Thank you for the opportunity to present my work in this nice workshop, in this nice seminar. And yeah, also thanks for the participants for showing up. Yeah, I want to speak about equidistribution in our career theory and as an motivated being example, I want to discuss first equidistribution of zero sets of polynomials of integer polynomials. And to motivate against this, I want to recall below the equidistribution result on an integer polynomials. And to go this, let us first define the canonical height of an integer polynomial with leading coefficient a n and zeros alpha j. And classically, this is also the height of the zeros of alpha j, if p is not irreducible, if p is irreducible, sorry. And it's just defined as one over n of the logarithm of the absolute value of the leading term plus one over n of the sum of the logarithms of the absolute values of the zeros which have absolute value at least one. And then the theory in Babilo is that if you take a sequence of non-zero integer polynomials which such as the height is going to zero and the zeros of each pn are powers different. And if you take mu S1 to be the normed armature on the circle S1 and C, then for any test function from C to C, which is continuous to get the zeros for n to infinity is distributed like the armature on S1, meaning that if you evaluate F on the average of the zeros of pn, then for n to infinity, this is the same as the interval of S1 with respect to the armature. Yeah, and we can now ask some questions. First one is what happens if the canonical height is not tending to zero. And the other one would be, yeah, if we allow also that the height is not going to zero, can we reach something like equal distribution on the whole complex plane instead of only S1, which would be interesting. But to do this, yeah, we need some measure on C, which is finite volume. And then it's better to work with a compact space with all we choose the project line and there is a Fubini study metric. So I want to introduce it. So the perfect productive line defined over the integers is just p1z. And we take some homogeneous coordinates, z0 and z1 on the product line. Then we have the global sections of this product line of the line bundle on. It's just the homogeneous polynomials in the homogeneous coordinates of degree n. And we can identify them with this polynomial in here of degree n and the zero polynomial plus, for example, setting z1 to b1. And if you tend the complex numbers, we get the global sections of p1 over C is the same. And we can again identify with polynomials with complex coefficients. But now let me motivate the Fubini study metric where if you have a global section of ON over the complex numbers, the idea is to define a norm on this and it should be a function from p1 over C to the non-intuitive real numbers. And what one can do is, okay, just take the absolute value, but then it's not way defined just because it's depending on the, yeah, zero, one and zero is z zero and that one are only homogeneous coordinates. So we are only interested in the equivalence classes model. Multipleticists, so we have to divide out some factors. And if n is one, the canonical choice of such a factor is, takes the square of the absolute value of z zero and plus the square of the absolute value of z one. And on the tensor product of ON, the ON, we want that this is compatible with multiplication. And then we have to take the nth power of this. Okay, this is a good choice. And then we can compute the coverage of this metric on ON or Y or one. And if we try to compute it with respect to the coordinate z defined by z zero divided by z one on the complex numbers, which is isomorphic to the space where z one is not non-venishing, it's a series scale open subset of P1C then C1 of R1 is by definition just dd bar over two pi i the logarithm of the z one, the Fubini-Sulli metric of z one. And one can explicitly compute it in the coordinate z. Yeah, it's that word written there. And if one studies this one further and replacing d z by variable and imaginary part and checks directly that the i can go out and we get some positive form. So now the idea is that we want to study good heights for polynomials such that we get equal distribution with respect to this to this Fubini-Sulli measure C1 of R1. Yeah, that's what we're doing next. Next, we choose a non-zero section S of R1. And we also see it's a Fubini-Sulli height and the Bombieri height by the following integrals. The first one we're doing is the Fubini-Sulli height is just one over N of the integral of the logarithm of the metric, the Fubini-Sulli metric of S. And we add in half. So it will be clear later why we normalize it by adding a half. And for the Bombieri height, also the name of the Bombieri height will be clear later. It's just the other way around. We first take the logarithm of the integral of the, we first take the integral and then of this logarithm. So it's the logarithm of the L2 norm with respect to the Fubini-Sulli metric. And yeah, again, as I said, we can identify sections with polynomials and quite further. So if you have a polynomial P, then we can write it down and explicitly by coefficients. And we also see it's the sections SP having the same coefficients. And then we said that the Fubini-Sulli height of the polynomial, it's just the same as the Fubini-Sulli height of the section SP and the same for the Bombieri height. So now let me give you explicit formulas for these. If you have a polynomial with coefficients A j, it was a leading coefficient this A n and we have zero alpha j, then the direct computation shows us that the Fubini-Sulli height of P is just this term. Again, one over N of the logarithm of the norm of the absolute value of the leading coefficient plus one over two N of the sum of, now it's the logarithm of one plus the absolute value of the zeros. And it's similar to the canonical height with the difference that we have not the maximum of one end. This alpha j, we just take the sum of both and that's the justification also for the name Fubini-Studioi because terms like these one plus alpha j absolute value squared is what you're usually getting if you're playing with a Fubini-Studio metric. And it's also justification for adding a half before because now the half is vanishing. We have only this clear formula. And for the Bombieri height, we get that it's one over two N of the logarithm of the average of the coefficients weighted by the binomial N over j. So that's what is classically called the Bombieri norm and that's why I'm calling this Bombieri height. And more generally, if P is just some real, at least one, we can define the P Bombieri height. Yeah, as usually we take in the sum, the sum into the power P and then we take the P through or after the logarithm we divide by P. And for P is infinity, we get the same with just the logarithm of the maximum of all these values of the absolute value a j weighted by the square roots of the binomials. And then we have some relate in between the Bombieri and the Fubini-Studio height because we have the Jensen's inequality. You remember that Fubini-Studio height was defined as the integral of the logarithm and the Bombieri height was defined as the logarithm of the integral. And the Jensen's inequality shows then that, yeah, the first one, okay, we had this normalization by a half. So if you take the Fubini-Studio height of P minus half, then it's really the integral of the logarithm is smaller than the Bombieri height. And we can again apply Jensen's inequality to show that it's also smaller equal to the Bombieri height with respect to this P, if P is at least two. Okay, and now let me come to my result for integer polynomials. So we again choose a P just as above and some test function. So F is from C to C, a continuous function such that the limit of F of that for that going to infinity is well defined and finite. That this meaning that F can be continued to a continuous function on P1, which is, yeah, which is bounded. So in the first assertion, we chosen a sequence of non-zero. Here we can even take complex polynomials that don't have to have integer coefficients and we assume that the limit of the difference of the Bombieri P height of Pn and the Fubini-Studio height Pn plus and half is going to zero. So we already know that this term, the bracket is always, yeah, non-relative and we are assuming that it's going to the smallest possible value in the limit. Then it holds that we get the equidistribution similar to Pilo's result but now we have equidistribution with respect to the Fubini-Studio measure. So meaning that the average of F in the zeroes of the polynomial Pn counted with multiplicity is going for N to infinity to the integral of F with respect to the Fubini-Studio measure. And the second assertion is that we now additionally take a sequence of reals which has smallest limit point which is positive and the highest limit point is still finite, so it's bounded. And we set Pn for a set of polynomials with integer coefficients of degree N and the P from here in norm is bounded by this sequence in. Then it holds first that, yeah, the difference of height we considered in A in the average is going to zero but this meaning because we have the sum of non-relative values going to zero meaning that it's going to zero for almost all whatever this means in the setup for almost all sequences in this Pn. And the second assertion is then we can apply the assertion of A to get that on average we have this actually distribution property for almost all sequences in these sets Pn, okay. Yeah, what I want to do is now I want to prove A and the proof of A will also show how you can get from B1 to B2, it's the same strategy but B1, I don't want to prove B1 directly but I want to show later in a more general setup of RK of theory how one can generalize B1 and then prove it also. So the proof of A and then also of B1 to B2 is that we can first rescale the polynomials such that of the other side of the section S Pn so the supremum norm is exactly one. So just multiply by some constant. So as I said, these are complex polynomials so it's nothing about integral numbers. And then we want to balance this, yeah, this difference, absolute value of this difference and first, yeah, we why did the first thing is that the first sum is just the integral over the divisor of this S Pn, the divisor of S Pn is the same as zero of Pn and the second integral is just the integral with respect to the C1 of R1, it's the Fubini's 2D measure. And we can put it together and integrate with respect to the delta, the RK measure of this divisor minus the C1 of On. Now it's On because we divide by, we multiply with one over N for both terms. But yeah, this form we're integrating with is exactly the same as the D-debar of the logarithm of the section S Pn of the Fubini's 2D metric. And now we can apply Stokes's theory to put the D-debar from the one side to the other side. So we get that this is equal to the integral, the absolute value of the integral of the logarithm S Pn with the Fubini's 2D metric times the D-debar of F. And now we can balance this by applying the triangle inequality for integrals to get the absolute value inside. And yeah, it's also multiplicative. And now the idea is that the absolute value of D-debar of F can be bound from above by the C1 of O1 because C1 O1 is positive and P1 is compact. So it says there has to be an constant such that we can balance the D-debar F by this constant times C1 O1. And also the absolute value of this logarithm of S Pn can be bound is just the same as minus the logarithm of S Pn because we assumed before that the supremum is exactly one. And so the Fubini's 2D metric of S Pn is always at most one, so the logarithm of it is always negative. Yeah, and this is exactly minus the Fubini's 2D height by definition of S Pn plus and half. And we can add just as we want the logarithm of the supremum of S Pn because we set it to be, yeah, the supremum norm is one, so the logarithm was zero. But the supremum norm is up to a linear term and N is the same as L2 norm that we get that this is the same as we can replace it by the P-Vomieri norm of Pn.  