Hey guys, this is Nate, AKA the Foot Accountant. Welcome back to the channel. Preseason is, of course, in full swing. We had the first day of the promo yesterday. I wanna talk about the content that we expected that was received and also some of the things that they are doing or maybe not doing with this preseason promo that are maybe, I guess, unexpected, we didn't see it coming. And also, a new pack code that has been added that could be dropped today that would actually be a really good shot at packing a really high rated card because they put a few more cards in packs than what we kind of thought. So I wanna take a look at these rewards that are available from preseason week one, right? They're splitting this up into a three week promo. Basically what it's gonna lead up to is right before FIFA 22. This is the legit FIFA 22 preseason because again, three weeks from now it's gonna be September 17th and that's gonna be like five days before the web app drops. So that is kind of what this promo is again, just leading us right up until FIFA 22. So just as we expected, it is play FIFA 21 and earn rewards in 21 and 22. Now, in my opinion, the rewards that we have here, at least one piece of these is better than what we had last year from FIFA 20 going into 21. So I like a couple of things that are in here. We'll talk about it because also for specifically one of these rewards and one of the objectives available, it's not that big of a grind. But first here are the rewards. Five games, a thousand coin boost times two, right? This is attainable through the warm-up daily SBCs. You have to complete five in a row to earn the foot 22 coin boost reward. Now here's my thought, right? You have to do five different SBCs and you have to do them all. A set of five, if you miss one, you don't get the coin boost. I'm not a fan of this because if you start this you're locked in and it just seems like turning in five different SBC squads for 10,000 coins that you have to go and play 10 games for as well in FIFA 22. 10,000 coins when you get the actual rewards from the pre-season in FIFA 22. We'll talk about when that could happen as well. I don't feel like it's gonna be that worth it. So this one is probably a pass from me because again, what if they require like an 80 rated squad down the line? Do you really wanna turn in an 80 rated squad for a coin boost? I don't think many of you guys would. But if they keep it bronze, silver and maybe a few gold cards and really cheap SBCs the whole way through then maybe if you got a bunch of stuff in the club maybe it's worth it for you to do. But for most people I think that this one is not that great although there is an objective that was released yesterday and I've actually already finished it. This team tryouts. Now this is the one that I would recommend all of you guys doing. It is in the live foot friendly, bring your best which basically you can use your main squad for because a lot of you guys already have 92 plus players in your squad, play four matches, score using 92 plus players in three separate matches and then assist from across. Very easy. This one was actually like glitched. It was just assist with anybody not across or across. Any assist would basically do this, get this objective done. But that gives you this pack right here, a Kickstarter pack. And the reason I like this Kickstarter pack is because depending on when these rewards are granted I mean even if it is still a week after like the web app is out and it's on the full date release when you get these rewards a gold players pack, that's pretty solid. Now that is a pack of 12 golds and only one rare but it's all players, right? That's very, very helpful if you're starting the game and you know you're going to do like hybrid league in nations, hybrid nations or hybrid leagues advanced SBCs and you know just to get a couple non-rares in the club to help out that sort of stuff could be very nice, right? Even in that early stage of the game even if you've already been on the game for a week if you haven't finished those SBCs yet or other SBCs that are coming out I think that and the contracts and the chemistry styles are very nice. Five chemistry styles and you're guaranteed one shadow or hunter and five gold rare contracts which is you know very nice as well not to have to think about having to buy contracts. If you have a couple of these Kickstarter packs let's say you get 10 to 15 gold rare contracts from three, three starter packs you have 15 gold rare contracts, you're set right? If you're gold rare contract that's 28 games to a gold rare player that's very nice, right? So I think that this team tryouts objective is really worth it, right? It's four games, some people are doing gold and gold you get a 50K pack and FIFA 21 which is nice. So that one I think was a huge W on the day. Now other than that our content yesterday it seemed quiet, right? It seemed quiet. Now the 87 times 10 is still there and people are actually grinding this still because it's actually still really, really good and you're packing a lot of high rated players from it but the content yesterday otherwise with the Castilejo and the Godine this Godine card looks decent for this game that is in a couple days Milan versus Cagliari which is, this is nice content but it doesn't seem to be very high. So Godine with pace is actually pretty cool. I'd be interested to know how this card plays in game. The links obviously aren't that great. So if you're running a Serie A squad this might be one of the best Serie A center backs in the game but this Castilejo card looks pretty good except for the work rates, five star skills but medium high is kind of interesting. I think I heard some stat that like Cagliari has not beat Milan in a long time or something like that. So of course Milan are favorites for this one but I just don't, I don't think there's too many people interested in those two SBCs right there and that's one thing I wanna point out too before we talk about more objective stuff is that there is nothing inside of this foot 22 or foot 21 preseason promo, the webpage here that talks about transfer content. I was, one thing that I was really hoping to see is that maybe we would have a chance and of course the big news yesterday being Cristiano Ronaldo transferring to Manchester United, right? What a once to watch promo it is gonna be in the start of FIFA 22, Ronaldo, Messi. I mean all the players that went to PSG maybe even Mbappe in there there's still a few days left of the window to cover but once to watch it's gonna be insane and you know there's so many transfer SBCs like we talked about in yesterday's video like guys like Konate or Wijnaldum or we already had one for Hakimi and De Pye but you know so many other players that have transferred that they could give SBCs for I really feel like that would be something in the next three weeks that would help out this game a little bit and still create some hype for like once to watch and stuff headed down the line but that is not shown here as a part of this preseason promo so that I think is a bit of a bummer. Now they might just release it anyway, we'll see but it is not specifically listed as a part of preseason so that's a bit of an L I think but the last part and we have not seen an objective or an SBC yet but this is guaranteed to come out this week because all of these rewards are of course for week one as noted in the first, yeah during the first week of preseason you can earn rewards, a league of your own pack which will give you three gold bonus league of players with one rare, LaLiga, league one, Premier League and Serie A so that's gonna be interesting to see what kind of grind we have to put in when those are dropped but those look pretty decent and again I just wanna point this out all of Foot 22 preseason rewards are untradable rewards will earn during preseason will be granted by October 12th so this right here saying by October 12th it does not mean they will be released on October 12th because of course the game this year is being released on October 1st October 1st is the actual date when we'll see FIFA 22 the full grand release so if it's coming out 12 days after that that's an L right? In my opinion I think these rewards will drop on that full release date I think this is a granted by date not a granted on date so this is kinda like EA's buffer I guess if they delay it for some reason or they can't get it figured out