Good? All right. Wow. I'm very sorry for using a sexy title for my talk. I couldn't pick a title so you can pick one yourself. So let's get started. Just a little bit of context first. From the title with package managers, I mean people. I mean a lot of people in this room, not the tools, but the people behind the tools. So it's in a very broad sense. And basically anyone who installs software, I consider a package manager. Just keep it at that. There's going to be a bit of focus on scientific software here, mainly because I'm the lead developer of EasyBuild, which is a tool for installing scientific software. But I didn't try to really focus on that too much. And most of what I'm mentioning is not my ideas. I'm just venting other people's ideas and you'll see why in a bit. So the goals of this talk, I want to present techniques to you that you can use to make your software difficult to install. So I also tell you, show you some excuses that you can use to get away with it because you may need them. And I'll give some examples of taking things to the extreme so you can score some bonus points. And also show some examples of projects that are currently doing a very good job at this. I'm sorry, this shouldn't be there. So common aspects of the things I'm going to mention is creating confusion, surprising people in a bad way, annoying people, frustrating people, and just overall just wasting people's time. That's kind of the goal here. So why would you want to do this? Well, if there's less people that use your software, then they're not going to find bugs and you won't have to fix the bugs. People that use your software may ask questions or ask for feature requests and then you may have to get back to them or actually do some more coding so you don't want to do that. It's a way to avoid getting contributions so you don't have to review them, you don't have to test them, you don't have to maintain them in the long run. That's good. If they can't install your software to begin with, hopefully they will give up quickly and you'll not get any of them. And it's also a bit of a way to motivate more people to use tools like Easy Build that make it easy to install software.  So the first technique, creative versioning and release management of software. So some ideas here. Don't use semantic versioning so don't see semver.org. It makes sense and that's why you don't want to do it. One cool trick that I've seen some projects do is you have a release out there, let's say version 1.0 but you notice a small bug in it like the minute you published it. See, just fix that small bug and push it again. Same version. People will not pick it up anyway that quickly and if people are not using your software they're not going to notice so that's good. Don't do any bug fix releases. You just have a release and tell people there's a GitHub repository that has all the bug fix releases. Just pull them from there and apply the patch, whatever you want to do, do it there. Or even better, create a web page with instructions, not a patch file, but instructions on how to fix the bugs you know about. Or just don't do any releases at all. Have a GitHub repo, point people to the master branch and tell them it's always stable, you can always use it. And let them come up with their own versioning scheme. If they want to use 1.0 or a date or whatever they want to do, they can do. Also, if you publish a new version, remove the old ones. Nobody wants to use them anymore. The new stuff is better, it doesn't have the bugs, and you want to prevent people from using it so don't do an archive. Right, so some of the excuses for this because you won't need them. It was just a tiny change so it doesn't need a new version, right? Just re-release in place, that's fine. Versions are not that important as they used to be with the whole Git, and every commit is basically a version, so why do you need versions? And people should just always use the latest available version, so you can use the term version without using versions. That's good. Old versions have bugs, you shouldn't use them anymore. Did you really well at this? Don't version your software and then have very strict version requirements on your dependencies, right? And also just motivate the utter lack of a versioning at all, so tell people why you're doing it. So, examples. Openform, some people here know it, right? They even have openform developers in the room. There are three variants, you're one of the other ones, yes. So, one of the openform variants, the .org version has this. They don't do proper bug fix releases anymore, they have a 5.0 version, and they explain it on the website where there will never be a 5.1. So, they just tell you there's a GitHub repository that gets all the updates. Go there, every now and then we have this link that points to a commit, we will update this, this is your bug fix release. Another example, Worf, this is one of the weather modeling simulation, climate research software. This is used on the biggest supercomputers in the world. It's one of the top five applications on the blue water system, if you've ever heard about supercomputers. They have a website, and this is pretty old. I had to find a good example, but they still do this. So, they have versions, they have bug fix versions as well that they release. And then they have known bugs, and they have this web page that says, go to this file, it has this in the file, it should be this, so please fix it, save the file, and then recompile the code. They drew URLs there, you can check it. Bioconductor, who knows bioconductor? Some people do know a lot.  Let's keep it at that. They have this concept of releases, a bioconductor release, gets a particular version number. Inside that, or a bunch of R packages, what they do, even though they have a version here at the top level, they change the version of the R packages inside of it without changing the 3.6 release. So, it stays at 3.6, and it's like a moving target. It gets better if they update one of these R packages in a bundle, so in a release, they throw away the old version, because they tell you it had bugs, so you shouldn't use it anymore. So, you can't even, if you tell somebody, I was using this version of bioconductor at that day, at that second, somebody else will not be able to reproduce it anymore, unless you give them all the sources that you downloaded, because they just throw them away. Nobody should use it anymore. It had bugs. It was an excuse I mentioned. All right. Don't give people release notes or change logs. Just leave them guessing. If you do have release notes or somebody is forcing on you, just say, minor enhancements and bug fixes. And as an excuse, you can tell people, just use the commit history, right? It has all the changes. You have clear commit messages, like fixed typo and all that stuff. They can look there. Bonus points, yeah, mentioned on the website, they are coming soon, and they're never put in. This is going to be a bit more controversial, maybe.  It makes installation a lot easier, which is, yeah, it's hard to argue with that one, actually. And they know how the dependencies should be installed and how they should interact with the software that they are for. So, bonus points include the dependencies, but don't update them. Even if they get bug fixes upstream, you're not seeing the bug fixes, so you're happy. Patch the dependencies, right, and don't send them upstream. Just keep the patches. You have the patches, you're fine. And only do it for some dependencies, not for everything. So, like, say, half of them you just include, the other ones, well, they have to install. You have to install them, right? A small variant of this is, install the dependencies as the software is being installed. So, pull stuff in from the web, like curl or wget or whatever, install them. Let's say configure, make install all the dependencies in the software is being installed. So, that's sort of like vendering. Makes installation easier, well, maybe. And just to see, you can just tell people all the internet is there all the time. So, why wouldn't I be able to download? Because you're doing this, you don't have to document dependencies because, yeah, you don't need to, they are there already. Or it pulls them in. You should make it difficult to provide the dependencies in any other way, like this is the only right way and not some other way. Again, only for some dependencies. And then change your mind at some point, right? We were doing this before and we expected it to work really well so we stopped doing it and now you have to provide them yourself. And then six months later, flip the bit again and go back to it. Setup tools has done this. Python setup tools has done this. More dependencies is better. Build the stack as high as you can. So, people need to install more stuff before actually getting to installing your stuff. Try to pick dependencies that are hard to install themselves to make them lose time. You don't want to reinvent the wheel, right? So, you use dependencies rather than doing stuff yourself. That makes sense. You get a Jenga tower like this. Use dependencies with different programming languages. Again, another factor of difficulty. People hopefully don't know about, let's say, OCaml. So, try to use OCaml. And then to reverse it a bit, make your software a common dependency and try to rule the world. Now, this is a very good example. Many people will know this. So, the NPM world had a bit of an issue there. There was a maintainer that had very good reasons to just remove all his packages from the NPM repository. Over 250 modules. There was some legal stuff involved and he just pulled everything from NPM. And some people were using it. The left bad thing is something to indent strings. So, it's like 20 lines of JavaScript. It's very trivial to see, but many people were using it. He pulled it off and everything else that was deploying with NPM just broke. You couldn't deploy it anymore. They couldn't find the left bad anymore. The whole internet toppled over. If you want to read more about this, check the register article there. China is an example. Again, from Bioinformatics, these people are good. So, this is an example. This is the dependency graph. So, this is chime. This is what you want. Everything else is underneath. This is the compiler and some stuff in there.  You need Python, Perl, R, Haskell or Camel to use chime at least to its full extent. Some of these are optional, but if you want to use everything, you'll need to do this. They released chime as a VM and as containers because they want to have people use their software. Don't do this. Let them install it, right? This is the recap. Hard coding. There's a lot of this as well. Should hard code stuff as much as possible. Names of compiler commands. There's only one compiler out there. There's GCC. There's nothing else. Compiler options. Try to pick flags that only work with GCC and nothing else. So, stuff will break. By the way, for people that don't know this, if you don't specify an optimization level in GCC, you get minus of zero.  