Stories and content in Weird Darkness can be disturbing for some listeners and is intended for mature audiences only. Parental discretion is strongly advised. There are few things in life more permanent and guaranteed than death. Yet that doesn't stop us from imagining what life would be like if death was only temporary. In numerous movies and TV shows, reanimated human corpses roamed the world, having avoided the permanent stillness of death, only to devour the living. Now, we know zombies aren't real, but reanimated corpses aren't exactly a figment of the imagination. Both necromancers and scientists have been attempting to restore life to the dead for hundreds of years. In the 1800s, physicist Giovanni Aldini became famous for his spectacular demonstrations of reanimating human and animal corpses by stimulating them with powerful electrical shocks. He would hook a battery up to dismembered humans or animals and cause the corpse to convulse as though it were alive. Audience members were awestruck, despite the fact the creature never actually came back to life. Aldini knew he wasn't actually reviving the dead, though that didn't stop him from trying and neither did the scientists who followed him. By the 1930s, attempts to resurrect the death with electricity had fizzled, but the fascination with reanimation was far from dead. One of the most famous scientists in the field of reanimation is Robert E. Cornish, an American biologist who studied at the University of California, Berkeley. Cornish reportedly managed to revive two dogs by rocking them back and forth to move blood around while injecting the animal with a mixture of anticoagulants and steroids. When Cornish announced he was ready to perform his experiment on humans, the California death row inmate, Thomas Bikmonigal, volunteered his body post-execution. But the state of California denied his request. Because let's face it, the last thing we need is technology that can bring death row inmates back to life after their demise. That's a horror movie script in the making. Recently a team of researchers from Yale University have been experimenting with reanimating pig brains and publishing their findings in April 2019's journal Nature. The scientists restored brain activity and some cellular activity in pigs a few hours after the animals died in a slaughterhouse.  Scientists not involved in the study told live science that the results throw into question what it means to be alive or brain dead. Zombies are most certainly fake, but a few remarkable case studies suggest that some semblance of spontaneous resurrection is possible. In 2011, 46-year-old woman Kelly Dwyer fell into a frozen pond while hiking alone in New Hampshire. Dwyer's heart stopped before the ambulance could reach her and her body temperature plummeted to near 60 degrees Fahrenheit, 15 degrees Celsius, popular science reported. Dwyer had been dead for five hours, then doctors switched off life support and her heart spontaneously started again. After spending two weeks recovering in the hospital, Dwyer returned home alive and with no brain damage. She wasn't a zombie, but in a sense she had come back from the dead. Enough people have spontaneously come back to life several minutes after cardiac arrest that the Instance has its own name, the Lazarus Phenomenon. Not all of the people who experience the Lazarus Phenomenon regain full neurological function or remain living for much longer, but a 2007 review estimated that about 35% of Lazarus Phenomenon patients return to a normal, healthy life. Even after hundreds of years of failed experiments, some scientists are still trying to manually reanimate human corpses. BioQuark Inc., a U.S. biotechnology company, has been attempting to recruit 20 clinically dead patients for an experiment on reversing brain death. A letter published in the journal Critical Care said the trial borders on quackery and dead means dead. Zombie fans might disagree, and so might necromancers. Perhaps the key to bringing the dead to life has nothing to do with science and everything to do with black magic, witchcraft, spells, potions, the time of day, and the weather outside. While scientists have been trying for hundreds of years to bring the dead back to life, necromancers have been claiming for even longer to have been succeeding at it. But can we believe that? Can we bring someone back from the dead to speak to them once again? There are all kinds of ways in which the dead differ from the living. Psychology professor Richard Wiseman recently said, and one of them is that dead people tend to be rather particular about who they talk to. The dead, he continued, prefer chatting to people who are imaginative, creative, highly sensitive. The professor gives a barely perceptible nod in my direction. You know, the credulous, the gullible and the deluded. Well, that escalated quickly. I'm Darren Marlar, and this is Weird Darkness. Welcome, weirdos. This is Weird Darkness. Here you'll find stories of the paranormal, supernatural, legends, lore, crime, conspiracy, mysterious, macabre, unsolved and unexplained. While you're listening, you might want to check out the Weird Darkness website. At WeirdDarkness.com you can find paranormal and horror audiobooks I've narrated, The Weird Darkness Store, streaming video of horror hosts and old horror movies. Plus, you can visit the Hope in the Darkness page if you're struggling with depression, anxiety or thoughts of suicide. You can find all of that and more at WeirdDarkness.com. Coming up in this episode of Weird Darkness. The people of Japan have a myth of a terrible snake-like creature with death-dealing powers called a Sushinoko. But unlike many legends, there have been modern sightings of this bizarre cryptid. Is it real? If so, what could it be? At the age of only 14, George Stinney Jr. was the youngest person in history to be put to death in the electric chair. Then, 70 years later, he was proven innocent.   They were cigar-shaped, glowed red and could turn on a dime, which ruled out even the most sophisticated rockets of the time. What is it that World War II fighter pilots were seeing in the skies flying with them? And I'm pretty sure that unless you were born of a virgin, died and then rose from the grave three days later, no one has had any real success at bringing people back from the underworld. But that's exactly what people who practice necromancy try to do. They can't be successful at it, though, can they?  Here it comes, my favorite part. 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It is the magical process of bringing the deceased to life with the intent of learning their secrets, a way to read the future, discover the unknown or just exploit the wisdom of the grave. It's been the subject of many forbidden doctrines and is still used in some religions today. Although first considered by the ancient Greeks as a way to descend into the underworld of Hades, necromancy eventually evolved into the act of summoning the departed into the mortal world, often against their will and with grave consequences. Pet cemetery, anyone? Talking to the deceased is not for the faint of heart and the lore surrounding what necromancy is can be equally as terrifying. Necromancy is most commonly associated with witches and witchcraft. Since ancient days, tales of witches using necromancy for power and insight have appeared in legends and lore from multiple cultures. Part of this association comes from the belief that witches worked with spirits, including those of humans, animals, plants and the earth itself. One of the more memorable stories is the story of Sextus Pompeii, who in the Roman poet Lucan's epic sought out the help of Eryktho, a Thessalian witch known to be both horrifying and dangerous. Regardless of her reputation, Sextus was desperate to know the outcome of the Civil War before it happened. Eryktho was a serious necromancer who set up resonance at a graveyard to facilitate her conversations with the deceased and promised to help Sextus with his query. In a gruesome scene, she wandered a battlefield in search of a cadaver whose neck and lungs still allowed him to speak and when she found one, she and Sextus brought the body into a cave where the witch prepared it for her ritual. Calling on the help of Hermes, the guide of the dead and other supernatural powers, she successfully summoned the spirit and the soldier's body was reanimated. The animated body then described for Sextus the bleak Civil War on the horizon and the inevitability of his own early death. Despite the bad omen from the spirit, Sextus was satisfied because above all else, he knew his fate. Necromantic rituals could be both mundane and grotesque depending on their purpose, but they were almost always elaborate, often involving talismans, incantations, magic circles, candles, symbols and wands. The Necromancer might wear the clothes of the deceased, sit for days without moving or even mutilate and eat corpses as a way to call out to the other side. They would choose melancholy locations that were well suited to their guidelines, perhaps the home of the deceased subject, a ruin or a dark graveyard. All of these morbid practices were just the warm-up for the eventual summoning of the spirit. According to folklore about Necromancy, in order to raise a physical body from the other side, the process had to occur within one year of the death. Otherwise, the Necromancer would only be able to evoke the ghost, not the real person. These days, existing practices of Necromancy relate to the spiritualism of certain cultures who still believe the dead can lead the living into a realm of understanding. For example, Necromancy is still practiced in the Afro-Brazilian religion Quimbanda, which purports that there are several types of spirits, including a group of female spirits called Pumbagiras and a group of male spirits called exas, who can be called on for aid. People who practice Quimbanda ask spirits to help them with specific tasks. But what do the dead really know? This question has been up for debate throughout the centuries. Roman poet Ovid wrote in the Metamorphosis that many felt the dead converged in an underworld marketplace where they exchanged news and gossip. Others thought they were much more sinister, including Jews and Christians. Many books of the Bible offer warnings against Necromancy, fortune-telling, and false prophets. In the eyes of most Christians, bringing back non-living spirits was and still is nothing short of demon summoning. They believe that regardless of any perceived benefits, raising the dead goes in the face of God's authority and only leads to suffering. The medieval world typically believed that the resurrection of the dead required God's help, thereby labeling all other kinds of divination and spirit communication as requiring the help of evil spirits. Even though many Catholics pray to deceased saints for their departed loved ones, the Bible and the Catholic Church condemn Necromancy as a magical practice. The first literary mention of Necromancy appeared in Homer's Odyssey, when the powerful sorceress Cersei traveled to the underworld with Odysseus to determine the success of his impending voyage home. By raising the spirit of the prophet Therysius, who was known for his clairvoyance, they hoped to gain insight into Odysseus's future. In this depiction of Necromancy, Odysseus followed the rituals of his culture and made offerings to the underworld gods and the blood sacrifice of a sheep, which acted as a special drink for ghosts, enabling them to speak. He spoke to several ghosts and was given warnings. Odysseus pandered to the dead as a way to ensure his future success and to gain insight into a realm where humans had no such visions. Odysseus was desperate to ascertain his fate, no matter what the cost. This theme of desperation for knowledge, despite the religious and ethical implications of Necromancy, reappear frequently in history. Despite it being a controversial form of black magic, many clerics in the Middle Ages studied and practiced Necromancy. These medieval scholars believed Necromancy could help them achieve many feats, both personal and spiritual, and