Hey everybody, welcome back. Today I'm again working on the D24 and I've come to some new into some new information and I wanted to expand on that a little bit more and it has specifically to do with the overload function of the D24 but this would also apply to like the D32 or the D20. If you have either of those monitors it has the same PA board and the PA board we'll talk about later on in the video after I get through some initial things that will that's the board that we recapped in the previous video and talked a little bit about the overload light so I won't get too much into what was happening because there's a lot of information in that video but I will explore a little bit deeper on the overload light and the functionality of it and why it was there and some other information that I've come into again but I wanted to start things off on why I'm even doing this to begin with and why I really go through and recap any of these machines and kind of the thought pattern behind my philosophies that I follow with recapping these machines and then hopefully this will help answer some of those questions that I get often asked about specific things like why certain caps go bad and certain caps aren't why do I have cap kits that only cover a certain smaller portion of the main board while the other 65-70% of the board is not going to be changed usually on capacitors so I want to go through and tell you a little bit about that today and we're also going to explain the reasons why we're even doing this first off the main thing this is is preventative maintenance if you're lucky now sometimes it can be repair because a part has failed but a lot of times my goal is to prevent any major failure by making sure that I'm doing regular maintenance and if you even just google electrolytic capacitor lifespan right away at the top I got this explanation when the life expected sees exceed 15 years for the life of a specific product then the capacitors electrolytic capacitors should be limited to 15 years and that's mainly due to the sealing materials deteriorating over time and that's what keeps the fluid inside the capacitor and most of the time you know there's going to be these ripple currents that go through the capacitor so over time they do break down so google will tell you right at the top of the page here from the aluminum electronic capacitors Illinois capacitor company will tell you that but I have another article here that I'm actually going to link to in the description of this video and I'm going to go through it real quickly I'm not going to read through everything on it but it's a great article it talks about electrolytic it's from XP power and it talks about electrolytic capacitor lifespan and power supplies now the reason I bring this up is every single CRT has a sort of power supply built into it so that especially is in every single CRT so those are going to have capacitors electrolytic capacitors in them and I want to jump down here because there is a formula that's based on you know the tolerance and how a capacitor is built and then they give you a tolerance rating for the capacitor what that actually means and how that's going to affect things over time so this is really the best part of this article says here manufacturers provide calculations to determine lifetime in application these are based on I'm sorry our our heinous equation for temperature dependency and basically the reaction rate doubles every 10 degrees Celsius rise in temperature put another way the lifetime of a capacitor doubles for each 10 degrees Celsius reduction in temperature meaning that a capacitor rated at 5000 hours at 105 degrees Celsius if you drop that down to 95 degrees Celsius it doubles the life and then if you drop it down to 85 degrees Celsius it doubles the life again to 20,000 hours and so that's why we you know if you follow this curve you follow this curve and you can see why some of the capacitors that are not exposed to heat where they may be way down here in this 55 degrees Celsius range and their hour expectancy is almost 150,000 160,000 hours of use so that kind of explains to you a little bit more on why I don't necessarily always change those extra capacitors that are away from heat sources that have not really been impacted by heat and that are most likely still going to have a huge amount of hours left on them because most likely they're somewhere in this curve on the on the good side unless of course they you could tell how much how much more drastic the drop off is here in the high heat areas and most of the components you'll see that we get are going to be requested to be rated around 85 degrees Celsius and that's putting it right at about a 20 to 25,000 hour lifespan so for example the BVM I'm working on right now in the video earlier has 27,000 hours so it would actually make sense 100 percent to get in there and change any kind of capacitor that's been in a high heated element because the monitor first off was made in 1999 so we're well over 20 years in age so we've already gone past the 15 year mark but we've also gone well past the hours mark on there and I for this BVM I'm going to go ahead and change all the capacitors in it just because you know that's part of the thing I want to do with them because they're very special and because I can but when you talk about other CRTs and other monitors this is where that philosophy comes into play that you don't always have to change every capacitor and you could still have the same amount of effectiveness or screen capabilities could not change if those capacitors don't go bad so that's a little bit more explanation into the relationship directly between time, heat and the capacitor's lifespan so that's just some first information I really wanted to get through now we're going to jump in so the PA board explanation a little bit deeper and we're going to talk I'm going to go go back to the Sony BVM manual PDF which I have pulled up here and this is section 6-2 directly on the PA board this is page 91 of the 239 page service manual and in this particular writing on this manual we're going to see it's going to tell you a little bit about this board and why it even exists it's a high voltage generator and regulator circuit and down here is pretty much the important information there's a lot of things in here basically tells you how this whole thing works directly great information here it also references what each individual important part does and what happens when it's in use so that's all really good information but I wanted to get down here was the excessive anode voltage protection circuit that's the first one and then right under that there's the excessive anode current protection circuit and these are two circuits that are built into this BVM and really any D-series BVM to protect it look it says we'll just read this first that it's the excessive anode voltage protection circuit is installed in this model for the purpose of protecting the CRT the actual tube okay when the high voltage increases up to an abnormal voltage due to the failure of the feedback system of the high voltage regulator circuit so you've got a high voltage regulator circuit and that's not always going to catch the spikes in time or it could fail so there are some excessive again voltage protection and it's the same thing for the current it's going to tell you pretty much the same thing limiting the current voltage due to the detection systems to do the control systems but the reason I've directly bring this up as if you read down here in this part it's going to tell you about some parts that are directly related to it so if you have troubles with your PA board or powering on or like mine where it was excessively kicking into overload when it was not on a very I mean it was on a bright screen but not a bright to where it should have been kicking into an overload already so anyway long story short there's a bunch of components you can test and after reading this I noticed right here in the middle it says that the current for this circuit goes directly through C801 of the PA board so that is a very vital capacitor on the PA board that's electrolytic that's over 20 years old that should be changed and right there if that one fails or falls out of spec you're giving yourself an opportunity for more current to flow through there and it will either damage this diode D801 or if the damage goes to the diode it could literally jump that high current into the neck of the CRT and destroy the heaters cause a pop that is so violent that it would actually crack the neck of the CRT and that literally happened numerous times in the field and and I'll talk about that a little bit more but I wanted you to understand that there are those two protections built in normally in the PA board this is not including the little PA daughter board which I'll talk about in a second too because I'm going to talk about a little bit more into the vest investigation of the D24 I've got and so again you've got the excessive anode voltage protection and it gives you all the direct parts what they're doing and then you can actually test those parts in your PA board if you have any issues to see if they're failing or just replace them because down here in the anode current protection it's going to list quite a few important resistors as well as diodes and ICs and what they do again and how they work but this is again one of this is the whole system that is actually there so we know that that overload system is there and if we continue to you know look into why it's listed it's it's on a different page and I'm sorry I can't refer to which one it is in the manual but it literally says that when the overload light comes on on your monitor adjust down your contrast and brightness because the monitor is sensing that there's too much voltage going through there and if that voltage keeps going through there and then pops that diode and then does it again it could go straight into your tube short out the tube short out the flyback transformer and cause all kinds of permanent damage to the monitor that you'll have to replace some of the very impossible parts to find for the most part so again we're going to look now at some pictures that I have from the recap of the PA board on my monitor and I'm as I show you some of these pictures I'm going to show you you know that 801 capacitor I'm also going to show you the PA1 board and I'm going to talk a little bit more about that PA1 board uh because that's not listed in this manual and there's a specific reason why it was an actually an end of life product that was not released till late in December I think uh or November uh anyway end of the year of 2006 and that was well after the D series was uh retired as far as being new models being made and they were into the A series and they were about to be done with CRTs all together and get into the other uh flat panel displays that they were using after they retired the CRT technology all together this was an end of life product Sony made this PA1 board uh between 2006 and they stopped manufacturing it in 2013 and they no longer have any stock in there uh but anyway I got all that information directly from a service bulletin that was shared with me and it had all that information it showed the PA1 board it talked about how uh excessive voltage should get through that system the system would fail the diodes and or the resistors on either one of those protections systems that we just went over in the manual they would fail and then current would go through there the overload wouldn't catch it shut the monitor down the voltage would creep all the way through the flyback and the tube and fry one or the other to making them dead or useless uh so that is why that PA1 board was developed it was a third fail safe to help in case both those other things it was supposed to be a better version of a tripping device to basically help with the overload problem so without too much more talk and let me go ahead now and we'll jump into some of these pictures and I'm going to just go through these and show them to you and talk to you so this is the PA board that I have the top side of it with all the capacitors removed again pretty easy job as far as the top of this thing was concerned uh there are those resistors though if you need