hi everybody welcome back to my youtube channel so in today's vlog i'm going to discuss about how you can become a lawyer in ontario what is the process small details about which not many people are aware and how can you read about it what all the material that you have to look into also because you know i get so many queries in bits and pieces and i wanted to gather this whole log and discuss about ontario as a province as a lawyer what is the process of converting and licensing yourself here what is the federal exam the nc is as you know and i've already made a vlog on the nc exams you can go check out and link is in the description box today i'm specifically going to talk about the small small rules and regulations that are with law society of ontario and what is the job scope how's the job market and what i personally have felt in this province so let's go check out and i am so sorry that i'm making this vlog after such a long time such a long time because as you know i have obviously we moved into a new space with ace law ace door thank you for all your blessings for ace law ace law is completely doing great and we moved into a new house as you can see the cartons are also not opened as of now so i'm just in the process of all of that but i still wanted to complete this vlog series and today ontario is the destination we are going to discuss yes first of all let's talk about ontario as a province ontario is located here and as you can see the population of ontario is comparatively very high when it comes to comparing it to other provinces of canada ontario as a population has is high because all the immigrants prefer that ontario come here bc settle in bc because of the weather and ontario because it is the financial capital of canada in fact north america it's got many opportunities for people of different backgrounds and since where people are there opportunities create themselves so this is one of the reasons that ontario is one of the chosen destination and that's why the law society has many uh kind of programs and many ways through which you can immigrate without having the difficulty of going to say other provinces in your some provinces as i discussed in albuta that you have to do 10 months of article compulsory here you have to do it here too but i'll tell you how you can waive that or what are the exemptions and how you can apply for that so all in all what we are going to see is why ontario is most preferred as i told you it's because of the financial capital and because of the opportunity this market can offer you secondly now we are going to discuss about the process of how you can become a lawyer in ontario so if you have done your law from any of the common law countries and you have studied the common law not the civil law if you've studied the common law then you are probably first giving the nca exams not probably of course you're giving the nca exams nca is the federal exam nca federal exams so i get a lot of queries in which people ask nca whether they need alice or not go to nca's website nca's all the details you will get there if i'm a link i'm sharing in the description box nca's step two is once you've cleared your nca and you've got your certificate of qualification even when you've not got your certificate of qualification it's a certificate of qualification nca's exams take three months so in between also what you can do is you can get licensing as a you can get registered as a licensee candidate with that particular law society where you want to go now for example where i had to come to el ontario so i got myself registered with the law society of ontario after giving my nca exams and after getting the result of passing in all so once that is done you get registered in registration i think around 175 dollars and if you're late it's probably 75 more so you don't have to be late for that particular year you try and be within that cycle because law society of ontario ki apki cycle utiye three saal ke li three years ke li aap ush main registered reto ush ke baad aapko renew grahniye pratiye so aap license aur aapko licensing process koshish kaneche us three years naap complete karlo so first apne lso ki website pe jaan hai jav main a link description box methiye after clearing your after clearing your flsc nca exams us ke baad aapne klik karna hai aur becoming a member then you have to see how internationally trained lawyers kele un ke pas kya kya unko kaisi lawyer bane hai to unne law society ki website pe diya hua hai so once you have done that click on becoming a member see the process now the process says that you have to do 10 months of articling you have to give the barista and you have to give the solicitor exam so once you click on the link that i have shared in the description box what you will reach is the lawyer licensing process for law society of Ontario aap sab se pelle jav aapne register kali hai then you are going to go through the application now there are two parts of this application part one has to be submitted online by you and part two all the documents requisite documents have to be mailed by you once you have submitted all your documents in your registration with them is complete you become a member and you get a licensing candidate number in fact you even get as a licensing candidate you have to do the mandatory components of that licensing process first is you have to give the barista so this can be in any order not necessarily you have to give first as barista solicitor and do the training but it can be in any order you can do the training first and you can give the bar exams later or vice versa so the mandatory components in in just our first you have to give the barista exam the barista material will be given to you by the law society it cost her the whole exam plus the material cost around 900 canadian dollars i believe so all of that and then it's an open book exam it used to be a seven-hour open book exam when i gave but now i've heard due to covid they've they have taken the whole platform online and it's now being conducted for usually around four hours and i think it's going to go like that till march 2021 i'm not sure of the whole of 2021 so the barista the solicitor these are open book exams but let me tell you guys these are like the grand viewer version of ncs ncs compared to bar exams are not at all difficult and bar exams are difficult they require extensive study extensive hold on material on the procedural part and on solicitor differently and on barista differently the approach is different in fact we can make one dedicated vlog on bar exams and how i prepared how i studied and how i cleared the bar exams thereafter you have to also simultaneously maybe i would not suggest simultaneously but maybe after your bar exams or before your bar exams go under a training either you can go for an articling which is by the way very difficult to get under some lawyer because here articling is usually booked around two three one or two people to do those all i've heard they book their articling uh in under some prestigious institutions here but once you and you need a you need to have a valid status of course let me tell you that you can't do that on a visitor you have to have a work permit or you have to be a permanent resident in canada to complete your articling secondly what you can do is you can take the law practice program so alternatively besides articling the rise in university in collaboration with law society of ontario offer the LPP which is the law practice program which is conducted in english it's a eight month program which used to be four months used to be in training and four months used to be your work component now i do not know about because of covid they might have taken the whole thing online i'm not sure but anyway they take four months of training in which four weeks you have to come in person four times in four months you have to come in person and they will take assignments they will give assignments they'll probably train you like an entry level lawyer and what you have to take in order to practice in the province of ontario so the law practice program helps you get that hands-on experience in which you might lack because articling positions are limited and students are more so that's a good option you can consider now people who have experience in legal field especially in kind of courts and litigation and all of that and have 10 months of experience they can apply for exemption the exemption procedure is also given on law society of ontario's website lso's website you can go check that out also if you want to if you are trying to seek exemptions there are certain things that are required and you can go fill in that and fulfill those details now people who must have in-house experience or have other related legal experience in the past can go for abridgement abridgement may maybe 10 months go for five months or six months they are going to shorten the the gap or the articling period and that's going to be very helpful if you you can now do any of but you have to do something either you have to do articling or you have to do lpp or you can seek exemption once you seek exemption you're also going to pay an amount of around 1000 for attending one training pcpo training in which there it's a four or five day training in which they will give you material and there'll be assignments with groups and you have to go and go to the law society right now it must be online but otherwise usually it's me it's in the lso's hall so once that all that is over and you have cleared your bar exams congratulations you're going to get a invite to the call to the bar ceremony and for the call to the bar ceremony it's going to make you feel very prestigious and very important privileged here in ontario they are going to give you their degree and your certificate and the it's like a proper jury which will sit and it's a it's a moment to celebrate so when all of that is done you become licensed to practice law in ontario so now that you have become a lawyer the important thing is the job market we are going to look into some data for doing that but right now let me tell you due to covid 40 percent it's it's in the job in the legal field that 40 percent have been cut off jobs have been cut off like that in house or either in either in house or working with law firms but that it has been very badly hit so let me discuss some of the pre-covid reports that i have with me and you're going to look look at it now the employment outlook will be fair for lawyers in cubic notries in ontario for the period of 2019 to 2021 the falling factors contributed to this outlook employment growth will lead to several new positions several positions will become available due to retirement there are small number of unemployed workers with recent experience in this occupation so usually what you are going to look at is that the unemployment rate is not that high but i have known people who have been unemployed even after clearing this exam and job market is actually very hard hit right now so this is not even a good time to judge the job market but in due course also it really depends on your internal references where you're getting placed and how are you performing and how is your articulating and the whole experience of see this is not a one thing one time application job that you're going to get this is a whole process you have to integrate with the process and only then can you be successful in this field so all these are very small small tips but i hope you these are useful for you guys and if there's any other thing that you want to know about ontario you can put in the comment section i'm going to try and reply to each one of them it's very it gets very difficult for me to reply on other platforms so i request that you can put here on youtube and i will try and answer all of that and relate it to this vlog so bye guys good night take care and i'll be back soon with a very interesting vlog i'm sure you guys will love it and just wait for it and take care bye bye