or whatever the case may be last year I believe the rewards were granted on the full release date I need to go back and check on that so I would not expect to have this stuff through your starter packs anytime before the global launch date of October 1st but it'll be nice to have some of these rewards so as long as the grind for all of these as long as the grind is not that much then that's good now of course we're gonna have week two and week three and it says here stay tuned to in-game for more details about what will be available week two so in my opinion we're already off to a good start with this Kickstarter pack just being filled with a lot of useful things and these League of your own packs I mean they could be nice right? They could be nice at the start of the next year we shall see so that was the content yesterday again it seems a little bit like an L right? It seems like a little bit of an L just because it's a lot less than footies it's a lot less in-your-face and exciting content although we did see that they did put summer stars and path to glories back into packs and if you take a look at the cards that are in packs this might be kind of hard to see because all the way on the left but we basically have all the 99s back in packs except for Messi they put Messi's tots card in as a 98 and this is gonna come into play here with the pack code that we're talking about for an SBC that could come in today but it's mostly team of the years like we talked about that Alfonso Davies team of the year has not been re-released now it finally is team of the year on Bappe is out but it's mostly team of the years, team of the season some of the summer stars and some of the path to glories basically what it is is the 100 I think it's the top 100 best cards for whatever EA used to rank that it's the top 100 best cards in FIFA so it's a lot of higher rated stuff and that's again the interesting part about this is we have this foot watch tweet tonight showing us two different codes that were added in a pre-season loan packs which contains a mix of icon moments team of the year tots and summer stars on a five game loan which tells me that they're probably giving out more of these packs because they're going to be doing more objective based content for pre-season so maybe those league specific like the Bundesliga packs the Prem those three player packs those might be attainable through objectives in that special game mode so that'd be something I'd be keeping an eye out for but this is the one a 10, 90 plus rated rare players pack and it is all from the pre-season best of 100 so if we take a look at this list and we see how many players are there that are 90 plus there are one, two, three, four cards that are below 90 in this list of 100 so 96 players are available from this pack 10 times 90 plus with only 96 players available that's kind of crazy right your odds to pack a Firmino, a Ronaldo and Neymar 99 are still going to be very low but they're never going to be as high as this now I think we'll see this SBC today I think it's going to be an SBC they released today I don't know if it's going to be repeatable I feel like this is such a good thing that it's probably only going to be a one time SBC but also I think it's going to be pretty expensive man a 10 times 90 plus it's going to be probably like the 87 times 10 I doubt it'll be less than five squads probably going to be more than that I would imagine that they take this route so they can make the SBC more expensive because if they just made that like an 88 rated squad that would be too cheap right that'd be too cheap so since they're giving 10 cards back in the pack I would imagine that it would be similar to this 87 plus upgrade sort of vibe for that SBC right there now I did one of these earlier today and I actually got some really good stuff on it right because of the smaller amount of cards that are in packs but how higher rated they are it's actually kind of cracked right it's actually kind of cracked to do some of these gold upgrades or some of these 87 pluses and I think the 90 plus times 10 could be a lot of fun if that does come out so watch out for that one today it's probably not going to be cheap but it's probably going to be worth doing that'll be your best chance at packing a 99 rated card or one of those best versions of Path of Glory or Summer Stars maybe even a Tots or team of the year if you're still chasing after one of those items so that is what is going on I'm actually qualified for the weekend league I really have zero motivation to play it after getting the objectives done I mean I played a few games today with the squad and it was just like mm, man I don't really enjoy playing this game right now at the moment I'll be completely honest but I'm probably going to still play a few games a week in league just to play out again and try to enjoy some of the end game cards that we have achieved in this game I need to like order my squad they still haven't updated Nani bro what? Yo that's kind of crazy man I thought this guy would have gotten updated faster I was thinking that tonight would be the night and it has not happened yet so maybe it'll happen soon but he should go to a 97 pronto it's been a couple days since the game but I might have to reorder my bench here to see if I can get this up to a 197 I think if I got like a variety on here maybe moved him up maybe I could get that done I don't exactly know how this all calculates in terms of rating but the squad is looking fireman on half with this end game team Pacta Kunya played a couple games with him in friendlies it's why it doesn't show on the record but loving the squad is just a game that is just kind of dying out for me I'll be completely honest but the preseason promo again it's not game breaking right it is not game breaking it's not insane content that 90 plus times 10 is pretty cool and we'll just have to see what continues to happen throughout the week this week if you guys did not know those card packs right there showing on that screen that's what packs will look like all packs look like that in FIFA 22 that's how they're kind of making like the IRL connection to like actual sports cards packs it's kind of cool right I really rate that great graphics from EA already starting off in 22 so that's kind of a little cool detail thing and they've already got like FIFA 22 branding as a part of this too they're trying to suck you in to get FIFA 22 they really are as you can tell but that's gonna be the video for today man I know there's just right now in this game it feels like it's getting quiet right and you have these top tier cards even that are in packs right now at the moment actually going up in price Ronaldo is up but of course there's a little bit of hype there of course with the transfer and stuff like that Neymar is in packs I believe his price went up yesterday 2.9 Lowe's 2.86 and right now he is 3 mil right he is 3 mil yes these guys are in packs but there's no supply right there's no preview packs there's no reason for people to panic sell people are in their end game right they're in their end game teams what do I have on a side Sanchez less from my 87 times 10 but that's just kind of the vibe and that's the feel of the game right now at the moment so if you are motivated to grind the FIFA 22 stuff by all means go for it grind it out but I just say make sure you use your best judgment on what is worth it right if you want to do those warm up SBCs go for it but for me I'm gonna steer clear because I don't think it's worth my time at this stage of the game the Kickstarter packs and the League of their own packs I give those a thumbs up once we see what the what it requires to get one of those League of your own packs but again that's the video for today boys if you did enjoy smash a thumbs up on a comment down below if you have any questions and subscribe for new it's been Nathan Vodakowen I will catch you guys later peace out


