The Cube at IBM Impact 2014 is brought to you by headline sponsor IBM. Here are your hosts, John Furrier and Paul Gillan. Okay, welcome back everyone here, live in Las Vegas for IBM Impact, this is SiliconANGLE's The Cube, our flagship program. We go out to the events and extract the signal from the noise. I'm John Furrier, the founder of SiliconANGLE. Here's my co-host, Paul Gillan with SiliconANGLE.  We just heard there's 400,000 employees, it seems like you got stuck with an awful lot. Well, our job is to make sure that we have visibility across our security posture and also help our customers get complete visibility over their security posture. Yeah, I don't, you don't have to hear the terms big data and security put together. What is the message there? Well, one of the interesting things is that security has always been a big data challenge because you have thousands of IT systems, you have hundreds of business application systems. If you want to know how your organization can potentially be compromised, you have to have visibility over those. So you're talking about big data, about taking in event logs and all kinds of data about what's going on in your network and using big data analytics. Exactly, exactly, log events and network activity between people, their applications, how data flows within your organization. If you have visibility over it, you can then look at how to best protect it by being, by allowing security to be a business enabler and not just a oversight hurdle. So we cover the big data space pretty heavily on SiliconANGLE, Wikibon and theCUBE, all the Hadoop worlds and Hadoop summits will be at the Hadoop summit this year again with the Hortonworks. We always talk about big data with security and fraud. I get that, I can see someone's in Vegas with their cell phones, there's a withdrawal in another area. You can tie those together. We've had Abhimeta on, former Bank of America, now the founder of Trasada, real big in financial services. So obviously retail's another lucrative territory to stake out. You're probably, but I want you to answer the question of the difference between big data and security, using big data around security and how that's different from some of the tools out there around market intelligence and BI or business intelligence, because data warehousing business intelligence has been around for a while, which is, we've always come into the slow lagging, kind of parked out in the hinterlands of the enterprise, but there are some cool market intelligence BI stuff out there, but how's that different from some of the stuff you're working on? Well, in security, one of the most important parameters is time. So imagine this, you have two developers or two analysts and you let them for two weeks go at the data. In market intelligence or business intelligence, they come out with one new idea, and it justifies their investment. In security, they spend two weeks, come back with one item to investigate. There might have been better allocated somewhere else, maybe even set up a- Oh, they might have missed some things. They might have missed a lot. And time is of the essence. So one of the things that I like to tell customers about the difference of big data is that you got to treat big data for security like a museum. You have to curate the data that you can best impact the outcomes for your security investigation. And if you take that into account, everything else will start falling into place, looking at what type of reports you got to do, what type of investigative behavior you want to enable, but you need to provide direction. You need to provide focus that you may not need. Actually, sometimes it might be restrictive in the context of business intelligence or market intelligence. So let's just drill into that a little bit. So let's take the heart bleed, obviously, big trending item impact is significant. What could have been done differently to catch that with using big data? Because that's a little bit different kind of approach, but still it's an application vulnerability that might fit into the logic enterprise.  How would you dig into that and say, because you don't know what to curate. It's not a, in the museum analogy, it's like that hasn't yet to be an exhibit. Plus it left no trace, no trace. So in the case of, I'll talk about from a response standpoint, being able to respond to something as pervasive a threat to your organization or your operations is to be able to making sure that all your business critical applications, your business critical systems that are externally focused, externally surfaced, being able to, if you're getting information from those, those are more important data sources than other potentially less critical items inside your organization. So being able to make sure that you understand your organization, understanding where, within your organization, your reputation, your operations are at most risk, and being able to make sure that that data is analyzed first so that you can very quickly respond to something like Heartbleeds. Now from a detection standpoint, being able to curate data that you get from government investigators, being able to get it from teams like IBM X-Force who are doing the research and notify it. One of the interesting things is today, even with organizations building up their capacity to incorporate security and security awareness, we still get most of our awareness of new incidents or new threats from external parties. So if that's the case, I need those data sources that allow me to very quickly know what the new threats are so I can respond to it very effectively. And that's part of the data curation. One of the problems with analyzing that large amount of security data is knowing what to look for. Seems like an ideal application of Watson. So are we seeing, are you creating security applications for Watson specifically? So Watson is a logical next step. One of the things is that from a maturity standpoint, we are still building out the security knowledge that we need to codify into, human knowledge that we can codify into a machine. And I think we're not there yet. Once we have that corpus of information, and one of the interesting things about security is that it's always a cat and mouse game. So once you codify something, the attacker adapts. So take that in contrast to something like medicine. Once you learn something, once the system learns something, it is able to apply it over and over again. Whereas in security, we need to build not just cognitive capabilities, but also learning or adaptive capabilities incorporated within the parameters of what a security threat vector might look like. But you must be working with some government agencies on this right now. I mean, using that kind of Watson technology, I think they'd be all over this. Yes, and I said that's the direction we're headed. But not a commercial product at this point. One of the things, it's a point in time state, right? Watson played Jeopardy just a few years ago and now it's diagnosed in cancer better than most doctors, right? So we'll get there, and we're working on it. Now in terms of big data, is your area of coverage covered big data in general, or are you specific to the security domain? So it is the intersection of big data and security that we typically focus on. Everything from being able to do predictive analysis on exploring what parts of your organization might be most susceptible to risk, to analyzing which parts of your organization have the most significant amount of vulnerabilities, directing your team to invest time and effort to mitigate the most high risk vulnerabilities, but also from an incident response standpoint, how you can improve the time to addressing a solution from a cyber forensics standpoint. Now Roger Ray was on theCUBE yesterday who was talking about the info streams. This seems like sort of the core of your security big data strategy right now would be real-time analysis. Is that where you're directing your marketing focus right now, or is that a side light to the bigger data analytics business? So within the IBM security portfolio, the security intelligence platform that we currently have is Curator. It is a real-time and near real-time solution, and it works in conjunction with streams in the form that streams can help unify physical security, like from your cameras, multimedia content from audio, and merge it with cybersecurity data for like log events and NetFlow, but cybersecurity data is all processed and managed by Curator. And part of our big data initiative in security is to unify all of this data so that there are no data silos. So you can look and analyze all of this information as one coherent whole. Are you working with the infrastructure providers like Cisco to get a closer look inside their systems to be able to analyze that event data in real-time? So absolutely, we work with over 2,000 different partners who provide IT devices, security devices, to be able to, that's how we essentially allow our customers to get visibility on how to manage risk based on the configuration of certain devices, firewalls, IDS, IPS systems, how they've configured their web servers. So all of this information, we are basically first collecting, assessing. We have over six to eight years worth of security knowledge that we apply to it, because we not only correlate all this data, but we add causation. So to resolve causation, we need to take all of this correlated information and add that insight that we have developed to guide security organizations to work on situations, incidents or offenses that are most pertinent to their organization today. You said that security is a moving target and the bad guys are always morphing to move in another direction. What trends are you seeing right now? Where are the new vectors of security threat right now? Yes, I think, I like to call it like we're in the age of the cyber offensive. The reason for that is regulations haven't caught up, building up an evidence corpus of data. We don't know how much to prove, to identify. It's harder to bring people to prove that they did something. And also, from a defense standpoint, we are at a situation where we have too many open switches. We're moving into social, we're moving into mobile and cloud. And given the dynamism of our business environment, we're in a situation where attackers can pick the time and place. Moving forward, what I see is that the historical low and slow attacks, we also have more of zero day type attacks that can, but mainly, we're migrating beyond the kitty attacks, the opportunistic attacks, where attackers want to derive return on investment from their attack. They're spending time and effort, so now they want to be compensated. How do they get compensated? And that actually helps us as defenders to identify what impacts our risk, impacts our reputation, impacts our business, and how attackers can potentially glean monetary value from it, and maybe that's where we allocate our defenses. So you narrow down more of your vectors that you're looking at. So I got to ask you about the DevOps culture and then tie that into security, because I think the cloud has proven that with the emerging web scale companies like Google, Facebook, Yahoo, Amazon, the super geeks can build their own stuff. That horse has left the barn, so to speak. But that really drove the DevOps culture, which is now going mainstream. Security is a similar kind of discipline. You can't just take someone who runs programs Mongo, who's a Rails developer, be like, okay, make them a security expert, because they're like, LAMP stack developers, that's sophisticated. So is there a security ops model that's going to come, that's similar to the DevOps, where from a development standpoint, you can have security as code, meaning I'm coding apps and deploying security stuff without being a security expert. Very good question. And this is, we first identified this challenge in the mobile space. Mobile developers were not as security aware or security seasoned as system developers. And suddenly they were writing up a Thor of applications and for application, business applications. So the idea there is how can we deliver confidence by facilitating tools, assets that they can reuse. A developer, a mobile app developer, doesn't need to rebuild how cryptography is done or rebuild PKI infrastructure. So what we've done is, in our trustee portfolio, we now deliver a security SDK that mobile developers can incorporate into their mobile app without having to rebuild a wheel every time they build a new app. Similarly for, when we look at it from an infrastructure standpoint, how step up authentication, how biometrics can be employed, we've done significant amounts from identity as a perimeter so that these basic concepts can be very quickly incorporated by developer without having them to learn the depth of service. You see that as a big trend right now. Absolutely. Secure ops in a way, if you'd like a better, probably a term about there, but okay. So where is that? Is it early stages, national anthem, first inning, first pitch? I think we're security as a field. We're just getting started. And it's a new mindset where security has to become an enabler. It can't be just policy and restrictions because if people now, because user experience is so important, people either find ways around it or not participate and security can't afford that. We're talking about social, we're talking about cloud. So we need to design insecurity into every aspect of our operations, whether it's into our access management, whether it's into our applications, whether it's how we transmit data and make it sometimes abstracted out from the developers, abstracted out so that you can empower and enable security behind the coverage. B.J., we'd like to have you on, again, this is a great topic, certainly very relevant and very important, seeing just the business loss alone with some bad security, just the heart bleed is just a great poster child right now. It's fresh in everyone's mind. That's just one of many examples that's happening on a daily basis. It's now a boardroom conversation. Yeah, exactly. The kids in the dorm room to the boardroom or our security, our potential leaks and opportunities to fix. So thanks for coming on theCUBE, really appreciate it. We have to take a break. We'll be right back with our next guest after this break. It's live in Las Vegas for IBM Impact, it's theCUBE.


