Fossil fuels have no future. Today, in oil, gas and coal reserves around the world, there is five times more burnable fuel than will ever be safe to burn. Yet, despite undeniable proof that they're fueling a climate crisis, the fossil fuel industry is plowing on with its mission to find more.  They have our political process in shackles with their lobbying power, their armbanding of politicians, and their spreading of false information. And they are enjoying billions in government subsidies every year. Fossil fuel companies only care about one thing, money, and their ability to keep making it. What can we do about this? And who can stand up against them and steer the world towards a safe future powered by clean, renewable energy? Well, you can. You, and me, and her, and them, and those guys, and that group over there, and their friends, and them. They might have power and money, but we have a different currency. It's us, our movement, and we can hit them where it hurts. Since 2012, thousands of respected institutions, local governments, and individuals have pledged to divest from fossil fuels. It's the fastest growing divestment movement in history. Divestment is deliberately moving your money away from companies you're not happy with. It's helped to stop some of history's worst offenders, including apartheid South Africa. Each act of divestment takes back power from the fossil fuel industry and helps create a mandate for our leaders to take real climate action. We'll be asking people and institutions everywhere to divest from this self-serving industry of the past. Clean, just, renewable energy technologies will ensure a safe future, and they're ready and waiting for our investment.


What's going on, everybody? Dato Dui here with another Dragon Ball Fighter tutorial video. This time covering the different ways that you should consider starting off your matches. Somebody recommended I cover this topic on my most recent stream. I'm sorry I can't recall your name right now, but thank you so much for the recommendation, as this is definitely something that players should learn. Because a good start allows you to set up for other mixups and other opportunities to get even more hits and put your opponent in the corner. The beginning of a match is also the perfect time to take a look at what your opponent's because usually what they do in the beginning can translate into habits they have that they'll carry on throughout the match. For example, if your opponent starts the match off with a raw Super Dash, you can kind of guess what kind of match this is going to be. Also I highly recommend against doing a Super Dash as an opener at any point because there are better ways to open up your opponent for more damage and better corner carry. And also the Super Dash leaves you incredibly vulnerable to just getting too aged. And having that happen is the opposite of a good start to a match. If you know you're going up against the kind of person that likes to click a lot of buttons randomly, then starting off the match with a simple heavy attack is pretty simple and sweet. After the heavy connects you can even follow with a Super Dash, which can lead to a pseudo hard knockdown, and then you can simply mix your opponent up and after that they should be in the corner. And if your opponent starts the match off with a heavy attack or they just started off by blocking low, you can always instant air dash in and hit them with an overhead attack. And that's really good because it sets up a full combo and that easily puts them in the corner and it also sets you up so that you can mix them up in the corner as well. If you do that correctly as well as throwing some assist, you're easily looking at taking away a 50% of the health from their point character. If you do choose to do this instant air dash in and attack, they can react with a down heavy, which is the opposite of what you want, as they'll pretty much get a full combo on you, and you'll be pretty close to being in the corner as well. That's okay though because instant air dashing doesn't mean you have to attack, you can just hold block in the air and if they choose to go for a down heavy, you should be able to punish them safely enough. Continuing with the theme of instant air dashing, you can also choose to instant air dash backwards. Of course this doesn't give you any pressure, but it does give you a chance to see what your opponent started the match off with, and maybe if they did something unsafe you can react appropriately with a key blast or something or an assist. But you'll mostly be doing this when you want to create some space between you and your opponent and get some data on how they like to start off the match, so that you may better react in future games.  Also if the opponent chooses to start the match by dashing at you, all you really do is put yourself closer to your corner and you don't really get to learn anything about your opponent. The last universal way to start a match off is kind of a combination of the last two things. You start by jumping backwards in order to get an idea on what your opponent is going to do, and if you think they're just going to stand there and block, then you can dash in with an overhead and start your pressure up. Of course if it hits you're looking at an easy 50% off their life and you should be putting them in the corner as well. This is probably my favorite universal way to start off a match, as it's a nice combination between being safe and being aggressive. Of course these are just the universal ways to start off a match. The characters you play probably have certain specials that might be good at starting off matches, but I don't really want to get into all that as looking at every character would make this video way longer than it has to be. Just experiment with different ways you find with your characters and you should be alright. To end the video we'll look at some of my recent ranked games and see how my opponent opted to start the match and how I opted to start the match. Alright something to consider with this match is that this is