they used their clerical training to perform the rituals correctly. It was believed Necromancy could obtain answers from the dead that could solve real-life problems like finding missing items, identifying culprits in crimes, or even predicting the future. According to author Robert Micello, in a typical ritual of Necromancy, once a coffin was unsealed, the body would be removed and laid out with its head pointing east toward the rising sun and its limbs assuming the position of crucifixion. A small dish of burning wine, mastic and sweet oil would then be placed near the right hand of the body to promote conjuration. Of course, the incantations varied greatly between cultures, but all seemed to focus on commanding the spirit to move in the name of the deceased person and to answer the demands of the living. Assuming the ritual went according to plan, the body of the dead would slowly rise and dutifully answer the questions of the Necromancer. The spirit would be rewarded for its cooperation by promises of future peace, and the body would be burned or buried in quick lime afterward so it could never be reanimated again. As one would expect, the best time to perform Necromancy was at midnight, especially if the night was filled with wind, rain and lightning, because it was believed that spirits would show themselves more readily in stormy weather. Although practices varied from place to place, the majority of rituals involved lighting the scene with torches and creating a backdrop of deep contemplation and morbidity. For example, if a Necromancer wanted to raise a corpse from a cemetery, magic circles would be drawn around the grave and certain powerful plants were burned, including hemlock, mandrake and opium. Even today, there are people who claim they can speak to the dead. Modern Necromancers cultivate working relationships with the departed through things like the art of throwing bones, where the future is read based on their placement. Working with the quote unquote energy of the dead is the contemporary version of reanimation, and it tries to avoid brutality and the desecration of burial sites. But despite a surprisingly robust online Necromancy community, the ancient art of bringing dead things to life is mostly gone, probably because there is no evidence anyone has actually done it. While there is plenty of literature on the subject and contemporary witches who claim to know the old ways, it is clear that Necromancy is not what it used to be. Shuniyoko is a legendary ancient creature that appears in Japanese myths. Interestingly, people in modern times report having encountered the fearsome snake-like being. Does this mysterious creature exist only in the realm of mythology, or could it be an unknown new species? In Japanese mythology and folklore, Shuniyoko is a legendary ancient creature that appears in Japanese myths. Interestingly, people in modern times report having encountered the fearsome snake-like being, and I am not talking about video games. Does this mysterious creature exist only in the realm of mythology, or could it be an unknown new species? In Japanese mythology and folklore, Sushinoko is described as a creature having a thick belly. The Japanese word for Sushinoko means child of hammer or child of dirt. In Northeastern Japan, the peculiar being is known as Bashihebi. Like many other mythological creatures, Sushinoko often displays supernatural abilities uncommon for animals that we are familiar with. For example, despite its small size being only between 30 and 80 centimeters, that is 12 and 31 inches in length, Sushinoko can jump very high up in the air. It often makes several jumps, one after another. This mysterious creature was mentioned for the first time in the Kojiki, a text from the 8th century which is Japan's oldest existing chronicle and the oldest book written in Japanese. Japanese folklore stories tell the Sushinoko possesses the ability to speak and enjoy alcohol. It is a creature that often lies and swallows its tail. In some ways, Sushinoko resembles the legendary American hoop snake. Sushinoko is said to inhabit deep, remote mountains, and the animal's color varies, but it is mostly described as a black or dark brown creature having a thick orange belly. Some years ago, an unusual reptile was discovered in Makata, a town located in Makata District, Hyogo, Japan. Its peculiar appearance brought the legend of Sushinoko alive again. Since no one has ever found a real Sushinoko, it was difficult to determine if the unknown reptile was the same legendary snake mentioned in ancient Japanese tales. However, according to local government official Toshikazu Miyawaki, the animal found in Makita might have been the Sushinoko. Its body was very thick and short. Several people also heard its squeak. It is not the first time reports of Sushinoko reached media. In the opening years of the 21st century, there was another Sushinoko boom. This one occurring when a farmer in a small town in Okayama Prefecture found the remains of a mysterious creature. The discovery set off a frenzy in the mass media with tabloid newspapers, magazines, and television shows capturing people's attention. Eventually, the body was examined by a biologist who pronounced it probably a Yamakagashi, a tiger keelback snake robbed off as Tigrinus, but not a normal one. The town itself had quickly become identified with the Sushinoko. There had been earlier sightings as well, and today, Sushinoko is a local brand. You can, for example, buy Sushinoko wine. Alleged sightings of Sushinoko keep pouring in, but this little creature remains as elusive as ever, refusing to give up its identity and reveal its hiding place. Modern scientists still discovered many previously unknown creatures, so it is very possible there is a snake-like animal somewhere that once gave rise to the Sushinoko legends. But researchers have not been able to confirm its existence yet. Perhaps Sushinoko resides not in mountains, but rather inhabits the deep underwater realm because it is a semi-aquatic animal. One should not dismiss the possibility of Sushinoko being a new species awaiting discovery. However, currently it is still classified as yokai, a mysterious supernatural creature mentioned in Japanese mythology. Coming up, at the age of only 14, George Stinney Jr. was the youngest person in history to be put to death in the electric chair. Then, 70 years later, he was proven innocent. And it was a snowy November day. It was a bus full of students. It was an icy lake.  These stories and more when Weird Darkness returns. Just because spooky season is over doesn't mean spooky season is over. Here at Weird Darkness, we go from Happy Halloween immediately to Nightmarish Noel, and that includes the Weird Darkness store. Right now, all of our designs are available at a dramatic discount. Drink your hot cocoa with a mug that says, I'm dreaming of a fright Christmas. Get a laptop case for your computer or a phone case that says, Have yourself a scary little Christmas. Be cute with your newborn and get them a onesie that says, I'm the ghost of Christmas present. All of these designs are available on any product, any size, like t-shirts, totes, sweatshirts, wall art, pillows, tapestries, notebooks, hoodies, buttons, magnets, tank tops, stickers and more. And right now, they are all available at a discount just in time for some creepy Christmas shopping. Grab some holiday horrors for yourself and for the weirdos on your gift list at WeirdDarkness.com slash store. That's WeirdDarkness.com slash store. 14-year-old George Junius Stinney was convicted of murdering two white girls, the youngest person to be electrocuted by an electric chair. His conviction was overturned 70 years later. Nothing like that ever happened in the Sawmill village of Alkolu. Alkolu was a place anchored by the lumber mill where both men and women went to church twice on Sundays and green fields teamed with balls of cotton every summer before bursting into clouds of white fuzz each fall. According to official documents, on March 24, 1944, Betty June, age 11 and Mary Emma Tames, age 7, were riding their bicycles in the black part of Alkolu looking for flowers. George Stinney Jr., a 7th grader, was out with his younger sister. When they saw Stinney outside, they stopped and asked if he knew where to find Maypops, a local name for passion flowers. Betty and Mary never made it home that day. The white girl's disappearance prompted hundreds of Alkolu residents to come together and search for the missing girls. A search party of 100 to 200 men fanned out across town. The Stinney family had gotten word of the missing girls that evening while attending a party in the neighborhood. George told his parents that he'd seen them earlier and he left with his father to join the search parties. The girls were found the next morning, but sadly in a water-filled ditch with their skulls smashed in.   Both girls' skulls were punctured. Then, the law enforcement officers found out from witnesses that Betty and Mary were last seen talking to Stinney. The officers handcuffed him and Stinney was taken to the Sumter County Jail. George Stinney was interrogated for hours in a locked room with no witnesses or an attorney. The reports differed to what kind of weapon had been used. According to the police reports, Stinney confessed to murdering Betty and Mary after his plan to have sex with one of the girls failed. The medical examiner reported no evidence of sexual assault to the younger girl, though the genitalia of the older girl was slightly bruised. George Stinney and his older brother Johnny were arrested on suspicion of murdering the girls. Stinney was not allowed to see his parents until after his trial and conviction. Johnny was later released to the cops. According to a handwritten statement, the arresting officer was H. S. Newman, a Clarendon County deputy who stated, I arrested a boy by the name of George Stinney. He then made a confession and told me where to find a piece of iron about 15 inches where he said he put it in a ditch about six feet from the bicycle. No confession statement signed by Stinney is known to exist. The 14-year-old claimed that the arresting officers starved him and then bribed him with food to confess. After the arrest of George Stinney, his father was fired from his job and his family had to immediately vacate their company housing. The community and police threatened them if they did not leave immediately. 31 days after his arrest, George Stinney appeared at the Clarendon County Courthouse in downtown Manning, the county seat. George was dressed in jeans and a faded blue shirt. George looked calm and apparently little concerned, a newspaper in Columbia reported. The trail began at a Clarendon County courtroom where the court-appointed defense attorney, Charles Plowden, did almost nothing to defend his client, Stinney. Charles did not challenge the prosecution's presentation of two different versions of what really happened. In one version, Stinney was attacked by the girls after he tried to help one girl who had fallen in the ditch and he killed them in self-defense. In the other version, he had followed the girls, first attacking Mary Emma and then Betty June. The most significant piece of evidence presented on the court was Stinney's alleged confession, but there was no written record of the teen admitting to murders. Trial prosecutors called three police officers and three witnesses, Reverend Francis Batson, who discovered the bodies of the two girls and the two doctors who performed post-mortem examination. The all-white jury took less than 10 minutes to deliberate, after which they found George Stinney guilty of first-degree murder, and the judge, Philip H. Stoll, sentenced him to death by electric chair. No appeal was filed by his defense attorney and there was no transcript of the trial. Between the time of his arrest and his execution, Stinney's family was allowed to see him only once, later denied to see him a second time under threat of lynching. On June 16, 1944, George Stinney Jr. walked into the execution chamber at the South Carolina State Penitentiary in Columbia with a Bible under his arms. The Bible he was carrying was later used as a booster seat because he was too small for the chair. Stinney was then restrained by his arms, legs and body to the chair. At the final moments, his father was allowed to approach George to say his final words to his son. When an officer asked George if he had any last words, George just shook his head. A few moments later, officials turned on the switch. 