Okay, we have been discussing analysis of plate bending elements, in the last class we started discussing about the basic formulation, so we considered a thin structural member as shown here where this thickness is small compared to the least lateral dimension and that is the essential feature of a plate and it can carry load either in its own plane or transfers to its plane. So structures carrying, plates carrying forces in its own plane are said to behave like a membrane, whereas if the structure carries loads transfers to its middle surface as shown here the plate would bend and this is known as bending action. So right now we are focusing on analysis of the bending action, if the membrane action has to be studied the plane stress elements that we have developed earlier can be employed. Now in the last class we formulated a few details, so we considered a four-noded rectangular element and at each node the degrees of freedom were translation W or slope along X and Y axis and we introduced non-dimensional coordinate system XI equal to X by A and eta equal to Y by B. Now to derive the strain energy stored in the plate we invoke the Kirchhoff-Lauw assumptions and based on that we derived these stresses in terms of the strains, so there are three stress components that enter our formulation and the strains themselves are given in terms of curvatures as shown here. So the strain energy stored in the plate is obtained in terms of the curvature and the matrix that relates stress and strain and similarly the kinetic energy is given by this expression and in the kinetic energy only the displacement component W enters our formulation in this model. So the field variable was W in our variational formulation and order of the highest derivative present in the Lagrangian was 2 and the degrees of freedom therefore at any node must be W dou W by dou X and dou W by dou Y and the interpolation function must consist of complete polynomials of at least order 2, so for any choice of elements that one can think of the first few terms in the trial function should be this, a constant term, linear term in X and Y and quadratic terms and the higher order terms, so this completes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, the remaining 6 terms we have to select depending on the theory that we employ for developing the element. So we started discussing this thin rectangular element with 4 nodes, 3 degrees of freedom per node so that the element has 12 degrees of freedom, the field variable was W and again the number of generalized coordination needed based on these considerations is 12, so we use this polynomial, so after quadratic terms we use a complete cubic terms and 2 fourth order terms X, Q, Y and X, Y, Q, we analyze this problem and in the non-dimensional coordinate system we expanded to determine the shape functions we represented the trial function in this form and since the variational formulation has gradients with respect to X and Y we evaluated this and at every node there are 4 nodes, at every node these 3 quantities are specified and using that fact we were able to determine the shape functions and we were able to represent the vector of nodal displacements W bar E in terms of these shape functions that is that field variable is represented in terms of N1, N2, N3, N4 and this vector of nodal coordinates. This N1, N2, N3, N4, NJ term has this form, now we carried out some analysis of this representation and we considered the behavior along edge 2, 3 the field variable theta X and theta Y and we were able to observe that along the edge 2, 3 W and theta X depend on nodal values of nodal values W2, W3, theta X2 and theta X3, that means along this edge 2, 3 the variable W and theta X depends on nodal values of the field variable and its slope with respect to X at nodes 2 and 3. Now if we are to add one more element on this side here again a point that lies on the edge 2, 3 will be shared by these 2 elements and these nodes also would be shared by the 2 elements, so if the field variable is independent of these nodal values at nodes 1 and 4 then automatically continuity will be satisfied, continuity of the field variable and the appropriate derivative will be satisfied. But we observed that while this condition was satisfied for W and theta X we observed that theta Y which is another field variable along psi equal to 1 depends upon values of W and theta X at nodes 1, 2, 3 and 4 as well as theta Y at nodes 2 and 3, so this means that theta Y will not be continuous across element edges and this element is not a conforming element and questions on convergence of solutions obtained using such elements need to be carefully considered, but still this element is known to give acceptable results, so in view of that we will complete the formulation, so the kinetic energy is given by W dot E transpose ME W dot E and ME is elements of ME are elements of this integral, so in the non-dimensional coordinate system we obtain this and since N consists of polynomials, product of N transpose N will lead to polynomials, so this elements of mass matrix can be evaluated exactly, so that has indeed been done and we get the mass matrix partitioned as shown here and is M11, M21, M21, M22 are themselves matrices, although the subscript may mean that it is 11 element of M, it is not so, M11 is a matrix, it is 6 cross 6 symmetric matrix with elements as shown here, and similarly M21 and M22 are also available, so if we put now M11, M21 transpose M21 and M22 we construct a complete mass matrix, so this mass matrix is consistent mass matrix, it is symmetric, similarly the strain energy can also be evaluated, this is the formula for the strain energy and this is the element stiffness matrix, so here the strain displacement matrix B and D matrix which relates stress and strain appear here, so we need to evaluate the elements of this and that can be done by considering B is actually given by the action of these operators on N and we can show that this is actually this in terms of N of psi, eta, and consequently KE can be evaluated in this form where this K11, 1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 4, etc., all these are again matrices, so they are 3 by 3 matrices, so the entire matrix is 12 by 12, so these matrices have been evaluated, here we see two parameters alpha and beta, these alpha and beta are ratios A by B and B by A, so we get this stiffness matrix as shown here, this alpha is A by B and beta is B by A in these matrices, so first we have evaluated the elements of this first column 11, 12, 13, 14, so 11, 12, 13, 14, and for evaluating the remaining elements we manipulate these 11, 2, 1, 3, 1, 4, 1 matrices through these matrices I1, I2, I3, and these details can be worked out, I leave it as an exercise for you to carry out these evaluations. Once stiffness matrix is determined, it is determined exactly in this case, the stresses in terms of nodal displacements can be used evaluated by multiplying the strain matrix with the D matrix, strain vector with a D matrix and we get this. Now we need to evaluate the equivalent nodal forces, so again we use this virtual work statement and based on that we get the equivalent nodal forces to be given by integral and transpose FZDA, where N is again we have already seen this matrix, and if for example if this forcing is a constant, a constant load then the equivalent nodal forces using this formulation is obtained as shown. Next if you want to compute bending moments, this is how bending moments are related to the stresses, and we can evaluate this, we have this expression for sigma XX, sigma YY and sigma XY, and if we carry out this integration we get this stress resultants that are of interest in terms of nodal coordinates, and strain matrix B and constitutive, matrix of constitutive law D, I is a matrix that has been defined here in one of these places. Now the element that we have developed as a pointed out is not conforming, that is the normal slope is not continuous across the edge, now how to overcome this limitation, so how can we do it, there are various approaches in the literature, so we can introduce additional the nodal degree of freedom, or introduce additional nodes, or ensure that normal slope varies linearly along the edges, if normal slope varies linearly along the edges then automatically it depends on two nodes along the edge and therefore the continuity will be guaranteed, so we will see how that happens. So first we will consider a conforming rectangular element, the idea is basically to use products of beam shaped functions in the two directions, so in the N matrix that we referred to earlier the NJ psi, eta is taken to be in this form, there are two functions of scalar variable psi and eta, and these are the functions that has been used in, the cubic polynomials used in formulating the beam element, now it is in the non-dimensional coordinate system, so what we do is we consider this same degrees of freedom as we used earlier, that means we will assume 3 degrees of freedom per node, translation along Z, rotation slopes along X and Y at the 4 nodes, suppose if you proceed with this and use these shape functions, so these shape functions I have shown what are these F and G functions, you can see here these are the four functions, this is the cubic polynomials that were used in formulating beam element. Now if we now substitute this the field variable is now represented in terms of nodal values as shown here, okay, now let's put this in the details of FJ can be inserted here and we can evaluate now the second order derivative dou square W dou XI dou eta, this provides the twisting, twist that we observe in the plate, and if we evaluate this which is straight forward since these are polynomials we can quickly do that, and if we evaluate the value of this gradient at the nodes it turns out to be 0, so the nodal value of dou square W by dou C eta dou eta is 0 for all the nodes, so the problem would be as the element becomes smaller the plate will tend towards a zero twist condition and we will not have desired behavior incorporated into the element development, so this is a limitation, so how do we overcome that? What we do is we will treat this quantity dou square W by dou X dou Y as an additional nodal degree of freedom, so in addition to W theta X theta Y I will use this call it as WXY as another nodal degree of freedom, so then this element will now have 16 degrees of freedom 4 nodes, 4 degree of freedom per element, and then what we will do is if you carefully see here it has to be seen bit carefully there is F term and G term, if you look at values of F at the nodes, the gradient of F at the nodes it is 0, but this is not true for G function, G is not 0 at nodes, so we introduce for WXY an interpolation in terms of GJ XI and GJ ETA function, so W now consists of as before the same format, but this now has 16 elements, and this is 16 cross 1, and the 16 elements are made up of this is transpose, so 4 of this evaluated at J equal to 1, 2, 3, 4, now if you write in a summation form this is what it's meant by the representation as shown here. Now if you compute the second order gradient dou square W by dou CI dou ETA, dou XI dou ETA we get this function, and if we now evaluate this at the nodes, it turns out that this will be given by this function, and this function is not 0 at the nodal coordinates, so therefore this is not 0, so the limitation that we observed here that this is 0 at all the nodes is overcome here. Now we can ask the question can the element perform rigid body motion without deformation, these are some of the requirements that we enunciated in one of the previous lectures when we talked about convergence and those issues, so now if we consider W1 and W3 to be 1, and W2 and W4 to be minus 1, and theta X2 is theta X3, theta X1 is theta X4 as shown here which is minus of that, and this similarly theta Y has this relation we are giving a rigid body rotation to the object, these deformations ensures that we are giving a rigid body rotation. Now if you put these values into the assumed representation here it turns out that WXYJ will be given by this and this WXY, eta will be psi eta, which is what we expect for such type of motion, so this representation is fine. Now we can go ahead and evaluate the mass matrix, stiffness