the first match we played in a long set of games in which we got matched up against each other constantly. At this point right now we have no idea what the other player's tendencies are, so we're just starting off the match based on a gut feeling of what will work. So you see I opt to jump back and fire a key blast with Goku blue. I do this a lot as the key blast feels very safe and jumping back allows me to get some space from my opponent. My opponent opted to go for a heavy attack, which is good for me in this case as I avoided it by jumping backwards and he also called in Goku Black's beam assist. The reason he did this was actually pretty smart. If I would have been hit by the heavy attack I could have punished him, but by calling in the Goku Black assist he technically made it safe and of course if the heavy attack would have connected he could have easily comboed me into the corner. Luckily for me that key blast I threw happened to hit Goku Black on the way down so we're technically reset back into neutral. So something to take away from this game opener was that he used a risky move but used in a safe to make it a bit safer. In game 2 of our long set you can see that he opts to do the same thing again. Notice how he's showing a pattern of what he likes to start his match off with. If I was smarter at the time I probably could have just double jumped and came down on him with a heavy attack but I didn't think of that at the time and I just wanted to cancel his beam with the end. I did it a little too late and I got punished for it. Game 3 opens a little uneventfully but it's important to notice that he didn't stick with his usual strategy. I opt to jump back expecting the heavy attack in the Goku Black assist all while blocking just in case he does the super dash and he opts to jump forward and perform a light attack most likely expecting me to jump towards him so he could snag me with a hit or something. But yeah overall pretty uneventful opening for this game. Game 4 he opts to start with his usual pattern of the heavy attack with the Goku Black assist backing him up and at this point you see I'm still not punishing that opening at all and that definitely falls on me for not being able to spot patterns as quickly as I should be able to. I would strongly recommend that if you haven't ever thought about how you start off matches or how your opponent does you should definitely go check out the replay channel and watch some of your games and see what you subconsciously do when you're not thinking about it or even when you're overstressed after just losing a game and moving on to the next one. It's important to realize that you probably have weaknesses that you don't even know about and it's equally as important to realize that your opponent have weaknesses that you're just not seeing. With that said that pretty much wraps up the video. This time I do have a question I want to ask you guys and that's what's your favorite way to start off a match with your favorite character. Hopefully by doing this somebody else that plays your team or that certain character can look at how you start off a match and implement it into their game if they like that strategy. I'll be down in the comments as always and while you're down there if you enjoyed this video and channel make sure to click the like button and subscribe. I'm Dr. Oduya and I'll see you in the next one.


It is an honor to me to introduce this talk. NetPolitik in Switzerland between the Bodensee and the Motterhorn. I might present for this talk the trio in finale. Martin Steiger, the guy currently on the rightmost position. The speaker of the digital society. This is Paki Patrikire in the middle and Kire, the CEO of the digital society. Kind of CEO. Welcome to our trip through the Swiss NetPolitik as every year. The digital society is a non-profit organization and these are our partner organizations and we represent another 400 individual members as well. Between the Bodensee in the northeast and the Motterhorn in the southwest a lot of things happened. One of our federal counselors said the following thing, I really don't protect my computer. I just don't leave it lying around. That's the best protection. That's quite the statement from the previous minister of defense who said, well NSA can't really surveil us because like Swiss German is almost a kind of protection. He's from the canton Bern, which is where we continue. In Zimmerwald in a small spot in Bern, it's a few kilometers southwest of Bern Airport which is where signals intelligence based on cables is happening. Well we were there, we checked it out from the air. We flew across there in low heights and that's where the center for electronics operations of the Swiss army has its seat. You can see there are satellite dishes and radio installations and they do this so-called cable intelligence and this is kind of how it's visualized. We have users in Switzerland and they use the internet and the internet is international and so data crosses the border and that data is locked in a kind of mass surveillance without suspicion and they are stored just in case and well the center searches this data for certain search terms and filters them and just takes a look and the internet providers have to co-operate and all of that is secret and nobody really has any rights about that. And of course this is called cables intelligence because it affects fiberglass cables and of course it doesn't just affect metadata, it also affects contents and it's approved by the Minister of Defense and also by a secret court and it's filtered by sort of search terms but not the search terms themselves aren't approved and that's done through the army and then the results are analyzed by the civil intelligence service. And as we saw when we flew past, when they aren't just violating human rights, they are taking a break sometimes. And as you can see aren't civilian members, these are military members of the military and they are looking for recruits and please don't do that, that should not be a job violating human rights and fundamental rights