All right, so welcome back also to people that are watching it on Moodle or the people that are watching it on YouTube Last part of today's lecture, so I think we have another 50 minutes left still have 12 slides So I think we will be done a little bit earlier today All right, so the applications I already talked about this a little bit, but many Statistical models or many statistical tests they assume that you have a normal distribution in Either the input or in the error term so after fitting some parameters So for example the Shapiro Wilkes test of normality can tell you if your distribution is a normal distribution so it is built into r so if you have a Vector of numbers then you can use Shapiro test give it your list of our give it your vector of numbers and then it will give you a P value saying that it is this likely that your distribution is a normal distribution Besides that you have the D'Agostini k-square test is a goodness of fit normality test based on sample skewness and sample cartosis So it's provided by external packages. So if you have a normal distribution Which is still kind of normal, but has a certain skew or a certain kind of kind of cartosis Then this test can even tell you if the the distribution that you have is good enough to do a certain Statistical test so are because it's about statistics and it's the language for statistical computing The advantage of having a normal distribution is is that it's a more powerful test So you get more statistical power when your distribution is a normal distribution and that this is just because if the distribution that you have is normal or DJ Agostino turned out But no if it's and so if it's if it's very if it's a normal distribution Then you get more statistical power because had the underlying assumptions of the test They are true so that means that you can use a more powerful statistical test instead of having to switch to non-parametric Testing which generally uses the rank of the numbers and not the real numbers So hey, it it has a little bit of a drawback of being forced to use Non-parametric statistics. All right, so a little bit about plots We are going to have a whole lecture about plots and making them beautiful that will be not next week but the week after that and if everything goes well, we will also have a guest lecture for like 30 minutes to an hour and Misha friend of mine will talk about his work where he uses are to create real-time plots to measure closed ecological systems, so a closed ecological system is a tube And in this tube there is water and their plants and their little animals And this system is at an equilibrium or that that is the goal to keep this system at an equilibrium of course Keeping it at an equilibrium is not good enough because you want to add energy to that system to produce food and his final goal is to have a closed ecological system which Produces more or less net food or net energy so it can be used on things like space travel Hey, you can imagine that if you are on a spaceship to Mars Then of course during the six months that you're traveling you need to grow your own food But you want to do this in a in a closed ecological system because of course hey You you don't want any outside interference to it So he uses are together with our dunios to kind of measure this system in real-time and then create plots and See what's going on. So hey measures things like co2 and he will tell you much more about it. So if everything goes Okay, then next week. We'll have the week off because it's a holiday and then on the 20th We will have first a lecture about plots so everything about plots and then Misha in the end to talk to you about his work on creating Well real-time updating bar plots and graphs and these kinds of things but in our Creating a plot can be done using the plot function, which of course is very logical So what the plot function does when you call it with a vector of numbers? Is that it creates a plot window and it figures out based on the numbers that you gave it? What the range of the data is so the minimum value the maximum value and it will put this on the y-axis and Then on the x-axis it will just be one to the number of numbers and then it will create this Dot plot of the measurements that you put in So if you want to add for example a second vector of numbers to an already existing plot You can use the points function so the plot function does nothing but set up the window because it looks at the numbers that you input and then it Calls points on your values that you create So the points function is a little bit a misnamed function because it doesn't just create points it also can create lines and Stare plots and all kinds of other plots, but it is the main plotting function in R So it allows you to put points or lines or these kinds of things on a plot window and to visualize your data If you create your own plots, then you can also use the axis function So the axis function allows you to define what is visible on the x-axis. So head the side For the x-axis is one the y-axis of a plot is side number two Then you have side number three, which is the axis on the other side of the y-axis So that's generally called the z-axis and then you have also side equals four And that's the opposite of the x-axis on the top of the plot generally You don't use side number three and side number four, but sometimes you want to create a plot Which has like a double axis system so it has a y-axis and it has a z-axis on the other side because you want to visualize two types of data one being in a Range which you plot on y and the other type of data being in another range which you then plot on the other axis So there's two more parameters There's the at parameter which says at which points you want to have tick marks And then you have labels and these are the labels that are put at the different at positions, right? So you can say Axis side is one so on the x-axis at one so at the position number one Take a label for example genotype a or whatever you want to put there When you create plots you also have to create a legend to explain what the different size and colors and shapes of dots mean So you can use that you can use the legend function for that The plot window of course is a 2d window But the image function is there to create kind of a heat map function So if you want to have a plot which is completely filled like a nice heat map Then you can in our use the image function and that creates kind of a 2d plot of your data So if you have a data, which is just a matrix filled with numbers Then you can call the image function on it and then what it will do it will take the x-axis From the x and the number of columns will be the y-axis and then hey It will based on the value in the matrix will then assign a color to it So the assigning of colors in the image function uses the brakes function So the brakes function sets different color boundaries. So you can say all numbers between zero and one are white All numbers between one and three are for example blue and all numbers which are three or higher Get a color which is purple, right? So you can define for each break So for each more or less section of your data, you can decide which color to use Of course, you don't have to do that. You can also just use the standard image function So the plot function is for more or less 2d plots when you have an x and a y measurement The image function if you have a matrix of measurements and you want to visualize all of them using a nice color scheme And then you can use the brakes So there are some types of specialty plots for example like the box plot So here we have the guinea pig tooth growth So how we can see different dosages of vitamin C and then here we see the length of the guinea pig tooth You can also use a level plot for heat maps Yes, yes, you also have level and you also have contour which creates these nice contour plots which looked like a Weather map right on a weather map you see like high pressure area low pressure area and that is done using contour So the contour function and indeed you can use a level plot to create heat maps as well And you can use the heat map function as well. Although. I don't really like the heat map function because it is It's a little bit obtuse So it's not as flexible as using the image function, but using the image function compared Combined with stuff like a contour It looks really nice. So if you have like a height map, yes, so you have for example, you're doing measurements of Of an area and you measure how high a certain area is then it's really nice to have a heat map to do things like colors like Everything below a thousand meters is green everything between a thousand and two thousand is is brown and everything above that is white I don't like the heat map function as well No, I I don't like it at all because it messes with the margins and it it's not flexible and in any case So I always try to use the image function the only Saving grace of the heat map function is is that it provides automatic built-in clustering But who needs that you can cluster your data yourself using any clustering function and then just reorder it So yeah, no, I'm not a big fan of the heat map function Although the heat map function It does have this really nice dendro grams on the side and you also have like this ability to do like a little color based on The group of which the data is in All right, so box plots are a very specialized type of plot So you generally don't want to make them yourself. So there's the box plot function in our which allows you to create box plots This is an experiment On guinea pigs and how the teeth of guinea pigs grow and hey, you see the length of the tooth according to different Different vitamin C dosages on the one axis and then you see that vitamin C is done Is given using ascorbic acid or just orange juice and you see that indeed have when we look at the box plot We see that giving guinea pigs orange juice is good for the teeth Or at least the teeth grow larger But only in a certain dosage of vitamin C. We see that for example here between the two groups There's no real difference Here we also see that there's no real difference and we can see that from the notch So the notch is something that you can set in the box plot function So you can say not just true or not just false but when you set the not just being true it shows you this kind of cave in on the side of the box plot right and this is more or less the standard Standard error in in the measurements So when you have two groups and the notches do not overlap Then there is a significant difference when the notches overlap So you see here that this notch includes this notch. So there's no significant difference between these two groups There is also no significant difference between these groups So it allows you to very quickly visualize your data and give people an idea of What is significantly different and what is not significantly different without even using a statistical test One of the other parameters for the box plot that you can set is the far width and that means that the width of the box plot So the the bulkiness of the bot plot is Based on the number of observations in the group So if you have a very low number of observations in the group Then you will have a very skinny box plot and if you have a large number of observations in the group You will have a very fat box plot. So hey, you can kind of Add this additional data to the plot What is the difference between whisker and box plot it's it's called the box and whiskers plot So the box of course is this is this yellow part and then the whiskers are the things that are outside You also see an outlier here, right? So it also plots the outlier so the the the measurements which are which are outside of the whiskers And the whiskers are chosen in such a way that they generally represent two standard deviations Although you can you can set that yourself. You can say I want whiskers which are Three standard deviations or five standard deviations away The general box in the box plot is one standard deviation So like that 50% of data falls