to look at the resistors they're going to be over here and then the diodes are probably going to be servicing out diodes underneath here you know um listed under here by the letter D and then the capacitor this is with the capacitors off you can see up here where we got our jumper installed and this is exactly to the book on how Sony had and I can't show you that again I can't sorry I cannot show you that specific service bulletin because I promise I wouldn't it's never been published and therefore I can't risk you know publishing it for the first time um and getting him in trouble or anybody else in trouble because he might not be supposed to whatever anyway you just have to take my word for it that this bulletin is out there it's not been released to the public so that's the reason I won't release it but I'll go through and tell you about the information with the photos the best as I can so again you install this uh right here you know there's one of those diodes right there but you stall it one of the legs of these and uh over on two other points and then it's got some ground points and again it's a third circuit protection for the overload so you don't continue to overload it too much and uh do any permanent damage to it there's just some underline this is the spot in the d24 where it went and of course you know it fits in there fine and perfectly and um the door swing shut lots of good testing done so this is about uh if I've had the thing tested for probably 10 hours is how many hours I've put on this new pa board just running tests and like gameplay footage so just to make sure that the new caps are good uh because the manual does say you know give it some time but I want to zoom into this area because again this is where the capacitor is right in here and uh first what I'm going to do is I'm going to zoom in too a little bit more and so bear with me here but if we look kind of let me pull myself out of the picture a little bit if you look right here where my cursor is there you'll notice the hv protection and then up here is another uh potentiometer hv adjustment those are for high voltage protection and the high voltage adjustments I do not recommend messing with these at least not for the time being till I figure out more on it do not go sticking in a potentiometer you know a screwdriver in there turning that potentiometer it could cause fatal damage to your bvm because right over in this area also is that capacitor c801 we'll try to zoom in a little bit more on it and you can see right here maybe you can see the numbers on there but that's the capacitor right there here again is a closer look up different view of that capacitor right there and so what I did was I took that capacitor or I went back after I found that um this capacitor was in there and it was the only one I went back and I had a baggie here with all the capacitors from that cap kit and I pulled out of the monitor and so what I did was I took that out and I found that cap and I thought I took my multimeter up to it and test it and I've got some results here for you but there's just a closer look at it and 50 by 47 again the only one was c801 I took some readings which I've got here uh listed and this was the capacitor that I pulled it kept reading at 52.0 or 52.1 or higher okay so it wasn't going down it was actually reading higher than the 47 microfarons uh out of spec by 10 percent at least a little bit over 10 percent however I was reading the new capacitors I was testing them and they were tested out between 50.3 and 50.2 so I don't know whether my meter was testing a little bit high but what I did want to say is I mean this is not much of a difference but it still is a difference and there's a possibility that when this old capacitor was under a load that it could have even reacted differently and the voltage could have changed on it and it could have just again like I said reacted differently so again why do I talk about my you know monitor more about this thing well the reason being is my monitor as we talked about earlier was made in 1999 originally okay so 1999 was the year that it was made it was like number 22 off the assembly line and so uh my our gut feeling is is that uh you know over time you can adjust like you said screen brightness and contrast impact this greatly this whole problem with the overload they impact that directly so what we're thinking is that over time people would just turn up the brightness and the contrast on the monitor and cause those overloads either occur more often or you know just put that much voltage through the whole system after 25 000 hours ish that can make a lot of these components fail the tubes worn out because it's had excessive voltage continuously running through it over a lifetime and eventually those components fail and the tube pops at like 25 000 hours which was a common thing that happened apparently if you talk to a lot of sony techs which I have some tony techs that directly explain this situation happening so again this was like years later after the product had been made so you're sitting at this monitor that I have most likely at about 25 000 hours the tube pops the components are probably bad on this pa board so sony sends out the in 2006 to 2008 for this monitor they get a new tube installed probably they get the pa board one board installed as well as the components on the pa one board that were like the uh you know diodes most likely were replaced and so they were either replaced or the whole board would have been replaced but if not they would have repaired the board and then put that little circuit board on the main board and then you'd have that extra protection there and then they go ahead and install a new tube which is most likely done here and I'm going to show you some pictures of this tube because it is just hideous and does not look anything like what it probably should look like for an install so this is inside the back of this tube and you'll just notice all kinds of this epoxy everywhere all over the place and you see this masking tape and epoxy that's actually holding down numerous convergent strips uh the tube the yoke I fear has not been pushed up far enough to the back of the tube I'm not really can tell because there's so much epoxy on it and I can't get it to turn you can barely see the wedges they're just completely covered in epoxy I'll show you some other pictures this is the tube on it the tube bottle number so I'm not sure if anybody knows if that would indicate anything as it being a different tube that was in the original run but possibly here again is a close-up of the yoke next to the back of the tube and this is just what you've got tons and tons of that nasty stuff taped on and again here's a convergent strip here's a convergent strip here's a convergent strip here's a wedge and it's all under this old epoxy now this is a magnet for purity that I had to add because again this convergence and stuff is just jacked up beyond belief so I added that to help with some purity which it did here's the other side the opposite side again more convergent strips epoxy tape just blah and even on the yoke adjustment wheels there's a yoke adjustment wheels on here for or trim pots to change and adjust the convergence on it there's different convergence adjustments you can make not just what's in the main menu you actually have about a half a dozen convergence adjustments well they put a big glob of epoxy up there for no reason and then here's just all that they slapped all over the neck so basically if you're overloaded then too much voltage will come in here and will burn a heater out and it says according to that manual and according to the service bulletin that this it would be such a bad thing that the tube itself the glass in the neck would crack so that would be probably pretty scary but if you ever come across one of these with a neck crack you know that that's what happened most likely so again all these things there's not even a capacitor in the seaboard you'll notice but that's a look at there there's again a look up here at that epoxy more epoxy different angle and again same stuff different angle just a complete mess inside there and so that's what we think happened we think it this had the worst thing happened so it was 25 000 hours they'd been using the brightness and contrast to keep up with the picture they keep it you know viewable because it's burning down the tube life but you know it's this is normally a tube that burns at a lower brightness than other tubes and it's it's got the power in it to physically push the beam way beyond the capability of the tube itself to withstand the pressure so again that's a whole lot more about this PA board and we've gone through just about everything on it I know it's it's again a lot of information and this PA board again is on the d32 it's on the d24 it's on the d20 and it's a very important part of this whole setup because again it's got a couple protection circuits but if those protections fail that's when you're going to lose your tube instantly most likely and the flyback transformer that's possible also but that's the main point I wanted to get across in today's video and what I'm going to be doing again on the next ones is we're going to continue to work on the recapping these boards getting back together and then start working on the adjustments and the fun stuff inside the menus of this elaborate monitor this video anyway has gone way longer than I'd hoped it was going to be I'm sorry I hope I didn't bore anybody too much and I hope baby you learned something definitely check this out look into it a little bit more if you own one of these monitors it's really simple to get to this side on the monitor just four screws and pop this plate off on the left hand side of the monitor when you're looking at the screen and you can check it see right there without doing anything else see if you've got this daughter board installed if you do it's probably a good chance that you have a newer tube installed and then you could check out the back of your tube and make sure it looks like that because if it looked all nice and factory standard I wouldn't have thought the tube would have been changed I would have just thought it was on its you know like so that's a good news we'll get this fixed up and make sure it's back to normal please leave a like I'll see you guys next time with some more retro content


Welcome to Toffy TV, we are blessed with a new, someone making a debut on Toffy TV, Kyra has come in, Kyra Nox, she's come in to have a little chat about the Everton women's side, you've started the season quite well and obviously Kyra, there is a bit of a buzz about women's football at the moment isn't there, in the summer we saw England obviously win the Euros which was a massive moment for the game, so how important do you think that moment is? Oh it's going to be massive for the women's game, obviously like Captain Lea Williamson, she's Arsenal's defence and there's quite a lot of WSL players in the lionesses team so we're hoping that will attract quite a lot of attention to the women's game especially our league. Is this something you've always followed, did you, obviously you never told me, but did you start with the men's team and then start watching the women's team as things have grown in the last few years? Well yeah, I went to my first game last year against Manchester United, I think we drew 1-1 which was quite good at the time obviously because we didn't do quite well last season, but I got through the men's game and then I saw the tickets and I was like I really want to go and I went along. Yeah because obviously Everton play at Walton old park and that's a huge thing isn't it, having your own ground, not so far from Goodison park and just being able to go down and support them must be a really big thing. It's like a very tight community though down there because obviously Goodison's only about five minutes away so even if you were at the men's games and there was a women's one after it's like literally a five minute walk down you could go watch the women as well. So how have you seen things grow since the summer since England one because obviously for someone like me obviously doing what I do and we've had Sarah on in the past and we've seen the game grow and one of