I model for brands that are like, we have representation and don't get me wrong, I'm grateful for the opportunities that they've allowed me and that they care, but that shouldn't be the exception, that shouldn't be the tagline of a marketing campaign, that should be the norm. To give a little frame of today, we are here to talk about closing the inclusion gap with disability. As the founder of the valuable 500 last year, we made history because we got disability on the main stage of Davos, with five of the world's most influential CEOs. And then we launched the valuable 500, which was to get us, I got our iconic mission to get 500 of the world's most influential brands and their CEOs with disability on the leadership agenda to stop disability being on the sidelines of business. Because when business does not see the value of people with disabilities, neither will society. We don't need your pity or your charity, we need you to see that we have value and talent and consumer spending power and innovation, we're an opportunity for growth, brand differentiation, I can go on. But what we see, and I am so delighted to say at our press conference on Tuesday, which Eddie joined us for, we announced 242 companies and that's extraordinary. And that represents 3.6 trillion in revenue, 10 million employees, 24 countries and 42 sectors. Now, we say the trigger for this and the reason that business leaders should be so interested because they're fascinated by talent and growth. And we have three trigger points, one is the next generation. The second is digital revolution and social media and technology. I swore last year that we had the most famous CEOs in the world sitting on our panel and this year I wanted to bring some of the most influential young people with lived experience of disability because this is a new generation. It's a new voice. It's at your peril business that you don't engage with us. And I could not be more proud than to have these two wonderful young leaders here with me. We're going to have a really kind of sassy conversation I think. Yeah, we are and it's a really easy conversation we're going to have and we're going to just talk a little. I'm not going to read out these two fab humans bios because there's nothing worse than somebody telling our own stories. I'm going to ask them to tell a little bit of stories. I'm also going to ask them to talk about their ambitions and what their experience of Davos was and the last is a message to business. Now, get your questions on because we're going to give you a little room if you're interesting at the end to ask those questions. So I'm going to begin. To my left is Eddie Novodou and to my right is Molly Burke. And I'm going to ask both of you to tell us a little bit about yourselves so that we can get to know you and everybody else watching online. So Eddie, do you want to start? Absolutely. Well, first of all, I'm going to say I am thrilled to be on this panel and I really want to just take a moment to salute you, Carolyn. Thank you for amplifying our voices and for putting disability at the forefront of the global agenda. What you are doing is demonstrating to the business elite, to political leaders that people with disabilities are here to stay. We're not going anywhere. And we are here to demonstrate to all of you that we have enormous capacity for leadership, that we are able to not only contribute to our workplaces and our societies, but also help shape the trajectory of humanity. So I am Eddie Novodou. I am a 29 year old activist and humanitarian. I serve as one of Mr. Antonio Gutierrez's 17 global advocates for the sustainable development goals. I am also the first African with a disability to graduate from the University of Oxford. And I am on a mission to ensure that nobody gets left behind, particularly people with disabilities, and that we are able to make a dent on extreme poverty, inequality and climate change by the year 2030. Seriously? Like ambitious? Like no big deal. But just give some stats for those of you don't know. It's 1.3 billion people who have lived experience of disability. 80% is acquired between the ages of 18 and 64. So I'm going to turn to Molly in a second. And also 80% of disability is invisible. If you have a mum and a dad who love all of us, I am registered blind as well. That is 54% of our consumer base. So now I'm going to turn to Molly Burke. Molly, tell us a little bit about your story and this whole, tell us your story about how you came to terms or acquired your disability. Yes. So I'm up here with two of my favorite people, three of my favorite people. This is Gallup, very important member of this panel. He has a lot to say on this topic. So my name is Molly Burke. I am pretty much completely blind. Although I might not look like it, which we'll get into later. Don't worry. So, you know, I like to say that the disability community is one of the only minority groups or the only minority group that anybody can join at any point in their life. As Caroline just said, majority of disabled people weren't born that way. And in my case, I wasn't diagnosed with my disease until I was four years old. And my disease, radonitis pigmentosa, took my sight when I was 14 years old. And, you know, at that time, I went through severe depression. I lost all of my friends, was severely bullied. And, you know, thankfully, I went on the long journey of recovery to be where I am today. I am now a YouTuber with almost three million followers across platform. Thank you. Nice. Yes. I am an author of a bestselling book. It's not what it looks like. I am a motivational speaker. I've traveled the world with some of some of the people that are here at WEF, speaking to audiences as large as 20,000 at a time. And I'm a commercial model, working with incredible, diverse brands like Dove and American Eagle and Samsung. And I'm really pleased to be here to share some of my experiences and perspectives on such an important topic. Now, seriously, this is talent. This is leadership. So I'm going to start with, okay, who do you want to start with? What is your one thing that you want to do in the global context of disability and changing? What is your both your passion points? We talked a little bit about representation, so who wants to jump in? How we're seen and how people think about us? Well, I have long said that those that came before me have fought really hard, disabled people have fought really hard for legal recognition, for human rights, for people with disabilities. And I think the next frontier for the disability movement is to actually think about what does accessibility look like beyond the built environment? What does it look like beyond legislation? How do we ensure that we move beyond zero? And zero for me is a signifier for compliance. There's a compliance logic that seems to underpin all of the conversations when it comes to disability. Is there a ramp? Is there a sign language interpretation? Is there a Braille? But what happens once we're in the building? What happens once we're in spaces? Is our humanity adequately affirmed? Is our talent adequately affirmed? And so my vision globally is to ensure that we move the discourse beyond zero. We go beyond compliance, we go beyond rhetoric, and we affirm and validate the genius and the brilliance of people with disabilities everywhere. The way that I intend doing that is by becoming the first physically disabled person to go to space. And I'm delighted to confirm that on the eve of my participation here in Davos, it was announced globally that I will be, that I've just secured a zero gravity flight. And I will be going weightless in May of this year and in so doing showing the world that, you know, we defy gravity. We defy gravity. That's what we do. We defy the odds. We defy gravity.  And so that's, that's, it's about changing the world in real time. You know, I used to think I was ambitious riding elephants across India and a horse across Columbia. And it's nothing but I, can I just say, is the first thing that everybody asks you when you talk about this zero flight space, do they go, do they kind of look at you and go like, are you physically going to be able to do that? Do you get a lot of that? I get that all the time. And it's an interesting one because I think people do a lot of adventurous things. People throw themselves out of planes, people, you know, ride motorbikes, people do all of these things, but nobody really asks non-disabled people. Are you sure you can do that? Or are you, are you healthy enough? Are you fit enough?  And I go through the same rigor, the same process that anybody else would. And I think if there is a segment of society that is most capable of being able to do all of these weird and wonderful things, it's us. Yeah. Because we possess enormous resilience. We have tenacity because that is what is required to live on a day-to-day basis. The resourcefulness that we need in order to step out of our homes and confront the world on a day-to-day basis and hold our heads high. That takes guts. And so guts is the prerequisite for space travel. I think to your point, people asking, sorry, I just, oh, they come on because I'm just sitting here going, yes, yes. You know, people don't ask able-bodied people, well, can you do that? I think, I think society loves to decide our limitations for us. Yeah. Decides, loves to decide what we're capable of for us. Instead of just realizing that we live our life, we know what we're capable of. And if we're not capable, we'll ask for help. We'll let you know we're the first to raise our hand because we live life every single day having to constantly advocate for ourselves. So believe me, if there's something I can't do, I'm going to be the first to put my hand up and say it. And Molly, don't you find that, like, there's also, I think the lived experience of disability requires creativity, enormous creativity. My mom always says raising me was the most creative job in the world because Constance, best mom over there, she's incredible and it's exactly that.  It forces you to think outside the box every single day. But I think one of the things that when we were talking before we're coming in is this perception of what disability is. And I'm just going to talk about something controversial that happens on the handover to you because it links into representation. So we had the panel that announced the valuable 500 on Tuesday. And I'm not going to say who, but there was one or two tweets that came out afterwards and they were like, well, it would be great if there were some actual people with disabilities on that panel. And Eddie and I are sitting on that panel. I'm serious. And then somebody went back and said, well, Eddie and Caroline, and then the person, well, she's not blind enough. I'm going to turn to Molly on this because this is something that we spoke about, wow, the voice is wobbling here. First thing is often people say, well, if you're blind, why are you wearing heels? Molly, will you just talk to me a little bit about representation and what your big ambition is?  