So someone sent me this video that the University of Louisville posted about their exciting new gender studies program. Now I have been known in the past to poke fun at useless or mostly useless degrees and if you look at the stats for gender studies they aren't good. They have some of the worst stats for important categories like employment, underemployment, salary, job satisfaction, etc. And I've heard a rumor that it doesn't even teach you the incredibly important skill of being able to gently tap that like button on command whenever you're watching YouTube videos. But with all joking aside, let's see if this video can change my mind. Let's see what they have to say about it. There are so many opportunities for graduates of women's gender and sexuality studies. I love how she's just shaking her head back and forth while she's saying it like like this. I feel like that's a body language tell that she knows that she's lying or she doesn't believe what she's saying. Like there are so many opportunities in this pyramid scheme that I'm about to promote to you. Like definitely so much opportunity. Totally legit, bro. We are a liberal arts degree first and foremost and so that trains you not just for one specific job. It trains you to have a career because it teaches you all the fundamental skills of critical reading, critical thinking, and strong writing skills and those are you can apply those in a variety of different careers. Alright, so first of all, I hear this argument all the time and it's total BS. For one, the lack of critical thinking skills is what they are banking on. That is the only reason why you would go to a university and get a useless or mostly useless degree in the first place is because you don't have critical thinking skills. That's what like 60 to 80 percent of all college degrees, that's what their entire programs are built on. It's the only industry that I know of where 17 to 18 year olds that are terrible at making decisions are allowed to take out $40,000 in loans and they routinely do that. That's the median amount that people take out. Now for some degrees that colleges offer, that is worth it. It's worth it to take out that $40,000 because you're going to get so much in return on the back end. But for many of the degrees that colleges offer, it is absolutely not worth it at all from a financial perspective. So it's incredibly ironic that they claim to teach you critical thinking skills when that's the exact thing that you lack if you're somebody who actually goes for one of these degrees. Number two, just about every major out there is going to say that it's going to teach you how to think critically. So all the other majors claim to teach you the same exact thing. So this really is not a selling point to me for why I should choose this major. Number three, there are many other ways in life that you can learn to think critically. So I'm somebody who went to college. I got the highest level of academic achievement, which is getting a doctorate. And I learned much more about how to think critically from working, reading books, listening to podcasts, studying on my own or starting my own businesses. And in my opinion, many colleges actually teach the opposite of critical thinking. They teach you how to group think. They teach you how to fall in line and not think for yourself. And they tend to have opinions from just one perspective, not a well-rounded perspective. So they're incredibly biased. And colleges in many cases are the opposite of innovative or creative. The women in gender studies degree is very interdisciplinary. So there's a lot of different aspects that go into it. So I've taken psychology classes. I've taken sociology classes and politics classes, anything that you could think of. You could probably take a women in gender studies class. So this is an argument you hear all the time from the snake oil salesman as well. Oh, you learn a little bit of this and a little bit of that and a little more of this. Jesus wants you to get in that car. Sit in that car. So this is an exercise that I like to do.  So the car salesman is trying to convince you why you should spend that $80,000. Now imagine that instead of a car, it is a college trying to convince you that you should spend $80,000 on a major. So after everything they say, add on to that sentence. So this is why you should spend $80,000 or so this is why this major is worth $80,000. This exercise really puts things in perspective. So you learn a little bit of political science and a little bit of psychology and a little bit of sociology. So that's why you should spend $80,000 on this degree, right? That's not a very strong selling point because let's be honest, there's lots of resources out there if you want to be a generalist, somebody who knows a little bit of this and a little bit of that like a jack of all trades. And these resources are available completely free online. I've mentioned this several times on the channel. There's a great Reddit thread that basically puts all of them and kind of like organizes all of these free classes that universities offer. And in many cases, you can listen to the same lectures, have the same assignments, use the same books and even take the same tests if you want from these free online resources. And I'll just have that pop up on the screen. So if you want to be a generalist and know a little bit about a lot of things, you can get that completely free online from the best universities in the world. The value of a college degree, or at least this is the supposed value of a college degree, is that you're supposed to be a specialist in a certain subject when you graduate. Like when you graduate with a computer science degree, you should know how to code. If you graduate with an aerospace engineering degree, you should know quite a bit about airplanes, jets, rockets, etc., things that fly through the air. So basically, they're saying you should spend $80,000 so that you can know a little bit about a lot of things. That is not a very strong value proposition. Everybody in the world has a gender and everybody in the world has a sexuality and over half the world's population identifies as women. There's no place or business or institution that gender doesn't impact upon in some ways. Wow, nice logic there. So with this logic, you know, everybody in the world has a weenus. Weenus is this little flap of skin on your elbow if you didn't know. And only half the people in the world are women. So with this logic, a weenus studies degree should be twice as valuable as a women's studies degree. Right? I think you get the point here. Just because everybody in the world has something in common, doesn't mean it's a valuable skill that's going to justify an $80,000 price tag. Absolute nonsense to say that it does. So again, why should I spend $80,000 to attend this program? What am I going to get here that I can't get elsewhere? And our graduates go into such a wide variety of professions, you know, they go, they become lawyers, they become social workers, they work for nonprofits, they go into business, they do medical research. Okay, so finally she's starting to give some semi-logical reasons to justify why I should spend $80,000 to get this degree. So let's go ahead and break this down. Lawyers, this requires graduate school. So you have to go back to school, spend more money, more time, more effort in order to maybe get a career. Social workers, this also requires graduate school. She didn't specify which medical careers, but I'm assuming she means like a doctor, like if you're trying to become a psychiatrist or something. And yes, that also requires graduate school. So all three of these require you to go to graduate school, spend more money, more time.  In the case of lawyer, very, very competitive. I made an entire video about that. Can be really good for the right type of personality, but it's super competitive. Be careful going into that. Now the student loan debt clock at the time of making this video is about $1.97 trillion. By the time I edit this, or you watched this video, maybe it's even hit $2 trillion. And graduate school loans account for over half of student loan debt. So this is what you call in business an upsell. If colleges can get you to go to graduate school, they double the amount of money that they made on you. So if you think about it, degrees that are able to get you a job at just the bachelor's or associate level are kind of bad for business. So it makes a lot of sense financially speaking for them to want you to get a useless degree at the bachelor's level, which is basically going to force you to get a master's or a doctorate. So when this lady names these careers, then almost all of them require you to go to graduate school. That is pretty sketchy. Now she mentioned going into business, you absolutely do not need a gender studies degree to go into business. And actually, all those other ones that I mentioned, you don't need a gender studies degree to go into either. Show me an LLC or business creation website that says you have to have a gender studies degree. It doesn't exist. And I've done videos on the college degrees that tend to lead to the most successful people and millionaires and gender studies is not one of them. So gender studies is not going to increase your chances of being successful in business compared to other college degrees. So again, this does not justify the $80,000 price. Next, she mentioned working for nonprofits. So this is the only one that's somewhat reasonable. The only problem is nonprofit jobs are far and few in between, especially for people who only have a bachelor's degree. And this just comes back to supply and demand. There's tons of people graduating with either useless or semi useless degrees. And there's not that many jobs in nonprofits. Now, whether that's right or wrong, or maybe the world should be different, none of that actually matters. My job on this channel is to give you practical advice. I'm trying to help you make smart financial decisions. I'm not telling you that this is right or that's right, or maybe in the future it'll be like this or be like that. None of that matters. You have zero control over that. So basically, all of the options that she mentioned are terrible and I am still not sold on this degree. Well, my wish for our graduates of women's gender and sexuality studies is for them really to be able to be happy and to achieve in the areas that they designate as most important and meaningful to them, whatever that might be. I want them to be able to go out and really have that sense of self-mastery and the ability to know that they can be successful in whatever endeavor they choose. All right. So let's see what students that graduate from this university are actually achieving. So there's this really cool website called aftercollege.com and you basically get to look up what types of careers people are going into after they graduate with certain degrees from certain colleges. So I looked up University of Louisville women's studies degree for people who graduated in 2021 and unfortunately they couldn't find any jobs at all for people without education. I then did the same degree for people who graduated in 2018. Same thing, no jobs out there for people who graduated with that degree, but I thought it's possible that there wasn't enough data on the website. So I switched it to a sociology degree that graduated from Louisville. Now to be fair, a sociology degree probably has better numbers than a gender studies or women's studies degree, but here's what popped up for a sociology degree graduate from the University of Louisville. Almost half of them go into customer service. A large amount of them go into administration, sales, marketing, education, food service, human resources, and then physical labor. All right. So when you see like the sales in the marketing part, you might think, oh, that's really good, right? But here's the thing, sales and marketing are two types of careers that you can get into with just about any degree or in many cases, no degree at all. This is one of the main things me and my business partners actually teach people.  And in many cases, the people that I've worked with are people who unfortunately got one of these useless or semi-useless degrees, couldn't find a job, and then they had to try to find some other career. So they're kind of desperate, they find me or one of my business partners and we're able to help them get into a really lucrative career that way. But it has absolutely nothing to do with their degree, nothing. And by the way, if you want to check out like a free digital marketing masterclass, I guess I'll use this opportunity to say, I'll put it down in the description as well as the pinned comment below. And I've had an entire playlist of people that I've interviewed that have actually used this service to get into digital marketing, you can check that out as well. Now for this degree, the most common job titles are store clerk, administrative assistant, customer service representative, store overnight clerk and customer service supervisor. So yeah, basically everyone who graduates with a degree like this is working in a job that you don't need a degree for. And it probably has absolutely nothing to do with gender studies. All right, so let's read a few of the comments on this video. Hello goodbye says, if there were so many opportunities for employment for this in name major, they would not have the need to repeatedly say so. George Michaels says, there's no place that gender doesn't impact read, there's no place that I can't slap my ill formed ideology on and assume that I know what's wrong and what solutions are needed. T hobby says waste of money in 10 years, they'll have $100,000 in debt and make $40,000 then complain that the college system blah, blah, blah, blah, blah. So yeah, this is the video, I'll put a picture up on the screen in case you want to watch it. Also, if you want to avoid getting a useless college degree, check out this video right here. And I will see you next time.