That's not a joke. Locations of libraries, header files, hard code them to use and include, maybe even your own home directory. And hard code versions of dependencies wherever possible. Excuses, right? We expect stuff to be in a standard environment, standard location. That's what everybody does. And we can't support everything out there. That's impossible. So, we do it this way and you should do it that way too. Choose your tools wisely. So, try to use tools like build tools and configuration tools that people don't know. So, they have to learn first before they can install your software. That's always good. If it becomes too mainstream, switch to something else. Or use tools that are very popular but that nobody likes. Force it on them. Try to use stuff with special behavior. Some of you know where I'm going with this. Try to use tools with special behavior, stuff that controls the environment, like puts you in a box and makes it hard to put stuff in the box or makes it very hard when something goes wrong to figure out what goes wrong, let alone fix it. Even better, don't use any tools at all. Just use your own script. You know how the thing should be configured. Write a Python script that calls a Perl script that spits out a make file. I don't know what. You know what to do or at least create wrappers around stuff that people know so they think they don't know it but you actually do, you just don't tell them. Again, excuses you can use. Modern tools are a lot better. So, throw away the old stuff, use the stuff, whatever is the hype right now. We can't keep living in the past. I prefer using my own scripts or at least wrappers around tools that I use. If you do use tools, try to use them in the wrong way. So, again, to surprise people, try to require a very old or very new version of the tools you use so people can't just use whatever version they have already. You have to use something else. And then if you write your own scripts, give them a name that looks familiar but there's actually something entirely different. Examples. So, Scones, this is from the website, a next generation build tool. Improved cross-platform. All of that is true. It's going to replace make. This resets the environment in which it executes commands. So, dollar part is hard set to this and everything outside of these locations it just doesn't find, right? This is the main annoyance with Scones. So, it's a good tool to use. There's a way around it. So, they have this dollar end thing where you can inject stuff in the environment. Don't tell people that. Basel. So, I couldn't pick... So, these people have a boot. You should check their boot and get some stickers. These are the new stickers. These are the old ones. I couldn't pick a logo. I don't know which one is better. This uses hard-coded locations for compilers. Like, the compiler is at user-bin-gcc. The include files are... include files are in user-lib files are... libraries are in user-lib as well. That's what it does. It does the same thing as Scones does. It takes control of the environment because it puts you in a box. It has full control. Things are reproducible. That's great. Command line options. So, it has dash copt dash config equals opt and dash c space opt. That's three entirely different things. I didn't notice this one, by the way. I got this from Twitter, but... It has a bit weird syntax. It has, like, Basel build config opt slash slash and whatever you want to build. People get confused about this. This looks like a typo. And it's actually on GitHub. This guy was saying, this double slash doesn't look right. There's something wrong there. No, this is how Basel works. So, confused people. Good. Seamake. Very popular. I want to make the claim that nobody really likes it. I've hurt other people, but... Okay, maybe I'm just wrong. It's pretty okay, actually, if all goes well. I mean, it does the job. But when it doesn't, then you're in trouble. You need to figure out what is really wrong. Like, where's the log file of Seamake? Somewhere deep in the directory. And it has, like, everything that possibly went wrong during the configuration, including stuff that is actually okay that went wrong. It's just testing things. And then convincing Seamake to behave if you have to patch Seamake scripts. I think it's very difficult. Excuses to use Seamake, you don't need one. Everybody's using Seamake already, see? You can just use it yourself. Partial installation procedure. So, no configuration. Just do hard coding in the Make file. Don't have a test suite. Don't support installing whatever is built to somewhere else. Just run Make. Bind or disappear somewhere. Dumb, right? You don't need to copy it to somewhere else. Why would you? So, all of these, you don't really need this. This software is pretty trivial. So, you don't really need a full installation procedure. If you do provide a test suite, include tests that are broken. But you just tell people, okay, the tests that are broken, just ignore them. And then if you have built artifacts like binaries and libraries, hide them somewhere deep, and then don't have an installation mechanism to copy them out somewhere else. So, make people hunt for stuff. And preferably in different locations, right? Interactive scripts. This is a good way to annoy people. So, have a configured script that is asking questions. You have to give it a specific answer. So, either words like yes or no, or you give it a list with numbers that list the options. So, make people pick a number and then ask another question. So, try to make it as hard as possible to automate this. Now, you probably do want to have a fallback mechanism, a silent way that you can actually automate this because this will drive you nuts if you have to do it over and over again. Just don't tell people. Don't put it in the documentation because then they can do it too. Interactive scripts are more intuitive. You're having a conversation with your user. That's good. Bonus points. If you give it a list of possible answers, a numbered list, change the numbers between releases. Back to Worf. Worf does exactly this. The weather modeling software, they have this. So, TensorFlow is actually what triggered me to give this talk because they combine a lot of these techniques together for TensorFlow. So, TensorFlow is a deep learning application. It's a very big thing in science right now. It's a hype because deep learning is actually very cool. It can do very cool stuff developed by Google. It was the most forked Github project last year and number five in terms of contributors. That's very impressive. It runs very well on the GPU as well. So NVIDIA is very happy with that. Now, installing TensorFlow is not that hard. They give you binary wheels. You do pip install wheel. Done, right? Well, it works, but there's actually a very good reason that you want to still install it from source. Like this is a small test I did on the, let's say a four-year-old Intel Haswell server. If you use the binary wheel, you'll get not even one image per second on this particular benchmark. If you build it from source, you get a 7x speedup. So you probably want to build it from source. Now, this is CPU only, which is not really the main target for TensorFlow. Okay, but still, not everybody has a very expensive GPU that they can use. So if you want to run this on your laptop, you really want to build it from source. So building TensorFlow from source is nice. It has a configure script. You know how this works? Well, no, you don't. It's an interactive script. That's not auto tools. It's actually a Python script that wraps around, yet something else, I think. It has a way to do a solid install, but this is never anywhere in the documentation. You can set these tf-need star environment variables to answer all the questions, but you have to dive into the configure script to know the names of the environment variables, let alone the values. You have to give it. And really, I tried finding this in the documentation. It's not there. They use Basel as a build tool so they get all the niceness that Basel gives you. Reset the environment, hardcodes the compiler, and include files and libraries to slash user, and so on. It auto installs some dependencies. So it does a W get, basically, for a lot of stuff like swag, and needs a lot of things to build. It does that for most of it, not for Python, not for CUDA, not for QDNN. You have to do that yourself. Well, these two have a reason, but a very good reason. And then in the end, when you do the whole configure build procedure, it spits out a Python wheel that you then have to pip install and just the location of the build. This is the only tool that I've seen that does this. So I was like, oh, you can do this, actually. So... Conclusion's wrapping up. So there's tons of things you can do to make your software hard to install, right? You try to confuse people, surprise people, annoy people, frustrate them, waste their time, and hopefully they will give up before ever getting to using your software. And then they can't complain. If they can't get it to run, they can't complain, they can't ask for more features because they don't know what it already supports, and so on. Lots of projects out there are good ideas, lots of examples, try to leverage them. Good excuses are not that hard to come up with. I've given you plenty, you can come up with others as well. And be creative, right? Just don't stick to what I showed you. Build on that. Thanks a lot. That was my talk. Any questions? Yes? If you get TensorFlow to build and involves deep learning, could you teach TensorFlow how to build others? I haven't tried it, but it sounds promising. Somebody should. Teach TensorFlow how to build itself. No, but that's not going to work. Sorry? There's not enough samples. You need samples to train on. Any other questions? Alright, thanks everybody for being here.


Hey there friends, how's it going? My name is Kevin and today we're playing Fall Guys Season 4. This video is sponsored by Epic Games. Season 4 is out now on PlayStation 4 and Steam. If you want to pick it up, there's a link in the description. Season 4 has new features such as squads, modes, new rounds and daily challenges, plus more. So we're going to dive in and take a look. I was already playing a bit of this the other day. I'm going to try squads show because I haven't tried that yet. Okay, here we go. Oh God, I'm nervous. There's a lot of pressure on me because I'm a prize winning former esports captain on Fall Guys. If you didn't know that already. Okay, so I know it, so that is technically correct. Yeah, so as you can imagine, the pressure is huge right now. I assume that's why Epic Games were like this guy. This guy is the one to do a video on this game for us. Okay, you know what? Not too bad. I think my... Oh God, I didn't know what I was doing. I think my squad are doing pretty okay as well. They're the ones with the smiley face over it. So with the normal game modes, it's kind of all for one, but this one's one for all. You've got to work with your team to try and win. Little do they know they have an esports captain on the team. Please let me on this. Oh my God. I'm literally standing on this. Yes! Okay, good. 20 points for the rare snoozy wizard. I love the names on this. I feel like I need a revamp though. Rare snoozy wizard doesn't really fit my personality. I'm not rare and there's nothing magic about me. It's only snoozy. That's the only part that kind of fits. Top 8 qualify. Oh my God, we were in 8th position. Oh sweet bejesus. Okay, we just scraped on through. Oh no, not this. All right, you know what? I'm going with my usual strategy for this.  There's a spinny thing in the middle. Fantastic. Okay. Can't turn off the brain. Sorry brain. I'm going to trust in my squad. Yeah, there we go. No, wait, wait, where are you going? Hold on, I'm with you. Jesus, my squad cannot be trusted. Ah, my squad! Out for now, where your team are still in it.  My squad! What was that? I know I failed, but my teammates just walked up. What is this? My whole team are killing themselves. Oh, they probably saw that they were with me and they're intimidated being with a former esports prize-winning captain. All right, there are none of us left. I'm going to leave because this is embarrassing. All right, you know what? I'm going to leave on the new game mode and squad show. Let the game decide. You can also get like shards now instead. So for the victory reward, you can see it on the bottom. It gives you shards towards a crown. Oh, it's up the top right as well. Okay, and that if you get 68 equals a crown. Not to worry though, I have 22 crowns. I don't spend anything because I want to look default.  Okay, this is my specialty. Back in my esports days, they used to call me Kevin, the obstacle racer man.   All right, squad, let's roll out. I'm like the team leader in a way. Self-appointed, not officially recognized. Oh, God, they might recognize me after moves like that. Witness me. Oh, no. Oh, no. Oh, no. Witness me. I am actually the king of jinxing myself. I really need to stop bigging myself up because it never works out. The universe is a way of just slapping me back down. All right, we qualified squad position first. I don't mean to take all the credit, but that was entirely me. Oh, no. This is an obstacle course, but the floor moves. Oh, Jesus. I've done this once already when I was playing with a few friends and it didn't go well. Let's just forget about that. It was a learning experience.  That's definitely a lie, because if that were true, I would be the strongest man on earth. No, we glided midair. Come on. I got to do this for the squad. Look at them. They're all up ahead. I'm embarrassing myself in front of the squad. Oh, God. It sounds like I'm obnoxious. Click from like high school or something. No, no, no, no, the squad. Oh, God. Okay, I can do this. I'm letting my squad down. I'm actually way behind them. Oh, why did I think I was the team leader?  