our sorts of failings as a channel has been we've not maybe covered as much as we can. I blame Sarah for that because she's become far too successful. She used to go to the women's games and she used to film stuff herself and now listen it's absolutely fantastic. She works for them and she does things for the men's games as well so it's been difficult falling but I do try and keep my arm because it's Everton. They're Everton as far as I'm concerned. It's been great to watch the growth and I think in the summer obviously England played all the games were on the BBC. The tournament was really exciting. I've actually watched the tournaments. I think it was the World Cup in France a couple of years before and I thought it was a fantastic tournament because one thing about the women's game is maybe where it lacks obviously the tempo of the men's games. I love the physicality side of it. I love how two girls can just smash into each other and then both of them get up and get on with it. It's not a problem for them. And they don't backchat their referee and everything just seems to be on a really good level so that was on the TV a lot and obviously we see all the final and the numbers were being so what do you think that will do for the women's game as a whole going forward and attracting new people to watch Everton and the WSL? It's going to be massive. I was in the away end and field for the Derby and that was sold out. It was I think the noisiest atmosphere I've been in for the women's game. It was so good and then last week with the first home game obviously was postponed and we went last week and that was sold out for the first time ever. And there was people stood around the pitch because you can get up close and it's not like you sat so far away from the players and there was so much noise. They all come over at the end of the players and clap to everyone and took pictures. It was like a really good atmosphere. I like that side of it because I am of a generation where when I was a kid we'd go to Gooderson to watch Everton Reserves and we'd see a real mix of younger players and some of the players we weren't getting into the first team. Football was very different then. You only had a couple of subs and if you were in on the bench or even where on the bench you'd play in the reserves with the younger players and a lot of kids used to go and you'd get to see these players really, really up close and obviously football was different then anyway. But it really got a sense of more of a close set of fans. People would only go and see the reserves and not even go and see the full. It was such a different time and that's the kind of vibe I get out of the women's game and as you said the first game was postponed. We went to West Ham got beat 1-0 and which was unfortunate. I don't think we quite had all our players in by then, some of the new signers. Then you've just said, you've just said there, went to Anfield for the Mayside Derby. Liverpool had got off to a great start. They'd beaten Chelsea 2-1 on me in the first game this season, who obviously the champions. But that game in Anfield, I mean I know Evan had played there a couple of years before and I think had won that game as well when Liverpool were relegated. But that game, I was a little bit nervous about this game fully enough. I was there because I was thinking Evan have lost the first game, these are back. Liverpool are like men's women, they're very cocky. To see that the away end sold out was fantastic, to see some people I know who do follow the women's game being there and getting the opportunity. But to see such a dominant performance, that was absolutely fantastic wasn't it? Oh it was great and there was such a stigma around it now, obviously Liverpool, they've only just come up, they haven't won anything, they've obviously won the championship but they haven't won anything in our league and Sky Sports have won the league every single season and it was all about, obviously I know it was at Anfield and they've got to hype it up about being at Anfield. But we've won it, we've won it, the Derby quite a few times a lot more than obviously what is portrayed in the media. But yeah, I feel like just because... Well we got the win and it was a big win and it could have been more and obviously it was just a really perfect night wasn't it? I think you're right because the women's game as well as the men's game, it probably feels like it needs teams like Liverpool and what they bring. But they downplayed Evan a lot that night and I think for Evan to get the win showed, I think it showed a lot of people what Evan are capable.  I had to hear people saying, why isn't this game called a some park? But I think it was good that it was actually out, won't no park and you couldn't get it to hit. And all those people have been there and I feel got to go and share that opportunity. And Evan obviously got a 1-0 late win which obviously must have been fantastic as well. Yeah, that was great, obviously it come off Leicester's keeper but we're not going to worry about that one. But yeah, no, I think we were really strong in that game. We're really really strong in defence and going forward we are very good but we're lacking in quality in the finishing. So I feel like we need to improve that. Obviously we brought players in this summer, lots of new players like we brought in a Dutch international forward, catch his noise, I'm not sure if I'm pronouncing that right so I'm sorry about that. But she looks like she could be really really good for us and obviously Gio, who we brought in on loan, the resilient, she's phenomenal. Jess Park, she's just been called up for England actually for the first time. There is an international break at the moment as well so obviously we're not going to get to see Evan play for the next week or so because there isn't anything to have people. Jess Park have scored in the Derby fantastic goal at the Cop End and she took it so well as well. I pray for that moment to happen in the Premier League, I pray for it. One day to see Evan forward, run through and do that. But obviously she is on loan and you imagine she will go back to Man City but Evan have just got to enjoy the year they've got with her because she looks at such a talent. Last season was so terrible and there was stuff on the pitch, there was stuff off the pitch, they went through I think three managers. I mean we interviewed Willie Cake and he got sacked the following week so I don't know if Bas was the case, I don't know. But it was such a traumatic and we know the sponsorships and all kinds, plays I've had to leave, some really good plays as well I've had to leave. But they've brought a new manager in, he seems to be getting his own set of plays in now and I said it's been a really good start and Evan can be a good side in this because what I would say is that Evan have been around for a long time. Ever since they used to be Lisa, I think all those many years ago, they are part of the establishment of the women's game and having their own ground and those kind of things and they can be a real force. And although they seem a little bit behind Chelsea, Arsenal, Manchester United seem to be doing well and Manchester City have had a bit of a poor start. But there's definitely room to grow and I think if we can all get behind it a little bit it could be a really good season. Yeah, it really can. Obviously we've won these last two games so we're on a winning streak now, I'm having that. But yeah, obviously not last season but the season before we got to the FA Cup final but we lost, fortunately. But yeah, we could be like that again. We've got the quality of the plays we have now, could really help us. Ok, we've mentioned Jess. Is there anyone else you would say would be someone to look out for, someone maybe we're not talking about or is there someone just so good that you should be talking about? Gabby George. Ok, she's been around for a while now. She has been around for a while but obviously she was last year's. Jessie Lingard's cousin. I hope she doesn't do the dancing like he does but she had a bad knee injury a couple of seasons ago. She was very close I think at the time being around for England. So do you think she'll be someone who will stick around at Everton and become a long-time player? Well they've now got a group of captains obviously with Danielle Turner leaving for Aston Villa and she's one of them and I think she could be such a good leader for Everton. She's so strong in defence, she can attack obviously going forward really well and I just think she's a quality player and she should be really key for us this season. Brilliant. And obviously another player I think who scored at Anfield is well the third goal, Beneson. She obviously had a bit of, it was weird in the Euros because I think when we signed her she was touted as being like a really big talent but I don't think she got as much game time in the Euros. She was brought on quite a lot this season. I find that a little bit strange but she started the season well. She scored the third goal at Anfield and she's been given the number 10 chance as well. She's like the Anthony Gordon kind of player but she could have a big season well because I think there was a few people who were ahead of her or seemed like it. Last season and now maybe they've left and obviously we know Toni Duggan's pregnant so she can't play this season. For me I think she could be someone who has a really big season. Yeah, she really could. She's obviously scored the Derby which was incredible to get the third goal and I think she was credited for the goal. Oh it was a goal, did I take that off her? No, we're going to give her that one. No, she was really good last season obviously but that was her first season with us and I'm really hoping that she's going to come on a lot more this season and help us especially in the attack. Yeah definitely, I think this could be a big season for her and with the manager that's in that we'll look after. It's just interesting to me, two out of three wins, one last two and there was so much tain over in the summer. A lot of you mentioned there people like Dan Tain left Poppy Patterson went to Brighton. There seemed to be a lot of upheaval, a lot of people left the club but the people who've come in seemed to have settled in really. If Sandy McAven as well, the goalkeeper, she left to go to Manchester City didn't she? So there seems to have been a lot of tain over of players but they seem to have settled down really quickly. Yeah, they really have. We brought in the twins, the home guard sisters and Karen home guard, she stayed with us but Sara's gone out on loan. But Karen, she'd made her debut against Leicester and she was incredible and I can't wait to see more because I think she's going to do so well for our team. So who were Evan and up against next? We're up against Chelsea next. Oh thanks, thanks for that. Got it, but we're up against Chelsea at home at Waterloo Park on the 16th of October. So if you want to take it to that you're probably going to have to be pretty quick because the way the last one sold out you're probably going to have to be pretty quick. So you'll be there won't you? Yeah. You'll be there and you'll come back and tell us all about that afterwards won't you? Brilliant, there you go. Fantastic debut from Kiera there, tell us all about Everton, women's side so don't forget to play in Chelsea next. It's a big game. Get down to Waterloo Park and support them as they look for their third win in a row and we keep this positive start going for the men and the women this season. So if you've enjoyed watching the women's game over the summer or the start of the season make sure you get down and check it out and support the Everton women's team. One other thing I noticed as well by the way in the club shop they've started doing the women's games. Yeah they've just started doing it yeah. Brilliant stuff, there you go. Big thank you to Kiera for coming in. We've seen a lot more of issues absolutely fantastic. Thank you. There you go, thanks for watching. Make sure you give this video a like, subscribe if you haven't already and if you want more great videos join us over on Toffy TV Premier. The link is in the description and it will be on the screen in a moment. See you later.


