Hello. Hello. Welcome, everybody. Thank you very much. Thank you so much to Dr. Ting for presenting his research. We're going to move on to the Science Fiction Future Plenary Talk. My name is Victoria Jaggard. I'm a science editor at National Geographic, where we are currently celebrating an entire year of space as part of a program that we're calling Starstruck. We're getting very excited across the organization for all things space-related. In fact, I believe a little later today you'll be getting a sneak peek at a documentary we're making about the Apollo program. I am joined today by some incredible people who've done some incredible work with science and science fiction. Would you like to go down the line and introduce yourselves real quick? Sure. My name is Yatasha Womack. I'm author of the book, Afrofuturism, the world of black sci-fi and fantasy culture. I'm also a sci-fi writer. I have the Rayleigh Universe series and an upcoming series called A Spaceship in Bronzeville, and I like to write films. I'm Daniel Suarez. I was a systems analyst for about 20 years, and then I had the bright idea to write a book about some concerns I had about tech and automation in society. And since then, I've been a sci-fi and high-tech thriller author. And generally, I write books that are not in the distant future, but are in the present or the very near future. And one of the obvious drawbacks of that is that I'm probably going to be around when those dates come by, and I'm going to have to answer for the decisions I've made. But I don't really do it to predict. I more or less prototype the future in my books, and I try to do very good research to ground my prototypes in reality. And I do this primarily because I think the pace of technological change is accelerating, and I think in many ways we're living in a sci-fi future already. So I try to bring my readers through some of the issues and challenges we're going to be facing. And my next book as a good example, Delta V, is about commercial space exploration, which I think is probably going to be one of the most significant things we've ever done, and I think it's going to give us the opportunity to not only preserve our ecosystem, but also civilization. Okay. My name is Mark Oakrand. I'm training on bilinguals, studying primarily American Indian languages that had at the time zero speakers. What I did after that is work on some other languages that also at the time had zero speakers, because mostly what I've done is develop the languages for Star Trek, mainly Klingon. So that's what I've done is tried to figure out how to communicate with these people who may or may not be out there. I'm also probably the only one on this panel who has actually communicated with outer space. I'll tell you later what I did. Teasers. All right. Well, I just wanted to say, of course, thank you all for having us here. I was lucky enough yesterday to get a sneak peek at some of the work that your students are doing, and I was just kind of blown away by the realities of projects that are in development right now. Mining water ice on Mars, communicating with lasers across vast distances, actually manufacturing things in space, and what really struck me about these talks is these are real people working on real projects that, when I was their age, were pure science fiction. You know, the shipyards of Utopia Planitia is maybe going to be a thing pretty soon for all I know, and I think that's just an incredible, incredible thing. I'd put out a personal plea for everyone in the room, but on that transporter system, please. I would love to have that happen. And so since we have this captive audience of really smart people, I wanted to hear from our panelists what are some of these space science fiction staples that you would like to see come to life within the next 50 to 100 years? We went this way before. Sure. Well, I think that what excites me most is just the opportunity to possibly time travel and teleport. I do write about that in some of my sci-fi novels. I use that as a device. And on one level, as a creative, it's a great way to push past limitations and not feel like you're rooted in a specific reality. As a creative, it was fun for me to write about the Rayla character kind of hopping all over and being in different time zones and not having to deal with assumptions around who she should be in the present. But I do think that that would be a really cool thing to do. And I just, I think it's exciting to look at a lot of the quantum physics research that's taking place that's really exploring those possibilities. All right. I think the thing that I'm most focused on, I'm curious how many people here have read a book called The High Frontier by Gerard K. O'Neill, 1976. I'll raise my hand too. That sort of tells me what sort of heavy lifting I'm going to have to do here. I think right now a lot of people have what Isaac Asimov would call a planetary chauvinism. That is, we are very focused on trying to occupy planetary surfaces. One of the interesting concepts that I saw in The High Frontier was this idea that we would lift off of the Earth the power generation that we need to power the Earth and then the process creates space colonies to generate an entire cis-lunar economy. Now originally O'Neill did this. It was right after the 1973 Arab oil crisis. In 1976 he wrote the book because there was an energy crunch. And then of course fossil fuels were discovered. They found new sources of it. And for 40 more years we started burning more fossil fuel. And ironically it was that extra energy that is creating the climate change we face now. And the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change says we have about 12 years to start to address that situation and we're going to face catastrophic climate effects. So I go back to O'Neill's work thinking if we could lift our most carbon intensive industry off the surface, power generation, and have orbiting solar satellite power stations and space colonies and really accelerate that entire space-borne economy that would allow not just the saving of the planet but also the continued expansion of our economy, jobs. It's also, I think, a task that would unify humanity and especially the young generation to get up into space to remove those borders and basically have a very bright future. So that's what I'm focused on in terms of sci-fi. Great. Well I come from a very different sort of perspective from everything else and stuff because I'm not a science fiction writer in the sense that I dealt with scripts that somebody else wrote. Right? And I had to do that. But I thought about all this stuff and a while back someone asked me of all the things invented for Star Trek or created for Star Trek of the technological things. What would I like to have be the most real one? And I think everyone expected me to say universal translator. No. I don't know if universal translator is a good idea. It's a handy tool but it's not the be-all and great thing that people think about because if everyone is only hearing in the same language all the time and not having to deal with translation on your own, you're not getting the perspectives that other languages bring and other cultures bring. Everything would be exactly the same and I think that would stifle creativity to not have to deal with the way other people are thinking. Therefore the transporter is cool because it gets the timing. Outer space things take so much time and we don't have as an individual so much time so if there's a way to deal with that whether it's the transporter or something else that's what I would like to see happen. 100% agree. Awesome. So as people who are involved in the creation of science fiction do you feel that science fiction and actual science are kind of feeding each other over the years? Are you seeing this sort of interplay of I saw this in science fiction and so I'm going to work as a scientist to make it a reality as much as I see this in reality and I want to make it my science fiction. Shall we keep up the pattern? We can.  You know I think unless you wanted to jump in it sounds like you wanted to jump in. Okay. Well actually I think that for me just there's an obvious relationship. I think a lot of the science that we work towards is sometimes inspired by what we see in science fiction and then there's an expectation that what we see in there's this idea that the science fiction at some point should be supported by things that we can do in the world of science. The problem with that is that it doesn't always trigger the imagination and that a lot of the things that we come up with are kind of based on things that we see and then sometimes it can be based on things that we think we can already do. So I think one of the exciting possibilities around sci-fi is really continuing to help push this notion of what we can create especially as it comes to I think creating possible utopian societies. I know that there's an excitement about dystopia right now in a lot of sci-fi where we feel like it's the end of the world but I like to remind people that just in our earth experience there have been a lot of so-called dystopias and apocalyptic moments that we've moved past. So you can make an argument that we're living in a post-apocalyptic moment now for some spaces and for some cultures and for some people and those elements of those prior apocalyptic moments are usually drawn from for science fiction as if they never took place. And so I always like to say let's look at human relations and how we can improve human relations through a lot of our science fiction and our stories. Well I think you're exactly right when you talk about pushing the envelope I think that's what sci-fi does. I think it's easier for us in a way because we don't have a budget to worry about. And the other thing is as a sci-fi writer I can explore just beyond the edge just beyond the frontier and I can almost prove by my email trail that there is definitely a feedback loop because what will happen is I will write a book and then over the ensuing years somebody will get in touch with me and literally directly inform what I do next. Some people here at the lab are interested in things I wrote about and then I come back and visit them in this constant civilization. And again when I meet with scientists and other people they're very rooted in reality in facts and they have to be far more cautious. Whenever I'm doing research for a book I run into this all the time I sort of pester physicists about things like gravity mirror I try to find a gray area in physics into which I can couch whatever narrative device that I want and they're constantly trying to say well no I don't think that's possible and I'll say that's what I need and I don't think scientists have that luxury clearly but it's definitely it goes both ways. Yeah I was going to say the go to both ways part is what I'm thinking about with the kind of work that I've done prior to Klingon I'm not taking any great credit for this it's just luck that that happened most of the time when you hear outer space strange aliens speaking in science fiction movies they're speaking either absolute gobbledygook or perfectly good American English right? unless they're mean then they speak British English yeah British English if they're the villains and that changed around the time of Klingon not because Klingon has terrific relative clauses or something like that