2400 volts surged through Stinney's body. George Stinney Jr. was declared dead after eight minutes and 83 days after the murders of Betty June Binnaker and Mary Emma Tames. For a long time, his grave was unmarked in hopes that anonymity would allow him to forever rest in peace. George Stinney's first-degree murder conviction was first appealed in 2014. George's siblings claimed that he was pressured and that he had an alibi, his younger sister, Amy, who was with him at the time of the murders. In fact, Stinney's cellmate at the Sumter County Jail claimed that Stinney always denied murdering Betty and Mary. After a year of consideration, on December 17, 2014, Judge Carmen T. Mullen overturned Stinney's first-degree murder conviction, stating that his sentencing was cruel and unusual. She wrote that there was a violation of the defendant's procedural due process rights that tainted his prosecution. Mullen wrote, No one can justify a 14-year-old child charged, tried, convicted, and executed in some 80 days, including that, in essence, not much was done for this child when his life lay in the balance. On November 26, 1945, the driver of a Lake Chelan school district bus carrying 20 young students and a woman skids off South Lakeshore Road during a snowstorm and plunges down a 30-foot embankment into Lake Chelan. The woman and five children managed to escape through broken windows and reach the shore, but the driver and 15 students drown in the icy waters. Two bodies are recovered soon after the accident, but the bus and remaining 14 victims disappear. After searching for a week, Navy divers finally find the bus sitting precariously on a ledge in more than 200 feet of water. The bus is carefully hoisted to the surface, but it contains the bodies of only four students and the driver. Lake Chelan has a reputation of never yielding its dead and the bodies of the missing nine victims will never be recovered. It is the worst school-related accident in Washington State history. Lake Chelan, located in Central Washington State, is approximately 55 miles long, varies from one to two miles wide and is the third deepest freshwater lake in the United States, measuring more than 1,500 feet deep in places. The name Chelan is a modification of Chelan, the Indian name for the lake, meaning deep water. Bed by glaciers in the Cascade Mountains, the lake flows into the Columbia River via the Chelan River. The Lake Chelan Dam built in 1927 at the lake's outlet to generate hydroelectric power raised the water level 21 feet, requiring construction of new roads on the adjacent mountainsides. Tragically, the new lakeshore roads were unimproved and lacked safety barriers. On Monday morning, November 26, 1945, Royal J. Jack Randall, a Lake Chelan school district bus driver, was proceeding on his normal route along the west side of the lake from 25-mile Creek to Chelan, picking up school children. Mrs. Glenna Brown caught a ride on the bus, hoping to keep a dental appointment in Chelan. It had started snowing, but there was only a light accumulation on the unpaved road, so he didn't bother putting on tire chains. But the snowstorm intensified, limiting his vision. Randall, a World War II veteran, had spent 26 months on Attu in the Aleutian Islands as an Army truck driver, so he wasn't intimidated by severe winter weather. According to surviving witnesses, approximately 9 miles from Chelan, now Lake Chelan State Park, a heavy accumulation of snow on the windshield stopped the wipers from working. Unable to see, Randall pulled the bus off the roadway to clear the windshield. However, the bus struck an outcropping of rock, sending it diagonally across the road over a 50-degree 30-foot embankment. The bus rolled over twice and came to rest on its right side, up on a large boulder, with the front end five feet underwater. Randall, injured and trapped behind the steering wheel, ordered everyone to get out. There was a mass confusion as the students frantically looked for ways to escape. Marie Condon, a student, managed to kick out a window near the back. But as she and others left the bus, it became overbalanced and slid off the rock. Only six passengers managed to escape before the bus disappeared into the lake. The survivors were Mrs. Glenna Brown, age 37, Donald Mack, age 13, Ethel Keck, age 9, Robert Watson, age 8, Peggy Rice, age 16, and Marie Condon, age 17. Having escaped through the broken window, Donald Mack swam ashore and clamored up the steep embankment. He found a US Forest Service emergency telephone box on a nearby utility pole and called for help. On the road, Mack was joined by Robert Watson and Marie Condon, and they flagged down passing cars telling the drivers that the school bus had gone into the lake. Peggy Rice was credited with dragging most of the survivors from the water to safety on the embankment. Ironically, the first car at the scene was driven by her father, Albert R. Rice, who with his son, Allen, had been a few minutes behind the school bus. After helping Glenna Brown, Peggy Rice and Ethel Keck up the embankment, they looked for more survivors, but found none. Then, Albert Rice and other motorists took the survivors to the hospital in Shilan for medical attention. School officials were unsure how many students were in the bus. It was nearly 1 pm when an accurate count and their identities were finally established. Meanwhile, as the alarm spread, emergency vehicles were arriving at the scene from all over Shilan County. The Shilan Fire Department, with a resuscitator, was the first to arrive and stood by all day and into the night. The Washington State Patrol and Shilan County Sheriff's Office established roadblocks to control traffic through the area. The Forest Service erected a shelter over the nearby emergency telephone that provided direct communications with Shilan and the outside world. The Red Cross set up a small canvas tent on the bank, providing the rescue workers with hot coffee and sandwiches. A tugboat and a 100-foot oar barge belonging to the House Sound Mining Company were moored at the water's edge above the sunken bus to use as a platform for diving operations. But nothing could be done to retrieve the bodies or raise the bus until men with diving equipment arrived. Meanwhile, the snow continued falling heavily, about an inch per hour. Late that afternoon, the two U.S. Bureau of Reclamation trucks arrived from Grand Cooley Dam, loaded with deep-sea diving equipment and air compressors. After donning their equipment, the divers, brothers Colin and DS McO'Donnell, finally entered the water at 6.10 pm. Since it was night, the divers used battery-operated spotlights to search the underwater embankment for any sign of the vehicle. They recovered the body of Henry Davis, age 16, and continued searching until 6.35 pm without further success. Limited by the length of their air hoses, they were only able to descend 130 feet on the first dive and sent for more air hose. Later that evening, Ben Thorson, a Washington water power diver, arrived from Spokane with a truckload of equipment. Meantime, the weather continued hindering rescue and salvage attempts. On Tuesday, November 27, 1945, the O'Donnells recovered the body of Forman Ronald Ayers, age 13, and followed a trail done a rock ravine marked by scarred rocks, yellow paint scrapings, and broken glass. At 200 feet, the divers came to a ledge and the visible end of the trail. It was also the limit to which they could safely descend without special equipment. Recovery efforts were temporarily abandoned and buoys were placed in the water, marking the spot where the bust disappeared and floating debris—papers, lunchbox, and clothing—had been spotted. At the request of the Washington State Patrol, the 13th Naval District in Seattle agreed to take over the recovery operation and dispatched a team of diving specialists and equipment to the lake. On Wednesday morning, November 28, 1945, Walter McCray, an underwater salvage expert from Seattle, and seven Navy divers from Naval Air Station, Widbey Island, arrived in Shilan with helium diving equipment and a portable decompression chamber, allowing divers to descend to about 450 feet. After talking to the original divers and analyzing surroundings, the Navy divers determined the bust probably landed on a shelf of rock 280 feet below the surface and about 150 yards from the spot where it went into the water. The ledge, however, ended abruptly a few yards farther out in the lake, dropping to depths over 1,400 feet. If the bust was not found on the ledge, the experts conceded there would be little chance of recovery. Only a diving bell used by the Navy for deep salvage operations could descend to such tremendous depths. Before descending on a potentially dangerous dive, McCray decided to sweep the suspect area with drag lines and grappling hooks. Late that afternoon, power launches commenced dragging operations, but they were suspended after only three sweeps because of darkness. The search for the bust resumed the following morning and continued throughout the day but without success. On Thursday morning, November 29, 1945, McCray descended 262 feet into Lake Shilan. He stayed at that depth for nine minutes and covered a circle approximately 60 feet in diameter, searching for traces of the missing school bus. Upon his ascent, McCray was required to spend four hours in the portable decompression chamber to avoid the bends, nitrogen bubbles in the bloodstream that can cause excruciating pain, permanent injury or even death. Meantime, dragging operations were resumed and continued throughout the day. The Forest Service towed a big electromagnet along the lake bottom, hoping it would attach to the vehicle's metal body. On Friday morning, November 30, 1945, the divers began searching at the 130 to 160-foot level where two bodies had been found, but farther down the embankment. The dive team members, taking turns searching throughout the day, finally relocated the path of the lost school bus late in the afternoon. The last diver into the lake was Lieutenant C.P. Ross, who stumbled across the bus's engine compartment hood while searching in near darkness. The search resumed in earnest on Saturday morning, December 1, 1945. Chief Petty Officer C.E. Myers followed the trail of debris and found the bus shortly after 10 a.m., resting on a ledge upside down, 275 feet from the shore at a depth of 210 feet. After returning to the surface, Myers was taken to the decompression chamber to recover from his dive. He reported seeing bodies, but visibility inside the bus was poor and he was unable to provide an accurate count. The next diver, Walter McCray, fastened cables around the front and rear axles. Then, winches carefully hoisted the wrecked bus alongside the barge so that the bodies could be removed. Divers found only five victims inside the bus, including the driver, Jack Randall. They continued searching the area around the wreck site for the nine missing children, but recovery efforts were eventually suspended when no additional bodies were found. The bodies were taken by launch to Chelan City Hall where parents could positively identify their children. Fastened against the barge, the bus was towed to the House Sound Mining Company dock in Chelan where it was removed from the water by a large crane. The Washington State Patrol, responsible for investigating traffic fatality on state roads, had the wreck hauled to a police garage so experts could determine if a mechanical failure caused the accident. On Wednesday, December 5, 1945, funeral services were held for the five victims recovered from the school bus on December 1. The city of Chelan closed schools, offices and stores, allowing everyone in the community to attend. Afterward, a memorial service was held on