There's entire forums devoted to me faking blind on the internet, trust me. It's a constant question I get daily. Growing up, I dreamed of working in the entertainment industry. I don't work in this industry because I am just trying to break barriers for my community. I work in this industry because this is my passion. This is the industry I've always loved and always dreamed of being a part of. I was just five years old when I told my mom and dad that I was going to move to Hollywood and be an actress. So we have space, astronauts and actress. This is my passion. And so I was never going to let anything stop it. That being said, at that time that I said that I didn't know that I was going to go blind, I didn't have any understanding of what going blind meant for how society would then view me and treat me. And so when I did go blind at 14, I did give up on that dream. I thought I can't be an actress. I can't be a model. People like me don't exist in Hollywood. We're not cast. We're not hired. We're not seen. And not only did that squash my dream, I also began to see how not having people like me in media, whether it be in, you know, scripted or in commercial marketing, not having people like me accurately represented meant that society now viewed me and treated me differently because whenever they did see me represented, it was inauthentic, inaccurate and often done by able-bodied people impersonating us, which frankly is the black face we still allow. It's okay for able-bodied people to play disabled people. That's the black face we still allow in media. So for me, I constantly grew up with people saying I was faking it. I didn't look blind because I love makeup. I love tattoos. I love room decor. I love fashion. My eyes are green. All the reasons that people have been able to come up with for me not being blind. And it all draws back to what they've seen in movies and in television is blind people wear dark sunglasses. Blind people wouldn't care about the visuals, aesthetics, that blind people are incapable, that we rely on other people to help us. Blind people have gray, foggy, glassed-over eyes. Well, sure, there's certain people who have diseases like cataracts that cause that, but I don't have that. My disease affects the inside of my eye, and I can tell you this. If you look at the inside of my eye, it's all sorts of messed up. It just doesn't appear it on the outside. And so that's the real issue with the lack of representation is it affects us in real time every single day. How do you feel about that, Eddie? What do you think about the issue of representation? If we're talking about labels, you tick a few boxes, tick boxing, right? I call myself a kaleidoscope. You are. How do you feel about that? How do you think about representation from your perspective? Well, I completely agree with what Molly just said. I think that we talk about intersectionality. It's this buzzword that people love sort of banding about, but actually intersectionality is more than just gluing together lots of identities. It's more than that. It's about having multiple world views, multiple experiences at the same time, and that needs to be celebrated because all of us embody a multiplicity of experiences at the same time. We are never just one thing. We are many things all of the time at the same time. So it's very weird for me when people try to sort of compartmentalize me. I am physically disabled. I'm black.  I'm all of these things at the same time. So even from a policy standpoint, why is it that we compartmentalize when in actual fact we need to affirm the fact that we embody all of these identities at the same time? I think culture plays a very important role. I think that there is, sure, legal recognition is incredibly important, but where the tipping point happens is when we see diverse and nuanced and complicated depictions of the lives of people with disabilities in all of our splendor and in all of our glory. So it is about Hollywood. It is about the magazines. It is about the rooms that we sort of find ourselves in, like the ones here at the World Economic Forum in Davos. All of these things matter because you can't become what you don't see. From your perspective, Molly, you've been talking about what you don't see, but you love fashion and beauty. So what's your next kind of career ambition and what are you going to do for the next few years? The beauty and fashion industry, as I said, I grew up dreaming of being an actress in a model. The beauty and fashion industry is initially what got me into YouTube as a viewer. I fell in love with the beauty and lifestyle and fashion community on YouTube because I didn't have friends anymore in real life. I'm 14, 15 years old. I find myself blind, lost all my friends, and I turned to the girls on YouTube because I didn't have girls to go shopping with. I didn't have girls to have sleepovers with and talk about boys with and all these things. So I found these girls online that were just like me, had the same passions and interests, and although they weren't blind, I connected with them on my passions. And so that's what got me into the YouTube world. And then five, six years later, I began my own channel. And of course, because I'm passionate about it, I talk on my channel a lot about beauty and a lot about fashion as a disabled woman, yes, but just as a woman who loves it. And one of the things that is a constant frustration for me is that it's the one industry that I feel like has denied me being a part of it the most. What do you mean?  So what do you mean they've denied? I'm modeling for brands that use real women. I model for brands that are like, we have representation and don't get me wrong. I'm grateful for the opportunities that they've allowed me and that they care. But that shouldn't be the exception. That shouldn't be the tagline of a marketing campaign. That should be the norm. And so for me, yeah, I've had two to three brands that have been like, come on board. We love representation. But for the most part, overall, it's particularly beauty. You know, I've is closed the door in my face. Um, not just, uh, you know, it's, it's funny, all these magazines, they do these big glossy things about me like beauty influencer. But I don't think any other beauty YouTuber would ever invite me into their circle or call me a beauty YouTuber.  They've done videos with me.  And so realistically, that's where all the beauty brands are looking for, you know, what's happening, what's hot, what's interesting, what's new on the scene.  And it's like, okay, um, pay me and let's work together. I don't just need your free PR. I have enough money to buy your products. Thank you. But, uh, like let's work together.  They act like I'm just so lucky to be in their presence. I'm not lucky to be here. I deserve to be here because I've worked for it. And I'm as valuable to you as you are to me. I bring a unique and different perspective to an industry that's been walking the same circle for years in an industry that's been called, you know, shallow and all of these things. I bring the perspective of it's not what it looks like, which happens to be the name of my bestselling book. But, um, I bring the perspective of actually fashion and beauty run deeper than the aesthetics. Fashion and beauty are about self expression, about creativity, about confidence. And that's a story worth telling. And I have the most authentic way to tell that.  I won't name and shame, but we've had brands say things to my manager like, well, if we put her on our billboard, nobody will see that she's a minority. Are you kidding me? So you're saying it's tokenism. You would only use me for tokenism. We've had brands say, well, she's not a professional makeup artist. Cool. Half the other YouTubers you work with aren't either. And it doesn't affect your ability to work with them.  Not everybody could relate to her lived experiences. Well, that's why it's an important experience to share. So it's really crazy the things that. But I think, I think we have to accept where it is. And I, and I think it's great having you getting up and speaking about it because that will change it. And if we move then from beauty to to representation and accessibility, and I think what Eddie wants to do, I just like you to talk about the global access one, because access, as you're speaking about, it's not just about ramps. It's about the six inches between our ears. Right. I mean, this is about how is our accessible or inclusive is our mind. Right. So from Molly's perspective, if you're talking about representation through beauty, but can you give us what your big challenge and what you want to do? And listen, there's people here in this room and outside this room who could help you with your insanely ambitious targets. Do you want to tell us? Sure. So when I was appointed by the Secretary General of the UN to serve as an advocate for the SDGs, I really reflected on how could I use my platform to ensure that we're able to promote accessibility globally and that it becomes part and parcel of the UN's global agenda, but also humanity's global agenda. And one of the things I realized is that there is no umbrella fund, a global fund, that involves both public and private sector to come together and put capital behind the collective commitment to ensure that accessibility becomes real for people with disabilities. So what do you mean by that? Explain what you mean by accessibility, just for people that don't know, because they might think it's just ramps. By accessibility, we're talking about the entire value chain. We're talking about the built environment, so infrastructure, ensuring that people have adequate transit, that people have adequate accommodations so that they can get from point A to point B and actually exercise their freedom of movement. We're talking about access to financial security. For example, we always speak about the relationship between poverty and disability. We never speak about the link between financial security and disability or, dare I say, wealth and disability, which is just absolutely mind-boggling. So the vision for this global access fund is to be able to mobilize $1 billion to ensure that we're able to scale existing initiatives around accessibility in service of the 1.3 billion people with disabilities living on the