What is going on guys welcome back to channel critical overload here since I'm a scream sickness video here again today in this video I just want to say that there's going to be four ghost face killers present in this idea that I have for screen six so You'll end up getting the three revealed at the end the fourth person will be someone whose identity you will not have revealed Until scream seven when this person is finally introduced And I will just say to that fourth person I'm thinking of as a right now would still be Leslie Mocker and She would end up being a killer that you don't find out about until screen seven when something else takes place that is just entirely her and maybe a partner that she has but jumping into What the main stuff here would be as you see in the thumbnail this will be mostly about Christina Carpenter donning the ghost face mask and Basically, she would of course be targeting her daughter Sam out of anger and just frustration with the girl and More recently what she recently caused to happen to Tara Because of her connection to Billy Loomis and you know in a lot of ways this would just be Christina's own way of putting her own self-hatred out onto Sam and those close to her like Chad Mindy as well and Trying to just get back at Sam for not only destroying their the relationship. She had with Tara's dad Causing a lot of tension in the home between herself and Tara Causing a lot of trouble among the streets in Woodsboro We don't even know how that necessarily impacted how Christina herself was viewed in the community Because we don't specifically know what all Sam was doing. We just know she she seems to have a very a minor criminal history So this could be a woman who is just very hateful and nasty towards her mother It wants to get back at her for things that she blames her for and really she should be blaming herself for her Her own poor decision-making not taking it out on her daughter But she'll basically dawn the ghost face mask and what could happen is not only is she gonna be the killer She has somehow gotten back with Tara's dad who could be a character That is like in the background More so than Christina who I say should be someone who we get introduced to we learned who they are We know what they look like, but then you have Tara's dad who's present in the narrative But you don't really get to see him too much. You don't even get explicitly told that's Tara's dad It's just someone who's there and they're playing a different role similar how Mrs. Little moves going around is Debbie Salt This could just be someone who's never in a scene with Sam and Tara for that reason Because they're going for the same effect that you get at the end of scream to when Sydney's character was finally in a scene with Debbie Salt's character so you can have that shock about you happen when you find out that this person is Tara's dad And he's an accomplice to Christina now. Why would he be an accomplice to Christina? manipulation gas lighting never fell out of love with the woman and You know, he's always just wanted to be back with the woman and Maybe it could be some black male going on there as it relates to Tara's dad and some stuff that he's been doing in between the time he left the family and now and Since he wanted to get back with Christina all this time He's he's wholeheartedly in on taking it taking his Frustration out on Sam as well since over time that's not his daughter. So he's had enough time to not only let that sink in But also maybe misplaced some blame as it relates to Sam when he should again be blaming Christina Who's again manipulating and gaslighting him into being an accomplice? the manipulation of Tara's dad also could be coming from a place of us now learning that he's always had a hatred towards Billy Loomis and even in high school when Christina was Flirting with Billy. He was told that Billy was not someone he should be concerned with There's nothing to worry about there Now you find out all these years later that you should have been worried about that dude He had a child with your woman. She lied to you about it But but Christina has manipulated him into taking that frustration and blaming of Sam Who was just another Loomis taking something from you? Don't let it happen again If you want me back we have to get rid of Sam and again He's already developed this disdain for Sam anyway because he views Sam as a representation of everything He hated about Billy and Billy again could have been someone who bullied him in high school I talked about this in a video once before you could have the third killer out of these out of this duo There could be a third killer with them who was someone connected to a criminal past that or criminal act of Sam They're a relative of someone who got caught up in one of Sam's criminal schemes and unfortunately died So that loved one has been tracked down. They're an accomplice to Christina and Tara's dad Everyone in the party just has a disdain for for Sam and they want to get back her their goal Would of course be in Christina's mind. It's pretty easy come being the mother of of of the daughter of Billy Loomis She'll just put up a narrative that Sam wanted to get back at her For not telling her about who her real father was and she just she just snapped She's just like her father, you know the whole she's just like her father angle again That could be what they try to blame Sam for and frame her for it as they want to present it to their authorities When this is all said and done if they were to get away with it now as it relates to a fourth killer This is someone who again would not be connected to what these three are doing This is someone who again is Leslie Mocker This would be an isolated incident takes place as the opening of the film where it happens with Mark Sydney or the babysitter getting attacked in their house and They're unsuccessful at killing Sydney or Mark. So they just go away. They're not even involved in anything else in the movie But because of what happens in this one Screams seven would be the time where you learn who this fourth killer is you learn about Leslie Mocker You learn about how she wants to stop people from profiting off of all these tragedies She's tired of the cinema exploitation.  She's also lost her son She wants to put an end to it and because she was unsuccessful at killing Sydney and her husband when she was trying to start that Process in scream six. She just takes a step back. She's not gonna have anything to do with Tara's dad Christina and that third killer. She won't have anything to do with that She's going to then reappear in scream seven barring a page from some of these killers because she sees that she can't just do this alone If she's gonna take out all these people who are in her mind need to stop benefiting from real-world tragedies She's tired of the cinema exploitation and she just wants to put it into it once and for all That's how you could do a scream seven as it relates to a fourth killer who would not get revealed here But in the back of the audience's mind, you would think that hey They didn't even talk about breaking in the Sydney's house. So where's the fourth killer? You'll get your answer in scream seven That's just what I'm thinking of but let me know what you guys think about this down in the comment section below If you haven't already, of course, make sure you subscribe turn on post a case your name is video in the description I have links my social media accounts on Facebook Twitter and Instagram You can message me there, of course, then there's any movies news or views I'm gonna cover in the future And with all that in mind guys, I will see you in the next video


So, what are we starting today is transient heat conduction, in the transient heat conduction essentially we will be worried about temperature variation with time that is unsteady. Usually people call this as unsteady heat conduction also, but I think transient is more appropriate than unsteady. So, we have I am going to cover under the headings introduction that is what is transient heat conduction and what is lumped system analysis followed by one dimensional transient heat conduction. Again semi infinite solids we will be understanding how in earth or in the soil the heat transfer takes place and moving on to multi dimensional systems. So, first let us see what is transient conduction. So, we have been telling if we just remind ourselves if we just remind ourselves the heat diffusion equation what did we say in Cartesian coordinates the heat diffusion equation del square t by del x square plus del square t by del y square plus del square t by del z square plus q dot by k equal to 1 upon alpha del t by del t. This is what we saw we have derived in the Cartesian coordinates. Yesterday we took 1 D conduction initially and we always kept this term 0 if you remember. This term was always kept 0 because we said that our cases are always going to be steady. So far we have dealt with only steady heat transfer situations, but today what we are going to do is we are going to study unsteady situations that means this term is going to be important for today's lecture. Of course, we will not take heat generation we will initially take the transient conduction without any variation of the temperature in space that is what is called as lump. So, let us see what it is. So, what we are going to say is that time dependent conduction that is temperature is 3 in a conducting body can be dependent on x, y, z and t that is actually the reality. In real life the temperature is going to be function of space and time in space means it is usually x, y, z and t. We make these simplifications because I get the analytical solution. What is an analytical solution? We always use these words very easily, but we need to know what are these terms. Analytical solution when I mean what when I say analytical solution I mean that by writing the mathematical equation I can solve that equation using the appropriate boundary conditions. So, that means this is mathematically tractable. So, that is when I use the term analytical solution. Analytical solution means I can write the governing equation solve it with the basic mathematics whatever we have studied in engineering and get the solution of course in this case for temperature and the heat transfer rate then we say that that is analytical solution that is always also called as closed form solutions. That means known with the unknowns are manageable that is whatever unknowns are there with the within the equation we can solve the equation and get the