into the box and then another like Well 22 and a half percent is in the whisker and other 22% isn't the upper whisker And then if if there are data points which are outside of that Then they are shown as individual dots and those are generally considered the outliers so two things that you can add the notch the notch automatically makes this Capings in here. So hey, it's not a standard square box plot and here you can see that in this case, right? These two groups although they look by eye to be relatively different You can see that there's probably no statistical difference because the notch ends here And then it overlaps with this notch here, which is slightly outside of the box So that means that there's not a lot of observations here If you want to also add the observations you can use the far-width parameter And then it will scale the side or the bulkiness of the box plot based on the number of observations in there Histograms are again very commonly used. So R has a built-in histogram function called HIST HIST can be done using the frequency So you can say frequency is true or frequency is false and In if you say set frequency to true then it will show you the number or it will be based on the number of observations and Had then here because this is one which has been done by frequency is false And then it says it gives you the density. So now the entire area of the plot will be one and Individual bars will be scaled based on the density So the number of observations compared to the total number of observations Of course if you want to compare Two groups which have very different numbers of observations Then you want to do this by the density and not the frequency, right? Because otherwise if one group of measurements has a thousand measurements and another group only has like 50 head And of course the the the thousand observations will be much higher because head will go like this group has a hundred observations Which is more than the total number of observations here So by setting setting it from frequency to density you can compare two Groups with each other which have a relatively big difference in the number of observations It has a parameter called breaks where you can set how many Where it should or how it should kind of group data? So you can see here that I used it because here you can see that these groups are Relative so this is from 0 to 5 from 5 to 10 from 10 to 15 to 20 And so you have like breaks here, but here you see that the groups become much much bigger so you can set your own breaks and it will Count how many observations you have in each of your kind of breakpoint sets? So not every bar has to have the same width You can have a group from 0 to 5 and then the next group going from 5 to 10 And then the group after that going from 10 to 100 So hey it is also possible to make histograms for example on our logarithmic scale where you just Increase the size of the group every time by 10 Histogram has a plot parameter if you set the plot parameter to false It will not it will not draw the plot, but it will return the value So it will return the number of observations in each of the groups Which is sometimes very handy because if you want to kind of subdivide your data into different sections, right? So you want to say how many observations do I have from 0 to 20 and how many of then you can use the return of the histogram function So the histogram returns something which you can put in a variable and you can use later If you don't want it to create the plot because you're not interested in the plot You're just interested in the statistics that it calculates Then you just say plot is false and then it doesn't do the plot, but it does do the calculation So it will give you for example the density. So how many or what percentage of numbers are between 0 and 1? All right, so I already told you that you can use the image in the heatmap function So the image function creates a grid of colored rectangles with colors corresponding to the values in Z So the more or less the the measurements within the matrix So the heatmap function is different It is less flexible, but it has as an advantage that it does automatic clustering and it can use side colors So side colors means that for every individual For example, you can say well this individual has gotten high treatment and another individual has gotten low treatment right so you can use two or three colors to designate groups and then it will draw that at the side and Generally what you want to see is this that you have a nice heatmap where several groups are splitting out So that individuals who got the high dosage are grouping together and individuals which had the low dosage are also grouping together so I generally prefer the image function and I would say practice with the image function before you start using the heatmap function To prevent some of these issues with the standard heatmap function There's also a heatmap dot-2 function. So that's called heatmap dot-2 And that is a slightly improved version of the standard heatmap function, but still it suffers from the same problems is that the The dendrograms on the side They take up some of the margins meaning that you can't really decide where if you want to draw like additional lines in the plot It's really difficult to figure that out using heatmap. It's very easy using an image function So the image function had a heatmap function internally uses the image function as well. All right, so there's If you want to make plots, right? Then there's a whole bunch of additional parameters that you might want to set for example You want to say that the the font label. So I want to use a different font, right? I don't like the standard font or the journal requires me to have plots and these plots should use Ariel or courier new or they should be in wingdings, right? So are allows you to set the font of for example the labels But also the font of the main and and all of the other texts that you use in the plot So if you want to set or query graphical parameters, you can use the par function So the par function for example here I use it to set some parameters So I say that the label font sort of the the font on the labels on the x-axis and the y-axis Should use font number or two. Of course, you can also specify that by name So you can say font that lap is Ariel and then it will use the Ariel font to do the plotting the font that axis is the ink is the is the Oh, no the font that label is the is the label So that's the label of the x-axis and the label of the y-axis the font of axis is actually the font used for the tick marks on the axis You have to see x dot axis, which is the magnification So here I say make them one make them 50% bigger and also make the labels 50% bigger There's literally a hundred and fifty or something options that you can set for plots to make them kind of adjustable Yes, so you have magnification your CRT. You have the family the font The label the last the LTI so the line types the line thickness And so there's a lot of things that you can set Using this par function if you want to know what you can set then you can just do in our Question mark par and so just type question mark then do par And then it will give you an overview of all of the different things that you can set And I think it also has some images to show you for example if you are dealing with things like Margin so you have an inner margin. You have an outer margin. You have a max which is the margin between two plots You have pch, which is the point size The type of the x-axis if you should plot it or if you shouldn't plot it. So there's like a hundred and sixty options, but Can you also add another axis with par? No, that's what the axis function is for so if you want to add a third axis Opposite of the y-axis then you can say axis three and then you can specify Where you want to have your tick marks and then you can also give labels to these tick marks So if you want to Change for example, yes, so instead of writing a million you want to say one Mio, then you can you can use the axis function So if you want to give an axis then the axis function will do that The par is more like global plot parameters like How many dpi should my plot be? What font family should I use so those are general things which generally can't be set in the individual plots So many options if you want to know all of them just do question mark par and it opens up a like Five page help file or ten page help file with all the different options that you can set With a description of how you can use it and what the default values are All right, so how to plot? So in R generally when people use the R window, right then you would just say plot something But generally if you want to use your plot You're not wanting the plot to show up in R But you want to have your plot for example in a PNG or a JPEG, right? You want to have a file on your hard drive? So generally I first make my plots using just a plot function When it works and I want to write it to the disk then I use this structure So the first thing that I do is say PNG which opens up the PNG device I give it a name. I give it a width and a height and here I can also set the DPI So the the kind of resolution of the image I then set up all of the parameters that I need for example the font size the type of font How big I want my labels to be? All of these parameters so the global parameters Then I create an empty plot and this is what I generally do so I create an empty plot I give my own x and y More or less axis, right? So here I say the x axis should run from zero to a hundred the y axis should run from zero to thousand Type equals none if I would not specify type equals none It would put a dot at zero zero and it would put a dot at a hundred a thousand So by saying type equals none I suppress the plotting of the values that I gave to the x and y it kind of and because I told you that the plot function Internally uses the points function to draw the points so by saying type equals none it doesn't call the point functions So it will just say It creates an empty window and then I add the points or the lines or the arrows myself Using either the points function or I use the arrow function or I use lines or rectangles So had then I do my own kind of custom plot after I'm done Then I say dev.off and at this point it will save my PNG So it will hey it will execute all of the commands and then it will save the PNG to disk So PNG just opens up the device. It's very similar to when you read the text file, right? And you use a connection for it So if you use it a connection then you have to close the connection in the end the same thing holds for plots So you open up a connection to a file then it streams the parameters into it the plot It creates the window and then you add the points the lines or rectangles that you want to add And then when you say dev.off it closes the file and creates more or less the image So if you forget to do dev.off then you will have a file which is zero bytes and it won't have anything in there So only when you do dev.off will it save it to the hard drive So this is more or less my default for making plots If I want to create multiple plots, right? I want to have like a four by four plot So I want to have in a single window. I want to have like four plots next to each other I can use this par function, right? Which sets up global parameters here. I'm saying MF row So This is just the way to tell R that I want to do multiple plots And in this case I want to have four plots two rows two columns So MF row is means that this is two rows And then the second one is the number of columns that I have and then I can create four plots And these plots will go into the four empty slots that I defined here So you can create multiple plots if you want to do it more complex and you want to have like a First plot being very big like taking the whole width of the of the picture And then the second plot only taking half of the width of the picture then I can use the layout function So the layout function allows you to come up with all kinds of weird Structures on how you want your