planet today. So it's about bringing together the private and public sector to ensure that we can institutionalize accessibility so any large-scale infrastructure project that's happening in the world needs to think about accessibility from the beginning, from the outset. On the African continent, we have something called Agenda 2063, which is a blueprint, a vision of what the continent would look like by the year 2063. From an urban planning perspective, how do we ensure that people with disabilities are not as an afterthought, but front and center of all of the large-scale investments that happen? So my vision for this global fund is that it will help to bridge the access gaps and deploy capital and funding where it's required so that accessibility becomes part and parcel of all of our investments and our global development objectives. Right, so you can see the energy and the ambition here. Would anybody like to ask a question, because I've got loads of questions that I want to continue to ask, but I can't really see you guys, but is there anybody out here who would like to ask a question of Eddie and Molly? And somebody give me a time check as well, because I can't obviously see any watches or timings. Olivia, how much more do we have? Oh, great. Okay, so does anybody want to ask a question before I dive into more, because I will. Hands to anyone? Seriously, this is a conversation for all of us, and I think everybody's very comfortable to ask anything, right? You guys, we're here to ask any questions. People on the internet don't hold back. I've heard it all. Hi, Molly. Pampa here. Hi. Mexican friend. So I was listening to what you were saying about all this about working with brands, and more of a question I would like to share some experience as a YouTuber too. I think the best way for brands to see the value is to do what you're already doing, which is paving the way. I think you need to understand that you are stepping into the unknown, and you are being the first one on carrying that torch, and you are being the concept that is proving that it works. So of course, it's being tough because you are the only one building this tunnel, right? So all I can say is congratulations, and keep doing it, because I promise you that those brands that see the value will come. Yeah, I mean, I'm very grateful for the ones who do see my value, because they don't treat me like I'm lucky, and I'm very grateful for that. They see that I'm actually doing something important. So I'm absolutely so grateful, and I'm so grateful to have been one of the first disabled YouTubers, because... But you made your luck, Molly. Yeah. Can I just say that for a second? You made your luck. Nobody gave this to you on the place. You went out and fought for it. You did too.  Where do you think you got that energy? Is it from your parents, of which both our moms are here somewhere in the audiences? And I have great parents as well. Where do you think you both got that? You didn't get this on a plate, either of you. I think when every day the world still fights against you, the only way to keep going is to have the fight back. And I don't mean fight in a negative way of... I don't walk around every day going, I'm so oppressed. It's not about that. But often with being in the entertainment industry, I hear things like, oh, don't get cocky, don't get full of yourself. I always just say to them, it's really hard to get full of yourself when every day you are still discriminated against and every day you are still judged. And I think the best example of that is I was in an Oscars commercial with Samsung and I think anybody in this room can recognize that being in an Oscars commercial is a big step in a career in the entertainment industry. And I was at this Oscars party and we're watching the commercial and we're celebrating. We're so excited. And then I leave the party and I'm denied access to a vehicle home because of my guide dog. And in that moment, it doesn't matter that I was just in an Oscars commercial. What matters is I'm being denied a basic human right. And that happens daily still for I'd say all of us. And so when that is your reality, you don't have, you have two options in life. You have the option to stay home, to hide yourself away from the world, to cry, to be bitter, to be depressed, to be angry or you fight. You fight for change, you fight for acceptance. And I did the angry, depressed, whiny, laying in my bed thing when I went blind. And you can only live that for so long before you decide is this it or do I give it one more go? And I was at the point of saying that's this is it. And I'm lucky that people stepped in and gave me the support and helped me build myself up. And I just remember being 15 years old and turning to my mom and I said, I can't be angry at society's ignorance. If I'm not willing to do something to educate society. And it was then that I knew that I had to dedicate my life to fighting for our community, to fighting for change. It's so interesting. Listen to your what, 20 years younger than me. And I really can feel that, you know, the time that you have to take accountability and responsibility for your lived experience and not wait for magic to fix you or make it easier. And Eddie, for you, you have a very different experience to Molly. You got to Oxford. You think about, you were in Dreamforce in November. You're sending a billion dollar campaign. Where does this come from? Where was your kind of, as I call it, snot rock moment? Or did you have one where you had to pick yourself back up? I mean, can you explain a little bit to us about your story from that perspective? I think that it's never just one moment. I think it's about a process of becoming, success is about process of becoming. It's not a state of being. It's not a fixed point that we sort of find ourselves and then wake up and say, oh, wow, I feel like I've overcome everything. It's a daily battle and a daily struggle. And I think for me, I've been accused of disability exceptionalism, right? So the idea that- You mean like a super-crip is that way? Right, exactly. It calls for super-crips? Super-crip. The idea that, you know, disabled people need to be super-human for our humanity to be affirmed, right? That we need to sort of like go far above and beyond. And I understand that. And there's a legitimate argument to be made there. But what I am advocating for is space and freedom for disabled people to be exceptional. So we have the right to be ordinary, but we also have the right to be extraordinary. We can be extraordinary. And that is a legitimate right that I am fighting for. And so my life is really about that. It's about showing the world that disability and living an extraordinary life can go hand in hand. And so I think that reminder is what keeps me going and what forces me to keep fighting for a world that goes beyond compliance, a world that goes beyond the minimum threshold that we are told to accept and be happy with. I want to go back to a moment where we were one young world. And I know you wanted to desperately meet Richard Branson. Yeah. Because about space. Can you just just, you know, I think, I love the fact that we're sitting here going, right to be ordinary, right to be angry, right to be normal, right to be sad, right to be happy, right to be emotional. Actually, that's an invitation to all human beings. It's nothing to do with disability, right? These issues we're talking about are emotional. They're belonging. But I think one of the things I saw in you that day was just that moment of meeting somebody that you wanted to meet, not because you want to meet Richard Branson, but do you want to talk about that? Because it was extraordinary. It was extraordinary. I had no idea whether it would actually happen. And we were in the same building. Richard Branson was upstairs. Somebody sort of tipped us off and said that he's upstairs. So we left everything that we're doing. We went into the elevator. We sort of negotiated our way through security and found ourselves in the same room as him. And I remember it so clearly, Caroline. He walked towards us. And it was this out of body experience. And you introduced me. And I don't even remember everything I said, but it wasn't even about the meeting. I think it was an affirmation in that moment that, wow, it is possible. It really is possible. That we can find ourselves in the same spaces and we can show up and rise to the occasion when the moment demands of it. I think it was for us because it was like a visually impaired person. We were running around in and out of doors and then slammed into Richard Branson. That was a big dream for you. And I really think everybody needs to keep an eye on this gentleman because it's the 23rd of May or around May. That is his first zero gravity flight. But we have another ambitious traveler here. Listen, I love cars and motorbikes. And now you're taking over. What is this thing you have with cars? And what are we looking for here? I think it's visually impaired people driving. Come on. Give us this. Okay. Well, not just visually impaired. Pretty much totally blind. No, yes. Apologies. Apologies. Wrong language. I think you and I know the same. We have the same experience. And that is when you are blind, I think every blind person can join me in saying that it is the number one moment of being like, oh, my God, I'm not going to drive. That is the thing. That is the pinnacle of being like, oh, yeah, the hardest part of blinding. I can't drive. It's one of those frustrations because it's that thing we all look forward to when we're turning 16 or 15 or 17, whatever it is in your country where you get to get your license and you have that freedom and you're going into adulthood. And we don't get that moment. And that's a big part of growing up and realizing what your future holds as a blind person. And so, for me, as a YouTuber, I'm constantly thinking, you know, I put out two videos a week. I'm constantly thinking of content and ideas and ways in which that I could not just make content that's entertaining, but content that's impactful. And I do a lot of content around, you know, trying to achieve dreams and goals and overcoming challenges. And I thought of this series. And the biggest challenge in accomplishing the series is that I ultimately need a sponsorship, a partner in the car industry to come in on this. I need to find my Richard Branson.  But basically, the concept is I want to be a blind girl who buys and drives my own car. And I'll give you the context because that sounds crazy and dangerous. Fun. Fun, exactly.  