Can you hear me okay? Okay. So what does it take to simulate orbits? Before we can actually do that, we're going to need a couple of things. So the first thing that we're going to need is a complete model of space. And after that, we're going to need a dynamic rule to update the state of the bodies that are in our space. And those two things together should be sufficient for simulating an orbit, or at least getting something that kind of looks orbit-y. So the first complete model of space ever compiled was put together by Euclid over 2,000 years ago, and it's still good today. It's good enough to get the Apollo mission to the moon, so we're going to study that. And it consists of five axioms and a collection of definitions, but I'm just going to cover the axioms here. So the first axiom says that between any two points, A and B, a line segment L can be drawn. And axiom 2 states that, given any line segment, you can extend that line segment indefinitely in a new and just get a larger line segment that contains the original one. The third is that a circle can be drawn at any point with any radius. The fourth is that all right angles are congruent, which is like an equivalence relation. So given any two right angles you can always line them up in this way. And finally, this one is the point of divergence from more modern theories of space. It's sometimes called the parallel postulate. It states that given any line at a point not on that line, there's exactly one other line that runs through it that doesn't intersect the original line. And that is actually, that's what we're going to take as the definition of parallel. And that's a very special property and we'll be using it later. And so using these almost trivial collection of five axioms, we can actually derive some pretty useful stuff. And the thing that we'll be using here you probably recognize from high school, this is just a Pythagorean theorem. The relevance for the problem of simulating planets or simulating orbits is mainly the way to calculate distance. So you can imagine we have a body here like the sun, a body here like the earth. And we have some coordinate system that we're going to use to get these numbers A and B. And then using this formula here we can figure out the distance between them. And that will be useful for figuring out the force between them. So we're going to be using vectors. And vectors are just directed line segments. And they also have this ability to be scaled by a real number. So we can take some vector V and then we can scale it just by multiplying by a real number. And you can see the connection between the first and two axioms right away. And for some terminology, we're just going to call that the arrowhead part. We're going to call that the head of the vector. And then the other end is the tail. So you can kind of think of vectors representing a displacement from the tail to the head. So vectors are really useful because they can be added together. And the operation, we're going to start by defining it geometrically. So given any two vectors where the tail of the vector is the same, we can add these two vectors together. And the way that we add them is we pick one of the vectors and go from the tail up to its head. And then travel along another vector that's parallel to the other vector. And if you see it geometrically, if you go along the other vector and then travel parallel to this vector, you get the same point. So that's another way of saying that it's commutative operation. So V plus Y is equal to, or V plus W is W plus V. And this will come up later when we try to work with forces because we're going to be adding these things together in order to get the total force acting on the object. And vectors aren't really that useful when you just consider them geometrically. What we really want is to be able to put calculations on them and ultimately put it in a computer. So a computer doesn't really work in geometry. It works in numbers and arrays and all those nice things. So the way that we go from getting a, this geometric arrow right here to a something that we can compute with is by choosing a coordinate system. So we can pick any three axes arbitrarily. We just have to require that the axes are perpendicular. So we just take these three lines that are all mutually perpendicular. And once we choose that and we choose a unit, then we can count along each of these three axes and write down the number of units that this vector goes out in this direction and the number of units that goes out in this direction and then this direction. And this way we have a triple of numbers. Or in two-dimensional space we'd have a pair. So that's the connection between all this geometry and the code that'll come up. And a few more things about vectors that will really come in handy. And it's really just rooted all in that Euclidean geometry that we did earlier. When we take these vectors here, if we define this product on the array representation or that triple of number representation of vectors, this thing that called the dot product is just you take the x component, multiply those numbers together. You take the y component, you multiply those together.  This operation turns out to tell you something about the length of the two vectors and the angle between them. So if we take a simple case of this where you just take a vector and then dot it with itself, notice that that would be v1 squared plus v2 squared plus v3 squared, which once you see that you can kind of see how that's related to the length because that's like the a squared plus b squared in that you put in the Pythagorean theorem that we saw earlier. So if we want to find out the length of the vector, all we have to do is dot it with itself and then square root it. And that's so we can represent the positions by vectors, the positions of the bodies that we're trying to simulate. And if we want to find the distance between them, we just take the difference. So the way we'd implement this using all this stuff that we've defined up until now is we'd multiply w by the scalar minus 1 and then add them together and that'll give you a vector that goes from this point to that point or from that point to this point depending on whether it's v minus w or w minus v. And then if you take that, this hypotenuse vector between the two points, if you just dot that with itself, then that'll give you the distance between those two points. So that's what we'll use in the simulation. So now that we have kind of the first abstraction that we'll be working with, we can write some code. So we'll just, we'll have a wrapper class called vector. It'll have an array of components. And when we initialize, that's really all there is to it. Next, this is the more interesting part. We'll be implementing the algebra on it. So we want the addition and the scalar multiplication operation. So when we add vectors together, it turns out that parallelogram law that we saw, we can implement that just by, once we have the vector in component form, we can just add the x components together and the y components together and the z components together. So we can do this using the awesome zip method. And what that would do is zip, if you're not familiar, we'll just take two arrays that are the same length, and it'll produce a new array where each element is pairs. So like if you had, say, abc dot r zipped with x, y, z, the result would be a comma x. And then the second element would be b comma y. And then the third element would be c comma z. And then summing those together. That'll give you a single new vector, which is just a representation of the sum. And scaling multiplication is easy. We just multiply the scalar that we pass in by the component numbers themselves. And then on top of that, we also want to check whether two vectors are equal. And most importantly, we want to be able to dot vectors. So we again zip them together and then multiply the components and then just sum them up. So that'll give us a way, given a vector in another vector, we can pass it in, get the dot product, and then do some science with that. So now we have a model of space, but next we have to go on to the dynamic rule. This is where it gets a little bit more complicated but also more interesting. And we can represent bodies in space. We can figure out the distances and represent the state of a system at a moment in time. But what we'd really like to be able to do is play that forward in time and actually see how things would play out. So we'll have to talk a little bit about velocity and acceleration. So you can think about the thing that we want to, given a body, we want to simulate a path. So that you can think about as a sequence of vectors. And for each vector, at each moment in time, we can kind of organize that all together with this function x of t. So that x right here, this little arrow over the top means it's a vector. And that's the position at time t. So given any function right here that tells you the position of a body at a certain point in time, we can easily calculate the velocity. And if you haven't taken calculus, this is basically just saying the displacement in x divided by the displacement in time. So you can think about it as if you took some small amount of time in the future, you'd get a small displacement that would represent its movement. You take that and then scale it by one over the time. And that would give you the velocity vector. So there's a similar relation between acceleration and velocity. And using this, we'll be able to relate what I guess all await. So this relation just says that the acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. Velocity is the rate of change of position. And if we don't have any acceleration at all, it actually turns out to be really simple. So Newton's very first law gives us a complete specification for that position vector or that position function. Because if there are no forces acting on a body, it just travels in a straight line. So if we imagine a state at one moment in time, we have some initial position. We have some initial velocity. And all we have to do is have it trace out a line along that velocity vector because nothing's going to change it. So this just traces out a straight line in space. And that's another way to understand Newton's first law. Now Newton's second law is the familiar f equals ma. But I wrote this form a little bit more kind of decompose the f because when you see f equals ma, that's easy to remember. But the problem is that you can't really do that much with it until you consider each of the individual forces. Unless you just happen to know what the force is, just because you're lucky, you can't really do much with it. So this is where the sum operation is kind of indispensable. We'll want to be able to calculate all of the forces that we can imagine. And the way to imagine this is we're trying to figure the force on the ife object. So you have some n objects, or n bodies that you want to simulate. And for each one you want to figure out the total force on it. So if I is ranging over from one to n, i is going to be this number here is fixed for the sum and then j represents that ranges over all the other bodies that are not i. So you're literally taking the force between every single pair of bodies in the universe that you're simulating. And the way to calculate each of these individually is using Newton's law of universal gravitation, which apocryphally involved an apple. And it ultimately doesn't really matter. It's just a we can just kind of take it and run with it. But it is kind of worth trying to analyze why it has this form. I think you can ignore the gravitational constant. In my code I actually just set it to one. And it turns out that there's a lot of research papers that do that too. So physicists do this all the time. So we can kind of ignore this term. This right here, you can see just to make sure the types work out, I guess, is that this is going to be a vector. This is the force from the body at position j on the body at position i. And down here what you have is this little r vector with a hat. That just means that it's a vector with unit length. So this thing has length one. So when you basically this is the scalar that you multiply by your vector. So it makes sense that the force would go from this object or from this body towards that body because that's what we're trying to figure out. But this distance, so this r i j, these vertical bars if you