I'm the guy who's holding the team back the whole time and they got to give me a big motivational speech at the end to actually get us the win. I don't know if his speech will cut it to be honest with you. They're all just watching me with great shame, I would imagine. Okay. Okay, we got there in the end. We just about qualified. We came fourth out of six. Oh, my God. Imagine I lost that for my entire team. Oh, no, what is this one? This looks terrifying. Avoid getting knocked into the slime and watch out for those cannons. Multitasking my one weakness. Oh, sweet Jesus. We're on a seesaw, aren't we? Oh, no. This is not good. Oh, God. Oh, God. Oh, God. This is fucking. This is stressful. Oh, I don't want to go out. I don't want to embarrass the squad. I feel like if the squad went out, then I'm allowed to go out. Like, I still don't want to, but I don't want to be the first of my squad to go out. They've worked so hard. Just talking with the squad. Trying to get a strategy going. Ah, that's not a good strategy. I'm leaving. I'm never talking to anyone again. Oh, my God. Ninja. Ninja. No, me and Ninja just got clobbered. Oh, no, Ninja, save me. Oh, no, Ninja. That should be the punishment for hugs these days. You just get covered in slime. Did we make it? I think we made it. I did it. I like the futuristic vibes these new ones give off. I want some of the new ones. Come on. All right, we're going to the snowball survival from last season. You know what? That's not too bad. It's just I have very poor circulation. I just leveling with the team, trying to make up excuses as we go. I'm so useless at these ones to try not to break the ice things. Okay, my team is not moving. Well, I just know the last time I stayed with my team, things got awkward and I nearly died. No, the last time I went near Ninja, I did die. Oh, no, one of my teammates just got yeeted. Okay, we're in second. That's all right. That's all right. We'll all stay in together. Ah, no, Ninja's gone. Okay, my chances of winning just drastically increased. Oh, God. Wait, did we win? We qualified as first. Oh my God, and I contributed to that. So this is what serotonin feels like. Oh, no, it's my team versus Ninja's team.  Will I run interference? Should I run interference and start grabbing at them? I didn't end well last time. And last time it was just a hug to be fair. It wasn't really interference. No, Ninja! He grabbed me immediately. He knew. He recognized me from afar.  I tried to grab him back, but it was no use.  Yes, now we're together in heaven. Go team. Yes, we are doing it. We are doing it. Sick of boys. They're all just chasing him. Come on, there's no way. There's no way, right? Yes, yes, good job. Oh, no. Oh, yes. I make a good commentator for this. One of our teammates has gone. Now it's a 2v1. There's no way, surely. There's no way. He's frantically trying to escape from our team. Monkey man heads to blue. He heads back over to yellow. He has nowhere to go. Here comes the hug. Oh, he's escaped. Yes, the hug of death. Happy days, everyone. Happy days. Look at that. I deserve my space up in the podium. They're like, hey, was this guy on our team? Does anyone recognize this guy? Wait, where did I go? Where did I go?  I deserve the spot on the podium. And look at that. My daily challenge is nearly halfway complete. All right, I have one squad show. Now I will never play it again and remain undefeated. Oh, no, wait, I lost the first one. Yeah, it doesn't matter. All right, we're in the singles mode. We're on a map that I just did with the squad. I learned from the best. So I should be able to do this. My nose is so itchy. It has never been this itchy ever in my life before. But right now, it's the itchiest experience known by man or woman kind. Okay. God, that's what people love. An underdog that has to get through adversity like an itchy nose. It's like the movie Rocky, but instead of defeating a very scary intimidating foe, my nose was a little itchy, but it's better now. Short circuit, navigate the obstacles and raise two laps around the course. Even one lap is just taken a lot out of my cardio, but we'll try to. This one is wacky, honestly. They really mixed it up for this level. Oh my God. Oh my God, claustrophobia kicking in. All right, I got to stay out in front because I don't want to get mixed up in that. Oh no. Oh no. I've gotten myself stuck. I've gotten myself stuck. What is happening? Oh Jesus, too much panic. Too much panic. I don't like that. No, I can't. All right, around to the side. Let's go. The gravity is awful right now. There we go. So in the blue boxes, you get no gravity. In the red boxes are pink. You get extra gravity. Follow the among us egg. That's all I got to do. What am I doing? I am literally just falling all over the place. What is happening? Somebody save me. Oh no. Oh no. Oh no. Okay. I got out of there, but I don't know if that's good enough. This isn't good at all actually. Avoid the buttons. Avoid the buttons. Avoid the buttons. Fuck. I'm not going to make it. Fuck. I can't believe I'm saying this, but maybe I'm better as a team player. It really seems contrary to everything in my life. So far though, I like this name played for for losing. It just got me just enough xp to level up. It's very fitting actually. I like it a lot. I made a quip that one. All right. Here we go. Obstacle course. I'm all by myself again and there's no gravity. Okay. Okay. That's fine. That's fine. I'm used to these things from the chaos mod, but I still can't get up.  Why am I not grabbing? Oh, there we go. I could just jump the thing. All right. My bad. Fire stars across at them. No, not at me. That's the opposite of what I said. The enemy player is like, oh my bad. Let me just let you win. Thank you so much. I have so much street cred relying on this game. No, my street cred. Okay. What do we got here? What do we got here? We got pain and suffering. That's what we have. My Bimson's going to get brain damage. He's just falling over. All right. Kevin, use your pinball skills. Can't even say the word. No, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no. I want to win by pinball. I can't even get on the thing. All right. Go up, up. Yes. No, I'm going around everyone. I can't get up there. Oh, no. Oh, no. Oh, no. Oh, no. Oh, I did that. I did that pineapple dirty. Even as it was caught up behind him. Oh, look at him. But even as it was caught up behind him, I was like, I'm just going to try and jump in front of him here because this is going to be down to the wire. And I took his spot. How is that even possible? I moved my finger and I fact fingered hitting B and A to confirm to leave the game. I'm just going to play again. I don't understand how that is actually physically possible. What did I do? How did I do? Are my fingers that fat? Be honest with me. Oh, I'm in the squad again. Wait, are we down one person? We don't need them anyway. We know who we are. I'm so bad at motivational speeches. I really think that's where we went wrong in that eSports tournament. Or it could just be my total lack of skills as demonstrated there. No, no. It's definitely the motivational thing. No, it's the skills flip flopping here all over the place literally and figuratively. Don't worry squad. I'll be there eventually. I'll see you soon. Both my squad mates have finished and I'm losing the game for us. I'm committing to this idea and it's not working, but now I'm too embarrassed to change the plan. Hold on. There we go. I did it. I forgot the strategy, but I remembered now. I remember teaching my eSports team how to do that. Okay, this is bad. It says we're in 11th. You know what? Maybe it's for the best that we're just starting over because, oh, wait, no, we got six points. Yeah, that's good. We're just going to, we're just about going to win this. This is good. After I finished, I got to spectate everyone else and I started realizing that I was left with people who are literally just jumping off and dying. Okay, this is a classic. I can do this one and the obstacle courses were always my specialty, except for that last one. That was the ones off. The good thing about having my skin is no one will judge you.  Probably his first game. So, you know, I have a bit of compassion for your fellow gamer. Ah, come on. Have a little compassion. Don't worry. We're getting there. We're getting there. We're getting there. Yes, turds.  I must say. Wait, fifth. Oh, yeah. Cause they all have four players. They can get extra points. This isn't good. It's all right. It seems to be going okay. There's literally one person left. Oh, they didn't get the finish. That's really sad. If we win this though, this is a true story of being an underdog and, you know, against adversity and all that. Like not as much as having a slightly itchy nose, but it's still something like that screenplay worthy like the other one, but close enough. Oh, this one again. All right. I need a hug if I'm going to do well on this. Come here. Just off to a good start with a hug. You know, building good relations amongst the squads. That's my job in our squad. I'm PR. Oh, no. There goes one of my squad mates. We're fine. You and me, Aiked. It looks like I'm a FK. I've not moved in ages. I'm just getting really good. Orangey. Like I see even doing like tippy toes. Ah, the tippy toes. Come on. Hang in there. Hang in there. Oh, just about. We're in second. This is good. Yes. Second. Consider we've only three and one person fell off. That was pretty decent. Four squads remain. Gang. I think it might be a team player for once. What is going on?  I'm so bad at this one. I'm sorry, team. I'll try my best. No. No, no, no, no, no. I'm trying. I know it doesn't look like it, but I'm trying. Oh, no. We're going to screw each other over it.  Sorry. Sorry. Sorry, team. Sorry. This is too scary. I don't like it. All right. Okay. Okay. Cam, Kevin. Cam. It's like talking to a horse. This is so stressful. I could never do this one. I was never, ever good at the thing. I just panic too much, but my squad depend on me. Oh my God. Is this the part where the Rocky music starts playing except it's copyright free because, you know, DMCA and all that. No, that's not where they are. The Rocky music starts playing at all. Oh, no. There's literally only two people left. One is on my squad, but the other is way more room to play with. Oh, these moves. Egghead. I cannot believe it. Oh, oh. Did we win? We did it. I did it. Yes. Me front and center. Me deserve it. Why do I keep falling down like that? I guess just doesn't have much practice of winning so he just keeps falling over it. I think I found my new specialty is squads mode relying on other people. I can't believe I almost made us lose in the very first round. I almost made us lose that moment in history. All right. Let's try another single one. I am ready. I don't need no team anymore. There we go. Now we're talking. Now I know how to play the game. Oh, sweet Jesus. It gets a bit claustrophobic up here though. It's actually really scary. I don't know if I like being up that far. It's okay. Just stay a little bit ahead of them. There we go. Look at this. I'm dodging a lot by just, you know, being at the front, which is just a rarity, you know?  Hit the button. There you go. Hit the button. Would you? Would you hit the button? There you go. I'm willing to try the pinball again. The one area I failed.  I'm going around the other way. All right. Not bad. 10. I'll take it. I'll take it. Coming from the guy who came 44 out of 44 last time on this map. I don't like looking back and seeing that my competition is literally just like walking into the slime. I feel like I should be looking back and they should actually be really good, but I just outperformed them. But then I just see this. At least his name is honest. Rare winning unicorn. The poor fella. Someone give him a break. Come on. Help him out. Don't worry, buddy. I've been there too. Just like one game ago. See, sometimes I just do really well then. Like I'm way up in front here. Like there wasn't even a single challenge there. I just came third. It was as easy as that. All right. Well, on to the next round then. Oh, no. What is this? What is this?  Oh, no. We're on a barge. Oh, sweet. Oh, God. No, there's a ninja ahead of me. Can't resist hugging. Okay. This, this. Oh, God. This is overwhelming. This is very overwhelming. Okay. I'm at the front of the barge. That's good, right? That's got to be good. One guy just yeeted himself off. So I don't think it is. He just decided death. Ninja. No. Was it me? Did I say something? Oh, my God. This is awful. I can't get up. Oh, did I just throw someone? No. No, no, no, no, no, no. No, the barge. No, I just wanted to follow Ninja. I just do everything he does. Oh, that confused me so bad. The moving floor just got me and then the barge comes underneath. Oh, that is a cool level. I'm annoyed. I messed it up so badly. All right. Well, I guess we'll end it as we began losing. I hope you enjoyed the video. Thank you to Epic Games for sponsoring me. I genuinely love Fall Guys. I feel like this is where a string of addictions happened with games. As I said, there's a link in the description if you want to check out the game, but thank you very much for watching. I appreciate it. Subscribe if you're new and I will see you tomorrow. Bye for now.