Everybody else is like, terrifying, get me off the road. So basically, you know, most of my audience is 18 to 35. They're in that prime car shopping buying age. So I want to go on that experience with them. I want to do something that I in society never thought I would. I want to go to car dealerships and learn about cars. What's a car loan? What is, you know, what's financing it versus a loan versus leasing? You know, I want to see, like, what should you look for? What, you know, gas emissions, all these things that we look for in our first car. For me, it would be, does my guy dog fit? That's a real challenge with the 95 pound dog. And then, you know, picking my car, buying my car, getting it all customized and swagged out, and then going to the Salt Flats in Utah, where it is fully legal for blind people to drive as fast as they freaking want. And I want to floor it in my pink car.  Like, why do you have to, like, own your own car? Because I'm a lady boss and I can own my own car and somebody else can drive me around in it. And I want to show people that there's all of these challenges that everybody's going to face in life. And there's these things that society will tell us we can't do and we will tell ourselves we can't do. But you just have to find a way around it. So can I buy and drive my own car? Yes, in the Salt Flats, but not in everyday life. But in everyday life, you know, I have a full-time assistant that works for me that currently drives me to all my events. You know, in her car, why can't she drive me in my car? Because I'm a powered woman who runs a business and deserves to have my beautiful swagged out pink car and be driven around. So that is my car series dream. So what is your version of the pink out swag car? What's yours? Yeah, no, seriously. But what's your version of it? So what is your version of the pink out swag car that they say that you can't have because you happen to be wheelchairs? What is your version of it? Come on. Oh my God. I mean, you can have a living spaceship. Okay, that's maybe portion a bit far. What is your version? Actually, maybe not with you. I mean, don't tell him that. No, I was saying, no, I was like, I'm like, actually, um, look, I, I mean, it's not just one thing. I mean, there's so many things.  Go on overlooking having the most extraordinary view. And I've already have a name for the residents. It's going to be called cloud nine, etc. Anyway, there's a reality happening right here. It's a very specific dream. But I think I'm right there on that dream. I'm the penthouse beside yours. Um, but I think really what we're both saying is that it's about allowing us the space and the freedom to be whoever we want to be, to be able to harness our imagination in service of not only improving our own lives, but using our lives to be able to impact our communities, our countries, our societies, the globe at large. And so it, it, it, some people might see this as trivial insignificant, but it's not beneath that what underpins these dreams and these visions and these desires, I think is a profound recognition of our inherent worth as people. I was going to say, I think, uh, I can speak for all three of us having known the two of you quite a while now and worked with you guys in the past at one young world. And is that, um, for people like us, no is, is almost like our favorite word because no, no is a challenge. No is a yes, I can. Uh, no to me is fuel. And often because I work, you know, in the social media industry, hate is part and parcel. It comes along with putting yourself online for the world to, to look at.  And I'm like, oh man, that doesn't bring me down. That pushes me forward.  Right. That's the next on my list. What should we do it? Well, okay, we have a very few minutes left. And there's two things I actually want to ask both of you to think about. One is I want you to think about what you're going to say to business leaders out there. Cause we've got it. We've got another eight months to close our valuable 500 to unge who are, I hope you guys are going to join me back on the stage again. That's our last question. But I want to, I'm sitting here thinking we're very privileged. The three of us are very privileged. We had great families. We've had great education. And we are the lucky ones. Also, I think words that the people that kick around with us is that we're inspiring, which I would have to say we really hate, right? Nobody would say who lives with us that we're inspiring, but we are. No, really, they wouldn't. But for those of us, we're sitting here in one of the most, you know, whatever platforms up a mountain with snow and this with these great with education and family and support. What is it that you both want to see for those who have not had the luck that we've had? Or what do you think is, is there one or two things that you could say? And this is why I think this business piece is so important. How can we help rise the tide for everyone? I mean, all of our work is doing that. I'm not saying that, but can we just think for a second from this place that we are so lucky to be in? Because if I had been born in a country in Africa, I would be killed because of my condition. So just, we were lucky. So can I just ask you just to speak to that just before we close in to the business question? Yeah, absolutely.  We need to start with self actualization and affirm the dignity and inherent worth of people with disabilities everywhere. That that is just as important as advocating for a roof over one's head and all of the basic building blocks that constitute the international development space. And we need to recognize that behind all of the statistics that we throw around, 90% of children with disabilities have never seen the inside of a classroom, that behind those statistics are real lives with aspirations, with hopes, with fears, with anxieties, with dreams. And so I think we need to tell those stories and we need to amplify the voices of the people that live those experiences. And then my message to business leaders, it's a no brainer. It's 2020. And if any CEO is really committed to innovation and growth, look no further than disability. Because disability is a site of innovation. And people with disabilities are incredibly talented. And that is the next frontier. That is what is required for the world to become better is to involve and include the 1.3 billion people with disabilities living on the planet today. Yeah. Molly, to your question from this place of very luck that we were born into, give your perspective and also your message to business leaders about closing this loop. So I think to your point that none of us, like the word inspiring, we're not inspiring for living. That's what humans do. We live life to the fullest. And that's what we're doing every day. And I often get comments on my videos, wow, I couldn't live if I went blind. I would just want to die.  And I think that really speaks to the way the world is taught to view disability.   And I always just say, actually, you could live like this because when life doesn't give you an option, you just do. And life didn't give us an option. This is the hand we were dealt. And so we're just doing it. And we're playing the cards well. And we're doing that because like you said, Caroline, we had incredibly supportive families. We were born into the right country, the right time, the right place. I often think about the fact that everybody's excited about how far and fast technology is moving. For our community, 40 to 50 years ago, we would have been taken away from our families and segregated and put in homes where we would have not have been given access to opportunity to education. We wouldn't have been empowered in any way. And that still happens in certain places in the world. And that's what we're fighting for. And that's what we need to see change. As I said earlier, disability is the only minority group that anybody in this room can join at any time in their life. So it's really of everybody's best interest to care about accessibility.  Accessible design is really universal design. It's not just for those of us with disabilities. It's something that benefits everybody. The curb cut was designed for people in wheelchairs. Now the curb cut is vital for all of us riding bikes, pushing baby strollers, skateboarding, dragging our suitcases. And that's just one small example of the world thinking about designing for us. And it's really for all of us. Because it's not us and them. It's us. We're all in this world together. There's 1.3 billion of us. And that number isn't going to go anywhere. We can't focus on curing us, changing us. We focus on embracing us as we are. You know, what we need businesses to do is to step up. We need an accessibility officer who is going to be empowered and supported to create change within organizations. We need organizations to commit to hiring and including people with disabilities within their organization and within their consumer base with who they're marketing and creating product for. So this is what we need companies to step up and do. This is why the valuable 500 is so important and what they are doing matters. And as I said, it is truly in everybody's best interest. Like Eddie said, disabled people are who you want on your team. We are some of the most hard-working, creative, ambitious people who overcome daily, who often have to think creatively and outside of the box.  Gallup is awoken from his nap. He's like, are we done? So I just want to end with three things very quickly. We would say we all fall to the social model of disability.  And I want to believe that. This is not a conversation about disability, but actually the world is not designed for that sentiment. We are not disabled and we would all believe the world is designed, it's the mis-design of the world. So we can design that out. So we can design out the disability and not the disability we have, but we can design to be accommodating. We can future proof our world and our businesses. We can change bad habits of exclusion. Habits of exclusion. And I just want to end by saying next year, wouldn't it be magnificent if we had Eddie speaking on a panel about travel and space travel and Molly speaking on a panel about fashion and not talking about disability but giving their experience through the disability lens would not be progress? So I just want to say I am going to tend to get you there. I want to thank every one of you for joining us. I think there's something very special about this panel. I have such regard and I please, we're going to stick around afterwards, but a huge round of applause for the world economic forum. Thank you. Thank you again. You keep doing this, let's keep building on it. But to the gorgeous and wonderful hearted Molly Burke and Eddie Nobdo.