that's not why but I think for whatever reason I think the internet actually had a lot to do with that so people could talk to each other in easier ways than they could before but watching these things prior to this actually in any new science fiction movie or fantasy movie game of thrones anything like that the languages are all real these days if you see something where people are just going ghibli bobb that's very unusual all of a sudden not all of a sudden over the past 30 years or so but prior to all of this watching it I got the sense not being a scientist a rocket scientist like you guys that everything I'm watching is real I know it's science fiction I know that they haven't quite created this yet but it's based on solid science it's not just made up out of nothing except for when they talk and then it was based on absolute nothing so the hard science the attention given to the hard science and everything else that attitude has gone over to the other things to the artistic stuff and to the language stuff so that that's based on hard linguistic science as well so it's the same interconnection but in the opposite direction and I think a lot of folks would probably agree that with science fiction in particular it's often a great tool for being able to explore not just real world science but real world social issues and either problems that we'd like to solve or things that we think may be problems down the line as technology and science develop do you feel then as creators involved in the space of sort of responsibility with the work that you do in terms of how it's going to influence what happens in the world at large I feel a responsibility and mostly because I know that a lot of people have been encouraged not to use their imagination the imagination is is often hijacked when people talk about focusing on realities, focusing on what it is you think you can do in building from that perspective since the imagination can really be a tool of resilience to help people push beyond their circumstances so that they can even envision a future and in envisioning a future that then inspires them to feel like they have agency in that future and that they can take steps to create the kind of world that they think values humanity Yeah I would agree with all of that it is funny I was going to say that I don't know that idea but if you look at the Overton window what is acceptable or what is considered real I think that's one of the great things you can do with sci-fi or fiction in general is expand people's perspectives put them in the role of a character or characters and let them see the world through other people's eyes and so I think in that sense it definitely changes the scope of the discussion Yeah I agree with all of that that's coming from when I created Klingon in particular the task was to come up with an alien language meaning a language that's not like any language on earth with the understanding that the people who are going to speak that language were earth people in actors but in order to do that in order to come up with something that's not like an earth language I had to know what an earth language was and based on the kinds of things I studied and so on I said okay that's the way it is what is not that so I think it's the same thing in terms of thinking about the future thinking about things that are to come it's based on what is because you can't decide what's going to be unless you have a good starting point so all the hard science and looking at those social situations we have now determine where the ideas are coming from and where they're going in terms of exploration in particular what do you see as being some of the both hopeful futures and the challenges that we may be addressing in science fiction today well I think the fun part that people like exploring is just the cyber punk aesthetic and this whole idea of well machines, well robotics take over and even if we're integrated with them how we will balance humanity and be able to maintain our sense of humanity based on this hybridity so I think that's one piece that people like to explore but I also think there's really the metaphor of the cyborg too and this idea of bridging who you are with maybe what's being cast upon you and using that as a metaphor for life and how people create hybrid existences in unique circumstances well one of the things that interest me so much in the next book that I did was I've read a lot of sci-fi growing up on a hard sci-fi and a lot of it lives you know 500, 300 1,000 years out and there's been some more recent entries that are you know present day what interested me in doing this next book was building a bridge if you will to the present where we are right now to that sci-fi future that everybody imagines because I've spent a great deal of my teen years thinking about just that and it always seems to be another 20, 30 years away and at what point is it really going to start happening and that's why I sit down to do this next book to try to figure that out so I went around the world basically talking to experts trying to understand what people were working on that might be the catalyst that really starts it not sort of but actually does so that was one of the things that got me very hopeful in that entire process I realized that and I firmly believe there's no technical impediment to this it's always that lift cost you know that payload cost per kilogram getting up that's really that is the big barrier that we get over and of course reusable rockets will help with that and what interested me was again getting masses from on top of the Earth's gravity well asteroid resources mass drivers on the moon whatever it's going to take so I don't know that is the type of thing that I'm really focused on as a hopeful very possible event I don't know about hopeful but I would like again coming from where I'm coming from deals with communication if there's folks out there how are we going to communicate with them and how are we going to prepare to communicate with them the people at SETI for example are thinking about things like this I don't know the answer to that you guys know that was it Voyager what that record the gold record I was on a panel once with the guy who decided what goes on there and it was very interesting is that the way to do it I don't know it's a start but just thinking about how are we going to deal with them I think the way that people are doing now with electromagnetic radiation and things like that is probably a good start but if we really encounter somebody out there what are you going to do the most obvious science fiction example of that lately is a rival that movie which is based on a great short story that's kind of made up I don't think it's going to work like that but the thinking behind it is right on I think we need to start thinking about it I would like to hope that people start thinking about what are we going to do how are we going to recognize what is communication and what's not and things like that that's a tricky one for sure and there's also a lot of conversation about how the world in general is going to even react if we ever make contact how do we handle that are we going to freak out basically or are we actually going to be excited in that hopeful kind of way that Star Trek imagines we make first contact with an alien species and it unites the planet right that's because they speak English they're fine just different wrinkles on the forehead I do wonder though just about how viewing yourself as a person in the universe transforms you and just really playing with that idea around your sense of responsibility around just how we engage with people on earth and thinking of ourselves as being not just human beings but intergalactic in many ways looking at our bodies are very existence is really bridging spaces and times and being part of this larger continuum I think that could be really empowering for people actually that's the part that I would love about that idea that we are not alone that there's all of these other communities other beings the part that would upset me is I think science would become a lot harder because if we run into another civilization that's a million years more advanced you know it's kind of like I get the feeling like we would want to find answers to things and perhaps they would have some sort of curative relationship with us but there's always that idea of initial discovery which I think is so exciting which to some degree would be denied to us if you're dealing with a civilization that's a million years more advanced like oh fusion that's really cute we did that a way back and then how would we know if we actually interacted with one I mean if they're depending on the perspective or the energy level that they're functioning from you could be interacting and not know you're interacting on 12 dimensions right we're making an assumption sometimes around what that how they're going to show up that's a very good point I remember seeing a documentary talking about the colors of things and of course it's our impression of what they are but the spectrums that we absorb with our eyes when you see them in other spectrums things look of course radically different and then you start thinking about a multi-dimensional universe and they're going to rival kind of touching that the temporal dimension and you're right an alien species could be so completely alien not just in the way they think but literally the way they engage with the physical reality so I got in trouble about that with colors in Klingon because I decided all right Klingons physiologically are different somehow so it wasn't canon what you did right it's if I said it it's canon super right right so I made the color words not work the same way that they do in English a lot of a lot of human languages that's perfect and there's been all kinds of praise and criticism for that so that means I must have done it right exactly because I mean there are organisms on earth already that don't see in the same spectra that we do so we have to think about how they're interacting with the world and that's already such a challenge I think for us and how we interact with animal species on the planet how how is that going to affect how we interact with an alien species or how they would interact with us from a linguistic perspective one of the things that's interesting about doing all this kind of stuff is translation the people dealing with translating into Klingon and they do there's all kinds of stuff that's been translated into Klingon they have to think about it because Klingon has a limited vocabulary it keeps growing but it's limited have to think about what is it that you're trying to say and how are you going to say it in the other language and stuff which makes you focus on the message as opposed to the vehicle as opposed to the particular constraints of one language or the other so it opens you up to thinking in a different way that you haven't thought about before which builds on what you were just saying sorry I can't help but think that hesitate to say it but CGI I think helped in one way in the movies and that is I think prior to that the budgetary requirements were such that again the aliens would typically just have different wrinkles on their foreheads and speak with English accents but brine shrimp for instance this is a species on the earth is just so much more alien than typical Star Trek aliens