plots to look And the way that you do it is you say I create a matrix and in this matrix I give numbers so one means the first plot Then zero means no plot and then two means second plot and then When I use the layout that show so it give this matrix to the layout function when I do layout that show NF Then it shows my layout in the R window So what I define here and this is generally you it's something that you draw on paper, right? So you you kind of make a little sketch of how you want your plot to look So I want to have like one plot on the top And I want to have like a little one on the side or I have one on the bottom And then hey you just define this as a matrix and in this case Hey, I just do two by two So head one one means use the two top rows, right? So the both rows are filled with ones and then I do layout that show If you want I can give you an example of this that that something that might be Then you can more visualize it in a way, right? Let's do an example since we still have like a little bit left and I still have three slides left So we can do a little example. So all right, so let's go to the R window All right, so we have in the R window. So we made this plot, right? So let's let's just use this one So we're going to say I'm going to create a matrix, right? And I want to have I have three color channels, right? So let's make Red green blue right so use the red channel the green channel and the blue channel and then have like the first two Channels on the top and then empty space and then another one So I'm going to say I want a matrix inside of my matrix I want to have one two zero and three and this is going to be a two by two matrix Two by two matrix and I say by row By row equals true. Oh Sorry small letter R, right? So now this is my matrix and now this matrix I am going to use as my layout So I'm going to say layout and then I'm going to say ML for my layout and now I can do Let me look it up. So now I can do layout dot show ML Right, so now it says when I call plot once it will be here when I call it twice It will be here and when I call it the third time it will be here, right? So if I would now do plot 1 to 10 Then you can see it will put it here The next one for example one to a hundred will be here and the third one one to a thousand will go here Right, so it just takes the matrix and interprets this so I can do even more complex, right? Because I can say well Imagine that I want to add like a little bit here, right? So I want to have like a new plot here on the side then I can say well I want to have a layout which is For example 1 1 right because I want to have more of a horizontal layout then I'm going to say 2 goes there and Then I want to say 0 comma 0 and then the 2 plot goes here again, right? So if we look at this matrix Then oh, this is of course a 3 by 2 made 2 by 3 matrix Right, so now it looks 1 1 2 2 0 0 So now I have the space for 2 for 2 plots, right? So 1 which will be horizontal and if I then say layout All right, we won't do the next slide in Dutch then so if I now say layout call it ml I can do the layout that show again And now it will show my layout and now you can see that the first plot is going to go here And the second plot is going to go here if I think well This is too much space for the second one And I actually want to have like a third one or third one here and the fourth one here Then of course I can just adjust my layout saying I want to have the third plot going here Then the fourth plot going here But I want to increase the size of the first one by 2 for example And then I'm going to say these ones are 2 and this one is 3 and then this is 5 So 2 by 5 Right, so if I would show you the matrix Then the matrix would look like this So I have now four spots for the first plot then there's the second which will go across two columns and then I have plot number Oh, no, that's that's wrong. So this should be 3 3 4 4 So I need to get rid of this and I want to make this one 3 and I want to make this one 4 right so this is more or less how I want it so one plot in the Top here then I want to have a very small plot here on the side And I want to have plot number 3 and plot number 4 go here So now when I use the layout function I can lay it out And then now it will notice that the layout of the window has changed So now I can just say plot 1 to 10 right so the first plot goes here, right? So this is this is like four fifths of the whole plot the second plot Will go here right so that's that's like one fifth of the total thing, but across two columns the third plot Let's just use this nice graphic that we had So just take the red channel here Right so the red channel goes here And then I can take the green channel going to the other side and filling up the last spot And and put it here Right so using the layout function I can be very very flexible in in where I want to have my plots And I can kind of create a single image and it just functions by if I have five rows Then it will just divide the entire plot window into five sections And here I am assigning four sections to this plot and only one section to this one But this one goes across two columns and of course I can use any size matrix So in theory I could do like 50 plots in a single window Clear another example do we want to have more angry birds or artists? I think this is good enough, right? All right, so that's how you can use the layout function And the layout that show just shows you the current layout that you have selected And so and you can even use multiple layouts and store them in variables and reuse them But this is kind of the way that you want to set up multi plots All right back to the presentation All right next slide in Dutch Go for it the apply function so After this lesson we have assignments and if you do the assignment Then you will see that you have to calculate a whole number of things like the average and standard deviation And that kind of thing so you can you can save a lot of time Save time through the apply function to use and if the apply function is used then you don't have to forget that the margin So the apply function is defined as x and that is the matrix that we use Then we have the margin which is 1 2 I never use I never use 1 and 2 and then we have the fun and that is the function that we want to fit So if we if we do this statement then we say Pass to on my matrix Over the column the function gemiddled and it got you a hoop time sparing in in the assignments, so he used the Assignments used the apply function as you that cunt Anderson it meant a for loop of men and while loop to do All right, so just quickly recap in in English So during the assignments you can save a lot of time coding effort by using the apply function So the apply function we already saw it But it will save you a lot of time because otherwise you have to write a for loop or a while loop and then save and these kinds of things But the apply function is going to help you during the assignments a lot So just as an example we have apply which works on a matrix called x then we have the margin So in many of these assignments the margin will be 1 when we want to do something by the rows and The margin can be 2 when we want to do something by the different columns The fun is the function that we want to apply and often these functions will be like mean or median or standard deviation And then it's just for you guys to save time during the assignments Try and use the apply function Of course, I would also advise if it works via the apply function also try to do it using Using a for loop right just to practice your for loops Or your while loops just try and use them as well But the apply function will save you a lot of time and will create like really tiny one-liners Which otherwise would be for acts in one to the number of columns Take the column from the matrix calculate the mean store the mean in a variable and these kinds of things So you don't have to do that you can do that automatically with the apply all right, so We can also subset right, so if we don't Want to have the mean calculated across all columns, but just a couple of columns right? It might be that our matrix has a column, which is not numeric then we can say Subset so we have MDF which are our matrix right so MDF is just called the name of the matrix So take a subset of this matrix select columns one and column two and Across this subset right so I'm just taking the whole matrix and scaling it down to the first two columns And then what I'm saying is apply to that to the columns the mean Right, and we can also use a filter so get the means for a certain number of columns and use the column filter So we can subset the matrix. I only want The column I want the values in the column temperature to be below 25 And I only want to select column one and column two and then again to this subset that I just made Apply to the columns the function mean Right, so subset is your friend. It really helps you What does the two do so that the two is here the margin? So if you would say one it would do them the average across the rows And if you say to then it will do the mean across the columns And I never use margin one two, so just forget about this last line, but margin one means Take this function and for each row do it a margin of two means for every column do this All right, so the subset function and the apply function are going to be really really useful during the assignments Because we are going to have taking or you have to make some subsets And then you have to calculate things like it's like means and medians and these kinds of things All right, and that's it for today. So Finished nicely in time 12 minutes before five So if there are any questions, let me know And next Tuesday at three we will again have our No, the lecture next week does not take place because it's a holiday So we will be having the next lecture on the 20th if I'm saying that correctly. So that's Yeah, 14 days from now. So that will be the 20th. There will be an assignments help section so on Tuesday because it's not a public holiday yet on Tuesday at three We will have our weekly zoom meeting For people that need help with the assignments. So if you want to get some help next week I will have to see if we want to do it the week after as well because then we have two zoom help meetings for assignments But that's just up to you. If you you think that well, it will be good to have like two of these meetings to talk about the assignments The assignments are really short this week But I also Uploaded additional assignments. So there are on the top of the Moodle. There's an extra assignments or additional assignments Maybe do a different day for the week after that is a very good idea test the starters That's why you have the little diamond in front of your name Yeah, that's why you have the diamond That's a good idea. Um, I will uh, yeah, I will send around a mail then so we will do it next week on Tuesday and then the week after um General gulok what graphics package can you recommend ggplot? none Use are Use what's available Only then start learning more complex stuff to do ggplot I in my whole career have never used ggplot I think the syntax of ggplot is just completely confusing Um, and I can't use it. I have colleagues who use it So if you are like I told you guys that there is an extra lecture or there's probably two spots for extra lectures at the end If you want to have a lecture about ggplot That is possible But I'm not going to do it because I Totally hate ggplot and that's just my personal opinion I don't know what an is is and then with a layout and grouping factors and these kinds of things I make my plots using plot image point rectangle Arrow these kinds of things Will there be any lectures? Yes, there will be a lot of so all the coming lectures won't really be about Basic r programming anymore because you already know how to program you can do a for loop You can do an if statement you can make a subset you can load in your data You can write out your data all of the lectures that are coming So next lecture on the 20th will be about plots. So creating