matrix, equivalent nodal forces, you know these are polynomials so it can be evaluated exactly or you can use an appropriate quadrature rule, so I am not going to provide the details of this, this element is known as CR element, this advantage is that in the analysis of built up structure using this element is difficult because of that additional node dou square W dou X dou Y presented at nodes, most of the other elements would not have that element and there will be problem in dealing with that. So one approximation that has been done in the literature is to represent this dou square W dou X dou Y in terms of theta X and theta Y by kind of a numerical differencing scheme and that overcomes this difficulty, that means we can eliminate the WXY degree of freedom but such an element again turns out to be non-conform, so there will be another penalty that we have to pay. Now we will now consider another element, it's a thick rectangular plate bending element, we have been considering behavior of thin elements, now it turns out that for this element we can develop a conforming rectangular element as we will see shortly, so here what is the consequence of plate being thick, so we have assumed in the earlier theory that plane sections initially normal to the middle plane remain plane and also normal to the middle plane, but now what we will do is we will assume that the plane sections initially normal to the middle plane remain plane, consequently epsilon XZ will be independent of Z and epsilon YZ will be independent of Z, but not necessarily normal to the middle plane, if you insist that this should be also satisfied and these two quantities identically become equal to 0, so now we are permitting a certain rotation, a constant rotation across the thickness, it will have still the same length, so therefore epsilon ZZ continues to be 0, so WA is again function of X and Y, now what we will do is we will consider theta X and theta Y to be the rotations about X and Y axis of the lines which are normal to the middle surface before deformation, and that based on that we can evaluate U and V as Z into theta Y minus Z into theta X, so now U and V also will now come into picture, I have U as Z theta Y and V as minus Z theta X, so strains epsilon XX dou U by dou X it is given by Z dou theta Y by dou X, epsilon YY dou V by dou Y which is minus Z dou theta X by dou Y, shear strain dou U by dou Y dou V by dou X this is given by this, so now if you consider the, we will partition the strains into two components epsilon XX, epsilon YY and epsilon XY is one part and the shearing strains as another part, now this as before is given by minus Z into chi, but now this chi is given in terms of theta Y theta X, this is not curvature immediately it cannot be interpreted as curvature, so this is dou theta X, dou theta Y dou Y, now the shearing strains are given by this, dou U by dou Z is theta Y and dou U by dou Z is minus theta X, we call this vector of shearing strain as gamma and now we have sigma which will include sigma XX, YY and XY and tau which include shearing stresses, sigma is related to epsilon XX, epsilon YY and shearing strain with D being this. Now shearing strains are related, shearing stresses are related to shearing strains with this being the D matrix, so we will now call it as DS and this as D, now this factor K accounts for the variation of shear stresses and strains through the thickness, this we have already seen when we talked about deep beams in one of the earlier lectures, so equipped with this now the expression for strain energy has contributions from sigma XX, sigma YY and sigma XY and contributions from shearing stresses, so I write that separately, this is epsilon transpose D epsilon, this is tau transpose gamma and carrying out the integration across the thickness I get the first term as this and the second term as this. Now similarly kinetic energy has now contribution from UA and W, U dot, V dot and W dot and this is expressed in terms of W theta X and theta Y dot as shown here, so chi is the vector of these quantities and gamma is the vector of these quantities. Now let's examine the Lagrangian which is T minus V, what are the field variables? We will have W and theta X and theta Y, highest derivative of the field variable is 1, see we are having dow W by dow X and dow theta Y by dow theta X and dow theta X by dow X, right, so the degrees of freedom are W theta X theta Y at the nodes and since the highest derivative of the field variable is 1, these are the degrees of freedom and we can represent now the field variables in terms of W has 4 quantities we will write like this, W1, W2, W3, W4, similarly theta X1, theta X2, theta X3, theta X4 so on and so forth, so we have now representation for W theta X, theta Y and we are now going to use the interpolation function that we have encountered while dealing with rectangular plane stress elements, there also we had 4 nodal degrees of freedom and the field variable was required to be interpolated in terms of 4 nodal values and we are encountering similar situation therefore we can use the same trial functions. So we have already seen that element maintains inter-element continuity of a field variable and the required derivative, so this W theta X and theta Y maintain inter-element continuity, therefore this is going to be a conforming element, this is named as STK element named after Hughes Taylor and Kanoko-Nukulacha, so we can now represent therefore the vector of field variable W theta X and theta Y in terms of the nodal degrees of freedom which is 12 cross 1 and this is 3 cross 12 matrix of shape functions, these are the nodal degrees of freedom W1, theta X1, theta Y1 at node 1 and so on and so forth. So expression for kinetic energy now can be evaluated as shown here, this is this mass matrix we can evaluate in terms of 2 different components and this can be evaluated exactly, so we can evaluate this, the 2 components of this matrix exactly and that's what we do and we get the mass matrix. Now the strain energy is half WE transpose KEW, now KE itself we decompose into a flexural component and a shear component, this is the component due to flexure and this is component due to shearing, so we partition now the B matrix as shown here where BFJ here is given by this matrix, and similarly the BS for the shear, B matrix for the shear is given by this, now there are 2 components for strain so this will be having 2 rows whereas this has 3 rows. Now we know the interpolation functions, therefore we can evaluate all these gradients that appear in the B matrix and we will be able to evaluate BFJ and BSJ matrices, so dou NJ by dou X correspond to dou NJ by dou XI and if we carry out the required differentiation we will be able to evaluate this without any problem, similarly for the shear, B matrix for the shear component is given by this and we get this matrix, so you can use 2 by 2 Gauss quadrature it leads to exact solution or you can evaluate this exactly as well. So if we do that again by introducing 2 parameters alpha is A by B and beta is B by A we can get the K matrix in terms of various components K11, K21, K34, K41, F means flexure, superscript F stands for flexure and by carrying out the required integration these elements of these matrices can be reduced and the details of K11F, K21F and K31F and K41F are given here, then the remaining matrices K22, K32, K42, etc. are obtained in terms of this first column by doing these operations and we will complete the K matrix. So similarly we can carry out the exercise for the shear part, we get again KS as this matrix and this again has these components as named here and this is symmetric matrix, so the components of these first matrices in the first column are given here and the remaining elements are computed using these operations where I1, I2, I3 have been defined earlier. Now how about equivalent nodal forces, so again we use this formulation FE is N transpose into the applied loads, we are applying loads only in the transverse direction, so this is the formula for that and if FZ is constant the equivalent nodal forces are obtained as shown here. Now again bending moment and shear forces can be computed as stress resultants we have evaluated all the required stresses, so by integrating across the thickness suitably we get the bending moment, twisting moment and the shear forces, so this completes the formulation of a thick rectangular element which is conforming and it allows for a shear deformation, okay, so this is known as midline plate theory. Now how about triangular elements, now we will consider this triangular element 1, 2, 3 define X axis along one of the edges and Y axis along orthogonal to this in the plane of the plate and Z axis is outside the plane of this plate, now this has 3 degrees of freedom per node therefore it has 9 degrees of freedom, so the field variable must now be represented in terms of these 9 degrees of freedom element. So now a complete cubic polynomial will have 10 terms, so if we now take 9 terms there will be a problem so I can take 1 X and Y that is 3, X square, XY, Y square that will be 6, now from this column we have to select 3 more terms, so the idea here is we will retain X cube, Y cube and use a common generalized coordinates associated with some of these two, okay, so we are retaining the complete cubic term but these are not associated with independent generalized coordinates, okay, so we can develop this element and we can show that this will not be a conforming element, again there will be problem in satisfying the continuity along of slopes normal to the surfaces on the edges, so this will again be a nonconforming element. Now how do we proceed here, there is one approach to develop a conforming triangular element, so what we do is suppose if we consider a triangular element 1, 2, 3, what we do is we identify an internal node, an internal point and form 3 triangles, 1, 2 and 3. Now we will consider now these 3 triangles separately that means one element will be like this, another element will be like this, and yet another element will be like this, so this will be 1, 2, O, 2, 3, 1, 3, O, now each one we will formulate separately, so there will be 9 degrees of freedom here, 9 here and 9 here, so this totally there will be 27 degrees of freedom. Now we have to now, whereas for the element 1, 2, 3 there will be 9 degrees of freedom, so we have to get now 18 relations which will eliminate the, this 27 degree of freedom model reduces to 9 degree of freedom. So what we do is, obviously there will be requirements on compatibility of deformation at these 3 point nodes, so that will give rise to some equations. The additional equations needed, what we will do is we will identify an intermediate point, see as shown here, so this and this, this and this, and this and this. So what we will do is we will compute the normal slope at these points for each of the elements and demand that this is equal to this, this is equal to this, and this is equal to this. If we do that we will get a conforming triangular element, now the way we select the trial functions in analyzing this we will ensure that the variation of the normal slope along the edges is linear, so we will be able to implement the required relations. So these 2 elements we will consider in the next class, and following that we will consider problems of stiffened plates, these are typically for example observed in say bridge decks where shell will be, plate will be stiffened by girders, similarly these are commonly encountered in aircraft structures, automotive structures and so on and so forth, so there is a combination of beam and plate element, so there will be a plate element and a beam element, so we will have to see how we can develop a model for a stiffened plate element. So what we will do in the following classes is we will first complete this formulation of these triangular elements, and then we will consider few numerical examples, and then come to the cases of stiffened plates. We will consider few numerical examples to illustrate the ideas that we have developed so far, there is a monograph by Arthur W. Lisa, it's a NASA special publication, it