is not a good idea to do as a job. Of course they are aware that they are being surveilled as well so for security reasons they ask you to send in your application forms and data in paper form. And of course they assure you that they are being discreet with your data but please don't do it, it's a bad idea. It's not just Timurwald, there is also surveillance infrastructure in other locations, you can see another one here. That's where radio and satellite surveillance happens or in Leuch in the Valley, there is a lot more. Half of this by the way is Swiss and the other half is American and while you can ask yourself, do they co-operate? We have to leave that question open. Of course as the digital society we are not happy about this, we filed an administrative appeal. Currently this appeal lies with this building, that's the Federal Court of Administration. We don't know when it will be dealt with, we are hoping that it will happen next year but there is one problem which is that this Federal Court of Administration is the aforementioned secret court for the cable intelligence. So the same court has to decide on both things and of course we don't even know what they decide for cable intelligence because it's secret. So we have to expect that they will decide against us and it will continue. We'll go to the Federal Supreme Court and then we go to the European Court for Human Rights in Strasbourg and we hope that at the latest there we shall win and in Strasbourg is where it will continue with Pocky. In Switzerland of course we have data retention since 10 years ago and here we have reached Strasbourg. This beautiful court with our appeals, we appealed against the data retention and metadata retention and beginning of March we got the decision from the Federal Court that yes it violates fundamental rights but the interest in public security and so on matter more and that's a kind of argumentation that we know from Germany but apparently it applies in Switzerland too and anyway we're just, you know, we just store metadata and it's not like NSA says we kill based on metadata. We continued onwards to the European Court of Human Rights with this and we can only do that because Switzerland still cleaves to international contracts and treaties and potentially we might have lost access to this had the Swiss decided differently. Until this is decided the surveillance law, the BUP, is still in force. And so the service responsible for this surveillance has found a way to further extend their powers. They have a notification and usually that happens through executive decisions where you could appeal or go through a process and here that just sort of happened and in there it says that the surveillance service defines very vaguely who has to retain metadata and if this applies to you or not the way you find that out is when you get an order from a court so this is now being enforced and who doesn't store metadata according to these rules will have to pay a fine of up to 100,000 Swiss francs And so this can be very costly so everybody will have to save metadata because asking ahead of time is kind of risky as well and so here we see a sample of from Martin about the metadata that has been retained about himself. So interesting is you get the IP address that Martin's phone actually had but I mean that's not really useful I mean missing is where you're connected to to which IP address also for the antenna the mobile cell antenna you only get the place of the antenna but not kind of into which direction the user was from the antenna that's a trade secret yeah so it's not very detailed but Martin also got 20 year old ISDN contracts with his request for information I mean the product Swisscom doesn't even offer anymore so then the question was do they have to keep this as long are they even allowed to keep this stuff that long we had some kind of weird decisions of our Supreme Court in the domain of IMSI catcher that's Stingray in English this type of device here so according to the old law very specific cases it was only allowed to use this and now the Federal Supreme Court decided well you could have used the Stingray before yeah so kind of it was made legal after the fact an important case for the new surveillance law actually kind of fell away with this but we have this new surveillance law and and so kind of Switzerland isn't really that good in terms of privacy so we're now falling behind the European Union also we don't really have a constitutional court constitutional court yeah and now we have a new law to surveil social insurance fraud so with the new law a lot of surveillance can be done without actually court decision so yeah some companies advertise with kind of how safe Switzerland is in terms of privacy that's actually not really their case so this here is us bringing the signatures for a referendum to the chancellery so the company that advertises with privacy in Switzerland is from the canton of Geneva and this is where our story continues with Martin we don't really have to introduce Geneva Geneva is kind of the e-voting or internet voting place in internet internet voting place of Switzerland so in Geneva there's places that look like look like this this is actually unrelated to e-voting we just had a visit at the CERN so they have this cool thing the anti-matter factory where they produce antimatter and do other cool stuff there's other interesting stuff there which kind of makes you afraid of the apocalypse so kind of where does the CERN buy stuff cement like for example these boxes were all over the place there i hope they're not using this as critical infrastructure so the canton of Geneva didn't just introduce e-voting they also developed their own system so it's one of two providers in Switzerland it was called it's called ch vote so you can order it there if you want to introduce do internet voting in Switzerland well i mean you could have ordered this but a few weeks ago there was this headline hackers find a security flaw in one of the biggest e-voting system in Switzerland these were hackers from the chaos computer club