were in the past and one of the good things about that idea of CGI then again informing sci-fi writers is you really start to think in radically different ways Vernevinge I'm trying to remember the book was it a fire upon the deep I think where he had a race that was sort of a hive mind of furry creatures that could increase their intelligence as they gathered together and then separated one would have a commanding personality and it's just so different in every way physically mentally and I don't even believe they saw the physical world with with eyes so it's all sorts of interesting questions about morphology and I think it's cool to remember too that the term alien itself you know a lot of the initial creation of the word alien wasn't necessarily to revert to people who were not or beings that weren't on earth it was really used to refer to people who were say just on earth and saying that they didn't have the same ways I think one of the early citizens of one of the Jamestown colonies was a person of African descent of the term alien was used to describe him in court documents to take away his property so it couldn't be passed on so I think just that metaphor of the alien or even how we use it today around illegal lands or undocumented workers I think it refers to a certain mentality with respect to difference and so it's really cool to think about how we can integrate these ideas and look at ourselves as one and ours are fundamental perception one where we're saying okay this entity is very different from us instead of really I guess building a foundation to see how we're similar and just how those processes how they process just transforms their experience so it's the other you know you identify them outside of your experience and you don't have to deal with that person but this would be bringing them in right and then looking at how that could you know collectively you know if you're just looking at earth and people from different spaces how you can create shared features and realities and when you think about other entities that are more intergalactic who would be coming from different perspectives how you would create shared entities and be equally influenced and inspired it does seem to be one of the sometimes less realistic aspects of science fiction that a lot of the off earth alien cultures we've invented tend to be very monochrome in what they do like you know what a Klingon is almost immediately it's all of Klingon basically it's all of the Vulcans it's all of the people from any given planet when we have all of these diverse societies and cultures and ways of thinking here on this one planet it just seems a little bit unlikely that that's going to be the case which is why it's odd to me that it's this idea that seems to have persisted in science fiction specifically and it makes me especially hopeful for opportunities for all kinds of people to get involved in both science fiction and literal space exploration so that we can make sure that we're ready for this diversity of thought when we do encounter the unknown and the unexpected I think that really becomes the exciting part as well to really look at how you can really integrate these concepts and build and move forward because a lot of our a lot of the science fiction that we've created and sometimes in the canon is based on assumptions that we're working with and even being able to challenge ourselves with this whole idea of projecting something into the future is a transformative experience I mean I would say some of the stories that I've written and I wonder if this is the same for you it really helped challenge your own sense of limitation around identity around how you function in a society the best ones yeah they transport you to a different place from where you are and again it gives you a perspective you would never have otherwise yeah I would agree with that definitely one other thing that I would say is that democratizing space I think will have a huge benefit to us for this and everybody in this room is familiar with the overview effect that idea of getting up into space and suddenly all of those borders go away you see how isolated and alone earth is and how we're all in this together I think that is going to be one of the single most helpful things we do and again getting a large number of diverse people up in space to experience that look around the universe and realize we've got to do this together I think that is going to be one of the most important events so how do we do it I would hope we don't have to wait for that to fill that way so in terms of again space exploration since we're all here thinking about Apollo and the amazing things that were done 50 years ago what are some of the things that you've seen in scientific developments in the recent past that has either informed what you're doing now or that you think could be informative for some really cutting edge science fiction yeah that's not really in your world it's good now go ahead I don't know given given what I do I don't know in terms of once again I'm going to go in the opposite direction with the Klingon stuff because when I started doing all this stuff people would meet people say what do you do and I made a Klingon oh how strange that is to make up a language and it's not I mean linguists and people interested in language have been doing that for thousands and thousands of years but I've said in some other context what I did is unusual because I ended up in 70 millimeter but the idea of making up a language is not a new thing so where was I going to go with this but the difference was when most people make up languages for their purposes they want to explore something about themselves very personally or look at new ways to deal with society or something like that but they're in charge what I did I was not in charge I was given a script I was given in the case of the Vulcans and the Klingons they exist already so I had to come up with something that fit in with what's already there so in the case of Klingon in particular vocabulary that I developed was what was needed in films and the TV shows so it's all this for lack of a better word outer space vocabulary and someone pointed out in Klingon you can talk about a bridge like a bridge on a ship but you can't talk about a bridge like a bridge over a river because it didn't come up in the scripts that's all and there was a project we had a while back where someone wanted to create a CD or a DVD, language learning thing for Klingon that was based on a template used for earth languages so in all the vocabulary and specifically European languages all the vocabulary was based on those sorts of things and I said well this is silly because if I'm going to get a disc to teach me French so I can go to France you know all the terminology related to France is going to be in there but if I'm going to get a DVD to teach me Klingon and I'm going to go to the Klingon plan and I don't want the words that are associated with France that doesn't make any sense anyway and the Klingon speakers thought this was just wonderful because they said now we can talk about everyday things so now there is a word for bridge so that taking it out of science fiction bring it into the real world this has nothing to do with your question take it out of science fiction he's an artist okay has expanded it as opposed to the other way around as opposed to taking it out of the real world and going into fiction it was taking out of fiction and bringing it into the little world and I think that's what's really exciting is thinking about these social structures one of the ideas I play with in the Rayleigh Universe series is looking at if you're creating this new society what laws are you working with if it's the the planet I call it planet hope which was created in the Rayleigh series the backdrop is that you had people who additionally came there who were space tourists looking to create a utopia as scientists who came and then at some point you had this lottery and then past that you had earth trying to get rid of people they just didn't want on earth anymore and some of the class dynamics were built around that notion but my question would be what sort of laws would people start working with if you had people from all over the world what would become important what would we preserve culturally and then what would become new what would be valuable from the earth experience that would continue to be relevant on these new planets and at least in this storyline this planet, planet hope it was a colony but it goes independent because at some point they want control over their own resources they have their own futures that they want to build and it's interesting to think about looking at the earth as being a past experience and I'm just really curious almost from an anthropological or standpoint what would we preserve what storylines, what mythologies would become significant based on who went well you were right about that if we encounter an alien species at that point earth's past would be completely past we would change completely as we dealt with absorbed or became you know we would change but initially I thought you were talking about the world building process and consistency of laws being you know space law that's going to be a burgeoning thing but doing it with an alien species that's going to be a whole other level of lawsuits but you know which dimension are you suing me oh by the way if I answered the question about what technology opposed to Apollo I'm interested in most and I'm going to try to take the temperature of this on the rest of the day and the rest of the crowd is rotational gravity or spin gravity and I'm always amazed that this seems to be something that is perennially pushed down the priority list but if we're going to spend some time in space we really need it and it mathematically works and it just seems like that's something we should absolutely be doing putting up a test bed where we can even if you did want to go and colonize Mars which I personally don't think is a great idea but if you were to do it you'd have to you'd want to test varying levels of gravity to find out what the minimum dose of gravity is for people to be healthy before you got there and so in that sense putting up a space station where you can spin it at various rates for certain time periods would be invaluable I would think and yet here we are we're 50 years after Apollo and we haven't done that yet it does seem like we'd have more space stations that we could visit we were promised a lot more space stations alright well I've had my opportunities so now I'd like to open it up to the room for any questions for our panelists yes over here the thing thank you for not throwing it so I'm curious if any of you see a role in science fiction for basically making progress in diversity and inclusion and we want you to give your answer in Klingon oh wow I have a translator well I do a lot of work engaging steam now diversity and inclusion and I don't always label it diversity and inclusion per se I'm just working in communities that I'm a part of and talking to people about futures and encouraging them to write stories about those futures or showing them stories that have been written around those futures I think the most exciting thing that gets people really wanting to jump into science is this idea that they can play a role in the future so there was an