that's why you got started in this move to move from recreational, something you had to buy on the corners, to medical. That was, Linnie's death was January of 1998. And coincidentally, that was the same time that the Hawaii Drug Policy Forum of Hawaii was being created. I got a phone call from Dr. Donald Topping, who was working with Pam Lickty. Don had passed a number of years ago. Pam is still quite active in the medical marijuana movement with the Drug Policy Forum of Hawaii. And so I joined with them to help get that organization started. And then out of nowhere, Don Topping called me and said, what do you think about trying to pass a medical marijuana bill? And I said, sure, why not? And so off we went. And two years later, we had passed the first medical marijuana legislation in the nation that came through a legislature. There were one or two other states that had passed it through referendum. Hawaii doesn't have referendum. So there we had the drug. There we had the bill. And that was 02. That was 2000. I meant 20. Yeah, that was the year 2000. 2000. And so here we are with a pretty good established medical cannabis. Our state is the only one that has changed the word from marijuana to cannabis because marijuana is derogatory. And so we're very happy with where the state is. We still have a long way to go, but we're getting there. So I want to thank you personally for all you've done to get us to this point and for your willingness to share your experience with your wife. I hate to tell you this, but I remember all of that time. But he did do a magnificent job with his wife. It's one of those things that you think, I hope my husband can do that. But again, Scott, as always, thank you so much for taking the time to share that with us and stay on board because we've got a long way to go. I'll be there. Thank you, Marcia. We're going to take a break and we'll be right back. We say, forget the moon. Dive Heart can help children, adults, and veterans of all abilities escape gravity right here on Earth. Search diveheart.org and imagine the possibilities in your life. So we do it. Aloha. My name is Mark Schlauwe. I'm the host of Think Tech Hawaii's Law Across the Sea. Law Across the Sea comes on every other Monday at 11 a.m. Please join us. I'd like to bring in guests that talk about all types of things that come across the sea to Hawaii, not just law, love, people, ideas, history. Please join us for Law Across the Sea. Aloha. And we're back. Hi. Hi. How are you doing, Marcia? Great. This is Karmie. Hi, everybody. And Karmie is from Hawaiian Hydroponics and Gardens, yes. I met Karmie at the expo here, the cannabis expo. Yeah, that was our first time meeting. And then, yes, it was great. That was a great expo. But I love the idea that Karmie has hydroponics and aquaponics, so I went to visit the store. And looked around at all of the things there. So what I would like for A to tell us all about hydroponics and aquaponics and about, because this is cannabis chronicles, and there's so many new people that say, well, I've got this card and it says I can grow plants. But now what? I don't know how to grow anything. Right. Where do I start? How do I start? Right. And so when I discovered you, I thought, this is the person to ask. It definitely would be. Where do we go from here? Okay, now I've got the card. Now what? So let me just clarify real quick, though. So we are a full-service garden center. Yes. And so we do soil, hydro, we do cater to people doing aquaponics as well, and indoor-outdoor gardening. Wonderful. Yes. My dad ended up starting the business back in 93. And I ended up buying from him when I was 24 in 2006 and just really taking off with just the multimodality gardening. I've always had ADHD even in my garden. So I let everyone wild there. And so that's what makes me so useful to the gardening community, medical and non-medical alike, is that I have experience across the board with gardening methods. And so I can really tailor the knowledge for every client. That's wonderful. Right. And I also do consultations as well. And I'm very effective just because of my broad base of knowledge from people that want to do soil, hydro, you want to make sure you're using the right organic sprays if you have bug issues. And all this advice comes with our services. So now if a person says, I live in a condominium in an apartment, how do I grow 10 plants indoors? So much experience with condo gardening, because I lived in a condo for so long and grew. And I've had my medical card even with being as young as I am for quite some time because I have torn ACL meniscus in my knee, which has been throwing off my back and my skeletal system and given me pain since I was about 17 years old. Really? Yeah. Back when I hurt my knee, they used to, I was like back in the day 20 years ago when I hurt my knee. They used to slice you open real bad. So I was always opposed to getting knee surgery or the big scar. And so, you know, medical things, they've progressed since then. So. But irregardless, I use it for pain management and I've done extensive condo gardening. And so some of the best ways to do condo gardening is to make your maintenance easy is the best advice. So having a tent, a grow tent, so that you're not spilling anything on your floors, you're not putting any holes in your walls, it's very cost effective to get a grow tent. And what that is, is it's a little tent you can construct. That would be a parameter of two feet or four feet or four feet by four feet or however big or small you want to kind of make it. And we would start with that, you know, generally for a condo. So someone that wants to do 10 plants, it's going to be in relation to how big their condo is. Your condo might not be big enough for you to do 10 plants. Realistically, at least not maybe in flowering. And so what we would do is we would take a look at your space and your budget. And guide you from there. So if your budget is, say, and you have to have a realistic budget for indoor gardening, because we are creating an environment and supplementing the sum. What is a realistic budget?  To get you started. Like, you know, a small inexpensive LED is going to be maybe $300. A tent is going to be maybe $200. The LED is the lighting system. It's going to make up a couple of hundred dollars in nutrients, soil, fans. You know what I mean? So about $700 would be realistic. Maybe even eight, depending on the equipment you've got. You know, if you want to do hydro versus soil. And so there is a set up cost. But it is an investment that's not going to depreciate in value for you. Because your garden is going to keep growing.  You might change out your bulb, which is most light bulbs go up. Getting your light bulb, it only lasts for so long. New nutrients once you run out. And so the upkeep cost of a garden is very minimal. Especially when you get into hydroponics where we use a lot less water, a lot less nutrients. And our plants grow a lot faster. With hydroponics. Conventional soil is great for a lot of crops and things. I also do a lot of vegetable gardening as well. I started growing vegetables when I was a kid and graduated up to the canvas. Why not? Why not? And so you definitely I'm going to have to change my thought there for a second. But we're growing in tell me now with hydroponics, aquaponics which would you or what is hydroponics? So hydroponics is growing without the use of soil using alternative growing mediums. And so what that looks like is instead of soil I have a medium that's very dry. Think of cinder. It's porous on the inside. And we take it a step further with that and we have the stuff called hydroton which is a clay medium that is also renewable because it's clay. Not like our cinder cones. We got to keep digging them, right? It's porous on the inside just like cinder but smooth on the outside. So it's easy to reuse for planting. It's reusable medium. And you can water this once an hour without over watering your plants. So I think I can clarify on the show it's let me talk about how to properly water really fast and what over watering really is.  