Hello, this talk is substitution attacks against message authentication and this joint work between myself and Bertram and Bertram. So in this talk I'm going to first give a high level motivation as to where the notion of algorithm substitution attacks came from, then I will talk about prior work on algorithms, just substitution attacks, looking at encryption as an example, and then I will move on to message authentication and our work. Okay, so the motivation really comes from the Edward Snowden revelations, which showed that there is widespread mass surveillance of communications and that was done by the US and UK spy agencies, together with maybe a few others. And the good news from the Snowden revelations, from the point of view of cryptographers, is that hardness assumptions haven't been broken. So in particular, there is no, sorry, there's no evidence that there's some secret supercomputer that can break RSA or break any of the hardness assumptions that we assume that hold. But the bad news is that cryptography is being circumvented on a massive scale. So that might be through malware or you're getting data and keys from corporations planting backdoors and standards or mass collection of metadata. So as an example, I'm going to talk about the Jupiter dual EC as you don't random number generator, which was always a dual elliptic curve deterministic PRNG, which is supposed to provide a source of random or random looking numbers. But built in weaknesses with the choice of the elliptic curve points that parameterize the algorithm and that is possible to choose the points in such a way that establish to establish a backdoor, which was observed by Ferguson and Schumau in 2005 at a romp session of crypto. And then later the Edwards Snowden revelations suggested that the NSA had influenced that design process. So this idea that cryptography could be subverted, there is some evidence that that is happening in the real world or has happened. And then before I go on to talk about prior work on algorithm substitution attacks and give some definitions, I just want to talk about the wider conversation, which came out of a seminar hosted by Royal Holloway a couple of weeks ago, which really made me think slightly differently about or question some of my assumptions around mass surveillance. So cryptographers, as we know, are very interested in mass surveillance. And I think this is my personal opinion, but thinking about mass surveillance feels kind of like as close to doing something political as you can as a cryptographer. But so the Royal Holloway seminar had the authors of this paper, Crypto and Empire, the contradictions of counter surveillance advocacy. And as I understand their argument, it's that counter surveillance needs to be repoliticized. So cryptographers thinking about very technical, narrow questions means that we don't have to take a political position, we don't have to think about who is being surveyed or for what reasons or what political forces or societal forces are going into that. You can just think about narrow technical questions. So I guess as an example, maybe after 9-11, there was a mass targeting of Muslims and maybe kind of directly engaging with why Muslims as a group can be so easily targeted or some of the prejudices that maybe we have as a society against some of the minorities that end up being persecuted or surveyed or, I don't know, is worth thinking about. So I don't really have time to go into this in any greater depth, but I thought it was very interesting to think about and I'd recommend you have a look at the paper. So continuing with algorithm substitution attacks and some definitions and looking at encryption as an example. Okay, so an algorithm substitution attack replaces a cryptographic scheme with a subverted version. And this subverted version is going to reveal to an adversary engaged in mass surveillance some information and it's going to do that whilst remaining undetected by its users. So here in this diagram we've got the adversary, we have Alice and we have Bob, and Alice is sending some messages which are first encrypted to obtain these ciphertexts which are sent to Bob. And Alice and Bob, they both share a secret key. So Alice can encrypt using a secret key and Bob can decrypt using the same secret key. So the algorithm substitution attack would be to replace this encryption algorithm by an algorithm that behaves essentially the same way as the encryption algorithm would, but deviates in some way that the adversary is aware of and can look at these subverted ciphertexts and learn something. And the foundations of this idea was laid by Jung and Young in a series of work they called kleptography. And post Snowden, the term algorithm substitution attack was introduced by Blare Paterson and Rockaway in 2014. And they showed how an algorithm substitution attack could be launched against encryption and they gave some definitions. And their attack and definitions were improved on by Blare Higa and Kane. And in particular their attack was stateless where the Blare Paterson Rockway attack had been staked for. And then later the definitions that were used were critiqued by Cabrera, Fascha and Cuttering. And I think their key insight was that prior to this, so Blare Paterson and Rockaway, they had insisted that the subverted algorithm is perfectly correct. But that doesn't necessarily need to hold. If the algorithm deviates very rarely then it's very difficult to detect that. So in Cabrera, Fascha and Cuttering's work there's this idea of a trigger message that an encryption algorithm could send. So it could just output the key like every once in 10 million ciphertexts or something. And that's effectively an algorithm substitution attack that you wouldn't be able to detect. Okay, so algorithm substitution attacks work by implanting a terminal channel into ciphertexts. So continuing with this example of encrypted messages, this is what the ciphertext could look like. It's obviously a toy example. But if you imagine that the first bit of each ciphertext spouts out the secret key that Alice and Bob share, then observing the ciphertext, the adversary can now learn what that ciphertext, learn what the secret key is. And to embed that subliminal channel, previous approaches used the technique of rejection sampling. So for encryption, we have a key k, randomness r and a message m, and the encryption algorithm outputs a ciphertext c. And for any randomness r, when you decrypt with that randomness, you get a ciphertext, sorry, you get a valid ciphertext, which means that decrypting that ciphertext will give you the message that you started with. And that works for any randomness. So what you could do is just resample the randomness until the ciphertext is in the right format that you are. So in our example from the previous slide until the first bit is the intended bit of the key that you're leaking. Okay, so this is generically a very powerful technique. And you could leak the secret key. So you could also have some other message that you send in this subliminal channel. But if you send the secret key, that's kind of the most useful thing to the adversary because the adversary can now decrypt all of these cipher texts. But I guess you could send some other message, but we're just going to think about extracting or exploiting the key. Some other work, so algorithm substitution attacks seem to be a fairly active area of research. Just a couple of recent tish papers that I found. Signature schemes, there's algorithm substitution attacks against cryptocurrency, against key encryption, key encapsulation mechanisms, sorry, and data encapsulation mechanisms against lattice-based crypto, tweetable block ciphers. And there's also work looking at protecting against version attacks. For example, you could eliminate the randomness and use non-space encryption. Or you could have keys that are so big that it's infeasible to exfortrait them. Or you could sanitize the randomness in some way. There's a technique called reverse firewalls. And there's also something called self-guarding protocols. I'm not going to go into these in any great detail, but just to say that there is other interesting work out there. Unless there's also the idea of a watchdog algorithm. So now to move on to our work, to talk about message authentication and our algorithm substitution attacks. So first of all, authentication deals with a situation where Alice is communicating to Bob. And Bob wants to know that the messages that Alice sends really did come from Alice. So they haven't been tampered with or they haven't come from someone else that's pretending to be Alice. And to do that, we use a tagging algorithm. So Alice can take the message and then with the secret key that Alice shares with Bob, Alice can drive a tag and send that tag with each message. So now Bob, receiving the message with the tag can check that the tag is really belongs to that message by using the secret key that's shared. And what do you want in terms of security is that it's very difficult or impossible for an adversary to inject messages or to modify messages. So basically that means it should be very difficult to calculate or create a tag that is valid for a message. Okay, so syntax wise, we have a tagging algorithm tag, tag t, key and a message. And then the verification algorithm takes the symmetric key k, a message and a tag and then outputs v. So v will be zero if the tag is accepted is correct. And v will be zero if it's rejected. So one correct and zero incorrect. And then as a correctness property of a message authentication code scheme, we want that all tags should be correct. So if Alice generates a tag for a message, then that should verify. Okay, so in contrast to prior work, we look at subverting the receiver rather than the sender. And there's no reason why when you have Alice and Bob who have a shared key, you know, you could target Alice to leak that key or you could target Bob. And there's no reason as to why you shouldn't target Bob. And our attacks leak the secret key. Once the secret key is known, you can forge any tag which you could use to enable a tax against confidentiality in the encrypt and MAC situation. You could get users to accept compromised, authenticated software updates. So you can force malware on users or you could inject malicious packages. So into secured communication streams to de anonymize users. More general attack rather than trying to export trade the secret key, you could export trade arbitrary information, for example, the key for a different application or the internal state of a number generator. Okay, so syntax wise, for subversion, we're going to denote that with a subscript j. So you have a subverted verify algorithm. It needs to have the same syntax. It still takes a key, a message and a tag and outputs a zero or a one. And in diagrams, I've added some horns to Bob to say that Bob is now subverted and verification algorithm is subverted. And so are the outputs here, potentially. Okay, so earlier I gave a kind of intuitive definition of what unforgeability means. You can quantify that by means of a game where the algorithm gets access to a tagging oracle and a verification oracle. And then you want a similar notion for subversion. So this time you have an adversary that interacts with a subverted tagging and a subverted verification algorithm. And it's maybe worth saying that if you, for example, just output a tag that was the same as a message, then