organization that I had an opportunity to speak with and there were just kids in their community and they were coming up they were studying Afrofuturism and quick side bars Afrofuturism is a way of looking at the future alternate realities but you're pulling from black cultures it intersects the imagination liberation technology black culture and then mysticism so that takes it a bit away from heart science sometimes because it integrates those things and it does look at the future the past the present as flip sizes of one and it values the divine feminine looking at intuition as being equally balanced to say logic so all of that just having that discussion and having people really explore ideas and looking at their relationship with space claiming the fact that people of African descent and all people around the world have had a relationship with the future have helped to transform those futures those discussions inspire people and help them feel empowered and then leads particular teens to want to to feel like they can make a difference in their neighborhoods and they can come up they can utilize technologies to really be able to do so so it was kind of fun this one group there are these teenagers and they came up with ideas where they had a drone that could deliver prescription medications and this was you know they came up with it they didn't actually invent it but they were you know or they had a a mask and they said oh if you put on this mask and they create a little film with it then it would protect you from police violence and you know it was all sorts of resolutions that they were coming up with they had holograms that you could see through glasses that would help you define community services in the area and so these are all experiments of mind right but they're based on technologies that we have today and just the fact that they in the imaginative sense could conceive of these ideas lent itself to them wanting to build and say oh you know I can go into science or seeing how science relates to just social structures and how it can be a part of your daily life so for that it was empowering I do a lot with dance using dance in the body as a way to sort of bridge space and time using teaching dances like West African and Samba but also giving students an opportunity to do sort of freestyle dance whether say embodying the idea of a supernova or thinking of a star and you know what movements would be integrated with that and what I found to be really interesting was automatically they saw how they were a bridge through time how they connected the people of the past with people moving into the future and it lent to lent it to it itself to people wanting to say oh wow you know what if I you know could go to space or what if I interacted with people who are on other planets and I mean so fundamentally they start to see themselves as a person in the universe and a person who is a part of a larger spectrum of time and not just in the here and now and I think that long view vision just helps facilitate agency and creativity I could go on about that perspective but thank you for the question should I answer as well I would say that diversity is going to be enormously important because of the mission critical nature of teams working together in space I'm racking my brain for the title of Joey's book but Whiplash thank you one of the great chapters to me in Whiplash was his discussion of why you need diversity even if you're just a let's say selfishly enlightened person it's in your own interest to get a diverse team so that you avoid blindness of certain areas so that you can see things that you would not otherwise see and it seems to me in space that would be especially important that you get all opinions all perspectives because it's life or death out there and it can make all the difference would be the reason for diversity if no other and there's plenty of others and not to be trite but in theory that's what Star Trek is all about is inclusion and diversity in fact that's the way I got involved in Star Trek in the first place is because there was a short little scene with Mr. Spock and a female Vulcan named Savik and the scene was filmed with the actor speaking English but in editing and post-production they decided no it would make more sense that they were speaking Vulcan to each other so I made up despite what I said earlier I made up gobbledygook that matched the lips and they put in subtitles and that was how I got involved but anyway the reason they wanted to make that the change is important the reason they wanted to make the change is to show that these particular characters had something in common with each other above and beyond pointy ears and that was shown by the language and also to show that they were different from the other people who are on the ship but part of it as well and they wanted to do that very subtly and they did it by means of having them speak their own language as opposed to a lot of verbiage that was actually in there but cut out any other questions from the room and wave vociferously because I'm kind of blinded by the lights here someone over here hello I'm not throwing it all the way over there pass it down yes that's right a beach ball hi thanks my question is about science fiction that was written about a future but now has come and passed for instance like Jules Verne shooting a cannon at the moon to land on it or in 2015 we had Back to the Future Day which was written in 1985 how do you explain the difference between what we think about is going to be the future versus what actually becomes a reality and how do you incorporate that into your your writing well I think sometimes it really just points to it makes a big statement about where we are at the time I think for me I try to work around those issues by pushing it 200 years into the future and I don't have to be held to it for too long I'm an idiot but the other fun part I think about not projecting it that far is that you can also work with issues and try to make predictions around that of course if you aren't correct that's okay because it makes a really fascinating statement with what was important at the time so it almost becomes like this artifact of sorts around a perspective of the future or what we call retro futures I actually don't even think of it as prediction I think of it as prototyping you know like I said earlier what I'm trying to do is explore possible futures and they might be futures that we don't want to inhabit and think of it as dodging icebergs or whatever well somebody has to go and spot those icebergs I've had the experience where I've written stories that I thought had utopian elements and people would get back in touch with me saying well this is very much a dystopia I think well that's a difference of opinion but again if I get a future wrong it actually isn't going to upset me too much because you know if we avert a potential future that I don't think is worth living in then I'd be very happy to be wrong that we don't actually go there I do think it's a challenge though to come up with utopian worlds easier to create a dystopia right it creates a bigger arc for the character if it's a dystopia they get to be a hero but I do think that's a fun thing to think about wow what if everything is kind of okay and we're dealing with human issues you know it's interesting you bring that up because you hear this all the time utopia dystopia I think we are always living right in the middle because there's wonderful things that are happening and it's terrible things that are happening and I think the future is going to be like that it's going to be a little bit of both if we're lucky alright well unfortunately we are out of time so thank you so much to all of our panelists for being here today thank you all of you


As-salamu alaikum. I am Dr. Kesar Khalid Mahmood. I am serving as Assistant Professor of Gender Studies at University of the Punjab Lahore. Before joining University of the Punjab, I have served International Islamic University Islamabad, Government College University Faisalabad and UET Lahore in different capacities. In this semester, I am going to teach you the course of Quantitative Research Method. Let's see what this course is. The course of Quantitative Research Method is a major course of your degree program, BS Sociology. If we say that there is a degree of Social Sciences, BS Sociology, BS Political Science, BS Psychology, in all the degree programs, it is a major course. Your Social Science is considered as Science Research. In Social Science, we study two types of researches, Quantitative Research and Qualitative Research. Quantitative Research is a major field of your Social Science. This course is practical and theoretical both in nature. In this course, where you will learn some theoretical aspects, you will learn some practical things in that course, which will be useful in your professional field. In this course, we will look at the methods of data collection, data analysis techniques, and what are the quantitative research designs, we will also talk about them. This course is of your three creditors, which is the weightage of your degree program.


Hello, everyone. Welcome. I'm James Milan and this is part of our election 2021 coverage as the debate for the Board of Assessors. I am joined by just one of three candidates for the seat, and so we are going to proceed with an unorthodox, but nonetheless, by the rules, debate with Guillermo Hamlin who is joining me now. And I'll just explain quickly Guillermo, you and I have gone over this, but I'll explain for our audience that it's going to be a very simple proceeding here. Guillermo will take up to two minutes for an opening statement, and then I will ask him a series of questions as I would if the other candidates were here as well, and he will have up to two minutes to answer each of those. Of course, what we'll be missing is any opportunity for interaction with other candidates and rebuttals, etc. So we will just go with Guillermo's answers and the proceedings will conclude with a one minute closing statement from Guillermo. So welcome and without further ado, please up to two minutes for your opening statement. Thank you, James. For all of the viewers at home in Arlington, my name is Guillermo S. Hamlin, that's how it's going to be on the ballot. But you can just call me Guillermo, and I'm running to be your next Board of Assessors, ultimately because I believe that there's a disparity in outreach. And that was my slogan prior to this debate, and it's self-evident that I'm taking it to heart tonight. I am here because I believe that outreach to taxpayers, homeowners, in particular the senior citizens in our town who are themselves our homeowners. Some of them who have been enjoying their retirement or on a fixed income and have found themselves in the category of a low-income homeowner. As a result, we got to figure out ways to work with them precedent in town council, as well as with the Select Board to really reinvigorate state leadership to take the lead on expanding these financial hardship exemptions and to make sure we get enough relief for homeowners in Arlington. I myself am a tenant, and I want to build that full disclosure because I believe that it's very clear that I'm pursuing in part some impartiality. I think it's good to communicate as to what we're doing when it comes to our tax rates, our fiduciary