Minnesota regulators today approved Enbridge Energy's proposal to replace its aging line three oil pipeline across the northern part of the state. Even though a major question remains unresolved, the line's route. All five members of the Public Utilities Commission backed the project, though some cited heavy trepidation. An open discussion before the vote several cited the deteriorating condition of the existing line, which was built in the 1960s as a major factor. The pipeline currently runs from Alberta, Canada, across North Dakota and Minnesota to Enbridge's terminal in Superior, Wisconsin. Enbridge has said it would continue to run line three if Minnesota regulators rejected its proposal despite its accelerating maintenance needs. The current pipeline crosses two Native American reservations whose tribes strongly opposed the project. Enbridge has proposed a route that bypasses those reservations, but the tribes and climate change activists opposed that route too. Now Enbridge officials say they are pleased with the decision. Al Monaco, the president and CEO of Enbridge said in a statement, they believe the route protects the environment and has overwhelming support of communities. Now before the decision was announced today, those in favor of the pipeline and those against it gathered outside the Public Utilities Commission. After the decision was announced, opponents of the plan promised this is not the end of their fight. What they have done to us today is egregious. It is egregious what they have done not only to the Ojibwe people, but to the people of Minnesota. They have taken our sandy lake, which is the equivalent of the wounded knee massacre of Minnesota, and said we will lay pipe across it, and that is what we will do. And for five years we have tried to make the system work, but Minnesota and Enbridge have asked us if this is going to be like Standing Rock, and they have gotten their Standing Rock. Governor Dayton released a statement urging everyone to express themselves peacefully. Dayton said the PUC's decision is not the final approval of the pipeline. He says it only allows Enbridge to begin to apply for at least 29 required federal, state and local permits. If you enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland PBS.


So, first of all, thank you for joining us and joining us on the platform. Thank you for having me, but I have to say this is the first time I've actually gotten a thank you gift before speaking. So, we'll put it in the description. We're inherently very optimistic about your remarks. There's been a lot of crowded coverage during the course of the afternoon. What is your spectrum vision for the next short term, say, four years? I'm just fairly general presidential term. And what are the things that should be happening in the next four years and what are the things that should be happening? What are the priorities and sort of the non-priorities? Well, first of all, the priorities should be what Congress tells us the priorities are the first four months. That's the first priority. And that, of course, most importantly would be in the incentive auction legislation. So, having to sort of expand upon that if you want to follow up there's a whole other... Actually, we have a whole event just on that. So, we obviously need to bring more spectrum to marketplace. So, auctions, repurposing. I've been talking for a long time about federal spectrum and I think the value of trying to encourage auctions for exclusive licenses. I've made no secret of the fact that I was a bit disappointed with the primary emphasis I'm sharing. While that can be beneficial and I've been a proponent of sharing in other contexts such as white spaces and licensees to white spaces, we need to do more. And so, there's a lot to talk about. We don't want to follow up any one of those. But that would be a rough outline to check with the next either four minutes or four years. We have 30, so somewhere in the middle. What should the commission avoid doing? What would be the negative possible latch with the commission to take that would make it hard, the wireless system? So, making it harder for secondary markets. We want to make sure we are respecting any trust in competition law, looking out for concentrations of market power, the use of that power that results in consumer harm. But having said that, we want to allow a spectrum that's already in the market to flow to as high as possible. And that, I'll put a lot of things, a lot of secondary trends in the market transactions, but also repurposing. So, to work with the great malacrity in terms of trying to repurpose a spectrum. And we have been working on a number of items in the issue to several in the past couple of years. All while observing the prime directive of the FTC, which is to prevent harmful interference. So, that's important. But when we do auction spectrum, or if we do approve transactions, do not impose unnecessary incumbrances upon that spectrum. And I learned, in part the hard way and in part the easy way, going back to my 100 years as commissioner, July of 2007, when we voted out the 700 megahertz order, the differences between the success of what happened with the C and the D blocks. Both had a large number of incumbrances placed upon them. Long story short, as a result of that, on the C block, we saw smaller, smaller market players driven out of the market. The C block went for about 77 cents per megahertz pot, compared to the A and B blocks, which went for about 270 cents per megahertz. And so, the idea, the foundation of that VAMP plan, which was to try to find a home for small, medium, large players, kind of got flushed out of the toilet as we were small. So, let's avoid that. And then there was the D block. So, that was obviously overly encumbered to the point where nobody could get a critical bid for that. So, that's the number one thing to avoid, but I will continue to be a squeaky wheel that, for federal spectrum, it needs to be the highest of priorities emanating from a West Wing and a White House, and I said this before the election, I would have said it regardless of the outcome of the election, to offer, to provide executive branch agencies with incentives that are necessary. These are old concepts, by the way, of getting into executive branch agencies, financial incentives to yield more spectrum, because right now it's a very opaque process. We have, literally, a nameless and faceless bureaucrats who are coming up with numbers as to how much it costs to relocate those federal users. We have no idea what the cost assumptions are that underlie those numbers, and there's a disincentive. Nobody really comes to the FCC, nobody's saying here, get all this leftover spectrum, please get rid of it for me, right? So, there's a disincentive to come up with a number that makes it economical or legal for the federal user to move. Right, and there's been some progress on the federal incentive side. There's the CSEA, CSEA originally, and then the enhancements that were recently passed that gave more money for planning and that sort of thing in advance. There's going to be Circular 11, which folds into the budgetary process, cost of spectrum and things like that. There have been other proposals about things like spectrum fees, for example, to be opposed on federal users. I think every administration, last three or four, at least, have all proposed this for other budgets, potentially extending it to federal as well as commercial. When you think about incentives for federal users to be more efficient, what types of incentives do you think just serve to have that kind of exploration and how would that look? Do you look at what has worked in the past? If you look at the early part of the last decade, you can find some programs of which you cited and ideas and policies that worked. As a result, we saw what 60MHz or so auctioned the 700MHz auction and 90MHz and 80MHz one. Julie, does that sound right? About 150MHz, yeah. He's just testing the spectrum availability or the reliability of the device. Reliability of the device. It's working on a fancy football game. So that yielded 150MHz, the two largest spectrum auctions in history. Plus, we've had some sort of garage sale type auctions since then. But let's emulate what worked then. That is to try to adopt maybe a cooperative model rather than a coercive model of users. Let's see if we can give them financial incentive. Of course, sticks aren't working tricarats, but it's got to be a priority at really the highest level of the executive branch. The executive branch has an advantage over the legislative branch and that there is one person who embodies the executive branch. It's a pyramid with one person and it should be easier to get federal users to actually yield spectrum for exclusive use licenses for auctions. Sharing can be good, but it's confusing and ill-defined and doesn't really solve the challenge. So, Judge and Sharon, it's the one we pivot to that next. The Pcash report came out in reactions to Pcash. It's been talked about a lot, but maybe it's had an electrical framework for the next four years of spectrum planning. So, I want to go out of my way to compliment our friends at NCIA and the folks in the White House who work very hard. A lot of good ideas and I don't mean to take away from their thoughtfulness and their good faith effort there. But I think the end result of really stopping short of pushing for auctions is going to improve a cumbersome. If the next best auction we have is the incentive auction, I have been a bit pessimistic that it's going to yield as much as it was hoped for. I hope I'm wrong. This is one case where I really do hope I'm wrong. But I think we need to be prepared for that to not yield as much spectrum in, especially in these large markets where it's needed. 