unknowns. So, that is what we use these terms analytical and closed form. So, now coming to lumped system analysis what is lumped? Lumped is in lumped system analysis temperature is going to be function of in lumped system analysis temperature is a function of time only not a function of space not a function of space. So, it is only function of time. So, so x y z it does not come into picture, but when do we come across this sort of situations? We do come across this sort of situations for example, if I take a copper ball why copper ball I have taken because it is thermal conductivity is very high that is thermal diffusivity is very high. So, we will understand this little later, but for now I can say that if the thermal conductivity of my body is very high that is copper ball you can see that the temperature throughout is more or less same that is uniform. There are two things two words we use replacingly many a times that is I use the term uniform. When I say uniform it does not change with space that means it is same everywhere in space same everywhere in space constant the word constant I use I we usually mean that it would not is same with time it does not vary with time same with time. So, these two terms we need to differentiate quite clearly. So, what we are saying here in this case is that temperature is uniform that means it is same everywhere in space, but if I take a potato which is taken out from a cooker the temperature is not same everywhere. So, you can see that 60, 65, 75, 70, 60 why because the thermal conductivity of potato is not very high because thermal conductivity of potato is how much it is potato is made of water only. So, thermal conductivity of potato will be of that of water what is the thermal conductivity of water 0.6, but copper is 400. So, that is why the temperature in a copper ball you can expect it to be more uniform as opposed to the temperature distribution in a potato which is taken out from a cooker after boiling. So, that is the understanding what we get by lumped system analysis. So, what is one of the important derivations I am going to do I want all of you to derive along with me that is what am I doing in this case is that I am just taking a copper ball in which the temperature is same all over the place. If I take a lumped body and lumped a hot body and push that into cold water let us say how does the temperature of this hot copper hot body decrease with the marching of time that is the question what we are asking ourselves that is let us derive that that is I am having a hot body, but uniform temperature distribution that means there is no variation of temperature with space uniform temperature distribution. Now, I have a container a very large container very large container filled with water whose temperature is T infinity T infinity is constant T infinity is constant it does not vary to maintain it constant even when I put a hot body in it it is required that my water pool size is very large it has to be a big tank. So, I put a hot body which whose temperature this is my hot body whose temperature will it starts getting cooled the question asked is how does this temperature of this hot body vary with time that is the question what we are asking that is this is a lumped body. So, for lumped body how does the temperature vary that is the question what we are asking. So, if I apply the conservation of energy that is E dot in minus E dot out plus E dot G is equal to E dot S T if I take the control volume my hot body as my control volume. So, what is happening is there anything which is getting in no there is no energy transfer into the body because there is body is already hot. So, there is no heat transfer into the body. So, E dot in is 0 E dot in is 0. Now, E dot G there is no generation inside the body I have somehow heated it earlier and now dumped into the cold water. So, E dot G is also 0. Now, E dot S T what is E dot S T equal to rho V C P D T by D T note I have used total derivative D by ordinary derivative not total derivative sorry ordinary derivative D T by D T because temperature is a function of time only that is the reason I have written D T by D T. Now, what is E dot out what is E dot out the mode of the heat transfer in which it loses it is losing heat is by convection. So, convection means I should be writing that as minus h A S note the subscript I am using A S that means surface area they think A area into T of T minus T infinity. So, this is the formulation of the problem. So, now, if I rewrite this equation if I rewrite this equation in little different form that is as yesterday we will write theta equal to T of T minus T infinity. So, if I write this should imply that D theta by D T is equal to D T by D T. So, this is essentially why we are doing this because like in fins we want to make this equation look little elegant and solvable. So, that we can get the closed form solution. So, now, I guess you can pick up my word closed form solution. So, now, let us write this in terms of theta. So, if I do that in terms of theta. So, what do I get yes minus h A S into theta is equal to rho V C P D theta by D theta by D T. Now, let me rearrange this that is let me rearrange that rho V that is rho V C P by h A S D theta by theta equal to D T of course, negative sign is there D T that is whatever done here whatever done here separation of variables. I have taken theta on one side and time on one side this is separation of variables this we have studied in mathematics separation of variables. So, now, let me have a look at this rho V C P by h A S or let us first integrate this and then let us take look at this rho V C P by h A S that is if I integrate this between the limits. So, let me write this little differently that is D theta by theta is equal to is equal to h A S upon rho V C P with the negative sign into D T. Let me integrate this between the limits theta i to theta and time 0 to some time t time 0 to some time t what is theta i what is theta i T i minus T infinity T i here please note T i here is the initial temperature of my body initial temperature of the body which was put into cold water. So, if I now integrate this what do I get log of theta by theta i is equal to minus h A S by rho V C P into T into T. So, now let me call h A S sorry rho V C P by h A S as tau let me call rho V C P by h A S as tau what will happen to this equation if I write in terms of theta by theta i theta by theta i would become now equal to e to the power of minus T by tau is that right. Let us rewrite this in the next transparency that is remember we have got theta by theta i as e to the power of minus T by tau. So, let me do that in the next transparency that is theta by theta i is equal to e to the power of minus T by tau. So, what is theta T minus T infinity T being temperature at any instant of time T upon T i minus T infinity T i minus T infinity T i minus T infinity. Now, let us have a look at tau tau what is tau tau equal to rho V C P upon h A S what is the unit of tau what is the unit of tau time how did you know that let us work it out that is unit of density is k g per meter cube unit of volume is meter cube C P unit is joule per k g Kelvin h is vat that is joule per second vat per meter squared Kelvin I made a mistake I think vat per meter squared. So, meter squared should come in the top vat per meter squared Kelvin into 1 upon A S that is 1 upon meter squared.  So, what is this tau tau is the time constant tau is the time constant. So, because it is having the unit of time. So, now let us just go back and see we can plot this for different tau. So, if you just take the recap of what derivation I did minus h A S T minus T infinity is equal to rho V C P D T upon D T I integrated that and I ended up with T minus T infinity upon T I minus T infinity equal to exponential of minus T by tau. See tau can be looked at in little different fashion like this as well tau equal to rho V C P upon h A S that is 1 upon h A S is nothing, but my resistance rho V C P is the thermal inertia capacitance it is thermal inertia. So, it is capacitance. So, you can write down that is tau is tau is equal to 1 upon h A S into rho V C P equal to resistance into capacitance thermal resistance and thermal capacitance. So, this is basically the inertia term this is what we will tell whether I am going to able to respond fast or slow. You would have heard the term time constant quite often the time constants in building metro train metro rail in Delhi was very less that means it is very fast it is going it is being built fast. So, this time constant term is being regularly used. So, I do not think there is any difficulty in getting attached or getting understanding in of the term time constant. So, if I plot this T minus T infinity upon T i minus T infinity verses time constant sorry verses time. So, you can see this is one graph which is having a time constant of 1 comma 4 and this is 1 comma 3 this is 1 comma T comma 2 and this is T comma 1. So, the body which is having lowest time constant is responding fast it is responding fast that means why is it responding fast if it is having lowest time constant means its h A S is large. So, the resistance is less and capacitance is also less, but if the time constant is large means the either resistance is large or rho V C P is large. So, it is having more inertia it takes more time to respond for the outside changes in the environment or the temperature. So, that is about the temperature distribution, but we are not just happy with the temperature distribution we always look at the heat transfer rate as well. So, let us see how do we calculate the heat transfer rate. So, now let us derive the heat transfer rate C Q equal to that is heat transfer rate net heat transfer rate equal to Q D T which is to be integrated between the limits 0 to T. What is this Q how do I get this Q that is equal to h A S into T of T minus T infinity D T between 0 to between 0 to T. So, now if I integrate this before integrating let me rewrite this in terms of theta because I have temperature distribution just now derived in terms of theta that means this is equal to Q equal to integral of 0 to T h A S h A S theta D T is that right. So, theta what is theta we are just now derived theta is equal to theta i into e to the power of minus T by tau. Let us substitute that here that is 0 to T h A S. Theta i e to the power of minus T by tau D take a while and integrate this for me I can take h A S theta i outside I am assuming that h is independent of time which is not an unreasonable assumption which is most of the time h is independent of time and