There you go. Hello. So over watering is not watering your plants with too much water at one time. Over watering is not allowing the oxygen to be present. So over watering is actually suffocation of the root system by lack of oxygen. Yeah? So if we were to have a plant we would have a 5 gallon pot. Regular 5 gallon pot. And I were to dump 2 gallons through that pot and I have another pot I can put 10 gallons through that pot. As long as I let them dry out the one that has 10 gallons going through it will not be over watered as long as I let it dry out where the oxygen comes back in. And then I water again once the soil gets dry enough and it creates this breathing effect. Yeah? We water the soil the old oxygen goes out as well and dries up and new stuff comes in and so you have a very healthy environment for your root system and the bacteria that should be there. So if you're watering your plants if you were to give it 2 gallons of water 2 gallons of water, 2 gallons of water all the time you would actually over water it by giving it 10 gallons every day 2 gallons for 5 days straight and you continue to do that you will over water your plants. So now what is aquaponics? So aquaponics is the cultivation of plants through use of aquaculture which is producing fish and so it's I find it to be more still in its infancy in ways that people are doing it it's really grown leaps and bounds in the last like 5, 6 years with people getting interested in it and it's more just in the areas of people giving the fish proprietary blends of food so that the excrement coming out is more satisfactory to the plants because generally fish waste is just ammonium nitrate that gets broken down and is high in nitrogen after it goes through the bacteria process of breaking it down and it's released as nitrogen and things like that for the plants to eat but plants require more than just nitrogen there's phosphorus, potassium and your secondary macro which are your main elements calcium, magnesium, sulfur and micronutrients as well iron's the first one that aquaponics people will come into my store to get liquid iron supplements I do not recommend cannabis growing with aquaponics I have not seen anyone I've seen plenty of people start them great I have not seen too many people actually I haven't seen any people yet as far as I know on a first hand basis there might be some experts out there that can do this of course, absolutely but on a regular consumer basis I wouldn't recommend aquaponics because it's just not going to flower right for food production, leaps production, kale, things like that absolutely I saw a picture on your web page of the little fish and the plants on the top any kind of fish? no you tilapia are better you can even throw some crawfish in there and just make the water mucky, biggest thing with aquaponics one of the biggest things you want to remember is you need to have a way to catch the waste in an environment that is conducive of the bacteria growing so that they can break the waste down and make it edible for the plants because fish waste in its raw form is toxic when it builds up for both them and the plants the fish in the plants is toxic for them unless it breaks down it's like if you had a fish tank with no filter on it so with aquaponics what you need to have is a way, we call it a bio-filter you have to have a way of collecting it, having it catch a lot of people use their grow bed for aquaponics as their bio-filter to catch the waste break it down and as the plants eat it I like external bio-filters better it's a lot more effective an efficient way to do aquaponics is having an external filter the same as you would have for any pond or fish tank, external filter catching the waste, pumping the water back in and so having an external filter will allow you to use less water in your grow bed and also you need to clean something out you're not washing all your bacteria after a while and so that's my recommendation for that so which you're recommending for hydroponics, for beginners soil? would actually be better or if they want to dabble in hydroponics I recommend cocoa growing mediums so cocoa core is a coconut growing medium it's kind of like between soil and hydroponics where it's planted up in pots not quite as big as soil would go for space for roots because you don't really need it it will, the specific pots we generally use for a lot of cocoa to keep the pots smaller are fabric and they're called air pruning pots which allow the roots to grow out air prune and not get root bound and keep growing it's amazing and so you can plant up a bunch of cocoa pots with coconut fiber and your medical cannabis plants and you can automate the watering on this because coconut is a very dry medium now we can't water it like a cinder medium or a clay medium because the mediums are all going to have a different water to air ratio and this is something to be aware of when gardening is know your medium and what you're working with in any situation so know what you're working with know it's parameters so with cocoa you're going to water maybe when they're young once a day you know what I mean twice a day you have to keep low nutrient levels make sure you get a good flow going if you water not enough and it sits and kind of dries out you're going to have solidification of nutrients that can build up in your pot all this is why I'm here all this is what I'm for come to us for consultations and things like that so now of course here in Hawaii that afternoon sun burns up everything midday wilt called midday wilt yes everything including me my office my office I have some recommendations for that as well midday wilt the afternoon sun comes in like anyway so in exciting we're back to in work I mean a small place in your condo or O'Neill and I or whatever so do you decide or should the person decide where it should be in morning sun, afternoon sun so cannabis specifically needs or most all plants are going to need a minimum of light to complete a veg cycle so plants going to have a seedling stage, a veg stage and a flowering stage anything that flower is going to have those three stages anything that doesn't flower is going to have the two stages seedling, veg, lettuce, leafy greens, herbs so seedling, vegetative stage pre flower I think seedling to veg is like from baby to adolescent and then maturation adult so you're going to need about five hours of direct sunlight minimum with a full day's light of 16 hours so what that means is there's intensity period versus photo period photo period is the amount of light hours a plant will register whether it's intense or not if it's more than a full moon's light the plant will register at its daytime street lights, you know, light pollution from the house, so light pollution things like that can be bright enough to affect your plants and keep them from flowering yeah I had this problem in my condo in Waikiki I had my plants on my lanai this is why I had to go indoor it was great to veg on my lanai I could veg beautifully, it was gorgeous gorgeous because I had southeast facing, you know but when it came time to flower it was so bright and Waikiki that my plants from the top were just in perpetuation of veg and the bottom kind of would butt out but not really, you know what I mean and it just, the light pollution really screwed up my whole my whole growth I'm just saying you're planting back to photo period and it helps when they need so you've got the plant 5 hours is for veg with a 16 hour day cycle that 16 hour day cycle lets them know that it's summer and they're not going to flower and Hawaii is why people actually will get little lights to come on on their garden even the outdoor guys when it's winter if you have lights come on in your garden you can do a veg if you want for light, you know what I mean for late winter and catching that last little season going on here we have light assist there they have light deprivation so on the lanai as long as your plants only getting at least 8 hours direct sun for flowering 5 hours direct sun for veg this is the amount of intense light it needs to make the amount of energy it needs to do what it's got to do and then the rest is just minimal light so on a 16 hour day you can have 11 hours in minimal light and 5 hours direct sun that's the minimum on a