Yeah, but it's fine. And then, yeah, the first term here, so the bracket is exactly what we assume to go to zero and the second term, we have a log N divided by N. It's also going to zero for N2 infinity, so it's completely going to zero. This is showing that if we assuming that this bracket and the last line is going to zero, then the first term in this calculation has to go to zero. That's meaning that for these polynomials, we get this equity distribution. Now, let me go for the generalization to Hermitian line bundles on arithmetic variety. So it's really now our KELO theory. Let me recall some notions. First, an arithmetic variety is X over Z. It's an integral scheme, absolutely. And over that, it has to have nice properties like any varieties should be there, projective, flat, or finite, and separated. And we assume that the generic fiber, X tensor with Q should be smooth. So it says the advantage that also X tensor with C is smooth and then we can do complex analysis on the generic fiber. And for example, we can choose P1, Z, which we already studied before, and this would be the special case for our theorem with BZ and the theorem about the polynomials. Now, on this, we can have Hermitian line bundles. Hermitian line bundles are pairs of the line bundle on X and a system of Hermitian matrix HX on the fibers LX where X is running through all complex points of the arithmetic variety. And there's some assumption we're doing. It's not any system. We assume that if you have a section on some series key open subset U, then the norm of SX, which square is, which is just the self-product in the Hermitian metric at X should be smooth in the point X on the complex points of U. And we get also the curvature form, which is, as before, it's just the dd bar divided by two pi of the logarithm of the norm of SQM. So this is defined locally when S is invertible, but choosing another S, we can define it globally. One example is, yeah, just take the O1 on P1Z and equip it with a Fubini study metric, but in general, this will not be enough for us because we will see later, but what we can also do is multiply i as a metric on it by e to the minus epsilon. And this is written as, yeah, O1 bar and then by a shift by epsilon, where the metric on S is just the Fubini study metric on S times e to the minus epsilon. And then we come to small sections. The section is called small, respectively, strictly small. It's the supremum norm, which is the supremum of S over all complex points at most one, or it's strictly small if it's strictly smaller than one. And then the small sections form a finite set. So the global sections A0, XL are a discreet set and some real vector space. And if we bound some norm, we get the finite set. And supremum norm is this and more. And yeah, we can also say that this set is playing the role of global sections on the arithmetic, because what we are interested in in RK of theory is that to get an idea of the completion of the spectrum of that and there's not really completion. There's one point missing, the point at infinity, but in the set of schemes that does not make any sense. But what you can do is to think of it always by putting metrics on everything we're doing. And then one has to change notions a bit. For example, the global sections are then replaced by these small sections. And also for ampulness, we have some new notion which should be a thing of the parallel of the classical ampulness. So an emission line bundle is called as medically ample. If it's relatively ample on X over Z, so it's the vertical condition over each fiber. So over the fiber at infinity, so the hypothetical fiber should also be ample. This meaning just curvature form is positive. And then we need some horizontal condition to be ample. And that's doing by the following. For P high enough, the set of global sections of the tensor power of the P tensor power of L should be generated by strictly small sections. So as classically ample bundles are characterized by that for a high enough tensor power, it's generated by global sections. Yes. And an example is exactly the O1 bar shifted by epsilon is automatically ample for every positive epsilon. The first, of course, O1 is ample on P1Z. The C1 form of O1 bar shifted by epsilon is the same as the C1 of O1 because epsilon is a constant. If it takes the rhythm, it's an additive constant and then taking dd bar, it does not matter. And we already seen that the C1 O1 is positive. And the third is a bit the most non-trivial part. So the Z zero to the J times the one to the P minus J are the basis of the global forms of the P tensor power of L. If it computes a supremum norm, it's just, yes, we have to multiply by E to the minus two epsilon times P because it's a P tensor power. And then the supremum of this Fubini study metric and one can check that this supremum is at most one. And then we get it smaller equal to E minus two epsilon P but it can be one. And that's why we really need this epsilon to be strictly bigger than zero. So it's not mathematically empty if you only take the Fubini study metric. And now we come to my theory. So if you take an arithmetic variety X of dimension D, at least two, it's absolute dimension, so the spec Z has already one dimension and the relative dimension of X over spec Z is then one less, it's D minus one. And let L bar be an arosmetically ample Hermitian line on X. So then for every D minus two, D minus two continuous test form phi on X, C on the complex points of X, it holds the following distribution result that again, if we take the average over the small sections of the P tensor power of L of the difference, absolute value of the difference of the integral of phi over the divisor of S, yeah, norm by one over P and the integral over the complex points of phi wedge with C one of L bar, then the limit for P to infinity, this is zero. So it's again, I'm searching about almost all sequences because we have a sum of non-digitive values getting zero in the limit. Yeah, so for almost all sequences of small sections for the P tensor powers of L, P is going to infinity, we have an equidistribution of the divisor of the section S with respect to the C one of L. And if you check, it's very similar, it's not really exactly the same as in the case of polynomials if you apply it to the case P one Z and the line one O one epsilon. So let me give you an overview of the proof. So the first thing I want to do is to get rid of the four five as talk theory, but similar to the proof for the polynomials I gave you was that the advantage that we have not to play around with this form five, which is very arbitrary though. Second thing is, there is already some result about equidistribution of sections, but it's about random holomorphic sections and complex analysis worked out by Barakhtar, Kovman, and Marinescu. And it's with respect to certain probability measures on the complex closed sections. And the problem is that these probability measures are not discrete, so we cannot directly apply it on just a subset of small sections, which is just finite. But what we can do is to reduce it to apply it to the real subspace of real global sections in the complex global sections for the probability measures supported on symmetric compact and convex subsets. So these symmetric compact and convex subsets, we call Kp living in the real global sections. And the main example in mind is just takes the real global sections which has supremum norm at most one. So if you balance the norm, then you get something symmetric compact and convex. So we want to go now from the real global sections to the lattice points in it. And yeah, the integer global sections are just the lattice and the real global sections. And we can decompose the real global sections into boxes, as I said, to every lattice point. And a result by Moriwaki shows us that then these boxes are getting exponentially fast, small for P is going to infinity. And the other thing we have to see that is, if you have, that's the integral we are interested in is going to zero for P is going to infinity for a sequence of section as P with, yeah, subnorm at most one, which will be always the case for us. And then the same holds true for another sequence, which the property that the difference of both sequences is going exponentially fast to zero. So the supreme is a limb so for P to infinity of the norm of the difference of SP and S prime P and then taking the P's route is strictly smaller than one. So I will give more details on this later, it's just an overview. And the last thing is then reducing from almost all sequences in this set KP, which we've done in step three to almost all sequences in the lattice points in KP, which will be just the small sections because at least in our example where KP is given by the bounding the subnorm by one. And this can be done by, yeah, just step four and five we know that we have these boxes, as I said, it's the lattice points and we know that the box is getting smaller and if we have some sequence for sections lying in the boxes we can reduce it to the base points of the lattice boxes, which are the lattice points. So first let me speak about getting rid of the form phi by Stokes' theorem. The Stokes' theorem and the positivity of C1 allows us to compute to the difference of, yeah, if you take the integral of phi over the divisor of S and norm by one over P and the integral of phi wedged with C1L over the complex points of X, this is, yeah, similar to the proof for the polynomials we get that this is just phi wedged with the dd bar of the logarithm of S and again we can use Stokes' theorem to put the dd bar on the other side. Look, we can now put by the triangle inequality for integrals, the absolute value inside and now again, the absolute value of dd bar of phi can be bounded by the compactness of X and by the positivity of C1 of L by some constant times the constant can depend on this L and on the phi times the C1 of L bar to the d minus one. And thus it's enough to prove, yeah, the same result not for the absolute value of this difference but for the integral at the end without the constant. So the constant is not important because we are interested in showing that this is zero. So we have to show that the limit of the average over the small sections of this integral tends to zero. Okay, and we have to take this integral good in mind because it will be now the very important term for the rest. So let me tell you about the execution result in complex analysis we use. So Bayrakti, Coleman and Marinescu introduced the following condition on probability measures and proved the following theory. Conditioners, they call it condition B, there's also condition A, but it's not important for us because it only matters for, yeah, varieties with singularities and if the metric has singularities it's not the case for us. So we take a sequence, the sigma P of probability measures on the space of complex global sections and we say that these sequence of probability measures satisfy B. If for all P, there exists a constant Cp such that the following integral is bounded by Cp. So we take the integral over the complex sections with respect to the probability measures of the absolute value of the logarithm of the inner product of S and U. So S is a complex section and U is also a complex section living in the unit sphere and you have to say that on the complex sections we take the L2 product induced by the metric on L bar. So we have, yeah, so classically the L2 metric by the integral of this H of S and U and then we get some product on this complex sections and yeah, then it also makes sense to speak about the norm of U to be one in this L2 norm. And the theorem they gave is if we have such a sequence of probability measures satisfying B and the limit of this constant divided by P is going to zero then we have said yeah, here's this integral we are interested in is integrated over over the complex sections with respect to the probability measures is going to zero. And now one sees, okay, one is it's possible to apply it if our probability measure is discreet, for example, like in all setting where we are interested in the small sections which are just finally many then we have the problem that this cannot be true the condition can be true because then for this S we have only finding any S in the integral will be a sum and so there will always be a U which is orthogonal to the S and then the logarithm of zero it's infinite. Yeah, it's not a good idea to apply it to the small sections instead but we can instead apply so we choose a sequence of symmetry compact and convex subsets Kp in the real sections which are also living as a real subspace in the complex sections and we may assume that the Kp are bounded by balls from above and below and the radius of the balls satisfying the following condition that the P's root of them is going to run for P's going to infinity and an example is for before we take Kp to be the real sections with bounded supremum norm by one and then one can show that the probability measure defined by taking the Lebesgue measure restricting to the set Kp and normalizing such that it has volume one in total it's