theta i is constant and surface area is constant. So, definitely I can take them out of integral. So, that is h A S theta i if I integrate e to the power of minus T by tau that is e to the power of minus T by tau upon minus 1 by tau between the limits 0 to T. So, what do I get what do I get. So, if I substitute for tau what is tau tau is let us remind ourselves tau is rho V C P upon h A S. So, if I substitute rho V C P upon h A S. So, what will I get h A S h A S gets cancelled out. So, I am left out with minus rho V C P theta i e to the power of minus T by tau is that all minus T by tau minus 1 minus is there minus is there. So, how did I get this minus 1 because when I substitute for T equal to 0 I get e to the power of minus 0 e to the power of minus 0 is nothing but 1. So, let us rewrite this equation by absorbing that minus sign inside that is q equal to q equal to rho V C P theta i into 1 minus of e to the power of minus T by tau. So, this is the total energy transfer let me remind you this is total energy transferred from whom to whom. From hot body to cold water or cold liquid or cold fluid. So, we have now what did we do so far let us just take recap we have just found for a lumped body we have found the temperature distribution and also the total energy transferred up to some time T. So, now, let us ask ourselves a question what is the question to be asked the question asked is when can I say my body is lumped when is my body lumped because our derivation whatever we did so far is all for lumped body that means temperature is only a function of time not space. So, when can this occur this occurs when my biot number is very much less now the question is what is biot number biot number is h l c by k let us write that what is h l c by k biot number equal to h l c by k that is if I rewrite this as h into delta t upon k delta t by l c this is convective heat transfer convection at the surface of the body upon conduction within the body convection within the body what are we saying biot number should be as small as possible that means what that means what compared to compared to compared to convection conduction should be very small that means there should not be conduction within the body there should not be any conduction within the body. So, there should be conduction dominant so that is sorry conduction see what is what we are saying is I can understand this because I got into trouble because I tried to interpret in little different manner that is biot number let me rewrite this again as l c by k upon 1 by h that is conduction resistance within the body upon convective resistance at the surface of the body if the biot number is 0 means what if the biot number is 0 means conductive resistance is 0 when conductive resistance is 0 means everywhere it can conduct itself in no time is not it that means temperature if there is no conductive resistance means the temperature within the body everywhere should be same. So, that is what so that means the biot number can never be 0 it has to be as small as possible. So, all that we are saying is conductive resistance should be lower than the conductive resistance should be lower than the convective resistance that is all we are saying. So, typically the thumb rule thumb rule for saying a body lumped is that biot number should be around less than 0.1 whenever biot number is less than 0.1 we say that it is lumped the only one issue I need to tell here is what is this l c what is this l c is actually volume by surface area volume by surface area please note this I have not mentioned so far l c is volume by surface area. So, we have very nicely introduced biot number actually in transient conduction we are going to get introduced with two numbers that is biot number and one more number Fourier number for now let us keep the Fourier number as it is and let us focus on biot number. So, we have understood now what is biot number. So, if I take a spherical ball whose thermal conductivity is 401 which is the case which I took in the very first transparency of my class initially that is I told that if I take a copper ball the temperature is same everywhere is it true let us check it out how can I check I can check through biot number. So, biot number so typically if I put the copper ball exposed to atmosphere h is 15 h is 15 and volume let us take a diameter of the copper ball as 12 centimeters quite huge one 12 centimeters is almost as big as small scale little small scale. So, that is volume is pi d cube by 6 of a sphere and area is pi d square. So, that turns out to be d by 6 so that is 12 by 6 turns out to be 0.02 meters. So, h l c that is l c h is 15 l c is 0.02 and k is 401 you see the biot number point triple 075 naturally my copper ball has to have the temperature same everywhere. So, that is the point here we are trying to say. So, the point is biot number can be used as a criterion for checking whether my body is lumped or not if my body is lumped I just can go ahead and use this relation to get the temperature distribution of the body variation with time something wrong in that calculation. So, q equal to rho v c p theta i into 1 minus e to the power of minus 2 by 2. So, that makes our life easy and of course it goes without saying if I apply Fourier law of conduction here del t by del x the thermal conductivity is high mean for the same heat transfer rate my gradients within my body have to be very small very small. So, that is another way of looking at a lumped body that is precisely what here also it is being said if the convective heat transfer coefficient is high and k is low then the gradients are going to be high because biot number is high h l by k biot number is high. So, my gradients are going to be high that is what this figure is shown. Now, let us take up this interesting problem I would like you all of you to solve this problem along with me if you solve this problem we definitely understand what are we whatever we have derived so far. It is a simple thermocouple which we routinely use in our heat transfer labs. So, it is a thermocouple junction which is typically made of copper nickel or copper constantan. So, here we do not have to worry about the material it is given I guess this is copper constantan only. So, a thermocouple junction which may be approximated as a sphere is to be used for temperature measurement in a gas stream. The convection coefficient between the junction surface and the gas is known to be h equal to 400 watts per meter square Kelvin. Let us go on writing I have a sphere and h is given to be 400 watts per meter square Kelvin and the junction thermo physical properties are k equal to 20 watt per meter Kelvin c p is 400 and rho is 8500. You see here copper constantan copper is roughly around 400, but nickel thermal conductivity is around 80 or 70. So, that is why this is lower than yesterday we discussed for an alloy the thermal conductivity of the alloy is lower than the proper thermal conductivity of the individual material that is copper and nickel in this case. So, that is why the thermal conductivity is lesser. So, 20. So, k is let me write this k is equal to k of my thermocouple wire is bead is watt per meter Kelvin and c p c p is 400 joule per kg Kelvin rho is 8500 kg per meter. So, this is the thermocouple bead whose properties are given and the heat transfer coefficient is given to be 400. 400 is quite a high heat transfer coefficient that means really the gas is flowing around it then only my heat transfer coefficient can be so high. Determine the junction diameter needed for the thermocouple to have a time constant of 1 second given here is we want a time constant of 1 second time constant of 1 second. So, time constant is given to be 1 second if the junction is at 25 degree Celsius. So, what is this 25 degree Celsius T i T i is 25 degree Celsius and this junction is exposed is exposed to a gas stream that is a 200 degree Celsius. That means what is the temperature here T infinity T infinity is T infinity is T infinity is 200 degree Celsius 200 degree Celsius. So, what do I get what is the question asked so if this is 200 degree Celsius if my thermocouple time constant is 1 second what should be the diameter of my thermocouple that is the first question. So, this I guess this can be first let us write down we have found this is the this is the diameter and we are main assumption we are making is bead is assumed to be in spherical shape not always it is possible for us to make the thermocouple bead sphere, but that is the closest assumption one can make for a thermocouple. So, thermocouple bead so what is tau the time constant is given to be rho V C p upon h a s. So, tau equal to rho V C p upon h a s. So, what is rho here so before we say that will let us put V and a s rho C p upon h into volume is pi d cube by 6 area is pi d square. So, I get rho pi pi gets cancelled out rho C p d by 6 here h is there. So, that is tau is what tau is 1 second is equal to rho is found to be 8500 into 8500 into C p is 400 diameter is what I need to find out upon h is 400 into 6. So, what do I get diameter is I get that as 7.06 into 10 to the power of minus 4 meter 10 to the power 7.06 into 10 to the power of minus 4 meter. That means in terms of mm how much it would be 0.71 or 0.706 mm. You see the diameter of the thermocouple has to be so small if it is time constant is 1 second, but when I say time constant is 1 second means generally let me go back away from this problem because I forgot to mention one point here that is generally what is time constant. Here for example, if the temperature is dropping temperature is dropping one time constant is assigned here I forgot to mention this point in this graph the temperature the time required to drop the temperature to 0.368 times its initial temperature difference that is the that is what is called as time constant. If it is heating means what will be this value 1 minus 0.368 that means it will be 1 minus that is 0.6, 0.63, 0.63 or 0.64 if you want to round it off 0.63 or 0.64 is the time constant is the time required that is the time required to reach 0.63 times the initial temperature difference. So, or if you are not getting me let me write this let me write this so that you are convergent with this number of course, I am digressing from the main problem that is here tau equal to the time required to drop the temperature drop the value theta t minus t infinity upon t i minus t infinity equal to 0.368 in this case in this case what is happening my gas temperature is higher compared to that of the body temperature. So, that means I should be writing this as