flowering you can have a 12 hour light cycle maybe 7 because it's really intense here and that's the cycles that you need to have happening regardless of where do I put it, where do I place it as long as they get that much direct sun with a photo period conducive of what you want to do do you want to veg them out flower inside is it winter can you keep vegging them outside have a couple lights come on and then move them into a flower absolutely and so that's what I end up doing is having a couple lights come on in my garden at 5 o'clock at night till 9.30 so I can give them a 16 hour photo period to let them know that they can still veg and they're getting the sun for the intensity to look gorgeous but I'm increasing the photo period so I can veg them and then I move them to the tent inside and so and that's how I kind of balance that out between doing some on my lanai and absorbing some of the cost of the how much light costs here in Hawaii it's 36 to 30 that's a kilowatt hour for electricity and then I can flower inside so I don't have to have both going with lights in indoor and I can buy it inside so then again we're back to okay now where do you get the buds the plants to begin with so procurement is a little bit of a gray area just more because of the federal laws I believe where people are selling seeds as what's the word you use I don't know at the cannabis expo there were a lot of people with seeds but you would buy the t-shirt and they'd give you the seeds right and that's a bit of you know gray that's a bit of a gray area and that's also a bit of a loophole and to be able to work the legality of what stipulations you're able to work in in the same way they've worded the terminology from medical to medical patient you can do donations you know what I mean so you donate it you don't there's nothing else going on there and so being able to novelty they sell the seeds as novelty and you know you buy a necklace with six seeds and you pay $60 for a necklace and so you're not technically you're just giving the seeds away with it and so they're not selling it and so that's the only way that they're able to work around it whether you go to the UK which is ordering seeds and stuff like that and they sell you a novelty because Hawaii didn't have seed breeders way back in the day but there were seed banks and you can go online you can order seeds and they send you a shirt with three seeds so it's the same thing that happens I know I saw so many even somebody from Norway was at the cannabis expo because I know Adam there and Bang Bang with Pakalolo seeds Molokai guys so the Molokai seed guys are amazing and then I think Sirius seeds might have been I can't remember the guy's name I'm blanking on it but there's a couple of really nice local guys that are working with companies and trying to bring the genetics to the population I myself recommend people to go along the lines of like there's like Pineapple Chunk and Pineapple Express and as much as people think the Pineapple Seeds have been played out they're such an easy grow and they're so okay with having humid and warm weather that those are strains I recommend for beginners those are beginner strains they're just a pleasure to grow they're just easy when you look at my yard you think she knows nothing about this things to be aware of now with things to be aware of when you're doing condo gardening to your budget and then just kind of I really consider myself a garden stylist so and I use the word vibe on this but see what you vibe with do you want to go with soil, do you want to do hydro just because your friend does a method doesn't mean you might like it so sometimes I run to issues where they're like my friend is it this way so pick out what you think you're going to like and what you really are interested in because you're going to push harder for that if you really are interested in it and just come to us for some advice on how to easily change reservoirs and water and all it releases consistent feeding knowing your atmosphere so when you have a grow space you want airflow, ventilation and basically just creating your environment you know a quality light that's going to have enough intensity okay now speaking of vibes do you talk to the plant, do you love the plant absolutely, I give them my ha I give them my breath I breathe my CO2 onto my plant and I like put my face in them anytime I make a wound on my plant I use my own spit actually to cover that wound and I don't know why I do that that's just something that came along and I have a very personal relationship with my garden and I had this one plant that was a mother of mine that I had for a while and she was amazing and I used to put my crystal in front of her to meditate with my plant and and I'll never forget all of a sudden in the middle of the stock all of a sudden you saw two eyes a little nose from a stem and a smiley face and she had a face and I was like oh my god of course yes of course so I just, and I get pretty hippy with that no it's wonderful but I have a very personal relationship with gardening I come from a long line of gardeners I would think because I do too I don't have any cannabis I just have a myriad of different plants and what's your favorite vegetable to grow any of them the orchids moved in with the collard greens that would be gorgeous they just wrapped around each one so the pots were next to each other and they just moved in orchids are parasitic plants they don't usually exist by themselves you always see them attached to a tree style but they're actually, they're a parasitic plant and it just moved in with the with the collard greens and when I moved it everybody was upset the orchid kind of so I had to put it back it will kind of reach out to get its nutrients from other places and then there's companion planting other root systems and different microbes being there because of them and so I didn't think orchids and collard greens would go together that's pretty cool I'll show you a picture but anyway I am so delighted to meet you and so happy to have you here you will come back and spend some more time with us I would love to I'll have to keep you guys posted on any future workshops I have done Medical Cannabis Workshop we started kicking them off with Malia Clinic and so that was I guess, yes but she's in class now on Wednesdays but I was delighted that she was here but again, thank you so much for coming, this has been a real pleasure and we look forward to seeing you again I look so forward to seeing you again, aloha guys aloha


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Giveaway number three this week on Indie Fridays last week. We had 29 winners this week We have three new games a downhill skiing game where you can do tricks and I've never seen a downhill skiing game before this one looks really cool There's also a racing game that looks like Super Mario carts Where you can also flip your car and do all some other tricks and the third game is a night game Canigahut where you have a big lance and you can joust and poke things with your stick that looks like a lot of fun guys Antonio from arcade pixels is sponsoring these giveaways every week every Friday Big hugs and big shout out because he's doing this for all freedom partners Not just partners of his network arcade pixels. Thank you, Antonio Here is the full video Announcing this week's Indie Fridays take it away We will grow together as a family because this is the freedom family You are part of it. We are all part of it, and we're all growing together so grow with us and Partner with freedom that play now button right there on the video bar is all you need to click to get Started click the first video to meet the 101 designers who are ready to make your intros your thumbnails your channel banners Free for all freedom partners anything you need to look better on YouTube and click the second video to see how to make better Comments using bold and italics so that your comments stand out more and you get more views Till next time guys, you've been watching Secrets if you really look at yourself, you will be speechless What happened to being doctors and teachers? What happened to being your brothers keep on nowadays?