setting p and that is the property that the limit of the Cp the constant in the condition be divided by P is going to zero so we can apply the theorem and we get that the integral we are interested in is going to zero on average over these Kp in the space of real sections but that's not really enough you want to go to the small sections which are just lattice points in the real sections so this is the step where I wanted to do this decomposition into boxes so we had already considered the real sections and in there we have the integral sections and these are just the lattice so let's show it's just one is to check that the integral sections are torsion free what follows from algebraic geometry in these lattice we can choose a basis and we choose a basis sp1 to spdp dp should be the dimension of this lattice of minimal norms and then it's a result by Moriwaki that the norms are then so small that even the the maximum of all the norms of the base vectors is bounded by a constant times p to the d-1 times the constant to the p where this constant v is strictly smaller than one so it's meaning that if p is going to infinity the norms of the base vectors are going to be exponentially fast to zero and now for every lattice point x we define a box qx just starting in the lattice point x and then going in every direction of the base vectors by coefficients from zero to one but not including one just looking like the half open cube in the dp dimensional space and the theory by Moriwaki shows that this box qx is going exponentially fast, small for p going to infinity and this box is the property that we get in this joint decomposition of the space of real sections the real sections are just the disjoint union of the qx where x is running over all the integral sections okay and now the idea is if we know the distribution for the real sections we know that it's for almost all sequences the case that we get distribution and then these for if you take one sequence the sections lying and at some point in these boxes qx and we should reduce it to the base point x of the box qx and that's what we're doing in the next slide if you have two near sequences of sections we can do it in more general that sp and sp prime be two sequences of sections of complex sections and we assume the following the subnorm is again bound by one we always have this and they're getting exponentially fast near to each other so the the norm of sp minus sp prime and taking then the piece root gives a sequence which has yeah this is the biggest limit point strictly smaller than one so if we put the piece root on the other side we have set it smaller than some v to the p as Moriwaki resolved and the third thing is that the sequence sp should satisfy that for the integral we're interested in the limit is going to zero and then the question is is this also satisfied for the other sequence of section and indeed one can show that also for sp prime p the integral we are interested in taking the limit for p to infinity goes to zero and let me give the idea of the proof first is prove it just by complex analysis so we can prove it for smooth productive complex varieties by induction on the dimension so the case of the dimension zero is just the base case this is easy it's not completely trivial but easy enough to do it one should say that the varieties have not to be connected so in the case dimension zero we have finally many points which are yeah we have to discreet topology on them and a norm of a section is then just association of positive real numbers on these points and now for the induction step we use dog's to reduce to divisor of a section of a very ample line yeah that's what one can always choose by the theory we can always choose if you take a very ample line by the divisor which is smooth in general the case we can also take this divisor in general such that the sp and sp prime I again have only zeros in co-dimension but that's not enough one gets an error term but this can be made smaller than any epsilon bigger than zero by choosing the section using again the equation theory by Raktar and Marinesco was the second part and then one can make the error term small and arbitrary small one gets that this integral for sp prime p is smaller than epsilon for every epsilon then it has to be zero so let's conclude the proof we have to use also some geometry of numbers as in the title of this slide saying though the idea starts with subsets of positive density so let's look at the convex sets kp and intersect them with the lattice points of integral sections and in there we just take tp to be subsets and positive density means that the smallest limit point of the ratio of the number of points in this tp and the number of points in the of lattice points in this kp the number of points of integral sections in kp should be positive and then it follows that if we look again at the decomposition of the real sections that if we take the volume of the of the boxes associated to the points in the tp and divide by the volume of all kp so we also intersect the boxes with kp then this is also positive so first one thing that directly follow but it's a problem because one has to be careful with the points intersecting the boundary where the boxes intersecting the boundary of kp by geometry of numbers one shows that the boxes intersecting the boundary of kp does not do not matter let's let's do some work it's not directly following and then we can take the third step of our discussion of the proof to show that there is a sequence sp where sp lying in this disjoint union of these boxes intersected with the kp where the x is from the tp such that the integral we are interested in is going to zero so this is true because we know in the average over this kp this integral is going to zero and if we restrict to some subset such that the volume is positive in ratio to the volume of kp it also has to be almost everywhere to be zero and in particular we can choose some sp such that this is going to zero and now we can use the fourth and the fifth step to conclude that there is also a sequence sp prime where the sp prime is in tp which is just sp in the disjoint union of this qx with kp and this meaning this is lying in some qx and we just take this base point x of the box where it is lying in and this is then the sp prime it is just the x where sp is lying in qx and then we know by the result by Moriwaki that the difference of sp and sp prime is getting small exponentially fast and then by the fifth step we know that because we have set the integral, the limit of the integral for sp is going to zero we know it also for the limit of the integral of sp prime and now we should come back for the average sum and what we can use is that this integral in general is bounded by our Kiloff theory but at least in this case we are interested in sections of subnorm at most one it is bounded by our Kiloff degree of the arithmetic self-intersection number of the line bundle L and this is not depending on p or on the section and because this is bounded we get that on average over the lattice points in Kp the integral is going to zero because if this would be positive then for a subset of this Kp intersected with H0 of positive density it should be everywhere positive and this cannot be this case because such a subset is looking like the Tp at the beginning of this slide and we showed that in every such as Tp we can choose one section for which the integral is going to zero so in the end we conclude that also this average of the integral is going to zero and by the example that Kp is given by rounding the sub-norm by one we know that this is exactly the small sections if we intersect with the integral sections and by the first step in the proof we know that this gives again our distribution result when we put in again the test form file ok that's all for the proof and I thank you for your attention


Hello everyone, welcome to Renault Talks IP. I'm Renault Lavoie with Readall Communication. Today's topic, what's the difference between ST2110 and ST2020-6. So you hear a lot about those two video SDI over IP, your gateways, but what's the main differences of those two standards, and what's the use cases as well, and which one apply to your application. So I will try to demystify that for you today. So let's start with 2022-6. 2022-6, as we can see on my left side, this is the entire SDI frame. So 2022-6, it's really simple. We take the SDI, entire frame, blankings, active video, audio, and celery, and we packetize that to send it over the IP, everything. So we don't look at active versus blanking, we send everything. So what's happening there is we take the line and we cut it in packets. So the packet has to respect one thing called the MTU, the maximum transmission unit. Usually it's a, we refer it as a 1,500 bytes. So, but people will ask, yeah, but what about jumbo packet? Jumbo packet, if you don't know, are about 9,000 bytes. They are not supported in 2022-6, nor in 2110. So we did an implementation for a customer with the jumbo packet, but this was a really specific use cases. I will say avoid to do that, to keep the entero-parability in those standards. So I explained to you that the 2022 took all the content and send it on one multicast unicast flow. So let's talk about unicast for a minute and multicast. So the unicast are, as the name stated, it's a one sender to multiple destination. Cool thing with IP, it's enabled us as a broadcast to remove this distribution amplifier because I go from one to multiples. So now here's the downside of it. IT network engineer really don't like it because if your network, it's not properly configured, then you will flood all the ports. The multicast will become a broadcast and all your ports from all your switches will be flooded, which is really not good. So in a studio, it's accepted for the video and an ancillary and audio, it's accepted that we can use multicast, but in the cloud or in the wide area network, try to avoid that they will never pass. There's progress to make them pass in a cloud and wide area network, but like I said, IT engineers don't like them. Unicast on the other point, it's a point-to-point connection. So you're good for cloud, you're good for wide area network. So let's go back to 2110 now. So 2110, again my SDI frame, we remove the blanking. We keep the audio, we keep the ancillary and we keep the active video. We call this protocol essence splitting. We'll split those three flavors and send them on three different flows. Of course, if you look at about the audio, you may say, okay, but I want to send it to multiple, more than we just want multicast or unicast and this is right. So there's another Renautox IP where I will address with the good number of the audio multicast or unicast flows. So if we summarize before going to the next step, what's 2022-6? A mapping, a direct mapping of SDI to IP and what is 2110? An essence splitting, breaking apart audio, video and ancillary. So that's the main difference. Now let's talk about the 2110 parts. 2110, it's really complex. So they break it in different parts. So the part 10, it's called the system timing. So system timing will define the PTP under 20, 59, 1 and 2 to realign your essence. The dash 20, it's there for the uncompressed video. Dash 21 was the shaping of uncompressed video. We did a Renautox IP about the narrow and the wide sander. That's exactly dash 21. So dash 22, it's the compressed. It's the container for your compressed video. Meaning that we don't define which codec you can use. We define the container, how to send it in your network. Dash 30, the audio, the PCM audio. Dash 31, bit transparent audio for compressed. Dash 40, ancillary. Dash 50, 20, 22, dash 6, over 2110. Really? And you can ask yourself why we do that? Because 20, 22, dash 6, it's still useful if you do play out, if you do transport and you don't want to mix and match your essence. On the other hand, 2110 is super useful if you do a production. If you want, let's say, to shuffle the audio. If you want to play with your signal, separate it. If you want to take your audio AS67 and you send them directly to the audio room, you don't want to carry the video. You don't want to increase the size of the switches, just because you have some audio you want to send somewhere. So that's the main difference of those two. That's the use cases of those two. So I hope this was really good for you. I hope you learned something today. Please feel free to send me any question, any comments you add on IP. I will be pleased to answer that in my future Renautox IP. And for more information, please visit readall.net. I wish you a good day. Thank you.