And let's lead into a definition of behavioral assessment because Brad is now wondering why the hell I'm talking about depression. So he would assess why it is I was bringing up that topic in this particular setting and he was really giving me a funny look as I was doing that because he thought I was being serious. He was prompting me about a George Carlin bed and that got me to think about depression and how you could treat it with depression and that got me thinking about behavioral assessment, how you might want to observe what I'm doing and what is what I'm getting out of what I'm doing, right? What does my behavior get me? What reinforcers are there? What environmental stimuli prompt me to engage in behaviors? Are you catched on what I'm saying here? These are the things you try to find out with behavioral assessment. What's going on with it? Under what conditions does the behavior happen? How often does it happen? What are the consequences for that behavior? What are the antecedents for that behavior? And then you start to target your interventions based on that behavioral assessment. That's it. I can't give you any more. I could, but it just gets too deep. It just gets sad.


8. Progress in relations to standard of life. 9. Speaking broadly then, it may be said that trade unions have benefited the nation as well as themselves by such uses of the common rule as make for a true standardisation of work and wages, especially when combined with a frank endeavour to make the resources of the country go as far as they will, and thus to promote the growth of the national dividend. Any rise of wages or improvement in the conditions of life and employment which they may obtain by these reasonable methods is likely to make for social well-being. It is not likely to worry and dishearten business enterprise nor to throw out of their stride those whose efforts are making most for the national leadership, nor will it drive capital abroad to any great extent. The case is different with applications of the common rule which make for a false standardisation, which tend to force employers to put relatively inefficient workers in the same class for payment as more efficient workers, or which prevent anyone from doing work for which he is capable on the ground that it does not technically belong to him. These uses of the rule are prima facie anti-social. There may indeed be stronger reasons for such action than appear on the surface, but their importance is apt to be exaggerated by the professional zeal of trade union officials for the technical perfection of the organisation for which they are responsible. The reasons are therefore of a kind for which external criticism may be serviceable in spite of its aloofness. We may begin with a strong case on which there is now relatively little difference of opinion. In the days when trade unions had not learnt full self-respect, forms of false standardisation were common. Obstacles were put in the way of the use of improved methods and machinery, and attempts were made to fix the standard wage for a task at the equivalent of the labour required to perform it by methods long antiquated. This again tended to sustain wages in the particular branch of industry concerned, but only by so great a check to production, that the policy, if generally successful, would have greatly curtailed the national dividend and lessened employment at good wages in the country generally. The service which the leading trade unionists rendered to the country by condemning this anti-social conduct are never to be forgotten. And though some partial relapse from its high principles on the part of an enlightened union led up to the great dispute of 1897 in the engineering trade, the error was quickly purged of at least its worst features. A useful history of the opposition to machinery is given in Industrial Democracy, Part 2, Chapter 8. It is combined with the advice not generally to resist the introduction of machinery, but not to accept lower wages for working on the old methods in order to meet its competition. This is good advice for young men, but it cannot always be followed by men who have reached their prime, and if the administrative power of governments should increase faster than the new tasks which they appropriate from private enterprise, they may do excellent service by grappling with those social discords that arise when the skill of middle-aged and elderly men is rendered almost valueless by improved methods. End of footnote. Again, false standardization is involved in a practice still followed by many unions of refusing to allow an elderly man who can no longer do a full standard day's work to take something less than standard wages. This practice slightly restricts the supply of labour in the trade and appears to benefit those who enforce it. But it cannot permanently restrict numbers. It often involves a heavy burden on the benefit funds of the union, and it is generally short-sighted even from a purely selfish point of view. It lowers the national dividend considerably. It condemns elderly men to take their choice between oppressive idleness and a weary struggle to work harder than is good for them. It is harsh and antisocial. To pass to a more doubtful case, some delimitation of the functions of each industrial group is essential to the working of the common rule, and it is certainly in the interests of industrial progress that every urban artisan should seek to attain high proficiency in some branch of work. But a good principle is apt to be pushed to evil excess, when a man is not allowed to do a certain part of the work on which he is engaged, though it is quite easy to him on the pretext that it belongs technically to another department. Such prohibitions are of relatively little injury in establishments that make large numbers of similar goods. For in these it is possible so to arrange the work that there is fairly uniform employment for an integral number of operatives of each of many different classes. An integral number, i.e. one with no ragged fringe of workers who earn part of their living elsewhere. But such prohibitions press hardly on small employers, and especially on those who are on the lower rungs of a ladder that may lead in two generations, if not in one, to great achievements that make for national leadership. Even in large establishments they increase the chance that a man, for whom it is difficult to find work at the time, will be sent to seek employment elsewhere, and thus swell for the time the ranks of the unemployed. Delimitation then, though a social good when applied moderately and with judgment, becomes an evil when pushed to extremes for the sake of the minor tactical advantages which it offers. It may be noted that the great amalgamated society of engineers to which reference has just been made led the way to concerted action between kindred branches of industry that softens the hard outlines of delimitation. End of Footnote Section 10 Next we may pass to a still subtler and more difficult matter. It is a case in which the common rule appears to work badly, not because it is applied harshly, but because the work to which it is set requires it to be more perfect technically than it is, or perhaps can be made. The centre of this matter is that the standards of wages are expressed in terms of money, and since the real value of money changes from one decade to another and fluctuates rapidly from year to year, rigid money standards cannot work out truly. It is difficult, if not impossible, to give them appropriate elasticity, and that is a reason against extreme applications of the common rule which must, per force, use so rigid and imperfect an implement. The urgency of this consideration is increased by the natural tendency of trade unions to press for a rise in standard money wages during inflations of credit, which raise prices and lower the purchasing power of money for the time. At that time employers may be willing to pay high wages, measured in real purchasing power, and still higher wages in terms of money, even for labour that falls somewhat short of the standard of full normal efficiency. Thus men of but second rate efficiency earn the high standard money wages and make good their claim to be admitted as members of the union. But very soon the inflation of credit subsides, and is followed by a depression, prices fall, and the purchasing power of money rises, the real value of labour falls, and its money value falls faster. The high standard of money wages attained during the inflation is now too high to leave a good margin of profits even on the work of fully efficient men, and those who are below the standard of efficiency are not worth the standard wages. This false standardisation is not an unmixed evil to the efficient members of the trade, for it tends to make their labour more in demand, just as does the compulsory idleness of elderly men. But it does so only by checking production, and therefore checking the demand for the labour of other branches of industry. The more such a policy is persisted in by trade unions generally, the deeper and more sustained is the injury caused to the national dividend, and the less is the aggregate of employment at good wages throughout the country. In the long run every branch of industry would prosper better if each exerted itself more strenuously to set up several standards of efficiency for labour, with corresponding standards for wages, and were more quick to consent to some relaxation of a high standard of money wages when the crest of a wave of high prices to which it was adapted had passed away. Such adjustments are full of difficulty, but progress towards them might be hastened if there were a more general and clear appreciation of the fact that high wages gained by means that hinder production in any branch of industry necessarily increase unemployment in other branches. For indeed, the only effective remedy for unemployment is a continuous adjustment of means to ends in such way that credit can be based on the solid foundation of fairly accurate forecasts, and that reckless inflations of credit, the chief cause of all economic malaise, may be kept within narrower limits. This matter cannot be argued here, but a few words may be said in further explanation. Mill well observed that, what constitutes the means of payment for commodities is simply commodities. Each person's means of paying for the production of other people consist of those which he himself possesses. All sellers are inevitably, and by the meaning of the word, buyers. Could we suddenly double the productive powers of the country, we should double the supply of commodities in every market, but we should, by the same stroke, double the purchasing power. Everybody would bring a double demand as well as supply. Everybody would be able to buy twice as much, because everyone would have twice as much to offer in exchange. Though men have the power to purchase, they may not choose to use it. For when confidence has been shaken by failures, capital cannot be got to start new companies or extend old ones. Projects for new railways meet with no favour. Ships lie idle, and there are no orders for new ships. There is scarcely any demand for the work of navies, and not much for the work of the building and the engine-making trades. In short, there is but little occupation in any of the trades which make fixed capital. Those whose skill and capital is specialised in these trades are earning little, and therefore buying little of the produce of other trades. Other trades, finding a poor market for their goods, produce less. They earn less, and therefore they buy