t infinity minus t upon t infinity minus t i equal to 0.63 1 minus 0.368. Would be what 3 yeah 0.63 time required for reaching this ratio 63 percent that is what is the time constant definition that is what is 1 time constant means 0.62. So, typically if it has to it takes 3 to 4 time constants before it can reach the maximum temperature fine. So, let us get back to our problem. So, in our problem we found the time constant, but what is the question in the there is second part of the question in the second part of the question what is it being told how long it will take for the junction to reach 199 degree Celsius that is the question. So, let us see how do we do that for that I need to go to the temperature distribution. So, let me write that that is what is the temperature distribution given by theta by theta i equal to e to the power of minus I think instead of writing on the board I will just try to because this is simple substitution. So, I would not like to spend time on that. So, if I just write that time equal to rho v C p upon h a s I have taken into the power of minus t by tau as logarithmic. So, logarithmic of t i minus t infinity upon t minus t infinity we should not be worried about t infinity minus t i or t infinity minus t because negative signs will get cancelled out. So, if I substitute all the values what I have got that is diameter density C p heat transfer coefficient and the initial temperature but I want the final temperature as 199 you see my t required is 5.2 second this is what I was saying it generally require 3 to 4 time constant before it reaches the maximum temperature. So, our time constant was 1 second now it took 5.2 seconds before it could reach 199 seconds. So, the point here is we need to understand several things what are the outcomes from this problem see what we realized here is that the time constant rho v C p upon h a s is not a function of thermocouple material time constant is not a function of is not dependent on thermocouple material. Yes it is dependent on thermocouple material but not only thermocouple material only but it is also dependent on h it is dependent on h it is dependent on h also. So, here in case of air if it is air if I am using thermocouple in case of air my h is going to be lower then my time constant would be higher but if I am using the same thermocouple in water my h would be higher my h would be higher and then my time constant would be lower. So, the point here is the thermocouple time constant is not is not just dependent on the material that is what usually the question asked by generally whenever you are going to the class the student ask oh my thermocouple is having a time constant of 1 second. But when we have to specify under what conditions where I am inserting my thermocouple in natural convection my h is going to be very low even if it is liquid then my time constant of my thermocouple will be less but if I am using the same thermocouple in air but flow is there then in that case my time constant would be low. So, thermocouple time constant is not dependent only on the thermocouple material but on the situation where we are using which decides my h my h that is very very important point to be noted through this problem because why I am emphasizing so much because in our heat transfer lab the major work horse for measuring the temperature is thermocouple. So, that is the reason why we need to emphasize on our students the importance of this time constant. So, with this we will move on to the next issue that is the spatial effect. So, I think before we move on to spatial effects we will take questions for next 10 minutes SVNIT Surat. Why we select the biot number less than 0.1 not 0.5 or not 0.05 that is a good question. The question asked is why is biot number less than 0.1 has been given as a criterion for lumped system analysis. So, that is a good question. So, actually you can always question this biot number less than 0.1 generally for lumped bodies for convective boundary condition generally it has been found that for biot number less than 0.1 there are no temperature gradients within the body. This has been experimentally proved and also numerically also one has tested this and found that biot number less than 0.1 indeed ensures that my body is lumped. Any questions? Best situation would be when biot number is equal to is equal to 0, but since we are not able to, but since that is not going to be practical you are going to have a small biot number that is of that is allowed and that is why 0.1 has been found anything smaller than that you are going to lose out on cases where actually lumped capacitance could have been used. So, if you are imposing a very stringent condition you will have to lose out on a simplified solution for a lot of problems. So, can we consider 5 by 5 meter plate as a lumped body? Lumped body when? Question asked is can we consider 5 by 5 meter as a lumped body? I would say the question is incomplete why because we having given the criterion biot number h l c by k I need to know h, I need to know l c, I need to know k put these numbers and check out your cell. Sir, infinitely long case of the fin or plate body, sir how can we find the heat transfer coefficient in the case of the winglet fin? If there is a case in the infinitely long case? If I understand the question the question asked is for infinitely long a section or a long body how can I get the heat transfer coefficient is that the question? Winglet fin sir winglet fin winglet is that winglet you mean? Again I will put the same question back to you see the question asked is in case of winglet is the heat transfer how do how can one get the heat transfer coefficient? I think this question is little unrelated. However, one thing I would suggest is that for a winglet also I know the winglets are generally used as a rib as enhancers of heat transfer coefficient. So, this question is little unrelated that is why I said the winglets are used for enhancing the heat transfer locally in internal flow situations. But however, the question if I rephrase that for our situation within the winglet whether the my body is lumped or not again I would go back and say I have to put h l c by k and check whether my biot number is less than 0.1. Now, I guess I will have to move away from S V N I T Surat having taken three questions. The next question I am going to take it from Nirma University Ahmadabad. Sir the biot number equation is h l by k and in convection case the Nusselt number is also h l by k. What is the basic difference between to identify the biot and Nusselt number? Very good question. It is little premature. It is the question asked is biot number definition is also h l c by k. Nusselt number is also h l c by k. So, what is the difference between biot number and Nusselt number? I think I would I would just say that the thermal conductivity here is thermal conductivity of my material. In Nusselt number it is thermal conductivity of the fluid flowing over my body. However, this is question is little premature. I think I have answered in a very concise manner we will deal with this when we deal with convection. Biot number refers to the resistances on the surface and the convective in conduction and convective resistance. Whereas, if you look at Nusselt number we will talk about how it is related to the thermal conductivity of the fluid later on. Okay, over you sir. Yeah, any questions from Amrita Koyambattur? Sir, the time constant the definition you told for the thermo cup lumped system you told when it is cooling the theta value comes down by 36 percent. Sorry, comes down by 63 percent and when it is heating it is the other way round. So, is it because how is the time constant defined sir? Is it defined for heating separately and cooling separately or is it the same? No, no, no, no it is not that way. See it is 63.7 percent of the initial temperature difference. That is all it is. The time constant definition is 63.2 percent of the initial temperature difference whether it is cooling or heating. It so happens that our ratio is if you see here in that case if I have to write theta by theta i equal to 1 minus of e to the power of minus t by tau I will get. So, here in this case I will get theta by theta i equal to e to the power of minus t by tau. So, time constant is 63.2 percent only but heating or cooling will decide the temperature distribution that is all. But the time constant is 63.2 percent only. Is that ok? Fine. Thank you sir, thank you. Is that ok? Yes sir, yes sir, over to. Over to Bharamati, VPCOE. Sir, my question is regarding an answer. In an answer there is increase in convective heat transfer coefficient it is at a cost of friction factor. I have seen a review paper in which I have observed that increase in convective heat transfer coefficient is always less than that of friction factor. Is it always true or is it possible to build a roughness geometry in which we can have a convective heat transfer coefficient increase will be more than increase in friction factor. The question asked is usually the convective heat transfer coefficient increases with by placing rib by placing enhancer. But enhancer by putting enhancer the friction factor also increases that is the pressure drop also increases. It is like life. In life also we have to give more than what we receive. So, that is true in heat exchangers also, that is true in enhancers also. So, always generally 99 percent of the times the what you gain in terms of heat transfer coefficient is lower than what you spend in terms of pressure drop or the pumping power or the friction factor. The quest is always to try to minimize this friction factor to the extent possible. So, to go ahead because you refer to review paper to go ahead and answer this the general enhancement criterion used in the literature is N u by N u naught that is when I say N u naught is with reference to Nusselt number in smooth surface upon F by F naught to the power of 1 by 3 should be of the order of 2. People have not achieved anything greater than 2 till today. So, always the quest is for going above 2, but I think your review paper what you are referring is professor Ligrani's review paper. So, in that review paper also if you go back and see none of the rib none of the enhancers have gone above 2. So, they are just hovering around 2.1, 2.2, 2.3. So, to answer your question in one sentence we have to give more than what we gain that is always the philosophy that is true for even heat transfer. We will stop this question answer session and move ahead with special effects with professor Arun.