This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life Sixth London Edition by Charles Darwin Chapter Number Four Natural Selection or the Survival of the Fittest Section Three of Three The probable effects of the action of natural selection through divergence of character and extinction on the descendants of a common ancestor. After the foregoing discussion, which has been much compressed, we may assume that the modified descendants of any one species will succeed so much the better as they become more diversified in structure and are thus enabled to encroach on places occupied by other beings. Now let us see how this principle of benefit being derived from divergence of character combined with the principles of natural selection and of extinction tends to act. The accompanying diagram will aid us in understanding this rather perplexing subject. Let A to L represent the species of a genus large in its own country. These species are supposed to resemble each other in unequal degrees as is so generally the case in nature and is represented in the diagram by the letters standing at unequal distances. I have said a large genus because as we saw in the second chapter on an average more species vary in large genera than in small genera and so the varying species of the large genera present a greater number of varieties. We have also seen that the species which are the commonest and most widely diffused vary more than do the rare and restricted species. Let A be a common widely diffused and varying species belonging to a genus large in its own country. The branching and diverging dotted lines of unequal lengths proceeding from A may represent its varying offspring. The variations are supposed to be extremely slight but of the most diversified nature. They are not supposed all to appear simultaneously but often after long intervals of time nor are they all supposed to endure for equal periods. Only those variations which are in some way profitable will be preserved or naturally selected and here the importance of the principle of benefit derived from divergence of character comes in. For this will generally lead to the most different or divergent variations represented by the outer dotted lines being preserved and accumulated by natural selection. When a dotted line reaches one of the horizontal lines and is there marked by a small numbered letter a sufficient amount of variation is supposed to have been accumulated to form it into a fairly well marked variety such as would be thought worthy of record in a systematic work. The intervals between the horizontal lines in the diagram may represent each a thousand or more generations. After a thousand generations species A is supposed to have produced two fairly well marked varieties namely A1 and M1. These two varieties will generally still be exposed to the same conditions which made their parents variable and the tendency to variability is in itself hereditary. Consequently they will likewise tend to vary and commonly in nearly the same manner as did their parents. Moreover these two varieties being only slightly modified forms will tend to inherit those advantages which made their parent A more numerous than most of the other inhabitants of the same country. They will also partake of those more general advantages which made the genus to which the parent species belonged a large genus in its own country and all these circumstances are favourable to the production of new varieties. If then these two varieties be variable the most divergent of their variations will generally be preserved during the next thousand generations. And after this interval variety A1 is supposed in the diagram to have produced variety A2 which will owing to the principle of divergence differ more from A than did variety A1. Variety M1 is supposed to have produced two varieties namely M2 and S2 differing from each other and more considerably from their common parent A. We may continue the process by similar steps for any length of time. Some of the varieties after each thousand generations producing only a single variety but in a more and more modified condition some producing two or three varieties and some failing to produce any. Thus the varieties or modified descendants of the common parent A will generally go on increasing in number and diverging in character. In the diagram the process is represented up to the ten thousandth generation and under a condensed and simplified form up to the fourteen thousandth generation. But I must here remark that I do not suppose that the process ever goes on so regularly as is represented in the diagram though in itself made somewhat irregular nor that it goes on continuously. It is far more probable that each form remains for long periods unaltered and then again undergoes modification nor do I suppose that the most divergent varieties are invariably preserved. A medium form may often long endure and may or may not produce more than one modified descendant for natural selection will always act according to the nature of the places which are either unoccupied or not perfectly occupied by other beings and this will depend on infinitely complex relations. But as a general rule the more diversified in structure the descendants from any one species can be rendered the more places they will be enabled to seize on and the more their modified progeny will increase. In our diagram the line of succession is broken at regular intervals by small numbered letters marking the successive forms which have become sufficiently distinct to be recorded as varieties but these breaks are imaginary and might have been inserted anywhere after intervals long enough to allow the accumulation of a considerable amount of divergent variation. As all the modified descendants from a common and widely diffused species belonging to a large genus will tend to partake of the same advantages which made their parent successful in life they will generally go on multiplying in number by diverging in character. This is represented in the diagram by the several divergent branches proceeding from A. The modified offspring from the later and more highly improved branches in the lines of descent will, it is probable, often take the place of and so destroy the earlier and less improved branches. This is represented in the diagram by some of the lower branches not reaching to the upper horizontal lines. In some cases no doubt the process of modification will be confined to a single line of descent and the number of modified descendants will not be increased although the amount of divergent modification may have been augmented. This case would be represented in the diagram if all the lines proceeding from A were removed accepting that from A1 to A10. In the same way the English racehorse and English pointer have apparently both gone on slowly diverging in character from their original stocks without either having given off any fresh branches or races. After 10,000 generations species A is supposed to have produced three forms A10, F10 and M10 which from having diverged in character during the successive generations will have come to differ largely but perhaps unequally from each other and from their common parent. If we suppose the amount of change between each horizontal line in our diagram to be excessively small these three forms may still be only well marked varieties but we have only to suppose the steps in the process of modification to be more numerous or greater in amount to convert these three forms into doubtful or at least into well defined species. Thus the diagram illustrates the steps in which the small differences distinguishing varieties are increased into the larger differences distinguishing species. By continuing the same process for a greater number of generations as shown in the diagram in a condensed and simplified manner we get eight species marked by the letters between A14 and M14 all descended from A. Thus as I believe species are multiplied and genera are formed. In a large genus it is probable that more than one species will vary. In the diagram I have assumed that a second species I has produced by analogous steps after 10,000 generations either two well marked varieties W10 and Z10 or two species according to the amount of change supposed to be represented between the horizontal lines. After 14,000 generations six new species marked by the letters N14 to Z14 are supposed to have been produced. In any genus the species which are already very different in character from each other will generally tend to produce the greatest number of modified descendants. For these will have the best chance of seizing on new and widely different places in the polity of nature. Hence in the diagram I have chosen the extreme species A and the nearly extreme species I as those which have largely varied and have given rise to new varieties and species. The other nine species marked by capital letters of our