10 Richest Women in Kenya 2022 It has become commonplace to discuss the wealthiest people in a country. However, we have made it normal to only discuss the wealthiest men in a country. Have you ever wondered who Kenya's wealthiest women are? The wealthiest women in Kenya are a hot topic of debate in the region, as there have been numerous arguments and debates about the most powerful women in Kenya in terms of wealth. A person's wealth is determined by a number of factors. These include inheritance, family money, entrepreneurship, strategic marriages, and so on. It is difficult to identify the wealthiest women in Kenya because their fortunes have not yet been cataloged by Forbes magazine. In today's video, we'll look at some of Kenya's wealthiest women, how they made their money, and how much they're worth. Please take a few moments to subscribe as we continue our journey. 10. Dr. Kaffirin Nangisa, $8 million Kaffirin is one of Kenya's wealthiest women, owing largely to her invaluable contributions to Kenyans in the health sector. Through their profession, she has been able to provide medical services that were previously difficult to obtain due to a lack of or insufficient supply to meet the needs of everyone who requires quality healthcare. She is a radiation oncologist and physician who owns the Texas Cancer Center in Nairobi, Kenya's capital. Prior to the establishment of this center, many Kenyans were unable to receive adequate care and quality health services, particularly those with cancer. Despite the fact that the company was founded with a $1 million loan, Kaffirin was able to quickly recoup the loan and has gone on to make a fortune. 9. Wase Mara, $14 million Wase is a lucky woman when it comes to women who made the majority of their fortune through marriage. She is on this list of Kenya's richest women because of her marriage and inheritance from the late Nairobi mayor, Dick Wafika. She has built on her fortune since claiming it by investing in and acquiring a 21% stake in Sport Pisa, one of Kenya's largest bookmakers. This investment proved to be a wise decision, as it generates millions of Kenyan shillings each month. Wase also appears to be a commercial and business guru, as evidenced by a string of successful investments in her portfolio. Certainly, she has earned her place among Kenya's wealthiest women. 8. Jane Wairu Michuki, $15 million Jane is one of Kenya's most well-known female lawyers. Throughout her career, she has represented top clients throughout Kenya, including Equity Group Holdings Limited, Kenya's largest bank in terms of value, deposits, and customer base. Aside from her legal career, she is also a very successful businesswoman. Jane has purchased stock in a variety of companies in order to diversify and expand her portfolio, and it's working as they all bring her benefits on annual basis. Her largest investment to date has been in a British American investment company, in which she owns 9%. She is now the Nairobi Stock Exchange's largest female stockholder, NSE. 7. Lucy Mwiti, $17 million Lucy is the youngest woman on this list of Kenya's wealthiest women. Her accomplishments to date are commendable, and it begs the question of what she will be worth in the next 10 years. Lucy, also known as the beauty and the brains, has everything it takes to move up this list and become the richest female in Kenya. Especially given the several years she has to increase her earnings at Networth. 6. Mary Okalo, $18 million Being born into a wealthy family undoubtedly helped Mary Okalo become as wealthy as she is today. Her family is not only wealthy, but also powerful and influential, due to her father's involvement in politics. One of her siblings was once Kenya's vice president. That's to demonstrate how powerful her family was. Despite growing up in a political family, Mary chose to be an entrepreneur. Before becoming a full-fledged entrepreneur, she began her career as an employee at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs following the completion of her university degree. She held several national and international positions before leaving to start her own business. She is now one of Kenya's wealthiest women, thanks to her investments and earnings over the years. 5. Jane Wangui Yanguna, $18 million Jane Wangui is the wife of Equity Bank CEO James Monghi. You'd agree with us that this is one powerful family dominated by business minds. Together with her husband, she owns the majority of the stock in Kenya's largest financial institution. Jane appears to enjoy business investing with her husband, as they both have other portfolios and their names. Mary earns more than 200 million Kenya shellings per year from Fittinbealt, an investment company and a majority shareholder in Brutum Insurance. The current net worth clearly places her among Kenya's wealthiest women. 4. Liya Wanjiku Muguku, $19 million Given the number of women on this list as a result of their investment in Equity Bank, it's safe to say that this institution is a gold mine for women in the country. Li Muguku is the late business tycoon Nelson Muguku's daughter. As a result, the majority of her father's fortune in Kenyan shellings was transferred to her name. Despite the sale of the majority of her father's shares in the financial institution, Li still has a 0.9% stake in Equity Bank. She also owns the Waterfront Mall, Kenya's largest shopping center. With her investments in numerous growing businesses, we expect her net worth to continue to rise. 3. Margaret Satoti, $21 million Margaret Satoti is the wife of Kenya's sixth vice president, George Satoti. Her husband was a great Kenyan politician, businessman and American and British-trained economist, mathematician and development policy thinker. Margaret was in line to inherit his fortune after his untimely death in a helicopter crash in June 2021. Margaret has not been a public figure since her husband's death, preferring to live in privacy. Despite the fact that she has been involved in a number of controversies, she has not made many public appearances since then. 2. Tabatha Karanja, $18 million Tabatha, along with her husband, is a self-made Kenyan millionaire. She and her husband started the fortified wine business together in the late 1990s. Despite the numerous challenges her business faced in the Kenyan market, particularly the heavy taxation of locally produced wines in Kenya, which nearly crippled her business she was able to scale through. She achieved this by switching from locally produced wine to gin and vodka, which are still available in the Kenyan market today. Tabatha expanded her business from producing 60,000 bottles of drinks per day to 600,000 bottles after experiencing such success. Her factory now has a net worth of $55 million. She is arguably the most hardworking of Kenya's richest women. 1. Injina Kenyatta, $1 billion Mama Injina Kenyatta is the mother of Kenyan President Yuru Kenyatta and the wife of Kenya's first president, MZ Jomo Kenyatta. This, of course, makes her one of the most powerful women in the country, a position that comes with a lot of perks, including a lot of money. She was named to the list of Africa's top billionaires in 2012, along with the late former cabinet minister, Nikas Biwat, by the Nigeria-based Ventures Financial Magazine. Her fortune is estimated to be worth more than $1 billion, spread across real estate, banking, hospitality, and other industries. Thanks for watching. Please like, share, comment, subscribe, and turn on your notification to receive alerts of our newest video. Also, tell us in the comments section what other topic you want us to produce for you.