it turns out that you a user a voter can be redirected to a fraudulent website so i mean as you can imagine this is a serious problem if you're a redirected to a different website to cast your vote so this went through the media and the canton Geneva what did they do they sent a formal warning so that was in french came from the state of Geneva there was a few interesting things in here um so apparently we violated the the law protecting the coats of arms or it actually it actually uh there was a crime against the will of the people and that they undermined the confidence in the final results yeah so this typical situation there are some bad news and then you get punished for it so also this coat of arms protection all the kinds of very exotic what is this so this is a screenshot from this formal warning and here you can see the the coat of arms of the participating cantons so if you manipulate this website you reuse these coat of arms symbols and so this is actually a federal crime yeah so a couple of years ago we had a different case where a journalist was sentenced because he was able to show that you can vote twice in the canton of Geneva so in first instance he was guilty and the federal supreme court then dropped the charges so he should be thanked for the work that he does so after we relieved we received our formal notice uh three weeks nothing happens and then there the next news headline the dark day for internet voting in Switzerland well I mean I think it wasn't really a dark day for me because a state of Geneva announced we're stopping our system development of this internet voting system but it was an issue of security it's an issue of money much too expensive so the canton of Geneva isn't really uh poor but they think they can't really afford this anymore so these e-voting systems there's uh so there's a public call for um companies to develop this and here the so the technology and security has a weight of five percent in the rating so they're also here um requirements according to the bsi very interesting so we didn't find these requirements but uh yeah so as you can see here the the weight isn't really on security so there's one uh service provider left for internet voting it's uh the swiss post and they offer a product from skytle they're from Spain this company skytle and their world leaders in e-voting from their website we power democracy and they really mean it if you look more closely they really do everything election training registering voters you can vote on the internet then there's results consultation whatever that means and there's election night reporting so we can buy all of the direct democracy from this one company so how is this company financed with venture capital of course many uh lovely investors here so they give you money and of course they want to make a profit so a profit is definitely comes first over security so good luck if you trust the system like this so in switzerland there's still uh the federal council that trusts in internet voting so it was just trial runs so far and now it's supposed to be officially the third way of being able to cast a vote and so now organizations like the digital society switzerland can publicly comment on this uh on voting on the internet we also do other things so we want to have um a public referendum a moratorium on e-voting um on e-voting so that it can't be done unless it's at least as secure as paper ballots so you have to collect 100 000 signatures to be able to do this and then uh yeah we hand them in in burn and i give over to pocky okay so we continue in burn with uh internet blocking so i think in in all our talks internet blocking uh was a topic for us so this is kind of a symbolic image most decisions in switzerland are made in burn um yeah so internet blocking for politicians they look something like this this is a um a border fence only things that uh government employees want to let through actually go through though in reality that actually looks more like this i mean i showed this picture last year already but uh yeah it's really kind of symbolic for the state of things so in switzerland internet blocking is very popular so swiss come actually advertises net block internet blocking for uh private users so i'm not quite clear what this is but looks like the first dose is free so in the swiss gambling law we now have internet blocking so they wanted to kind of uh block access to foreign casinos we collected 50 000 signatures for a referendum yeah so this is us handing in those collected signatures technically they're not specified in the law but um supposedly they have to work in a way that even if it's a sub page on facebook that sub page can be blocked without blocking facebook so this is kind of an information leaflet that came out before the the referendum was voted on yeah i mean so there's kind of uh and some issues here obviously if you think about it but uh yeah unfortunately we lost this referendum with 34 percent of votes but we just couldn't kind of compete with starving squirrels and uh disfunded zoos so yeah this was really the first law in switzerland that had internet blocking and didn't really legitimize was legitimizing this vote so this really kind of sends out a signal so i mean on one hand we could collect these 50 000 signatures just based on this topic of of internet blocking but then on the other hand now there will be other upcoming laws that actually will include internet blocking probably so next one is the law that regulars telecom service providers they have want to block illegal pornography so um if you access then one of those blocked ips directly you will get kind of a placeholder page like this so kind of in some weird way during the crafting of this law from a can be implemented it was changed to the must be implemented even though everybody knows these uh blocking is not effective and these blocks are easy to bypass who need who wants to know um can to go can go to a consultation process answer that i wrote um on the government's web page and uh i included how to bypass blocks in this document which