less. The diminution of the demand for their wares makes them demand less of other trades. Thus commercial disorganisation spreads. The disorganisation of one trade throws others out of gear, and they react on it and increase its disorganisation. The chief cause of the evil is a want of confidence. The greater part of it could be removed almost in an instant if confidence could return, touch all industries with her magic wand, and make them continue their production and their demand for the wares of others. If all trades which make goods for direct consumption agreed to work on, and to buy each other's goods as in ordinary times, they would supply one another with the means of earning a moderate rate of profits and of wages. The trades which make fixed capital might have to wait a little longer, but they too would get employment when confidence had revived so far that those who had capital to invest had made up their minds how to invest it. Confidence by growing would cause itself to grow. Credit would give increased means of purchase, and thus prices would recover. Those in trade already would make good profits, new companies would be started, old businesses would be extended, and soon there would be a good demand even for the work of those who make fixed capital. There is of course no formal agreement between the different trades to begin again to work full time, and so make a market for each other's wares. But the revival of industry comes about through the gradual and often simultaneous growth of confidence among many various trades. It begins as soon as traders think that prices will not continue to fall, and with a revival of industry prices rise. Footnote The quotation from Mill and the two paragraphs which follow it are reproduced from the economics of industry, published by my wife and myself in 1879. They indicate the attitude which most of those who follow in the traditions of the classical economists hold as to the relations between consumption and production. It is true that in times of depression the disorganization of consumption is a contributory cause to the continuance of the disorganization of credit and of production. But a remedy is not to be got by a study of consumption as has been alleged by some hasty writers. No doubt there is good work to be done by a study of the influence of arbitrary changes in fashion on employment. But the main study needed is that of the organization of production and of credit. And those economists have not yet succeeded in bringing that study to a successful issue. The cause of their failure lies in the profound obscurity and ever-changing form of the problem. It does not lie in any indifference on their part to its supreme importance. Economics from beginning to end is a study of the mutual adjustments of consumption and production. When the one is under discussion the other is never out of mind. End of footnote section 11 The main drift of this study of distribution then suggests that the social and economic forces already at work are changing the distribution of wealth for the better, that they are persistent and increasing in strength, and that their influence is for the greater part cumulative, that the socio-economic organism is more delicate and complex than at first sight appears, and that large, ill-considered changes might result in grave disaster. In particular it suggests that the assumption and ownership by government of all the means of production, even if brought about gradually and slowly, as the more responsible collectivists propose, might cut deeper into the roots of social prosperity than appears at first sight. Starting from the fact that the growth of the national dividend depends on the continued progress of invention and the accumulation of expensive appliances for production, we are bound to reflect that up to the present time nearly all of the innumerable inventions that have given us our command over nature have been made by independent workers, and that the contributions from government officials all the world over have been relatively small. Further nearly all the costly appliances for production, which are now in collective ownership by national or local governments, have been bought with resources borrowed mainly from the savings of businessmen and other private individuals. Oligarchic governments have sometimes made great efforts to accumulate collective wealth, and it may be hoped that in the coming time foresight and patience will become the common property of the main body of the working classes. But as things are, too great a risk would be involved by entrusting to a pure democracy the accumulation of the resources needed for acquiring yet further command over nature. There is therefore strong prima facie cause for fearing that the collective ownership of the means of production would deaden the energies of mankind, and arrest economic progress. Unless, before its introduction, the whole people had acquired a power of unselfish devotion to the public good, which is now relatively rare. And though this matter cannot be entered upon here, it might probably destroy much that is most beautiful and joyful in the private and domestic relations of life. These are the main reasons which cause patient students of economics generally to anticipate little good and much evil from schemes for sudden and violent reorganization of the economic, social and political conditions of life. Further, we are bound to reflect that the distribution of the national dividend, though bad, is not nearly as bad as is commonly supposed. In fact, there are many artisan households in England, and even more in the United States in spite of the colossal fortunes that are found there, which would lose by an equal distribution of the national income. Therefore, the fortunes of the masses of the people, though they would of course be greatly improved for the time by the removal of all inequalities, would not be raised even temporarily at all near to the level which is assigned to them in socialistic anticipation of a golden age. Footnote. Some years ago the annual income of some 49 million people in the United Kingdom appeared to amount to more than £2 billion. Many leading artisans were earning about £200 a year, and there were a vast number of artisan households in which each of four or five members were earning an income ranging from 18 shillings to 40 shillings a week. The expenditure of these households was on as large, if not a larger scale, then would be possible if the total income were divided out equally, so as to yield about £40 annually ahead. No recent statistics are accessible on the matter, but it seems certain that the incomes of the working classes generally are increasing at least as fast as those of other classes. Several of the suggestions made in the present chapter are further developed in an article on the social possibilities of economic chivalry in the Economic Journal for March 1907. End of footnote. But this cautious attitude does not imply acquiescence in the present inequalities of wealth. The drift of economic science during many generations has been with increasing force towards the belief that there is no real necessity, and therefore no moral justification, for extreme poverty side by side with great wealth. The inequalities of wealth, though less than they are often represented to be, are a serious flaw in our economic organization. Any diminution of them, which can be attained by means that would not sap the springs of free initiative and strength of character, and would not therefore materially check the growth of the national dividend, would seem to be a clear social gain. Though arithmetic warns us that it is impossible to raise all earnings beyond the level already reached by specially well-to-do artisan families, it is certainly desirable that those who are below that level should be raised, even at the expense of lowering in some degree those who are above it. Section 12. Prompt action is needed in regard to the large, though it may be hoped now steadily diminishing residuum of persons who are physically, mentally or morally incapable of doing a good day's work with which to earn a good day's wage. This class perhaps includes some others besides those who are absolutely unemployable, but it is a class that needs exceptional treatment. The system of economic freedom is probably the best from both a moral and material point of view for those who are in fairly good health of mind and body. But the residuum cannot turn it to good account, and if they are allowed to bring up children in their own pattern, then Anglo-Saxon freedom must work badly through them on the coming generation. It would be better for them and much better for the nation that they should come under a paternal discipline, something like that which prevails in Germany. Footnote. A beginning might be made with a broader, more educative and more generous administration of public aid to the helpless. The difficulty of discrimination would need to be faced, and in facing it local and central authorities would obtain much of the information needed for guiding and in extreme cases for controlling those who are weak, and especially those whose weakness is a source of grave danger to the coming generation. Elderly people might be helped with a chief regard to economy and to their personal inclinations. But the case of those who are responsible for young children would call for a greater expenditure of public funds, and a more strict subordination of personal freedom to public necessity. The most urgent among the first steps towards causing the residuum to cease from the land is to insist on regular school attendance in decent clothing and with bodies clean and fairly well fed. In case of failure the parents should be warned and advised. As a last resource the homes might be closed or regulated with some limitation of the freedom of the parents. The expense would be great, but there is no other so urgent need for bold expenditure. It would remove the great canker that infects the whole body of the nation, and when the work was done the resources that had been absorbed by it would be free for some more pleasant but less pressing social duty. End of footnote. The evil to be dealt with is so urgent that strong measures against it are eagerly to be desired, and the proposal that a minimum wage should be fixed by authority of government below which no man may work and another below which no woman may work has claimed the attention of students for a long while. If it could be made effective its benefits would be so great that it might be gladly accepted in spite of the fear that it would lead to malingering and some other abuses, and that it would be used as a leverage for pressing for a rigid artificial standard of wages, in cases in which there was no exceptional justification for it. But though great improvements in the details of the scheme have been made recently, and especially in the last two or three years, its central difficulties do not appear to have been fairly faced. There is scarcely any experience to guide us except that of Australasia, where every inhabitant is part owner of a vast landed property, and which has been recently peopled by men and women in full strength and health. And such experience is of but little use in regard to a people whose vitality has been impaired by the old poor law, and the old corn-laws, and by the misuses of the factory system, when its dangers were not yet understood. A scheme that has any claim to be ready for practical adoption must be based on statistical estimates of the numbers of those who under it would be forced to seek the aid