Good afternoon everybody and thank you for joining us here in the room and on the live stream and Especially here on the panel you see we have a we have a full panel today because we will be talking about a very important Subject in the context of the annual meeting of the World Economic Forum here in Davos The question that we're trying to answer with this expert panel today is how can we reduce food waste and food loss? and I'll leave it to my panelists to explain what the specific angle is under which we're discussing it But before we we go to the subject matter. Let me quickly Introduce our fantastic panel today to you today. Do my immediate left. I'm joined by Judith Rodin She is the director of the Rockefeller Foundation Next to her we're joined by Sam Kass who's he's joining us from the US Who's a nutritionist and an expert on them on the matter of food right in the center of the panel? We're pleased to be joined by President Addisina of the African Development Bank Further down the line. We're joined by Sunny Dengote from Dengote group. He's the vice president and Last but definitely not least we're joined by Paul Volker the CEO of Nestle here today and Still is somewhat hidden and who will be joining us later is James Quincy Who's the COO of Coca-Cola company? Thank you all for joining us without further ado Judith I know you're here to launch a wonderful initiative. It's called yield wise. Tell us about yield wise What is the initiative about what are you trying to accomplish with it? Thank you There's a million a trillion dollar Crisis I would say quietly brewing without the same level of anguish that we often place on other Important issues that we discuss at Davos every year This crisis is happening in the cassava fields of Nigeria in the rice patties of Indonesia and in the grain fields of the United States Just to name a few You can picture these fields in your minds, right? Now imagine that one-third of everything they grow is tossed directly into garbage cans or Rots just yards from where they once grew that is the state of our global food supply chain in 2016 if you run businesses Imagine if one of your managers came to you and said that one-third of everything you managed was defective Or perhaps they just misplaced a third of the inventory that you plan to sell I've served on enough corporate boards to know that that answer probably involves somebody getting reacquainted with the job market But for too long that's been the state of affairs in our global food system We've accepted it with unspeakably harmful implications for people for planet and for profit all of the food lost between Farm and table could feed the 1.2 billion people hungry or malnourished in the world over the next two months and It's even more pressing that we fix this leak as the earth's population is expected to expand to two billion more people and It's not just the people. It's the planet a quarter of all fresh water and a fifth of all farmland Is wasted on un-consumed food? Put another way a staggering 66 trillion gallons of water is wasted every year on food that has never eaten That is more than is currently consumed by the entire Chinese energy sector, which we spend a lot of time bringing our hands over Finally, there's an enormous and until now mostly hidden impact on corporate profits Every year food loss and waste cost the global economy more than the combined 2015 profits of all of the fortune 500 companies An all-inclusive problem like this calls for all-inclusive solutions The Rockefeller Foundation's history compels us to be part of the solution Our involvement in the field of our of agriculture goes back almost a century beginning with the green revolution in the 1940s We now more recently have funded agra the alliance for green revolution in Africa To continue working to achieve a full green revolution worldwide But we'll never realize the full impact of advancements in crop yields Until we no longer accept loss and waste as an unavoidable part of the system that delivers our food That is why the Rockefeller Foundation with our wonderful partners is Launching yield wise. It is a hundred and thirty million dollar initiative that will work with private public and non-profit Participants in the food industry and across the supply chain To prove that we can slash global food loss and waste by one half Just imagine by one half We think we can achieve this goal by thinking systemically to address the challenge The now familiar problem of post consumer waste in industrialized nations, which I know Sam will talk about as well as the massive hidden post harvest loss issue in the developing world If we expand access to proven simple technologies and form connections Between global corporations such as those represented here and smallholder farmers We can change fundamentally the way food is produced and distributed While other programs may look for single areas for intervention Yield wise is the first effort to span the entire global food supply chain We're starting our work in sub Saharan Africa We're up to half of some crops are lost to insufficient and inefficient Harvesting storage and processing Getting farmers access to new technologies and financing for those technologies like mobile processing units or Hermetic cocoons could fundamentally extend the short shelf life of many of the foods that now go rotting And increase the profits for so many of these individual farmers in due course Local and regional economies could be transformed With private sector players as key partners Yield wise will also focus on linking local small and large businesses That can mutually benefit for more diversified sources for products and for enhanced markets Let me give you just a quick example of a win-win Last year I visited a group of smallholder mango farmers in Kenya These farmers typically lack even the simplest technologies for handling processing and storage to keep their mangoes from spoiling Now working with new sourcers new anchor buyers such as coca-cola one of our great Partners in this effort as well as local companies Farmers are enabled to process and store more effectively And prepare their crops more to the buyer's specification Giving them higher certainty of outcomes and greater profitability in secured markets While reducing the occurrence of waste While we're focusing our work in Africa initially We are also making large targeted investments in industrialized countries Where 40 percent of food waste happens at the retail and consumer level In addition to private sector partners the public sector also has a great role to play Through the un sustainable development goals governments have pledged to cut food loss and waste in half by 2030 To meet this we'll need to reform exports and other government policies that promote Mutual economic growth We're pleased to be joining a global coalition of of leaders Committed to acting on sdg 12.3 and you'll hear more about that in a moment We must fix how we use source and consume the earth's bounty. We cannot afford this broken system anymore We can dramatically reduce waste and spoilage with transformative impacts on people Planets and on profits. Thank you. Thank you very much Judith Let me jump all the way down to the other end of the panel paul I have two questions for you. Number one as the CEO of nesla you're overlooking A huge number of complex supply chains and I would like to hear from you How do you aim to reduce loss along those supply chains and the second question is I understand you're you're working very closely with the rocker fella foundation on an initiative called champions 12.3 Which is referring to to the sustainable development goal At 12.3, which is seeking to cut the global food loss and waste in half by 2030 Please First of all, good afternoon ladies and gentlemen. It's a it's a pleasure to be here and to join Dr. Judy the rodin And the rocker fella formation in this initiative, I would say And to participate in this press conference. Look, I'm actually here to announce the formation of champions 12.3, which is linked with the The development goals the sustainable development goals. It's a coalition coalition of 30 for the time being 30 global leaders that are Committing themselves to to that inspiring ambition of reducing waste food waste and and to also mobilize into action And to accelerate the progress that has already been made but put it under one. I would say Roof and one name To towards achieving this a very important 12.3 Goal of the sustainable development goals, which is Linked with no hunger At the end of the day enough quality food It is the 12.3 calls for cutting in half the food waste at the retailer and consumer level and reducing also food losses Along the production and supply chains by 2030 So it's the integrated supply chain reduce waste and you heard it one third Of waste is lost one third of waste is lost in the developing countries in the fields And more in the developed countries in the kitchen So and what's so inviting about this initiative? And what are the champions of 12.3 already? Motivating is that it is so easy to reduce it dramatically. We always speaking about Increasing food production. We always increasing more Instead of also thinking about something which is low-hanging food that is reducing waste in the in the system The the challenges 12.3 are CEOs like like I am of a company of other companies that are sharing this government ministers executives of non-governmental institution research institutions foundations a farmer organization civil Society group you see all people who do have Something to do in the supply chain of food The full list is in your handouts and I would say this is the beginning and And actually we do this press conference to just make them more interested people aware of this I'm proud to be a member of this and I have mentioned the Nestle my company Has already done quite a bit in this answering your first question. What are we doing and and and For example, we have quite a lot of factories 460 of them and we have a commitment of zero waste for disposal for our sites all of them by 2020 That is good practice that radiates into the regions. We are we have factories worldwide over We will continue to play our part. We do that also integrated upstream with our farmers We have something like 7,000 farmers 700,000 farmers directly linked with our Factories and millions if you go indirectly with other suppliers we have But with the chances 12.3 we will work to create an An environment a momentum Be it politically but also technically business wise and social To reduce waste and that is to do with that lead by example and sharing what we are doing and How to reduce it motivating others to do the same and to identify themselves with the concreteness the tangible dimension of the Of the 12.3 target Building awareness It's it's fascinating to know that so many people when you say one third of food is wasted That many are saying not cannot be true and it is true. So Create that awareness so that also the importance is given to food loss showcasing successful practices, which is always good cross-fertilization sharing And then also investing some innovation Conservation of products and etc information sharing Increasing capacity to reduce food loss has also to do with infrastructures I'm really convinced in working together that we can go a long way This is a long-hanging food. We just have to be aware shape it and and go for it for example And that's what the web is good for The web has shown over and over again that when we start putting something on the agenda That's why we are sitting and doing that here That that can then be part of a more multi-stakeholder discussion We have seen it when we spoke about sustainability How it that has given an impulse or or water the whole water discussion was actually started that there's no very present worldwide Was actually started here in in multi-stake? Well a little bit the same thing is happening here now on food waste And and and it's so important for humanity So that's what we want to do the working together. We Nestle and the Rockefeller Foundation are doing things together already Exploring how we can reduce losses in the in the cassava value chain in Nigeria And and the impacts are dramatic This is even more than 30% less This is you can double yields on the same you can reduce waste dramatically Halving or even more than that and that's just by good practice That's what we want to do a multi-stakeholder The factor also Nestle is involved in the consumer goods forum, which is this association of all retailers and manufacturers worldwide Huge all the big companies and smaller companies are involved in that association A few months ago a few weeks ago actually we had already A commitment there also to a resolution of