80 megahertz, 60 megahertz, whether the estimates are, I like to respond by asking, where is that going to be? So you mentioned the big-ass report obviously 1755 to 1850 is teed up as part of this ongoing process at the Commerce Department and through the White House. Some of that spectrum, as part of the spectrum act, has to be auctioned off in 2015, I think, where we have some deadlines coming up from the commission. So, when you think about sort of the decision point that has to be reached with pairing and not pairing, all those things coming up, you have some 15, and it has to be auctioned by 15, how patient are we about waiting for the federal government to figure out the 1755 to 1850 process? How important is it to try and get the pairing done so that you, 1755 to 1780 is paired with 2155 to 2180? How do you think of any of those six questions at this time? 25 words or less. Exactly. So, we need to work with alacrity, but we want to make sure that we don't get it wrong to be, we don't want to be hasty. So, during the course of, during the course of the 700 members auction, we actually had industry coming to the commission saying slow down. But then there were also indications of an economic slow down. And so I was actually pushing for actually a late 2007 to, you know, I guess as soon as it was an early 2008 auction, but let's hurry up before something happens to financial markets. So there are a lot of variables that play. You want to be quick, but you want it to be good as well. Let's just focus on incentive auctions out of that, so Florida, the questions you just gave me. So, if we are indeed trying to tackle the most complicated spectrum auction in world history, and that's not an exaggeration, do we want it to be a simultaneous auction? Or sequential? And simultaneous to me, it does seem like you're moving from 3D chess to playing, or 2D chess to 3D chess to playing that while blindfolded. So, but, you know, there's a problem to do on December 21st. So please tell me I'm wrong and why that's beneficial and why that will yield more structure. We need all the goals at the end. So, if we want to get that done, we want to get all with them. Should we be patient for the executive branch? I guess we have to be. There's no other alternative. And we, as an independent agency, can't make them work any faster. But you need to be prepared to be unexpected, because there's always that when you're dealing with these things, especially when you're plowing new ground, as we will be with incentive auctions in particular. Student incentive auctions and the government spectrum are all part of this quest for 500, which I've all been talking about for a long time. How do you feel like we're doing in getting to 500? And what are the roadblocks you see you've been in the fight a couple with? What else do you see out there? Yeah, I I don't think we're doing all that well. And that's going to be frustrating. You know, I think we could be here two, four, six, or eight years from now and be very concerned the possible silver lining I'll segue this point to pitch for policies to adopt to create an environment for better spectral efficiency. So that could be the silver lining that something is produced more as a result of received spectrum shortages in our regard. New innovations, new investment, et cetera. I think regardless even if we could bring 500 megahertz it's marked over the next couple of years. You're still going to have policies that look at localities I really a couple of times in the past couple of years which is the commission really ought to have a summit on structural efficiency looking at all what can we do to remove regulatory roadblocks in order to foster that. This is where we are at this point. I said this when the National Broadband Plan was hatched that even if everything could be met on the fastest tables it's still the better part of a decade before that spectrum is put into the hands of consumers so what do you do in the meantime and you have to focus on making it easier to develop new technologies and deploy those technologies that make this more spectrally efficient. So that's got to be more of a dialogue rather than just what's Sharon going to look like. These other important questions in the meantime consumers are hungry for spectrum so what can we do to help them? So, quickly. And then to the timing point so there's been in the National Broadband Plan there was a schedule for various things happening. They also called for a National Spectrum Plan that would have a sort of long-term planning document I think is part of the spectrum policy task force in Peter's. Did we call for that to appear yet? Did we call for a long-term spectrum plan? Do you believe there's value in having a plan a 5 to 10-year spectrum plan? I know we oppose them in political context but a 5-year plan a vision of what it looks like or is that Yes, Chairman Joe. You know, is that Does that make sense? Well, you have to have strategic long-term planning in the area I think but this area and this isn't industrial policy at all but because the government manages the use of the spectrum you have to be doing that because the federal government is by far the largest user of the best spectrum or occupier, which I'll probably say about an user because you don't know how it's all being used that we have to have some planning in some incentive in Congress helps lay out some rules for us there and we have to do the rest and the NCI has to do the rest as well but you have to have some planning and then you have to be able to improvise so we were just talking about the set down here which is plans are good but you want to be able to throw them away if you have to and start all over again but at least you have a basis or a context a basis from which to act or context within that improvisation So the commissioners say 3 years from now we're auctioning this off instead of auctioning it to be in 16 and we sort of denounced that and they break over something like that you think that has value as a good government kind of vehicle Absolutely, I mean a sort of the broadband plan was a matter of statute part of the stimulus bill but it doesn't hurt it was under the Michael Powell SEC as well, you all came up with a plan and a strategy to get more spectrum to market and that produced positive results so it could be very valuable and if you disagree with the ideas at least I guess the ball rolling starts the conversation and it leads to some sort of action There's been a lot of talk about so the commission obviously has a role in making spectrum available through the auction process and what have you as a statutory obligation on certain issues but there are many folks from all from all kinds of divergent positions have come together around the idea that commission should have a less robust role going forward in spectrum management by the way, Tom Paisel has talked about this what's your reaction to those calls and do you think that is that their right direction for government going forward that should sort of pull back a little bit from its centrality in spectrum management I think as we touched on these ideas come from across the political spectrum and they come in many different forms you can say that part of the entertaining of the lot behind unlicensed so that's a feeling and you know perhaps technology when the brain here turns white or whatever maybe technology will squeeze so much efficiency out of the airway so that there will be less need for this type of regulation that again the prime directive of the number one goal is to prevent harmful interference and how do we go about doing that so I've never been one to be jealous of the jurisdiction or to say that the FCC must live forever or that it must live forever in its current form so let's see where technology and competition lead us and see if we need to downsize at some point as a result you've been very active internationally to kind of look at issues lately but have you seen in your international travels any sort of models of spectrum management do you think that's interesting or you should try this or try that well the as a macro matter what is a little unsettling is that as an agency commissioner when you travel the globe really all the eyes are on the US and I'm reminded of this every time I travel and there are teams of people for instance at the ITU do nothing but read all the stuff we write so it sounds like a pie for you don't just get me the content word about this so the eyes tend to be on us I think in hindsight the way the UK's phased in their digital television transition region by region was kind of what we ended up doing as a result of the extension I was sort of phased in or rolling so that might have been more helpful to criticize anyway and a lot of discussions regarding harmonization some of the makerhards some of the countries use it differently and so whatever you do about that those are important ideas so there's a lot that's aired out at the World Redicitation Conference or other conferences that I think we need to listen to and learn from but I think most of that analysis really goes the other way which is we need to be very careful what we do here because either we can send the wrong wrong signal or an idea that we figure out too late might be a bad idea it gets amplified abroad people start running with it so just be careful is there any particular example of a careful where you think that maybe we've sent a confusing signal well this isn't specifically spectrum but it may be applied which is the title to docket and I was trying to avoid this because I'm trying to be a little bipartisan you never put the wicket but it comes up in every conversation I have when I travel abroad and talking about the wicket which is G, if the US is contemplating classifying a portion of the internet as a common care extent what's wrong with the rest of the world looking at that way as well and then why don't we just bring in the rest of that animal so whether that was the intention or not it doesn't really matter that's how it's being sold whether that's cynical or not it doesn't really matter that's what's happening so just be careful what you do so in that same vein and sticking with her current events Storks Sandy, the Superstorm created a lot of disruption obviously and we're all thankful for all of her responders and telecommunications companies and electric power folks who are out there at the front lines restoring service are there lessons or regulatory to-dos coming out of the Superstorm there's been talk from various sectors about that I just wanted to get your views on that to give you some more analysis well certainly there's a lot to learn here as we learned from Katrina in 9-11 as to what the private sector's role is what government's role is how can we help rebound in these things natural disasters and catastrophes are going to happen and we can't always predict how where or when they're going to happen but so we need to I think learn from it but I want to caution that we not use it as a pretext to get more unnecessary regulations in the space specifically the wireless space I've seen a lot of press about where the cell towers went down what less press about how quickly they spring back into action and almost no press about the effects on the wire line network so the copper network actually was harder hit than anything and once you flood that with the seawater it's kind of shot so while at our house we have wire line and wireless we like redundancy we need to make that sort of part of the conversation so that also starts begging the question of will fiber actually will hold up much better under such circumstances so what do we do about replacing copper with fiber with sort of incentives can we provide for that and hearing a conversation also regarding backup power and again like with the conversation about what sort of incentives we can we give the executive branch users a spectrum to relinquish their spectrum that's an older idea which should be revisited that's fine but when we talk about backup power I've seen this moving before and I think in 08 was when the court held things in abeyance and no one would be shot down our last rules in that regard and here we are four and a half years later I don't know there's no number of 08 I guess so about exactly four years later we're still having this conversation I think we need to be very careful there are a lot of practical implications do you want a thousand gallons of diesel fuel on your roof during a thunderstorm things like that and is there one size fits all federal rule that applies so this is complex let's not rush to judgment let's not rush to see a bunch of regulations in the space carriers have every incentive to harden their networks and to keep them up and running or to repair them quickly so let's make sure we have an environment that's conducive to that so one of the themes of the conference is sort of looking back ten years and we're opening up to questions after this a couple of minutes for questions if you're still awake that was my effort what made that fight look alive what are the key things you draw from the last ten years you touched on a