is on vibration of plates, and this monograph has several examples of free vibration, results of free vibration analysis for various configurations of plates, circular, rectangular, triangular, quadrilateral, polygonal, etc., etc., so it's a catalog of solutions, many of the solutions are exact, and some others are based on weighted residual approximations, so what I will do is I will pick few of these examples from this monograph and apply the finite element modeling tools on them, and see how we are able to produce the answers reported in this monograph. So let's quickly recall, this is the strain energy as per the classical plate theory, we were writing it in a different form, but when expanded it will have this form, this is the kinetic energy, so the governing equation is of the form D del 4W plus M double dot W dot is equal to 0, so to find out free vibration characteristics we assume that all points on the structure vibrate harmonically at the same frequency, and we substitute this equation into the governing equation, and we get this equation D del 4W minus omega square MW equal to 0, and if we introduce the parameter K to the power of 4 as omega square M by D, we get this equation, and this equation itself can be rewritten in this form. Now there are other few other details here, this is a governing equation and these are the stress resultants in terms of the displacement field, this is the bending MX, MY, MXY twisting moment, transfer shearing forces and edge reactions, these are results from classical plate theory, I will not be getting into the details of these equations but I am stating them for sake of completeness. Now let us return to the problem, that is free vibration problem, so we have assumed this solution, harmonic solution and we have got this equation, and this equation in fact constitutes an eigenvalue problem where now the operator here is a partial differential operator, and for a rectangular domain with all edges simply supported the boundary conditions will be W and MX will be 0 at X equal to 0 and X equal to A, and W and MY will be 0 at Y equal to 0 and Y equal to B. Now this dotted line is a convention used to represent simply supported edge conditions. Now as I said this is an eigenvalue problem, we need to find W equal to 0 is a trivial solution we satisfy this equation but we are interested in non-trivial values of W and we ask the question for which value of K such solutions exist, and K as you have seen is related to the frequency of harmonic excitation, so what we do is this problem is amenable for an exact solution and the mode shapes are given in terms of sinusoidal functions and this is the exact expression for natural frequencies. Now the natural frequency will carry 2 indices when we are considering 2 dimensional problems, this doesn't come up in finite element solutions but in analytical solutions this feature would be present. Now for sake of numerical illustration we will consider a 50 mm thick steel plate which is 4 meter by 2.5 meter, and the exact natural frequencies computed as per this formula is given here and these frequencies are in hertz, and these are the depiction of mode shapes, the dotted line indicates lines along which the mode shapes will be 0, so here there will be no 0 in the 1-1 mode, in 2-1 mode there will be 0 in this way, 1-2 mode like this so on and so forth, these are obtained from this exact expression for the eigenfunction. Now suppose if we use now a 4 by 4 mesh rectangular 4-noded plate element and analyze the problem we get the frequencies to be this, first frequency is obtained as 29.09 hertz whereas its exact value is 27.43 hertz. In this analysis we have used thick plates whereas these results are for thin plates that also need to be borne in mind. These are the contours of mode shapes, you can see here that there are no zeros here whereas this is the nodal line, this is a nodal line and there are these nodal lines and these match with the patterns that the exact solutions depict. Now if we refine the mesh now instead of 4 by 4 mesh if we take 16 by 16 mesh then the first frequency becomes 27.4392 and this is approaching the exact natural frequency, and the second, third are these are the other frequencies and the mode shapes these are the exact natural frequencies 27.4392 and what we have got through finite element analysis is shown in the caption here, so 27.5132 needs to be compared with 27.4392 and so on and so on, 51 with 50, 87 with 86 and so on and so on. So as we see as we refine the mesh we are approaching the exact solutions. Now for other, this is all around simply supported boundary condition, for example if you have again rectangular plates with two opposite edges which are simply supported then it is possible to develop solutions for this, so what we do is we consider the partial differential equation and we expand this solution, in X direction we use the exact eigenfunctions and in Y direction we use this and using a Galerkin type of projections we get equations for YN of Y, so we get the governing equation for YN is this, and this is, and again it's an eigenvalue problem, it's a fourth order ordinary differential operator and there will be four boundary conditions specified on Y at plus minus B Y2, so if conditions at Y equal to plus minus B Y2 are identical for example if these two edges both are free or both are fixed or both are simply supported etc., then the solution can be simplified by taking advantage of symmetry. Now I will not get into the analytical solution, so this is results for one such plate I have shown the cross section of the mode shape here and this is the nodal lines and this is the 0, this is again the nodal line here and there are two nodal lines as shown here. Now there is one example considered by Lisa, he has considered a rectangular plate with two edges opposing edges simply supported and the other edges, one edge is simply supported and the other edge is free, so for this case according to the data given in this book the first natural frequency is 14.2585 hertz. Now we have analyzed this problem, okay, we have analyzed this problem and the number we get for 14.2585 for the given you know meshing configuration is 13.47 hertz, so again we expect that I mean this result has to be examined by refining the mesh and this also is based on an approximate solution, so one can only derive an order of magnitude type of comparisons here. Now if the other edges, suppose none of the edges are simply supported, see the case that I mentioned just now is that two opposing edges are simply supported, but if that condition is not there, so then we can use Rayleigh-Ritz or Galerkin technique by using beam eigenfunctions in the two directions and we can derive analytical solution which are again will be approximate, so that can be done, okay. There are details of such results available in the monograph by Lisa. Now circular plates are also other class of problem which are extensively studied in the monograph by Lisa, and for that the strain energy expression in the cylindrical polar coordinates and the governing equations and stress resultants are reproduced in this view graph, this is for sake of completeness. Now again here if we assume for free vibration analysis all points on the structure vibrate harmonically, the eigenvalue problem will be again mathematically will be of this form, but this del square operator will be now quite different. Now if we expand the solution in terms of sine and cosine terms in theta we can get this set of equations for these amplitudes in R which are depicted here, and two similar equation for, this is equation for WN and star can also be obtained. Now solution to this pair of equations can be obtained in terms of Bessel's functions, Bessel's function of first and second kind and the modified Bessel functions of first and second kind, so we can construct for cylindrical polar coordinates solutions in this form, so this can be used to determine the characteristic equation by imposing appropriate boundary conditions. Now let's consider a circular plate with no solid circular plate with no internal holes and center at the center of the circle, and in this case terms involving IN and KN are set to 0 in order to avoid singular behavior at R equal to 0, so if boundary conditions are symmetric with respect to one or more diameters of the circle then sine and theta terms can be also be removed, and we get the representation for the eigenfunction in this form. Now if we consider plate clamped all around the boundary conditions will be this, and we can derive the characteristic equation, and this problem has been solved and exact solutions are available and the monograph by Lisa gives that. So what we have done is we have created two FE models with M.S. details as shown here, in model 1 there are 96 elements, in model 2 there are 384 elements, so this is a more refined model, and the natural frequencies, first few natural frequencies are listed here. Now actually this system because of its symmetry the eigenvalues will be repeating, for example I will show the mode shapes, this is the first mode shape that means the plate deflects all through in this manner, in an axisymmetric manner, in the second mode the mode shape will be like this, and the nodal line is this, and a nodal line which is orthogonal to this will be another mode shape at the same value of the frequency, so that is what this means, the natural frequencies repeat. Similarly the next mode also appears like this, the nodal lines are like this, and these two frequencies also repeat. So in a refined model we get similar features, and we see that the answers are slowly moving towards the exact solutions. Now another problem that is available in Lisa's book is that of a circular annulus fixed at interior and outer edges, and inner radius of 0.8 meters, and outer radius of 2 meter, this is a numerical example that we have considered, the results are available for this case, and we have done an FE analysis of this, and according to Lisa's monograph the three frequencies, first three frequencies are shown here, and according to the model that has been developed we get 200, 204, and 214 respectively as approximation to these three numbers. So these are the mode shapes for the three modes, this is the first mode, second mode, and the fourth mode. Now I leave it as an exercise, this is a parallelogram plate which is all round simply supported, and dimensions, this angle is 30 degree, and dimensions are as shown here, and exact natural frequencies for these are available, and they are given by this expression. The suggested exercise is to make a finite element model for this plate and compute the natural frequencies, and compare it with this exact solutions are given in this monograph. Now in the next lecture we will consider triangular geometries, and develop first a non-conforming element, we will consider three nodes, at each node there will be three degrees of freedom, and this will be a nine-noded element, and we need to include nine terms in the representation for the displacement. So we will develop this element by assuming a shape function of this form, actually if we include a complete cube it will have 10 terms but we need only nine terms, so what we do is we club this X square Y and XY square terms and associate it with only one single generalized coordinate, and we will develop this element in the next class. We will also develop another approach for a thin conforming triangular element where what we will do is for this triangle element 1, 2, 3 we will introduce an internal 0.0 and divide this triangle into three sub-triangles 1, 2, and 3, and we will analyze each one separately, and consequently there will be 27 generalized coordinates, but for this triangular element there will be 9 coordinates, so 18 of them we need to eliminate, we will do so by seeking compatibility at 1, 2, and 3, and also by seeking equivalence of normal slopes at 0.4 for triangle 2 and 3, at 0.5 for triangle 1 and 3, and at 0.6 for 1 and 2, so we will develop these elements in the next lecture and see how this formulation develops, so at this stage we will close this lecture.