of the state, because their work was not worth the minimum wage, with special reference to the question of how many of these might have supported life fairly well if it had been possible to work with nature, and to adjust in many cases the minimum wage to the family instead of to the individual. Footnote. This last consideration seems to have been pushed on one side largely under the influence of a faulty analysis of the nature of parasitic work and of its influence on wages. The family is, in the main, a single unit as regards geographical migration, and therefore the wages of men are relatively high, and those of women and children low, where heavy iron or other industries preponderate, while in some other districts less than half the money income of the family is earned by the father, and men's wages are relatively low. This natural adjustment is socially beneficial, and rigid national rules as to minimum wages for men and for women which ignore or oppose it are to be deprecated. End of footnote. Section 13. Turning then to those workers who have fairly good moral and physical stamina, it may be estimated roughly that those who are capable only of rather unskilled work constitute about a fourth of the population, and those who, though fit for the lower kinds of skilled work, are neither fit for highly skilled work nor able to act wisely and promptly in responsible positions, constitute about another fourth. If similar estimates had been made in England a century ago, the proportions would have been very different. More than a half would have been found unfit for any skilled labor at all beyond the ordinary routine of agriculture, and perhaps less than a sixth part would have been fit for highly skilled or responsible work. For the education of the people was not then recognized as a national duty and a national economy. If this had been the only change, the urgent demand for unskilled labor would have compelled employers to pay for it nearly the same wage as for skilled. The wages for skilled labor would have fallen a little, and those for unskilled would have risen, until the two had nearly met. Even as it is, something like this has happened. The wages of unskilled labor have risen faster than those of any other class, faster even than those of skilled labor. And this movement towards the equalization of earnings would have gone much faster had not the work of purely unskilled labor been meanwhile annexed by automatic and other machinery faster even than that of skilled labor, so that there is less wholly unskilled work to be done now than formally. It is true that some kinds of work, which traditionally belong to skilled artisans, require now less skill than formally. But on the other hand the so-called unskilled laborer has now often to handle appliances too subtle and expensive to have been safely entrusted to the ordinary English laborer a century ago, or to any people at all in some backward countries now. Thus mechanical progress is a chief cause of the great differences that still exist between the earnings of different kinds of labor, and this may seem at first a severe indictment, but it is not. If mechanical progress had been much slower the real wages of unskilled labor would have been lower than they are now, not higher. For the growth of the national dividend would have been so much checked that even the skilled workers would generally have had to content themselves with less real purchasing power for an hour's work than the sixpence of the London bricklayer's laborer. And the unskilled laborer's wages would of course have been lower still. It has been assumed that the happiness of life in so far as it depends on material conditions may be said to begin when the income is sufficient to yield the barest necessities of life, and that after that has been attained an increase by a given percentage of the income will increase that happiness by about the same amount whatever the income be. This rough hypothesis leads to the conclusion that an increase by say a quarter of the wages of the poorer class of bona fide workers adds more to the sum total of happiness than an increase by a quarter of the incomes of an equal number of any other class. And that seems reasonable for it arrests positive suffering and active causes of degradation and it opens the way to hope as no other proportionate increase of incomes does. From this point of view it may be urged that the poorer classes have derived a greater real benefit from economic progress on its mechanical and other sides than is suggested by the statistics of their wages but all the more is it the duty of society to endeavour to carry yet further an increase of well-being which is to be obtained at so low a cost. We have then to strive to keep mechanical progress in full swing and to diminish the supply of labor incapable of any but unskilled work in order that the average income of the country may rise faster even than in the past and the share of it got by each unskilled laborer may rise faster still. To that end we need to move in the same direction as in recent years but more strenuously education must be made more thorough the schoolmaster must learn that his main duty is not to impart knowledge for a few shillings will buy more printed knowledge than a man's brain can hold it is to educate character faculties and activities so that children even of those parents who are not thoughtful themselves may have a better chance of being trained up to become thoughtful parents of the next generation to this end public money must flow freely and it must flow freely to provide fresh air and space for wholesome play for the children in all working-class quarters. Footnote it is urged below that the health of the working classes and especially of their children has a first claim on rates levied on that special value of urban land which is caused by the concentration of population end of footnote thus the state seems to be required to contribute generously and even lavishly to that side of the well-being of the poorer working class which they cannot easily provide for themselves and at the same time to insist that the inside of the houses be kept clean and fit for those who will be needed in after years to act as strong and responsible citizens the compulsory standard of cubic feet of air per head needs to be raised steadily though not violently and this combined with a regulation that no row of high buildings be erected without adequate free space in front and behind will hasten the movement already in progress of the working classes from the central districts of large towns to places in which freer playroom is possible meanwhile public aid and control in medical sanitary matters will work in another direction to lessen the weight that has hitherto pressed on the children of the poorer classes the children of unskilled workers need to be made capable of earning the wages of skilled work and the children of skilled workers need by similar means to be made capable of doing still more responsible work they will not gain much they are indeed more likely to lose by pushing themselves into the ranks of the lower middle class for as has already been observed the mere power of writing and keeping accounts belongs really to a lower grade than skilled manual work and has ranked above it in past times merely because proper education had been neglected there is often a social loss as well as a social gain when the children of any grade press into the grade above them but the existence of our present lowest class is an almost unmixed evil nothing should be done to promote the increase of its numbers and children once born into it should be helped to rise out of it there is plenty of room in the upper ranks of the artisans and there is abundant room for newcomers in the upper ranks of the middle class it is to the activity and resource of the leading minds in this class that most of those inventions and improvements are due which enable the working man of today to have comforts and luxuries that were rare or unknown among the richest of a few generations ago and without which indeed England could not supply her present population with a sufficiency even of common food and it is a vast and holy unmixed gain when the children of any class press within the relatively small charmed circle of those who create new ideas and who embody those new ideas in solid constructions their profits are sometimes large but taking one with another they have probably earned for the world a hundred times or more as much as they have earned for themselves it is true that many of the largest fortunes are to be made by speculation rather than by truly constructive work and much of this speculation is associated with antisocial strategy and even with evil manipulation of the sources from which ordinary investors derive their guidance a remedy is not easy and may never be perfect hasty attempts to control speculation by simple enactments have invariably proved either futile or mischievous but this is one of those matters in which the rapidly increasing force of economic studies may be expected to render a great service to the world in the course of this century in many other ways evil may be lessened by a wider understanding of the social possibilities of economic chivalry a devotion to public well-being on the part of the rich may do much as enlightenment spreads to help the tax-gatherer in turning the resources of the rich to high account in the service of the poor and may remove the worst evils of poverty from the land section 14 the inequalities of wealth and especially the very low earnings of the poorest classes have just been discussed with reference to their effects in dwarfing activities as well as incur tailing the satisfaction of wants but here as everywhere the economist is brought up against the fact that the power of rightly using such income and opportunities as a family has is in itself wealth of the highest order and of a kind that is rare in all classes perhaps one hundred million pounds annually are spent even by the working classes and four hundred million pounds by the rest of the population of england in ways that do little or nothing towards making life nobler or truly happier and though it is true that a shortening of the hours of labor would in many cases lessen the national dividend and lower wages yet it would probably be well that most people should work rather less provided that the consequent loss of material income could be met exclusively by the abandonment by all classes of the least worthy methods of consumption and that they could learn to spend leisure well but unfortunately human nature improves slowly and in nothing more slowly than in the hard task of learning to use leisure well in every age in every nation and in every rank of society those who have known how to work well have been far more numerous than those who have known how to use leisure well but on the other hand it is only through freedom to use leisure as they will that people can learn to use leisure well and no class of manual workers who are devoid of leisure can have much self-respect and become full citizens sometime free from the fatigue of work that tires without educating is a necessary condition of a high standard of life in this as in all similar cases it is the young whose faculties and activities are of the highest importance both to the moralist and the economist the most imperative duty of this generation is to provide for the young such opportunities as will both develop their higher nature and make them efficient producers and an essential condition to this end is long continued freedom from