couple but if you want to draw it might seem like ten years but I've only been on the commission six and a half but my hair was a lot darker what are the things as you look at them your tenure before the lessons that you learned from the last ten years inspection management as you look at those who will follow you this commission in ten to twenty years from now what are the lessons that they should draw from this period light touch regulation the wireless sector has been one of the most successful sectors of the U.S. economy ever it continues to be so I've argued that it's always been it is a world leader and we are looked upon by other countries and manipulated by them as well so flexible use policies I think that's something we've sort of proven made more sense so if you when the government tries to pick a specific use maybe specific technology or type of use of a frequency and by the time it's actually in the marketplace that idea might be obsolete so let's try to avoid that let's look at flexible use policy whenever we can so just macro level light touch and that's worked well so let's think of what works and what's not well they discussed a little bit of the last panel but I'm curious what do you think the lessons are on the license versus on the license debate or discussion well you know as I so early my tenure in 2006 I became a loud actor for our license use of TV white spaces and we have really we've had several milestones 08, 2010, a lot of big quotes but I've yet to really see any devices in the marketplace for a variety of reasons so it's hard to derive a ton of lessons from that other than it's taken I think the VAL Commission initiated this discussion 02, so it's been over 10 years so I guess it takes a very long time with one lesson and it shouldn't we've had some opportunities along the way I think to provide us some certainty to actually get these things made but I think unlicensed can be very valuable as we're seeing with the amount of traffic that's going over Wi-Fi networks right now I think it provides positive and constructive destruction in the marketplace I think it's is a bit of a general strong term but for concerns for very anti-conventive conduct in the marketplace but I also think that we explicitly use licenses you need to build out of infrastructure the history has proven time and time again the best way to do that is with auctions, licenses that are auction and that unlicensed should be used for more low power type scenarios for offloading for the most part so I think you need to mix the two but let's make sure we're doing that the right way let's open up for one or two quick questions before we just want you to identify yourself as I call on folks I'm getting a this is from an anonymous from the web which could be very interesting in set of auctions what will be done to prevent incumbents which are already cold ample spectrum from using preemptive bids for closed competition I don't know why not just put that in your comments I don't know someone can file that answer for me on December 21st or February 26th I think so that's me flipping but you know this just reminds me that we have the spectrum aggregation item as well you know curious coincidence that it would be a conspirator so so I think we need to be careful of going back to the hard spectrum cap days spectrum is a lot like real estate because it's a time and time again each transaction is unique and needs to be analyzed for some of the characteristics but so going forward I will be skeptical of hard caps or things that might not be cold caps but really are functional we'll call them sombreros berets but old material so let's just be careful we don't want anything too inflexible you need to be flexible in this space while being mindful of concentrations of market power abuse of that power that results in consumer harm probably projects I think I'm going to state here one other statement that you made in your initial discourse you said the sharing technology is an unproven and so we need to I think there's technologies that aren't invented but that we don't know it's ill-defined I think is what I said in terms of the policies and what PCAST is pushing there's a lot of there are a lot of ideas in there the concept is ill-defined is it likely that the regulatory body is taking off the notion of shared user spectrum and I did likely license or unlicensed modular regulation and how to make that available in the marketplace in the near term is that a very long term option that you're looking at is completely off the table as you go forward and only reallocation is the thing that you're looking for in the short term so the FCC is not putting anything on or off the table regarding sharing so that's you know PCAST that's the executive branch sorting that out we certainly have a role but they are the ones that have to define those federal users of spectrum executive branch users they have to define what that means one final question and generally speaking what happens in 112th if the job is built and that sort of comes back and the house starts coming to you and talking to you about the incentive options and how does the commission you know take care of that of those kind of politics that are very very important that was to Brian so I thought I thought we'd get everybody out we're an independent agency we're always here for a second we're overseen by congress and directly elected representatives of the American people so what they have to say is very important about the best way for them to express what they want done is to pass legislation and have the president sign it into law so that was done and thus far we are executing our mandate I'm sure there will be lots of discussions and letters from congress trying to shake our proceeding and that has never happened before how would I do that it's important and we will do our best to at least I will do my best to try to faithfully implement congresses and we will do our best to at least I will do my best to try to faithfully implement congresses


Helo! Welcom. Thank you very much for inviting me to your conference. It's been an excellent conference so far. I'm coming from a very different angle to your conference. I'm an orthodontist. My BDS is your equivalent to an MD, I think. I came in England. I started my MSC so I specialised in orthodontics in Denmark. You couldn't in a way call this presentation ancestral orthodontics. I think it's important with anything to ask, where are we today? 95% of us have deviations in our dental alignment. 30% are recommended orthodontic treatment, and of that, half to a quarter of those are recommended premolar extractions. Nearly half of all wisdom teeth are removed. Now, we need to compare that to Paleoman, who had 95% well-aligned teeth, broad dental arches, with well-developed faces showing tribal similarity. We have had almost a sea change. Can anyone see that? Better than me. It's almost like we've become a different mammal. We've forgotten where we've come from. There's been a big change. Now, we should have horizontal growth like this, and what we're getting is vertical growth like this. Western price and others described exactly this happening. It's as if our faces are melting down. We're a waxwork model. We've put a little bit too close to the fire. It's dropping down. Now, the interesting to note in this is how the angle of the mandible changes. It doesn't matter how much I move my head around. By angle of my mandible won't smack my throat. That's quite important. Now, we look at the overall length of a mandible. It hasn't changed during this change in facial form. However, the dental bearing area has changed quite grammatically. It's specifically changed in the area of the wisdom teeth and the area of the incisors, which is where we're seeing the dental orthodontic problems today. In 3D, this whole face is narrowing, as described by Western Price. Now, research by Tylandr and Sweden shows that every single skull found a thousand years ago in the Amazon that had wisdom teeth, had wisdom teeth working and in function. Pick anyone out of the bush in Africa or out of the jungle in the Amazon, and they will have a space behind their wisdom teeth. Now, if you have no chin in the horizontal direction, your tongue is going to be in your airway. Now, we have a major change in the human facial skeleton in the blink of an evolutionary eye. Now, the images on the left are people who are largely unaffected, and the images on the right are people who are largely affected. Most of you probably occupy a middle ground. Now, that group on the left, they're the 5% who aren't affected. The rest of you account for that 90% who are affected. It's now almost as if affected people are normal and we can no longer see the woods for the trees. The faces are dropping down as the face dropped down. The tongue is pushed in the airway. That's uncomfortable. You then respond in various different ways. Vincent is describing the classical pattern. As the face drops down, it goes down balance. Margaret's describing the classical angle saxon. As the face drops down, the jaw drops, the bottom jaw drops down more. And Richard's demonstrating the classical Asian pattern by this one in Japanese and Chinese. As the face drops down, the mandible gets longer. But these are all vertical changes. Describe with different patterns, maybe due to your genetic predisposition, I'm not describing why. But what I am describing is a syndrome. This is my conservative estimation of the effects of your face getting longer. Primarily, faces that aren't the right shape don't work correctly. You get breathing problems. As your tongue comes into your throat, you're more likely to get sleep apnea. You're more likely to get snoring. As the face lengthens, it's narrowing. There's less horizontal space for the teeth. The airway is affected, which is leading to snoring. Snoring, sleep apnea, and of course more blocked noses. In my training as an orthodontist, I spent some time in an ENT department. That's an ear nose and throat department. As I would walk into the ear nose and throat department, I would see the children sitting waiting for their appointments. These were the very same facial types I would see waiting for orthodontic treatment. Many of them, in fact, were the same facial people, were the same people waiting that I saw in my orthodontic department. It's a very similar type of people. Also, these are the people who are getting jaw joint problems. These are the people who are getting that typical adenoid face and losing their tribal uniformity, as Western Price did describe. Now, we can break the groups into the treatment groups treating this, or looking at this issue, basically into the genetic group and the environmental groups, depending on what you believe. Of course, you've got the orthodontists in this group here. They admit they don't know what causes crooked teeth. It's widely recognised in the textbooks that they don't know the cause. However, they say it's multifactorial. That's a classic modern excuse. They've missed the vertical issue. They've missed this vertical drop down. Many of you must be aware of the x-rays orthodontists take when they make an assessment. These x-rays are based on normative data from when they first did these x-rays in the 60s. Now, in the 60s, was facial profile, facial shape normal? I'd argue not. But this is the normative data we're using on your children. Now, if you look at Indigenous tribes alive today, if you look at