Yeah, I'm ready.  All right, I think we'll go ahead and get started. Thank you everyone for coming out on this snowy windy night to the Chittman Solid Waste District Board of Commissioners meeting for January. The first item on the agenda, actually, I believe is a public hearing for our budget, which we're required to do every year about this time. So I do not see any members of the public unless am I missing someone? No. Okay. So if someone comes in, absolutely, we will allow them to ask questions and anything like that. So, okay. Next item, I believe, oh, are there any updates to the agenda that we ought to make? We want to add one item into executive session and another contract question about biosolids. So one other item in executive session. Okay. Yes. If you want, we can. We talked about it. I wasn't sure we really needed it, but I don't honestly don't think we do, but Amy, are you okay with that or Marianne, I should say? Okay. I didn't think so. We can reflect in the minutes that it was open and closed. Yeah. Okay. So we have one additional item on the agenda for executive session. So the next item, I believe, is the minutes. Correct. So do we have a motion? Move the minutes of the 19th. Seconded. Motion and a second. Any additions, corrections, deletions? Okay. Hearing none. All those in favor of the motion signify by saying aye. Aye. Opposed, nay. Abstentions. Okay. Motion passes. All right. Next, I believe there's finance. Finance. We turn that over to Deke, I believe. Yes. As you can see from the memo, we have not closed December entirely, so December is still a bit in flux. The staff is doing great works in the middle of switching to a new financial software system and a new chart of accounts. So we've got a lot of things in flux. So we're a couple of weeks behind, but catching up fast. You can see from the cash on hand that where your cash and investments are, the big note is that we are starting to move the money out of Morgan Stanley as we're required to do and into the peoples. And the nice thing about that is we moved from getting .3% interest on our regular deposit to 1.8% on all of our money. Our interest is really doing well, and we're beginning to, that's looking much better than it has. So I'm pretty pleased with that. What you should know about December is I haven't, because I haven't closed it, we haven't moved money from the operating back into the fur. There will be a transfer there, so that will change. There will be more money in the fur and less money in the operating reserve when that happens. Other than that, proceeding as expected. Have we sent the preliminary budget to the select boards? Because I thought we needed to do that and tell them that there will be no increase or no question of their paying us a fee. Yeah, the assessment. I believe we did that in December. Which would have to be fold into their budget. That happens in December. We did that in December. They do it in December. Okay. Any other questions on that? Okay. We've done the finance at this point. All right. Next is General Manager's update. Yep. So it was also a reflection of the hard work that Deacon, her team have been doing as well as all of the staff now that we're transitioning into away from paper time sheets and into electronic time sheets and transitioning into QuickBooks and away from Grave Plains. So that work is ongoing and it's been amazing the dramatic amount of time that has been saved in going to an electronic time sheet system. So everyone has adapted to that very, very well and it's been very smooth. So good news on that big transition for a lot of our folks, but we've all adapted quite well. That's great news. I mean, I'm kudos to staff who's made this happen. I have a lot of work. I'm sure for a whole lot. Yes. Any questions on that on the general manager update? Okay. I believe next is personnel. Yes. Yes. So we have a few requested changes that we brought to the exec board in January and they approved to bring to the full board. Fairly minor. The motion does. I'll note the date says effective January 23rd. So we would change that to today if approved. We wanted to clarify the personal appearance of employees section and just give some more direction for employees of when they're required to wear either uniforms or for example, the outreach folks have shirts. They would wear when meeting with the public potentially, whereas drop off center folks would have high vis and they would be required to wear them all the time. So we determined that a department directive would make the most sense so that we can update that regularly. Also the safety plan. We just wanted to update that it's not a policy. It's a living document. It's a plan changes fairly regularly. It is an appendices of the personnel rules and regulations, but wouldn't require each time to come back to the board. So clarification on that as well as a few changes that Josh Estee, our director of compliance had made. And also the workers comp section has been updated. There were some duplicate wording in there and title changes. So we're requesting that that be updated as well. Any, any questions? Believe you need a motion for this. Yes. Yes. The board of commissioners approve the revised wording to the personnel rules and regulations. Document dated January 15. Second. Question on that. Questions. I guess it needs to be effective. January 30. Thank you. Thank you. Questions on that.  Good. All right. Okay. So all those in favor of the motion signify by saying aye. Aye. Opposed nay. Abstentions. Motion passes. Great. Thanks. Next to leave is the MRF quality control policy. Okay. So this policy, the materials recovery facility quality control policy is one that goes back to the original contract. So it's part of their contract. And what it does is it just provides a policy of what they can, what they're to do if it comes in with a lot of, a lot of contamination in their, in their recyclables. And so it provides guidance on what, what's done. And so the changes to the policy include just rewording to clarify things a little bit better to modernize the language. Some of it was pretty old language. And to actually reflect what's being done at the MRF today, as well as some, some slight changes in the policy itself. And the most significant change that we incorporated was instead of the holler who was dumping materials, recyclables that were grossly contaminated, having to pay a fee or remove them from the MRF, they would now have the option to work with CSWD to identify the source of that contamination and remedy it. And that is something that not only CSWD staff wanted to see happen and provide that support for the hollers, but also Cassella who operates our MRF wanted to see that happen as well. So that's been added as, as a, as another option that would be up to the general manager, their discretionary ability to be able to allow the holler to do that. Staff at CSWD including the Outreach and Communications Department as well as the Enforcement Department had some input in this and then we also operated the general manager from Cassella that operates the MRF as well. So we're looking for. I would make a motion that the Board of Commissioners adopt the revised material recovery facilities quality control policy is submitted and strike all previous versions of this policy. The motion, do we have a second? Second. We do. I don't have that for you tonight, but we do keep track of that. It's been, it's seen, we've seen an uptick recently in the last six months to a year and that's what sort of prompted looking at the policy and in revising it because it was being used quite a bit to make things more clear. Yeah, out of, I would say 200 visits a month. We saw about six to eight historically a month that jumped up to roughly 30 for a couple months in the spring. That's when this conversation started. So it's since has settled. I think a lot of the contamination fees have set knowledge to go back to their their go back to the community and say, hey, we got to figure this out. So it's not as it's slowing down a little bit, but it's not to say I won't pick back up in the spring again. Yeah. Well, the policy has been in place since the 90s. So there's, you know, we don't have any pre-policy information really. And what this did is it really it clarified things. It made it reflective of what was actually happening at the Merck. And then it gave that other opportunity for us to work with the Hauler and we'll be able to roll apart that on that to see how that's working. Right. So it's really at the point of interaction at the Merck that you'll have before and after data. I'm just wondering how, how does it translate back into the relationship between Haulers and people who are intimidated? Well, I think ongoing the Haulers are going back to where they can identify the people that are contaminating because they're incurring these fees and have been incurring these fees and either raising the price of or charging them an additional cost for those loads. Okay. And we know that that's happened. Yes. Whether they've been having or changes in fees. I know that there has been a Hauler that has gone back to identify the sources and eliminated that contamination. I know of at least one occurrence where that's happening. Have we ever had a case where the Hauler goes to the point where they refuse service due to the contamination? Where they leave the material at the curb. I would think that would happen. I don't know a lot about that. Specifically. We have Myers and they have not picked up ours because there was something wrong.  