is now hosted by the government of course we fought for having a uh deletion mechanism into this law and and we won and now there is a delete and block um formulation in the law and we just have to keep a sharp eye on on how this is being implemented so this is only possible because politicians support us and give us access to the federal palace um this is a pass that bernhardt got and they bernhardt and others from the digital digital society go there and try to talk to people and show them this image about net blocking and um a lot of thanks to bernhardt and jogan i think yorgo yorgo sorry um um and we will continue need this work because the next uh law is already in the pipeline and that's the copyright law and that's uh continuing in zürich with martin so copyright law in zürich we don't just have the the river limo and this nice old town with churches but also a society which is called audio vision switzerland and that is part of an alliance against internet piracy which uh uh applies pressure to um enforce the law and they have the swiss flag in their logo but it's really about this it's about the americans who have this idea of a strong copyright law and they want to implement that worldwide and switzerland is one of the few countries that hasn't done so yet and this leads to the u.s declaring switzerland a pirate state what does that even mean well we're put on a list as a country which currently this year looks like this he's showing an image of the watch list where switzerland is in good company with funny other countries so switzerland is not in the priority watch list it's on the watch list here between saudi arabia and to jikistan so the countries on the priority watch list are having more pressure applied on them but even in switzerland it works and um so we get a we got a list of demands and and a lot of that has already been um uh done so we legalized mass um formal warnings um for file sharing um that's we had that once we got rid of it and now it should come back um all of any pictures any photos on the internet should be protected um of course we know how that works from germany it's getting expensive um upload filters take down and stay down should be implemented not for all providers yet but for many an internet tax should be introduced um if you share things on social media um you should pay of course not directly but sort of um we will have to indirectly pay when we buy a smartphone or internet access and um replay tv like um having to watch tv and non-linear at way um should have gotten rid of but wasn't but it might get more expensive and now more internet blocking it's not happening yet but the americans are applying a lot of pressure there and so it's not clear if that might not come after all and of course all of that has consequences um like we know this has consequences because of um file sharing like there have been uh searches um so like police shows up six in the morning and takes along all of the it devices and of course that were those weren't like pirates somewhere in a cellar though those were families and students and nice people so that was kind of unpopular and so it went away but like yeah but even for images look here the vegetarian chops way um and uh for this image roughly 2500 euros were were um organized so i mean it's a valid way now to make money with food porn because you can take a nice picture put it online somebody is stupid enough to to copy it and now you ask for money so next thing is we move to gertzensee which is a nice little um place in tun so data bounty um we have a lot of data lying around including in places where it's not supposed to be lying around so in gertzensee we are talking about hellocott.ch which is a portal that um brings people together who need a haircut with people who can provide a haircut and this portal suddenly went down and all of the hairdressers got um news like this turns out they got their server hijacked by a cryptidrogen they didn't have any um uh back out it was a military full bit encryption technician was informed and the portal is back up in the next case it hit someone bigger migro one of the biggest um supermarket chains in switzerland and martin wanted his data um and asked for data in a formal way and he got an answer of course they have a process and it works so a few days later he got a he got a letter um unfortunately he didn't just get his data but those of a random woman he didn't know wasn't the only case that something like that happened in switzerland um corp bank the corp bank bank claire these days sent um the wrong um years end data to a lot of people um that didn't lead to any trouble at all but at least it was clear who had to pay for a beer for everyone of course with our privacy laws nothing happened to the bank we do not have any uh relevant passages in the law and of course it was all the the interns fault it's always interesting to read these um letter templates um the standard letters because they they give an insight in how um companies and the state work and you should do that and and and you should ask the companies regularly for your data so that you kind of know what they do and they don't forget to make sure that you can know of course from your telecom provider you want your metadata and of course um migro probably does not have your um metadata so the next story were taxes taxes is kind of you know good and bad of course you want the roads to be nice and and trash to be collected um but unfortunately there is the software that you could use to uh do your taxes it runs under linux too and um that's been outsourced and you can scan your receipts and everything um and do your taxes and unfortunately they just end up on the internet visible to everyone they forgot to set uh their cloud storage to not browsable eh what can you do it happens it's like tax data isn't exactly private everybody talks about it in swiss and of course they uh heard from it from the researcher uh thought it was a joke and only reacted when heise asked about it and at this point um the page is down and they are celebrating the new