the 5% of people with naturally occurring perfect malocclusions, if you look at the models, the most attractive faces, these groups are very similar, but they're not the same as our x-ray norms. They're much more same as the ideals that I described earlier. So we have this discontent between norms and ideals. Now, if we look at Western price, who was looking at people with these facial shape changes, he was considering a prenatal injury and he suspected it may be due to Vitamin A and Vitamin D. Now, I'm within the orthotropic community. I feel it's probably from a change in muscle tone, a change in tongue posture and a change in tongue function. Now, before it came here, I went on to some web forums to get people from the Paleolithic and the Western Price Foundation's opinions of what were causing this problem. I was asking around about Vitamin A and Vitamin D because that's what Western Price was suspecting. I was asking for hard evidence and I haven't really found hard evidence. Western Price suspected it, he made it as a suspicion. Now, here on the left is a map of the deficiency of Vitamin A in the world. Now, it's very interesting that North America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand are some of the countries that don't have a Vitamin A deficiency, yet those are the very countries with the worst level of malocclusion. It doesn't really add up that it could be a Vitamin A deficiency. Now, I don't know if you know, but Australia has one of the highest levels of skin cancer and because of that, they must be getting quite a lot of Vitamin D and yet they have quite a high level of malocclusion. There are anaglisac community that's now in Australia. They should have less Vitamin D, but they have the same level of malocclusion. Now, also, if we look at maliatrician and malocclusion, it doesn't seem to be related. Now, I do most of my consultations just looking at faces and not looking at the teeth. The child in the bottom centre there has fairly good facial form, but obvious problems with bone formation. So, I don't think rickets and Vitamin A and Vitamin D deficiency and malocclusion is related. What I think is more likely is muscle usage, the tongue and mandible position and the swallowing pattern. I think the first two have better evidence and they're more related to the shape of the face. The last one is more related to the position of the teeth. Now, muscle usage, this person has muscular dystrophy. This is a disease of the muscles, not the bones, and it's causing a gross change in facial shape. This person has their teeth together and yet that's an image of what normal is. As I said, I don't think that's ideal, but that's an image of norm. This gentleman had late onset muscle weakness and he's got gross change in his facial shape. Now, we have changed massively our effort to gain calories. How much effort does it take to take a soda down and how many calories do you gain from it? I estimate we're doing about 5% of the effort of eating now that we did in the past, and that's before you consider non-nutritional exercise of the jaws. If I want a leather coat, I can buy a leather coat. If paleo man wanted a leather coat, he had a lot of chewing. Now, this is a normal level of wear and it has been for the last 200,000 years. We are abnormal. Now, if you have a blocked nose, what are you going to do?  You don't have any other options. This child got a total nasal obstruction after this photograph. It's dramatically changed how his face has grown. Most young children as infants are getting blocked noses for one reason or another. They're changing their posture. It's becoming permanent. These are two types of experiments that were done. One done simply placing a piece of plastic in the roof of the mouth, making it uncomfortable to place the tongue in the roof of the mouth. You're getting a gross increase in facial height. These monkeys have the muscles pulled further back, reattached, causing more bite. That's caused a reduction in the facial height. You've got experiments in both directions. That's good science. Now, orthodontic treatment. Every orthodontic study I have ever seen against controls has shown an increase in facial height. So we are treating symptoms, but we are worsening the underlying problem. That's bad medicine. Now, this is a set of identical twins. I would suggest the twin on the lower has less of a well-placed mandible than his brother above. Incidentally, twins have the greatest variation in their bodies in their faces. Now, he was given orthodontic treatment and that dramatically changed the way his face grew. Now, if we take these two girls, the girl on the left, she's going to have less straight teeth than the girl on the right. She's going to have more breathing problems than the girl on the right. She's going to have more illness and throat problems than the girl on the right. And she's going to breathe easier.  Which girl do you think has the best posture? The girl on that side or the girl on this side? The girl on this side. Now, I was very impressed yesterday with Esther Goghau's presentation. I doubt she stands as well as some of the slides that Esther showed yesterday, but she stands better. And there's a debate in the profession about the ascending and the descending. And I think if you can get people to posture better, they will get better facial growth. But that is an argument for another day. And I am better looking than I was seven years ago. That is hard work and effort. I think it's probably more difficult than staying on a Paleolithic diet. But it's possible. If you look at someone like Stephen Hawkins, whose face went wrong at a late age, you should be able to make your face grow right at a late age. All of my dental nurses have looked better when I've met up with them over a five to ten year period. I'm amazed how many of you, someone like Keith Norris, who has great body but tends to hang his mouth open, a lot of work in one area but not so much work in another area. Now, it is relatively simple. You have to have your lips together, teeth together or near together and tongue on the roof of your mouth. That is it. It's not more complex. If you were like the characters in Matrix and I could plug you in and program that into you, you would get good facial growth. There was nothing especially genetic about those faces I showed you on the left bar side of the slide. They learnt to do that naturally. That wasn't in their genes. Now, I am challenged the British orthodontist to a debate on what causes crooked teeth. This is one area where we can have a specific debate with good research in peer-reviewed quality journals because when we have a debate like this we can come to a definitive conclusion, we can draw a line in the sand and move forward. Now, my point of presenting to you here is to say, if you're a scientist, if you believe in the truth you need to support me in this debate. That's how science moves forwards. We are treating one-third of the population of all westernised civilisations with a method where we admit we don't know what causes it and we are avoiding open debate. Here's my Facebook site that you can write down and join. Here are the websites that I recommend you go and visit. I recommend lips together, teeth together, tongue on the roof of your mouth. Now, I don't know if we've got time for any questions. Do we? Who's in charge? We do. Now, can we not have anecdotal case study questions? We've got a comment about you and your family. I'll be afterwards down by the coconut water stand in the chairs down there. You can ask me about you and your family and friends. Just general questions. It's a general question on the posture you just prescribed. The tongue on the roof of the mouth, is it flat on the roof of the mouth or is it curved? In orthodontics, they used to talk about tongue thrusting. The full section of your tongue.  I don't know why, but it's worthwhile. Interestingly, physiotherapists do that and they're teaching people deep cervical neck exercises because the posterior third of the tongue is related to the deep cervical postural centres. I could go on about that. My second question was on the orthotropic intervention for children. What's the age range of efficiency for them?  Six years old to nine years old, optimal seven or eight. Question. I was impressed when I read the Western Price book several years ago. It's dramatic when you look at the different faces, pre and post, intervention with the Western diet. You ruled out vitamin A and vitamin D, but how do you explain the differences? It's certainly not just that one group had better posture or kept their tongue on the roof of the mouth, is it? Or is that the explanation? How do you explain that a whole population had this habit and then they changed the habit after they started eating? Western Price is a product of his environment. He saw these changes. He was greatly influenced by Melon B, who had come out with vitamin D deficiency and rickets. It made sense. Bendy bones not growing right, faces not growing right, the diet changing. Well, that was it. But he didn't look at the hardness of the diet. This is paleolite. You are in the paleolite movement. I went to the wellness food exhibition over here and they're saying that even making some of those products softer for people. Western Price missed hardness of the food. We have gone from a very hard diet to a very soft diet. We had most of our food calories used to come from hard things. We have introduced all of these carbohydrates. They are soft to eat. They are high nutritious. We are not making the effort anymore. I am sorry. Yes, eat good food, but eat hard food. Thank you. By the way, it is a mix. It is the two things. It is a lowered tongue posture and it is wheat muscles. We have gone from this to this. It is evident around. I am sorry, standing here watching you.   Sorry, another question. Sorry. I was just going to say it seemed interesting. The people you showed on the left, the models. First of all, they don't do a lot of talking. That is one thing. Nothing is talking that is making that exercise. That is what I was going to ask you though. So, how does chewing come into play in terms of frequency and the difficulty? Also just talking and socialising if people do that mostly throughout the day? Yes. At some of these detailed specifics we can't know much about. The problem with looking at tongue posture is the fact that how can you look at the position of the tongue without affecting the position of the tongue? ond mae'n argynnau i'r gael 100% i'r gael, ond mae'n argynnau i'r gael, o'r mewn i'r gwahau o ffraith gwaith, o'r gael mae'n argynnau i'r gael. Nid yw'n eto i'r gael i'r gael a'i gwahod o'r mynd i'n cael ei wneud i'r gael, a'r hollbeth i'r gael i'r gael i'r gael i'r gael i'n gael? Ond mae'n cymddeithasio i'r gael i'r cymddeithasio i'r marlwydau. But I don't think that's a very normal environment to be in, to have a normal posture. Thanks for the presentation. What's your luck with resolving obstructive sleep apnea with this? It's something I personally haven't focused on. I've got members of our community in California and in Chicago, and recently they've pulled a couple of subjects out of surgery and CPAP. Because if you put CPAP on someone, you are just putting the nose, nail in the coffin. Because that will just pull the face back like that. Yeah, especially in kids. Yeah, oh yeah, disaster.  Thank you. If you want any more questions, I'll be out by the second pool of chairs.