reducing food waste between us, which is manufacturers and retailers To reduce and halve the food waste that we have halved the food waste we have there And then in the next 10 years, which is which is quite a commitment But you know what it's it's fact. It's possible It's just just possible if you just organize your better and that's what we want to do So we need bold action Because also the the size of the price as we call it sometimes the upside is so big that That bold action is going to come It's imperative as I mentioned one third of food is lost. We speaking trillions here So there's also business case. It doesn't make sense to lose Or to waste so it makes everything more efficient efficiency is lengthy productivity And that is something that also is shared with so many hundreds of thousands of farmers So it has also an impact not only on company a or b That has an impact on hundreds and hundreds of thousands of farms Which linked them very nicely and also on a new initiative for agriculture and So that's why I'm motivated to be part of this I thank you also to give me the possibility to talk and and to share my passion for this So this is a start a start of a big thing Of a big thing that everybody was aware of but we didn't announce it and pronounce it And we do that now today. So thank you for your attention And I have to say I'm sorry, but my passion is is deep and big But I have to jump out here But I feel the passion is going to stay in the room anyhow. So and I thank you and looking forward Thank you Paul. Thank you very much Sam I know you're passionate about the subject too. I would like to invite you to talk about the The situation in the u.s. And also talk a little bit about your own personal engagement and your Your work with the rocker fella foundation and collaboration there. Great. Thank you. First of all I grow and thank you so much for your extraordinary leadership again Time in a time again. You you're really paving the way and it means a lot to all of us who've been working on these issues for a long time I would like to put the The issue of food waste in the context of climate change first Right now our food system agriculture and food accounts for 25 percent of greenhouse gas emissions 25 but one one quarter of all emissions just behind energy Um, so we know that food and ag has to be part of this part of this solution We're going to have to transition to a much more climate smart system, which means climate smart ag and climate smart eating Um, but when you consider the fact that 27 of the land under cultivation around the world Is growing food that ends up in landfills or that routes in the field There is no way we could reach the the the targets we need in agriculture to actually solve this problem Uh Fully If food waste were a nation if you put it into perspective It would be the third largest emitter globally The third largest country That's just an extraordinary It's an extraordinary fact and so as these as food goes to waste either in the field or ends up in our landfills It's producing Huge amounts of methane which then just exacerbates the very problem that we're trying to solve So part of my engagement has been One of the highlights of this engagement was a lunch cooked at the united nations for dozens of world leaders leading up to cop 21 We're dan barber a tremendous chef. I know you know him well And I did a lunch for all these heads of state based completely out of waste And so waste means a couple different things to keep it in mind. It means the small Out of shape produce. It means the damaged slightly bruised produce So the first course was a salad made out of beautiful produce that just was a little off that would just get tossed The second course was a vegetable burger Made with the pulp from a juice company that would juice it and just toss it away One of the best burgers i've ever tasted Including a beef burger and i'm not a veggie burger kind of guy Um, that bun was a reused bun from bread that would just get tossed Um, the bread that came with it on the side was made from the wheat Grains used to make beer the ketchup was made out of beets that would Toss away because they had damage to them And the pickles were the ends of the pickles that Manufacturer just cut off and throw away because it didn't fit so nicely In uh in the jar The dessert was a chocolate based dessert that was a pudding that came from The a byproduct of chocolate which is normally just discarded It was one of the most delicious desserts i've ever tasted And so we have to not only save the perfectly good food throughout the supply chain We have to reimagine what waste is and look at the things that we're throwing away and understand that it could be Seen in a totally different way in the united states A third so globally a third is wasted in the united states It's 40 of food that we produce is wasted for the average american family That's $1,500 that's just ending up in the trash Beyond just the emotional toll it takes that we all feel every time we're tossing away beautiful food In the context of of the fact that in america One in six Families are food insecure and we know globally nearly a billion are This is Unconscionable Um and also within our grass It is the truly it is truly we say long hanging fruit. This is literally like the low hanging fruit Um, so we are working very hard and i am thrilled to join The rockfeller foundation, uh and the sustainable development goals Um to really push this forward and i'm working closely with the world bank who is taking this issue on Both the transition our agriculture to climate smart ag and climate smart eating but also Focus on food waste throughout the supply chain As a top priority of really making our food system an efficient one no other major system in the world Waste 30 to 40 percent It's just crazy. You can't think of another example So this is the beginning of I think a long but Incredibly impactful journey That will I think create momentum that we can build on on a whole host of other issues including health because by the way Most of the things are wasted aren't You know cupcakes and things that will stay on our shelves for years and years These are the these are the nourishing foods that we need to get particularly to the most vulnerable populations So i'm just thrilled uh to be here and we'll be dedicated to working closely with the foundation and all the partners to really see this through Thank you so much. Thank you very much. Sam. Uh, that sounded delicious and it was also a very passionate call for action So thank you for that. Sam is the former white house chef for the obama family. So i'm sure it was very delicious Yes, and I can and I can say um the president Really cares about this issue and knows knows it knows it well and his wife And it's something that that uh, they are both very conscious of and we're working very hard The administration has taken a leadership as well and set the same goal for the united states to reduce food waste and I think there's um This is the beginning of something that can be a global solution Uh for generations to come Thank you. Sam. James. Uh, I know that you're also collaborating closely with the Rockefeller foundation at coca-cola company And that you're also thinking about the processes in your own company on how to reduce waste Let us hear about it, please. Sure. Um, firstly, good afternoon. Um, nice to be among this distinguished panel here for the launch of uh yield wise Um, I mean I think you've talked eloquently about how food waste is clearly a problem I won't I won't double down on that and and of course I applaud the effort by the rockefeller foundation to launch this effort Yield wise, uh, I think you know the imperative is to work together And as you say we we've done some things and I'll try and give a couple Of examples, but we've done them all in collaboration with governments With ngos with foundations, uh, and we're a proud partner of those programs Uh, and let me start using my examples just with africa Obviously the needs and the issues in the developed countries that are a little different to the developing countries Uh, as one of africa's largest investors and and private employers Uh, we're really focused on trying to improve Uh, the agro economy in africa because we're also one of the largest fruit buyers, uh in africa So let me just give you two examples You know, we we've done two things that we think are working with with the foundation one kind of top down is Establish some clear principles from the medium-sized companies that we buy the fruit from so we've been very clear We want to see them Bringing in fruit in a sustainable agricultural program So that we can drive clear principles and use the power of the brand and the pulpit to help improve standards But the second thing much more at ground level, which is where the work really ends up happening Is finding ways to put in place large programs that will help the small shareholder farmers because that's where the most of the people are employed And we've done a couple of things. Uh, you mentioned the mangos We've done some of those in kenya and uganda and we found if we work with best practices With these farmers we can not only Uh, uh, get Not sustainable Environmental practices improved the farmers have doubled their income and the consumer has got lower prices in this equation Literally no one loses and we go from you know, saying that the problem isn't the low hanging fruit It's literally the fruit on the side of the road and we turn that into money And between those two things the top down principles and the the programs on the ground and hopefully we'll do many more of them Working with the foundation We believe that there's there's much more that can be done And we're very hopeful that Significant progress can be made in the coming years. So we're proud to be part of this initiative Thank you very much james mr. President You're not just the president of the african development bank, but you're also a very distinguished expert in agriculture So we would like to hear from you Maybe the macro perspective if you may what is the impact of the topic on the economic situation on economic growth and and what will your institution do To to help address that challenge Well, thank you very much. First and foremost, let me say i'm so delighted to be here for two reasons First is that I work in rocket for life foundation for 10 years of my career So um, a lot of work. I was in the agricultural division So i'm quite excited to see that the rocket for life foundation Again is taking leadership in a very crucial the important role second is because of the strong partnership that the african development bank has with The rocket for life foundation. So Judith, let me congratulate you Very much on this very innovative Program or initiative that you put forward now If you've got to realize that being yield Wise is also being processing wise and when you're processing wise that means or you're also money wise Right, and I think it's very clear to me that when you look at agriculture, you know agriculture is where african's future really lies Um, but if you're producing so much and you're losing so much It means that you're basically wasting land you're wasting water You're wasting a lot of financing and even you're wasting the sun which we need to actually do renewable energy as well So I think this initiative in how to reduce the amount of losses that we have food losses is crucially Important and it's important for us as african development bank when I became the president of the bank I have five priorities that I put forward two of them are related to this first is feeding africa The second one is industrializing africa Now if we are able to reduce food losses, actually you improve household food security community food security You also provide a lot more food going into the value chain so people can buy food at a lower cost Which is very very important at a more macro macro level But also linked to that. Um, I think is The importance of putting this within an infrastructure context And this is where the african development brand partnership with tubing important It doesn't matter what you want to do Whether you are a farmer Whether you're a small processor small, you know small size enterprise or you are a big processor like, um, Sonny dangote that has a Invested 35 million dollars in a tomato processing plant in Nigeria. Whatever it is. You need energy You need power without power. Nothing works. And so what we bring to this is The african development bank. We just launched actually yesterday night Um, a new deal on energy for african Which will provide universal access to electricity by 2025 and that will help a lot of the smallholder farmers That are here to be able to process our value to