original genus may for long but unequal periods continue to transmit unaltered descendants and this is shown in the diagram by the dotted lines unequally prolonged upwards. But during the process of modification represented in the diagram another of our principles namely that of extinction will have played an important part. As in each fully stocked country natural selection necessarily acts by the selected form having some advantage in the struggle for life over other forms there will be a constant tendency for improved descendants of any one species to supplant and exterminate in each stage of descent their predecessors and their original progenitor for it should be remembered that the competition will generally be most severe between those forms which are most nearly related to each other in habits, constitution and structure. Hence all the intermediate forms between the earlier and later states that is between the less and more improved states of the same species as well as the original parent species itself will generally tend to become extinct so it probably will be with many whole collateral lines of descent which will be conquered by later and improved lines if however the modified offspring of a species get into some distinct country or become quickly adapted to some quite new station in which offspring and progenitor do not come into competition both may continue to exist if then our diagram be assumed to represent a considerable amount of modification species A and all the earlier varieties will have become extinct being replaced by eight new species A14 to M14 and species I will be replaced by six N14 to Z14 new species but we may go further than this the original species of our genus were supposed to resemble each other in unequal degrees this is so generally the case in nature species A being more nearly related to B, C and D than to the other species and species I more to G, H, K and L than to the others these two species A and I were also supposed to be very common and widely diffused species so that they must originally have had some advantage over most of the other species of the genus their modified descendants 14 in number at the 14,000th generation will probably have inherited some of the same advantages they have also been modified and improved in a diversified manner at each stage of descent so as to have become adapted to many related places in the natural economy of their country it seems therefore extremely probable that they will have taken the places of and thus exterminated not only their parents A and I but likewise some of the original species which were most nearly related to their parents hence very few of the original species will have transmitted offspring to the 14,000th generation we may suppose that only one F of the two species E and F which were least closely related to the other nine original species has transmitted descendants to this late stage of descent the new species in our diagram represented from the original 11 species will now be 15 in number owing to the divergent tendency of natural selection the extreme amount of difference in character between species A14 and Z14 will be much greater than that between the most distinct of the original 11 species the new species moreover will be allied to each other in a widely different manner of the eight descendants from A the three marked A14, Q14 and P14 will be nearly related having recently branched off from A10 B14 and F14 from having diverged at an earlier period from A5 will be in some degree distinct from the three first named species and lastly O14, E14 and M14 will be nearly related one to the other but from having diverged at the first commencement of the process of modification will be widely different from the other five species and may constitute a sub-genus or a distinct genus the six descendants from I will form two sub-genera or genera but as the original species I differed largely from A standing nearly at the extreme end of the original genus the six descendants from I will owing to inheritance alone differ considerably from the eight descendants from A the two groups moreover are supposed to have gone on diverging in different directions the intermediate species also and this is a very important consideration which connected the original species A and I have all become except F extinct and have left no descendants hence the six new species descended from I and the eight descendants from A will have to be ranked as very distinct genera or even as distinct sub-families thus it is as I believe that two or more genera are produced by descent with modification from two or more species of the same genus and the two or more parent species are supposed to be descended from some one species of an earlier genus in our diagram this is indicated by the broken lines beneath the capital letters converging in sub-branches downwards towards a single point this point represents a species the supposed progenitor of our several new sub-genera and genera it is worthwhile to reflect for a moment on the character of the new species F-14 which is supposed not to have diverged much in character but to have retained the form of F either unaltered or altered only in a slight degree in this case its affinities to the other 14 new species will be of a curious and circuitous nature being descended from a form that stood between the parent species A and I now supposed to be extinct and unknown it will be in some degree intermediate in character between the two groups descended from these two species but as these two groups have gone on diverging in character from the type of their parents the new species F-14 will not be directly intermediate between them but rather between types of the two groups and every naturalist will be able to call such cases before his mind in the diagram each horizontal line has hitherto been supposed to represent a thousand generations but each may represent a million or more generations it may also represent a section of the successive strata of the earth's crust including extinct remains we shall when we come to our chapter on geology have to refer again to this subject and I think we shall then see that the diagram relates on the affinities of extinct beings which though generally belonging to the same orders families or genera with those now living yet are often in some degree intermediate in character between existing groups and we can understand this fact for the extinct species lived at various remote epochs when the branching lines of descent had diverged less I see no reason to limit the process of modification as now explained to the formation of genera alone if in the diagram we suppose the amount of change represented by each successive group of diverging dotted lines to be great the forms marked A-14 to P-14 those marked B-14 and F-14 and those marked O-14 to M-14 will form three very distinct genera we shall also have two very distinct genera descended from I differing widely from the descendants of A these two groups of genera will thus form two distinct families or orders according to the amount of divergent modification supposed to be represented in the diagram and the two new families or orders are descended from two species of the original genus and these are supposed to be descended from some still more ancient and unknown form we have seen that in each country it is the species belonging to the larger genera which oftenest present varieties or incipient species this indeed might have been expected for as natural selection acts through one form having some advantage over other forms in the struggle for existence it will chiefly act on those which already have some advantage and the largeness of any group shows that its species have inherited from a common ancestor some advantage in common hence the struggle for the production of new and modified descendants will mainly lie between the larger groups which are all trying to increase in number one large group will slowly conquer another large group reduce its number and thus lessen its chance of further variation and improvement within the same large group the later and more highly perfected subgroups from branching out and seizing on many new places in the polity of nature will constantly tend to supplant and destroy the earlier and less improved subforms small and broken groups and subgroups will finally disappear looking to the future we can predict that the groups of organic