mechanical toil together with abundant leisure for school and for such kinds of play as strengthen and develop the character even if we took account only of the injury done to the young by living in a home in which the father and the mother lead joyless lives it would be in the interest of society to afford some relief to them also able workers and good citizens are not likely to come from homes from which the mother is absent during a great part of the day nor from homes to which the father seldom returns till his children are asleep and therefore society as a whole has a direct interest in the curtailment of extravagantly long hours of duty away from home even for mineral train guards and others whose work is not in itself very hard section 15 in discussing the difficulty of adjusting the supply of industrial skill of various kinds to the demand for it attention was called to the fact that the adjustment could not be nearly accurate because the methods of industry change rapidly and the skill of a worker needs to be used for some 40 or even 50 years after he has set himself to acquire it the difficulties which we have just discussed turn largely on the long life of inherited habits and tones of thought and feeling if the organization of our joint stock companies of our railways or our canals is bad we can set it right in a decade or two but those elements of human nature which have been developed during centuries of war and violence and of sordid and gross pleasures cannot be greatly changed in the course of a single generation now as always noble and eager schemers for the reorganization of society have painted beautiful pictures of life as it might be under institutions which their imagination constructs easily but it is an irresponsible imagination in that it proceeds on the suppressed assumption that human nature will under the new institutions quickly undergo changes such as cannot reasonably be expected in the course of a century even under favorable conditions if human nature could be thus ideally transformed economic chivalry would dominate life even under the existing institutions of private property and private property the necessity for which doubtless reaches no deeper than the qualities of human nature would become harmless at the same time that it becomes unnecessary there is then no need to guard against the temptation to overstate the economic evils of our own age and to ignore the existence of similar and worse evils in earlier ages even though some exaggeration may for the time stimulate others as well as ourselves to a more intense resolve that the present evils shall no longer be allowed to exist but it is not less wrong and generally it is much more foolish to polter with truth for a good than for a selfish cause and the pessimist descriptions of our own age combined with romantic exaggerations of the happiness of past ages must tend to the setting aside of methods of progress the work of which if slow is yet solid and to the hasty adoption of others of greater promise but which resemble the potent medicines of a charlatan and while quickly affecting a little good so the seeds of widespread and lasting decay this impatient insincerity is an evil only less great than that moral torpor which can endure that we with our modern resources and knowledge should look on contentedly at the continued destruction of all that is worth having in multitudes of human lives and solace ourselves with reflection that anyhow the evils of our own age are less than those of the past and now we must conclude this part of our study we have reached very few practical conclusions because it is generally necessary to look at the whole of the economic to say nothing of the moral and other aspects of a practical problem before attempting to deal with it all and in real life nearly every economic issue depends more or less directly on some complex actions and reactions of credit of foreign trade and of modern developments of combination and monopoly but the ground which we have traversed in books five and six is in some respects the most difficult of the whole province of economics and it commands and gives access to the remainder end of chapter eight end of principles of economics book six by alfred marshall


Ever since I was a team, I've been studying successful people, like Mr. Nadoff. And when you study successful people, they weren't always the same person that they are later. True? Right? Everybody's got to start somewhere. We have so many people that come up and say, dude, I want to do videos, or I want to start to do social, or I want to start to have a brand, or I want to get leads, right? Like Perry's getting freaking 80 qualified appointments every week from his healthy insurance dude Facebook page, right? Because he's investing in branding marketing, and it didn't start out that way. But in two years later, hey, he is now, right? You can tell that nothing ever happens overnight. The same thing is that it's true in our business, by the way. 92% of insurance agents fail because they want overnight success. They think that maybe because I made 9 grand my first month and 117 grand my first year, that like everyone should. And I'm a natural born salesperson that grew up. You got to remember, I grew up in the insurance industry. You know, I had a father figure that was already successful, like just like Sam. So for me to walk in the insurance industry, I was expected to be successful quickly, or I was going to be, I mean, I was going to be embarrassed, right? Like my father came up to me. Most people don't notice. My father came up to me literally when I got my license and said, you will make $100,000 your first year. You're my son. You'll win chairman's counsel. You'll make the top trip to the five store resort in California. You'll make 100 grand. I promise you it'll happen. I was fortunate to have that type of father figure in my life that was already successful, that constantly gave me praise and compliments and shadow with encouragement, everything else. And it propelled me to be like, holy freak, I got to get my act together. Or I'm probably not going to make a hundred grand. And yeah, for those that, you know, I know several of you because you're 80%, at least, Sam, I know my story now. But for those that don't, you know, I was 20 years old in college, playing basketball, taking 21 credit hours a semester, practices, games, tournaments, full-time student athlete.  Like, I mean, there's a lot of people interested in history like that. And the only reason why I was successful, there's a few reasons that I'm going to walk through, and I'm going to share some stories. The main thing that I did is I set out and set a goal and said I will. It wasn't maybe it wasn't I'll try, or I can, or I can't. It was I will earn $100,000 my first year in the insurance business. I walked in my first day to a recruiting meeting, and the manager had all of us stand up. And he said, all right, now take a look around. So we start sizing each other up, you know, okay, I can, you know, I can take him.  Like, okay. He says now, everybody sit down. But you, right? And he didn't pick me, which as a red, obviously irritated me. I'm starting to learn all these colors there. I'm like, man, I love this. It explains so much now. And when he did that in that moment, I thought this dude doesn't know me. If there's going to be a one Marlin, I'm going to be the one Pete. And I wrote down in that moment, I will earn $100,000 my first year in the insurance business. A lot of people in the insurance industry say we're going to do something. A lot of agents have a Tennessee two procrastinate. If it's good enough to do tomorrow, it's good enough to do now. I don't put anything off, right?  And I used to lie to myself a lot. I didn't always do stuff when I said I would do it.  I mean, I remember in 2018 after throwing the first 8% nation conference, I'm talking about energy is everything and I didn't even work out.   Something had to flip as coach calls, something had to flip the switch in me to be like, dude, you've got to wake up and start to go after this thing and actually do the things that you're saying that other people should do, right? So I'm not there yet, but I am trying to be a better example for the entire industry on things that we should and should not do. I remember like this is freaking amazing to me right now because I remember growing up as a kid. My grandfather who passed away last year, he was a Baptist pastor for 40, 50 years. Most people don't know this. I grew up watching him get up and preach every Sunday, every Wednesday night. We'd have camp meetings, revivals, everything else, right? I'd watch videos as a teenager of Zig Ziglar and Brian Tracy and other speakers and I'd watch all these speakers and I would be like my dream one day. I remember saying this when I was, you know, 10 years old. My dream is one day to wake up and be a public speaker is to travel the world and speak and help people. You hear a lot from successful people about how they, nobody else believed it would happen, but they believed it themselves at some point earlier in the future that whatever later would become a reality, right? Nate writes all of his goals on blue cards and like the house thing like freaks me out because he said he was going to end up with a house like this and then he ends up buying the house that practically is a clone of the house that he wanted. Why because he planned to have that in the future ahead of time?  I remember when I started doing YouTube, my personal income dipped a little bit. I'd always made well over six figures of insurance and I remember telling my wife, this was back in probably 2015, remember telling my wife, I was meant for more than what I'm doing. I was meant for, I was meant for more than how we're living. I was meant to help more people than I'm helping right now. I was meant to do something like this and I wasn't and I don't know about you guys but that ate me up.  It's not a reality and it's driving me nuts but it doesn't happen overnight. So what did I do? What do you do in that moment when you're like dude, it's not a reality but it needs to be reality. I want to be reality but it's not a reality yet and I know it will be if I get back together. So here's a few things that I did over these last five years consistently that I'm going to keep doing because 8% yeah, it's cool and it's, you know, we're having a great experience and we're getting a lot of amazing speakers and we're trying to make it better. I am not pleased with the event. I'm not satisfied the day after 8% 2020. Maybe a little more than 8% 2019 because I was not at all. But two years ago, you know, I never even planned a birthday party. So, you know, I guess I give myself a little bit of a break, right? Yeah, yeah. But I haven't stepped up like I know I can and like I know I will in the future. I'm telling you 8% nation will, I'm proclaiming it now, will have 10,000 agents in attendance at some point in the future. I guarantee it.  