haven't seen before, they just mean the length of the vector. So this vector from position j to position i, that would be r i j. That vector right there, the length of it is what we're dividing by the length squared. And the reason it's squared actually has to do with three dimensional geometry. So if you think about this as the center of a sphere, and then this, just imagine the length of that right there's r, then if you try to take all of the points that were distance r away from point i, you get a sphere. In two dimensions you get a circle and that whole sphere you can kind of think about is there's some amount of potential energy that is sort of spread out along the surface of that sphere. And as the sphere expands that same amount of energy decreases because you essentially have, by the conservation of energy you have a, you know that as you get a larger and larger surface area, you're going to get a smaller amount of energy. And the surface area scales like the square of that radius. So in one, or in two dimensions, a circle scales like the radius itself. It's like one over r. So, or the circle two pi r would give you the circumference. And as you expand since it's expanding proportional to r, the total amount that's spread out over that circle decreases proportional to one over r. So in three dimensions it would decrease proportional to one over r squared. So this number really here has to, this reflects the fact that we're measuring these things in a three dimensional space. And this is also something that Newton figured out just by looking at a whole bunch of astronomical observations and kind of working, using a little geometry and then turns out this works out really well. And there's a strong geometrical reason for this. So more code. So we want to represent bodies and they have the relevant data is the mass, the position and the velocity. So this initializes right here this is where you plug in the initial conditions. And then we'll update this state as time progresses. And just to note about bodies, the Newton's laws don't care about radius or shapes. It doesn't care. All that matters is the total mass and the center of mass. So a way to think about that is if you were to take the sun and just collapse it down into a black hole, just somehow, without changing its mass, without changing its center of mass, all of the Earth's orbits and Mars orbits and everything would travel around as if nothing had changed other than light. So in our simulation we don't actually need some notion of the shape of the body.  And it doesn't even have to be a sphere. It could be a hot dog. Just as long as if you were to take this hot dog and then squish it down into a sphere and then center of mass of the hot dog, it would travel along the same path as that meatball. So this is where we actually implement Newton's law of universal gravitation. And the way that we'll do it here is we'll have something that'll take a body, so say it's body I and we'll pass in body J and we want to figure out the force from the body that we passed in on self. So the first thing we want to do is take that remember the U and V diagram. This right here, we're just calculating that vector from V to U. Here we're calculating the norm, which is like the length of the vector, so that'll be the R. Our hat is that little length one vector from body J to body I. And then finally we'll just plug it in the formula. So we take the unit vector and then this big scalar right here and that right there is the force component from body on self. Next we move on to the universe, which a wise man once said is very, very big. I can't emphasize this enough, it's really, really, really big. It's difficult to even imagine. We'll represent the universe in Ruby and it's going to just have some number of dimensions and bodies. And really we want the number of dimensions because we don't add a three dimensional vector to a two dimensional vector because that's not defined. And the bodies themselves we're going to kind of identify the time within the computer with the time in the simulation. So one second in computer time represents one second in the simulator time. So we'll just be updating all of the bodies states in place. So all the bodies will just be these objects and their internal states going to be updated by the universe. So the body doesn't really know about all the different bodies in the universe. The universe tells each body about the other bodies. And it'll be useful since we're taking all the, we're going to calculate each unique pair of bodies in the universe and work out the force for each one. And we'll only be considering different bodies. So this iterator will be useful. So for each of these pairs we'll be calculating the force. And the first thing we'll do is initialize a whole bunch of zero vectors. And each of those n zero vectors are going to be the force on the i-th object. Actually let's go back. Let's just kind of like break this down a little bit. So for each pair we want to make sure that we sum up the force from body j on body i. Just add them all up. That'll give you the left side of the f equals ma equation. And this right here is where we'll use those forces to update the position. But we can't just do that directly. We'll have to go kind of from force to acceleration. So it's f equals ma. That means that a is equal to f over m. So now that we have this acceleration that's just the force divided by the mass. We also want to figure out the velocity. So the velocity right here, since the velocity is the rate of change of the acceleration, the other way around, acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. That means that acceleration is in meters per second squared. So in order to make the units work out we want to multiply by some times. We'll have meters per second. That'll give you a velocity. And position, since the velocity is the rate of change of position, we'll do the same thing where we have meters per second but we want a meter, something in meter units. So multiply again by the time interval dt. And then that will give you the... We're going to be adding it so that'll be the displacement in position after dt seconds. And in the simulator I used milliseconds. But it just has to be a sufficiently small time step right there. So all of this calculation is going to be going on in Ruby. And I don't really know any graphical libraries for Ruby and I figured it would be kind of interesting to try to stream it to a browser and do it in a canvas. So I wrote this little server and then also a web socket server because I didn't actually write the web socket server because that's hard. I tried and failed miserably. There's a lot of bit masking and you really have to understand the protocol. So for now I found this great tool, WebSocketD which it takes standard out and then maps it to a WebSocket server. And it also takes anything that comes into the WebSocket server and maps it to standard in. So you can just write plain Ruby and then work with standard input and standard output and then just pipe it to WebSocketD. So that was a lot of... That was a relief. So since we're going to be running both a Web server and WebSocket server it gets kind of tricky so we need to fork the Web server into the background and then shell out to WebSocketD since it's actually a separate command line tool. So this server right here, this is just WebRick.  And then we also want to mount slash so that we can visit in the browser. And so these examples right here, these are some simulators that I wrote using all that Ruby code and we'll actually see this running. That's the fun part coming up. Yeah, so the first application is going to be a binary star system. So that's just where we'll have two bodies will assume that their masses are equal and that they're moving in such a way that they're traveling around in a circle. So this velocity is just going to be the negative of that. And that very kind of predictable motion in advance is just called uniform circular motion. And that's a really kind of special type of motion. That's where you have a perfect circle and you have this quantity called the centripetal acceleration. Sometimes you hear centripetal, but it means center seeking. And the reason it's pointed inward, you can kind of imagine it's got some tangential velocity and it's about to fly off into space. But if it's moving in a circle, there's something pulling it towards the center of the circle. So that's what this A vector is. And we know that the length of that A is just equal to V squared over R, which I just, you can just look it up in a book. There's a way to figure this out by deriving it, but this is kind of, as you might see in like a freshman physics class. And it's just something that'll be we can use to figure out the initial velocity. Because we've already know the masses. The two masses are going to be equal. We can put them in some configuration where they're some distance apart. But if we didn't get the velocities right, they would either fall into each other or they would fly off into space. So we want to make sure that we get the velocities just right so that they travel around in a circle. Now that we have that A, we can just plug in the Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation and then do some more algebraic messing around. And then finally get that velocity right there. It's coming up. Killing me. Seriously. Seriously. Alright, this actually worked. I'm just going to keep going. Anyway, I think that's just the WebSocket server though. Because yeah, so the, we could live debug this. I got a few more minutes. Let's do it. Alright. So it looks like we have an error here. Yeah, so I have a couple of cool initial conditions in here and I'll go over some of the more advanced ones if we have time and if this actually gets working. But it's the thing that you can expect is just two bodies that are traveling around in a circle around some common center of mass. Anybody have any questions? I built it locally. Actually that's embarrassing. Frame rate. Oh, that's a good question. So I used a request animation frame in the browser. So essentially the WebSocket server streams a whole bunch of data to the browser and it updates the current state and it's just in a global variable. And I use a request animation frame so that whenever the browser is ready to render something, it will then run whatever, it'll render whatever the current state is. So it'll render as fast as it can and it's also nice because if you're away from the tab it will it won't actually render anything. So one sec. This is actually pretty cool. I'm not going to wake you guys. Make everyone here wait. So this is actually on GitHub right now. I had it running at Rails PDX in Portland. But yeah, so that's something that we can run later and you can all check out it. It could be. Oh, you know what? That's probably it. Yeah, so it is local host. That's right. This is good. This is actually really good. It's like not pair programming but like end body programming. So that's the issue. Is the WebSocket server there? Yeah, that's probably the problem. So it is local host. Yes. So server B, plan address, 8080. It's how's it off? Yeah. I'm looking. Yeah. There it is. Thank you. Oh, there it is. Right there. Thank you. What's that? Binary orbits by pair programming. There we go. Okay, cool. There we go. Thank you. That was intense. All right. Thank you all. That was really great. So with only two bodies, it turns out to be really easy to solve in general. You don't even have to run a numerical simulation like that. You can actually solve it analytically so that you know for all time the whole path of the body. It turns out to be really, really simple. But just by adding a third body to your universe, it turns out to be in general impossible to solve. And the more bodies you add, the more rounding error and other things can kind of cause your simulation to diverge from what would have actually happened in nature. But it's been studied for really, really long time. So there's some examples that have a really nice symmetry to them. And those are instructive to study. They have to be really, really, really highly symmetrical. And they're very, they're kind of brittle. They're rarely observed in nature because they just as soon as you have more than three bodies, you easily get chaos. And you might get stable orbits for a few billion years, but I mean when you think about infinity, even something