beings which are now large and triumphant and which are least broken up that is which have as yet suffered least extinction will for a long period continue to increase but which groups will ultimately prevail no man can predict for we know that many groups formerly most extensively developed have now become extinct looking still more remotely to the future we may predict that owing to the continued and steady increase of the larger groups a multitude of smaller groups will become utterly extinct and leave no modified descendants and consequently that of the species living at any one period extremely few will transmit descendants to a remote futurity I shall have to return to this subject in the chapter on classification but I may add that as according to this view extremely few of the more ancient species have transmitted descendants to the present day and as all the descendants of the same species form a class we can understand how it is that there exist so few classes in each main division of the animal and vegetable kingdoms although few of the most ancient species have left modified descendants yet at remote geological periods the earth may have been almost as well peopled with species of many genera families, orders and classes as at the present day on the degree to which organization tends to advance natural selection acts exclusively by the preservation and accumulation of variations which are beneficial under the organic and inorganic conditions to which each creature is exposed at all periods of life the ultimate result is that each creature tends to become more and more improved in relation to its conditions this improvement invariably leads to the gradual advancement of the organization of the greater number of living beings throughout the world but here we enter on a very intricate subject for naturalists have not defined to each other's satisfaction what is meant by an advance in organization among the vertebra the degree of intellect and an approach in structure to man clearly come into play it might be thought that the amount of change which the various parts and organs pass through in their development from embryo to maturity would suffice as a standard of comparison but there are cases as with certain parasitic crustaceans in which several parts of the structure become less perfect so that the mature animal cannot be called higher than its larva von Baer's standard seems the most widely applicable and the best namely the amount of differentiation of the parts of the same organic being in the adult state as I should be inclined to add and their specialization for different functions or as Milne Edwards would express it the completeness of the division of physiological labor but we shall see how obscure this subject is if we look for instance to fishes among which some naturalists rank those as highest which, like the sharks, approach nearest to amphibians while other naturalists rank the common bony or teleostean fishes as the highest in as much as they are most strictly fish-like and differ most from the other vertebrate classes we see still more plainly the obscurity of the subject by turning to plants among which the standard of intellect is of course quite excluded and here some botanists rank those plants as highest which have every organ as sepals, petals, stamens and pistils fully developed in each flower whereas other botanists, probably with more truth look at the plants which have their several organs much modified and reduced in number as the highest if we take as the standard of high organization the amount of differentiation and specialization of the several organs in each being when adult and this will include the advancement of the brain for intellectual purposes natural selection clearly leads towards this standard for all physiologists admit that the specialization of organs in as much as in this state they perform their functions better is an advantage to each being and hence the accumulation of variations tending towards specialization is within the scope of natural selection on the other hand we can see bearing in mind that all organic beings are striving to increase at a high ratio and to seize on every unoccupied or less well occupied space in the economy of nature that it is quite possible for natural selection gradually to fit a being to a situation in which several organs would be superfluous or useless in such cases there would be retrogression in the scale of organization whether organization on the whole has actually advanced from the remotest geological periods to the present day will be more conveniently discussed in our chapter on geological succession but it may be objected that if all organic beings thus tend to rise in the scale how is it that throughout the world a multitude of the lowest forms still exist and how is it that in each great class some forms are far more highly developed than others why have not the more highly developed forms everywhere supplanted and exterminated the lower Lamarck who believed in an innate and inevitable tendency towards perfection in all organic beings seems to have felt this difficulty so strongly that he was led to suppose that new and simple forms are continually being produced by spontaneous generation science has not as yet proved the truth of this belief whatever the future may reveal on our theory the continued existence of lowly organisms offers no difficulty for natural selection or the survival of the fittest does not necessarily include progressive development it only takes advantage of such variations as arise and are beneficial to each creature under its complex relations of life and it may be asked what advantage as far as we can see would it be to an infusorian animal cure to an intestinal worm or even to an earthworm to be highly organized if it were no advantage these forms would be left by natural selection unimproved or but little improved and might remain for indefinite ages in their present lowly condition and geology tells us that some of the lowest forms as the infusoria and rhizopods have remained for an enormous period in nearly their present state but to suppose that most of the many now existing low forms have not in the least advanced since the first dawn of life would be extremely rash for every naturalist who has dissected some of the beings now ranked as very low in the scale must have been struck with their really wondrous and beautiful organization nearly the same remarks are applicable if we look to the different grades of organization within the same great group for instance in the vertebrata to the coexistence of mammals and fish among mammalia to the coexistence of man and the ornithorhynchus among fishes to the coexistence of the shark and the Lancelot and theoxus which latter fish in the extreme simplicity of its structure approaches the invertebrate classes but mammals and fish hardly come into competition with each other the advancement of the whole class of mammals or of certain members of this class to the highest grade would not lead to their taking the place of fishes physiologists believe that the brain must be bathed by warm blood to be highly active and this requires aerial respiration so that warm-blooded animals when inhabiting the water lie under a disadvantage in having to come continually to the surface to breathe with fishes members of the shark family would not tend to supplant the Lancelot for the Lancelot as I hear from Fritz Muller has as sole companion and competitor on the barren sandy shore of South Brazil an anomalous analyte the three lowest orders of mammals namely marsupials, edentata and rodents coexist in South America in the same region with numerous monkeys and probably interfere little with each other although organization on the whole may have advanced and be still advancing throughout the world yet the scale will always represent many degrees of perfection for the high advancement of certain whole classes or of certain members of each class does not at all necessarily lead to the extinction of those groups with which they do not enter into close competition in some cases as we shall hear after see lowly organized forms appear to have been preserved to the present day from inhabiting confined or peculiar stations where they have been subjected to less severe competition and where their scanty numbers have retarded the chance of favorable variations arising finally I believe that many lowly