Let's just keep it real, right? But you guys are gonna keep coming if it doesn't keep getting better and leveling up every single year. Nobody wants to go to the same event every single time. Nobody wants to go to an event when they keeps getting worse every year, right? This year, we leveled up a little. Next year, we're gonna level up a lot. I've already got some insane ideas that I'm not gonna share right now that you'll just have to see next year, okay? We're about to go to we're leaving in the morning for a week to go to Destin, Florida. And it's a tradition now that after a big event when you're freaking exhausted and everything else to take about a week off to think about the event that we just did to evaluate, to review, right? To continue to think about, okay, what was great? What sucked? What can we improve? What needs to be better? What creative, crazy ideas can we come up with a team so that it's better next time? And I do that in my business constantly, by the way, right? As an agent, I'm like, how the freak can I get better this week? How the freak can I get closer to my goal this month? How the freak can I get to 100 grand immediately, right? I actually truly believe and you know, I mean, shoot, Nate, Pete, we got a lot of people that could actually probably pull this off. I truly believe that if I wanted to go back out into the field and sell insurance every single day, that I could personally go out, I don't care, you know, field, zoom, phone, it doesn't matter, and write a million dollars of life insurance premium in one calendar year all on my own without a team. And why do I say that? Because in our office and on a wall it says what? Think big. A lot of us are thinking way too small. I'm still thinking too small. I'm still thinking way too small. And I'm gonna use this time over this next week to think a lot bigger, to hopefully go a lot farther. Step one of what I've done over the last five years. Number one, I made a decision to do something. I don't know what that decision is for you, but for me, it was I want to become a thought leader in the insurance space.  Okay? I want to leave a legacy on the insurance business like no one else has, but you can't do that if you're not constantly putting out content if you're not helping a lot of people and you're not throwing a massive event. You just can't. Right? So that was step one for me. I made a decision to do that. Right? Step two for me was determining what my goals were and what I wanted to see happen in the future. Step three for me was I knew that as this thing grew and I was consistent with content that I would need a team around me. That is incredible. Give it up for all of our staff and team one more time for another. And they're good, but we're not there yet. Guess what? Every piece of our organization can get better. They're phenomenal, but we need more phenomenal people. Right? We do. Step four for me was no matter what anyone else thinks, I'm not going to give up on my dreams.  Most people are afraid to shoot a video talking about what they do, which is going to help you somewhere insurance, by the way, because I've got friends that don't like insurance or I've got friends that make fun of me or I've got this, that and the other. I've got people around me that don't care for me. I got people around me that aren't supportive or I grew up in, you know what? My parents were supportive, right? Or I don't talk to my siblings or whatever. It doesn't matter. It doesn't matter. It's something, it's hard to get started, but Coach Bird always says step one is to show up. Step one is to show up. Once you actually get started, it's amazing. Along the way, initially, I cared what every YouTube comment thought. All seven of them. Okay? All of them. All right? I just did. You go back and look at my old videos. I mean, we're talking just almost dozens of people we're watching. Almost dozens. And I cared what everyone thought. And there was a point where I thought, do people not like this? Is nobody watching? Does nobody care? Am I not helping? Am I hurting? I thought, you know what? My father taught me taught me to be persistent. I told the story about how my first job I wanted to, I was puking in the yard. I didn't want to go to work.  I saw him show up every single day his entire life. He has never since I've been born 30. He has never missed a day of work in his life. 30 years. Never missed a day. What's step one? Show up. That's the hardest thing for some people. But it's the easiest thing to do, right? They was talking about it. Marshall Silver was talking about it. Wealth, success. Apparently it isn't difficult. It's just different. Showing up makes you a little different. You know, I know the blues don't want to be on time, but hey, that's part of showing up, you know? That's part of it. Showing up. To me in our office shows me that you want to go up. It shows me you want to grow. It shows me that you want to take yourself to the next level. I ask our team and salespeople to do stuff that they don't want to do. Crazy stuff. I had three of them come and run a half marathon with me. They're sitting on the front row right here, and none of the three of them had ran more than a couple miles in a decade. But guess what? They all three finished 13.1 miles. We also have about close to 20 salespeople in our office. Guess which three are sitting right there? The ones that force themselves to do something they didn't want to do, right? They're putting themselves out of their comfort zone. Nobody wants to run a half marathon. Not even people that love it. You know what I mean? They just don't. I don't think they do. I don't know why they would. They're investing in themselves. I didn't buy their ticket to this event. They're like, hey, we want to go to Nate's event. Then go pay Nate to come. Yeah, I'm not like, this isn't my job to invest in your person development self-improvement. Nate says constantly, people only value what they pay for. I'm done giving people stuff for free. Every person I've ever given free stuff for is gone. Every person I've ever given free stuff to has taken advantage of me. Who's seen that to be true? Then let's stop doing it. Nate taught me that by the way. Can associate with the yellows in a big way because I still care. Even though I'm a red, I'm aggressive and I'm freaking nuts. And I've probably got as high of a, you know, 63.5 as high of a red number on my chest. I still care about people succeeding. I still care about people winning. I still believe that I can turn the worst self-person in the world into successful because I'm gonna try to drag them to success. You can't drag everyone to success. You can't want it if you have sales organizations. You can't want it more than they do. Far too many people want it more than the people that they're trying to help. I mean the difference for me was I wanted it more than my sales manager wanted it for me. I just did. And I woke up and went out and went after it every single day. Cold calling, cold door knocking. I didn't know what a lead was. Like how cool is that where people are actually sending like signing with their signature, a card saying I would like more information about this. I'm like holy freak. I wrote like 250,000 a premium my first year. You know, I'm like how much would I have, how much would I have freaking made if I would have had those things walking around?   Like I would knock doors from Hi, my name's Cody. We've never met to thank you for your business. Welcome to the family. And I'm I am glad I started out cold calling the cold door knocking. It made me more resilient. It made me more persistent. I actually believe most new and she's not popular. We'll put it on YouTube later and I'll get, you know, 50 negative comments. That's cool. Go ahead. Okay. I actually believe that every new insurance agent should start the way that I did. No leads. War market. Cold calling. Let's scrub it. You know, so you don't get fined. Okay. Cold door knocking. Go out and knock 120 doors today and let's see how you do. Well, what do I say? Well, go figure it out. That's how I got started. I bet you'd either figure it out or fail, right? For me, failure was never an option. At some point, if failure is ever in the back of your mind at all, you'll get up and ring the bell. I'm not as in shape as those dudes, but I can swear to you, I would pass out before I rang that flipping bell. I can promise you. I'm doing an Ironman in Galveston, Texas in November 22nd. And if you're like, okay, what's that? Well, it's a half. So the Ironman is even crazier. So 1.3 miles swim in the ocean. It's a 56 mile bike ride. And it's a 13.1 mile half marathon run. Say why the freak would you want to do that? I don't know. So I can say I did it. So I can say I did it. I get bored. Very easy. We bought a new house. $695,000 home. My wife freaking loves it. We got a pool. She's happy. My dog's running around. I go to her and I'm like, babe, I got, I got, I need something to like motivate me, challenge me. She's like, dude, won't you chill out and stop and look around, man? I'm like, no, I need something like what's next, man? What's next? Who else is like that?  It's just, it's not, it's never enough in a good way. It ain't like, you know what I mean? It ain't like it's never enough in a bad way. It's just that I have, I haven't arrived and I hope I never do. I have not arrived and I hope I never do. And the moment you think you have, you're done. You're done. Let me leave with this 16 seconds and counting.  Let's say five things. Did I say it would give five? All right, you want a fifth one? Take action now. Okay, there you go. I made that one up, but it's a good one. Okay, it's a good one. All right. Thanks, babe. That's more like a green thing to do than a blue, but all right. You're supposed to just go along with this party, okay?  Yeah, that's true. That's, she keeps me in line well. I'm gonna leave you with this. There's going to come a point in the next 12 ones that something doesn't go our way. We're challenged in a way that we didn't see, right? We've all seen that this year. We feel like we're getting pulled underwater and we're about to drown. Can't do anything, right? Nothing's going our way. We think we're going to fail. We're not sure if we can make it. We came and afford leads, but we know we want to succeed. Eric Thomas says when you want to succeed as bad as you want to breathe, then you'll be successful.  Thank you. Hey, if you love this, you'll love how to do a presentation for interest agents. There's a couple pieces of this video that I've never talked about before. It's right here. Click on it. You'll love. Hey, almost every interest agent I know struggles with objections, specifically what to do and how to improve your closing abilities. I'm going to talk through several different things, okay? I always talk about


Ukrainian armed forces destroy Russian Ka-52 helicopter with crew near Avdiivka. The Ukrainian military destroyed a Russian Ka-52 alligator helicopter with its crew. It was landed from a manned portable air defense system on February 7th near Avdiivka-Donetsk region according to Brigadier General Oleksandr Tarnovsky, commander of the Tavria Operational and Strategic Group of Troops. On February 7th, in the operational area of Tavria, Operational and Strategic Group of Troops, soldiers of one of the mechanized units destroyed a Russian Ka-52 attack helicopter, he says. According to the general, the Russian alligator with its crew was hit by manned portable air defense systems in the Avdiivka direction. Since the beginning of Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine, the armed forces of Ukraine have destroyed 325 enemy helicopters. Russian troops are advancing on Avdiivka from several directions. Expert Vladislav Selesnov notes that about 40,000 Russians are concentrated in the area of Avdiivka and a few months ago, the same number was mentioned. This means that, despite the incredible losses, Russian reinforcements are coming. The enemy has a total advantage and is gradually advancing. Currently, the situation in Avdiivka is approaching critical. The Russians are trying to break through to the city's buildings and Ukrainian defenders are steadfastly repelling the assaults.