that would be very easy for an adversary to win some kind of unforgeability game, but it would also be very obvious to someone that's interacting with the algorithm that something has gone wrong. So you have some kind of basic correctness requirements. Otherwise, you will kind of have some trivial detectability. And that's another notion that you can make more formal. So for detectability, you have some detector that's going to interact with the subverted tagging or verification oracles. And it's to be able to work out whether it's interacting with a real or subverted algorithm. So I guess intuitively, a good algorithm substitution attack from the point of view of attacker would be very difficult to detect, but would be very effective at leaking the key. So that's another notion which we've formalized as key recovery. And the important thing to note here is that you stop once the adversary has a key which is equal to the user's key. But I'm not going to go into the full detail, but we have two different versions. We have a passive version with just an eavesdropping adversary and an active version where an adversary can cross their own tags. Okay, so passive version. So what we do is we subvert the verification algorithm so that it rejects a sparse subset of valid message tag pairs. So it needs to be a sparse subset because otherwise you have something that is kind of easily detectable. And it works by taking the subverted verification algorithm is going to take the tag and compute the hash of it so you obtain some index. And if the key at that index equals zero, then output v equals zero. Okay, so this should be a correct tag. It should be v equals one, but this subverted algorithm is going to output v equals zero. And the adversary can see this message and tag with some bias that should be accepted, but it's been rejected. So therefore it now has learned one key bit. And we assume that the adversary can learn whether a tag is accepted or rejected. So maybe that happens at a lower application level, and maybe a retransmission or something, but there'll be some way for the adversary to to learn whether that attack has been accepted or rejected. Okay, so that's the attack and it works fairly well. You have one bogus rejection per every second key bit on average to leak a whole key. And we can limit that bogus rejection rate even further with the parameter to make it less detectable. And what's happening here is that correctness is affected. So sometimes correct message tagpads are rejected. And here's a nice graph to show. The probability of a key being expatriated goes up nicely. So eventually, once you have enough message tagpads that you've observed, you're able to completely recreate the key. Okay, and there's a second attack that we do tell an active attack. So at this time, we think about an adversary that is able to tweak these tags in some way or inject their own perhaps, which is a slightly different setting. So traditionally in the mass surveillance setting, we think about an adversary that's just eavesdropping. But I think there's no real good reason as to why you can have an adversary that is active to some extent. Okay, so this time we take the verification algorithm and subvert it so that it accepts a fraction of invalid tags. So there's a nice kind of complement there with the passive attack. And to do that, the adversary takes a message tagpad that it sees and intercepts. And then if the tag, so hash the tag, I know you get an index. If the key at that index equals to zero, then the adversary is going to replace the tag with an encrypted version of that tag, which I'm denoting PFT. So now the verification algorithm receives message with PFT. First, it will check whether the tag is authentic. So an authentic tag will still get accepted as it should. If it finds that this tag is not authentic, then it will check whether it's being encrypted in a special way by the attacker adversary. So it will decrypt that to get back what should be the original tag. And now we'll see whether that tag corresponds to the message. So if so, then it will set v equals to one, when really v should be equal to zero. Yeah, and if this tag is not authentic, this P inverse of what it received, then it will output v equals zero as it should. So there's only a special kind of set of message tag pairs that will bogusly be accepted. Okay, so when an adversary observes that a tag that it knows should be rejected has actually been accepted, it learned one bit of information. So one bit of information about the key. So this time, again, we've still got keys being exfortrated with one bogus message tag pair for every second keyword on average. And this time, we're still affecting the authenticity because an authentic tag will be accepted. And there's a similarly nice graph. Okay, so onto the conclusion. Our work in contrast to prior work attacks the receiver, rather than the sender. And in the setting of symmetric cryptography, we're both send and receiver share a key. That's something that's quite reasonable to do because either the sender or the receiver, they both have the same key. So you could target either. And we present two attacks that show targeting the receiver can lead to successful algorithm substitution attacks leaking the private key. And we do that in two variants passive and active. And those are kind of suited to slightly different scenarios. So I think the high level takeaway is that proofs of security don't necessarily mean so much when the adversary doesn't play the games that we anticipate. So in other words, security is defined with respect to some model, but the adversary's hobby is to try and get you to go outside of that model. So I'm going to finish on everyone's favorite cryptography cartoon. And thank you very much.


No sé, a mí me...  Y tenemos hoy con nosotros dos personas que ya se han visto en el film. Creo que muchos de ustedes ya lo saben. Tenemos Ricardo Valentí Gutiérrez, quien es el presidente de la asociación romana de Gracia. Y su nombre es Romanipis. Él es un activista romano y un defender y historián de la ciudad de Roma, y un experto en Samodalipen. Él va a compartir con nosotros muchos temas que tenemos que hacer con lo que hemos visto en el film. Él empezó como activista a la edad de 27, viajando a Europa. No sé si él todavía hace eso. Con el objetivo de ver la historia y la memoria de las personas romanas, y de no luchar contra la homofobia. Muchas gracias, Ricardo, por estar aquí hoy con nosotros. También tenemos con nosotros Paqui Perona Cortés. Ella es una amiga de mí. Hemos sido amigos por unos años. Y ella se ha convertido en un benchmark en la ciudad de Mina. En el mismo modo, Ricardo ha convertido en un benchmark en su ciudad de Gracia. Paqui es la fundadora de la glasura romana y la fundación Sur, y ella es parte de la Federación de las asociaciones de Roma de Catalonia. Y a través de la fundación Sur, ella trabaja en el empate de las mujeres romanas y su acceso al mercado laboral. Ella es una mujer romana, una feminista, que está leyendo este feminismo de Roma. Y también es importante para esta discusión de tener esto como una de las cuestiones importantes. Ella fue co-creator de esta documentaria. Y ella también ha sido co-creator de esta documentaria. Y tenemos a Eva Grace, que también participó en su creación. Y ella explica la historia de una mujer de la ciudad de la Mina en Barcelona, que se conoce de la historia de su familia. En la audiencia, también tenemos a otras personas que participaron en esta documentaria, Rafi, por ejemplo. Y nos invito a participar. También tenemos a Ricas, un padre grandioso aquí. Y ahora les daré la flora. Así que puedes compartir tus experiencias con nosotros y luego opens la flora para la discusión. Good afternoon, thank you very much for being here today. First of all, I would like to say thank you because in my neighborhood in Gracia, Barcelona, 1986, we created the first or maybe the second Roma association, the first one was in the Mina neighborhood. And I would like to thank the members who established it in the 80s and my grandfather, Frédéric, Valentí, and my uncle, U.S., they started with the activism in Gracia. And yesterday was November the 20th. And this is an important date because it's been 48 years since Franco died, the detector. However, fascism is still alive in Europe and Spain is a cradle of fascism. And in Spain we see fascism and neo-Nazis salutes. And this documentary is from 2014. It's ten years old, almost ten years old. But what was happening back then is still happening today. We've heard about the situation in Italy, in France, in Bosnia this morning. And yesterday in 1945, the first trial of the Nuremberg trials took place. And many fascists were tried. But do you know how many Roma people were in those trials? Do you know how many witnesses, Roma witnesses were in the Nuremberg trials? None. And how many were compensated after the Second World War? None of them received any kind of compensation. Raymond Gremer, the Roma Frenchman who was on the documentary, said, we weren't able to speak until the 80s.  But genocide means coming in here and killing a certain group of people. And that's what happened with the Roma people. And this film was shot in Poland to commemorate the Second of August. But first, we need to understand the Romani resistance of May 16th of 1944. And in Bickenhau, the concentration camp, the SS wanted to kill the Roma people. And in Sri Lanka a few years before the survivors were able to leave. And in 1944 they were warned on May 16th and that's how they were able to survive. But then on August 2nd they were all killed because nobody warned them. And we created this documentary film to go to Poland to be able to show the reality of the genocide in the Second World War of the Roma people.  