responsibilities to the town of Arlington, and overall just being able to speak to our neighbors about what's happening in town government in general. I'm looking to be a part of a greater inclusion into town government, but overall I would appreciate for you to consider my candidacy because I myself have a background in government access television. I have a background in housing nonprofits, and for the last year or so I was elected to town meeting, and I look forward to explaining and expanding this as we move forward. Thank you very much. Thank you. And we will get right into the questions. The first one is, what is the primary work and mission of the board as you see it? And then how do you see yourself fitting into that? My understanding of the board as it's constituted is that it is a historically advisory board looking to follow through with state procedure and statutory perfunctory duties. We have to make sure that the tax rates get certified. We have to make sure that we do our due diligence to make sure that when it comes to our triennial tax reporting with the Department of Revenue and overall just regular upkeep reporting public records. I think it's good to be able to explain what's going on to our town residents simply about the day to day and what's going on. Now, I fully understand that some information could be sensitive, privileged and altogether not meant for public consumption. I'm fully aware of that in my primary job as a government access technician in the city of Malden. I have to make sure that I honor executive sessions. I have to make sure that I honor the difference between a public records request and what is contracted to make sure that the school committee, the city council, board of appeal on the planning board are regularly accessible to the city of Malden. I know that the city and the town of Arlington differ and I learned that in a substantial effect serving on town meeting as of last year and participating in the series of virtual town meetings, a historic virtual town meeting that I had the privilege of beta testing. And as a later, later in the forum, I suppose, I'm going to expand on how that really informed me about what it means to do outreach, not only to my fellow colleagues and town meeting, but to the town overall. Okay, thank you. So, next question is, what do you see as the biggest challenges that face the board as it is currently constituted? Thank you, James. The way that I see an issue with the board as currently constituted is not overall the lack of talent we have on the board, but just simply outreach. Getting the word out about what it is that we're doing if I were to be on the board of assessors and just get ahead of relief, making sure that low income homeowners, seniors on a fixed income who are themselves homeowners, have the opportunity to know what's ahead and seek relief whenever possible. I believe that an aggravating continuous incident amongst a great many number of residents is that they're hit with a tax bill and they can't, it's almost too late to seek the relief that they're looking for. So, the way I see it, we just instituted very simple media promotion via through ACMI, your Arlington, even simple leaflets and flyers and we can work with the council of aging to distribute to seniors and just start there, seek a feedback loop and see how we can get the word out better. Okay.  Everybody, all property owners here, you know, are subject to the assessment process. And some people have charged that the assessment process in town is opaque and inconsistent. And they raise questions about inequity. How do you see the current process? And if it needs improvement, what would you do to make that happen? Thank you for asking me that question because it took a great deal to study what it is that I was doing before I set forth this candidacy. I agree. It's confusing. There's no continuity and it varies substantially to have any sort of real mathematical understanding. I had the privilege of attending the fiscal resource task group as part of Envision Arlington and it's been a privilege to see Gordon Jamison and the rest of the members really dig into the numbers. Now, I'm a layman. I have some mathematical understanding, but I was relieved to see that they brought, you know, some visualization with a box and whisker plot that I was able to reminisce using a T9 graph and calculator in high school. And one of the things that I found is that, yeah, it's very, it varies. It's a variant process. The way I see it, it's best to still get the information out there. So if there are any, if there's anything that we need to reform, change, make clear, I believe that it's best to just get it out there, demystify it for people. And I understand that again, I'm not looking to kick the doors down of executive session. I'm not looking to foment some sort of disunity. I'm looking to work with the Board of Assessors, the Assessors office. I'm looking to work with my colleagues to be an effective vote, being the one of three votes to make sure that we make some effective change towards relief, broadening financial relief. I understand that financial hardship is an area where there is sole discretion. And I believe that I'd like to press state leadership. I'd like to work with the select board and ultimately work to make sure we have something to present at town meet so we can adopt more relief to our residents. Okay, you have mentioned relief on a number of occasions during the debate. And of course, that is another major duty and responsibility of the Assessors office is to provide release. Often it is through the abatement process. How do you see, you know, we just talked, I asked you about the assessment, how do you see the abatement process as it currently stands? Is it fine as is? Does it need improvement? If so, again, what would you do to make those improvements? Thank you for asking that. Again, I'd like to remind the viewers at home that a lot of the duties are very perfunctory, meaning that it's very limited. The way that I see it regarding the abatement process is thus far given how perfunctory it is, I think that I don't really know how else to gauge how fine it is. I would like more information. I think that the town would like more information. As if I were to be elected, I would work as is and be constituted and then learn more about the process to see what can be changed. And I would communicate regularly with the voters about an update on that process. I would direct them to the division of local services YouTube page so we can learn together about tax levies, the abatement process assessments, and then foster a common language where we can then make new adoptions, press state leadership and work with select boards so we can have something to adopt in town meeting. I myself am a town meeting member, and I had the privilege being in precinct 14 to adopt the abilities called the gold star family tax exemption. And it was something that benefited very few families. I've heard to I've heard on the record being just one, but nobody wants to be a gold star family member. And I believe that that was a very good measure to take it. I was very proud to take that measure and to vote to adopt it. And whenever possible, such as areas such as these where it's already within precedent with veterans seniors and those who happen to find themselves suddenly on a fixed income, still owning their home and eating some relief to get by. I believe that we should be able to communicate to them, fairly in a head of schedule ahead of tax season to make sure that they know what they can do to seek relief. And I believe that that's fair to the residents of Arlington. Thank you very much. One final question. And that is, for some in town, the current makeup of the board of assessors represents a wealth of experience and professionalism. And for others, it is in desperate need of an infusion of new blood and fresh perspectives. Where do you stand on this issue, and why. Thank you, James. Overall, I'm, I have to be frank in that I appreciate the work that they've done. I appreciate how the town of Arlington punches above its weight in its services. And yet, overall, while there are cases where different neighbors and residents don't feel it. This is overall comparatively to Belmont, Winchester, Medford, Somerville, in terms of what they're paying an affordable place to live. But at the same time, there is, you know, a rapid cost of living that is tied to housing. And when it comes to these drivers, when it comes to the tax assessment process. I resonate and I feel for these residents, because my parents themselves were first time home buyers that were looking for relief. And it was informative of my upbringing, where initially I was raised and or the first housing I can remember in the United States was a high rise in Somerville, not Massachusetts, but Somerville, New Jersey. And then it went from going to a condo to a first time home. And it was something where the makeup of this board could benefit if someone could speak to people like my, my mother and my father during that time, who had a command of English that they didn't feel strongly using it, at least to ease the anxiety. And I believe that that's something that could be helpful. I want to thank the Board of Assessors for their service. I have no animosity. I have no gripe as I'd like to remind the viewers at home. I'm a tenant. And I'm looking to just reinforce good work and work with them to get the word out about the work that they're doing, the good work that they're doing. And then to stand by their sides of the boat and do what is necessary to make sure we meet our fiduciary responsibility to the state as the town of Arlington. Thank you. All right. And thank you. Now, we are left with just your closing statement. And I do want to just give you a little reminder because you've had two minutes for each of your responses so far. And this will be just one minute. All right, thank you. So I respectfully ask for your vote before and on Saturday, April 10 for annual town election because I believe that when it comes to running a campaign such as this, it's good to have the form delected by your side. I respectfully ask for your vote because I would love the opportunity to be able to tell a story about being a former Paraguayan who's a proud naturalized citizen who took the citizens of and had the privilege of moving here at 18 from New Jersey and seeking opportunity by being a camera operator at Harvard University, eventually earning an evening bachelor's and then being able to work on so many political campaigns that informed my views and allowed me to really get back to the town of Arlington in service. Beginning as a town meeting member and at this year I'm asking you to consider me for Board of Assessors. I look forward to bringing my experience from my housing nonprofit days to really inform my views and to provide relief to the town overall. Thank you. Thank you very much. And that concludes this debate for the Board of Assessors, a seat on the Board of Assessors. I thank our guest and candidate, Guillermo Hamlin, and wish him and the other candidates the best. I urge you to, as Guillermo mentioned, vote for the candidate of your choice before and up to and through April 10 election day. Vote for ACMI. And on behalf of the candidates for the Board of Assessors, I'm James Milan. Thanks for joining us. We'll see you next time.