nice looking graphics for publication and powerpoint and after that Let me tell you what you're up for So let me go to my overview of the lectures pptx our course All right, so lecture number five on the 20th will be plots then there will be a whole lecture talking about statistical testing Then there will be a lecture For me because I need to ask you guys some exam questions Which is about algorithms and functions and I just live talking about recursion and these kinds of things Then we will have A regression lecture. So everything about regression and more And then there will be linear mixed models So what is the difference between a random slope and a random intercept model and how to interpret the results from that There will be a lecture lecture number 10 about Creating an r package and getting rich off Having other people using your code and and being able to do that Um, I have a lecture planned about common idioms So common ways to do things in r so stuff which come back over and over again And then there will be a Your own or your own choice so one person last Last the last assignment series said that he had a really nice data set concerning fishing or Doing like electric fishing things So I just got the mail and I didn't read but I will make one lecture for him because he gave me part of his data set or the whole data set and I will just make a lecture about that. Um, so if there's anything that you want for example, I want to know more about Ggplot or I want to know more about block designs or I want to know more about How to create really professional loop and graphics in r or I want to Make little animated gifs in r. You can actually make animated gifs in r Let me let me look that up for you guys because you you might get a kick out of this. Um I did this for a colleague. Um I wrote a little simulation program, which I call the cow culling simulator And let me look it up for you guys, which is just Doing Like weird stuff with r right doing weird stuff with r is something that's always fun because you it teaches you something And I hope that I have everything installed. Um, I hope so because it uses emojis I'm really a fan of emojis. So let's do it like this. Oh, yeah, I have the emojis installed So let's close the plot window difference in differences, maybe Or does it take too long? How do you mean difference in differences? Because you can just use the diff function to get the differences And if you want the differences in the difference, then then you use the diff function on the diff function um So you mean like I have a row of numbers like c one four six and eight nine or something like that Right, these are numbers then I take the difference Right, so between one and four you have three and then if I want to we have the difference of the difference Then I just do the diff of the diff. Oh, um, the diff of the diff Which is the difference of the difference Is that what you want? Probably not. Um, anyway, let me show you the the the the the the The weird stuff that you can do it are I mean the statistical technique if to find out whether there is causality There is no statistical technique to find out if there is causality causality is not mathematically defined So you can't you can't do that Mathematic well, that's not entirely true because I'm working in a field which is quantitative genetics, right? and Mendelian randomization Does allow you to define causality So but if you're interested then we can do a lecture about that like I'm more than more than willing to do that um, but then We probably want to have a vote on that because I don't think that everyone is Into hardcore statistical genetics But yeah, we could talk a little bit about causality It's actually part of my phd thesis as well I've been doing a lot of work on causality and doing causal networks from gene expression data and Using like recombinant inbred lines and these kinds of things Anyway, I just wanted to show you and I hope this works actually to Because I don't I never tried doing animated gifs in r Using so I'm just going to make the window a little smaller so that we have the nice plotting window So fun stuff in r. So like I told you guys I made a cow killing culling simulator which simulates The effect on the genotype frequencies When the farmer starts selecting cows for things like milk production and to kind of Show people that simulations in r are really fun and you can do all kinds of animated gifs I decided to make something which is this So um, this is also something that you can do in r So here I'm just using emojis and I'm just using like refreshing the window To kind of make really fun animated gifs In r and you can do that like you can you can do anything in r that you want and ggplot cannot do this But r can so Like that's why I think r is superior to ggplot So if there's anyone out there that wants to kind of challenge me and say well, you can do this in ggplot as well Show me how to do this in ggplot and I might consider learning it but uh up until now no If I can't use emojis and just make like little moving pictures and have cows get hit by by like bananas and stuff Then um, I'm not interested in your plotting methods.


So I want to talk to you a little bit about the two places that I visited in the last few months. And because there are quite a few people who are going to share their stories and I'm more interested in what they have to say, I'm going to try and run through this as quickly as humanly possible. So if you see an interesting picture or something that you don't understand that I'm saying, stop me and go back to it. So these are the two events. One is in Berlin, Republica 15. But I want to talk about the event. I'll talk about the small little gathering that I was part of, which is sort of in the middle of it. And of course there's the Make a Fair Shenzhen, which is the wrong way to pronounce Shenzhen, but other people will talk about Shenzhen. I'll talk about Make a Camp, which is a seven day event that led up to Make a Fair. So Republica is pretty huge, something that happens in Europe. It's a bit like the dead of Europe. It's not focused entirely on, it's not directly relevant to what we do at Make a Fair, but the group that I was part of, we sort of created an ad hoc Make a Area hub in the middle of this conference. So I want to tell you about the conference. You can look that up and there's a lot of stuff there. This is to give you a flavor of Berlin. This happened on the 1st of May, Mayday, where everything... Can we turn off the lights for a second? Yeah, because the pictures are not adjusted, so it's going to be quite dark, and I'm horrible at taking pictures. So I just take lots of them. Okay, so Berlin is completely crowded on the 1st of May. All the streets are closed down in this particular area called Kreuzberg, and it's party central. It looks pretty impressive. But the thing that I want to talk to you about is GIG, and GIG is Global Innovation Gathering. It is coming together of different people from various parts of the world. Usually they run communities or hubs or fab labs or maker spaces in different parts of Africa, mostly. South America and two from Asia. One of them is me. So I'm going to introduce every single one of them and what they do. I'm kidding. We did the whole bar camp style thing, and this is even before the conference. So a lot of fun was had. It was all very community and everything. So this was in a neighborhood. We had a little sort of weekend flea market where we had people from different parts of Berlin come over and we had a little maker repair section that was going on. So to get everybody from the GIG gang to get a feel for Berlin. Hey, 3D printing. This is the makings of the selfie booth. If you want to know about the selfie booth, come to the Maker Faire. So as part of this thing, we got a chance to look around Berlin. These are co-working spaces and collaborative spaces. This area is called Stuttbad. It looks very cool, but it's a community where young people find it difficult to get into the work and be productive members of society.  So the giant pool that you're seeing was built sometime in the 70s and all the incredible German engineering you're seeing at the back has converted this entire space into a sound machine. So they used the reverberation of the tiles to basically blow the windows off this building. But that happens at night. It's like a typical underground club. During the day, they have an outdoor area where they involve the community. They grow stuff, so they have their own hydroponics and things. This is the shower area. It used to be the shower area. So what is it? Right now it's not being used, but they're planning to use it for fun things. Cubicles is one of the ideas, but... Co-working space, yes! It is co-working spaces. The bath tubs are sort of built into the wall. So they've put, like, flanks of wood on top of it and they're using it as chairs actually. Put a table in front of it.  Without coffee places, none of these things would function. Yeah, that's good. This is called factory. I'm going quite quickly. This is good. And factory Berlin is huge. This is one half of a panorama, so you get a sense of the thing. These little fenced up places that you're seeing, that is where the Berlin Wall used to be. Nobody really cares about the Berlin Wall. Every time you ask somebody as a tourist, because of the wall, they have to sort of figure out where to hang on a second. So it doesn't really exist, except in places like that. You have a little memorial to see things. So we've got to see other places. This is a university where they're talking about wearable tech. This is interesting because... Not because of the hand, I've come to that. It's a hoodie with built-in soft speakers. And the sort of whatever you call these things on the side have gesture recognition. So when you pull on one, you change the sound. When you pull on the other, you increase and decrease the volume. So it's all sort of built into it. Anyway, so fun projects like that. And of course the hand. What is with the hand? It was just something that was hanging out of a shelf. I wanted to get how incredibly organized all of the little things are. Our makers faces are not so organized. But this is Germany after all. I have a picture that says nothing about Germany. I saw something similar in Australia. So I guess this person is running it, right? No much help there. So this is the only other touristy thing I was able to do through the bus. I was able to take a picture of touristy things. Didn't have time to do anything else. This is an amazing collective, cooperative, co-working space called the Think Farm. You can't see it on the sign, but Think Farm. And this is my favorite picture of all because it says kaput on it. You don't have to learn Germans and know what it means. Right? Okay. Think Farm is brilliant because it's a large space in a typical neighborhood and they house, again, typical companies that have a social agenda. So it's a bit like the hub in Singapore. But you also see three different ones. The way they run the space and fund it is brilliant. They have a model where they make and they market and they sell their own brand of beer. And that's how they support the space. So part of the revenue that comes in from selling beer and beer is very, very common everywhere in Germany. You can have beer on the MRT. You can walk in and out of it without even thinking twice. So it's very much in the culture. So they run the place. They've got a nice little brand thing going. So they promote that and the funds that come from it go into keeping the space alive. Of course, they have their own built lofts and foosball tables and stuff like that. This is a new space which is Impact Hub Berlin. And that was the only sign for the place that I could find. This tiny little thing on a peg somewhere on a wall because this was the first day that they had opened up and they finally found a home for themselves. So we were there to basically inaugurate the place with this huge media event and the next day was the conference. So of course we had to have another bar camp