I believe they like leave a tag on your door. It was actually a 95 gallon recycling cart. Further further questions. I guess I watched a webinar about Massive Two Sits. Really trying to take this on and probably some of you guys watched this webinar as well on dealing with contamination. It takes a massive effort to educate and really have people failing out and doing curbside waste audits and having some sort of standardized system of feedback where you can really know that you're making an impact. I think that would be Michelle that would be looking at doing that. This is just the policy of ones that reaches the MRF. What can the operator do about it? I can address that. Our compliance department has been wanting to do that. It has plans to do the curbside cart tagging kind of efforts that you're talking about. We've been working with them, we as an outreach have been working with them because it's a delicate balance in educating and rejecting and having people understand why it's getting rejected. We're also having to be respectful of that relationship with the hauler and the customer. The work and the contaminated loads. He and this new policy where we'll have a very clear and well-defined way that we would interact with the hauler if they choose that route will help us do more of what you're talking about. I'm also curious about dumpster design, especially recycling dumpster designs, which don't seem to have watertight lids. What I notice is that lots of material gets wet. And I'm wondering, does that lead to contaminated, what's the threshold that you consider contaminated? Yeah, that's a great question and point. Moisture is a big problem at the MRF, so if there's a significant amount of moisture in the load, it will get rejected. And it's a hauler that provides that dumpster to get to the side of the line or to cover the loads when it's snowing out, et cetera. That's also up to the MRF operator and supervisor on the floor. Our goal is not to tag haulers and to not have to reject loads. You never want to do that. So the goal is to always try to use what comes in as best we can. And really, this is to give some more clarity and clarification and the ability to work with haulers who seem to be routinely having issues and to give them instead of going straight to the find and say, well, let's engage more. So sometimes, you know, if we have the space and we don't always have the space for the reasons we've discussed, if it's slightly wet and might be on the border, we can move something to the side. Maybe we can wait a little bit, see if it tries out, try to run it. So if it's soaked, then that's clear. The hauler should know they get it. They don't fight it. That pretty much goes to the find and they pay. So this is just to give everyone, like Jen was saying, more clarity, some options to bring us in in a more structured way. I think it's a good move. I was just wondering, I'm just going to jump in. No, sorry. Can you just clarify that you said it's an option. So instead of paying a fee or removing the material, then they basically work with you to identify the source. Right, so then I might just to finish the question. So my question is, so what happens with the material? So the options are you either remove the material from the floor, right, for the hauler, or they pay an associated fee. Or if the general manager or operator at the MRF thinks that we can work with this hauler to identify the source, then they give them that option. And then that hauler would contact CSWD and there's going to be another separate document that we're working on that's the action plan, the termination action plan that will outline, as Michelle said, how we would interact with the hauler and try to remedy the situation. That's not your question. No, actually there's two different types of. So there's the contaminated load that still gets processed and you get assessed a contamination fee for that. And then there's rejected loads. We don't see a lot of rejected loads. Maybe one a month when it's real bad, two a month when it's real bad. They don't want to reject the loads. But if you've got certain materials that are really bad for the equipment or that will wrap or that are just blatantly garbage, then they'll reject it. And that happens sometimes a split pack or a dump garbage on accident, or we'll have sections, sometimes people have sections of garbage cycling and they're sitting on the tip floor and it's like you can't do that. So that's the piece that Jen's talking about with the extended action where we can go through the outreach group. That's for the rejected loads. And that's really to kind of hit that one particular route that constantly has an issue that kind of everybody knows about. It gives the hauler the ability to use our resources. So that's the difference. I was just wondering about once it hits the floor, what's the option of working with youth to do source identification? What happens to the stuff that's on the floor? I'm just curious about the logistics of that. So that was my question. Oh, it goes through the process. Yeah. I've seen this problem from the other end being a landlord and having tenants and having established a dumpster for garbage and a dumpster for recycle, trying to teach the tenant what to put in which place and it never seems to work. I did seem to find that if they had children who were instructed at school by our staff, those tenants seemed to comply better. But it is a problem of education at the family level and I'm not sure how the district and the haulers can get involved in this other than trying to push back as best they can. I think we did see, for instance, Wanda and her team came and presented about how they reached out to the schools and did great stuff. Further questions or discussion? Anybody? Okay. So I think, I'm sorry, did we already have a motion? We did. Yes. All right. If we're done, all those in favor, signify by saying aye. Aye. Opposed nay. Okay. Great. Thanks very much. Next is the community grant program discussion. Yep. And that's Michelle. Michelle. So in preparation for the budget, I was prompted to review all the ways we're providing funding to support the member community. And, thank you. I, it stood out to me that we have two funds, the community cleanup fund and the, how we support green up day, that directly support funding for cleaning up illegally or improperly disposed materials. And then we have one fund that I oversee the container and project grants that is really more designed at prevention of waste and illegally or improperly disposed materials. I've had several board members express a desire to do more in the way of prevention and asking, and specifically sometimes about the community cleanup fund, can we apply those funds toward things that would prevent illegal disposal? And that's not what that fund is intended for. So the point of this memo is just to make really explicit and clear the funding we're providing for cleaning up materials that shouldn't have been littered or disposed the way they were versus the funding that we're providing to prevent that. And also some of the inconsistencies that I uncovered specific to green up day funding. And I can speak more about that in more detail if you'd like. I've also realized in retrospect that one of the questions I posed to the board probably did not have adequate context and that was the question about partnering with social services agencies so I can provide more context on that if anybody likes. Would you like me to read the specific questions? Talk about what the problem is. I mean a lot of us are using the community cleanup funds. And I mean I... So the first question I have is does the board want to continue funding this funding of these efforts at this level? So as you see between community cleanup fund grants and green up day donation and fee waivers for the FY19 budget it's almost $30,000. And that's specifically targeting cleaning up material that shouldn't have been littered or disposed. And then we have $25,000 that we budgeted for prevention. If the board feels that's appropriate then that's great, I'll use that information going forward for the FY20 budget season. The second question is does the board support or is the board interested in changing that balance any and diverting any of the cleanup money that we're currently putting into community cleanup fund grants or the way we support green up day some of that into more preventative types of programs such as maybe containers in public areas such as for instance Jericho use some funding to provide trash and recycling station on the town green and at the cemetery. Efforts like that, potential cameras or like game cameras have been mentioned as something to put in place at illegal dump sites like where tires are dumped and things so that you could actually see who's doing it. And then the third question would be the partnering with social service agencies I put in there because we have had requests for potentially things like vouchers that sort of thing to provide assistance to people who are under financial hardship or have transportation limitations or disabilities and can't get their items or afford to pay for their items and then they end up potentially possibly on the curb or illegally dumped. And this would be some an agency such as Agewell which deals with