Some will say that Galatians 1.6 teaches that you can lose your salvation, but does it? Let's look and see. Paul says, I'm amazed that you are so quickly deserting him who called you by the grace of Christ for a different gospel. Again, we're going to see that when people who seem to be deserting or some may think that they are losing their salvation, notice what they are deserting. They are deserting from the faith, the tenets of the faith. Not from believing. And here's another example. Him who called you by the grace of Christ for a different gospel. Not for sin. These people aren't being spoken of or wrong because of sin because they're living a certain way. They're doing certain things. They've got to work for their salvation. No, that's not what Paul is bringing up. It's been introduced to them a different gospel. In this case, salvation by works. And so anyone who holds to that cannot be saved. As a matter of fact, while we're in Galatians, I want to look up another passage in Galatians as well. Galatians 5.4. Let's go there. And this is another passage that gets brought up often as to whether a person can fall away. And I want you to notice what Paul is saying just like in chapter 1. The same thing is happening here. Verse 4. He says, no, it's not in verse 3. He says, And I testify again every man who receives circumcision that he is under the law or under obligation to keep the whole law. Just like we read in first in chapter 1. That's the whole issue. These Judaizers have come in and they've caused people to believe that they can be saved by keeping the law. Jew and Gentile alike. And so verse 4. Notice what he says. Pay attention to the words. He says, You have been severed from Christ. Now people will get a little bothered because they see this term. You have been severed as to say, we'll see the only way that you can be severed or have been cut off is because you were once there. Similarly, using the word falling away, that the only way you can fall away from something is first having been there. But that's not true. I use the example often about a football team early in the year who loses so many games that they have already fallen away from the playoffs. Hadn't made it there yet. Or you have been cut off from that side of the river. The bridge is out.  You've been severed. Does it mean that you were on the bridge or you were on the other side? No. It's just to denote that you have, you don't have a way to get there. That's the point there. And notice what he says. He says he speaks about someone, a certain people. He says you have been severed from Christ. Who? Who has been severed from Christ? Whoever it is, you who are seeking to be justified by the law. You have fallen from grace. Anyone that is seeking to be saved by the law. Anyone that is seeking to be saved by works. That's who he's speaking of. He's not speaking of anyone else. He's not speaking of you. He's not speaking of me or anyone else who knows that we are saved by faith. He's speaking of those people who want to be saved, who think they ought to be saved by doing works. And if you think you can be saved by works or maybe even, here's the danger for some people, if you think you can be kept by works. Maybe Paul is speaking to some of you guys also.  You who try. Look what he says. You who are seeking to be justified. You who want to be justified by the law or by works. So, Galatians 1 nor does Galatians 5 speak or teach that a person can lose their salvation. Amen.


OK, we're going to get started. I'm Dan Rundy. I direct the project on US leadership and development here at CSIS. This is a CSIS chevron forum. And my friends at chevron have helped host this. We're having a conversation with Sir Mark Moody Stewart on leadership in corporate social responsibility. I think the reason for the conversation is, many of you know, he's the former chairman of Royal Dutch Shell. He also, I think, you were the former chairman of Anglo-American Mining Company as well. But the reason that we're all together, in addition to our friends at chevron for helping host this, is that he's just recently written a book called Responsible Leadership, Lessons from the Front Line of Sustainability and Ethics. And my friend Jennifer from Greenleaf Publications is in the back. And it's going to be available at the end. Mr. Moody Stewart's agreed to, the books are for sale and is willing to sign books as well if you want to get a copy. I bought mine retail, and I think you all should do the same, so I recommend that. So I think it's, but I did read the book cover to cover. It's absolutely a fascinating read. And I don't say that unless I mean it. And I got a lot out of the book. And I had a number of questions that I wanted to ask Mr. Moody Stewart based on what I read. And then I want to open up the conversation to some very thoughtful people here who are in the audience. And I appreciate the really high quality of folks that are here who are very knowledgeable who are in the audience. So I want to first ask you, Mr. Moody Stewart, why did you write this book? Well, I wrote it partly because if I talked somewhere and gave some examples of events that had happened, business schools, people were always very interested in because they want real life examples. I rather regret the title of the book. That's Greenleaf's fault, I'm sure. It is Greenleaf's fault. I said to the, my original title was Lessons Learned. And the editor who was an excellent person said, Mark, if you Google Lessons Learned, there are hundreds of thousands of books Lessons Learned. So he came up with this title. I wasn't smart enough to say, if you Google leadership, there are millions of titles. So I got stuck with the title. It's supposed to be less. The idea was to have things which people could read and particularly people, practitioners, who could read it and say, I would have done that. What could he have done to avoid it? And so on. So it's meant to be to promote discussion. Well, rather than teach. Fair enough. I found the book fascinating and I found your biography absolutely fascinating. You keep it to the very end of the book because you don't want to distract from the message.  I think have had profound influences on your leadership style and also the decisions you've made as a leader. So I want to just, I'm going to highlight a couple of things from your biography. I know most never talk about people's biographies and these sorts of things and I won't read it. But I did want to say a couple. You and Judy lived in at least seven countries. You speak at least four or five languages and I know Judy does too. Turkish, Malay, Dutch, French. You've learned Spanish from the right country and from the right professors in Argentina. That's great. My wife will be very pleased. But I think some of the other things is you were born, you weren't born on the island of England or Great Britain, you were born somewhere else. Where were you born? In the colonies, as it were, in Antigua in the West Indies. My father was a sugar planter and my mother's family had been there since 1700 or something. Tell us about your brother George because I think this is actually important for this audience. My brother George, I'm the youngest of six. My brother George had polio when he was less than a year, I think. He was just learning to walk before the war and he went to England and was separated from the family. He lived with my father's sisters who were first world war generation maiden aunts because the men had all been killed. And he lived a very productive life in the agricultural, agri-industries. And he wrote a book on corruption. That was the point I was, he came up with a term. He came up with a term, if I don't trust everything Google says, partly because I found a quote I was looking to verify and when I finally tracked it down, it was verified and the origin was me, quoting somebody else. It's completely circular. Anyway, he was actually quoting Khrushchev. It's a good quote from Khrushchev. My brother coined the term grand corruption which is corruption which is really big and distorts economies and analyzed what are the industries. If you're gonna have grand corruption, you need something which is high tech, so it's complicated. A bit of national security helps. Something that's big enough to interest the president. And if you rank industries, you'll see that the arms industry comes out pretty high because how do you compare fight array with fighter B? And we all know that there's a long history there. I'm gonna come back to corruption later in the conversation but I wanted to at least just flag that you have a very interesting background. You were knighted the same day as your brother and it was 80 years to the day that your grandfather. No, my father and my uncle were also knighted. No, they got military crosses from the first World War. They were the first brothers to get it, not to get the same award, but to get the same award at the same day. Got it. My name's, I think it's- So I asked him whether we could do it together. I think my brother actually deserved the knighthood more than me. I, you talk about that in the book and I think he made an incredible contribution to development and I think we benefit a lot from his work and his research and you actually I think helped operationalize in some ways, I'm gonna come back to that but I wanted to flag your brother's contribution both on your life but also in terms of your, in terms of the contributions you've made as a corporate leader. Let me shift and just very, very briefly, you lived, you worked in 10 countries for Shell. No, nine countries. Nine, okay, nine countries, Oman, Spain, Malaysia, Nigeria, Netherlands, UK. Yeah, I love that. Let's say Australia. Australia. Turkey. Turkey. And I was, you get the idea folks and so it's been a partnership between Judy and Mr. Stewart for a very long time and so I really had a global outlook. You became the, you became chairman of Shell in 19, or you had a- 1998. 1998 and you were CEO in 1993. No, no, no. Shell had a complex structure. I used to say when I was CEO that I'm the closest thing that Shell had to a CEO. Got it. Because I was, I'd shared the meeting, I was kind of chairman because I'd shared the meeting of the two parent company boards which I thought was a bad idea and said so and nearly got fired for saying so. And that's on the record. Yes, that's- It's actually in the Shell history. I gave the historians a whole lot of stuff and said you may want to publish it but at least put it in the archives. And when I read the five tomes they had actually published it which must have upset some of my former colleagues. But I just want to establish that you were a very senior corporate leader in the mid-90s, before 1995 and I want to get to 1995 in a minute because I think that's very important because I think there's a before and after for Shell and I'm going to ask you about that a minute and many of you in the audience know it but not everyone in the audience is going to know about this. But you were a very senior corporate leader at Shell in the mid-90s and then in your book you talk about there's sort of this before and after for Shell of 1995. Tell us a little bit about what happened in 1995 because I think this is, I want to now shift to the conversation about how I think this sort of accelerated at least a journey certainly informed by the life that you and Judy shared together and the places you visited, you lived and worked and had grown up in but that 1995 was sort of a catalytic moment I think both for Shell and for you. Two things happened. I think one was in Nigeria, the execution of Ken Sarawiva tried by a military court for accessory to murder with nine other people, eight other people. People had been murdered. Ogoni youth had undoubtedly murdered some Ogoni chieftains quite horribly but it was a military trial and nobody expected him to be executed. He was found guilty and sentenced to death but that had happened before and these things normally, everyone was surprised. Even Ken Sarawiva's daughter is on the record of saying he was surprised. So we pleaded for a fair trial, medical treatment for him and when we heard at the last moment