while we were there. This is the area which happens to be around the corner from checkpoint Charlie, which is the only other Berlin wall crossing that touristy thing that I was able to do. Anyway, so this is the Republic. This is the event actual. It's huge. Lots of stuff going on, but right in the middle of it we have the maker space, which we sort of created. So all the people from the different parts, the Global Innovation Gathering, had these projects and we were sort of occupying that space to engage audiences while they were going through it. So while you had some interesting projects like this, this is an entire habitat built out of water containers and I think pallets. Can't really see it. So a lot of making happened at the workspace. This is workshops from, I think, folks from Kenya. This is the delegation from Brazil. They were always like in party mode, which is excellent. They really kept the place alive. But yeah, lots of fun, interesting things going on. This was amazing. This was like a sort of self-contained house called the Little House. It was brilliant. Lots of fun things going on. Going to move things along. And this is my thing. This is the reason I was there. This is the homemade coffee machine. So I got a whole bunch of Germans to play around with clothes hangers for a while. And they loved it, especially the Brazilians. And if a Brazilian approves of the coffee that's made, it is excellent. This was brilliant, the jackpot machine. I love it. So the way the machine works is you walk up to him, shake his hand, then he moves around, makes bleep bleep noises, and then his hand disappears and then the little roller things move. And then if you win, he pushes out lemons from the box and then he goes bleep bleep bleep again. So that's him crawling out of it in the night. So that was a gig in the Republic. Lots of big talks. Corey Dr. Ra was there. Okay, this is... I'm just going to play this very quickly. It's okay, it's nothing... It kind of summarizes the whole thing. That's mate happening in the background. The innovation gathering and put together a sort of directory of all the maker spaces and hubs that it is currently involved in. So you can take a look at this later on. Okay, so can I move on to Shinsen or should we switch to somebody else and then come back to me? Just Shinsen. Okay. So Shinsen was amazing. Quite a bit of a contrast going from cold freezing 15 degrees, no less than 10 degrees in Berlin to incredibly hot sweating buckets. Shinsen, it was very hot. So luckily I had some time in between over here. But the idea behind Shinsen was to do a seven-day camp where people would come from different parts of China and make a maker space which would then become part of the maker path. Okay. So we got there early obviously and while we were there in this new sort of software business park together with seed, there's a triple E. So for about a week I was basically annoying everybody saying seed all the time. So this is the container. And these are the folks that we were working with. I'm going to introduce every single one of them and tell you the background. I'm kidding again. So we got ideation happened. We got on top of things. More ideation happened. Oh, and there was a problem. There were lots of problems. We didn't have the material which we were supposed to use to make the maker space. So we kind of had to improvise. And while we were setting up the maker fair was being set up and I probably shouldn't be telling you this but you see those panels on the floor.  So there's huge LED display that was being set up.  And then that sort of set the trend. We went around looking all over the place for more and more and more and more and more and more. So that became the adventure. We got all the stuff together, more ideation and then first order of business, get some shade. So shade happened. We got everybody together. And while this was going on outside we also had activities indoors. Seed has a beautiful office which they had just moved into in that location. So everybody, all the participants got this box. And what's in the box is a whole bunch of good stuff. And this is the purpose of Maker Camp. All the participants, they have to work with the kids and come up with a project. And that project would then be taught to children in schools around ancient sense. So that was the objective. And it went horribly wrong. Of course. But it also went horribly right. So lots of ideation planning, getting people together. Talks. This is Cesar from Hong Kong. He came over. That was a different adventure. Yankee Lee from Hong Kong as well. Design Center. She was amazing. She was talking about, well, teaching. Some show and tell happened in between. More talks happened over Skype. More talks, more presentations, gamification. This is Lynn. And Lynn is amazing because she's one of our mentors and she's from Shanson. And she's learned Arduino by herself. And she's come up with a project that was for Maker Camp. And she helped us with translation. And she helped organize. And she's pregnant. She's also expecting.  This lady is amazing. So this was the worst part about Shanson.  So if you want to know more about the horrors of Shanson, you can talk to me later on. The best part about Shanson is obviously this place who recognizes where this is. Excellent. So you know what this is. This is just madness. It's just amazing madness. It is haven for everyone who is a maker. You have to experience this. And I've coined a phrase. You get from one place to the next. And there is so much innovation happening just on that table. The stuff that he's using to clean, the stuff that they're doing behind the table. And this is going on everywhere. Every building that you see, every floor that you see, every little desk that you see, there is incredible innovation happening. This is a micro factory. And they're assembling phones. So they've set up with everything that they need. And this is like heaven. I don't know how many people squeezed in there. It's amazing. So this goes on. Oh, this is amazing also. This is the entire Apple lineup. None of these are genuine. Yes, I have a small size. You have the baby iPhone. I brought along with me one of the most latest iPhones, which is a baby iPhone. Wow. You can pass it on. It totally works, right? So that was because we met Sean. This one has a single SIM, but I also have the dual SIM one. And they all work. It's amazing. Say again? Wow. Good question. I don't know. Only one way to find out. Is it Portrait? Radina. Is it Portrait? I will pass it around so you can see. Yes, take a look. It is. I'm not sure. You mean in MTK? Yes, MTK. Sean and Bunny Sean. Sean is the guy who directed me to this place. And it was an adventure on its own. He said, look out for a building that has a fish tank in it. And I found it. I'll tell you that later on if you like. I cannot tell. But it's relentless. I would have to do this essentially, which probably prevents Sean. So there's more and more and more. Oh, I love this one. This is an entire station with just firmware updates happening. So this is like the software corner of the building. He's got all of the firmware going into, I don't know, how many different phones at the same time. And they're doing this day after day after day after day. And it's amazing. It's just mind-boggling. You keep doing this. And every time you go there, I've coined this phrase. It's called HQB syndrome. HQB is Hwachang Bay. And syndrome is the I can't finish a sentence type of thing that happens. Because you're sensory overload. You can't really take it all in at the same time. There's just phenomenal amount of stuff going on. Oh, I fell in love with this thing. I mean, who doesn't want this now, right? So... Bob is this. And this is a small one. So the place where we found this was wasn't Hwachang Bay. These guys found it from Hwachang Bay. Oh, yes, for the time. And I absolutely love these guys. So Ian was there, of course. But was it Chris? I think it was Charles. This guy, he was working there at the time. And he was working on this thing, which is taking a bunch of feature phones and turning them sort of trying to get mapping what you can do with those feature phones. Kind of similar to what the MTK thing, but he was doing it from a black box approach. And it's kind of cool. So he was there and he was talking about that. Of course, the place is amazing. I love this. Yes, and this is the outside of the building. In case you go hunting for it, outside looks like that. Look for 42. Deep reference. And of course we took a thumbnail picture. So that's all of us. That's half the group, actually. The other half didn't make it because of the heat. So it's appropriate. So the container got some upgrades while we were there. This was tremendous fun. It was just tremendous fun. Do you think? Yeah. And oh look, bunny ears. Yes. Yes, I often visit this place. That can mean only one thing. This is Katya. I must mention Katya.  So if you pull back in the picture, you'll see everybody taking pictures of her belly. It's actually quite funny. But what she's showing is this lily pad thing and she's a wizard at wearables.  There's a drone that you can control by winks and a phone app that you can control by gestures of your hair. So if you twirl your hair, it starts recording. If you twirl your hair, another way it stops recording. So she was there to get everybody excited about wearables and stuff. So all of these things that we put together were then featured at the Aki Party, which Thakasu will tell you more about. It was tremendous fun. So all of this is from the kit. More projects, fun projects. This is paper folding. So origami. This is my workshop. It was tremendously fun because the very next day we had to go to the university. So half of them went to university, the other half went to high school. Most of the dinos wound up in the high school, but we took some to the university as well. So, you know, usual curiosity.  Oh, and more people started showing up, the closer we got to make a fair. So this is Thomas Socolendi. No prizes for guessing which country he's from. But he's from Pebo. And he was there because Pebo and Seed have a collaboration, which I find terribly exciting. This was Massimo, the guy, Arduino guy. Genuino guy. Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. Yes. So he was there. It was tremendous fun to talk to him. He's been followed around by a number of people. And other people as well, who dress just like me. These are the guys from Make Fashion. Again, phenomenal work. The sort of pieces that they put together were listening to muscle activity. And I've never spoken to a fashion designer about algorithms before. So these guys know what they're into. It's tremendous fun. This is the Zado modules that Seed produces, which are these tiny little modules. You can connect them together and make fun things with. So I got the chance to meet with Nosk. He's the product designer for the entire range. And so these are the two guys that combine. So the Pebble guy and the Seed guy are going to be producing modules that are wearable on your watch. So the smart watch remains a watch and you add modules to make the watch even smarter. So it's coming out soon. So we have other guests. This is Kang from Malaysia. And Cindy, who's fascinated with the OLPC. These are the guys from Hong Kong who are doing Make Camp, Make A Camp. But they were sponsored by Google Weboint. And of course, Eric from Strawbees.  He's going to be here at the Make Affair. And you must. If you haven't seen Strawbees before, you have to get into it. They have their own microcontrollers and stuff. But the coolest thing was this flying drone that was made entirely out of Strawbees, which flies. That's what it looks like. I don't have a video of that unfortunately. It's there on Facebook. Yeah, so that's us. That's it. That's all I got. Will you make a show of the organic? Yes. Oh yes, of course. I can plug this in later on. If you guys are interested, we will take a look at this. But I'm also going to have this probably somewhere at the Make Affair. It's a very simple thing. It's got a servo inside with some magnets. And there are controls that go down. You can step on the controls. So when you step, it moves. So you dance around while it dances. Great. Do you know what this is? This stuff that I found in Park Jung-Bee. It's a new ice cream. Sir, sir. Please show the comment for his presentation. Oh, yes. Oh, the intro.