And they say that half a million Roma people were killed. But there were many, many more, 80 to 90% of all the Roma population in Europe. And many of them were Jehovah's Witnesses or disabilities. And many say that it was just have a million Roma people, but it was a much, much, much higher figure. And if you have any questions about this film that you have just seen or anything else will be available to answer any of your questions. And I am very happy to see you all here today. Thank you. Good afternoon. First of all, I'd like to say thank you for giving us the chance to speak up with regard to such an important topic today. Ricardo shared this trip with us and he also cooperated in the creation of the film. And you may wonder why Roma Feminist Organization decides to create a film regarding the historic memory of the European Roma when here in Catalonia and in Spain we had a totally different story. Well, the thing is, first of all, we believe that we cannot be creating feminism and we cannot do a social analysis without first understanding what has been constructed since colonialism and it's all based on a wide western point of view and we believe that it's very important for minorities to start constructing and discussing our own history because our history has been based on what the others think about us, not based on what we think about ourselves. Our history has been written by others and the feminism of white women, the homogeneous feminism, shows us that this type of feminism is also based on whiteness and as Roma women and as women who belong to a minority, we don't feel represented by that type of movement so we thought that we had to start creating our own story and our story goes back to our history. You cannot start creating a story based on what others think about us. So we thought and we still think that the first step was to create a new story deconstructing the story that has been created about us based on stigma and prejudice and we believe that this story shouldn't only... Oh, well, here we have... Here we have Gabriel. He's arrived at last. So as I was saying, sorry, I just lost my train of thought. Just seeing Gabriel arrive. So as I was saying, our feminism couldn't be based on the white, homogeneous feminism. We wanted to explain our association movement, that is also contaminated by colonialism and by the relocation that has taken place during 600 years and we need to review our activist movements and that was our goal and that was our position as an association of Roma women. For many decades, politically and socially, it wasn't well considered to speak about historic memory but those of us who have been activists for a long time, when we used to refer to this memory, they would tell us that we should just move forward and forget about the past as if our vulnerability just was something we were to blame of but there was this history that had led us to be where we are today with the impact that it has had on the Roma people, all the discrimination that there is against the Roma people and this absence of culture and this absence of memory is not a coincidence. It has been done on purpose, there has been a reduction of Roma history because all projects that have to do with the Roma people have never taken into account our history or our culture or our memory. There are many different European frameworks and national frameworks from different places and policies from here and from there. All the policies are inclusion policies that have as a goal the same purpose of assimilation that started 600 years ago because if they want to promote culture and history and memory then you are empowering the identity of that people but politically that's of no interest. Is this direct racism well maybe it's indirect racism or micro racism. We should start analysing how the word Roma in fact the word gypsy has been created as a link to crime as a social group that has no that's not an ethnic group in fact we have no rights we have no ethnic rights we have rights as Spanish citizens as Catalan citizens and they tell us that we should have enough with just promoting the Romani language or our music in our neighbourhoods but there is no strong promotion of recognizing as an ethnic group and of helping us recover everything we've lost for many many years. When we think about certain laws that refer to criminals we think of Franco but that law comes from before Franco and it's a law that was the vacancy law to control the Roma people and no party no party from the left or from the right or from the centre has protected the Roma people and there was this vacancy law that stated that the Roma people should be put under control and this doesn't come from Franco but before this started in 1492 with the discovery of America with the clear objective the dehumanization of the non white Europeans with this capitalist need that exploded in the Second World War and reached Spain we shouldn't be telling all these stories separately the history of Germany, the history of Spain or other countries we are talking about a story of racism that exploded in the 20th century but that has started many centuries before that because in the 20th century most European countries had legal instruments already in the 19th century in fact to control ethnically the Roma populations in the 19th and 20th century there were many policies in European countries and this was an ethnic and racist criminalization of the Gypsy peoples and their customs and I am not an expert in law but those laws were similar to the regulations of the SS the methods were the same and in other countries such as France or Germany arresting Roma people has always been considered as a legal practice for the police here in Spain until 1992 it was legal and we were already in democracy and in 1802 France created laws to control the Roma people and in 1810 in Great Britain they created also a vacancy law and focusing on all the jobs that were contracted by the Roma people so the public visibility of the Roma people was always a link to sanctions that were related to the jobs and ways of life this is no coincidence and it would be important to reveal documents and the files of the Spanish police of the guardia civil to see what was their relationship with all these European waves of discrimination this should be done when we listen to our elders as we have seen in the Samudari pen film the young people here in Spain are saying there was repression here in Spain because my grandfather has told me about it that's why we created the SATA documentary because we understood the distortion existing in Europe regarding the history of the Roma people and in Europe they were told that here the Roma people in Spain had no problems and we decided to start creating this memory we were one of the first Roma associations to create this memory and to become aware of the situation and then we created this documentary film after the experience we had in Auschwitz and the idea was to recover the history of the Franco period and of the civil war because there were no Roma people surviving the civil war because the life expectancy of the Roma people in Spain is much lower than the native people in Spain and for decades it was impossible to discuss these topics and our elders didn't want to explain the past that they had lived a past full of offenses of humiliation and of discrimination we didn't find any elders who would want to speak about the Franco period and today we are in the Modelo prison this is a strategic site Gabriel will tell us more about it later on something else that's worth highlighting the importance of protecting our culture by our elders protecting our identity this is a Roma strategy when the Roma people explain what used to happen to them when the police would stop them on the road they would say the police were really bad to them but they don't explain all the details it's difficult to get those details why? because some people that has been struggling for a thousand years to protect itself protect its culture and its identity and the way to do that is just telling the positive things and hide the negative things forget about the negative things this is a strategy and the opportunity we had with this film was to do a lot of research among the Roma people and the empowerment of the protagonists of Sada and it showed how our youth by looking into their own history and memory can position themselves and how she was able to strengthen her identity and the administration thought that this was a negative type of project that wasn't going to create anything positive for our identities was in fact something that helped empower our young people and they felt stronger in society and I believe that this is one of the most positive things about this documentary film on Sada who had difficulties finishing secondary education and ended up studying further and in this film when they referred to the police persecutions the older women in the minna neighborhood in Barcelona would say how they would be selling their products at a square in the Borne area and how the police would come and would take them to the police station and they would razor off their hair and they would beat them and they would put them all together in a cell naked and they would throw cold water at them in their houses and they would give the men's scissors to cut the hair of the women there was one woman who told me how they were taken to a mountain here in Monterey and they were left their naked and they were beaten and they cut their hair off and then they had to go back to the city naked and still closed and these stories they do tell there are people in a cafe but they don't want to tell these stories in front of a camera and after Sara we created a theater play in the minna neighborhood and 25 young people would tell the story and the story of the Roma people and it was present also at the theater a Greek event and I would also like to explain our story living in shanty towns and my family would come from the south of Spain and they lived in standard houses but when they came here to Barcelona to work they had to live in shanty towns together with migrants from other parts of Spain who had come here to Catalonia to work and then they are treated in a very respective way different from how other migrants were treated and my mother would tell me that she was always very fashionable when she lived in the south of Spain and when she arrived in Catalonia and she went to the Cantabota area she understood that she had lost her social class she wasn't any longer a Roma woman with money but just a Roma woman what do I mean by that in 2010 we start recovering the historic memory of the Roma shanty towns and there is this need to refer to these migrant shanty towns however there weren't only Roma people living in these shanty towns but also white migrants from other parts of Spain and then when referring to the historic memory they would only refer to the white population so in short the perspective is very important we have been abandoned by the institutions but we do need the support of the institutions to be able to recover this memory and the project should be adapted to us and not the opposite instead of us having to adapt to the political needs of each moment in time and the memory projects cannot have the same indicators as the rest of social inclusion projects we need long term qualitative data we need to raise awareness about our own needs and we need the support and the subsidies from a Roma perspective and we are very much interested in this democratic memory but today as a Roma woman I am a 21st century and I am 54 years old for me it is much more important I knew you were 54, I know anyway it is much more important for us to rescue what still is alive what's still alive that's our cultural heritage because our cultural heritage has been taken away from us our music, our art and this is never going to be included within the political agenda but it needs to be included because here we are referring to territorial interests let's be realistic about it and this has to be done now because if not it's just going to be too late and we are polarized in the territory they are forcing us to position ourselves but this is our memory and they cannot be forcing us to do this the Roma people people from the whole world if I have to tell the story of the Roma music of Flamenco and its importance in Catalonia I have to refer to the rest of the Iberian Peninsula let's be realistic about this because for over 600 years we've been moving around we cannot be applying the perspective of the territory to recover our memory and in Catalonia the problem with the subsidies is that they have to be spent here and not somewhere else but we are a nomad community as the freedom to spend it as we need and we need to deconstruct the paradigm of the Roma people how can we deconstruct the term gypsy and to construct it from the perspective of the positive Roman sorry, Roma history we need to base it on the knowledge on the actual knowledge of the Roma people and how it should be understood from inside out and acknowledgement to acknowledge and to know the