Welcome to Montpelier Civic Forum and this show tonight is one of a series where we're doing the issues and the candidates before the election on November 6th. The election that will bring us two bond issues and we're going to discuss one tonight. What we're going to discuss is the wastewater bond. It's a $16.75 million proposed bond issue and I have city manager Bill Fraser with me to talk about wastewater or sewer. Which one would you call it tonight? Well it's actually the artist formerly known as the sewer treatment plant and then it became known as the wastewater treatment plant and now we call it the water resource recovery facility but it's all the same thing. It's all the sanitary sewers and wastewater that go down into drains as opposed to the water that you drink or storm water. Now where is this located? This is down at Dog River Field. Next to where people pick up sand? Next to where people pick up sand and next to where people pay softball and soccer and bring their dogs to the river and those kinds of things so it's a big plant there. What's the history of that plant? You've been here 20 some odd years. Yeah it's older than that. The plant was initially built in 1962 and has had various modifications as time goes by but some of the original equipment is still there and it's really aging, having difficulty getting replacement parts for it, it's failing and so it's in bad need of an upgrade and we've been eyeing that for the last few years. In terms of wastewater and water, what is the difference between those two different divisions? Now are they linked together in a capital sense? Well when we're replacing water do we not replace sewer when we're doing sewer? Are those linked together? They're linked together from our operation standpoint in that the water and sewer crews are the ones that repair broken water lines or broken sewer lines and they deal with what we call either in the water case we call that a distribution system so the water comes from Berlin Pond, goes into the water treatment plant, comes down through pipes and is distributed to all of our homes and then it comes out of our tap so that's the water system. Then once it comes out of our tap or then it goes into the sanitary sewers and it becomes a collection system for collecting wastewater which at that point is stuff that you flush, the stuff that comes from your shower, comes from your sink, all that sort of thing. Comes from the streets as well. Well so the streets is storm water, some of that goes into the wastewater system but we're really trying to separate that out so that's something different. Those are storm sewers versus sanitary sewers. Now how are these linked together in a fiscal sense? Well it's all through the Department of Public Works but we do track them separately and your water rates pay for the water treatment and distribution system and your sewer rates pay for the sewer collection and treatment system and then the storm water is paid for partly out of general fund and partly out of our storm water benefit charge. So they're slightly tracked differently but the wastewater plant which is what we're talking about today, it takes all the sewer that's collected, the sanitary sewer and treats that through a very biological process where sludges, the solids are scraped off or separated out, it's treated through, they're actually bugs, they're organic bugs that eat the bad stuff and keep the nutrients and then it goes through clarifiers and ultimately through an ultraviolet treatment system and then is discharged to our river when it meets discharge standards and so it's clearly one of the most important things that we do. Clean water, clean river, this river goes down to Lake Champlain and so obviously even statewide all of these treatment plants are very important. So we, you know it's something we pay close attention to and we've had really good service from this plant for a long time but it is definitely tired and definitely in need of upgrade. Now our water plant is constantly in a push-me-pull-me with federal standards in terms of keeping our water plant contemporary and all. So our water, so again let's, I'm trying to say do the federal standards on wastewater affect our decision to upgrade this? Yes, so I want to be clear that we're separating water and wastewater. Our water plant is relatively new, it was built in 2000, that's the one up on Berlin Hill and that is pretty much state-of-the-art at least for the water source that it was designed for. It does have some, it's fine and it meets our needs and works really well. The wastewater plant, yes, there's federal standards. To some extent it's affected by, it's indirectly affected by the standards for Lake Champlain, the TMDL as it's called, total maximum daily load. We discharge phosphorus into the river so we have to keep our, we have permit limits that we have to keep within certain parameters. For the viewer there's not going to be a test on this afterwards. Yeah, I hope not, I don't know if I'd pass it. But we have standards, are those standards that are moving standards as? Not, well the state and feds certainly are seeking to make them stricter but they also have to deal with the plant design. One of the, we're going to get off topic on the bond here and hopefully we'll be effective. No, it's important for us to understand why we're paying for what we're paying for. Sure, well we're paying for clean water. This is a water pollution control facility. Back in the day, pre-62 or whatever, people's sewers just ran into rivers. And so in the 50s and 60s communities started building sewer systems and then they were just eventually this treatment technology came in so now the bad stuff can basically be stripped out of it and it meets a certain clean water standard. It's an issue in Vermont because, as we all know, the state's under federal order to clean up Lake Champlain. But a large portion of the contaminants that go into the lake are from what they call non-point sources, so farmers' fields, different places like that. And wastewater plants are actually a pretty small percentage, but it's one of the few things the state can actually control because there are outputs that they can put limits on and they can be, the technology exists to reach those limits, but really it's getting the 5% of the problem through these limits. So that's a separate topic for another day. When did we last work on the waste treatment plant in a fiscal zone? When did we last... So the last major upgrade we did was probably 10 years ago, I should have thought to check that, we added the ultraviolet technology, we used to actually have a huge chlorine tank to disinfect the last stage, and it was probably the most dangerous thing we had in the entire city. And so we've gotten rid of that and gone to UV, which is much better, more effective and also much less dangerous in terms of potential blow-up than chlorine gas. So that was the last big upgrade, we've had to, over time we've had to make incremental improvements to clarifiers and different digesters, there's a lot, I'm not that versed on the technical aspect of it, but this would be a major overhaul. This is really would be bringing it to state of art. Okay, in bringing it to state of art, could we have done this incrementally over time? Or is this... So the only alternative, we've spent the last three or four years studying this. What we could have done in lieu of is what's called an aging infrastructure project and that would be basically just take what we have and upgrade it. That would have cost us about nine million dollars right now and another three million dollars over the next ten years. So about 12 million dollars in a ten-year period. And that would have just basically allowed us to do what we do today. What we're proposing instead is what we call an organics to energy project. So even though it costs more, the net savings from the energy savings as well as new revenues that we'll be able to process additional waste, so things like from, say, creameries or distilleries, those kinds of things. I don't want to say industrial waste because that signifies, has about organic type waste. So think stuff that might come from Ben & Jerry's or Cabot Cheese and those kind of things and they will be able to be processed with a revenue strain and that energy that can be created will then be reused in the plant to save energy. Right now we use methane to reduce our energy costs. We'll be creating enough to fully heat the plant. Are we building more capacity into this plant as we renew it? As we have a new vision for the plant? We are, although the, we actually have, plant capacity has two different aspects to it. So in one aspect we have plenty of capacity now for new private development, that kind of thing. The other aspect is... Or distillery. Yeah, well, so those are different types of waste. That's, you know, there's household and regular... But still there's water coming in? It's water coming in, but there's strength of waste and the type of... So what we're doing is creating the ability to take these stronger wastes that aren't normal household wastes. They would come in differently. They would not just come through a pipe. These would still be trucked in and brought in. So much like we take septage now. So those come in separately. How would you explain what septage is? Sure, if you have a septic tank for your own personal septic system, you have it pumped and the haulers then have a tank full of residential septage and they have to get rid of it. And some of that used to be spread on fields and it could end up in the river or rivers and waters. That is becoming more and more restricted. So we actually make close to a million dollars a year in fees to collect septage and we have a special processing system. So this would expand that capacity as well as the fees for this other business of these organic waste. So when you net out the energy savings and you net out the revenues from the organic waste, it's actually going to cost us less on an annual basis than if we just did the straightforward night... Less in what sense, Bill? At the absolute minimum. So one of the aspects of this is the company that's doing this work is guaranteeing us a certain amount of savings and a certain amount of revenue. And obviously anything above that is to our good. At the guarantee level we would be saving $92,000 per year over the alternate project not from what we're paying now. I was just about to ask how does this compare to what we're paying now? So I want to be clear. And what does we're paying mean? Exactly. We'll get to all of that. But I think this is probably the most important point of this whole thing which is we're going to have a failing plant at some point if we don't upgrade it. And that will be catastrophic. So let me finish. So we either have to do with this $9 million project or the $16 million project. And I think we've spent almost two years now analyzing the options and I think the city council has really looked at it. We believe the $16 million project, $16.75 million project is better because number one it will cost us less annually than its alternative. Number two it provides much more energy saving so it's toward our net zero goal. And number three it's much more environmentally friendly because all of those waste that will now be getting processed through us are things that are being put on fields and going in even though they're not appeal you're necessarily wasting. In terms of the big picture for the state and the region it is a much more environmentally beneficial project. Now this is not a residential neighborhood we're talking about over by the plant. Can the streets support that kind of heavy traffic that would be coming in? It is now. We've been handling septage trucks for quite a while and I don't think anyone's really noticed it. You know it's right near the interstate exit. They come in and out or on route two. These are not these are truck routes. It doesn't need to go into downtown it doesn't need to go into residential area. They are 24-7 so these things can come