Exergy can be transferred, added to or removed from a system as a result of its interaction with the surroundings and the interactions with the surroundings may be classified as addition or removal of work, heat and mass. So, we will take a look at what each one of these interaction does in terms of exergy change of the system. So, let us first look at work interaction. So, when certain amount of work is done by the system, let us say an amount of work W is done by the system, its exergy decreases by W. So, we saw in our earlier example, our earlier illustration, so here the system does certain amount of work as it undergoes an expansion process. So, as it does work, its exergy decreases because it is doing work by raising the mass. So, as the system does work, its exergy decreases by how much ever work it puts out. So, if a system does an amount of work W, its exergy decreases by exactly that same amount. And when an amount of work W is done on the system, its exergy increases by the same amount W. Since exergy is work, work transferred to a system or from the system can be easily converted to or can be directly converted to exergy change. Now, addition or removal of mass to a system or in a device also causes an exergy change. So, let us say that we have a certain amount of mass with specific exergy fee, then if I add that much amount of mass to the system, let us say M to the system, then the exergy of the system increases by an amount equal to M times fee. If that much mass is removed from the system, then the exergy of the system decreases by that much amount. So, this is also relatively straightforward to calculate or compute. Now, when it comes to heat interaction and transfer of exergy through a heat interaction, we have to be somewhat more careful because depending upon the temperature of the system with respect to the ambient temperature, whether the temperature of the system is greater than or less than the ambient temperature, the direction of heat flow and exergy flow can be opposite to each other and that is what we will take a close look at next. Now, here contours of exergy, X equal to constant or plotted on a PT coordinate system. So, notice that this line corresponds to temperature T equal to T naught, the ambient temperature that is this line here and the horizontal line corresponds to P equal to P naught. And the origin of course is the ambient state itself, P equal to P naught and T equal to T naught. So, X equal to 0 at the origin and since exergy is positive, it increases in the outward direction, radially outward direction as shown here. It is in the radially outward direction. Now, let us consider systems at initially at four different states A, B, C and D. Now, if you take system initially at state A, if we add heat to this system, its temperature increases and since its initial temperature greater than T naught, its temperature increases. So, its exergy also increases and a new state is in the radially outward direction because its temperature increases and its exergy also increases. Similarly, if I add heat to a system which is initially at state B, since its temperature is greater than T naught, as a result of addition of initially greater than T naught, as a result of addition of heat, its temperature is also likely to increase and it also moves radially away from the origin. So, its exergy increases. Now, conversely, if I remove heat from this system or if this system supplies heat to some other device, then its temperature will decrease and its exergy also decreases. So, it moves in the radially inward direction and the same is true for this system also which is initially at a temperature greater than T naught. Now, if I look at the systems which are initially at states C and D, now temperature of system C initially is less than T naught, if I add heat to the system, then its temperature increases and as a result it moves towards the origin like this. So, its exergy actually decreases. If I supply heat to this system, then its exergy actually decreases in contrast to systems which were initially at states A and B. Similarly, since the system at state D is initially at a temperature less than T naught, if I supply heat to this system, its temperature increases and consequently it moves towards the origin. So, its exergy decreases. Now, conversely and quite unintuitively, if I remove heat from this system, its temperature decreases and the state point moves radially outward and as a result its exergy also increases. Remember, exergy increases in the outward direction as shown here. So, when the state point moves away from the origin, the exergy of that state point is higher. So, the exergy increases in this case when I remove heat from this system. Similarly, for the system which is initially at state D, if I remove heat from this system, its exergy actually increases. So, you can see that the direction of heat transfer and exergy transfer or opposite depending upon whether the temperature is greater than T naught or less than T naught. So, that is something that we should keep in mind. Let us explore this in greater detail and see what happens in these four situations. So, let us say that initially we have system which is at a temperature T greater than T naught. Now, let us say that this, let us say that initially we have something which is at a temperature greater than T naught. I do not want to, we can call it system, no problem. So, let us say that we initially have a system which is at a temperature greater than T naught. Let us say that this system supplies certain amount of heat Q to some other device or system. Now, we want to understand, we know that there is a heat transfer, we want to understand what the corresponding exergy transfer is. To understand this, we envisage a reversible engine or that operates between the system at temperature greater than T naught and the ambient which is at T naught. So, since this reversible engine is supplied with an amount of heat Q, it produces an amount of work W which is equal to Q times 1 minus T naught over T. Now, since this is a perfectly reversible engine, there are no internal or external irreversibilities. So, we are recovering an amount of exergy X equal to W from this engine and since there are no external or internal irreversibilities, this means that exergy is not destroyed within this engine. That means that if you are recovering an amount of exergy X equal to W from this engine, it must have been supplied with an amount of exergy X equal to W. That is what is shown here. Let us go through this one more time. This engine produces an amount of work equal to W. So, from an exergy perspective, an amount of exergy W is recovered from this engine R, amount of exergy X equal to W is recovered from this engine R. Since it is a reversible engine, there are no internal or external irreversibilities, no exergy is destroyed within this engine. So, if you recover an amount of exergy X from this engine, that means that it must have been supplied with an amount of exergy X in the first place. So, now if we look at this from the perspective of this system, which was initially at temperature greater than T0, when such a system supplies an amount of heat Q, it is also equivalently supplying an amount of exergy X equal to Q times 1 minus T0 over T. So, when a system at temperature greater than the ambient temperature supplies an amount of heat Q, it supplies an amount of exergy X equal to Q times 1 minus T0 over T. Now, the same system, if it receives an amount of heat Q, then for this situation, we can envisage a reversible heat pump that operates between the ambient at temperature T0 and this system, which is at a temperature greater than T0. Now, for this heat pump to work, we need to supply an amount of work W and the amount of work W may be evaluated like this. So, for this reversible heat pump to reject an amount of heat Q to this system, we can evaluate the amount of work that is required to accomplish that, that is equal to Q times 1 minus T0 over T. So, we can envisage a reversible heat pump that operates between the ambient and this system, which is at temperature greater than T0 and rejects an amount of heat Q to this system while receiving an amount of work W equal to Q times 1 minus T0 over T. Now, from an exergy perspective, when this engine is supplied with an amount of work equal to W, it is also being supplied with an amount of exergy X equal to W. Since it is a perfectly reversible engine, there is no exergy destruction within the engine, this means that whatever exergy is supplied to the engine must be recovered, the same amount of exergy must be recovered and that is what is indicated here. So, we may summarize this situation as follows when a system at temperature greater than T0 receives an amount of heat Q, equivalently it receives an amount of exergy X equal to Q times 1 minus T0 over T and the direction of heat transfer and exergy transfer are the same in these cases. When the temperature of the system that receives or supplies heat is greater than T0, the ambient temperature. Now, let us look at a system which is at temperature T less than T0. Now, let us say that this system receives an amount of heat Q. Now, we envisage a reversible engine R which operates between the ambient which is a T0 and this system which is at a temperature less than T0. It rejects an amount of heat Q to this system and produces an amount of work W which is equal to Q times T0 over T minus 1. Now, from an exergy perspective, since this engine produces a certain amount of work W that means an amount of exergy X equal to W is recovered from the engine. Since the engine is reversible without any internal or external irreversibilities, there is no exergy destruction. Consequently, if we recover an amount of exergy X equal to W from this engine, it must have been supplied with an amount of exergy X equal to W in the first place. That is what is indicated here. So, let us summarize this in words. When a system which is at a temperature less than T0 receives an amount of heat Q, it is equivalently supplying an amount of exergy X equal to Q times T0 over T minus 1. Notice that the direction of heat transfer and the direction of exergy transfer are opposite in this case. So, direction of heat transfer and direction of exergy transfer are opposite in this case. Next, same system at a temperature less than T0. Let us say that it supplies an amount of heat Q. This is for instance what would happen in the case of a refrigerator. So, when the refrigerant enters the refrigerated compartment, heat is picked up from the refrigerated compartment. And remember, the refrigerated compartment is at a temperature less than the ambient temperature. So, this is for instance what happens in the refrigerator. So, the system at a temperature less than T0 supplies an amount of heat Q. So, I can easily visualize or envision a refrigerator which operates between the ambient T0 and this system which is at a temperature less than T0 while being supplied with an amount of work W which is equal to Q times T0 over T minus 1. So, the refrigerator is supplied with an amount of work equal to W and it transfers an amount of heat Q from the reservoir which is at a temperature T0 and rejects an amount of heat Q0 to the ambient. In terms of exergy, since the engine is supplied with an amount of work W, we are also supplying the engine with an amount of exergy X equal to W. And since the engine is reversible, without