Lake Chelan at the site of the tragic accident for all of the victims. Small boats circled the area where the bus was found, dropping flowers into the water. On Thursday, December 20, 1945, the Washington State Patrol released the official results of their investigation into the fatal accident. Chief Herbert W. Algio explained the accident was caused by a blinding snowstorm that obscured Jack Randall's vision, causing him to collide with a rock outcropping along the right side of the roadway and throwing the bus off its line of travel. Apparently, Randall didn't realize the road was bending to the right and drove diagonally across the road, over the bank, into the lake. Although no mechanical defects had been found which could have contributed to the mishap, Algio vowed to intensify the state patrol's semi-annual school bus inspections. Chief Algio went on to say that it was incumbent upon school authorities to prevent buses from operating when weather conditions were unsafe. However, parents in the community pointed out that concrete guardrails which were supposed to have been built along the Lake Road would have prevented the tragedy. Ironically, on Thanksgiving Day, November 22, 1945, a front-page story in the Shilan Valley Mirror had quoted Shilan County Commissioner Leon Kronk as saying that the South Lakeshore Road would be improved and oiled in 1946. After the tragedy, children in the Lake Shilan School District began collecting money for a memorial to their dead classmates. Later, Shilan businesses took up the cause, adding additional funds. The Shilan community collected enough money to erect a monument and establish a small memorial park, which is located near the site of the accident on State Route 971, approximately one mile east of Lake Shilan State Park. When Weird Darkness returns, they were cigar-shaped, glowed red and could turn on a dime, which ruled out even the most sophisticated rockets of the time. What is it that World War II fighter pilots were seeing in the skies flying with them? Do you keep a journal or diary? If not, maybe you should consider it. It's been shown that journaling can help you reduce stress, help relieve depression, build self-confidence. It boosts your emotional intelligence, helps with achieving goals, inspires creativity, and more. In fact, my friend, S. N. Lenees has created a weird darkness-themed journal just for you. Full of blank pages for you to use as a diary, make notes for class or office meetings, jot down ideas for that novel you want to write. Use it for keeping a mileage log if you travel for business, whatever you want. In fact, she has numerous styles of journals to choose from. Along with the Weird Darkness journal, there's one for dealing with grief or teachers' notes, for medical residencies, keeping track of your meds or health routine, and several others. Journals make a great gift for others, but it's also a great gift for yourself and your own mental health. No matter what you might want a journal for, my friend Ann has it. And you can see all of our journals, including the one for Weird Darkness, on the Sponsors and Friends page at WeirdDarkness.com. It was nearly the end of World War II, but for the airmen of the 415th Night Fighter Squadron, it felt more like the beginning of War of the Worlds. Lt. Fred Ringwald was the first to see it. He was writing as observer in a night fighter piloted by Lt. Ed Schlatter with Lt. Donald J. Myers on radar. It was a late November evening in 1944, partly cloudy with a quarter-moon. They were roaming the Rhine Valley just north of Strasburg on the French-German border when Ringwald said, I wonder what those lights are over there in the hills, according to an American Legion Magazine story on the sightings from 1945. There were eight to ten of them in a row, glowing fiery orange. Then Schlatter saw them off his right wing. They checked with Allied ground radar, but they registered nothing. Thinking that the lights might be some kind of German air weapon, Schlatter turned the plane to fight, only to have the lights vanish. At first, the men said nothing, fearing they'd be ostracized, but then the sightings spread through the unit. On December 17, 1944, near Breisach, Germany, a pilot was flying at approximately 800 feet when he saw five or six flashing red and green lights in T-shape. The lights seemed to follow him, closing in to about eight o'clock and 1,000 feet before disappearing as inexplicably as they came. Then on December 22, two more flight crews sighted lights. One crew near Hagenau reported two lights in a large orange glow, seeming to rise from the earth to 10,000 feet, tailing the fighter for approximately two minutes. After that, the lights peel off and turn away, fly a long level for a few minutes and then go out. They appear to be under perfect control at all times, according to Keith Chester's book, Strange Company, Military Encounters with UFOs and World War II, which I've placed a link to in the show notes.  Lieutenant Crazedy, justifiably spooked, instructed the pilot to attempt evasive maneuvers, but the glowing object stayed right next to the jet for several minutes before it flew off and disappeared. Eventually, the airmen named the lights Foo Fighters, inspired by the comic strip Smoky Stover, in which Smoky, a firefighter, would often declare, where there's Foo, there's Fire. An Associated Press reporter broke news of the Foo Fighter sightings on January 1, 1945, and theories about their origins quickly abounded. The sightings were flares or weather balloons or St. Elmo's Fire, a phenomenon where a light appears on the tips of objects in stormy weather. But the members of the 415th rejected all those theories. Flares and weather balloons can't track planes like these objects could, and they'd seen St. Elmo's Fire and could distinguish the two. Then there were those who claimed that the airmen were suffering from combat fatigue, a polite way of saying that war stress was driving them insane. But there was scared evidence to suggest collective psychosis. The 415th had an otherwise excellent record, and when a reporter for American Legion magazine went to report on the squadron, he described them as very normal airmen whose primary interest was combat, and after that came pin-up girls, poker, doughnuts, and the derivatives of the grape. Lieutenant Krasny's son, Keith Krasny, says his late father didn't fit the stereotypical profile of a UFO theorizer. In fact, he never even suggested that the glowing, wingless cigar-like object that flew next to his plane was extraterrestrial in origin. He was very level-headed, very analytical, says Krasny of his father, adding that he kept a notebook where he wrote about and drew his Foo Fighter sighting. But although he never seemed prone to conspiracy theories, Krasny says his father was open to one. He entertained the idea that it could be late-breaking German technology. He did express the view that there were a lot of things during the war that were kept quiet. Holding Nazi Germany responsible for the flying, glowing orbs isn't too far-fetched. For one thing, the sightings took place over Nazi-occupied Europe, at a time when German's Luftwaffe was making tremendous strides. Then there's the fact that the sightings stopped once the German army was defeated. But the most compelling link to the Foo Fighters might be Werner von Braun, a 32-year-old, Wunderkind rocket engineer. Von Braun helped the Nazis develop the V-2 rocket, a long-range guided ballistic missile that Hitler was using in 1944 against Belgium and other parts of Allied Europe. It's not too hard to imagine pilots unfamiliar with long-range ballistics comparing these rockets to cigar-like wingless planes. The V-2 could even explain the glow since its tail emitted a long-burning plume. Nicholas Veronica, an author who has written several books on military aviation history, says that explanation comes up short. The V-2 rocket doesn't have the maneuverability, he says. It couldn't turn on a dime and change its acceleration pattern. Once it started burning, it burned and produced thrust at one rating. Nothing in Nazi Germany's military aviation arsenal can explain the Foo Fighter description, Veronica says. One airman's observation from the time that the Foo Fighters follow the fighters so closely as to seem almost magnetized to them is particularly confounding, given that there just wasn't the propulsion of metallurgical technology that could enable something like that. And yet, Von Braun's career after World War II is worth considering. Following the collapse of the Third Reich, the engineer was recruited to be part of Operation Paperclip, a clandestine U.S. military program that spared 1600 Nazi scientists' prosecution for war crimes, moving them instead into the American military, where their past was whitewashed to the public. By 1952, Von Braun had reinvented himself as a space flight advocate, writing a piece that year in Collier's Magazine declaring that within the next 10 or 15 years, the Earth will have a new companion in the skies, a man-made satellite that could be either the greatest force for peace ever devised or one of the most terrible weapons of war, depending on who makes and controls it. His prediction proved overly conservative. The Soviets launched Sputnik 1 only five years later. Von Braun helped the U.S. Army launch Explorer 1 shortly thereafter. By 1960, he was with NASA, where he became the chief architect on Saturn V, the rocket that sent Neil Armstrong and the Apollo 11 crew to the moon. As Von Braun recast himself as an American patriot, his career in the Nazi Party shadowed him, an ambiguous secret that reporters would playfully poke at. At one press conference before an Apollo launch, a reporter asked Von Braun to assure the press that the rocket wouldn't hit London. But they could never prove his involvement, and it was only in 1985, several years after Von Braun's death, that CNN broke news of the full extent of the aerospace engineer's Nazi past, more than 40 years after the fact. Veronica hopes the food fighter narrative will follow a similar trajectory. The fantasy is that 100 years after the war, the U.S. or Soviets will release information about what they captured and it will blow all our minds. But I think they would have capitalized on it by this point, the historian says, or weaponized it. If you made it this far, welcome to the Weirdo Family. If you like the podcast, please tell your friends and family about it however you can and get them to become Weirdos 2. Do you have a dark tale to tell of your own? Fact or fiction, click on tell your story at WeirdDarkness.com and I might use it in a future episode. All stories in Weird Darkness are purported to be true, unless stated otherwise and you can find source links or links to the authors in the show notes. Is the legendary Sushinoko Reel was written by Ellen Lloyd for ancient pages? The execution of an innocent was from bugged space. Zombie Science, which I used at the very beginning of this episode, was written by Kimberly Hickok for live science. Raising the Dead is by Jen Jeffers for a ranker. The UFOs of World War II was by Adam Janos for history. And School Bus Plunges to an Icy Death was written by Daryl McClary for history link. Weird Darkness Theme by Alibi Music Weird Darkness is a registered trademark. And now that we are coming out of the dark, I'll leave you with a little light. Jeremiah 33 verse 3. Call to me and I will answer you and tell you great and unsearchable things you do not know. And a final thought. Every day may not be good, but there is something good in every day. Alice Morse Earl. I'm Darren Marlar. Thanks for joining me in the Weird Darkness. Who is the Roman poet, Lucan's Epic? Sawed out to help help of Eric, Eric, though.  Sawed out the help of Eric, though. The first literary mention of necromancy appeared in Homer's Odyssey, when the powerful sorceress, Cersei, traveled to the Underworld with Odysseus. Odysseus? Odysseus. Wow. When the powerful sorceress, Cersei, traveled to the Underworld with... Can I exchange tongues with somebody? The first little... The little... Oh, cry it, a little... Literary.