in the middle of the night and often do. At least our current septage haulers the regulars have key cards you know that that they swipe and registers how much they're depositing and so they can come in at any time of the night. Obviously a one-off person has to make arrangements with us but and we anticipate that regular customers. So I'm understanding you correctly we have a bond payment that will be due every year. Correct. And that bond payment minus the 93,000 how does this relate to the bond? Now nine million we assume has to be spent. Correct. And I wish I had a white board behind me. Nine million has to be spent 16 million 0.75 million. So you're talking 7.75 million in borrowing in essence and what kind and that will require 770,000. So the difference and the difference is so and I want to be clear about the nine million because that also would require an additional three million in about 10 years. So over the next so 12 million right and that we're very clear that that needs to occur. The difference the delta between the borrowing the lower number and the 16.75 that's the difference made up in the revenues from the organics and the energy savings with the newer plan. Now that is some of that is guaranteed that which means that the 92,000 the savings of 92,000 is guaranteed the projections are actually will save about 200,000. So if those trucks do not appear in the volume that we hope they appear. Correct. We'll still see cost savings. That's correct. The company that we have a guarantee of a certain amount of revenue and a guarantee of a certain amount of energy savings and so those two combined would be 92,000 less than if we just did our normal aging infrastructure project. Now per year. This technology that we're dealing with is this new technology is it tested technology? It's very it's tested technology it's it's done this will be relatively this will probably be new in Vermont but it's clearly not new in the northeast. We've visited plants we visited a plant in Virginia that was built by this company and other companies do it this isn't a sole source type thing and it works well it's proven and there's a market for it. I mean I think you know you because correctly states are taking harder views at how these waste are taken care of you know companies have to deal with agricultural way and and creamery and all those kinds of things. This is an opportunity for them to have a more responsible and reliable means of disposing this so we're it's a service but it's also revenue to the city to offset the construction of it. Do we believe in the future there might be a market for the if there's such a need that another plant might emerge that would compete with our plant? We as well so I think the issue well if it did there would have to be a huge need because somebody else would have to invest 16 million dollars. We believe and what we're told from the folks we're dealing with and other consultants is that these tend to show up in regions that that there just isn't the market within certain I don't in our case maybe 50 or 100 miles so 50 or 100 miles is the state of Vermont. Well right so maybe something in Brattleboro could show up let's say but it's not likely just you know it would be a while before say something showed up in Chittin and a northern part of Chittin and Franklin maybe but you know the first one in and and we're not trying to say this like markets here but just the first one is gonna it is kind of a market share but we're not looking at it that way it's just we we have an opportunity we've got to upgrade our plant this is a smart way to do what that is environmentally friendly and financially friendly the other piece of it which we haven't quite talked yet is that there is an opportunity to spend another couple million dollars and then take it and actually create electricity from it and the city council is very interested in that and then we could you know sell that to the grid or those kind of or use it in the building whatever what we've chosen to do was to make sure this is up and running that we understand it can handle the operations of the plant before we take on electric generation again as the as a viewer is probably hearing this for the first time so am I what happens to the additional methane I think that we're generating so for now until we can find better uses during summer and those kind of things will be flared off through the proper flaring procedures not the most efficient use but in winter we believe it will heat the entire buildings we'll eliminate all of our heating costs and we can use some of it for internal we have things that need to be warmed certain things have been kept at certain temperatures all year round so some of it will be used for that but that's the issue so if we can find use for the excess methane in which we're looking at one other piece I failed to mention earlier which is that we are actively seeking other grant funding which would reduce that 16.75 and we'd still have to bond for it but you know we never want to promise that we're going to get something that we don't have in hand but we think between two and three million dollars is entirely likely or possible that we would receive so that's but you know now we have a waste we have a wastewater system that's working 24 7 4 right now it's being replaced what happens is there going to be an interim period yeah when no one can use their bathrooms well for about a summer how how will that be dealt with it's part of the construction so they do it in increments the plant will be functioning the entire time we won't notice the difference and obviously that is part of the cost because you can't just shut one down and build a new one you have to keep them operating at some point you do a switch over so that what will happen to the old plant well this will be the this is still going to be there I mean it will be it's it's basically replacing in place so the the general layout of the plant will be similar they just will be where there was an old digester there might be a new digester where there was an old tank there will be a new tank so they'll be replacing these things incrementally as and putting in new technology now we're working with another company on this on the second aspect of this will they have staff there or will our staff handle the entire project so once it's up and rolling this will be a city operated project this will be our plant just as it is now city staff will run it the the the company that we're dealing with esg energy systems group their design engineers and they arrange so they will they are they've done all the cost estimating maybe the design we've actually retained a local vermont company to review all their designs so we've second not second-guess them but we've proofed their work and they will put the project together obviously bid it out and help us through the construction phase so overseeing construction how long is that period estimated to be I don't exactly know I'm guessing a year but I don't that seems to be something in this will city staff existing city staff be sufficient yes yes yeah we don't think we'll we don't we we won't need any additional staff to do this it's you know it'll be because even though we're taking on the new technology I mean the new loads a lot of that more of it will be automated and so some of what we're doing now will become easier and less staff dependent so we're we think that we'll be well we're very confident actually that we'll be able to do what we're going to do with the same staff that we have has this technology been used in cold weather settings like we have yeah yeah yeah like I said throughout the northeast Pennsylvania so I'm in trying to think with the further New York state you know it's a it's cold weather isn't really I mean there's a lot of heat generated with these so you know they they're they're still organic systems I mean we have our I don't know if you've ever toured the the wastewater plant but they're not picked up sand next to it you know there are open pools that and and they have covers so in the winter we put the covers on them and you know there are designs for weather conditions how does this affect our our sewer bills well the project itself will depends on how we choose to structure it but we're looking at over the 10-year period someone's bill would probably go up on average about 35 dollars a year over the course of what's what's that as a percent roughly roughly between so I'm not I will give you an answer if I have I have some cheap shoes numbers here absolutely better to use those exactly exactly so it would be between sort of five and three and a half percent this is over the course of time and some of those depend on exactly how much revenue comes in how much other you know and whether we pick if we pick up the grant will that and that would reduce those yeah so we would see the five percent pretty much immediately in our bills yes yeah we probably would have have that in the up front because that's when our biggest payments will be and and also when we don't know exactly what the revenue stream will be wouldn't that's some of that is you know the projections that could go up to six percent if we only hit the guarantee level so ninety three thousand is going back into the boundary payment that the cost savings of this thing I've so the it's it's not quite as clean as that we have to pay the whole bond right but the net to the rate payers but then that's offset our whole budget is offset by revenues so let's say the the the bond payment let's say seven hundred thousand I'm making that up we're talking about a 20 year bond right right or 25 or 25 right so let's just say the bond payment was a million dollars right so we have to pay that million dollars every year but if we're getting five hundred thousand dollars in revenue for these enhancements and and from these outside right the organic sources as well as that much in savings from energy then the net to the rate payers only five hundred thousand whereas if we just did the ai we'd be paying six hundred thousand so in theory that's where the savings twenty five dollar twenty five dollar a twenty five year bond in theory could turn into a twenty three or twenty year bond if we're paying extra into this thing so yeah so I don't maybe I didn't explain it we're not paying extra what we're doing is the net savings the net that we're paying out of your sewer rates each year is less for this project than it is for the we still have to pay the whole bond amount right right but if there's a profit to be made in this where is the profit going to go it will then presumably be in lower rates okay if we were taking in more than we needed then we wouldn't need to raise the rates as much to make how long have the rates been for the last five ten years um they've been up and down although lately the last few years the city council has you know we've embarked on a process to try to deal with this aging infrastructure which included the plan includes our old sewer lines and water lines so basically they've adopted a policy of one percent above um above uh inflation and so I'd say the last couple years the rates have been around three percent you know it's hard to say but some of that included projections for this future plant upgrade so how does this affect our ability to replace our aging sewer system underneath the streets uh it doesn't really I mean we have to we have the so two things one the feeder to this thing right but if there's if there's a failed treatment system it doesn't really make any difference so that's you know that's kind of the key factor um so that's number one this is highest priority number two um we do have a long-term plan to do the street that them and that is built into these things so I mean those aren't necessarily bonded they are sometimes but not usually and as bonds expire right deal with it we curl them over that's right and and bond the way our bonds are typically structured is that the early payments are the biggest ones and they decline over time so you can build up that capacity to take on