any internal or external irreversibilities, there is no exergy destruction which means that whatever exergy is supplied to the engine must be recovered. So, that is what is shown here. So, an amount of exergy X equal to W is recovered from this engine. Now, you can see that the direction of heat transfer and the direction of exergy transfer are opposite to each other in this case also. So, when a reservoir or system at temperature T less than T0 supplies an amount of heat Q, it is equivalently receiving an amount of exergy X equal to Q times T0 over T minus 1. So, in these two cases, the direction of heat transfer and exergy transfer are opposite. So, when the system is at a temperature less than T0, the direction of heat transfer and exergy transfer are opposite. When the system is at a temperature greater than T0, the direction of heat transfer and exergy transfer are the same. This is very, very important. That is why we said that it is easy to figure out the amount of exergy transfer and the direction of exergy transfer in the case of work transfer and in the case of mass transfer. Whereas in the case of heat transfer, the direction of exergy transfer and heat transfer are dependent upon whether the system that is receiving or supplying the heat is at a temperature greater than or less than the ambient temperature. So, this is very important later on. In fact, all these situations are important because we will encounter them when we look at thermodynamic cycles for power producing plants as well as power absorbing devices and when we do second law analysis for these devices, this is very, very important being able to figure out whether exergy is transferred to the system or exergy is recovered from the system is very important for doing exergy balance and then evaluating second law efficiency. Now, we can put all these things together. You may recall that we started this module by stating that a different metric is required. One apart from energy-based metric is required for properly evaluating the performance of devices which are executing non-flow or flow processes. And we pointed out some shortcomings in the energy-based definitions and we also pointed out that isentropic efficiency was very limited in its usefulness or utility. And so, we said that we will introduce a new concept or notion called exergy and we have developed that so far. Now, we will put it together and then define second law efficiency for different types of devices, work producing device, work absorbing device and other devices. And the nice thing about this definition is that it is equally applicable to flow as well as non-flow process. No separate definition is required for flow or non-flow process. So, the second law efficiency for our work producing device is defined like this WU which is a useful work. We can say actual useful work although that is understood. So, WU actual divided by WU reversible. So, we have a device which produces a certain amount of work. It could be let us say piston cylinder mechanism as the flow undergoes expansion it produces a certain amount of work. So, we can evaluate the actual amount of work perhaps from integral PDV and the reversible work you may recall is nothing but the change in exergy of the system. Remember the exergy of the system decreases because it is producing work. So, change in exergy in this case we want a positive number. So, we write it as x1 minus x2. And you may also recall that the actual work is less than the ideal or reversible work by the amount of lost work which is nothing but t0 times sigma. So, WU actual is equal to WU reversible minus t0 times sigma. So, and this was the lost work. So, if we substitute this into this expression we end up with the following form for the second law efficiency of this particular device. Now, in case it is a steady flow device we will simply understand that WU means WX dot and that there is no work done in displacing the atmosphere in this case. Whereas when we are evaluating WU actual for non-flow device we need to account for the work done in displacing the atmosphere. This will be demonstrated in the following examples. Now, in case it is a work absorbing device we simply move the reversible work up to the numerator. So, this is nothing but WU reversible divided by WU actual and following the same steps as this we may write this as 1 minus t0 sigma divided by x2 minus x1 plus t0 sigma. Now, in case of devices which are neither work producing nor work absorbing a very general form of second law efficiency may be defined like this. It is a 2 equal to exergy recovered divided by exergy supplied. So, we supply a certain amount of exergy to the device and we recover a certain amount of exergy from the device. The difference between the two of course is the exergy that is destroyed within the device and that may be used to define an efficiency for this device. In case of a steady flow device we may write this as sigma across the outlet stream of m dot times psi divided by sigma across the inlet streams for m dot times psi. Of course, we may also understand that exergy recovered is equal to exergy supplied minus exergy destroyed and that is what we have done here t0 times sigma dot is the exergy destroyed. So, we may rewrite this expression in this manner. So, this as you can see covers all the possible cases that we wanted to look at. Flow, non-flow work producing, work absorbing neither. So, we can actually calculate the performance metric for any device that we may come up with. That is the utility of second law efficiency. It is far more general and contains more insights because it takes into account entropy that is generated in the universe as a result of internal and external irreversibilities. Now, let us see how we calculate second law efficiency for the examples that we worked out in the previous course where we actually did a first law analysis and we determined say for example, entropy generated, work interaction, heat interaction and so on. For the same example, now we will calculate a second law efficiency.


As prominent members of the wireless power consortium, ST has been active for many years in the area of wireless charging. Today I'm going to demo for you the 15W solution that we have for wireless charging. We have the STWBC-EP, the transmitter ICs, around which we have built reference design. For example, we have implemented a charging pad which is capable of charging the later generation of smartphones. On the receiver end, we have the STWLC33, a 15W receiver. And this is the evaluation board for the receiver. And the receiver is designed in such a way that it can automatically recognize if it is working with a 15W charging pad or with a 5W charging pad. Combining the two, we can offer a complete end-to-end solution, inclusive of both the transmitter and the receiver. Both devices, the STWBC-EP on the transmitting side and the STWLC33 on the receiving side are fully WPC certified and compliant to the latest G-specification as currently implemented, the G1.2-1.3. For additional information feel free to visit st.com. Thank you for watching.


Recorded Books Presents Finding Moon by Tony Hillerman Narrated by me, George Goudel. An Apology, Acknowledgements, Denial, and Dedication To my fellow Desert Rats, my apologies for wandering away from our beloved Navajo Canyon Country. The next book will bring Jim Chi and Joe Leaporn of the Tribal Police back into action. I acknowledge the help of Professor Jack M. Potter, University of California Anthropologist, and author of Wind, Water, Bones, and Souls, The Religious World of the Cantonese Peasant, and of Bernard Saint-Germain and Rick Ambrose, who patrolled the Mekong in the Brownwater Navy. Thanks to Sergeant Chris Hidalgo of the New Mexico National Guard for familiarizing me with a vintage armored personnel carrier. Finally, thanks to my friend and cardiologist, Neil Shadoff, for helping my fictional physicians sound genuine. The Denial. While former members of Sea Company, 410 Infantry will recognize some of the names herein as those of our fellow grunts, I have borrowed only the names of these old friends and not their personalities. All characters herein are fictional. This work is dedicated to the men of Sea Company and to all those who earned the right to wear the Combat Infantry badge. Phnom Penh, Cambodia. April 12, as Jean's France Press. The United States abandoned its embassy here this morning with six helicopters sweeping into the embassy grounds to evacuate the ambassador and his remaining staff. The action came as the last resistance of the Cambodian Army collapsed and Khmer Rouge troops poured into the capital, many of them riding on captured tanks and trucks. On the first day, April 12, 1975, Shirley was giving Moon the caller-on-hold signal when he came through the newsroom door. He acknowledged Shirley with the I'll Call Him Back signal, threw his hat on the copy desk, sat down, and looked at D. W. Hubble. Nothing much, Hubble said, AP has an early tornado in Arkansas, pretty mediocre, but it could get better, things are still going to hell and am. The Ford has a press conference scheduled for 11 Washington time and Kissinger issued a statement in General Motors, what did Henry say? Hubble did not bother to look up from his duties, which at the moment involved chopping copy from the teletype machine into individual stories and storing them into trays.  Hubble said, what did Henry say? Let's see. He glanced at the top item in the pig iron file. Henry said that Dick Dixon was correct in declaring we had won the war in Southeast Asia. He said the North Vietz were just too stubborn to understand that, and the press was playing up the current setbacks to make it look like a disaster and it was going to be the fault of the Congress for not sending more money, and anyway don't blame Kissinger. Words to that effect. It looks good for the play story. Moon asked and sorted quickly through the front page tray. The United States seemed to be evacuating the embassy at Phnom Penh. Moon saved that one. The new president of South Vietnam, something or other, T.U., was picking a fight to the death bunch for his cabinet. Moon discarded it. A bill to put a price ceiling on domestic oil production was up for a vote in the Senate Committee. That was weak, but a possibility. The South Vietz were claiming a resounding victory as Suan Laok, wherever that was. He tossed that one too. Senator Humphrey declared that we should establish a separate U.S. Department of Education. There'd be some interest in that. The Durant County commissioners had moved the road to the ski basin up a notch on the priority list. Most of the 28,000 subscribers the paper claimed would be interested in that one. And then there was the colorful, gruesome feature on the plight of refugees pouring into Saigon from points north. There was good human interest stuff, but even as he read it, Moon was conscious of how quickly these accounts of tragedy from Vietnam had become merely filler, like the comics and Anne Landers and the Crossword Puzzle. A few years ago they had been personal. Then he'd searched through the news for references to Ricky's airmobile brigade for actions using helicopters, for anything involving the Da Nang sector where Ricky's maintenance company was stationed. But since Ricky resigned his commission in 1968, Ricky had been out of it. And since 1973 the United States of America was also out of it. Sample complete. Ready to continue?