let's take questions on this ncrt question so is it i plus 2j minus 3k or plus 3k yeah let me clarify that that's plus 3k let me write it again for you this entire stuff I am writing again down here r dot i plus 2j plus 3k minus 4 equal to 0 and this one is r dot 5i plus 3j minus 6k plus 8 equal to 0 lately I've seen cam scanner they start putting their logo unnecessarily earlier they were not like this now they are unnecessarily started branding it again don't give me lambda and all just give me the final answer because that lambda will vary depending upon which equation are you keeping first in fact there will be reciprocals of each other since you're asking Shreya yes your lambda is correct I know that's not a very nice number to see but yeah that's correct okay sir thank you but can you finally give me the answer yeah I'm doing that if you're done please feel free to type the answer and just privately message it to me that's correct Shreya that's correct nobody else okay so first you'll say that the equation of the desired family member can be written as r dot i plus 2j plus 3k minus 4 plus lambda times r dot 2i plus j minus k plus 5 okay now this is not a nice way to represent it let's represent this finally as some r dot n plus d equal to 0 form that would make more sense so for that you have to take our common so our dot in fact you have to apply opposite of the distributive property so our dot this plus this will give you I'm directly writing the result to lambda plus 1 i okay lambda plus 2j and minus lambda plus 3k okay and you'll have minus 4 plus 5 lambda equal to 0 is that fine everyone okay now this vector is perpendicular to this vector so this vector is perpendicular to 5i plus 3j minus 6k right this is another way to find out the value of lambda see it's not necessary that always a point will be mentioned right you can find the lambda through various conditions which has been provided in the question so here they gave perpendicularity to a certain plane in some question they will give you that this plane is at a certain distance from the origin right so there can be so many conditions cited which will enable you to find the value of lambda so we'll have to practice all types of those questions so if they are perpendicular can I say 5 2 lambda plus 1 3 lambda plus 2 and minus 6 minus lambda plus 3 should be 0 correct so 10 13 19 lambda and you'll have 5 plus 6 11 11 minus 18 is minus 7 so lambda is going to be 7 by 19 now please note if somebody had taken lambda with the first equation he would have got the answer as exactly reciprocal of this that is 19 by 7 so don't try to match the lambda in fact if the lambda of two people are same okay and if they're reciprocal then you both are on the right track or both are on the wrong track okay so either the lambda would be same or the lambda would be reciprocals okay now having got that all you need to do was to put this in your equation of the plane back that is at this step so let me put 7 7 by 19 there so it becomes our dot 2 lambda plus 1 give you 14 plus 1 33 by 19 I lambda plus 2 will give you 38 plus 7 45 by 19 J correct hope I have run the addition correct 38 plus 7 45 yes and then if you put over here that's 3 minus 57 minus 7 is 50 K by 19 and here I will have minus 41 by 19 if you want you can drop the 19 from everywhere and you can end up writing R dot 33 I plus 45 J plus 50 K minus 41 equal to 0 or you can write this in in Cartesian form as 33 X plus 45 Y plus 50 Z equal to 41 now may I know the reason why people could not solve this other than share what was stopping you from solving this I didn't simplify it like how we did like 2 lambda plus 1 and then do it oh so how would if you don't simplify that you will not be able to know the collective normal vector for this entire family family member right so you have to consolidate like this this is an important step so yeah I have to consolidate your family of plane like this and then use it for whatever purpose is I've been used for so let's you have been given a point then you can put a point in place of our if you have been given this is perpendicular to something then you can do dot product of this with the given vector as you know just like I did it in the present example getting my point let's say I had the question mean the distance of this plane from origin is one then how do I do this let's say the second condition is this condition I drop which is perpendicular to the plane I cut this and make it it is at a unit distance from the origin then how do I do this how do I get lambda in that scenario make it as direction cosines over there and then the constant term equated to one right so or you can do one thing we already know that in case of any equation of a plane mod d by under root of a square plus b square plus c square represents the distance from the origin right so here your d is 5 lambda minus 4 isn't it so 5 lambda minus 4 is your d and these are your a b c's so all you need to do here was do 5 lambda minus 4 by under root of 2 lambda plus 1 the whole square lambda plus 2 the whole square minus lambda plus 3 the whole square equal to 1 okay take it to the right side square both the sides find the lambda values to value of lambda will come out because it will signify there are two possible planes at a unit distance from the origin one is on this side of the origin and there will be on this side of the all correct so this is a different questions that can be framed are you getting my point I'm not solving it I'm just giving you an idea how to work with it is that clear everyone family of planes is one of the most important concepts please type clear else I will not move on now I'll go back to the same old question guys so I'll just pull out that question and we'll solve the same question I think this was the question yeah question number 3.54 now you would see how easily I can solve this question if I know my concept of family of planes see all of you please see it I have to find the equation of I have to find the point of intersection of the line this with the intersection of these two right now what I'll say is that there's a line there's a line which is made up of which is made up of the two planes which are themselves the family members so what I'll do is I'll say let my line let my line be represented in asymmetric form like this so what did I do I made a family I made a family of planes with these two planes correct okay and again I'll make a family from these two so x plus y minus 2 plus some mu times x plus z minus 2 equal to 0 so the line which I'm looking for is basically intersecting this line are you getting my point so what I did I'm again repeating it these two planes I made a family of planes with this so this is my first family this is my second family okay so this plane is a family member of the first two and the second plane is a family member of the later two equations correct now what I'm naming is that my line is in asymmetric form can be written like this do you agree with me or not agreed now in order to find lambda and mu I can use this condition that this line is passing through 001 so when you put 001 over here I think this will become completely zero and if this becomes completely zero there is no point evaluating this this will also become whatever is it so lambda has to be zero okay put 001 in the second equation right because this line is passing through 001 right so both both these planes must be satisfied by this line isn't it because this line lies on both these planes and both these planes themselves are family members okay so here if you put you get 00 minus 2 plus mu times 0 1 minus 2 equal to 0 so that becomes mu as 2 I'm sorry minus 2 correct yes or no now when you put this value back when you put this value back here and back here you actually get the equation of the line in asymmetric form that is x plus 2 y plus z minus 1 equal to 0 and here when you put you get x plus y minus 2 minus 2 x plus z minus 2 equal to 0 that's nothing but minus x plus y minus 2 z plus 2 equal to 0 yes or no yes or no now in these two equations you want to know this basically this line is for passing through these two planes that is what I'm trying to say in other words my required line has an asymmetric form of this x plus 2 y plus z minus 1 equal to 0 and minus x plus y minus 2 z plus 2 equal to 0 now you want to know from where does this line where does this line meet the x y plane so put z as 0 so when you put z as 0 you get x plus 2 y is equal to 1 and minus x plus y is equal to minus 2 okay so add it so 3 y is minus 1 so y is minus 1 by 3 put it over here so x is equal to 1 minus 2 y that is 1 plus 2 by 3 that is 5 by 3 so the point of intersection is 5 by 3 minus 1 by 3 0 see we got the answer in a much faster way I don't have to write too many things is it much easier way to do it is that clear everyone yes sir yes sir please let me know if you have any questions with respect to this if you have no question we'll move on to the next concept fine so now we'll take some generic question regarding angles so let me take this question we'll take few questions and then I'll start with the concept of angle between a line in a plane yeah here goes the question find the equation of a plane containing this line and this point yeah and I don't have much concepts left early I talk about the equation between angle between a line and a plane then I will talk about the distance of a point from a plane distance between two planes and one more concept is equation of bisector of planes so I think I should be able to finish it off by 12 30 or so online class are generally faster hope you can read this point this is 0 7 minus 7 find the equation of a plane containing this line that means this line is lying on the plane something like this and is a point 0 7 minus 7 please send the answer to me privately on the chat or you can watch that bit to me so this question belongs to the interaction of a plane and a line together so we have done line and plane now to a considerable extent so now we are trying to solve questions where there's a combination of these concepts coming up any idea how to do this so one minute and a life is please do attend problem solving classes also because as I told you 60% 70% of your learning will come through problem solving I don't think like the theory is over so you need not attend the classes yeah and in physics I have been getting the complaint that people are not attending because the theory has been completed it's ultimately the problem that you have to solve so that is more important class for you your theory will become more refined once you start solving problems based on those theories okay see here once you have been given the equation of a line basically two information is given to us one is you know a point on this line as you can see minus one three minus two is a point on this line correct and you have been given a vector in the direction of the line and that vector has direction ratios of minus three two and one correct now how do I get the equation of this plane pi from here very simple if I know this direction can I also get this direction by connecting these two points okay let me call this as B1 vector and let me call this as B2 vector so who will tell me the direction ratios of B2 vector is the difference of the coordinates of these points so let's