that they really were going to execute him for clemency and it didn't have any effect and I write a bit, I've dug into why it happened. It's a very Nigerian story. I mean, Abacha had actually pardoned his predecessor, Obesangir. Yeah, who later became president. Who later became president and who was a military leader who handed over, the first in Africa I think who handed over to a civilian government and Abacha felt he hadn't got any credit for that. So there was a Commonwealth conference coming up. He thought I might as well get rid of the problem. So he thought he got rid of the problem and he of course hadn't. So that was a huge shock to Shell and the world thought that we hadn't done whatever we should have done and we can talk about what we should have done or should we, was there anything else? It was at the same time and in the same year, we had Greenpeace criticized us for planning to dispose of a major storage boy a mammoth great sort of milk bottle which was used to store oil and could not be disposed of the way had originally been planned due to damage which was to tip it back on its side and take it ashore in Britain and chop it up because it had been damaged. So we were going to sink it in the North Atlantic and they said this was disgraceful and it was a huge, they occupied it and we had a huge argument. In the end, just before we sank it, we said stop, take it back, examine it, find out what's in it because we were accused of 5,000 tons of stuff being in there. Anyway, these two events were huge shocks. Prior to that, if you said to people in your golf club, church, night club, whatever your particular vice was, what do you do, I work for Shell, there was sort of comforting red and yellow glow of respectability and that went. So everyone's self-esteem was shocked. We thought we had good principles. Let me just stop you for a minute. You talk in the book about many people in Judy's church have come up to her and said, what's it like working for an oil company? I'm assuming that's when that started to happen for you. That means suspicious. But they still ask her, they still ask her what's it like being married to that barrel. How do you ever marry a guy with oil money? Anyway. Well, that's subject question, as you know. We had principles which had been evolved in the 70s, written by a man called Jeffrey Chandler. So this was your, in some ways, you reacted to what happened in 1985 by reviewing your business principles? Yes. Jeffrey Chandler had written in the light of a corruption scandal in Italy, he'd written, he said, we need to have principles. So he wrote these excellent principles which are still the principles today somewhat modified. And they included. In the book you have sections that were the bolded that show the changes. They are, they included stakeholders, what our responsibilities to shareholders were to protect the value of their investment and deliver an acceptable return. It now says competitive return and small difference, but these things make a difference. So we're a very analytical company. So we thought the world is dumping on us and we feel, we thought we were doing all right. We thought we behaved responsibly. The world doesn't agree, so we better ask him, what about it? So we ran workshops all around the world saying, you know, 12 shell people slice across the company. 12 outsiders, politicians, civil society. What do you think the responsibilities are of a major global corporation in the 20th coming up for 21st century? And nobody, none of the people we asked, even our opponents refused to participate in this. If I summarize what they said was they said, it's a very interesting question. Nobody's asked us before. We don't know that we know the answer, but we're very interested to talk about it. They reviewed the principles and they came, we said, you know, what have we left out? And they came back with a number of modifications on human rights, on adjustments. We didn't make political payments before, but adjustments on involvement in politics. Because we said, we don't get involved in politics. We keep out of politics. And they said, that's not true. You can't keep out of politics. And we realized that that's right. If you're a major corporation, is inevitably a political actor. It's a question of, how do you define what your responsibility is? And you have responsibilities to speak on certain subjects. And so on. And human rights, it was to a series of things. It's all in the book, the details. But very important. Just in terms of human rights, one of the things, my friend Bennett Freeman is here, who was a deputy assistant secretary of state at the time and was one of the architects of the voluntary principles on human rights. Could you just talk a little bit about the voluntary principles? Because I think you are certainly willing to have that conversation after what has happened. Absolutely. I mean, I think one of the major positive changes in the world is where business and civil society has begun to talk to each other and combine forces to address very specific problems. It started in traded goods, forest products, forest stewardship council, sustainable fisheries. And there's lots of traded products. And then it got into trickier issues, like security. And they all have kind of the same origin, that someone not normally in a corporation says, hey, there's a problem. Corporations say, well, there is a problem, or there's not a big problem. But eventually people get together and start to talk. And that's what happened. The human rights organizations and the businesses said there is a problem if you operate in difficult countries and you need security. And the human rights people said, we agree you need security because you need to defend the human rights of your people. We agree that you may even need armed security, which you certainly do in some kind. The question is, what are the rules for the armed security? What do you do if the armed security comes from government security forces? How can you be sure that you're not making the situation worse? Hugely valuable. And if I'd known about it when I was in Turkey, for example, when the government said, you have to employ armed security. And I said to them, you don't do armed security. I don't run an army. And what do I do if someone shoots someone by accident or shoots a thing? They said, well, they count as police. And the same would happen as if a policeman shot them, which means probably not very much. So we would have benefited enormously from it. And in that case, of course, governments were involved, which is sometimes of enormous advantage as in there. Sometimes it's a weakness in the system. I want to come back to multi-sector collaborations, which you talk a lot about in your book. But I want to talk a little bit more about the issue of human rights. You have a chapter called Dining with the Devil. And I'm just going to list some countries. South Africa, Iran, Syria, these are all places where you've done business. Is there a country where you spend some time in the book talking about, in essence, making an argument against economic sanctions on countries? Is there a country where you would use economic sanctions? And under what conditions would it be, would you use economic sanctions in terms of divestment or not investing in a country? In general, the history of economic sanctions have not been successful. If you look at the cases where people would claim success and where there had been successes, one is South Africa, which was a- And you guys still operate it during the party. But one has to admit that it was a carrot and stick approach. And that the role of sanctions, if you analyze the situation, the economic impact of sanctions on South Africa was limited. It allowed them to develop or forced them to develop their own industries, which was, to some extent, beneficial.  But it had an impact on the self-esteem of the white voting population. It was embarrassing to them. It was embarrassing to them. And they couldn't play sports. They couldn't compete internationally in sports. So I would say sanctions on a country where it impacts people who have an influence on the leadership, targeted to people who have an influence on the leadership. So then you look at Russia. Would you apply sanctions on Russia today? You've invested in Russia. You know Russia well. I'm a strong believer in the continuity of economic relations. I do think there's an argument in places like Russia, in places like Zimbabwe, very specifically applying targeted sanctions to individuals who either have stolen money or who might be able to influence the leadership. What I'm opposed to, I mean, another case that I'm certain in some people in this city would say was a success, is the impact of sanctions on Iran. As a country, you know well as well. And if you look, and I've been there recently and talked to them about it and talked to the previous oil minister, the impact of the sanctions in the short term, there's no doubt it's had an impact. And it has, in the short term, focused their minds. But this is after 30 years of the destruction of a great society, a booming private sector. And the private sector has been massacred. I mean, every time in Shell, every time we engaged with the Iranians and would talk to them about doing business, the technocrats in national Iranian oil company and the oil minister, and you withdrew because of sanctions or slowed it down, the wild guys won and said, you see, you can't talk to these people. The net result was by the time you get to the last 10 or 15 years, you had such economic power as there was concentrated in the hands of the government and their cronies. And the people who might have made a difference and who actually oppose the government have been crushed and destroyed. So you're saying it's a strength and crony capitalism. And it's highly counterproductive.  They said, 50, 50. They said, it'll come one day. Actually- What will come one day that the sanctions will be lifted? Yeah. But they said, we need it because we can't do anything. And they are quite feisty talking to, I mean, Rouhani's brother was there. They quite liked him. I think they quite like Rouhani. They didn't like Hagarzadi. Let me ask- And were quite rude publicly about him. I mean, it's a surprisingly liberal country compared with the other side of the Gulf. Well, very interesting. Let me ask you about, you are a geologist, your PhD in geology. You have became friendly with one of the former Chinese leaders who's also a geologist. I think it was Jiang Zemin who was- No, Wenjia Bao. Sorry, hard to keep track of Wenjia Bao. I wouldn't say that I was friendly with him. But you had some interesting conversations with him. You had professional connectivity with him over geology. Yes, yeah. And you go to China- He was a real geologist. You go to China at least once a year. Yes.  