senior citizens and refugee resettlement or something like that would be the potentially vetting agency since their expertise is in identifying need and verifying that we would not be involved in that we would partner with them once the people are identified or the population is identified we could potentially provide vouchers or something like that to enable proper recycling or disposal of these materials that are being improperly managed. So if I understand correctly you're looking for guidance in three areas first being do we want to continue the programs? That's correct. Second being if we do do we want to change the balance? Correct. And third is do we want to enter into a new initiative to potentially help low income people? Exactly. Or others? I'd like to suggest we take it one at a time rather than so let's just, if you don't mind let's talk about do we want to continue these programs? So let me just see if yes. Well, Heinsberg last year used their cleanup fund and we basically had three years I believe and it had accumulated so it allowed us to do a project. The town by town it's not a huge amount of money to put towards these projects. And Heinsberg I think did one other one a number of years ago that was similar where you know the people weren't financially able to clean up in the property. The town health officer determined the property was condemned or whatever. Pretty much the case of this last one. So as far as the town's cleanup fund I think we should certainly continue that program. It's not I don't believe it to be a financial burden to the district and it does help these special circumstances as to funding preventative things I think that that is a good idea because eventually if you don't do that then someone else has to pay for it and you know the solid waste district is responsible for solid waste in Chittenden County and we should take the lead on preventative measures. Heinsberg has not had a huge problem with illegal dumping in the last few years but back in the maybe 10 years ago we did have a big problem and our highway crew put up barriers and stuff so people couldn't pull off to the side of the road in those areas and dump couches and refrigerators and tires and stuff because every year the town would go and have to clean that up and we'd have to pay for disposing of it. So I think that those two areas are good. The third area about vouchers for low-income people or something I think that it would be better that each community handle that on a case-by-case basis that would be my call on that one. Let me again I'd like to at least for this first discussion see if anybody has any concern do we want to keep these programs the cleanup fund and the prevention so let's see Allen. Right behind Lynn I think the two programs that we have going are valuable programs we should keep them going. S6 is used them and whatever and I don't believe that we should start getting involved with social services as a municipal organization that's the local community's responsibility and they can work through that process. I believe Leslie. I second Allen's comments and I would say that our experience last year in Jericho we did use a small amount of community cleanup fund and it had to do with solid waste on a property that the homeowner did not have the means to clean up so the two things work together we didn't have to involve social services our communities are small everybody knows everybody and I don't think we need to go in another direction and honestly the amounts involved are so small relative to our budget I have no problem with the proposed amounts for fiscal 19 for the current year I don't understand the green update issue what's the problem? It's a $10,000 thing is it something we need to deliberate here? Let me ask it this way is there anyone here that would like to see us get out of the community cleanup fund or the prevention to stop those expenditures? I'd like to hear what the utilization of patterns have been in the last five years across the town and what the staff feels has most efficacy? For which fund? For which grant? For which fund? Prevention Looks like the green update is used this capacity area I think pretty much so but the first two funds Well just to clarify for green update the reason that's included here is because it's inconsistently used for instance one of the issues we've had we see something like 300 tons of tires come in and the green update coordinator reports there were 34 tires from that community for example so we suspect and I pulled other solid waste management entities around the state and there's a great suspicion that for instance town garages are hoarding their tires and they're bringing them in and then green update we're funding those that disposal via our green update fee waiver and that's okay if the board wants to fund tire town garage disposals that way but I would like it to be overt and known this is what we're funding this isn't tires found by the roadside my concern is that if it's listed as towns found by the roadside and included in that is state V-trans tires that they're collecting and bringing in that we're paying for then that data is going to be seen somewhere down the road and oh my goodness look at all these tires that people are littering we should do something about that and it's not littered tires but that's how it's categorized because it's called green update so those are some of my issues and we are the only solid waste management entity in the state that is donating to green update at their suggested rate and nobody else donates to green update on behalf of their member towns except for LaMoyle and that's at $100 a town for $1200 so if the board is fine with that then that's my direction but I just want to be clear this is what we're funding with regards to green update and I'm happy to explore and just contact them if they have a question about how our funds that we're providing are being used and that information to be attract so that's green update I can discuss the others separately I don't have a broad experience in sitting in Canada but I think in Charlottes it's not the town where maintenance people it is people however they're reading tires because they know that they're accepted so it's not that they've been littered they're being you know they're just being brought by homeowners to the truck and put in there and some of those might end up on the roadside if that weren't happening if that opportunity were available to them on green update I don't know about other towns further comment on their question just the support of all of this the only comment I would make we have a lot of turnover in Milton in the last couple of years and I've found that when a new manager or a new administrative person comes in they often don't know that these funds are available and it isn't until it comes up and I mention it to them so some outreach to make sure that the towns actually know these funds are available would help so we do contact town managers twice a year about the community cleanup fund and our new outreach coordinator has been doing that every January and every about May in preparation for the end of the fiscal year for that cleanup fund we will be doing a better job on the waste reduction grants I would also suggest contacting the public works directors because my experience has been town managers been so busy I don't think he's communicated the availability of this to the public works director so I contact the public works director you know, directly it's easy to do and I've gotten more response other comments yes comments on this regarding the balance in terms of how much we're spending could you review that again what we're spending on the two funds well so in in the memo the chart at the front just has for FY 18 we spent just under $14,000 on cleanup fund and that's a $19,000 rotating fund the board voted to cap each town that's how that works green up day last year we spent just under $11,000 and with the waste reduction container and project grants we spent about $11,000 last year and that's varied wildly depending from $3,000 to $13,000 actually close to $20,000 depending on the year so does anyone have any trouble with those level of expenditure and just to be clear the cleanup fund as approved by the board is not for preventative projects it's for cleaning up problem areas and that was one of the other questions we wanted to kind of take the temperature of the board to say do we want to expand the scope of what the cleanup funds can be used for it's fairly narrow but I mean as the projects come in I've had two or three of them we can expand it a little bit or draw it down if the board member thinks it's a good thing to do and I think it's worked well in the past and I don't see any reason why we can't follow those similar guidelines in the future I think the question is around consistency yes so for instance staff is uncomfortable with rejecting a request by a board member if the staff feels that it is outside the purview of the cleanup fund should feel uncomfortable okay so I will duly note it and we will explain why we feel that what the board approved is not what the member is requesting if that comes up I don't know I might have a question they should feel concerned if they don't want to approve what a board member wants to have done I agree I agree so then the board would need to approve that the cleanup fund is available for an expanded application is what I'm saying