other accepting the other with its differences and this hasn't been done yet now in Catalonia nor in Spain there is this a lack of knowledge of the territory of the Roma people and this will continue to lead to the creation of stereotypes and prejudice because there is this negative image of the Roma community that is linked to crime and this is worsen by the media by the literature we need to do something about this and repair repair we need to get back what was taken away from us since 1492 because this has impacted negatively our culture and our history reparation that is key, thank you Bueno muchas gracias Paquín Thank you so much Paquín, Ricardo I believe that both of you have discussed key items that are good ground work to talk about memories and thank you very much for having discussed the patterns of how memories and history of the Roma and Sinti populations you want to come to our square that is devoted to the Roma people and paint something there and we can have their figures of our music you are welcome of course, that's why we're here to be able to share our story and to claim our history and if you want to help us that's wonderful however, we should start renovating this chapel and it is time now for reparation and to take back everything that has been taken away from us and our language and our music because the flamenco music belongs to us and today we have Rosalia and she is supposed to be singing flamenco and then you have another band from Cornelacol Stoppa doing Catalan Rumba and there are the groups like Sabores de Gracia who have never received any awards so our history has been stolen from us I am very tough, I know but at my age I think it's worth being straightforward as I am being now and if you have any questions or remarks I'll be very happy to help you I am a historian and we're historians not because of any university degree but because of our knowledge of the Roma people I remember as a little child how I used to already live that activism in favor of the history and culture of the Roma people we'll be very happy we'll give you all the details well thank you very much now we will open up the floor to questions and remarks I don't know whether there are any questions or remarks about the film and these contributions from the panelists we've been going forth in history with no straightforward timeline but we have gone through history and now the floor is yours good evening it's difficult to make just one remark after everything that we have heard today I've been hearing different subtleties no one sees regarding the dignity of the Roma people and I do respect their culture it is true however that from the point of view of anarcho-sindicalism I am against the state and the state is the opressum and we could also refer to the class struggle particularly when referring to those slums and shanty towns that were affecting a large part of society not just the Roma population and what has happened at the parliament what you have referred to Gabriel is in fact very unfortunate and I was just asking for information and I was wasn't receiving any nice replies and I am working with young people in the area of deportation and the permission of fascism that is currently quite heated topic unfortunately and as for the chapel and the paintings I am sorry for everything that has happened and you have exposed here a reality that is often unknown by those who are not members of the Roma community and I will buy the book but I have to say that the payos, i.e. the whiteies also can work together with the Roma people and with regard to the figure of Roma victims in the Second World War it's between 500,000 and 3,000,000 people and I have contributed to the film and there may be some technical aspects that are not perfect in terms of lighting but the most important thing is the essence and spirit of this film that is referring to the freedom of this minority group and Ricardo, I do believe that there are many people who are with you, really for supporting you it's true that whiteies want to be knowing more about us but what's important and you have been speaking to me today and you and Enrique Carriga who is a friend of mine every time you've wanted to know something about the Roma people we've always been there for you and before I asked how many Roma were witnesses at the Nuremberg trials everybody says that it's the manhousel photographer who helped make those manhousel Nuremberg trials true, but it was thanks to the Cortés Sansan Boy brothers who were Roma and took care of the negatives of those photos this is information that we have and that we have shared with you and with Enrique Carriga you have always come to us and we've always worked as a network to fight against fascism and against the discrimination of the Roma people and other minorities of course we cannot be doing this by ourselves the more allies we have the better wherever these allies come from and I would like to thank Michael because they did give us their support with the film in fact we even were able to find out about Fraskita a Roma woman who was at the Auschwitz camp and when I'm giving presentations I can use this information that came from a non-Roma association there is this documentation regarding this a Roman Roma woman and Neus Katala did say that there was a Roma woman with them in the concentration camp all in all this is a joint effort and a joint struggle I'm Ricardo de Ogregarra architect since 1996 Mr. Gabriel Gómez and Salvador Tarragot he said my professor started their struggle to recover this building and I would like to congratulate you for this meeting today and I'd like to mention a couple of things firstly, that it is thanks to this struggle of over 20 years that we can be hearing these children's voices in the yard because in the year 1996 6 were regarding the possibilities that this building offered and we are now talking about sustainable architecture sorry I am mixing many topics here but what I am trying to say that we believe that it's very important to improve the world we live in and we have to make the most of these meetings to have more people help us so that we can reconstruct this Gypsy Chapel our association is 25 years old in Catalonia and in Spain and it's also present in South America and with Gabriel Gomez two or three years ago we went into the chapel and there was a TV program on the second channel on the Spanish television and we explain how with some scaffolding we and some experts we could restore this chapel we could have art students and architecture students working in this project and last Thursday on November 16 the international day of the world heritage we had the visit of a Bosnian architect and she explained how they worked during the war this means that with just a little support you can create several alliances and therefore as we have today this meeting on November 21 I think we could write a manifesto regarding this chapel because we just need four people experts well when I say four I mean several people scaffolding scaffolding and tools and we can also have the help of construction companies such as Arla or Máfer o Tark so that they can sponsor us and I am sure that they would help us restore this gypsy chapel and the Barcelona city council created the heritage panel to protect our heritage and this is a flag that is over 20 something years old and there are many buildings such as Cancapellanes and Canraventos and Casa Tosquella that are being abandoned and we need to recover them and I welcome you to participate in our association SOS Monuments it's a multi disciplinary association with architects, journalists doctors and it's open to everyone to receive new people who want to help the city and improve the city yes thank you so much slightly over time but let's give five minutes to each of you to wrap up moment to wrap up yes I would like to express my gratitude for having been invited to this conference we can raise our voices here and we can raise our voices elsewhere to claim for our history to defend our history as Marty Luther King said I'm not concerned about the cries of the bad people I'm more concerned about the silence of the good ones of the good people so people like Messi others like Marc Anthony I love Eredio Eredio and he said that he would finish a speech with Dante Ligieri and the Divine Comedy on the bad days if you if you say that you are neutral you will go to hell that means that we really we cannot shut up we need to raise our voices that's basically the summary of that quote I would also like to express my gratitude for having allowed us to speak up here and for having been invited as a gypsy from La Mina District in Barcelona someone born in the sorry, as a Roma person who was born in the Camp de la Bota from the La Mina District when I walked through the doors of this prison former prison I had shivers because every family in the Mina District has had relatives here most of the families not mine in my case but I remember that when this prison was opened up for a visit my brother resting peace and I said let's try and visit it and my relatives told me don't even try why not? I said why can't we go there to just a place where our people have had so many rough times and they said no and we never came and today I broke that curse and I crossed the doors of the Modelo prison but let me finish with a poem from La Papucha who was a Roma poet Papucha means doll in Roman language she was a Polish poet who went through the concentration camps and we will try to translate as well as we can I have brown eyes and you have green eyes but we see the same things we see everything the same but we experience it very differently your people are strong my people are vulnerable because we don't have science nor memory maybe it's better that way because if we Roma had memory we would die in anguish bueno una magada más, muchas gracias la segunda parte de la documentación, Sara es muy contundente porque es como el seguimiento de todo que ha sido discutido aquí en la discusión de panel y en la documentación anterior y ahora les daré la flor a Uriol y Núria Millán López y Núria Millán nos verán en el seminario


I got some green beans and some bacon. Check out what we're making. Cut the ends off your beans.  After a quick boil, we remove from the heat. And we strain. Now you need some bacon. And we're going to start out by melting half a stick of butter. So we got our melted butter. We're going to add us a couple tablespoons of soy sauce. Maybe a fourth of a cup of brown sugar. You need the spicy danos. Mix that all together. Grab your five or six beans, then you wrap them. Just like that. Now we're simply based on our sauce. And we top it with a little bit of the danos crunchy. And our 400 degree oven, they go. And we're done. Now that's fantastic. Yum, yum, get you some.


An fire has broken out in Cape Town's Table Mountain National Park on Sunday, according to South African officials, prompting the evacuation of hikers from the city's most famous landmark. More than 125 fighters are battling the massive blaze, and for helicopters have been deployed to help with efforts, according to a media release shared by a Twitter account associated with the park. An excessive amount of smoke and related updrafts made it impossible for the aerial support to slow the rate of spread. The statement said the Rhodes Memorial Restaurant had burnt down, and the fire has also spread to the veiled above the University of Cape Town upper campus.