other debt to fix the other you know we try to keep it as steady as possible our overall borrowing because this has a dedicated revenue stream to it does it affect our city's general overall borrowing well of course because the city council has set a recommended target does this factor into that as well yeah this would fall within the target because the target is um is a um percentage of total revenues so this this will add to the total revenues the the 700,000 per year so when so even though when you figure this debt in um it still falls within the city policy we're very careful about that with this along with the parking garage taken together how does that affect the city's borrowing and and doesn't that push towards the upper end of yeah well it does but it's the same issue remember the parking garage is also bringing in a fair amount of revenue right that is so that increases the number that you're taking a percentage of so um they kind of offset each other if that was clear to you it was it was clear to me actually um and i can't say do you have any questions but if you do have questions i'm going to say this and i think your email is public absolutely in fact i'll add to that on october 29th monday october 29th at 6 30 at city hall we're having a public hearing on all the ballot items the parking garage item this wastewater plant item and there are two charger changes so that's the plastic bags and and the non residents right so uh anybody who's interested in having a more in-depth conversation about any of these please join us on the 29th at 6 30 in addition there's a lot of information about these projects on the city's website and uh double you phraser at montpelier-vt.org is my email please feel free to email me with any questions and we'll get any answers now of course i have to put the pitch in for orca orca will be at that meeting uh filming that meeting and there were a number of council discussions in the past on this very issue that you could find on on orcas website correct and basically uh it's your choice to make i think we've informed you a little bit if you have more questions certainly go down to council uh and you'll have them answered quite and i thank you so very much for watching this show i hope that you'll watch the show on the parking garage i also hope that you'll watch all the candidate shows but what's most important on showing is to show up on election day and make sure that your friends and neighbors vote it's not only a civic duty but your responsibility thank you so very much for watching this


Welcome to Toffy TV, it is the player ratings, not a city Neil Everton 1, not a great performance, but Everton got the three-pointer to get into Jordan Pickford, that gave Jordan a seven, did quite well again last night, very calm, very noticeable in two games, very calm, made a good save in the first half from probably their only shot on target, I think, and he's got real power on it and pushed it wide. Second half, there was one where they had a breakaway and the player went round them, but he did really well because he didn't go to ground, he forced them wide and then he got back into position and I just think so far in the two games he's looked very calm, reassuring, which is good for the defenders, good with the ball as well as his feet, so both performances so far have been on that level and that's what we need going forward. Sheamus Coleman, I've given six, a little bit of different performance from the game against Liverpool in this game, you know, more needed more going forward and although he did help, he did win the corner, that led to our goal, probably wasn't ultimately good enough going forward, didn't show enough when we needed it. Defensively was OK, but I just thought we needed a little bit more and the same on the other side I've given Dina six and I know he got the assist for the goal, but I think we needed that as well, a little bit better going forward, defensively pretty much OK, but I think we need more out of the full backs. Our wide men are not players who will be players with pace, they're link players, they need the full back to go round them and Dina just didn't do enough of that, but it's early days I've given them both six in the centre. Mason Hallgate, I've given him seven, very calm, very assured, there was one instance where he came out of the back with the ball as well, really, really, really good. It's really unflappable at the moment as well, really looks really, really calm, so I've given him seven. Obviously he's got the winning goal, he's become a father as well, so what a great week it is for him and in the two games he's looked really good, looked really, really good, just doing his job. I think he just enjoys being a defender, he's not bad with his feet as well, but I think he enjoys just being a defender and obviously popping up with a goal as well. So for him what a great week and two clean sheets, I think those two have illustrated that when they're on it, they're both excellent defenders. Into midfield, Tom Davis, I've given him a three, I thought he was woeful in the first half and obviously he was dragged off at half time. And again it's that question of you asking more of him, on Sunday it was a discipline display, it was all staying in shape, we wanted a bit more out of him, into knowledge and he just didn't show it, him or Gomez really in that first half. Everything looks forced with Tom, nothing looks natural, he doesn't break through with the ball, he always seems to be on the stretch, he's playing passes, they're not on.  Where Holgate and Dominic Arvillwn have elevated themselves into first team staples, Tom, obviously there's still a massive question mark. And when he puts performances in like this you just think to yourself he's not going to make it. Again for me I think he needs 20 odd games on the bounce to see what he's capable of, but I don't think he's going to get 20 games on the bounce at Everton because he can't put consistent performances. So maybe that means he might have to go away on loan somewhere, like Germany or something like that. I don't know, but it was right that he got the hook at half time. Next to him on Drake Gomez I've given him a five, I thought he was terrible first half but improved second half. Just doesn't look match fit, doesn't look like he's got it in his legs. Again, everything looks forced once more time than he's got and I think that's the story of Armyd Field in general and he's supposed to be almost a leader of that midfield and sadly he needs to up his levels. Maybe it'll be a case of these games now to the back end of the season. We'll get him up to that level for next season. It's going to be a short window, it's going to be about a month isn't it, till between the two seasons. So maybe that's what he needs. I don't know but he looks a shadow of the player he was, certainly last season. I don't know whether he ever got up to the levels of last season this season but he needs more games certainly. In the wide areas, Bernard has given me four, I thought he was poor really. Just doesn't get a grip of the game and whether that's because like I said before, Dean's not joining up with him and we're not. Bernard's not the kind of player who's going to just take players on, two or three and he needs players around him to work with and work off them and he looked very isolated. Again, one who looks like very short of fitness. On the other side of Wobby, I've given him a seven. I thought first half again looked isolated but second half I thought he just tucked in a little bit, a little bit of a tinker with the formation and I thought he looked a lot better. He started getting on the ball, he started committing people, he started to play forward passers and this is the conundrum. How do you get a Wobby into games? How do you get the best out of a Wobby without changing the shape? What have you got to do to the team? Well I think what you've got to do to the team is have a full back that goes past them. Can't Seamus Coleman do that all the time? I don't know but I do think a Wobby needs to play ten yards inside the byline which means that full back is going to always go past them whether they get to the ball or not. Has Seamus Coleman got it in his legs or will that, is that Sidney? But then if Sidney plays you lose something defensively. You do, we know it. So what does that mean? How does that look? I do think there's still a player in a Wobby. I think we've seen it. I just think we haven't got the best out of him.  But what he doesn't like to be is a wide running into the corner. He's not someone who's going to cross the ball. He's not a winger. In the old days I don't know whether they would have called him an inside forward over it. I'm not sure. I think does he want to be a centre midfielder? I don't think he's got the discipline to be a centre midfielder. So that's how we get the best out of him. But I thought second half he looked a lot better. A lot better. So I've given him a seven. Up front with Charleston making my five. I thought he was below par. Didn't really look up for it. Looked like he had a bit of a carbon. I never really recovered after the first 20 minutes. Wakes hard of course he does. But he's seen with his head down and the lip and feeling sorry for himself. And in recent times he's saying that into good performance. There's actually the frustration. But yes he just didn't look like he was ever going to do that. I've given him a seven. I thought Dom worked well as a target man. Brought everything down. Linked the play up. Got a couple of shots off. Should have done better with a header in the second half when we were one nill up. Dom's leading the line really well now. He's an intelligent footballer I think. And just holds his position. He's a nightmare for any defender because he's so good in the air. And he's also leaning to pin players as well. Just get it down and work it. So I've given him a seven. He's a great platform to build off. So I've given him a seven. The subs. Gelfi. I've given him a six. I thought he came on and did alright. Got old with the ball. These games suit his pace. They really do. So I think he did what he did on Sunday. Come on. And he just allowed us to keep the ball better. So I thought he did alright. I've given him a six. Moise Keen. I've given him a two. I thought he was terrible. He came on the first thing he does is a back heel at noron. Then he boots one of their players and gets a yellow card. One of the quickest yellow cards probably ever. And it's just this general demeaning, general ball intelligence and game management. He's running slumped over which looks like he's not fit. Then he's trying to corner in the last minute. He's in our box and he's got a chance to just hoover up the pitch. And he tries to take on three knowledge players and loses the ball. Luckily enough he got it back and run down and got one as a far. That's great. But just game management and just intelligence. I just thought he was terrible. Absolutely terrible. He's got to improve. Massively got to improve. Bains and Gordon were really on long enough to give them a score, I'd say. So they were only on for a couple of minutes. There you go. There are my player ratings. Let me know your thoughts in the comments. Pickford 7, Coleman 16, 16, Keen 8, Man of the Match, Holgate 7, Davis 3, Gomez 5, Oboe 7, Bernard 4, with Charleston 5, Dominic Harvenlun 7, Guilffy Sigarton 6, Moise Keen 2. Let me know your thoughts in the comments. Do you agree? Do you disagree? Let me know. Give this video a like, subscribe if you haven't already and if you want more great videos, live videos, we're going to be doing the final word live this afternoon on Patreon. If you want to join us, the link is in the description. Also, I've seen people talking about our T-shirts and our mugs and stuff, like the mug I broke when we were doing the watch along last night. If you want to find them, the link is in the description as well. Any of our T-shirts, hoodies, stickers soon, comments soon, get on there as well, the shop. Thanks for watching. See you later.