Attack that and try to get Kane to pick up his fourth but driving kicking Devon Gage from three to strong Strews flying around trying to get the loose ball. Momu Kailashvili kept it alive three on one alley. You kill When a few fast-break baskets by Seton Hall and Of Quincy McKnight trying to spin around out of control Paul Reed tapped it away up ahead Jalen Butts to Devon Gage That's been their best offense Tempro transition with only Strews the natural score on the floor turn around on the curl not from Paul Reed Offensive rebound by Schreider Strews deep three Demand for Seton Hall and doing a great job. He probably enjoys his trips to Marquette that Strews Huge shot by Strews and again McKnight on the bench butts just read that pass beautifully. Yeah, he sure did Strews from the corner Just in a nice rhythm. He's catching and shooting The Seton Hall of another run in a plenty of time is pal driving kicking Thompson deep three Torian Thompson That's where you get the momentum. He's energized his team with his long range shooting And got this team back in the game the threes are finally starting to go and now a turnovers Seton Hall down by five Torian Thompson Unabated right to the rim. He's got a season high 15 We'll never stop their belief. There's her own knocks down a huge three Great execution my move flashes to that high post and miles power The short shot from Chavar Reynolds. They have Max Strews up on him Femi Lujaby run on the floor Lujaby Pirates do have the possession arrow Jalen butts couldn't finish from point-blank range The pirates trying to cut into it McKnight with Kane on him followed by mom. Okay, there's really no New possession. There's Powell. Powell leans in and knocks down three one-point game Got to get it in mama Kalashvili Kalashvili for three off the heel Rebound Strews and DePaul Havers win in conference play On that security defensively They kept the ball out of Powell's hands and made someone else beat them That was the game plan for Dave Lado today. Don't let Powell beat you and put into someone else's hands


Hello everybody! This video will show you how to create a VPN server on a Windows computer and how to connect to such a server from another PC. Such VPN server can be used for anonymous browsing the web as the real IP address is concealed. To bypass the blocks set by the network administrator or restrictions of the Internet provider, to encrypt the transmitted data, to access blocked websites from your country, to enable downloading files from P2P networks such as Torrents, and to protect your computer when connecting to free Wi-Fi. Certainly if you need to VPN to bypass blocking of some websites by your provider, or just to hide your IP address when surfing the web, you don't have to set up a VPN server. You can use ready-made services instead. You can learn more from another video. Find the link in the description. Hello friends! If you need to recover deleted data, view or restore removed browsing history. Hetman software products will help you. Follow the link in the description. Follow the necessary program for free. Install it and analyze the disk. The utility will show you the data you can recover, so you will be able to view it or get it back. In our channel and blog, you will find solutions to any problem, from installing an operating system or configuring it, to fixing possible bugs and errors or optimizing mobile gadgets. Our specialists will answer any questions you ask in your comments under the videos or articles. So create a VPN server on your computer. Go to Network and Sharing Center – Change Adaptive Settings. In the folder Network Connections, press Alt button and select File – New Income and Connection. Check the box next to the username to allow this user to access this computer and network. Other computers will connect here through VPN. Next. Check the box next to the option through the Internet. Next. In this window, don't change anything and click Allow Access. Now the VPN server is created. Now let's imagine that this computer will work as a kind of server. Let's create a folder to which other computers will have access through VPN. Make it shared. To do it, right-click on it, Properties, Sharing, Advanced Sharing. Check the box next to Share this folder. Then click on Permission and allow full control. Apply. Now let's move on to the computer of an imaginary user who needs to connect to this freshly created VPN server and get access to the folder. In order to connect to the VPN server, open Settings, Network and Internet, VPN, add a VPN connection. When you open the Connection Settings menu, choose the VPN provider as Windows, built-in. Connection Name – Any. You will see this name in the list of other network connections. Server Name or Address – In this field, enter the IP address or name of the computer where the VPN server is connected. Now that's why we are back to the server to learn its IP address. There are several ways to do it. For example, you can go to the website toip.ru or you can ask your network administrator. Enter it into the field Server Name or Address. VPN Type – Automatic In the field User Name and Password, you should enter the name and password of the account which is active on the server computer. I'm in the user next to which you check the box while creating the VPN server. After that, click Save and you will see that a VPN connection is ready. To use it to connect to our VPN server, click on it and select Connect. Because when connecting, you can see an error saying Add connection to the remote computer could not be established. You might need to change the network settings for this connection. In this case, you should modify the incoming connection settings in the server computer. To be exact, specify the pool of possible connected IP addresses. To do it, go to the server computer, network and sharing center, change adapter settings. Right click on Incoming connection, Properties, Networking, IPv4, Properties. Check the box next to Specify IP address. And enter the pool of addresses. You can use any, but you can't enter only one. OK, OK. After that, go back to the computer trying to connect and try again. Now the computer is connected to the VPN server. Go to Network connections and you will see your fresh new connection you have just created. With a name, you have assigned to it while creating. In order to get access to the shared folder in the computer which is the VPN server, run the command IP config on the computer where you created the VPN server and find the IP address of the VPN network that you created or ask the administrator of this network. After that, open Explorer in the user's computer and enter this IP address into the address field. Put in two backslashes before the address. If nothing happens, the problem might be in the firewall settings of the server computer. That is why in this case, go to the VPN server computer. When you are there, go to Control Panel, Windows Firewall, Advanced Settings. Go to Inbound Rules and find the rule named NetLoginServiceNP in. Click on it. As you can see, it is disabled. Turn it on. Now go to the client computer and try accessing the shared folder in the server computer again. Enter the user password for the VPN server. Here is the folder we have shared before. I have just shown you how to connect directly to the computer which is a VPN server. But if it is connected to a network server router, you have to set up forwarding for port 1723. This is how you do it. Go to the settings of the router through which the VPN computer server is connected to the network. In one of my previous videos, I have shown it in detail. You will find the link in the description below, as usual. Go to the menu Forwarding, Virtual Servers, Add New. I have already set up forwarding in my computer. That's why I'll show it on my example. Enter the service port 1723 IP address. Access of the computer where the VPN server will be created. In our case, it is... How can you learn it? There are several ways to do it. One of them, enter the command ipconfig in the command prompt. We need the IPv4 address of the main network adapter. It's usually the first on the list. The two other, in my case, are the virtual machine adapters. Some routers need to be restarted after that. That's all. As a result, inbound VPN connections will be redirected to this PC. And the last. After the VPN connection is ready, the client computer will be disconnected from the Internet. To make sure it still has access to the Internet when the VPN connection is active, do the following. When the VPN is disconnected, go to Network connections of the client computer. Let click on the created VPN connection and select Properties, Networking, IPv4, Properties, Advanced. In the tab IP Settings, uncheck the box next to Use Default Gateway in Remote Network. That is all. Next time when you connect to the Internet, the connection will not be lost. In the process of creating a VPN connection, some additional issues may appear – errors or failures. They can't be covered in one short video, as there are so many settings. If you have any questions, leave a comment to ask one. That is all for now. If you found this video useful, hit the Like button below. Subscribe to Have Fun on the software channel. Thank you for watching. Good luck.