subtract so it's one four and minus five any questions with respect to getting direction ratios of B2 vector this is the direction ratios of B1 vector any doubt so far now once you know two vectors on the plane you can get the direction of the normal to the plane by taking the cross product of these two given vectors again the basic concept should not be forgotten to get the equation of a plane I need the normal and I need a point now there's no depth of the points here two points have been given to us directly or indirectly just I needed was a normal vector so for normal vector I would need the cross product of the two vectors which are already lying in the plane of the in the plane of that particular plane so here I will get I J K B1 components are one four negative five and this is minus three two one okay so let me just expand this vector so it becomes four plus 10 14 minus J again minus 14 okay and K oh my god K is also plus 14 wow so 14 I 14 J 14 game can I drop the factor of 14 I can even if you don't want to drop it's fine but I don't want to deal with these heavy numbers 14 14 14 so what I'll do I just need a vector in the direction of you know B1 cross B2 it can be any vector I can keep it as simple as this so I'll call this as my end okay now I will use the formula r minus a or you can use your directly Cartesian form since things are given in Cartesian form so a x minus x1 by minus y1 CZ minus that one is equal to zero cool so your a is one see this is your a component B and C okay so one take any one of the points you can take the point on the line also you can take the point given to you also so let me take X minus zero B is also one Y minus seven C is also one Z plus seven okay expanded it becomes X plus Y plus Z I think there will be no constant left so this is going to be your answer okay so you should know how to deal with these situations


The chairman of the Independent National Electoral Commission, Einig, applauded the interagency cooperation between his commission, the service chiefs, police and other security agencies for the synergy that has ensured the peaceful conduct of the just concluded General Elections. Professor Mahmoud said that he is doing the meeting of the Interagency Consultative Committee on Elections Security ICCES on the review of the 2023 General Elections Nabooja on Friday. He says though the elections in Immortis take-holders activity, Einig drives the process and the security agencies secure the environment for the conduct of a peaceful election. As you are aware, election is a multi-stakeholder activity. Although Einig drives the process, a secure environment for the conduct of a peaceful election in the responsibility of the security agency working to partnership with the Commission. The synergy and the dollars to overcome many of the challenges prior to the 2023 General Election including the targeted attacks from Einig office nationwide. Indeed, the concern that the perennial insecurity in some parts of the country before the first election may make our deployment of personnel and materials and consequently the conduct of polls impossible did not materialize in which to place on record our appreciation to the security agencies and other members of ICCES for the largely peaceful conduct of the polls. At the same time, we should draw lessons from the challenges that occurred for improved performance not only in the next general election but also in the by-elections and also in the government elections as well as other electoral activities to be held over the next three years. Speaking on behalf of the security chiefs, the National Security Advisor applauded the Einig Chairman for conducting the fairest and most peaceful elections in the history of the country. We have had a very peaceful election probably the best ever in our history and it is according to you and the personnel who are in charge, credible Nigerians, that you have done a good job and we are sure it is recorded and we are going to go into this time. The same thing with the team that supported that. We believe what we are doing is what is going to help secure this country. Stabilize it, make things work and make democracy family because forever. Click the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


Welcome back to our overview of Business 210. In this video, we're going to discuss what you learned in Units 1 through 3 and what you can expect from Units 4 and 5. Looking back at the first three units of this course, your key takeaway should be how important the communication process is to success in the business world. You learned what the communication process was and how it worked and about the components and models of the communication process. You also learned that messages are at the center of the communication process and that the language you use in your messages has an impact on your audience. Once you understood the processes and messages that create effective communication, you learned that perception is important. How you produce messages and how your audience receives them. The key point from this section was to illustrate why it is always important that the messages you produce reflect your own professionalism as well as the traits of your audience. Another point made in this section is that theories and models can help communicators identify elements of the communication process that will help them prepare for different communication situations. For example, these images show two very different communication situations. Between the images, you can see how the elements and models can be accounted for and how they differ. Now let's look ahead. In this section, we're going to learn about written communication and how to effectively meet the needs and expectations of your audience. First, however, we will review the eight elements of communication and use them to examine the similarities and differences between oral and written communication. Then we will focus on good writing and good writing style, including the characteristics of three common types of writing. Keep in mind that good writing has three critical traits, the three C's. Good writing is clear, concise, and compelling. Next, you'll examine the important principles of communication. Based on relationships between pieces of information. These Gestalt principles of communication use the way people think to present information to them more clearly. Another set of principles you'll encounter in this section are the organizing principles. Pay particular attention to them because organization is an important key to good writing. An added benefit is that when your writing follows these patterns, the process helps keep you focused on your purpose and the point you must make. As you become more familiar with the styles and form of routine business communication, it is important to never forget the three C's. You must be clear, you must be concise, and you must be compelling. Whether you're writing an email, a report, or a sales pitch, all business communication must be clear, concise, and compelling. The reality, of course, of business communication is that sometimes the rules have to be broken. Take a resume, for example. It's one of the most important pieces of business writing you may ever have to do. Now, a standard resume should only be one page long, and that's very concise. But what if that means that you need to leave off some information and some work history? Well, that might not be as compelling. So it's often up to you as an effective communicator to decide the balance of these things. But this course is going to help you do that. So keep going, and good luck.


So first of all, can you please introduce yourself? Yes, I'm Taiwan's digital minister. I'm Audrey Tang, and in charge of social innovation, used empowerment, and open government. Excellent. And can you outline some of your opinions around same-sex marriage in the country, which is the current debate at the moment? Well, it's not under debate, because the Constitutional Court already said that marriage equality is constitutionally protected. And in its landmark interpretation, it says the legislation needs to take at most two years to make marriage equality happen. I think it's now a few months now before that needs to happen. And so yeah, at the moment, people generally agree that marriage equality is part of our constitutional protection. And the issue now is mostly how to implement that in the civic code itself. Which brings up my next question. The next month, there are some referendums that are happening around that question. Like whether it's a new chapter, a new section, or a new clause. Yeah. And some of those referendum questions are framed in a way that are opposed to same-sex marriage or trying to limit. I don't think so. Oh, you don't think so? Oh, OK. I thought there was three that were looking at trying to. There's one that says it needs to be a new law that causes something that's not marriage, but with the same rights. OK. So the difference would be? It's not about equality. This is about marriage meaning different things to different people. And some people think that marriage is a social construct. And the state should maybe distance itself from the definition of marriage. Some people think marriage is a state construct. And the society need to understand that it's a state construct. So it's more about marriage. The term is currently a social object around which people are gradually understanding that different traditions, different cultures associate different meanings. It could be cultural, it could be social, it could be environmental, it could be governmental around marriage. So in effect, it's almost like a difference between recognition of civil partnership or civil marriage versus other forms of marriage that some of the anti. No, I wouldn't say it's anti. It's just saying the existing civil code recognize marriage. And they wanted to be called some other name and in some other law. But de facto, it provides exactly the same rights as a marriage. Just don't call it that. That's the referendum. That's the deal. OK, perfect. I'm going to ask a follow-up question if you don't mind around education as well. So one of the questions as well for the referendum was about education in relation to the Gender Equity Education Act and potential change to this around being thought about diverse genders and sexualities. Did you have any thoughts about those proposed? The thing is that this sexuality difference and gender difference translate into mattering as xing bian. So that again creates the issue. And there's a good friend of mine, also a colleague at PEDIS. Because if you know the Kanji characters, the traditional Chinese characters, xing bian. The word xing is written with a radical of heart and a component of body or life. And so basically, it's the heart part of gender and the body part of sexuality. And it's merged into the same word in xing bian. So it could translate as either sexuality difference or gender difference. And so that's where the referendum is trying to do. There's some people who say xing bian should mean only the right radical, which is xing bian. There's people who are saying xing bian should mean the left radical, which is xing bian. And all of this is because in Mandarin, we're using the same word for two words in English. That makes sense.