organized forms now exist throughout the world from various causes in some cases variations or individual differences of a favorable nature may never have arisen for natural selection to act on and accumulate in no case probably has time sufficed for the utmost possible amount of development in some few cases there has been what we must call retrogression of organization but the main cause lies in the fact that under very simple conditions of life a high organization would be of no service possibly would be of actual disservice as being of a more delicate nature and more liable to be put out of order and injured looking to the first dawn of life when all organic beings as we may believe presented the simplest structure how it has been asked could the first step in the advancement or differentiation of parts have arisen Mr. Herbert Spencer would probably answer that as soon as simple unicellular organisms came by growth or division to be compounded of several cells or became attached to any supporting surface his law that homologous units of any order become differentiated in proportion as their relations to incident forces become different would come into action but as we have no facts to guide us speculation on the subject is almost useless it is however an error to suppose that there would be no struggle for existence and consequently no natural selection until many forms had been produced variations in a single species inhabiting an isolated station might be beneficial and thus the whole mass of individuals might be modified or two distinct forms might arise but as I remarked towards the close of the introduction no one ought to feel surprise at much remaining as yet unexplained on the origin of species if we make due allowance for our profound ignorance on the mutual relations of the inhabitants of the world at the present time and still more so during past ages convergence of character Mr. H. C. Watson thinks that I have overrated the importance of divergence of character in which however he apparently believes and that convergence as it may be called has likewise played a part if two species belonging to two distinct though allied genera had both produced a large number of new and divergent forms it is conceivable that these might approach each other so closely that they would have all to be classed under the same genus and thus the descendants of two distinct genera would converge into one but it would in most cases be extremely rash to attribute to convergence a close and general similarity of structure in the modified descendants of widely distinct forms the shape of a crystal is determined solely by the molecular forces and it is not surprising that dissimilar substances should sometimes assume the same form but with organic beings we should bear in mind that the form of each depends on an infinitude of complex relations namely on the variations which have arisen these being due to causes far too intricate to be followed out on the nature of the variations which have been preserved or selected and this depends on the surrounding physical conditions and in a still higher degree on the surrounding organisms with which each being has come into competition and lastly on inheritance in itself a fluctuating element from innumerable progenitors all of which have had their forms determined through equally complex relations it is incredible that the descendants of two organisms which had originally differed in a marked manner should ever afterwards converge so closely as to lead to a near approach to identity throughout their whole organization if this had occurred we should meet with the same form independently of genetic connection recurring in widely separated geological formations and the balance of evidence is opposed to any such admission Mr Watson has also objected that the continued action of natural selection together with divergence of character would tend to make an indefinite number of specific forms as far as mere inorganic conditions are concerned it seems probable that a sufficient number of species would soon become adapted to all considerable diversities of heat, moisture etc but I fully admit that the mutual relations of organic beings are more important and as the number of species in any country goes on increasing the organic conditions of life must become more and more complex consequently there seems at first no limit to the amount of profitable diversification of structure and therefore no limit to the number of species which might be produced we do not know that even the most prolific area is fully stocked with specific forms at the Cape of Good Hope and in Australia which supports such an astonishing number of species many European plants have become naturalized but geology shows us that from an early part of the tertiary period the number of species of shells and that from the middle part of this same period the number of mammals has not greatly or at all increased what then checks an indefinite increase in the number of species the amount of life and I do not mean the number of specific forms supported on an area must have a limit depending so largely as it does on physical conditions therefore if an area be inhabited by very many species each or nearly each species will be represented by few individuals and such species will be liable to extermination from accidental fluctuations in the nature of the seasons or in the number of their enemies the process of extermination in such cases would be rapid whereas the production of new species must always be slow imagine the extreme case of as many species as individuals in England and the first severe winter or very dry summer would exterminate thousands on thousands of species rare species and each species will become rare if the number of species in any country becomes indefinitely increased will, on the principle often explained present within a given period few favourable variations consequently the process of giving birth to new specific forms would thus be retarded when any species becomes very rare close interbreeding will help to exterminate it authors have thought that this comes into play in accounting for the deterioration of the aurochs in Lithuania of red deer in Scotland and of bears in Norway, etc lastly, and this I am inclined to think is the most important element a dominant species which has already beaten many competitors in its own home will tend to spread and supplant many others Alfons de Candol has shown that those species which spread widely tend generally to spread very widely consequently they will tend to supplant and exterminate several species in several areas and thus check the inordinate increase of specific forms throughout the world Dr Hooker has recently shown that in the southeast corner of Australia where apparently there are many invaders from different quarters of the globe the endemic Australian species have been greatly reduced in number how much weight to attribute to the several considerations I will not pretend to say but conjointly they must limit in each country the tendency to an indefinite augmentation of specific forms summary of chapter if under changing conditions of life organic beings present individual differences in almost every part of their structure and this cannot be disputed if there be owing to their geometrical rate of increase a severe struggle for life at some age, season or year and this certainly cannot be disputed then considering the infinite complexity of the relations of all organic beings to each other and to their conditions of life causing an infinite diversity in structure, constitution and habits to be advantageous to them it would be a most extraordinary fact if no variations had ever occurred useful to each being's own welfare in the same manner as so many variations have occurred useful to man but if variations useful to any organic being ever do occur assuredly individuals thus characterized will have the best chance of being preserved in the struggle for life and from the strong principle of inheritance these will tend to produce offspring similarly characterized this principle of preservation or the survival of the fittest I have called natural selection it leads to the improvement of each creature in relation to its organic and inorganic conditions of life and consequently in most cases to what must be regarded as an advance in organization nevertheless low and simple forms will long endure if well