that seems stable like our own solar system can be really, can have chaotic tendencies of time. So this great paper right here, which is only about 15 years old, this found a orbit, a three body orbit that traces out an infinity shape, a limb to skate, as we call. And the initial conditions, I just ripped them right out of the paper. And if you kind of look at them, you can see already there's some symmetry. So for the first body, it has this, it starts at some point right there. And then you have another body right here at the zero point. And then this third body right here is the negative of this first one. So this vector right here multiplied by negative one. So already they're along a straight line at that one moment in time. And for the velocities, there's also a lot of symmetry. Here you have a tangent vector going off in this direction, and it's the exact same velocity at that body right there. And then this one down here is two times that vector, but times negative, or it's in the opposite direction. So those initial conditions, so assuming the masses are all equal, assuming these positions and these initial velocities, this should move around in a figure eight. Yeah, so I have it already running. Hopefully. Real quick check. So that was three body. Thank you. Yeah, that works. There we go. So this is really cool because you could watch this for a while. It's like juggling. It's like planets juggling themselves. And it's mesmerizing. But this is also something that I looked around and I haven't found anything like this that astronomers have observed because there are more than three bodies in the universe, and that kind of makes things complicated because the left hand side of that equation had a sum of all, it's a sum over all bodies in the universe. So as long as you have more than three, you're always going to get small perturbations that are going to fling things off in other directions, and this is just something that is just, it's too brittle. And some random initial conditions are also kind of fun to watch. These, again if you notice, there's no collision detection because they all kind of are simulated as if all of the mass is concentrated at a single infinitesimal point. But the random initial conditions are a little bit more realistic because that's kind of how stuff works out in the universe. Things get around. Some orbits that are stable remain. Most of them just get flung off into space. And those are some random initial conditions. Those are fun. And yeah, so after Newton, so even though Newtonian mechanics work really well, physics is kind of branched off in two directions. We have special and general relativity, and then we also have quantum mechanics, which deals with electromagnetism and everything other than gravity. And if we imagine physics as kind of a get repository, Newtonian physics right here is the initial commit. And general relativity is one branch. And then quantum mechanics is another branch. And as of yet, those branches have merged conflicts that nobody's been able to work out. So that's it. We don't know what's going to come next, but it's all of these possibilities. Thank you. Thank you for debugging. Thank you for everything.


spring the snow has melted. It's time to get outside and make some circles. So what kind of circles do I like to make? I like to make circles on bikes. When a bike's moving in a circle the thing that keeps it going in a circular path is friction. So we could say that the force of friction is acting like a centripetal force. That means that when we go and do the math we're going to start off by saying FC equals FF and this is how we start a lot of these problems is by saying centripetal force FC equals some other type of force. We're gonna see a couple others here today.  This ball is going in a horizontal circle and the reason it goes in a circle is because this centripetal force is supplied by the force of tension in the rope. We can swing that ball horizontally like this or we can swing it vertically like that. In this situation the force of tension is supplying the centripetal force but the force of gravity also works to make a centripetal force as well. This situation is a little trickier as it involves a net force but we'll tackle it in a future video. You know what else is good to do in the springtime? Going on a roller coaster. In a roller coaster loop the loop. When I'm moving in a circle and I'm at the top of the circle then the centripetal force is just the force of gravity. If I'm moving at minimum speed the slowest speed possible to make it through the loop in the roller coaster. You know what else is good to do in springtime? Going into outer space and orbiting around the earth. When a satellite orbits a planet the force of gravity is a centripetal force. Gravity is the force that pulls the object back towards the center of the circle. So when we do a calculation we're going to make FC equal to FG. In the next couple of videos I'm going to show you the calculations to solve for some of the variables and values we can talk about in this intro video today.


We call it the Celtic aerobics, so a little bit of a workout getting them going. My name is Scott Hughes. I'm a sergeant in the gang unit. I'm a piper with the Denver police, pipes and drums. We've been going since 2000. A police uniform shirt and wearing the kilt, they just can't quite understand that. I learned many years ago when I was a teenager, just always enjoyed the sound of the bagpipes. Bagpipes go kind of hand in hand with a lot of law enforcement functions and ceremonies. Today is another great event for the department. We're happy to welcome new officers onboard and for years now we've been coming and playing the bagpipes at the graduation ceremony for our new officers. I think any musician would tell you that it's enjoyable to make music, hopefully bring some joy to the people.


Hey, this is Brett, and this 2011 Jeep Wrangler Sport is stock number 12613Z. We're here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, your new and used Jeep and Jeep Wrangler headquarters. This 2011 Jeep Wrangler Sport has the 3.8-liter V6 engine, puts out 202 horsepower. This vehicle has been fully-safetyed and inspected by our service shop for the state of Wisconsin inspection process. Has a fresh oil and filter change, all the fluids have been checked and topped off, and this Jeep is 100% ready to go. We're going to go inside, underneath, start it up, take a look under the hood in this video. Bright white is the color, and we shoot all of our videos in 1080p, 60 frames per second. So if you have HD capabilities on your computer, tablet, smartphone, or television, I highly recommend turning them on right now, because it is your best way to check out the quality condition, options, and cleanliness of the vehicle before seeing it in person. And if you like the video on how we do things here at Summit Automotive in the upper right hand part of the screen, as a link to subscribe to our YouTube channel, click that, and then click the bell notifications, and you'll get updates on the videos we do each and every day here at Summit Automotive of our new and used inventory. So this one comes with the 17-inch alloy rims with the black covers on it, so it actually has silver rims underneath. You can always just take those black covers off if you don't like them. It has Goodyear Wrangler SRA tires. These are two 5575R17s, and they are very new. I'd say maybe not very new, like 60, 70% of the tread left on them. Frame and underbody looks really good. Front fender is in nice shape, I didn't see any major scuffs or scrapes on there. Front bumper, no major dents or dings, looks pretty good. It does come with the factory fog lights, has a custom gloss black grille, and the hood is in very nice shape. I didn't see any major dents or dings on there. Passengers side front fender, no major scuffs or scrapes in the passenger side rim, no major scuffs or scrapes on there. Down the passenger side of the Jeep, take note of how clean the body is, how reflective and mirror-like that paint is. You take these HD videos, so if you are far away or even if you're close by and just cannot make the trip down, but you're still interested in purchasing the vehicle, you can see the Jeep here, the Jeep, and have confidence in what you're looking at before you even get here. So when you do get here, there's absolutely no surprises, and you can make a smart and informed buying decision from wherever you're at. And if this video helps you make a buying decision, let your salesman know that you saw the video, that it was helpful, and that Brett sent you. Back rim is in excellent shape. Back tires have just as much tread as the front tires, and the frame and underbody. For me in 2011 from Wisconsin and Minnesota is in really nice shape, body is in excellent condition. It comes with step bars, lower rockers, I didn't see any corrosion on them, and it's really good. The door hinges look really good, I didn't see any corrosion on them either. Does come with a soft top, I didn't see any rips or tears on there, that's pretty nice soft top. Going around to the back of the vehicle, rear bumper is in nice shape, do get a toe hook on there, comes with the matching spare, tire, and rim.  The door is in nice shape on the back, inside I should say, coming down the driver's side, just as clean as I pass on your side, back fenders in nice condition, and this back rim for full disclosure, no scuffs or scrapes. This side of the soft top looks really good as well, and the driver's side door, I didn't see any major dents or dings on there, looks really good, as does the door hinges. Inside the Sport package gives you the black cloth interior, there are no rips, there are no tears on the seats, they're in very nice clean condition. Has some Jeep floor mats in it, manual crank windows, we'll hop inside, check out the miles, radio, and everything that this vehicle has to offer on the inside. Average MPG is 18.3, that's pretty good. You do get compass temp display, 50,672 miles on this vehicle, instrument clusters in very nice condition. The steering wheel is in really nice condition as well. You get cruise controls on the right, and information center controls on the left. Comes with a CD player, AM FM radio, and an aux jack. Climate controls, 4x4 shifter, 6 speed manual transmission, passenger side, format and seat are in excellent condition, and a soft top, pretty nice shape. Maybe one little scuff right here looks like it's been hatched or something. We'll check out the back seats, and then we'll start it up and take a look under the hood. Back seats are just as clean as the front seats, and remember those seats are removable.  We'll start it up and take a look under the hood. Starts right up, no check engine lights or anything like that. I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today, and hopefully from this HD video you will have been able to tell just how clean this vehicle is, verify the quality and condition of it. Under the hood we have a 3.8 liter V6 engine, engine day is very clean, runs very smooth. Once again this vehicle has been fully safe to inspect by a service shop, has a fresh oil and filter change, all the fluids have been checked and topped off, and this Jeep is 100% ready to go. There's your emissions sticker, and I would highly recommend this Jeep, make quality and condition standpoint for being a 2011, really nice shape. And to see more pictures of this Jeep, or one of our other 450 new and used cars, trucks, SUVs, minivans, Wranglers, you name it, we've got to go to that website right there, www.summitauto.com. Full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at www.summitauto.com. And if you'd like to check out more HD videos you can go to www.youtube.com. Remember to like, subscribe, and share on this video and all the videos that you see there. You'll get updates on the videos we do each and every day here at Summit Automotive. In fact, in a second you will see a link to subscribe to our YouTube channel in the upper left, a link to more Wrangler videos like this one in the upper right, a link to this vehicle on our website in the lower left, and a link to one of our latest YouTube videos in the lower right. Click those checks out, and we're super excited to help you with this ultra clean 2011 Jeep Wrangler two-door sport in bright white clear coat. Thanks again for checking out the video, remember to like, subscribe, and share.