Welcome to Exchange for Media. As coronavirus continues to keep us restricted to our houses, we are ship of OTT platforms are soaring like never before. With us today is CEO of one such leading platform that has been seen a remarkable surge in its worship numbers in a short span of two years. As of today, the platform has close to 50 million monthly active users and 4 million daily active users. Let us find out more about the growth plan ahead from the man himself. Welcome to the show Tarun and thank you so much for doing this for us. Thank you so much for having me with you. So, Tarun, my first question is what I want to understand is that I'm very curious to find out how did Z5 continue to launch so many original shows throughout COVID when most of the shootings and most of the things were shut? Was it, is it that you got lucky or was it part of the plan? I mean, how did it happen? So, pandemic was not part of the plan. So, let's fix that out, right? Now, you know, Nazia, what's been happening is that we took the step towards SWOT. Possibly one of the earliest guys should have moved towards SWOT in the country.  From there on, we knew that, you know, there was a large population in this country, whether paying direct to consumer or going through bundles with telecom players and others, but was wanting to watch premium content, which was very different from Katya TV that most OTT players had been delivering for some time. We'd also seen the growth of some of the other competitors in the premium space. And we knew that, you know, there was a, there was a audience to be had on the original space. Now, once we walked down that path, we had built a very good pipeline. We had put a lot of shows and stories under development. And we had, you know, enough shows made that we're going to release over a period of time. The good part was that when the pandemic happened, we had a lot of those stories already told, finished up, ready to release. And so we had, we didn't have to really, you know, scamper around to know what to do for our audiences or for our users during that period of time. The other thing we also did was we decided that we were going to tell uplifting stories out of stories that we could acquire because we knew the sentiment had taken a lot of beating, right? And while there were many genres, people were interested. One of the genres that was clearly coming out was that people wanted hope. People wanted upliftment. People wanted to see something that was going to put them, you know, in a sense of positivity. And so we did a string of movies from very good makers, which were ready, but we're not finding either the theatrical release or we're finding even a digital release for some time. And we were just lucky to chance upon them. So we didn't take up a birthday, Parik Shah, Meer Aksham, Atkan Chatkan and many others like that, which were direct to digital gems of really good makers like Prakash Jha and Shabana Azmi, Baba Azmi and A.R. Rehman, Present and Shivamani doing Atkan Chatkan and the team at Chintuka Birthday and even Bambaat before that and Ghum Ketu. And all of these actually kept the pipeline going, kept the story going and kept the audiences involved. And I can tell you that we've grown so significantly on our SWR platform. That... I'm just coming to the numbers only. That was my next question. How much did this help you grow? I mean, what was the growth during the pandemic period only? 200%. 200%. And we literally had to redo our milestones many times over. Congratulations. You also got very lucky because you launched Z5 Kids, I think just right in the beginning of the lockdown. So tell us about that. So, you know, the other thing we realized was that families wanted something for everybody. And as the content dried up on OTT, sorry, on linear television, OTT came to the rescue of families and we knew that Kids was a large section that was, you know, literally underserved. And we did two things. One, we did a lot of content that we required over a period of time and deployed that on Z5 Kids. And that was largely in the animation space. Then we also repurposed a lot of content which was skill-building content that came out of India's best drama bars, Saree Gamappa and Dance India Dance and some of the shows we had on ZQ earlier. And that actually changed the dynamics for us because animated content was available in many places but skill-building content. And when Kids don't have much to do at home, you know, skill-building like dancing and like acting and like singing and craft and all of that, that actually, you know, did a lot for Kids. And we also launched the linear channel which was just specific for our OTT platform because we knew that parents didn't want to, you know, put Kids in an area that was not Kids Save. So we put them onto a linear channel that had only Kids Save content back to back. And you've had several other launches, right? HIPPI and another game. So tell us about that also. So, you know, the other thing we have realized is that over a period of time, Youth were really connected to the under-92nd video format. And HIPPI is something we were working for the last 18 months when even TikTok wasn't launched and it was still musically. And we had seen that the trend was emerging. We knew that we had a large fandom base for all the actors and characters out of across the ZTV shows and the originals that we have on our platform. And we wanted them to be able to engage to their favorite actors, favorite stars, very easily on our platform. And so we knew that a under-92nd video format would be great for us to do. And so we were building this for a very long period of time. We also realized that self-glory and your ability to be able to put yourself out there is a great thing that youth want. And so we built in a creator tool which allows people to do a lot with the kind of videos they make and so on and so forth. So this isn't just a platform that allows people to purpose their content but it also allows people to create that content. So it's a creator's platform more than just a video, under-92nd video platform. And it's built on three pillars, fandom, fun and factual. And we think that there is a lot that you can do around fun and around content that entertains you but also around factual content. And that's what, whether it's cooking and whether it's learning a skill and whether it's doing small odd jobs, that factual bucket is also a very interesting bucket that we are exploring. Taran, most of the things look very good for you. Throughout the pandemic, you had so many launches and everything worked but COVID still came with a lot of challenges. So what were the kind of challenges that you faced during this period as a professional at work? So the first challenge as a team we faced was that we had to rearrange our entire content ladder, arbitrary ladder, because there was an entire conversation around and voice around the pressure on the bandwidth because work from home led everybody to get home and then what was the bandwidth going to be able to support both work from home as well as video entertainment and on the request of the government, the team got to the job and we literally in a week's period had to change our entire back and take the top back that betrays out and to be able to get people to watch content but not consume too much bandwidth. So that was one, first challenge that we faced. The other challenge that is more and it's become more ongoing is that we lost human connection, right? We are a startup company that needed the energy of the floor and that needed to get a lot done and we lost all that human connection and we had to rebuild that. Thankfully, we were all very good with video collaboration tools and we've been using video collaboration tools for about two years, almost then from the time we launched because our development partners are across Israel, across Poland, across the valley and so we always needed to connect with them any way on an ongoing basis but we never thought that all of us will never meet and it's been about six months that we've all not met now. But it was very heartwarming to see how people came together, how we now meet for two hours every morning and we have an open Zoom where we all get together, we have squads, we've split ourselves into squads which solve for bigger consumer issues. We put consumer at the center of it because we knew that consumption was going up but with that came a lot of consumer needs, challenges and demands and we needed to change our entire operating mechanism to be able to deal with them. We launched a new Android platform, we launched a new iOS platform and all of that came with a lot of initial issues, bugs, challenges, testing and I think I can give my team 200 on 100 to be able to come together and build this out. The other thing is that during this pandemic, this was the year that we needed to scale up our product, engineering and supply side teams and we've had about over 100 people join us who we've never met and we had to induct them into the business and we had to get their onboarding done and we had to make them a part of the family, get them all excited, all on video collaboration tools and that was a challenge but it was also a great fun. We've all now got to know each other, know each other's families, know each other's idiosyncrasies and challenges and all of us have enough of our own but it's been great to see how we've all come together. So many people were going to come to Bombay from different parts of the country who didn't come or haven't been able to come and continue to stay where they stay but continue to operate. There's some people who are not even in India who operate on different time zones so it's been a roller coaster but a roller coaster that is filled with care, compassion and connections. Taran also like you got lucky that you had so many shoots completed before the COVID happened but those five months, six months must have delayed your future shows. How are you covering that gap now? So the good part is that some were half short and some were partly short. So we did two things. One, we look for acquisitions that work for our T's clusters and we've been able to acquire some of the content, that good content that was available in the market to acquire like I told you purposeful content that we could acquire that went with our value system. First, second, I think I must thank all our teams who have very quickly gone back to shoot and it's now been almost close to two months that we're back to shooting on the floor. They're shooting in so many different parts of the country in Goa, in Kolkata. We shot a film in London without anybody going from India. How? The lead actress was in Middle East, she flew from there. Then the lead actor, we found him in London and he was an old friend, I spoke to him. The actor and the cinematographer and the director came from the UK. Some people came from Canada. So we just put it together and it's releasing this month. It's called London Confidential. It's a film. It's a film, it's a spy film. And it's very, it's shot after the pandemic started but it's very relevant and topical and it's about India-China. Entire shooting took place post-pandemic. Yes. So it refers to the pandemic actually. It's one of those content pieces that refers clearly to the pandemic. Can you can see the impact of pandemic on the streets of London? In another 10 days, we have IPL coming now and most people expect that the weird ship will shift. How are you getting for that? So I think we're welcoming IPL. It's a great event. It must happen. The show must go on. And I'm happy that it's coming back. I think everything must happen or come back to normal as soon and as fast as possible, including the IPL. How are we preparing? I think our catch-up TV is pretty immune to IPL primarily because women who follow all the daily soaps that they do would love to continue watching them. And if they don't watch them on linear, then even more so they will watch on video and demand at their own time, anytime, anywhere and at their convenience. So that is one thing that we are gearing up to. The second is that we've made sure that Hippie is the home of Rikit. So we've extended all the excitement that will happen around Rikit, around UGC content, around Rikit, on Hippie. And we are gonna see a lot of stuff around Rikit on Hippie. So we thought that there was a great opportunity to capitalize on the euphoria that IPL will create through UGC content on the platform. So they were, so we've invited influencers as well as we've invited a lot of contests and a lot of engagement that we are building around. Around IPL? Around IPL. Oh, that will be very interesting. So you would be, you in a way, would be promoting a product with your private group, right? IPL does not belong to anybody, it belongs to the country. It belongs to all of us. Good. And I don't think we segregated like that in our head. Right?  