year and what it looks like next year um for us um is what uh kir is going to talk about now in bremgarten so for a good 2019 i'm gonna talk about what's gonna happen in the future and we start in bremgarten we're going to have an excursion there um that's where the seat of the um digital society is that's where we had our first um meeting um and we still meet every half a year uh on the 4th of may um roughly 30 people will um from the different net politics-oriented organizations in switzerland will meet and talk about common topics and um things to do bremgarten it's a indelic little city at the roi on the river rois um but of course that idil is a bit deceiving at least if you trust this quality paper he shows a boulevard paper headline saying bremgarten um is seen as a nest of leftist extremists that was due to um raids that happened um after the g20 demonstrations um somebody was searched for in the cultural center in bremgarten in a big raid and unfortunately that person wasn't there um as far as i know they were home at that time and were left to walk free after a short conversation um that had consequences in in in hamburg these biometric data um that was gathered at the g20 um had to be deleted because it was gathered in an illegal way um and oh this is the um search warrant for this um whole thing of course uh luckily um at the first winter congress of the digital society in february 2018 we um had a presentation about how to act when the police um rings your doorbell in at six o'clock in the morning um on the 23rd of february 2019 we will have the second winter congress of digital society um you can buy tickets and uh the link is on the slide in the same place in the centrum calder große in zürich there will be a second um event um and this is a series of events um and the next topic will be digital digitalization in education on the 10th of january and on the 11th of april um the data ownership will be the topic right now we are going to continue with a workshop in the lecture room m one it's one um one floor down through the glass hall and um um to the right just ahead of adams there will be a workshop there um right after this talk where we will um deal with the topics um for 2019 how to get involved and um of course we are here for all four days um we have our own um space um in the about freedom cluster just one floor down as well we look forward to your visit and interesting conversations thanks a lot we have a very short time left for questions and otherwise we shall meet at the workshop in lecture hall m one okay microphones please uh please uh line up at the microphones if you have questions are there any questions from the internet no well if no one stands up then from my end thank you very much i guess another chance for an even bigger round of applause okay so thank you for your attention and remember organizations like this really live from your volunteer work if you're from so it's a land please help out the digital society so it's a land if you're from other countries uh help the organizations in your country


The National Industrial Court has fixed Wednesday to rule on the application for an interlocutory injunction filed by the Federal Government against the Academic Staff Union of Universities ASU. Justice Peter Hermann fixed the date after the late Council to the Federal Government, James Iguay argued his application seeking an order of the court restraining ASU from further continuing with the ongoing nationwide strike. We'll bring you details as they unfold.


So let's see a really common application of using a dictionary and or a sort of get the idea Something known as getting word frequencies. Let's imagine. I have some File night in our case. I'm using a text file. I'm using Allison Wonderland from Project Gutenberg and as you can see it's literally just the entire structure of Allison Wonderland In a text file now the entire idea is maybe I want to look at this and say well How many times does the word Alice appear in this? File and so how would I go about doing that? Well, it's a lot of words and a lot of text But that's where you know coding can do things for us And so just to walk through a few different things you may have noticed that the List entries had a lot of punctuations attached to them. So Just even here book book has a comma to it There's question marks and maybe I don't you know when I'm looking for how many times the word her appears I don't want her and her period to be separate values So the first thing I just have here is just a quick little function that is going to look at a string and then Utilizing string dot punctuation which just has a list of all the punctuation characters in Python Just to even see that in action. So rent Punctuation You can see that that's all the different characters Inside of just punctuation. I don't want to Use any of those or Consider them in my word frequency. So what I'm doing is for each one of those characters go into our particular line and Simply replace that character with a blank string. So effectively get rid of all the punctuation fair enough. So With that then I'm just doing some referencing to my file And again, we have the relative file path structure going on here where I say go up a directory and I happen to have another folder beside my directory called data and Then there is a text file called Alice in Wonderland there and again, that's exactly there's the data There's the Alice in Wonderland Then I am establishing a an empty dictionary that I'm calling word count and the entire idea is every time I see a word if that word doesn't exist in my dictionary Create a new entry and then add to it. So let's kind of walk through that So again, I'm opening up and just to sort of see this in action And in fact, let me clear the results so you don't Get to see everything right away So I've loaded in that function in the memory I've established that I have two variables a file path in a word count and now just to look at sort of my File processing so once again, we're using the width command to Establish oh well with this file being open