fitted for their simple conditions of life natural selection on the principle of qualities being inherited at corresponding ages can modify the egg, seed or young as easily as the adult among many animals sexual selection will have given its aid to ordinary selection by assuring to the most vigorous and best adapted males the greatest number of offspring sexual selection will also give characters useful to the males alone in their struggles or rivalry with other males and these characteristics will be transmitted to one sex or to both sexes according to the form of inheritance which prevails whether natural selection has really thus acted in adapting the various forms of life to their several conditions and stations must be judged by the general tenor and balance of evidence given in the following chapters but we have already seen how it entails extinction and how largely extinction has acted in the world's history geology plainly declares natural selection also leads to divergence of character for the more organic beings diverge in structure habits and constitution by so much the more can a large number be supported on the area of which we see proof by looking to the inhabitants of any small spot and to the productions naturalized in foreign lands therefore during the modification of the descendants of any one species and during the incessant struggle of all species to increase in numbers the more diversified the descendants become the better will be their chance of success in the battle for life thus the small differences distinguishing varieties of the same species steadily tend to increase till they equal the greater differences between species of the same genus or even of distinct genera we have seen that it is the common the widely diffused and widely ranging species belonging to the larger genera within each class which vary most and these tend to transmit to their modified offspring that superiority which now makes them dominant in their own countries natural selection as has just been remarked leads to divergence of character and to much extinction of the less improved and intermediate forms of life on these principles the nature of the affinities and the generally well defined distinctions between the innumerable organic beings in each class throughout the world may be explained it is a truly wonderful fact the wonder of which we are apt to overlook from familiarity that all animals and plants throughout all time and space should be related to each other in groups subordinate to groups in the manner which we everywhere behold namely varieties of the same species most closely related species of the same genus less closely and unequally related forming sections and subgenera species of distinct genera much less closely related and genera related in different degrees forming subfamilies, families, orders, subclasses and classes the several subordinate groups in any class cannot be ranked in a single file but seem clustered around points and these round other points and so on in almost endless cycles if species had been independently created no explanation would have been possible of this kind of classification but it is explained through inheritance and the complex action of natural selection entailing extinction and divergence of character as we have seen illustrated in the diagram the affinities of all the beings of the same class have sometimes been represented by a great tree I believe this similarly largely speaks the truth the green and budding twigs may represent existing species and these produced during former years may represent the long succession of extinct species at each period of growth all the growing twigs have tried to branch out on all sides and to overtop and kill the surrounding twigs and branches in the same manner as species and groups of species have at all times over mastered other species in the great battle for life the limbs divided into great branches and these into lesser and lesser branches were themselves once when the tree was young budding twigs and this connection of the former and present buds by ramifying branches may well represent the classification of all extinct and living species in groups subordinate to groups of the many twigs which flourished when the tree was a mere bush only two or three now grown into great branches yet survive and bear the other branches so with the species which lived during long past geological periods very few have left living and modified descendants from the first growth of the tree many a limb and branch has decayed and dropped off and these fallen branches of various sizes may represent those whole orders families and genera which have now no living representatives and which are known to us only in a fossil state as we here and there see a thin, straggling branch springing from a fork low down in a tree and which by some chance has been favoured and is still alive on its summit so we occasionally see an animal like the ornithorincus or lepidocyrin which in some small degree connects by its affinities two large branches of life and which has apparently been saved from fatal competition by having inhabited a protected station as buds give rise by growth to fresh buds and these if vigorous branch out and over top on all sides many a feebler branch so by generation I believe it has been with the great tree of life which fills with its dead and broken branches the crust of the earth and covers the surface with its ever branching and beautiful ramifications


When we're looking to find the area of a trapezoid, first remember that a trapezoid has only one pair of Parallel sides, and so we call those the two bases. Maybe I'll call this base 1, and I'll call this base 2, and the height of a trapezoid is always perpendicular to the two bases, so the distance between the two bases and perpendicular to both bases. So that would be the height, and the area of a trapezoid is one-half times the quantity B1 plus B2, in other words, the sum of the bases times the height. So once again, we've got area is the sum of the bases times height times one-half. So let's apply that to an example problem. Here we have a trapezoid, and we have the two bases. We have a base of 40 meters, and we have a base of 18, and the height, we see the height is 15. And so the area, first remember the area formula, and so we have to substituting the values. So area is one-half, and now it doesn't matter the order that you set B1 and B2. Just remember that you're adding the two bases, 40 plus 18 times the height, which was 15. 40 plus 18 is 58, and one-half of 58 is 29, and so we have a final area of 435 square meters. Let's try another quick example. In this case, we still have a trapezoid, although it's sort of lying on its side. Remember the bases are the two parallel sides. So my two bases are 12 and 24, and the height, even though the height is sort of denoted outside of the trapezoid, the height is the distance that's perpendicular to the two bases, and so that would be 28.  And let's just try one more example with trapezoids. So in this trapezoid, the problem is we don't know the height. We know this length 5, but 5 isn't the height because it's not it's not perpendicular to the two bases. Please note, because we have an isosceles trapezoid, this length is also 5. So in order to find the height, in other words, in order to find those dashed lines, first recognize that this length, this seven units, well, that seven units is the same as this seven units. And so the leftover pieces, in order to make a full 13, this length must be 3, and this length must be 3, right, because the entire length was 13. So this whole length is 13. We removed 7 from the middle, and 13 minus 7 is 6, and so we have 6 split into two equal parts. And now, if we consider, let's say we just look at this triangle, which refers to this triangle, we have 5, 3, and then the unknown height. Using the Pythagorean theorem, we can find the length of that height. 3 squared plus h squared is equal to 5 squared. Solving that for h gives you a height of 4 units. So our height here is 4. And so now we can find, we can just substitute in values to the area formula. So we know that the area is 1 half times the two bases, the longer one was 13, the shorter one up top was 7, times the height, which we found to be 4. And if you plug that in your calculator, you get that the area is 40 square units. All thanks to Pythagoras. Thank you Pythagorean theorem.