We must partake the euphoria rather than saying, hey, this is not our platform and we're not taking sides like that. Not at all. So that's- Is there any formal collaboration also? No. So no, there is no formal collaboration. It's just, that's the buzz in the air. And any UGC platform- Anything that's topical. Correct. Any UGC platform really leans on anything that's topical, right? So we're preparing ourselves to lean on that. And lastly, on original content, we've made sure that, you know, we've studied data very well and we've made sure that we're not going head-on-head with the games that we think will not work for us. But we've also made sure that we have tastes that are very unique that, you know, and franchises that would play out very well. So, yes, we've checkerboard our- But this also happens to be festive season, you know? Release schedule, which is slightly different. But it also happens to be festive season, wherein a lot of marketers and platform owners look forward to more subscription or more advertisements. Correct. We continue to do that. I think that stories have a role to play and actors and characters have their own affinity. And yes, they will be cricket, but there also be stories to be told. Okay. I also wanted to speak to you about recent development that you have, you know, as chairman of the Digital Committee of IAMAI, you played a key role in passing that Universal Self-Recreation Code for online curated content providers. I heard there were a lot of challenges, you know, in bringing 15 players together. Tell us, take us through that journey and what exactly is this code? So, there are 16 of us now as of today. You're the first one to know that. Sony has also joined the bandwagon. And I'm so happy. Congratulations. Thank you so much. So, yes, when I took over the role as the IAMAI chairman, I didn't know what I was signing up to. I knew that there was a history of disagreement between a lot of players and the direction we should take on self-recreation. The one thing that almost everybody was very, very clear was that self-regulation was the way to go. But I don't think most of us knew what would make sure that everybody will come together easily, right? And that was required in the game, which is that we should be able to get people together on a platform without having to dilute the core message out. And that was my key effort. And what was the key effort was that we should have a third-party advisory or advisor within this mix. So, while most of this will get dealt by the platforms themselves, but we needed to have some sort of an oversight or some side of an advisor who would come in from the outside, so that there is a certain amount of a certain amount of objectivity that would come in. And now there have been many models that have been discussed and some players wanted to be triple C, some players wanted to keep it all internal so that we don't get overpowered by the amount of feedback that you end up getting on social media and so on and so forth. So we had to find a fine balance of making sure we were true to the user. We were making sure that the user knew what kind of content we had and protected the user and their sensibilities and was sensitive towards the stuff that the user wanted. Right? And in all, we wanted to make sure that we had enough leeway for storytellers to tell good stories. And so we developed this Ombudsman model which has been a very good model where it comes to posh committees and sexual harassment in organizations where there is a third party who comes in as an advisor or third party who comes in to be able to put a sense of objectivity. And so all complaints from users will go through two layers, one of an internal layer, but if the user's not satisfied by the response that you're giving, then we'll get to a second level which will be led by the internal team but also we'll have a third party Ombudsman. We also agreed on universal gating policies which is content 18 minus 18 plus and we are going to more granularize that over this one year where we will be able to do even better gating of 13, 18 and so on and so forth because we think that gating policies need even more work and to be able to clearly articulate what kind of stuff this content has whether it has graphic violence or crime or so on or nudity or sexual content and so on. Then the other thing that was more important was that once you've done the gating and once you agree to get the Ombudsman you do implement this. So you do get into an implementation path and I think all of us have agreed that the next 60 days are going to be crucial for us to be able to put the Ombudsman committees in our systems and then be able to report internally and keep a log of what are the consumer complaints that are coming. Let MIB also be able to route into our internal committee as well as the Ombudsman and to be able to also tell MIB what the Ombudsman that we've all appointed. So this has got, it is an independent body or it's going to be working closely with MIB. So it's independent in every organization every organization has their own Ombudsman but it is being initiated by the IMAI and the oversight will be from the IMAI. Coming back to content, Z5 has a clear edge when it comes to regional content. But when we talk about other leading OTT platforms they have content from all across the globe. There's a lot of international content. So by regional you mean Hindi and vernacular content? Yeah, yeah, all vernacular content. Yeah, because I think you are available in India. Our big volume is in Hindi. So between our own content pipeline and the partnership with all Balaji I think our pipeline is possibly far exceeds most others in the market. Yeah, but considering that OTT is also as of now a little bit of more urban phenomenon. So there are viewers who are interested in global content. So do we see you going in that direction in future or you are going to continue to build more on regional and vernacular and your own strength? So actually we capitalize on our strengths and our strengths are being a very local brand. We talk to the mass affluent vernacular Indian with real stories, relevant stories that resonate with our users. And we take from society and give back to society. And I think we are able to do that because we are in the language that the user speaks which is Hindi and user thinks whether it's Hindi, whether it's Tamil, whether it's Marathi, whether it's Telugu, whether it's Kannada, whether it's Penguin. And we'll continue to play that. I think our game is in India and Indian languages and that's where we are good at. And I think we want to capitalize on that. But Ben, Z5 was also collaborated with this OZ which used to have content from a lot of different countries. But we do have some amount of Korean content that's dubbed and we have Turkish content that's dubbed. We also have content from Pakistan we launched just on Chudel but that's really in the same language. So yes, we do have a lot of that. Even if you translate and if you dub it in your language. That's all dubbed into our language. But you will continue to acquire international content. Yes, but then you don't dub that into our languages. Okay, Tarun, before I close this interview what I want to understand from you is that there are almost more than 40 OTT platforms in India and you've already spoken of your screens but this is going to be a highly competitive space going forward. How are you going to make Z5 a different product from others is what I want you to close on. I just want to understand what is the final thing that you want to convey to the audiences when it comes to Z5, what Z5 stands for. So really our hope, aim, ambition in this year and towards as we close this fiscal year will be to become the entertainment super app in this country. We want to do multiple use cases. We want to make sure that we are able to actually deliver to diverse audience clusters, diverse taste clusters with diverse technology products. Hippie on one side, which is the short form product, our big news portfolio that we are growing and we actually have now grown that and among this we now have 60 live channels on the platform and we continue to grow that both into text and video news and we want to build a very recommended endless feed kind of product and we're on our way to building that out and I think by the end of this year we will have a very personalized news product. We then have the long form video product and then we have the subscription video on demand product and we're also adding up which is a gaming product. We want to make sure that we are an entertainment super app. We can give you what you want and we want to make sure we retain you. We want to make sure we engage with you. We want to make sure that you make us your one-stop shop of video entertainment in this country and I'll tell you why just before I sign this. I think that we over estimate the real estate that an Indian user has on a $100 Android phone. There is only those many apps that you can put on the phone and I think platforms that can do more than just one use case will have a far better chance to be sticky than platforms which are very narrowly priced. Arun, we wish you all the best and we really hope that you have another 100 million subscribers when we speak next but that should not mean that we should not speak for a long time. We should continue to speak and continue to engage platforms like you are incredibly important in our media and entertainment industry. So thank you so much for doing this for us and we wish you all the best. Stay at home, stay safe and keep entertaining us. Thank you so much. Thank you.


Oh yeah, here's the golden rule and the silver rule, okay? This I really like, I really highlighted this, right? Silver beats gold, and this is what he talks about We rapidly go through the rules to the right of Hammurabi Levichius is a sweetening of Hammurabi's rule, the golden rule.  I love that More robust? How? Why is the silver rule more robust? He's asking those questions, right? And then he gets into it, quote First, it tells you to mind your own business and not decide what is good for others So let's read the golden rule and silver rule again.   We know with much more clarity what is bad than what is good Silver rule can be seen as the negative golden rule and as I am shown by my Calibries and Calibri speaking Barbara, it's Barbara. He's referring to a character. He's come up with earlier. Okay, Barbara every three weeks via Negativa acting by removing is more powerful and less error-prone Then via positiva acting by adding and this again connects up to what I mentioned what I understand regarding Editing may be editing your writing or editing my videos I follow the rule as my friend Recommended acting by removing Right, that's better than acting by adding All right, so the silver rule is acting by removing. It's not adding Saying don't instead of do to a certain degree And then he's got a little footnote on acting by adding and I'm gonna read you the footnote as well Scalable equals fractal. That's what I've made it know it's myself Johnny Andrews is everyone asleep. I'm not yet But I'm definitely going to chill out through the stream Okay, so here's a footnote regarding acting by adding or the sentence that we read Acting so read that again acting by removing is more powerful and less error-prone Then acting by adding and the footnote is this Do not do unto others what you would not Have them do unto you Isocrates heller the elder Something other name What is hateful to you? Do not do to your fellow. This is the whole Torah. The rest is that explanation Go and learn right. So that's a quote from the Torah Rabbi or that's a quote from Rabbi Helula the elder drawing on let me his 1918 Do nothing to others Which is which if done to you would cause you pain. This is the essence of morality, right? So there are historically other disciplines that are saying the same thing as a silver rule, right?