Let's call that file or the contents of that file f5 Okay, then for each line inside of five because again as you can kind of see with Alice going on here There's multiple lines going on. So this is one line This is one line This is one line. There's multiple lines so for each one of those lines the first thing I want to do is Convert all of the punctuations into blank spots. So once again for just here I want to get rid of that comma and in that colon, okay Then I'm going to say well now that I've gotten all rid of it And I'm just dealing with words split those words up Based on a space separate them out into individual words in a list Because when I've done that now I can traverse that list of words So for every word inside of a particular line of text So in this case for every single word on this line without the punctuation so bank and of having nothing to do Etc. Every single one of those words. I am just doing a little bit of cheating and making everything lowercase That's mostly just a little more, you know cleaning up. So, you know the difference between Wonderland here where it's all caps and then if there's another, you know time where we see Wonderland and it's you know only one capital letter though. They are considered the same So I'm just kind of doing some little parsing there and then as you can see in the comment what I'm saying here is Okay, let me take a look into my dictionary Let me look in word count. If the particular word I am dealing with is not in that dictionary Make it So again, I'm just using line 10 as my point of reference This is the first time bank is being shown or read or you know processed by the Python file Bank is not in the dictionary. So Create a new entry for bank and set it equal to zero The reason why is because right after you do this Look up the value at a particular Key in this case bank and add one to it So I'm just going in and saying all right Well go through look at it each word and then if you don't see that word make make it exist And if you do see that word Add one to it So no crashing so that means it worked And so then just the last little bit that I've got going on here for right now is take the top 10 in no particular order just take the first words of the Dictionary and first 10 words of our dictionary and show me what their count is Or sorry, just show me them. So Alice's adventures Wonderland Lewis Carol the Millennium Fulcrum Edition so we're just seeing all those words and you may notice that there is no particular order to the dictionary entries Because as you can see wonderland is appearing before Carol and whatnot. That's perfectly fine We'll get to that a little bit But again, we're just looking to see what we can do and convert these into Getting counts for each one Ah, so we've gotten word frequency counts Alice's Appears 12 times and again, we remove the apostrophe. So, you know, you can assume Adventures six times in it's a very common word. So it appears 366 times the super common word so it is appearing Over 1500 times, but you can start to go through and you can see oh, well, here's how I can get the frequencies There is a problem one of the issues with the dictionary is there's no established order as you can see the Even though we see it, you know, it's even though it has a large number We don't know if it's the largest number and then you've got you know addition only appears once But there may be other words that are a lot and there is no fancy quick way to convert a dictionary into a sorted list But through the power of the internet, you know You can find very quick ways to do that sorting process and they start by converting a dictionary into a list of tupled values tuples are just very short Changeable lists and so in this case, let's say for example, I want to take my word list It's just another dictionary going on here, but I want to take a dictionary and turn it into a sorted list of tuples sorted lists of lists So the first thing I'm doing here is I'm creating a sorted list or I'm creating a blank list and Then going through every entry in the dictionary again It is called a key or give me the key for every entry in the dictionary so every single one of the words in my dictionary and then all I want to do nothing terribly crazy nothing terribly fancy I just want to add them. I Want to add the count and then the key in that order specifically the count and then the key To my Empty list. Okay, fair enough. Then I'm going to utilize some of Python's internal functions So in this case, there is something called sorted and what sort it does is it looks at a lists and sorts it Now the last little piece here is some of Python's witchcraft black magic No one knows how it actually works, but it does us thing The entire idea here is we're going to utilize list slicing and very specifically if you use the colon colon native one what that actually will do is Reverse the order of the list So if we think about what I've just done Sort the words or sort our list now again that is going to Make things that are one You know addition one Millennium one Lewis one Carol one those entries currently sit at the very top of our list This is just saying put them on the bottom which conversely is going to put whatever the largest Numbers are at the top. So we've sort of sorted ordered in a descending order. Awesome so now we can take that same traversal approach I can Go in and say it will give me the top words and I'm using just 10 here because there are a lot of words But give me the top 10 words in the Alice in wonderland.txt file For each one of those words We're going to extract out the count and the word and then just print them out. So Let me see where I left off. So let's load the function in the memory and Then let's see what the top 10 words of Alice in wonderland are The as we expected and to a she it of said I Alice You know what you would expect a lot of very common filler words and articles but as you can see once again, we can see Here's how we can get not only the word frequencies But then how to sort those word frequencies into most commonly used words