YouTube, what's up, man? The A.K.A. program, I will tell you, it rivals the best program in history of mud. Give me some examples that could be better than the A.K.A. program. Christmas, because of presents. Turkey, because of the feathers. Halloween, most feared, they're seven feet tall. I'll be honest, this A.K.A. program put out some of the best cards this year and has some of the best card art. So for me, especially outside of the holiday promos, this is probably the best. This is probably the best, agree or disagree. Let me know in the comments. I'll show you what cards I added to the team. And as you guys know, if you watch my latest video, we got popped in the LCKQ tournament, so we're done. So there is no more, EA should extend that competitive madness should be 12 months a year. The fact that they cut it off halfway through the year just adds to the game dying. I wish it was a longer season, a whole year season, but there's nothing else to super sweat for. So let's go ahead and try some of these cards out this year. So the first one's A.K.A. Big Trust, Lamar Jackson. Should Lamar stay with the Ravens? Is he gonna stay with the Ravens? What's gonna happen to Lamar Jackson? Are the Ravens, I feel like they're actually being cheap. How do you not sign Lamar Jackson? He's been the most exciting, watchable, MVP caliber player that your team has had on the offensive side of the ball ever, right? On the offensive side of the ball, he's the best, most exciting Raven ever, right? Simple as that. Now, defense, they got some players over there, but offensively, he could be the best player in the history of the Ravens on offense. So definitely think they should sign him. He's MVP caliber quarterback and definitely win a Super Bowl, put the pieces around him. So we're gonna put him at quarterback. At running back, we're gonna put the quad father.  A.J. Dillon, big Twitch guys hopped in my stream a lot. You guys can hop in the stream as well. Chill with A.J. who'll be kicking in the stream. That link is below, you guys know that. Watch me play these games live. Let's check it out what I got on the team right now. We got A.J. Dillon, the quad father. He has this ability. Let's check it out where he's lit up already and then you can put free persistent on it so he never really loses his X factor, which is cool. It costs one AP for that. I also put one AP bruiser on him. So, you know, I don't really run the ball. So this is probably not for me, but A.J. big supporter of the stream and he is streaming himself as well. So make sure you guys check him out. So I've become a fan of A.J. Dillon. So he's gonna be my running back, big trust Lamar Jackson. His card, we use Lamar Jackson in the first tournament, I believe, and probably the second tournament as well. Notice second tournament we used Lamar Jackson. It was Aaron Rodgers, the first one. Then it was Lamar. We got Sefi Lied and Hot Rod Masters. You guys notice, we do not have Fearless. So, you know, the tournament's over. We can go ahead and put Fearless on if we wanted, but, you know, we're dealing with pressure and accuracy. Let's see if that becomes a big deal. I've heard they've been patched, tuned down. Not a lot of people running with under pressures anymore. So I'm gonna rock without Fearless. If we miss some throws, we miss some throws. You know, so we'll see what happens. We also have Tyree Kill, Madden Legend, top five Y receiver in the history of Madden, Tyree Kill. We have them with Route Tech for one and Short Out Elite. We're gonna try to chuck it up to them. 97 speed, you see it. Top five Y receivers in the history of Madden, Randy Moss, probably number one for Rags and for Mutt. You gotta go with Tyree Kill just for Rags and for Mutt. Who else, boys? Maybe Calvin Johnson. Gotta get put in that conversation as well. Vincent Jackson was such a beast of Madden, Brian Finnerin had his time in Madden. Just so many good Madden cards. Brashad Paramin, where are my Madden 16 guys at? Brashad Paramin with the bust out. Hooli Manduli, definitely a goaded card in Madden 17, unguardable in Madden 17. But you know, Tyree Kill is certainly top three without a doubt, history of Madden. So we're gonna try him out. I don't have any cards on defense, none of the new cards on defense. Still rocking the same defense, you guys know that. So let's see how this team does. Do you guys have any AKA cards? Let me know what you got. Is this promo poppin'? Check in on the Twitch. If you guys let me know you're from YouTube, we'll get you subbed, you can watch these games live. But for now, watch this game now, the debut of these AKA cards on the squad. Like when you look at the teams left in the playoffs, they have nothing to lose, right? It's gonna be a good game. Yeah, it's gonna be a good game, dude. Yeah, definitely. How do you get so many coins?  Am I worried about the Eagles being rusty? You know what's worrying for? That's for people that are afraid. Do I look like a type of person that's afraid? Do I look like that type of person? Or the Eagles gonna be rusty? I'm not rusty, I'm ready to go. This guy's a runner too, so if he has a quad father, welcome to it, boys. Oh, he don't got the quad father, is he trash?   Nice, man, play action, tight end trail. Maybe I need to pick a pick father or something. God, I really, I passed him there on 36, dude. Oh yeah, there it is, boys. Oh yeah, we're blinking. If we're not blinking, we're not thinking here, boys. I think he's running two men under. Oh, Lamar's off to a good start. First play under pressure. Nice. Ha ha ha ha, God. Okay, second play was a dot.  That was crazy. That was a dub first, and that second play, that was a dub. Man, it's just so much stick. Like, they'll never show you how much stick I had right there. All right, it's time for the godfather to get the ball. All right, we got absolutely obliterated right there. Let's go, Toddfather. My heck good stick on that sheet of pass. I thought I'd get a better, like, burn him on the route, and he didn't really burn him, so I passed it up. I mean, we just kick out right here. This should be free. Kick out right, should be absolutely free. I legit hate this game. Like, how does nobody block that guy? What are we doing right now? I don't like the game. I don't, Lamar can't get busy here, boys. Just remember that. Nice defense, bro. Do I, I don't even have a quarterback draw play. I would love to run like a quarterback run, but.  It's the most unstoppable thing ever. It's just quick snap, tight end angle. Just fucking, you might as well know how to, you might as well. You're just a god. Good run, man. Good pro offense right here. He runs it again. Nice.  I mean, dog.  This is just disgusting. Good plays, bro. Good plays. Awesome. Awesome. Awesome, dude. Awesome. Yeah, I tried, dude. Just snap throws. Quick snap, snap throw angle. Just snap throw anything, you know, that's. What I decided was to move here.  Oh my god. Like, what's the point of you? Why do I have you? Speaking of tomatoes. But like, I tell you, the shed is just weight. I don't matter what ability you have on your, it doesn't matter what ability you have on a guy running back. Oh man, that's why we got Lamar. That's why we got him. That's why we got him. Big truss. I'm gonna shambles here. Oh my god, man.  Oh my god, there's 55 seconds left in the half. I mean, and I click me on the safety? Are you kidding my life? Oh my god.   My computer should never dive, EA, never. Never make my computer dive. If I wanna dive, I am a 35 year old man. I can press B and X to dive. Never let my computer dive, ever. Yeah, that's why we got that nice speed out there for. I wanna get busy with big truss right here.  Just a farm kid.  It just aggravates me.  Like, it's not like I surprised you with that play. That's been the playoff score to touchdown on all three touchdowns have been on that play. There's just no way we just got, like what happened that we got burnt that bad? Does anybody know what happened? Man, Rika's definitely carrying him. Can't even deny that one. That's the second pressure on Acura. Second one, by the way, boys. That's the second pressure on Acura. We got, I'm forcing it. Yeah, definitely. Man, that two seconds I should've checked down. I need some comms. Big truss. Have to do this man coverage here. Oh, we got hit way too hard right there. We're gonna knock it away though. Good job knocking it away. Here we go. We're gonna run a little one trap and get blown up in the backfield because, you know, this is the way I move.  We need a better break tackle animation in that quad father. I mean, I think I'm gonna have Tyreker. Oh, he's blitzing here, I think. Quad father. Come on, quad father. Oh, there goes my truss. Good call on the quarterback draw, man. That was smart. Glad I did that one, dude. Glad I called that play, dude. Awesome. Quarterback draw was just dope. Well, this guy let me do another slant to Herman Moore. What do we think here, boys? What's the odds I can throw another slant to Herman Moore here?  A regular Rex Ryan. This is when people say man-to-man is OP is good. Well, apparently they don't have slants in their playbook. Apparently they don't try to slants. Oh, he'll go score it, don't worry. Cause he has a million discounted abilities. He has superstars all over the place and he has super jukes. I don't know how, like, how am I bumping? Is this like a bump play? Are we getting bumped into this crazy? Like, what's going on here? First down, let's go, man. Let's go, man. Oh yeah, under pressure. Love to see it. Let's go. That's why I do like dying a little bit. I honestly do. Because it will block or bump these tight ends a little bit. Oh my God. Is that just the best play in the world right there, huh? It's just, Haynes, we can't guard a drag right now. We can't guard a drag to the tight end. Hey, pick, pick. Oh, we got a Beezer, bro. Like, we got a Beezer. He's not still snap throw to me standing right here. I'm just standing right here, boys.  What I think to bite his main problem is you can't go on a football field with your colors being purple and like expect like people to respect you, you know what I'm saying?  You aren't just throwing the worst.  I mean, I can't even explain how bad we got bumped on that play. I can't even explain it. Ah, for the GGs. And no Y receiver screen. Let's go, man. Tightest brainless. All right, Picketsburg. How about you go ahead and put tight on my field and I'll see what I do to you. All right, how about that? Tightest brainless. You know what's brainless? Snap throwing tight end trail routes. We're throwing this tight end trail route. This is the way out of GGs, GGs, GGs, GGs, debut? Oh, Mr. Relevant might be tough. Jensen Boosa, your speed for your Y receivers. Get them Seahawks. Come on, bro. The very kill can't be punching me in the face. Come on, now.   Like, we had everybody in coverage right there, dawg. They sacked for the boys. Let's go. Oh my God, man. I swear getting sacked was the worst thing that could happen. That was just a seven-play drive or a seven-minute drive of Cloud Flat. Zone, I was just never playing zone. I just put your zones on 30, put them at the goal line and then you just throw it right in front of them. We don't break that tackle? Like, what's up, Todd Father? Are you okay? Is everybody good over there on that side? Todd Father looking a little weak. Byers with the one nuts. And he drops a pass. Byers with the one nuts by now, boys. Woo! I mean, dawg, in the middle of falling down. Anybody see me falling down and just get hit and that's the only time you fumble. I swear to God, the only time you fumble is falling down on the ground. Glad you guys see it. Only time you fumble. Byers is better than Godfather. Dog, like, come on, man. Just absolutely roast. Cool half right here, bro. Todd Father, let's go with Todd Father.  So I'm just snapping the hell out of the ball. He's not running to discover it at all. For the Giants, definitely getting flooded. What is crazy about that? I think that's crazy, though. Free form God, free form God. Red zone threat. We're going crazy this game. Boy, it's a high powered offensive game from the boys. I mean, after the last game yesterday and I just got screamed at against zone, I'm just snapping the ball and making a read to somebody. Might get bad, it might not get bad. Running, dawg, come on, man. Pip, pip, pip, pip, come on. Come on, commodity. If you bagged that, everything right there is bagged. Everything, everything's bagged. If you can just guard a drag, dude, come on. Oh, well, you don't give him forward progress when he's fighting for a fumble like that. Good throw, buddy. Good throw, good throw. Todd Father, Todd Father. Let's go. Red zone threat. You know he's good at bunch if he starts flipping the play. Facts, dawg, facts. That's when you guys sit up. Oh, he flipped. Oh, let's go, I'm sitting up. Oh, no, dawg, come on, man. It's a good play right there. So I'll get you back in the game right there, that one.  How are y'all letting him just throw that at y'all face like that? Yah, yah, yah, Kevin Green, go get him. Yah, yah, yah, this game's over, dude. Just close out. Glad you had a nice second half for a first half, man. That was real tough. Go to insult the injury. Insult the injury. Ow! GG, GG, GG, GG, GG, GG, GG, GG, GG, GG. Debut.