because under the current policy we're not allowed to use it for preventative projects that's all recently in the past few years of requests to do something a bit different because there aren't those issues every year where there's an emergency in the town needed to be used so what we're looking for is is there a sense that we do want to be able to have some flexibility and to be able to expand the scope right now we're restricted lastly so what kinds of requests have not met the criteria for cleanup funds but do meet the criteria for waste reduction project grants I mean somebody comes and say I want to use cleanup funds to do this and say no that's really a waste reduction project so big deal you say okay we're funded under this other heading this is if it's a non-issue we can move on I don't understand why these are such big problems it's because we have very clear scope under one and not so clear under the other direct somebody to the other one what's the big deal I personally have had projects inquired about projects and have been told them because of the strict parameters so I think that was practically a year ago so I can't give you examples but because of the guidelines the eligibility factors project ideas that I had were not within the guidelines I think you're getting a sense from the board that flexibility is desired I can bring the community cleanup fund guidelines back for revision and approval to expand the scope so that the staff will feel comfortable and giving the commissioners full authority I'm on the line I was rejected on one and I agreed with Michelle in the end and that the fire department had a I forget whether it was a fire damage or a small fire within the fire house and they had a lot of material that they wanted to had to dispose of in order to clean it up and they wanted to use the cleanup funds that the Waste District had and Michelle and I discussed it and in the end it was turned down because I think the fire department was not I mean it's a separate entity between the towns of Jericho and the town of Underhill and they have their own budget from the towns so the financial support would have been in a civic manner helpful to them because they wouldn't have to use their own funding but in the end we didn't feel it fit the criteria of the district it wasn't trash sitting by the roadside and I think this is the type of question you get into when you say you want to expand this to other requests is to who is the person or what is the group that's asking for it and what are the circumstances of how the trash was accumulated and that leads you into a big open area and I see that as a problem I don't believe you're going to be able to quantify every possible scenario but I think you're seeing the board would like some flexibility in the use of those community funds and so I would suggest that you take a look at it and bring it back at some point and not to disagree I mean I just think that the towns are budgeted a certain allotment what's the problem with allowing a little bit more discretion for the town if they expend it all then they do I don't know it's not necessarily hurting my municipality if another's already kind of burning through their allotment so we used the money for Milton so it allowed them to dispose some tires that were in a tire warehouse so I mean the flexibility's there you followed Bert's guidance with respect to the thing in Jericho I think the board member has a big role to play in this I think that discussion with the board member is key I think that's really great that you could have that I think I think some frustration just feeling like I've bumped into a little bit of a bureaucracy for some good ideas that have come from my town and the example is not just wanting to have what are they called the just collapsible waste clear streams not have people drive all the way from Charlottes to Redmond Road to Barrowland for free why can't our town or all of the towns be given those those containers to be housed and circulated by the town and libraries have a training attached to it some sort of environmental I mean I just think ideas like that I don't know what Winooski's idea was but if a town comes up with an idea that they're invested in and it somehow doesn't fit right then it's a shame to lose that motivation I think we would like to come back with a proposal on how we may possibly want to reshape the criteria with that thank you we have a new lawyer here tonight oh yes I apologize sorry I was a couple minutes late Russ McCracken from Paul Franklin Collins William Ford Thomas thank you I'm sorry and so and just towards the last item I believe I mean I've heard it three people express that we do not want to enter into the business of subsidizing the low income at this point unless someone else has something to say it would be interesting if there was some record keeping or some kind of assessment we need that over time we show an increase when we can revisit it okay can you are people appointed to resource or some sort of you know like maybe that some of those groups might offer that service at cost or even for free just add one other so part of what we've seen is the occurrence of free dumpster days being funded in different neighborhoods that we were trying to address in part through this with a more targeted support so that the dumpster day would go away and wouldn't just be free for all where people are encouraged to get rid of whatever they have accumulating for free which is not in the district's mission of propagating the concept that this stuff is free just one quick comment back in the beginning when we established this town's cleanup fund was basically to offset the tipping fee for the towns to take stuff to the landfill that was the basic premise for it and you know it's maybe changed over the years but that was the idea of setting it up and it's not a lot of money we're discussing a lot of this and it's just not that big a budget item okay should we move on to any other business at this point I believe anything else okay and how about program updates any questions okay and lastly we do have an executive session we need two items I believe it is we need to discuss so did you give someone the wording for that Amy do you have a wording for that okay alright you want to do the honors or not a board member I'm sorry I'm sorry I move the Board of Commissioners the Chints all the way six go into executive session discuss GMC contracts where premature general public knowledge would clearly place the district its member municipalities and other public bodies or persons involved at a substantial disadvantage and to prevent staff to be present and was there another item the biosolids contract and the biosolids contract motion in a second all those in favor signify by saying aye high five okay just got a moment to thank you okay alright we are back in session after the executive are there any motions that anyone would like to make Allen with respect to the biosolids management service agreement be resolved that the Board of Commissioners authorizes the executive director to extend the existing residual management service agreement with Cassella organics that was scheduled to end on 31 January 2018 to no later than 28 February 2019 and to adjust the start and end of the five-year term of the accepted residual management service agreement to reflect the signature date second discussion on that motion did you want to say something now all those in favor of the motion signify by saying aye okay great do or are there any other we have a motion to adjourn motion to adjourn all those in favor signify by saying aye okay we are adjourned thank you very much everybody good discussion


Hi everyone, in this tutorial I'm gonna show you how to split a number into the integer and decimal part in Python language. Also I'm gonna show you how to add these two numbers into tuple in Python language. So in order to split a number into its integer and decimal part, first what we gonna do is to import mat module. So let's import mat module. Next thing is that we're going to use modf function. Modf function will take and float number as an integer and it will return the fractional and integer parts of the number in a two item tuple. Then after splitting, both parts will have float type and both will have same sign as the initial number. Let's create an example. I'm gonna use modf function from mat module. I'm gonna use for example number 3.5. I'm gonna print it. We're going to split this number into its decimal and integer parts. I'm gonna run this code and as you can see, first we have decimal part and then we have integer part. Both are positive numbers but if we have as an argument negative number and if we run this code again, you can notice that both parts of this number are going to be negative. That's all in this tutorial, don't forget to subscribe to our channel, see you in the next tutorial.


A novel strain sensor based on soft polyurethane sponge and carbon nanotubes is designed for motion capture of human joints, with a rhombic mesh structure and pre-compression design to enhance its stretchability and elongation rate. The sensor exhibits promising sensing performance with high sensitivity, low detection limit, fast response capacity, and long-term durability, and is validated through real-time tele-operation of a robot arm using a digital twin model. This article was authored by Zhichou Yi, Gao Yangpeng, Ehel Young, and others.