their themes and not having to be able to store as well So that will reduce the amount of losses that we have The second issue where we can work together with the rocket fela foundation Is actually through the development of agro allied industries Because when you have agro allied industries, it means that you have companies that will buy the tomatoes Uh, they'll buy the potatoes that will buy the sorghum. They'll buy the millet That they would easily rot away or or perishables like vegetables, you know So the development of agro allied industries is so crucial to how we actually reduce this particular problem And the african development bank Will be supporting the creation Or the development of what we call staple crop processing zones So literally bringing the private sector into the rural economy To set up the infrastructure the water the roads that they need You know to reduce their cost of processing. We're doing that already with in Nigeria with dangote And this will make sure that we'll process everything There in the rural area, you don't have to move a lot of food out and therefore Suffer a lot of losses that are called because of the inefficient logistic systems to take that out The other way um, and the rocket fela foundation are us We actually work in together with african ministers of finance and african ministers of agriculture on that You know your your your leadership to make sure that we make the right kind of investment from this So it goes beyond just food waste is actually how we change the whole picture of our agro allied industries And the last two points I want to make is the development of commodity exchanges And warehouse resistance if farmers know where they can Take their produce to right. They don't have to store it under their bed under a hot or whatever So the development of commodity exchanges is vital and the african development bank will continue to support that So that farmers can actually have better prices and don't have to suffer all these losses The last thing I just want to say is importance of regional trade If you have so much surplus in some areas and you have deficit in some areas And you don't have connection between the surplus areas and the deficit areas Of course everything will go to waste and so the african development bank will continue to invest In making sure that we improve regional infrastructure in particular roads rail ports In transnational highways, I would be able to move food from ivory coast to to to malibu canafaso and things like that So this will also help in reducing The amount of surplus that you have and therefore the amount of weight I couldn't be prouder as somebody who has worked in rockefeller foundation I think what judy is doing here is really phenomenal because you're taking a whole value chain Approach to this and let me just say that the african development bank stands fully ready to Support you and I and I do hope that you can also come To us and prepare some really nice dishes out of some of these things I'll be able to effect congratulations to judy and I'm very proud of rockefeller foundation Thank you very much. Mr. President sunny dengote The home of dengote group is in nigeria, which is one of the most populous countries On earth and is is always climbing that ladder that ranking. So it's clearly an issue of great importance to your country Let us hear about your collaboration with the rockefeller foundation and And how you at dengote group deal with the issue Well, thank you very much. Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen And it's really a great pleasure that I'm participating with the rockefeller foundation on this yield-wide Initiative and I think Taking back from what most of The speakers and I've said It is really an apparent situation in our hand that to stop post-harvest losses Encourage more productivity Bringing back commercialization to rural farmers Is very critical and very important and you know In nigeria over 70 percent of the population out about 180 million You know people Depend on agriculture and if you can imagine 40 or 50 percent of their post-harvest loss That you can imagine the quantum of the value And also when you look at it that most of them are engaged in subsistence farming Which means they are actually farming just to keep going Not really because they're making substantial money out of it compared to other developed countries Our view It's actually how do we Get in and participate in this agro agro value chain in terms of The north of nigeria we have established under dengote farms, which i'm the chairman of that company Initiated an idea to set up a tomato person factory right in the middle of the Of the farm area where there's about 17 000 hectares of land was fully You know channels of irrigation since 1970s Since in the 70s and there were no any Processing facility. So I set it up there Where about 4 000 farmers are now engaged To grow tomatoes and we we are working with the input supplier companies seed companies And also working with the state and federal government even before that traditional at nigeria For for african development bank We're working with the federal ministry of agri how to provide some assistance to these farmers and for the first time we are establishing a by guarantee price to the farmers which means Farmer is Given a total input value and on top of the total input value Including harvesting we guarantee a farmer a certain price as a profit and we believe Also to put the farmers together in a cooperative manner instead of being an individual scale So that they can come together as a cooperative They can now work together. They can get the access to fertilizer Access to input supply at a better price And we at the end of the game Guarantee them a price. So with this initiative from Brockfeller foundation. I think it is really putting more eyes on the cake because the farmer after harvesting The logistic challenge is there. How do they get it to the factory? Even though we set the factory right in the middle of the farm But some of them have to come 25 kilometers to get to the farm So even though it sounds small distance But for them the challenge of moving the produce to the factory is also Enemies and we believe with the yield initiative It will bring about closing that challenge of having their produce To to the factory where it will be processed immediately within 24 hours And today we've set up a factory that can process 1200 tons of tomato every single day And our plan is to look at all the Hubs of where there are concentration of farmers that have also Damn or water regaining system to set up a similar agro process and facility Where farmers do not have to go far distance Thousands of kilometers to reach the market And I think also down in the south we put up another vegetable plant Which is in the southern Nigerian cross river Where we are processing Pineapples and we're also growing fun is when we're giving to the farmers around To to supply as out growers and that we guarantee them a price throughout the year And then we're buying and we're processing it. I think in March No in about June we should start supplying the local industries With the pineapple concentrate where the import is now substituted And I think the whole idea is about Ensuring the farmer is no longer on subsistence farming. It's actually on the commercial farming And until we turn around the table where a farmer is making profit There's going to be a continuous cycle of foreboding within these farmers And today we believe over 4000 farmers are engaged with this tomato value chain, which the Rockefeller Foundation is partnering with us in ensuring the post-harvest losses is addressed And it's a tremendous contribution to the To the to the farmers to the whole economy in Nigeria and to the northern Nigeria also And we see in a couple of years probably Once it is successful from March, we're going to start the harvest and we're going to start the processing We expect in about three years. We're going to make it almost about 4 000 tons per day capacity Setting up additional two plants which will involve more than 20 000 farmers within these This value chain and I think it's a great initiative and We are very pleased to partner with the Rockefeller Foundation And I encourage all other big corporations To engage in a similar kind of tie-up where you can guarantee a certain uptake and be close to the farmers Be able to support them and get them into commercial activity rather than in subsystem activity And I think with the with the vision I have going forward is to ensure that Not only that they do the tomato, but when they do the crop rotation We are also doing an uptake because the farmer is not only relying on tomato, but in others, you know crop Which you know the farmer needs to grow and ensure that The whole year around they're getting value and getting money so that Eventually they'll make enough money that they'll be able to sustain the drive of You know removing the challenges that they face on very very so we're very pleased to be partnering with With the Rockefeller Foundation and we hope that You know just to begin over good things to come Thank you very much I think it's very good to hear these very concrete examples of what's being done already and what can be done And may all business leaders here in Davos hear your your call to join Judith, I think this was a ringing endorsement from all the panelists Let's open the floor for questions if I can see a show of hands We have a microphone if you could state your name and organization, please Microphone is coming Chen Lei from CCTV news just wondering where to after Africa. Do you see this as a globalized initiative in the future? We haven't really determined where but it will definitely move. So we started in Africa given that our partners Were there and ready to go and on the ground and lots of the pilots were there But we see this as a global need and as a global activity And of course the part that sam is so intimately involved with is the entire world for example in October at the Milan Expo at the conclusion of the Milan Expo 160 some mayors from around the world signed a commitment which they handed to Ban Ki-moon Many of them were in Asia south Asia southeast Asia for example Committing to reducing food waste that is market to garbage can In their cities and we're already seeing tremendous progress So depending on what the issue is it will require different kinds of intervention and different kinds of leadership But certainly globally is our global is our Approach and our commitment James you want to add to that? Yeah, I'm just as just as it was a china example. I mean We're already working with wwf something very similar to do what we're doing with rockerfella with a wwf and cargo in china trying to reduce waste And improve the environmental footprint of the farms. We had 10 pilot farms in 2014 There were 30 in 2015 and we've now rolled it out to 12 000 As we're going now. So we've made the materials available to a lot of people And it is really about I mean what's going to work in Africa will be applicable and exportable to To southeast asia and india. I mean there will be a lot of common learning And I'm hopeful that this will travel And help solve problems everywhere I mean The question was what happens what happens at the pilot farms. I mean really it's it's some some of the things are Very basic. I mean some of the stuff that the rockerfella is bringing to Africa some of the things we're doing It's I mean you can take basic examples like modern ways of irrigation The best ways of picking and storing the fruit don't put it in a big box put it in smaller boxes Rockerfella, I think it's coming out with some, you know processing technology. So what the farmer can do is Kind of pre-process it in a little way that greatly extends the life and therefore the chances of it reaching The collection center because the reality is even with all the government efforts to improve the roads and the And the physical infrastructure it's going to take some time So in order for the small farmers to actually be able to advance they need to be able to you know get a better yield Immediately notwithstanding the kind of the ongoing improvements in the in the macro infrastructure So it's about some of the basics and the best practices and it's about some bringing new technology on kind of pre-processing Thank you very much Mindful of the time. I think we have to close the panel at this point apologies for that So if you apply for a job now with the african development bank, you might might be able to still get the delicious meal that zam is preparing So thank you all for watching. Thank you for for joining and a special thank you to the panel and Congratulations again to you. Thank you very much. Thank you all