Bless you, we give you, and glory for another time, Lord, to be taught by our Teacher. We thank you for this great opportunity, for us to be prepared for the assignment you have for us ahead. We come in this class onto your hands and we pray that through your ... your ... your servant, Lord, that the Holy Spirit would speak through her, to instruct us and to equip us, Lord, in the knowledge of your Word, concerning the things that John wrote years ago, bring it to our understanding, and help us, Lord, to be practitioners of your Truth, and to be communicators of your Truth, to those, O Lord, who, Lord, you will send us to, to teach and build them in the Word of your Truth. Thanks be to your name, O Lord, for in Jesus' name we have prayed. Amen. Thank you, Pastor. Thank you so much. Just give me a moment to get my settings right and we'll begin. We would today be covering John chapter 6 and 7. Yes. Yeah, so we'll start off with John chapter 6. You know, I will ask you to read a few verses and then we would try to reflect on what is mentioned in those verses and, you know, please just go ahead and immediately start to read instead of, you know, waiting a long while, so that hopefully we can fit in a few more details, you know, into the two hours that we have. There's a lot of things mentioned here in these two chapters and it will be impossible for us to, you know, cover it, all of it, but we will really try to fit in as much as possible. So we'll get started with John chapter 6 verses 1, 2, 3, maybe. Yeah. So if we could have one person, please read out verses 1, 2 and 3. Who were it for you? And Jesus went up on the mountain and there he sat with the disciples. Yes. Over here it talks about how there are large crowds following him and it also says that Jesus goes up on the mountain side and sits down there with his disciples. We don't get much background information from these verses, but then we have the parallel passage in Luke chapter 9 verses 10 to 11 and there we get a better idea of what exactly is the setting, what was the occasion and how were these, you know, large crowds being over here, how were they impacting the entire situation? So if we could have one person quickly go to Luke chapter 9 and if we could read out verses 10 and 11, please, that will help us gain a better background. Could someone read out from Luke chapter 9 verses 10 and 11, please. And the apostles, when they had returned, told him that they told him all that they had done. Then he took them and went to sit privately into the into a deserted place along into the city called Bethedah. So when the monks and kids knew it, they followed him and he received them and spoke to them about the kingdom of God and healed those who had need of healing. Yeah, so here we get to know that this was the occasion when the apostles returned back after their first ministry trip. So they come back to Jesus very excited and they say, Lord, even the demons are submitting to your name and so they would have spent a long time, you know, moving from place to place. So they probably would have been tired, exhausted. So now Jesus wants to take them away so that just they, you know, as a small unit, they can spend some personal time together and maybe even reflect upon all the ministry experiences that the team has had. So Jesus takes them aside for some alone time and the crowd, which gets to know about where they are located, immediately follows. So this is the occasion that we are dealing with in John chapter six. So the crowds have followed them to this place where he, where Jesus had hoped to get some time with his disciples. But now the crowds have followed them there and Jesus graciously begins to minister to them. And there's a word of explanation given here in verse four. If we could have someone just read out that one little phrase in verse four, please. I'll read the time for the Passover festival was near. Exactly. So the Passover festival was very close. And so this is probably the large crowds which have come for the festival, you know, to Jerusalem. So probably there were larger numbers, you know, right now in this entire region, because people have come in from different places for the Passover feast. And so they would have heard about this Jesus and the extraordinary things that he is doing.  So they come eagerly to him and Jesus does not turn them away. And so he ministers to them. And then, you know, as we know, it's kind of late in the day and the crowd would probably be hungry. And that is when we come to the next phase of this particular passage, which would be versus five to seven. If someone could read out, please. Then he lifted up his arms and seeing a great monster coming towards him. He said, where shall we buy bread that this may eat? But this he said to test him for he himself knew what he would do. Philip answered him. Two hundred January worth of bread is not sufficient for them that every one of them may have a little. It right. So now one explanation that we could give for this is that Jesus deliberately picks on Philip because Philip was from this region. We get this information from John chapter one verse forty four, where we learn that Philip, Andrew and Peter are from this town of Bethsaida. So right now they are somewhere on the outskirts of Bethsaida. Jesus had taken them over there, hoping to spend some time with them. So Philip and Andrew and Peter would be familiar with this area. And so in a way, we could say Jesus is asking for information as to where they can buy bread for these people. But of course, we learn from verse six that he has something more in mind. He is actually testing Philip. So why would he test Philip? Why is he very deliberately asking him this rather impossible question? Because obviously it would be impossible for Philip to produce that much food. Right. But why? Why does Jesus ask him this question? Again, going back to the context, you know, because now we know why these bicycles have come and gathered over here, why Jesus has taken them to this place. So based on that, looking at that background, we could maybe try to guess why Jesus poses this question. So just going back very quickly once again to Luke chapter nine, if we could look at verses three to five, if we could have one person read out, please, Luke nine, three to five. Luke chapter nine verses three to five. I read. Yes. And he said to them, take nothing for your journey. No stuff, no bag, no bread, no money and do not have to tunics. And whatever house you enter, stay there and from there departs and wherever they do not receive you, do not leave that town. Shake off. Shake off the dust from your feet. As a testimony against them. So on this mission trip, which Jesus had sent them out on, we see that the instructions were, don't carry, you know, extra clothing with you and don't take money with you. Don't take bread with you, because this is going to be a literally a faith mission where they would be completely relying upon the Lord to provide people who will have open hearts, who will have generous hearts and would be willing to help them, accommodate them, provide for their needs. So they have just learned a lesson as you know, when they went out on this trip on how to look to the Lord for provision, for extraordinary provision, because they would probably have gone to places where the people would not have been very open to them because Jesus wants them of that. He says there would be places where people would not be willing to welcome them. And he says, that's totally all right if they don't accept you. Just shake off the dust from that place of your feet and move on to the next place because God knows, I mean, who will respond and who will not. So they are aware of these things. So there would have been occasions where God would have provided for them in an extraordinary manner. So with that background in mind, when we look at this passage where Jesus is now asking Philip, how are we going to feed these people? Philip probably should have spoken up with greater confidence and said, Lord, on the mission strip we had all these experiences God provided. So I'm sure even now the Lord would provide. You know, he probably should have said something like that. But Philip is still thinking in the natural. He has not quite absorbed the lessons learned in the recent mission strip. And so he replies as he does. He says that even a even half a year's wages would not be enough to buy bread for each person. And also there's another thing which probably these disciples should have kept in mind because now they have been spending time with Jesus. And he's probably been training them in the word of God because all of them might not have been very familiar with their Old Testament. But now under Jesus, you know, teaching, they I'm sure would have come up to speed. They would now know their Old Testament. And in the Old Testament, we have a parallel passage. We could call it where we have an almost similar incident taking place. That would be in our Second Kings chapter four versus forty two to forty four where you have Elisha taking twenty loaves of barley bread and he distributes it among a hundred persons and the food automatically multiplies. And it is those twenty loaves are sufficient for a hundred persons. So Jesus does not just randomly ask this question. He has given them examples from the word of God, probably, you know, regarding these things of what God can do. And he's also given them some experiential, you know, knowledge because now they have gone out on a mission trip without money or bread. And they have come back all alive and well and rejoicing, which means God has been providing for them in a very wonderful way. But they have not yet connected those things to this current situation. They have not yet made that connection of faith. And so we have Philip and also Andrew speaking in a rather negative manner because Andrew speaks up in the next verse. If we could have someone read out verses eight and nine, please. One of these disciples, Andrew Simon, Peter's brother, said to him, there is a life here who has five barley loaves and two small fish. But what are they among so many? Then Jesus said, make the people sit down. Now, bear with me much practice. We'll get to that a little later over here. We have Andrew saying, how far will they go among so many?  It'll probably not, you know, be enough for everyone. And so both of them answer in the negative simply because they have not yet learned the lessons of faith, which Jesus has been conveying to them. So what can we learn for ourselves from this? First of all, God reveals to us from his word, what we can expect from him, what we can very trustingly go to him in prayer and ask for. So he has revealed that to us in the scriptures. And also we would have had one or two experiences or maybe, you know, far more in our own past where we have seen God providing, where we have seen him taking care and he expects us to apply these biblical examples and our own experiences to our current situation. So whenever we find ourselves in a kind of impossible situation, because of course, in the natural, just like Philip and Andrew were pointing out, in the natural, this was an impossible situation. There's no way that five loaves of bread would be enough for five thousand people. But they were expected to apply whatever they have learned from scripture to the current situation. They were also expected to apply whatever they have learned from their personal experience to this situation. And they failed to do that. So we can learn from their mistakes. And when we are faced with an impossibility, we can look back to scripture and ask ourselves in scripture, when impossible situations came up, how did the people of God handle them? And what did God do? What did he reveal about himself in those situations? It's one thing that we can ask ourselves and then looking back, you know, closer in time to our own lifetime and what we have experienced from the Lord in the past. We can ask ourselves, he did this for me on so and so occasion when things were looking rather tight and on this other occasion. This is how he came through for me. So based on that, what should be my response to this current situation? So these are some lessons of faith that we can learn for our own lives, you know, based on this first portion of the story. Now we would go into versus 12 and 13. If we could have maybe someone read out 12 and 13. I'll read. Yes, please. When they were all full, he said to his disciples, gather the pieces of left of us that has not waste any. So they gather them all up and fill 12 baskets with the pieces of left of us from the five ballet loves which the people had eaten. Thank you. Yes, thank you. So we see that there's not only enough for the people to eat, but they still have a lot of extra food still left.  