Could you just talk? I was interested and I think you're in many ways an admirer of what China has done. And there are many things to admire about what China has accomplished in development. Could you just, let me- And I think that's interesting in the book. Let me just push a little bit about on human rights, which I feel like you didn't really cover very much in the book. So could you just talk a little bit about, if you were gonna critique China in terms of that, and you talk a little bit about this, but could you just talk a little bit about, so if you were thinking about some of the human rights challenges in China, what would come to mind for you? Two things, I think. I was in, there's something called the China Development Forum, which is what you participate, yes. Which was originally supported by Zhu Rongji and Wen Xiaobao, and now by Li Keqiang. And it was a very open discussion between Chinese academics, Western academics, Chinese business people, Western business people, and the government. And astonishingly open discussions and acknowledgments of the problems. And I remember some, oh, I don't know, eight or nine years ago, an elderly professor from Beijing University stood up and he said to one of the ministers, he said, I regard Hukou system. Well, Hukou is like internal permission slips to go from the rural areas to the ladies thing. He said, I regard this as an offense against human rights. Well, at that point, human rights was a delicate term in China. It sort of stood up and said, this is gonna be interesting. What's gonna happen? Anyway, the guy went on and he said, but I have seen the favelas in Latin America and so on, the slums around which result from urbanization. And he said, that too is an offense against human rights. And he said, I don't like it, but until we fix the infrastructure and can control this movement and address it, I think we're gonna have to live with the Hukou system. And they are very open about it. They don't like it. It has distortions, discrimination against, but the one thing they have done, they have lifted hundreds of millions of people out of poverty. I mean, the world poverty statistics have been skewed by China. And they've done it- In the right, in the good way. In the good way, yeah. And they've done it through this process with collateral damage. They're the only people, so far as I know in history, who have moved a couple of hundred million people from the countryside into towns, which is an inevitable process. It happens everywhere. It happened here. It happens there. And everywhere, maybe less here than in Europe, it's caused slums. And China doesn't have slums. And that's an achievement, but it's an achievement with costs. My second story and thought about human rights was when we changed the Shell business principles, we, having discussed them, the interlocutors said, they're good principles now. You can't probably do better, but you have to report on them, because they're just words. You've got to demonstrate what you're doing. We went around the world to all our operations in Saudi Arabia, in everywhere, including China, and said, look, these are our business principles.  You're our official partners. We're signed up. And in China, these are state-owned companies. And we said, read them and, you know, can you live with them? Because we expect our partners, joint venture partners, to sign up to these principles. Not specifically sign up, but to say, you know, we're happy with those and we will comply with them. And in China, in human rights, they came back because the principles said that we had the, we talked about fundamental human rights, that we had a responsibility to respect the fundamental human rights of our own employees, to protect those, to respect those of the communities around us, and in general in the country, to express support for fundamental human rights. And the Chinese said, and I talked to the translator who did it, said that these four characters in Chinese, which in my translation means human rights with a capital H and a capital R and the full Western baggage. And they said, if that's what you mean, the answer is no. But they said, there are these six characters, the four middle characters are exactly the same as the forbidden ones, two on the side, which if you retranslated it, we will respect individual and personal rights. And they said, that we will do. So we thought, well, it's a bit hair-splitting, but actually if you think about what is the problem in a country like China or any totalitarian state, it's that the individual is subservient to the state. If the individual gets in the way of the bulldozer, which is in the public interest, the individual gets crushed. And if a state-owned company is prepared to admit that an individual has rights, this is progress. So we went to the human rights organizations and said, look, don't accuse us, we think this we should accept because it's progress. And they said, we agree and we won't complain. And they didn't complain. I was in China two years ago talking to the person who translated it. And she said, you can now use the four, only the four. And last year in the UN Global Compact local network in China, chaired by the chairman of Sino-PEC, Fu Chengyu, they ran a workshop of their own volition on human rights in China, in business, in relation to business. There's many things I wanna cover with you, but I also feel like I owe it to the audience. They get you have a couple of questions. Sorry, I did long answers. No, but this is the sweet purpose that we purposefully, we purposely wanted you to give long answers. So I would love to talk to you about corruption. I'd love to talk to you about UN Global Compact. I'd love to talk about the role of private enterprise and development, all things you talk about in your book. I think I would be remiss if we didn't talk about corruption only because you dedicate so much to it. And I also think because your brother's been such an influence and you also were one of the founders of EITI. So just talk a little bit about how you've came to the corruption conversation and how you see business, how you talked a little bit about earlier, but talk a little bit about how when you were a corporate leader at Shell and also at Anglo-American. Well, I think in many ways you could say that corruption is probably the major destructive evil in the world. It's at the root of so many problems. If you try and solve problems, if you try to solve climate change, corruption will get in the way in many countries. So it's a barrier to doing things and a distortion of the economy. It's a huge market failure. And how do companies deal with corruption or talk about corruption or think about corruption? I think there's a bit of journey for companies. I mean, I think the first thing is you don't have to be corrupt in the sense that nobody is twisting your arm. They may have a gun to your head, but that's extortion, not corruption. We can prevent leakages in our economy. So a major corporation knows where the money goes. And if it doesn't know where the money goes, the management's not doing its job. That doesn't mean you won't have minor failures somewhere and enthusiasts who, you know, categorizes something as incorrectly when it's actually. But if you have the right ethos, even those people will get flushed out. And if you have good reporting systems, hotlines and so on, you'll catch them. The problem is that you need to do something about it. You can, a really big company doesn't have to do it. And Shell didn't bribe people and didn't pay facilitation payments. We tightened up, again, not to say there weren't leakages somewhere. But if the top of the company says, you know, if they lose a billion and a bit euros and the guys at the top say, we didn't know anything about it.  Stuart Gulliver said the other day, the boss of HSBC said, and I agree with him, he said, I cannot be, surely I cannot be accountable for the individual behavior of every individual and the thing, and that's right, of course. But what we can be accountable for is creating an atmosphere whereby other people in the system will start ringing bells if they see something going wrong, whether it's corruption or whether it's other forms of misbehavior. On the Saudi Aramco, which has- You're on the Saudi Aramco board. On the Saudi Aramco board, I've chaired their audit committee. They have a very tough line and it's no secret that Saudi Arabia has major corruption problems in parts of the government and elsewhere in society. And they run a very tough line on it and it's just delightful to see how, when they've pushed it and gone out to their suppliers because there's a sort of myth in the world, you wanna do business in Saudi Arabia or the Middle East, you're gonna have to pay someone, find a partner, find an influential friend and so on. And they keep saying to people, you don't need to do that. Have a partner if you want to build a manufacturing facility and do something, but just to have an agent. You don't need it. Talk straight to us. It's encouraging to see it's beginning to make progress, but it's, and I'm encouraged.  And I heard her say, we have to pay to get licenses from the Ministry of Health in many countries, otherwise we can't sell our product. And she said, what would you do about that? And it's a difficult question.  She's perhaps not subject to the Foreign Crackers Act, all the UK bribery acts. I don't think they have one in France. But it is an interesting question. The answer, I think, is you should get together with the other manufacturers and some civil society guys because the civil society guys can make a public noise. You as a company can't complain. You can't complain and say, the Ministry of Health is causing me to bribe them. You can get someone elsewhere to say the Ministry of Health has a habit of squeezing companies and then the companies can get together and go to the Ministry of Health and say, look, yeah, there's a problem. Let's fix it. And it is fixable, by bit, slowly. Let me just move one more topic and then I do owe the audience a chance to make some comments and ask some questions. I just, you started the Shell Foundation, which has been a very big success, sort of a separate standalone entity within Shell that focuses on private enterprise. You also were very involved with the UN Global Compact in standing that up. And you also talk a lot in your book about the role of business and private enterprise as a driver of development or as a central driver of development. So they're all sort of related. Could you just spend a minute talking about why you got involved with the UN Global Compact and what the role of business is in development? Because I do think it would be remiss if I didn't ask you that question. I think one of the bits of progress that have been made in the past 15 years is at the Johannesburg Summit in 2002. Yeah. Rio Plus. Whatever, 10. 10. The communiques in the big meetings around the world, big UN jamborees, would have 40 pages and the only mention of business would be on page 35 would be something about job creation. No idea who creates jobs, no mention of it. So we went through and kept writing in business, business, business, and it has made a difference. And the UN Global Compact has got the UN to a point where they acknowledged that much of civil society acknowledges that it can't be done without business. Now, I believe it cannot be done without civil society and it certainly can't be done without government. So the challenge is when one or other of these groups is failing, how do we get together to fix it? And the question, if you look at development of various countries, including the use of oil resources, so-called resource curse, and the many genuine negative potential impacts, overvalued exchange rates, squeezing out of other things which people write about, are not inevitable given the right governance and governance. So the big question is, how do we create the business and the environment which allows business to flourish? And that environment will allow big business and little business. It's actually easier for big business sometimes to get around all the hurdles than the little business. Just why don't you share Georg Kells' quote that you were sharing earlier? No, in 2002, when the Global Compact started, one of the, we used to have what we call learning fora. We looked at, one of them was creating sustainable business in the least developed countries. 