Good evening aspirants. I have an important announcement to make the sixth the pre-storming batch of Shankara A's Academy is about to commence on March 5th, 2023. This batch is specifically designed for experienced candidates. There are total of 25 tests of which 22 will be subject-wise tests including CSAT and the remaining three will be full-length mock test. This will be really helpful for your last-minute revision. So kindly enroll in the program and make the best use of it. So with this note, now we will start with the Hindu Daily News Analysis for the newspaper dated 28th of February 2023. Displayed here are the list of articles that we will take up for discussion today. There are eight articles. Go through it. Without much delay, we will start with the first article discussion. Have a look at this editorial here. This particular editorial is talking about the issues associated with e-waste management rules 2022. See, the problem of managing e-waste is a persisting challenge in a country like India. This is because we are in an era of rapid urbanization, digitalization and population growth. So in order to manage e-waste, the first set of e-waste rules was notified in the year 2011 and it came into effect in 2012. An important component of the 2011 rules was the introduction of extended producer responsibility. Under the extended producer responsibility compliance, producers are responsible for the safe disposal of electronic and electronic products when the consumer discards them. Then in 2016, the government brought e-waste rules 2016. The 2016 rules were more comprehensive than the 2011 rules. It included provisions to promote authorization and products stewardship. So products stewardship is the act of minimizing the health, environmental and other social impacts of a product and its packaging throughout the life cycle of a product. Apart from this, other categories of stakeholders such as producer responsibility organizations were also introduced in these rules. Then in November 2022, the Ministry of Environment and Forest notified a new set of e-waste rules. These rules will come into force from April 1, 2023. These rules are going to address some of the critical issues in dealing with e-waste. But the problem here is that the 2022 rules are silent on some issues. So this particular editorial here talks about such issues with the e-waste rules 2022. So in this discussion, we will understand some important provisions of the e-waste rules 2022 and then we will also see what are the issues associated with it. Before that, the syllabus relevant to this discussion is highlighted here. You can go through it. First, let's start with the basic of e-waste. See, the term e-waste is expanded as electronic and electrical waste. The term e-waste refers to all types of electrical and electronic equipment and its parts. These parts are discarded by the owners as waste without the intention of reuse. To put it simply, the term e-waste means discarded electrical or electronic devices or components. Some of the examples include discarded TVs, laptops, mobile phones, printers, etc. So with these basics, now we will see about some important provisions of the e-waste rules 2022. Firstly, under the 2022 rules, the definition of the term e-waste has been widened. So now, what also comes under e-waste are the solar modules or panels which are discarded as waste. Secondly, the 2022 rules have introduced something called as the recycling targets. This forms a part of the extended producer responsibility. Know that extended producer responsibility is a policy-based approach where the responsibility is placed over the producers of the e-waste. The producer should take care of the treatment and safe disposal of such e-waste. So under the 2016 rules, the EPR mechanism focused more on producers' responsibility to collect back the e-waste. Apart from this, the 2016 rules provided for collection targets to the producers. But if we take the 2022 rules, it has gone one step ahead. The EPR regime in the 2022 rules provides an annual e-waste recycling targets to the producers. So this will help not only in collection but also proper recycling and safe disposal of e-waste. Therefore, we can say the introduction of recycling targets in the extended producer responsibility plan is a major step under the 2022 rules. Thirdly, the 2022 e-waste rules provide for mandatory registration requirements. The manufacturers, producers, refurbishers and recyclers of e-waste i.e. MPRR are required to register under these rules. See, the 2016 rules mandated these stakeholders to obtain authorization from the concerned state pollution control booths. Whereas if we see the 2022 rules, it mandates these entities to obtain registration on the portal which will be developed by the Central Pollution Control Board. Further, the 2022 rules bars the manufacturers, producers, refurbishers and recyclers of e-waste to operate their business without obtaining registration on the portal. So only if they have registered on the portal, they will be allowed to operate. Then, the fourth important provision is the introduction of recycling certificates. Under the 2022 rules, extended producer responsibility recycling certificates has been introduced. This is done to facilitate the fulfilment of EPR targets. The producers of electrical and electronic component can purchase an online EPR recycling certificate which is issued by the Central Pollution Control Board. This is in order to fulfil the recycling target. Know that such recycling certificate issued by the CPCB will be valid only for two years. Thereafter, the producer need to purchase a new recycling certificate. And the final important provision is related to the incorporation of penal provisions. The e-waste rules 2022 introduced penal provisions related to environment compensation under the Environment Protection Act of 1986. So the environment compensation can be imposed on an entity which aids the violation of 2022 rules. So the 2022 rules bitens the scope of imposing environmental compensation. So these are some of the important provisions of the e-waste rules of 2022. Now we will understand the issues associated with these rules. First of all, know that there are two important stages involved in efficient e-waste recycling. They are component recovery and residual disposal. Here the term component recovery means the adequate and efficient recovery of rare earth metals. By recovering rare earth metals from waste, we can reduce our dependence on fresh resources of these metals. Then coming to the term residual disposal. This means safe disposal of the leftover residual which is generated during the e-waste recycling. Now coming to the 2022 rules, the 2022 rules do not provide a clear mechanism about component recovery and residual disposal. Therefore, in order to ensure maximum efficiency, the activities of the recyclers must be recorded in the system. Apart from this, the government authorities should periodically trace the quantity of e-waste that went for recycling and the recovery towards the end. Now coming to the second issue. The 2022 rules do away with the responsibilities of the producer responsibility organizations and dismantlers of e-waste. The 2022 rules place all the responsibility of recycling with the authorized recyclers. So as per the 2022 rules, the authorized recyclers will have to collect a quantity of waste, recycle them in order to generate digital certificates through the portal. Earlier it is these PROs that acted as intermediaries between producers and formal recyclers by binding for contracts from producers and then arranging for recycling. Now due to these changes in the rules, fresh challenges might emerge. This is because now the companies are no longer required to engage with PROs and dismantlers. Now coming to the final issue. In our country, mostly informal players play a crucial role in handling e-waste. Know that nearly 95% of e-waste is channelized through the informal sector. Therefore, the informal sector also holds immense potential to improve the state of e-waste management. If we take the 2022 rules, it does not recognize the informal sector that handles e-waste. This could account for illegality of the informal sector in dealing with e-waste. So to conclude, the government should take consistent efforts towards increasing consumer awareness. Then it should also concentrate on improving the existing infrastructure and it should help in enhancing the product designing and in adopting green procurement practices. So these efforts should be supplemented by establishing a robust collection and recycling system on the ground. With this, we have come to the end of this discussion. Through this discussion, we learned about e-waste. We saw that they are nothing but discarded electrical or electronic components and we also saw some important provisions of the e-waste rules of 2022 and we finally saw what are the issues in the 2022 e-waste rules. With these points in mind, now we will move on to the next article discussion. Now take a look at this text and context article. It talks about a new drug testing mechanism called organ chips. So what is first of all drug testing? See, if you are attempting to bring a drug or medicine into the market, the formulation has to be first tested, right? So first researchers identify the chemical components that can be used to treat a condition. They do this using modelling and other techniques. Then they shortlist the chemicals that perform well and then they test them on cells which are grown in the lab or they even test it on animals. So based on these trials only, the drugs is tested for its efficacy. But the problem is that the animals can mimic only some human diseases well. So now there is a new mechanism for drug testing called the organ chips. The advantages of organ chips over the conventional drug testing mechanisms are discussed in this article. So in this context, let us learn about organ chips and its advantages. See, organ chips are small devices containing human cells. So these cells mimic the environment in human organs. It can imitate the blood flow and breathing movements of human cells. So we can say that they serve as a synthetic environment in which a new drug can be tested. So these organ chips are designed in such a way that they accurately recreate the natural physiology and mechanical forces that a cell experiences in a human body. In short, they resemble the original organs of our body. Therefore, the organ chips act as a medium to test new drugs and see the effects of these drugs on our human body. This is all about organ chips. Now let's see the steps which are involved in the development of a drug. See, a drug development is a very complex process. It involves preclinical and clinical trials. As I already said, the preclinical trials can be done on animals which closely resemble human beings. Animals used here include mice, rats, hamsters and guinea pigs. And this usually depends on the drug that is being tested. Sometimes drugs are tested even on cells that are grown on plastic beds in the lab conditions. If the preclinical trial results are favourable, then the researchers can now begin the next stage of trial which is nothing but human clinical trials. So this is the complete process through which a new drug is tested for its toxicity. So only after these processes it can be brought into market for commercial use. Now the new organ testing mechanism that we are talking about is recently brought forward for use in preclinical trial stage. See, this is done to increase the efficacy of the drug trials. Now we will see what are the advantages of organ chips. Organ chips are capable of modelling different aspects of the human body. See, it