Absolutely pitch black that's I can't see anything. It's sort of water all over the floor. It's freezing It's so quiet and airy. What's that? It's all falling through I keep it hello and welcome to another video this video is kindly sponsored by hello fresh I've used hello fresh before before they were a sponsor and when they do sponsor videos They send me some food that I can cook and it is a delight You don't have to go shopping. Everything's just delivered to you There's over a hundred recipes to choose from each month and they have different ranges They have like a rapid range. So if you want things that'll be ready like in 20 minutes They have a healthy range with recipes under 650 calories It's just really convenient and the food is delicious They give you a sheet of paper with clear instructions on how to cook your food And for me, I enjoy it because I don't normally follow recipes So it's nice just to put my tunes on turn your phone off and just get stuck into a little bit of cooking They even send you all the right measurements for everything It just takes the stress out of everything because I know I've just got a healthy meal That I can cook up in no time and there's no food waste because all the ingredients are perfectly measured out for that meal It's definitely worth checking out. They've been kind enough to give us a discount code for you guys So use my discount code and get 60 percent off your first box plus 25 percent off the next two months I'll be back this sunday with a full hiking video and each and every sunday Will be a hiking wild camping video But the midweek look at this is a midweek bonus every now and again I might do a midweek bonus sponsored video, but it just keeps the channel ticking over and I hope you don't mind I've remastered and reedited a video from six years ago, which Not a lot of new followers will have seen it shows an abandoned tunnel Which is no longer accessible and also if you stick around till the end of the video You can see the slight beginnings of the medic. I didn't quite know what I was doing. It wasn't quite medic yet, but It was a work in progress right without further ado. Let's get back into it. We're back There's a pretty it's quite a different one this call them. Hey mate How's it going? There's too many I'm outnumbered I reckon I could probably Spinning backfist about five of them And then I reckon they just want me Cramp on me to death. I reckon Five of them though. I reckon I've got five He'd get it she'd get it first spinning back fist Anyway, I don't know where I don't know where I am or how I'm going to get to where I'm going, but I know where I'm going As I say, it's something a little bit different this time. I'm going to go find an abandoned Tunnel and what we're going to do is we're going to walk through That abandoned tunnel Together I'm going to take you with me just in case I get scared I won't get scared. I will get scared But you're going to come with me anyway just in case it kicks off And what it is it's an old railway tunnel I think it's over a mile long as well Curiosity has got the better of me Truth be told I'm lost. So I thought I was doing a shortcut and turns out I'm a klutz and I'm lost So what I'm going to do Is just amble and it's not often you get lost. So it's a nice feeling I sort of have a rough idea in which direction to go. So I'm just going to go in that direction and see what happens. I might find some new stuff I feel like In this sort of society that us humans have created Where we work Long hours and for many days on end And we have unrealistic goals thrust upon us in a with consumerism and commercial shit and we're taught to sort of Ignore all our natural instincts and fit into this synthetic world that Just isn't for me. Anyway, it's just not conducive with my animal instincts. Now. I feel as a As a person as a human And so sometimes it can feel like you're in a tunnel that you're trapped in this in a bit of a tunnel and It's always nice to be able to see a light at the end of it Whether that's like a holiday you're going on or a camping trip or hanging out with your friends or or whatever and So when life does get a little bit tunnely You've just got to keep plodding on to the light one big metaphor today. I think I get a lot of people asking whether Well, they don't ask if I was in the ss s they ask When I was in the ss because they just automatically assume I'm in the ss because they see me they see my power and my hand-to-hand skills They see me being able to blend into my natural environment at the drop of a hat and no Funnily enough. I've never been in the ss But I have seen under siege One and two I've had to I found a river. I've made it down to this This river that looks quite nice. I've had to come down. I can't get back out basically So I'm pop committed to this room. So I've got my wellies on so I'm just going to follow this river And hopefully It'll lead me to where I want to go or at least in that vicinity Right here. We have Sanzen tunnel as I later found out is part of two tunnels One which is this one we're looking at now is uh, This thing is just over a mile in length and the second one is just 300 yards They were used to divert the train because the train was originally supposed to go along the top of the cliff But because of erosion it wasn't deemed safe So they had to cut inland and they created these tunnels back in 1883, but they've not been used Since 1958 so they've not been maintained since 1958 And uh, the northern part of the sanzen tunnel is partly collapsed that happened in 2008 So it's it's not recommended to access the tunnels because of the poor condition Um, and as I say, it's because they've not been maintained since 1958 You know, if I'd have known these things maybe I'd have thought twice about going in They're also said to be haunted which doesn't surprise me at all by such celebrity ghosts as Jeremy Beedle For one So again, if I'd have known that I've probably would have thought twice about going in But let's go have a look. I'm having second thoughts Apparently it's a mile over a mile long And it goes around and it comes out into a field or like a Side of a cliff or something should we give it a little go and just see see where we get If we get too scared then we'll just tap out We're not here to prove anything. Are we? Come on. Oh no My torch is running out of battery as well It's really poor. Look at it. That's all the light I've got That's terrible It's quite look at that man. If my torch goes Look That's what you can see with the torch Watch without the torch With no torch Absolutely pitch black that's I can't see anything There's sort of water all over the floor creepy man So creepy look at that There's the light What gets you as well is the cold. It's really cold Like a cold blast of air coming through it It's freezing This is probably a good time for me to interject Just to say that these tunnels are now fully bricked up and there is no access to these tunnels And it was they were bricked up many years ago And I was probably one of the last people to ever go through these tunnels And unless you know, it's 100 safe and legal to do so. I wouldn't recommend exploring abandoned tunnels yourself It's so quiet. It's so quiet and airy I'm not scared. It's too hard to be scared Right here we go There's light at the end of the tunnel I'd be lying if I said I wasn't relieved to see that Little kill the torch Back there Nothing Classic Look at this For Creepsville and the place I emerged as you can see here is a place where the steam train would come out of the tunnel And into another tunnel, but it was super overgrown with brambler metal I'll tell you what man Look at that Where I've just emerged from There's another tunnel All these nettles Another tunnel Oh, that was so bad Oh my legs are on fire man That is so overgrown. Here we go A curse A curse on all who enter here Steve-o Right Steve-o If you're in here son Let's dance Because you're stepping you're standing between me And my way out of here Let's do it Let's do it Shall we run through this little bit? Probably not We don't really want to make much noise. I guess It's just a nice walk in the park That's all Just a very dark wet Terrifying park. It's all part of the adventure innit? What's that? It's all falling through I keep it pitch black And there's some light Yes Please don't be brambly and please don't be nettle-y. Ah, please don't be nettle-y My legs are burning Okay Let's kill this torch I'm happy I'm happy to be out of here Goodbye terrifying tunnels of doom Until we meet again We're never meeting again Look at state legs Shredded But right forget that That was good. Let's get our bearings Make sure we don't have to go for any more Tunnels This is it though This is the light at the end of the tunnel All right lads How's it going? How's it going? Let's get away from these heifers And now I'm gonna have a brew Don't go that way lads It's all, it's a terrible tunnel, real dark You wouldn't like it, especially you Little one You'd cack it or pat it whatever That was brilliant. What a brilliant day I was scared at times. I'm not gonna I'm not afraid to admit it. It was pretty scary in them tunnels, but You know, there's a light at the end. So you just sold your own You just sold your own as in life A metaphor for life I'm just going to enjoy this cuppa And take a bit of time to appreciate the light At the end of the tunnel. Thanks for watching. I think I found a Pokemon It's another Pokemon I'm on a roll It's easy Third Pokemon of the day. Come on I'm getting good at this