50 least developed countries, officially defined by the UN, and 40 of them were in sub-Saharan Africa. And Gail Kell used to say, the problem in these countries is not business, which many people said it was. It's no business. There isn't business. Not quite true, because there is business in those, but you need to make it grow. Let me open it up. You've all been a very patient audience. When I hear from some folks, if I get some hands, I want to hear first from my very good friend Bennett Freeman. Here's a microphone here. Thanks. Hi, good afternoon. I want to make a brief comment and ask a tough question, but there'll be limited time for the answer. But I just want to say, without being overly effusive in a way that would be uncomfortable for an Englishman to tolerate, that Sir Mark has really been, I'd say, the preeminent corporate statesman and conscience in the world of business for the last two decades. And that's a big statement, but I think that it's really merited, particularly coming from a very tough industry in very difficult circumstances, taking over the helm of Shell shortly after the Ken Sarawiva tragedy. And there have been very few others. Your peer Lord, now Lord Brown of BP at the time, and Neil Fitzgerald, as I recall, from Unilever a dozen years or so ago. And today, we have Paul Pullman of Unilever, but very, very few other leaders of such conscience and stature who've seen such a convergence between the corporate interest and a broader human interest. Without Sir Mark's support, I don't think in Shells, I don't think we've had the voluntary principles in security and human rights, the extractive industry, transparency initiative. We certainly wouldn't have as robust a global compact as we have today. So I want to thank you for your leadership, but ask you and really challenge all of us. Where do we find that next generation of corporate leadership that stakes its claim around not just shareholder value, but societal benefit? I think one of the spin-offs of the global compact is something called the Principles for Responsible Management Education, which involves 500 business schools. I think even they would forgive me by saying that they are, initially, certainly, were not the very topmost, 20 highly competitive ones who said, we don't need it. But they did, and they were prepared to cooperate. People very often ask me, what is it that is not taught in business schools that we should teach? And I think those principles go a bit towards it. But to me, there are two things. One, we teach a lot of analysis, and we're hot on analysis in business schools, and we need it. What we don't teach people is to listen and talk to the outside world. So I say the most important thing that you could teach people would be to teach them to listen to people who have different views, who see things that are wrong, which you may think are not your problem. They may not be your problem, but you may have things which could assist in solving the problem, and they may actually, surprisingly, be your problem.  They're probably, they may be ill-informed.  So if you could find out what it is, get some. That's one point. The second point is, and this I think is very important, that business, we need, I'm a passionate believer in the market, but markets need regulatory frameworks. They cannot operate without regulatory frameworks. But if you mention regulation in business, it's not a popular topic. And in this country in particular, people twitch. They get very excited. But we need a framework which guides the market in the right direction without tying its hands. The countervailing problem is that if you start in regulation, if you're not careful, the regulators, because they're called regulators, not just regulate the direction, but they regulate precisely how you do it, which destroys the market and takes all the fun out of life. So we need people who have the capacity to take their corporate individual hat off, including the people at the top, and work with other corporations and learn to criticize. We in business don't criticize each other. There's a sort of general agreement that you don't criticize my industry and I won't criticize yours.  I'm not suggesting we do that in public, but we need fora where we can actually say, come on, chaps. You guys are not good for the general image of business, because it's a real no man is an island thing. Okay, this woman up here. Identify yourself and who you're with. Nina Gardner, I'm a corporate sustainability advisor, but also teach corporate sustainability business and human rights as an adjunct professor at Johns Hopkins SICE. So my first question is, how do we clone you? I agree with Bennett. You are one in a million and we need you more. One of the, you kept talking about the market. So I wanted to actually talk about one of the other hats of the many incredible hats that you have, that you wear, and it is chairman of Hermes. And if you could talk a little bit about how you see the role of investors going, because I think that's an important part of sort of pressuring companies to do the right thing if they're not as far thinking as you are. And yes, and where you think that's going in terms of whether institutional investors are understanding the environmental governance and social risks involved in long-term measurement of company value. Well, I think it, let me just get one more question for this gentleman right here. Let's just bunch these two together. What's your name in Identify yourself? Dave Ramoswamy, Africa Agribusiness Magazine. Sir Mark, I wanted to talk about how extractive industries, energy companies can work in emerging markets, especially in Africa on environmental justice and agricultural development. Two examples, there's a lot of deforestation in Africa due to logging for firewood because there's energy insecurity. And also farmers lose a lot of their crops because there's no energy to store and process grain. So how do you think energy companies and extractive industry companies who are historically have been seen as enemies to farmers and the environment? How can they work to mitigate these issues which are present? Thank you. Thank you. No problem. One's on wet investors and one's on energy and agriculture and agriculture. On investors, I mean, Hermes Equity Ownership Services works with long-term investors, so with pension funds. We've got 40 pension funds from around the world. It's about $200 billion. So in investment terms, it's not enormous. Principles for responsible investment, another important spin-off, has $40 trillion under management. Now, nobody believes that's all responsibly invested, but if a couple of trillion is, it begins to make a difference. So I think there are particularly long-term investors who say we are interested in the long-term, who get it and that's spreading to other areas who realize the initially the risks of not looking at that, the risks of poor governance, environmental corruption risks, all sorts of things, the risks of damage, so defensive, but then they begin to realize that there's actually the, goes beyond risk prevention into creation. So I think there is a change. In the 90s, we had in Shell one of the first discussions with shareholders on long-term, what we called non-financial elements. And we went on, we had a meeting and we talked about climate in 97. We talked about human rights, labor conditions, industrial accidents and so on. And those investors, they came along and one of them said to me, that was really fascinating. And I had wondered what on earth you were gonna talk about for three hours. But now, if you have one of those meetings, you actually get, they've read the report beforehand and they ask intelligent questions. So it is, I think, really growing. And it's growing in other parts of the world, some of which of course say, well actually it's nothing new to us. If you talk to an Indian company, they say we've had a long tradition of this, but then you have to make sure that this is not just philanthropy, but it is actually. The problem is the peace in between because it's the asset owners and then you have the fund managers who actually do the job. And there's a lot of work needs to be done on what mandate they're given. I mean, if as a pension fund you say, we're interested in the long-term we join with Hermes Equity Ownership Services to engage with companies to improve their long-term performance. And then we say to the guys who are actually managing our funds, we measure you against a benchmark on a quarterly basis. And we are the long-term investors and we're talking about how we take a long-term view, but then the guys who are looking after our money, we beat them up on a six-monthly annual basis. And so we need to get round that, I think, and that's quite hard work. But I'm encouraged by the progress. On the farmers and the first word of caution, I mean, the extractives industries are not agricultural experts. So they can assist in the process and they have an interest in assisting in the process, but they can't do it. Someone else has to do it. I think on the deforestation, charcoal, kerosene, LPG, and so on, there is real work that can be done by major companies. And some of them are doing good work, I think, in looking at how you can invest to move people up the energy chain, including through renewable energy. Some of that, I think, needs to be done through organizations which have expertise in energy but are not looking at it from a business point of view. In my opinion, corporate responsibility should be related to your business. It's something which is embedded in your business. Some of these things, you need to create other organizations, you can help create them, but they're not in the end going to be in your business. They may be in that they may acquire the feedstock from you, so there is a link. And that's partly why we created the Shell Foundation, was to have something which could then be a trusted person who could work with this and on other unrelated subjects. Yeah, so. Well, Sir Mark, thank you very much. I want to honor people's schedules. I know our friends at Greenleaf are in the back and I hope you'll go and buy a copy of Sir Mark Moody Stewart's book. I know he'll be back there signing books, and so please join me in thanking Sir Mark Moody Stewart. Thank you.


internal revenue service IRS tax news they got a couple items here about the IRS issues superfund chemical excise tax rates and IRS issues frequently asked questions FAQs on the reinstated superfund chemical excise tax to assist affected taxpayers but I'm not going to go into those in any more detail here instead we'll just round out the week with an attempt at a joke I apologize in advance the economy has a huge problem with inflation but rest assured the Biden administration is on it their sophisticated plan we will find one special individual that somehow represents all minorities all sexes and all sexual orientations except straight men at one time so we can give that one special unelected individual a whole lot of power based on these amazing credentials and provide them with a new American sounding title something like oh I don't know the economies are that would solve the inflation problem it's kind of like when the Tibetan monks search for the reincarnation of like the Dalai Lama except instead of looking for the inner essence we focus on like the outer package so it's actually kind of the opposite really of the Dalai Lama thing but still it's just as hard anyways we're not out of the woods yet people but rest assured the Biden administration is searching for this special individual a kind of Messiah if you will who will solve all of our economic problems by dent of their ambiguous nature oh my gosh we found him her moose cat scooby snack mr. mrs. moose cat scooby snack you're about to become the next economies are destined to save the world any words for all the little and sadly ordinary people out there on how we could fix the economy well maybe says the new mr. mrs. scooby snack economies are the economy just needs to transition into being a woman yeah nobody said the economy was a man it's just an economy that's currently overheating I see says mr. mrs. scooby snack economies are will not call in the economy a man that's certainly a good start to solve in our inflation problem and if it's overheating maybe we should just give the economy some puberty blockers that often solves the problem well I don't know that would be quite a shock to the system given the fact that both the Federal Reserve and the Biden administration have been pumping the economy full of testosterone for quite some time it's a bold move mr. mrs. scooby snack economies are but we'll do it yeah says mr. mrs. scooby snack economies are and then we can give the economy breasts yes and who wouldn't want an economy with breasts they're already part of the gross domestic product GDP anyways as you can see the Biden administration has found the solution to Americans problems once again the economy it may not be in good hands but rest assured it will be in biden's especially if we give the economy some artificial breasts and as long as we the people allow him to fondle it instead of finding someone who can actually fix it