And there's still a lot of food which is left over. Why? Where was the need for the surplus? It says in verse 13 that they filled up 12 baskets. You know, so you have still 12 baskets filled with food which they have not yet consumed. So why this huge surplus? I think God was just trying to show his character when he provides, how does he provide? He provides generously. It's never in a miserly way. It's never grudgingly. So when God works in an impossible situation, it will not be just enough for us to survive and scrape through. When he works in our impossibilities, he will work in our impossibilities in a lavish way, in a very generous way. We see that over here. And another thing that maybe we could, you know, learn from this provost 1124 where it says there is one who scatters yet increases more and there is one who withholds more than is right, but it leads to poverty.  He gave it all and it led to a very great increase. So maybe one thing that we can learn from this is that whatever we are doing for the Lord, whether you know, it is in our office place or whether it is among our relatives and friends, whatever little that we are trying to do for the Lord in these circles, maybe if we are very generous with our efforts, the results that we see, the divine results that we see would be very large and great in number, you know, rather than if we were to just put in a little bit of effort, just sparingly just do a little bit of something and leave it at that. Then maybe the results that we see would not be as grand and as big. So that maybe that could be another lesson that we could draw from this particular passage. Moving on, if someone could read out for us. Was 14. Yes, please, 14. I will read. Seeing this miracle that Jesus had performed, the people there said, surely this is the prophet who has come into this, into the world. Why would these people connect what has just happened now with the prophet that Moses talked about? There seems to be no immediate connection when we just think about it. So that is because of Deuteronomy 18, 15 to 18, which we have already read in one of our previous classes, where Moses makes the promise that I will raise up a prophet like me from your midst and you must listen to him. That's what Moses advises them regarding this prophet who will come in the future. And then the connection over here is that Moses was the person who was providing them mana in the wilderness. And now here we seem to be having another prophet like Moses and he is also providing bread. So most probably when after seeing this particular sign, because it says so in this verse, it says, after the people saw the sign Jesus performed, they make the connection. They think about it. Moses, our prophet, provided mana in the wilderness. And now here is another prophet who is also providing bread. So is this also a direct sign, a direct indicator that this is the Messiah that we have all been waiting for? So in fact, one of the signs, one of the indicators of the Messiah having arrived is demonstrated through this particular miracle that God performs over here. And yes, there was a hand that was raised just now and I could not catch the name if that person can present their question. No, all right, we'll move on. Let's get into verse 15. Yeah, if one of us could read out verse 15, please. Therefore, when Jesus perceived that they were about to come and they came by force to make him king, he departed again to the mountain by himself and left. Yes, Jesus perceived that they wanted to make him king by force. At the moment, Jesus has not come to become king. Rather, he has come to become a sacrifice. He's come to become a lamb, the lamb of God. So right now in God's timeline, he is meant to be fulfilling certain other tasks. Kingship, of course, will be coming later. But right now, this is not the timing for this. So Jesus withdraws from them because he notices that they are determined to literally forcibly put him on a throne so that he can liberate them from Roman oppression. So again and again, even as we are looking at all the four gospels, we see that the people really thought the time had arrived for political deliverance. Not many were keen on spiritual matters, spiritual deliverance, spiritual rebirth. Their interest was not so much along those lines. And in fact, even here in this chapter, if we even as we go further, we will see that their primary interest was in bread, blessings, material things. And it's only a handful who were really showing a deeper interest in spiritual things. So they wanted a different kind of messiah. But then Jesus was presenting himself as a savior who wanted to give them something else. And so we must always be aware and conscious of the fact that this is God that we are dealing with on a daily basis that we are interacting with on a daily basis. He is God and he has his own plans, his own purposes. We must be willing to accept whatever he is giving from his hand rather than make our own demands and say, No, this is how I wanted to work in my life. This is the way I want you to provide. The Lord always knows better and we would probably have to submit to him.  You know, he will want to save in a particular way. He will want to provide in a particular way. He will guide and direct us to do certain things according to his will. Let him be what he wants to be in our lives because that is submission. So submission basically would be when he is doing certain things that are not really in line with what we would want. We would still very trustingly submit and say, Lord, I know that there is good in this. You are permitting this with your own greater plans in mind. And so we would need to have that attitude of trust. Yeah, so maybe that's one takeaway that we can draw from this. And now we will very quickly move into the other passage, which talks about Jesus, who comes to them on the water. If we could maybe read out verses 16, 17, 18 and 19, yeah, 16 to 19, if someone could read out, please. Why read, madam? When Jesus came, when evening came, his disciples went down to the sea, got into a boat and started across the sea to Cape Mu. It was now dark and Jesus had not yet come to them. The sea became rough because a strong wind was blowing. When they had rode about three or four miles, they saw Jesus walking on the sea and coming near to the boats and they were fighting. OK, the winds have now picked up and because of that, the waters are getting churned. So the whole situation is kind of serious because this probably is a smaller boat and would not have the stability required to be able to handle waters which are like churning to that level. And so in the midst of that, they see something walking on the water. So which is why they assume that it probably is some kind of a spirit or a ghost and they are very afraid and then immediately after that, Jesus speaks to them and in verses 20 and 21 and he says, it is I, so do not be afraid. And then they are willing to take him into the boat. And then we have this very interesting verse. Now, so maybe if we could read out verses 20 and 21. I'll read. Yes, don't be afraid. I'll read. Don't be afraid. Jesus told them it is I. Then they willingly took him into the boat and they immediately and immediately the boat reached land at the place where they were heading for. Thank you. Yes. So here Jesus deals with this particular storm in a way that is different from the previous storm, you know, I mean, the other story, if we remember, there Jesus speaks to the winds and the waves and asks them to be still and they obey him. Here he does not speak to the winds or the waves. Here something else happens in one or one moment they are out there in the middle of the waters and in the next moment they are at the land. So they're literally like, you know, using Star Trek terminology, they're beamed up from there and they're beamed down to the shore in a sense. So we see Jesus dealing with an impossible situation in one particular way on one occasion and on the other occasion, this current occasion, he deals with it in a completely different way. So the one thing that maybe we can remember when we are in the middle of a really impossible situation is for us, it looks impossible. There isn't even one way of dealing with it. But God, who is looking at it, has multiple options to work through. You know, he is beyond us, his power is infinite, his wisdom is infinite. So when he looks at our impossibility, he's not looking at, you know, maybe he's not struggling to come up with one option of, you know, getting us out of that situation. He has got multiple choices lined up. So what looks so impossible to us, where not even one option is showing up to him, you know, because of his infinite ability to him, the options are multiple. So what seems impossible to us need not frighten us because for him there are multiple options open on dealing with the situation that we are in. So I think all these things were placed here in scripture for us to trust him, for us to learn something about his character, for us to learn more about his ability so that we can have this assurance, this deep assurance that we will be taken care of because only when we absorb these things into our heart and we start applying them to our own lives, then we can talk about these things to others and say, hey, you know, I wasn't this impossibility and this is how God took care of me. This is what he revealed about himself in that situation. So you can also trust him in the same manner. So what we have learned not just from scripture, but through our own personal experiences, we will then be able to share with others. So I think all of these things are learnings that the Lord wants us to absorb into our spirit, you know, even as we meditate on these passages. So now we are moving into the passage which talks about Jesus as the bread of life. So if maybe we could read out verses 25, 26, 27. Yes, those three verses, please. So they asked the question. There was no other boat. So how did you get across? You know, they're curious about that. They know that the disciples left without Jesus. And now here he is. So they raised that question. Jesus does not even answer that question. He addresses the other issue. He says, you people are following me, not because you really care about what I have to offer, you only want material benefits. So he points out this thing, you know, this lack which is there in their hearts, the wrong motive which is there in their hearts. And so then they ask him and say, what must we do to do the works God requires? So if we could maybe read out verses 28 and 29, please read it. So what can we do in order to do what God wants us to do? Jesus answered, what God wants you to do is to believe in the one who sends who he sends. Yes. So in verse 27, you know, Jesus says, do not work for food that spoils but for food that endures to eternal life.  