can even model the three-dimensional geometry and the flow of fluids like blood and lymph. This is why they are very much better than the plastic-based cell culture trials. Here note that preclinical trials that are carried out on plastic cell beds cannot predict the efficacy of a drug against a particular disease in the presence of multiple organ interactions. This is where organ chips distinguishes itself because organ chips allows the drug trials to be carried out even in the presence of multiple organ interactions. Which means it does not need a very clean isolated system. So these are the advantages that are associated with using organ chips for drug trials over the plastic cell beds. With this we have come to the end of this discussion. So through this discussion we learnt about organ chips. We saw that organ chips are nothing but the cells which mimic the environment in human organs so that they can be used to test new drugs. We also saw what are the advantages of the organ chips over the plastic-based cell culture trials. With these points in mind now we will move on to the next article discussion. Now look at this article here. This text and context article talks about the suspension of the Nuclear Arms Control Treaty by Russia which Russia has signed with the US. Besides this, Russia has also said that it will resume its nuclear weapon test if the US does it. And if this happens, it will end the global ban on nuclear weapon tests that we follow since the Cold War times. So as a response to this, US has said that Putin's move is deeply unfortunate and irresponsible. This is about the news article given here. So in this discussion let us see about the Nuclear Arms Control Treaty and why the Russian President suspended the treaty and what are the implications of it. Before that the syllabus relevant to this discussion is highlighted here. You can go through it. Now first of all what is Nuclear Arms Control Treaty? See in the initial days of Cold War both the US and the Soviet Union aggressively expanded their nuclear arsenals. But just before the end of Cold War the then leaders of the US and the US Soviet Union declared that a nuclear war cannot be won and must never be fought. And this marked the beginning of the Nuclear Arms Control Treaty. So from then on, both the countries had engaged in many bilateral talks and they signed multiple treaties. So now this is for what purpose? This is to keep a check on each other's nuclear arsenals. The first formal dialogue between Russia and US is called the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks otherwise known as SALT. It started between the two countries in the year 1969. The second one is the Anti Ballistic Missile Defense Systems Treaty. This treaty provided for the shooting down of any incoming missiles and this was signed in the year 1972. But later George Bush administration pulled out of the pack in the year 2002. And the third one is the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty. This was signed in the year 1991 but it expired in the year 2009. And the fourth one is the Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty which was signed in the year 2002. This is also known as SALT or Moscow Treaty. But know that the New START Treaty replaced the 2002 SALT Treaty. This New START Treaty was signed in the year 2010 and it came into force from February 2011. When the current US President Mr. Joe Biden took office in 2021, the treaty was extended for another five years. Now we will understand what is the significant provisions of this particular treaty. Firstly, under the treaty the two countries cannot deploy more than 1550 strategic nuclear warheads. Also, they cannot deploy more than 700 long-range missiles and bombers. Apart from this, the treaty also limits each of them to 800 deployed and non-deployed launchers and delivery vehicles. Secondly, under the treaty each side can carry out up to 18 short term that is for 32 hours on site inspections. That is, every year they can inspect each other's strategic nuclear weapon sites 18 times with short notice. So by this they make sure that the other country has not crossed the limits of the treaty. Thirdly, under the treaty Russia and US exchange data twice a year. They share data on ballistic missiles and on bombers, tech sites, nuclear bases etc. Fourthly, the treaty mandates the two parties to send notifications within five days if at all they change or update something in their stockpile. For example, if one country is moving any missile to a new base or it is deploying a new warhead to the system, then the other country has to be updated about the same within five days. Fifthly, according to a report by the Washington Post, the treaty gave both the countries seven years to reduce their stockpiles. This includes nuclear warheads that are launched using long-range missiles, submarines and bombers. And in the year 2018, both countries met the prescribed arms limit. We saw that the treaty came into effect in 2011 and the limits were met by 2018, that is within the time given by the treaty. So these are some important points that you should know about the Nuclear Arms Control Treaty. See, US and Russia together hold 90% of the world's nuclear arsenals. And this new start treaty is the last remaining nuclear weapon control agreement between the two countries. We just now saw that inspections are allowed as by the treaty, right? But for three years, the inspections were not conducted. Mainly, it was put on hold due to COVID-19 pandemic. So in the year 2022, US again discussed about restarting the inspections. But it was postponed by Mr. Putin. Now Russia has suspended the treaty altogether. Now why did Russia suspend the new start treaty? Russia is saying that on one hand, the NATO and US are trying to inflict strategic defeat on Russia. And on the other hand, they are trying to get the Russian nuclear facilities. Russia is saying this because on one hand, the US is pushing for the resumption of inspections of Russian nuclear facilities under the treaty. And on the other hand, NATO allies are helping Ukraine to mount drone attacks on Russian air bases. So Russian air bases host the nuclear capable strategic bombers. According to reports, Russian military shot down the drones that struck two bomber bases deep inside the country. And this is the reason why Russia said that it is suspending its participation in the new start treaty. Also, Mr. Putin said that NATO's nuclear capability includes the nuclear weapons of Britain and France. But these two countries are not a part of the nuclear arms control treaties. So Russia said that it wants to understand the aspirations of NATO members. That is Britain and France and it wants to take into account the strategic arsenals of these two countries. And only then it will return to any discussion on the treaty. So now what are the implications of this? Will it again start an arms race? According to analysts, this will not trigger arms race. This is because Russia has not withdrawn from the treaty, it has just suspended it. This suspension could be a part of Russia's political message to the West. Which is providing massive assistance to Ukraine. Analysts are saying that this move by Russia will not trigger arms race for another reason. Which is, Russia has announced that it has no plans to breach the limits on warheads prescribed in the new start treaty. Additionally, the Russian foreign ministry said that it would continue to notify US about the test launches of intercontinental ballistic missiles. So this is considered as Russia's way of putting pressure on US and its European allies to stop supplying arms to Ukraine. Finally, before concluding our discussion, let us see what does the Russia's suspension move mean for the global arms control. The NATO Secretary General said that the move by Russia made the world a more dangerous place. One of the major consequence of this suspension is that it will give opportunity for other nuclear countries to increase their arsenal. Yes, the other nuclear armed countries such as China, Pakistan, Iran, Israel and India will use this opportunity to build their nuclear capabilities. Here, the major problem for US is the China's nuclear arsenal. As of now, China is the major threat for US. So experts are saying that Russia's suspension for nuclear arms control treaty will hamper arms control cooperation between US and China. So with this, we have come to the end of this discussion. In this discussion, we saw about the major nuclear control treaties that were signed between the two countries. We saw in detail about the New START Treaty which was signed in the year 2010 and we saw some significant provisions of this arms reduction pact. We then saw why the Russian President suspended the New START Treaty and we also saw what are the implications of this move. With these points in mind, now we will move on to the next article discussion. Now, take a look at the daily quiz. The questions here are related to Raman Effect. See, today is National Science Day. That's why this daily quiz related to science is published here in the Hindu. Now, we are not going to see about the questions which are displayed here. But we will take this opportunity to look at the science behind Raman Effect. See, normally when the sun rays enters the Earth's atmosphere, it scatters in all directions. This is due to the presence of small molecules present in the atmosphere. Sir Sive Raman in the first part of 20th century conducted elaborate studies on the scattering of light. As a result, he found answers to some of the most unanswered questions relating to the scattering of light. We will see some of his observations now. See, Raman discovered that there are two different types of scattering that take place. One is the Elastic Scattering while the other is the Inelastic Scattering. In Elastic Scattering, photons of light which are scattered have the same energy as the incident photon. This type of scattering of light is called the Rayleigh Scattering. Now, coming to the second type of scattering called the Inelastic Scattering. Inelastic Scattering refers to the scattering of photon which results in the scattered photon having a different energy than the initial incident photon. Here note that Inelastic Scattering can be further divided into two subtypes. One is the Stoke Scattering and other is the Anti-Stoke Scattering. In Stoke Scattering, the scattered photon will have less energy when compared with the incident photon. The second type of Inelastic Scattering is the Anti-Stoke Scattering. In the Anti-Stoke Scattering, the scattered photon will have more energy when compared with the incident photon. This is all about the two types of Inelastic Scattering. Now, what is this Raman effect? It is based on the differences in the energies that we were discussing earlier. So, Raman started experiments to study how light behaved when it is passed through various substances. One of the experiments gave a clear result. When a light of only one color, that is a monochrome light was passed through a liquid, the light that emerged had smaller traces of another color. This meant that the molecules in the liquid were changing the color of the light passing through it. The discovery created a sensation around the world and this is only called as the Raman effect. In 1930, Sosevi Raman became the first person from Asia to be awarded a Nobel Prize in any field of science. The date of the discovery, that is February 28, is now celebrated as the National Science Day in India. Since Sosevi Raman is frequently in news, UPSC may ask a question relating to Raman effect. So, kindly have an understanding about this. With this, we have come to the end of this discussion. So, through