For me, this is really one of the biggest tasks right now as intellectuals is realizing In our own life. There are so many things. We're not proud of and we're trying to hide from people and sometimes that provokes a little bit of aggression and rather ugly behavior And we behave in a way.  We're really not the person we imagine ourselves as Or we would like to imagine ourselves as And nor are the people we're meeting and I think our task now is To meet each other in such a way That each gives the other permission to become the person they wanted to be not to be judged by what they're doing now Because what they're doing now is a mistake and they know that but to create a creative space a Space where nobody loses face and Everybody has a chance to start again from a better place and do something More helpful human beings need that space and we don't give it to ourselves and we don't give it to each other That we don't even give it to ourselves is incredible as the great Muslim Philosopher Agazali says when you really think of it it breaks your heart But of course it doesn't break your heart because your heart is so hard that you don't even have a soft heart towards yourself Let alone to other people go ahead. Let your heart break. I think right now. We're in a period Where people are so frightened they won't even let the heart break Because of course The situation in Syria the situation in so many places it just breaks your heart And if your heart is not broken by that something's wrong With your heart and meanwhile once you break your heart and let your heart break It changes how you respond if I may just go to the heart of What I think we're trying to get at in the history of art is the history of art is about one primary primary primary primary primary primary understanding Which is what would it be like to be that other person? theater was invented So you start to think oh, that's what it would be like to be that person Literature was invented. So you would think oh, that's what it would be like to be that person Music was invented So you think that's what it would be like to be that person and guess what that person is me and if there had been an artist in certain rooms No one would have ever green-lighted Torture in the green zone and it will gripe and the drone strikes in was Eristan and all these things Where somebody couldn't imagine What that would be like if that was your daughter or your son so I would just emphasize that in fact the ability to imagine what it's like for another person to go through something is not a Luxury item It's actually the only possible way to be alive is To recognize what the person you're talking to is thinking instead of what you think you're saying to them Because what you think you're saying to them is not what they're hearing if you haven't noticed They're really hearing something else And if all you can think of is what you're saying you have a problem This act of imagination Is not just a survival skill It's crucial to moving economic political or any other type of policy forward Again, if it's your grandmother who lost her home and you're running these banks and these mortgages For goodness sakes, but that somebody can simply say oh, this is what the law is the real discipline is is Getting out of our habits of oppositional thinking Because if you are still thinking oppositionally you are so Badly dated and you're so damn useless Because any project that doesn't include your enemy is not gonna work Period so first of all you have to figure out how to cross the bridge into their neighborhood You have to figure out how to be the friend of someone who you really dislike You have to figure out how to have a real conversation with someone instead of just yell at them You have to suddenly get way better at listening and you have to go to that place where you say okay These two opposing schools of thought Where could they meet? What little point would give us a? Piece of shared ground that would let us have a conversation with integrity and Would say okay We can both live in the same neighborhood even though we deeply disagree But we share this point this point and that point which is an intellectual discipline And we don't get ourselves into this all-or-nothing mentality And we don't buy into the nightmare of white supremacy or any kind of supremacy The people you don't like have a reason to be here the people you oppose deeply Have an equal reason to be here Now until we figure that out We are just as benighted as the people we think are benighted and that is a giant intellectual and spiritual project is to find light and possibility everywhere and Again to create the conditions where people are engaging in monstrous things have a chance to do something else and to put it a very Direct way the person you think is the problem Or the country you think is the problem or the neighborhood you think is the problem Even in your own family that person who's the problem is the only solution and There will be no solution until that person is the solution


Boys and girls welcome back ladies and gentlemen today We have episode two of our hunter hunter watch through called test of tests last episode throwing us quickly into the world of Goan our main protagonist I am assuming meeting up with Leorio this tall dude who loves money and cura pika on this ship We're pika seeking vengeance for his clan I think and they've just arrived where he's supposed to drop them off to start the hunter exam I'm not really sure I'm excited to get into if you knew the channel chop a sub hit that big Episodes I've had like on this one. Let's just hop right into it. I Just love his little cheer. He's so small test of tests Maybe we'll meet the white haired kid in the intro and all that today doll harbor dolly harbor Carapica, okay, dole harbor. This is a cute town Oh Some advice from an old sailor Oh This seems like a treasure hunt. Oh Thanks, how helpful Is that one that wait is that one of the other People from the boat cuz like didn't everyone on the boat aside from going Leorio and Carapica be where they all Yeah, I forgot he recognized gone's father in his eyes. I didn't this guy like didn't everyone else get disqualified I don't think this captain would lead them astray He seems like a very genuine dude Then that's why you should go to the pine. It was a pine tree Yeah, this is probably like a test and the captain is just helping them Especially him saying, you know rest easy like inherently to gone's father like he's trying to help Yeah, he's just a kid I Confidence about him. We're already splitting up. Oh that one dude Oh They gotta see the hidden meaning behind the very first test I mean the very first test was the boat the ship that they were traveling on oh man I feel like they're gonna have to second-guess literally everything This is this is a cool little journey Yeah, push that you go side Leorio is he's built like Waluigi Abandoned What and since their chakra Is this a cult? I'm guessing this is a test this I hope this is a test This is creepy What did your club? Why does he keep repeating it? They did is a test Ha ha ha don't still looks excited The only three that went the right way then It's gonna be like a real a real thinker A riddle five seconds this test is intense dude I'm just gonna assume every person they meet is part of the test then I Okay, 50-50 chance any other answer. I'm already trying to see between the lines like I don't know I would assume so cuz like if you hear the right answer the wrong answer Going up being the optimist he's so adorable. I like how you can admit that he's not good at quizzes This man is just gonna troll Oh Does the question chain? Okay, this is so bizarre. This is bizarre that he would But you have to make it past this first one. He's very confident in himself Okay mother-in-law are captured What that's so bizarre I'm trying to think what's behind the lines I feel like that's the natural answer My god, you know what I think it'll be is explaining your answer has to suffice What wait, maybe not Oh, maybe not I don't know It's not gonna give you any advice. I like how the bird is part of it. I don't think there is a different route This part of the test Yeah Wait, so if it's the it's a different question every time You just have to answer you can't be scared and run away Yes, she realized that he realized it It's all about not turning away. Oh man. It's a bizarre test. I guess it's just a willpower in terms of trying It doesn't matter you just pick one or two she said any other answer is incorrect Just say one or two. It doesn't matter Oh, she's not she's just administering the test. Oh No, Leorio Just answer whose question even is this don't is deep in thought Oh No This is not gonna turn out. Well saved group. He gets saved He's gonna say one. Oh He did answer What silence isn't an answer Wait, but the first dude said one and she said it was correct. Oh, so you you can say one two or nothing Oh What?  He's just gonna start setting traps.  He was that deep in thought. He missed all of that Man Gon's zone's out Oh, he was just still thinking about like the actual question Dang dude, is that foreshadowing? Oh my gosh, oh my that's heavy foreshadowing As a hunter Gotta be prepared Dang dude, it is it is heavily setting things up Krapika these little intricate cards are actually pretty cute Magical beasts do some hunters hunt magical beasts He's such a baby They're both way younger. I'm assuming krapika is definitely younger, right? I mean Gon is 1000% younger, but and he's the big baby in the group Oh, no, this is gonna be a task. They have like break in or something Is that like a werewolf?  I was like why is he saying its name? At least they're familiar with what it is Is he just gonna smack it? In for the save baby. Yeah, this is 1000% all a test.  That's not from that, right? This yeah, this seems like like a like a test mission Did he recognize? Just what?  I'm sorry Why would he abandon So even if it was the real leorio, he's the one who hit him So wait, what about the tattoos? Oh Oh, that's smile. It's all set up.  There it is.  I like it He's quick My man's perched up Yeah, they're testing them all actually Leorio's probably fighting the the other guy at the cabin He does not look impressed either Is that his laugh? God dang those bad boys are sharp. Wait, what? How does he know What? He's so perplexed. I look how goon just like singles in on things like they're in the middle of this fight He's like wait a second Dang yeah, they're all together He's like, I don't see a single difference. Yeah Yeah, there's something about goons eye sight because kuropige said he can see through the dark and everything and he can tell that them apart Our children And this is part of their of you guiding them Like I said, dude, I need to assume everyone's being tested or they're being tested by everyone That's why Oh dang Yeah, a culturally knowledgeable king They all had like individual tests was leorio's like medic He took he took a few points off, but He made it up to him in medical Their little nods Let's go And what about going goons must have been like in terms of fighting or recognizing like battle scenarios Oh, that's so wholesome There you go Super human physical ability I guess it is kind of like how you fill up a cliff and use just a fishing rod to pull himself back up Let's go team Okay, so that's all for them. Okay, that makes a lot more sense. He's like transforming stuff So bizarre still I like how they do need to for leorio Oh, what a sight to behold Yeah, dude the actual test hasn't begun. They've already been tested a lot in the very first I would say this is like the first episode of it starting off because the first episode of anime always has to kind of Get you associated with everyone But then already being put there quite the tests in terms of the hunter exam before even getting there a very Arguably difficult riddle and a multitude of other things meeting these I forgot what they were called But I like how it's already kind of highlighting all of their qualities and what each one of them is good at I'm really mostly intrigued to learn more and more and more about like hunters in this world Especially from the intro how they hope to reach this sort of power that they like reach towards There's a lot of mystery still I assume we'll get more and more lore as the show goes on That's just one of my hopes guys has been in for episode two of our hunter hunter watcher named test of test Let me know what you thought the episode down in comments below whenever they were asked a question Did you get it right? I probably would have failed gonna be honest There's always I hope you guys have a wonderful extra day as per usual. I'm like, I'll see you in the next one Peace


From Soju's radio and television, this is the Army Now. Sometimes, it's the little things you remember about a place. Sometimes, it's the big things. Yes, we went to Ishinomaki. We moved to Ishinomaki to a big sports complex. And we went out to help clear out, I think it was twelve schools and two train stations. Hard level. Not one time that a soldier complained. They all was motivated to help. It was an honor to help. Sometimes it's about the eats. And sometimes it's about the streets. It's a bit surreal. I mean, I never thought I'd come back. But for the 10th regional support group soldiers returning to northeastern Japan to visit friends they made during the 2011 tsunami recovery efforts, it's about something. I tell them, thank you for the privilege and the honor to assist you in restoring this area of Sendai. That's the Army Now.