But there's something greater. There are things of far greater value. So set your eyes on those things and work towards those things. So which is why they ask him, OK, those are the kind of works that we should do exactly what does that mean? How what kind of works are we supposed to do? And Jesus does not immediately go and give a long list of things that they should do. Rather, he says, the first work that you should be doing is to believe in the one who sent, you know, the one that that God has sent. So over here, Jesus is placing belief, trust, faith. He's placing that even before any actions that, you know, that we would start doing later. So the first step, the main work which God wants us believers to do is this, to have a complete total trust in the Lord, because out of that trust will come obedience, you know, because we trust him so much, now we will be willing to submit and obey even when he asks us difficult things. So out of that trust and faith will come the, you know, the miracle, the miraculous extraordinary things that we will achieve in our personal lives, in our ministry, in helping people out of that faith and trust which we have built out of that will come the prayers of power where we would, you know, claim the scriptures and stand in faith and know that those things will really be accomplished for us. So all of these things actually emerge out of that faith, that trust relationship which we have built out. So even before we do anything else, the very first work that God wants each believer to be doing is this, establish that trust relationship, build up that personal trust relationship. And that only happens with time in the sense the more time we spend with him, you know, digging into the scriptures, meditating on his word, allowing him to just speak into our hearts and minister to us and build up our inner man, because that is where the faith gets built right in our inner man, not just in our mind, which can reason and think and logically come to conclusions. That is good. We need the mind. But the inner man is where the actual faith building process takes place. So we need to create time where the Lord can speak into our into our lives from his scriptures. So that is for something very important as we spend more time with him and start getting to know him even as he starts opening up all these scriptures to us, that faith gets built, that relationship gets established. And then out of that relationship will come all the other works. So the first work for any of us would be to build up a strong faith relationship with him, where we just trust him a lot. Now, even as I'm saying these words, you know, I'm just thinking in my mind, I have not reached there because I'm still in the learning process. And we all are still in the learning process. But day by day, the amount that we trust him should go on increasing. Because the more we are secure in him and we just trust him completely, the more we will obey, the more we will do mighty works, the more we will be strong in our prayers, the more we will be able to go out and help people. So the first work, something very important for us to remember, the very first work that God requires of us is to build our faith relationship with God, to believe in him completely and totally. Moving on very quickly to the next few verses. Maybe we could if we could have someone read out verses 30 to 35, please. Therefore, they said to him, what son really perform then that we may see it and believe you, what work will you do? Our father eat the manna in the desert as it is written. He gave them bread from heaven to eat. Then Jesus said to them, most assuredly, I say to you, Moses did not give you the bread from heaven. But my father gives you the bread from heaven for the bread of God is he who comes down from heaven and gives life to the world. Then they say to him, Lord, give us this bread always. And Jesus said to them, I am the bread of life. He who comes to me shall never hunger and he who believes in me shall never thirst. So here the people are still very set upon getting their bread supply. And so they ask him, what sign then will you give that we may believe in you? And in fact, they go further and they say, you see, we were given bread from heaven in the Old Testament. So now something along those lines, it would be in order. You should also be starting to provide us bread in miraculous ways, continue to do that for us. So they're continuing to manipulate him and try to pressurize him into being this Santa Claus who will be taking care of all their material needs. And then Jesus says, he says, for the bread of God is the bread that comes down from heaven and gives life to the world. And so he says, I am that bread of life in verse 35. Whoever comes to me will never go hungry. So Jesus is trying to shift their focus from off material things on to him.  Those will be taken care of. But you should be focusing more on your spiritual needs because he says, I have come over here primarily not just to provide material things, but to give life to the world. He says, whoever comes to me will never go hungry and whoever believes in me will never be thirsty. So all their spiritual needs will be met. All the needs which know they have for eternity to prepare themselves for eternity. Those needs can be taken care of by me because bread and these material things are something that can maybe provide us with comfort and sustenance for let us say the next 90 years or 100 years depending on how long we live. But what after that? There are things that you're going to be needing for the rest of the thousands of years that you're going to be alive. So Jesus is saying, look, I can't take care of your physical needs, which know which are which are required for you for this particular age while you're on this earth. But what about eternity when you're still going to be alive?  You'll continue to exist. You'll continue to be there. And so I can provide you with things that you require to prepare yourself for all of those thousands of years, which you will still be spending. You know, and you would need to be prepared for that. And I can prepare you for that. I can provide you what you need. You will never be hungry. You will never be thirsty. You will never lack. I can take care of your next 10,000 years. So most of us tend to get into the strap where we are only making preparations for the next 90 years, for the next hundred years. But what about the 10,000 years which are going to come after that? What preparations are we doing for that? Because that's a much longer period of time. In fact, that's an infinite period of time. And what preparations are we making for that? This Jesus, this Lord, He is promising that He can provide us and with what we need and prepare us for those thousands of years, not just for these 90 or 100 years, but also for all of eternity. The preparation for that would have to be done now. So Jesus is trying very hard to to prepare them for that. And so He continues to speak along those lines in the next few verses. So if someone could just quickly read out that verses 36 to 40, let's see what Jesus says over here. 36 to 40, please. But I say to you that you have seen me and yet do not believe me. All that the Father gives me will come to me. And the one who comes to me, I will by no means cast out. For I have come down from heaven not to do my own will, but the will of Him who sent me. This is the will of the Father who sent me. But of all He has given me, I should lose nothing, but should raise it up at the last day. And this is the will of Him who sent me that everyone who sees the Son and believes in Him may have everlasting life and I will raise him up at the last day. OK, so Jesus is talking about future things, eternal things. So He says, you see, if you people believe in me and you're willing to submit to me, then I can keep you safe. He says, this is the inverse. He says in verse 37, whoever comes to me, I will never drive away. And then in verse 39, He says, this is the will of Him who sent me. What is God's will that I shall lose none of all those He has given me. But I will raise them up at the last day. He says, and what is He raising them up for?  And again, He repeats, He says, I will raise them up at the last day. They will be safe in me. Everyone who trusts and submits to me, to my Lordship, I will keep them secure. I will keep them safe until the last day. And on that last day, I will raise them up once again.  And there's another entirely new phase that is going to begin, a new phase of existence that's going to begin. So He says, on that last day of this phase, I will raise them up for new things, an entirely new chapter of their lives. And they would be walking into things that we don't yet know about. So God is not. I think many of us believers are not very excited about the future because we don't really know what is there in that eternal future. And it doesn't really help that we have all these silly images which are portrayed by the secular world, about people sitting on clouds and playing harps and pointless, I mean, after creating us and giving us this life that we have on this earth, where we are engaged in so many activities and our mind absorbs so much and uses our mind is used for so many different things. And we have put on this earth with all these talents and we have this very busy, lavish, extensive life. You think at the end of it all, as we go into the next phase, the Lord would just say, sit on a harp and have this halo kind of floating over your head and sit over there and play a harp. How ridiculous is that? He has something equally exciting or something even more exciting and even grander for the next phase, the next chapter. And so there are amazing things awaiting us in the future, these ninety hundred years, just years of preparation. So Jesus is saying, submit to me, place your trust in me, be willing to listen to my word and hear me because I am the prophet who has come and Moses said, you shall hear him when he comes, you must hear him. So do that so that on that last day, last day of this current phase, once that is done, I will raise up these people who have made a commitment to him and I will lead them into a whole new chapter, which is still very top secret. It has not been revealed to us in the details of what that would involve. But we are all going to be walking into greater things, amazing things. So now is the time for us to build our relationship of trust with this Jesus, to really get to know him, to really learn how to submit to him. Because I think all of these lessons that we are learning now will somehow have some kind of implications in that new chapter, because now he's establishing the strong relationship. And I think that will carry over and really help us in this next thing that he has lined up for us in our eternal future. So the humans in this passage are focusing on very limited little material things. And Jesus, on the other hand, is looking into the very distant future into the millions of years which are there ahead. And he's talking about eternal things and he's trying to convey those things to these very small minded people and is not giving any details. He's just saying, trust in me. That's a step one. Step one, the work that God requires of you right now is trust in me, follow me, live for me, lift up your cross and carry it each day for me. Because you're all getting prepared for that last day of this current phase when I will raise you up for a whole new era in your lives. So these are the some of the things that God is trying to convey in this passage and he makes it very, very clear in verse 44. He says, no one can come to me unless the father who sent me draws them. And he assures that whoever is willing to respond, whoever has a submissive heart, whoever has a heart that wants to believe in him and trust him. He says that they will be part of his kingdom because he says everyone who has heard the father and learned from him comes to me and he says, I will receive them. OK, so these are just some things that we could cover in our first section. So we will now go for a break and we will come back at nine fifty. All right, so we'll continue chapter six and then we'll start off chapter seven. All right, thank you so much.