this discussion, we came to know about the three different types of scattering discovered by Sosevi Raman. Now, we will move on to the next article discussion. Take a look at this article. It talks about the recent Delhi High Court's observation on the Agni path scheme. See, the High Court of Delhi has said that Agni path is a well thought scheme for the recruitment of persons in the armed forces. The court said this because a bunch of petitions were filed challenging the Agni path recruitment scheme. This is what is given in this article. In this context, let us learn about the Agni path scheme. See, we all know Agni path is a personal recruitment scheme for the different services. So, under this scheme, around 45,000 to 50,000 soldiers will be recruited every year. And most of them will leave the service in just four years. Only 25% of those who were recruited will be allowed to continue for another 15 years under permanent commission. The most important thing to note here is this new system of recruitment under the Agni path scheme is only for the personals below officer ranks. Know that non-officer rank personals are those who do not join the forces as commissioned officers. Now, what is meant by commissioned officers? It refers to those who have been selected permanently for working with the armed forces and they are assigned ranks. It generally refers to the leadership positions. However, the recruits under Agni path scheme will perform only an executive task because the leadership positions are reserved for commissioned officers. Now, what are the eligibility criteria to become Agni veers? Under the Agni path scheme, aspirants between the age of 17.5 years and 21 years will be eligible to apply. Very recently for the recruitment year 2022-23, the upper age limit has been increased from 21 to 23 years. So, the recruitment standards will remind the same. The recruitment will be done twice a year through the recruitment rallies which are organized across the country. Now, what happens after selection? Once selected, the candidates will go through a six-month training and they will be deployed for three and a half years to perform their duties as defence personals. During this period, they will get a starting salary of Rs. 30,000 along with additional benefits which will go up to Rs. 40,000 by the end of the four-year service. And besides this, 30% of their salary will be set aside under the SEVA NITI program. And an equal contribution will be made by the government every month and this amount will accrue interest over time. At the end of the four-year period, each soldier will get Rs. 11.71 lakh as a lump sum amount which will be tax-free. They will also get a Rs. 48 lakh life insurance cover for the four-year period. In case of death, the payout will be over Rs. 1 crore including the pay for the persons and served tenure. However, as I said earlier, after four years, only 25% of the batch will be recruited back into the respective services. And this will be for a period of 15 years. For those who are reselected, the initial four-year period will not be considered for retirement benefits. This is all you need to know about the Agnipath scheme. See here, I have covered holistically from eligibility criteria to the salary package. Now let's see why Agnipath scheme was introduced and also about the advantages associated with it. Firstly, the average age of armed forces in India is 32 years now. But this will come down to 26 years in the next 6-7 years. This will be due to the implementation of the Agnipath scheme. This is the first advantage of implementing Agnipath scheme. Secondly, it is said that Agnipath will increase employment opportunities for the youth in the country. The soldiers will acquire skill and experience during the four-year service and this will enable them to get employment in different fields after their service. This will also lead to the availability of higher skilled workforce in the economy, which will lead to productivity gain and overall GDP growth in the country. Thirdly, there is high pension burden for the government. So with the introduction of Agnipath scheme, this high pension burden for the government can be brought down because only 25% of the Agni ways get retained as a permanent officer each year. Here, one important point to note is that India pays more for the pension of retired soldiers than the amount it pays for its current serving ones. This will be changed if Agnipath gets implemented. So these are the advantages associated with the scheme. Now coming to the disadvantages. Firstly, the temporary nature of employment provided by the scheme is an issue. The Agnipath scheme will provide employment to the youth of the country only for four years. Secondly, since their recruits are appointed for a temporary period, there will be no pension for Agni ways after their retirement. Thirdly, opponents of this scheme claim that a six months training will be insufficient to meet the demands of the armed forces. So these are the disadvantages associated with the Agnipath scheme. With this, we have come to the end of this discussion. So in this particular discussion, we saw that Agnipath is a recruitment scheme for the defense. And here only personnel below officer ranks are recruited. We also saw what are the eligibility criteria to become Agnipath. We also saw a little on Seva Nidhi program where each soldier will get a lump sum amount at the end of their service. And we also saw what are the advantages and disadvantages associated with the scheme. With these points in mind, now we will move on to the next article discussion. Look at this news article. It says that the archaeological survey of India has found a 1300 year old stupa in Sugapada Hamlet in Odisha's Cheshpur district. This hamlet is a mining site for the Gondhalite stones and it also forms a part of the Lalip Giri Buddhist site. Here the Gondhalite stone is a type of foliated metamorphic rock that is used for temple construction in Odisha. The stupa was found when the Gondhalite mining activity was taking place in the region. Now due to the presence of the stupa, the ASI has taken control of the mining site. The ASI will now try to retrieve the site fully, restore it to its original form and protect the site. This is about the news article. In this context, we will see about the various features of stupa and also we will see some important stupas in India. So first, what is a stupa? See stupas are basically mounts and they contain bodily remains or objects used by Buddha. The tradition of erecting stupas existed even before the Buddhist era. And later on the stupa construction came to be associated with Buddhism. Since stupas contain the relics that were considered sacred, the entire stupa came to be regarded as a symbol of both Buddha and Buddhism. According to the Buddhist texts known as Ashoka Vadanath, Ashoka distributed Buddha's relics to every important town and he ordered the construction of stupas over them. This is why even though stupa construction was there even before Buddhism originated, it came to be associated with Buddhism. An additional point that you have to notice here is that the Mahapari Nibbana Sutta quotes a conversation between Buddha and Ananta where they talk about stupas. Having gone through the basics, now we will see the structure of stupas. The stupas consist of a cylindrical drum and a hemispherical anda with a Haramika and Chandra on the top. Here anda is the hemispherical mount which symbolizes the mount of dirt which was used to cover the remains of Buddha. Haramika as you can see is a square railing on the top of the mount. This balcony-like structure depicts the abode or place of residence of the gods. Then we have the Chaitri or the Chhatraspire. It is a triple umbrella structure present inside the Haramika. The Chaitri basically symbolizes the Axis Mundi or the Axis of the world. The stupa consists of a square platform known as methi. This methi is surrounded by Vedika or the boundary wall. The boundary wall, if you can see, is made in the form of railings. The Vedika is believed to separate the stupa from the surrounding world and in turn makes the stupa sacred. Between the methi and Vedika, there is a Pradikshinapada or circumambulatory path. As a form of worship, the devotees walk around the Pradikshinapada. Then we have the Dorana or gateways. These Doranas are decorated with sculptures that depict the Jataka tales. So this is about the structure of stupas. Now we will see some important stupas in India. First is the great Sanchi stupa in Madhya Pradesh. Then there is Bharuth stupa in Satna district of Madhya Pradesh. This stupa has been first built by the Maurian king Ashoka in the 3rd century BC. But if you see many works of art, particularly around the gateways and railings, they were apparently added during the Shunga period. Then there is Damik stupa in Sarnath Uttar Pradesh. The Damik stupa marks the precise location where the Buddha preached his first discourse to his first five disciples. Then there is Piprava stupa in Siddharth Nagar district of Uttar Pradesh. This stupa may have been the burial place of a portion of Buddha's ashes that were given away to his own Shakya clan. In the south, we have Amaravadi stupa in Andhra Pradesh. This particular stupa was developed during the period of Satavagana and Ishvaku dynasty. Then there is Sannati Maha stupa on the banks of the Bhima river in Gala Burki district of Nath and Karnataka. These are some of the important stupas of India. So in this particular discussion, we understood what are stupas. We saw that stupas are basically mounts that contains the bodily remains of Buddha. Then we saw about the structure of stupas. We saw that stupas consist of a cylindrical drum and a hemispherical anda with a haramika and chhatra on the top. Then we also saw some important stupas in India. With these points in mind, now we will move on to the next article discussion. Now have a look at this data point here. This data point gives us an overview about the consumption of tobacco across the country. The data point says that in 2019-21, the consumption of tobacco among men in both smokable and chewable forms was higher in the north eastern states than the rest of India. If we take only the smokable forms of tobacco, the consumption share in 2019-21 was higher in the northern states of Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Haryana, then Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir and the eastern state of West Bengal. Now if we take only the chewable forms of tobacco, the share in 2019-21 was higher in the states of Jharkhand, Bihar and Odisha and Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat. If we look at the southern states, the share in 2019-21 was relatively low with regard to both forms of tobacco consumption. However, among those who smoked, the share of those who consumed more than 5 sticks a day was much higher in many southern states. So we can say that the smokers are few in the southern states but those who smoked in the southern states have consumed more than 5 sticks in a day. This is what is given in this paragraph of the data point. Now in this discussion, we will understand the points provided in this data point. Now look at this map here. This map shows the percentage of all men aged between 15-49 who smoked in 2019-21. This percentage of men includes those who smoked cigarettes, beauties, cigars, pipe or hookah. Here, the share of smokers was much higher among some northern and all northern states except Assam. While the share of smokers was low in the south, it was even lower in the western states of Gujarat and Maharashtra. Now look at this map here. This map shows the percentage of all men aged between 15-49 who chewed putka, tobacco, pan masala in 2019-21. The share was much higher in the north-eastern, eastern, some central, western and northern states. But if we take southern states and some northern states, they have a very relatively low share. Now moving on to map 3, this map shows the share of male smokers who smoked more than 5 sticks a day. The share in all the southern states, some northern states and some northern states was higher than the rest of India. The data point says that in India, the overall share of cigarette or beauty smokers is coming down. Now look at this table here. When compared to 2005-6, the share of smokers came down by over 10% in 2019-21. Also, the rural urban gap became negligible by 2019-21. However, among those who chewed tobacco, there was no change among rural uses whereas among urban uses, there was a decline. Now look at this chart here. As per this chart, the share of those who smoked more than 9 sticks a day reduced significantly. But those who smoked less than 5 a day have increased. See, some researchers are saying that the increase in the prices of cigarettes over the time have reduced the cigarette smoking. This is a positive note. But on the other hand, the prices of BDs and other chewable forms have not increased much. This is the reason why the consumption of BDs and other chewable forms have not seen much reduction. So the government needs to take steps to regulate the prices of tobacco. This will help in reducing the consumption of tobacco. So in this particular discussion, we saw some of the recent trends about tobacco usage in India. So with these points in mind, now we will move on to the next article discussion. Now look at this article here. According to the article, there is a growing confrontation between the western countries and the Russia-China axis. This is obstructing the government's plan for the G20. This will also affect the rising net dialogue of the Ministry of External Affairs that is planned this week. This is about the news article given here. Using this as an opportunity, we will revise about G20. First of all, note that G20 is expanded as the Group of 20. So it is the premier forum for international cooperation. Here, the countries cooperate on aspects of international economic and financial agenda. It brings together the world's major advanced and emerging economies. Note that the G20 was created for two reasons. One is as a response to the financial crisis that happened in the emerging economies in 1990s. Second, it is formed as a means to recognize that some countries are not adequately represented in global economic discussion and governance. In December 1999, the finance ministers and central bank governors of advanced and emerging countries met for the first time in Berlin, Germany. Here, an informal dialogue was conducted and key issues related to global economic stability were discussed. So, G20 was founded in 1999 as a forum for the finance ministers and central bank governors. Here, they discuss global economic and financial issues. After that, the finance ministers and central bank governors met annually. India on its part has hosted a meeting of G20 in the year 2002. But, note that G20 was raised to the summit level in 2008 only. This was to address the global financial and economic crisis of 2008. Now, let us see who all constitutes G20. See, G20 comprises of Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, European Union, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, UK and USA. The G20 countries together represent around 90% of global GDP and they represent 80% of global trade and 2 thirds of the world population. Now, how does G20 work? See, G20 does not have a permanent secretary trade. So, it is the G20 presidency that steers the G20 agenda for one year and hosts the summit. The presidency is supported by the TRICA. Now, what is TRICA? It basically includes the previous current and incoming presidency. Now, India holds the presidency of the G20 from 1st December 2022 to 30th November 2023. During India's presidency, the TRICA will comprise Indonesia, India and Brazil respectively. So, in this particular discussion, we saw what is G20.  It consists of world's major advanced and emerging economies. So, G20 was founded in 1999 as a forum for finance ministers and central bank ministers and they discuss global economic and financial issues. We also saw the members of G20 and we finally saw the working of G20. With this, we have come to the end of the Hindu daily news analysis. Now, we will move on to the next part of our discussion, which is practice questions. Now, we will start with a prelims practice question. We have six questions for today. Five will be discussed by me and one will be the practice question for the day. Question number one. Some Buddhist rock-cut caves are called chaityas while the others are called vigaras. What is the difference between the two? Chaityas were the places of worship and assembly of the monks and it consists of stupa within the structure at one end. The vigaras on the other hand are the monasteries where the monks used to live and it acted as the accommodation during rainy days. So, the correct answer here is option B. Chaitya is a place of worship while vigara is the dwelling place of the monks. Question number two. Consider the following statements regarding G20. Statement number one. The first G20 summit was hosted by the United States in Washington in November 2008. Statement number two. India is holding the presidency for the 18th G20 summit and this is the first time India is holding the G20 presidency. See here, statement number one is correct. The first summit was hosted by the US president in Washington in November 2008 to develop a coordinated response to the global financial crisis. At the first summit, the leaders discussed the causes of the global economic and financial crisis and agreed to implement an action plan. Here, statement number two is also correct. 2023 G20 Delhi summit is the upcoming 18th meeting of the G20. This summit is scheduled to take place in Bregati Maithan, New Delhi in 2023. So, the correct answer here is option C both one and two. Question number three. With reference to Raman effect, consider the following statements. Raman effect is the result of blocking of sunlight by the molecules present in the atmosphere. Statement number two. National Science Day is celebrated to mark the discovery of Raman effect. Which of the statements given above is a rare correct. Here, statement number one is incorrect. Raman effect is relating to the scattering of light and not the blocking of light. Here, statement number two is correct. National Science Day is celebrated in India on 28th of February every year to mark the discovery of Raman effect by Sir Siviraman. So, the correct answer here is option B two only. Question number four. The crop is grown under a wide range of climates but requires a fast free period of 90 to 120 days. Optimum mean daily temperature for growth of the crop is between 20 and 30 degree Celsius. The crop is sensitive to water logging and demands well aerated and drained soils. Which one of the following is that crop? The correct answer for this question is option C tobacco. Question number five. With reference to Agni path scheme, consider the following statements. Statement number one. Initial recruitment under the scheme is same for all the three armed forces. Statement number two. Seva Nidhi package is accorded only to the soldiers who are retained in the armed forces after initial four years of service. Which of the statements given above is a rare correct. Here, statement number one is incorrect. Separate recruitment drives are organized by the armed forces according to their specific needs. So, there is no initial recruitment which is same for all three armed forces. Statement number two is incorrect. Seva Nidhi package which includes contribution from both the individual and the government will be given to the soldiers who are moving out of the armed forces. Here note one important point. Soldiers who are retained by the armed forces after the initial four years of the service will only get what they have contributed towards the package. Here, the government contribution towards the Seva Nidhi is not given to the soldiers who are going to continue with the armed forces after four years. So, the correct answer for this question is option D neither one nor two. Now, this is the quiz question for the day. You can easily answer this question from the discussion that we had today. Read the question carefully and post the answers in the comment box below. This blade here are the main question for your practice. Interested aspirants can write the answer and post it in the comment box below. If you have found a video to be useful, like the video, share it with your friends, subscribe to the channel. Happy learning.


Nigeria can rely on technology to grow our economy, but the federal government must create the enabling environment for technological driven business to thrive. There's also consensus at the IOT West Africa Dirtwork Conference, an exhibition of correspondent Lavi Kukuyoedokon reports. These are young men and women breaking grounds in the technology space and ready to do more. Exploring and highlighting game-changing technologies, Dazzling Innovations is the next move through this conference. There's a gradual build up. We're not talking about very, very sophisticated stuff here. We're just talking about guys building technologies that will allow Iyam Muhammad to just manage a small shop and receive payments and track who owes her what. Do you understand me? So that technologies are enabling the under becoming cheaper and more accessible. You take skills you can acquire today will be there for life, but the hard you have today. For instance, if you put diesel in your generator, you use it after some hours or some days, but the skill that you put into yourself will last for you forever. We just have it in us that we want to solve problems. We want to find legitimate means to make ends meet and there are a lot of problems that could be solved in the area of telecom, in the area of commerce, in the area of education that people are trying to solve. So in the next 10 years, we're going to see a lot of investment. We're going to see a lot of innovative solutions coming in. Stakeholders praise the Nigerian entrepreneurial spirit in the years, though express concern about the safety of the cyborg government actually needs to encourage the industry players to group themselves into specific groups or into, you know, professional groups that can be easily accessed, that they can have a conversation in. Okay, government wakes up today. We want to come up with a regulatory framework for IOTs in Nigeria. Where are the people? It's actually going to be achieved by collective responsibility of everybody and everybody to understand that it's very important for us to learn how to stay safe in the suburbs space. So we are actively collaborating with schools, secondary schools, universities in order to create this awareness and we're going to understand how they need to stay safe in the suburbs space and how companies data, how they can protect their privacy and the rest of them. They hold strongly that technology holds the future of Nigeria's economy with the right framework in place. All do not always be there, but technology will be there. Just like power is relevant today, technology will be relevant tomorrow. The three-day conference organized by Internet of Veins IOT has industry innovators sharing expertise on emerging trends to guide the West African technology users to the right digital transformation. From Lagos, live Ikuku Uyedoku. Plus TV news.