What is up guys? Karma Medic here and today I want to make a video all about how it is that I memorize things at university and because I've been at university for six years now I did a four-year undergraduate degree in Canada and I just completed my second year of medical school. I've had many many years in order to figure out the best ways to memorize different pieces of information. Now this video is not going to be about acronyms and mnemonics and other things like that. Those are very good techniques but I'm sure you've heard of them before and I want to talk about techniques that I've sort of thought about and developed over these years and maybe you guys can find them useful and introduce them into your own memorization as well. Now obviously we might not be studying the exact same subjects but what I hope to get across in this video is the techniques and the skills and the ideas of memorization that I'm using and then you guys can go on to apply them to whatever it is you're learning. If you guys are interested in videos about studying or you're interested in medical school feel free to subscribe to my channel and you'll see all the videos from me in the future. So my advice when it comes to memorizing different facts is you want to look at the piece of information that you actually need to remember and then you want to run through a series of these techniques and skills that I'm going to show you in this video and see if any of them can apply to what you need to memorize and if they do it's just going to make the process a whole lot easier. So without further ado let's look on my iPad and I'll show you guys the techniques that I'm talking about. Okay so here on my iPad this is Notability which is the app that I use to organize all of my lecture notes at university. Over here on the left you can see progress test 3 which was the most recent exam that I wrote at medical school and then over here I created a document that I called random and this was basically a list of random facts that I just needed to memorize. It was things that I just couldn't understand or there was nothing to understand I just had to remember these different relationships. So you guys will see this is a very very long document and you could probably memorize it just by rote memorization and force but I've have figured out a couple of techniques and things that you can do to make memorization like this easier.  So for example at some point I needed to remember these four valve defects and whether they occurred in diastole or in systole. So you guys can see in this table that an aortic stenosis valve defect will be heard in systole, an aortic regurgitation valve defect will be heard in diastole and so on and so forth. So you guys can see here that I have one, two, three and four different relationships to remember. However I can memorize this whole table by only memorizing one relationship. So you can choose any one of these four relationships to remember. Personally what I find easiest is that aortic stenosis valve defect will be heard in systole and then just by remembering about one relationship you can figure out the other four. So for example aortic stenosis occurs in systole and I know that for the aortic valve defect there's only one in systole and one in diastole and by that logic that means the aortic regurgitation must occur in diastole and then if we reverse that and go to the opposite, mitral stenosis can't be systolic because we already used systolic for aortic stenosis and so that must be in diastolic and then mitral regurgitation must be in systolic because mitral stenosis was in diastole and so just by remembering this first line over here we were easily able to remember and recall the other three lines. Now another very important thing that helps me with memorization is that you will see that I've taken the word aortic stenosis over here and I've converted it just to AS and I've taken the word systolic and I've converted it just to S. The less number of letters or words or sentences whatever that you memorize the easier it's going to be to recall all this information. I highly highly recommend converting everything you have to memorize into as little characters, diagrams, symbols etc as possible. So that's the first tip. Let's move on to the second one now which is talking about color, physical location and muscle memory. This table contains four different types of cancer and they're different risk factors and protective factors. So RF over here stands for risk factors and protective is for protective factors and what you will see is that the same factors are repeated for different types of cancers and they can be either risk factors or protective and so that was getting me quite confused and it caused me to get a bunch of these questions wrong so I thought I would make this table and memorize it. The first thing that I wanted to do was generate my table structure okay so we have cancer over here risk factors and protective then I needed to remember the cancers in a way that was going to be easy for me to remember so I could reproduce this table and what better way to do that than to put them in alphabetical order. So we'll start with breast cancer then cervical or cervical then endometrial and then finally ovary. This way because they're in alphabetical order it's going to be very easy for me to remember which one is in the first row which is in the second etc etc and after that I used colors in order to remember where the different risk factors were within that table. So for example you will see over here that I have colored obesity in with an orange highlighter and obesity down here again in an orange highlighter and so now when I look at this table I start to remember that orange color is in the first row and in the third row and when I look at this table more and more and more that color coordination becomes more apparent and easier for me to remember because colors are a lot simpler and easier to remember than the full words such as obesity and you'll see that I've done this for a bunch of different factors here you can see smoking is in purple cocp which is the combined oral contraceptive pill is in yellow and that appears four times so that's the first thing that I did used colors in order to remember the placements of these different factors the second thing that I did was looked at physical location so I didn't actually end up memorizing any of these factors themselves what I ended up memorizing was their physical location within my table so for example for cocp I just remembered that it was one one skip to the right one one and that way I knew that cocp was a risk factor for the first two cancers and a protective factor for the second two in a similar manner I remembered that null parity and obesity were both found in the first and third row on the left hand side and also similarly that smoking was found in the middle two rows one on the left and one on the right and I won't go through all the different factors because it'll just take forever but the point is that I was memorizing where the factors were physically located in my table as opposed to the actual words themselves and so that physical location is what allowed me to remember the different places of this table so let's give that a test real quick I'm just going to cut this table over here and I'm going to attempt to redraw all those different factors so again I memorized it as so I don't actually remember the remaining factors but for almost a month after the original exam if I managed to remember what's written here I think I will have done pretty well so let's see so actually not that bad a month after the exam I managed to remember a bunch of these factors and where they're placed so it means that this was a good way to memorize it and then the third thing that I want to touch on and something that I think is so important is muscle memory so this table when I was memorizing for my exam just like you saw me do write out all the different factors I must have done that maybe six or seven times and I think by the third time maybe the fourth time it just became muscle memory when I was drawing out the table I just remembered that COCP was here smoking was here no leparate was here etc etc it just became something that I did with my hands without even thinking about it and in fact I remember listening to a song and rapping along to the lyrics while also drawing out this table so it became something that I was doing second handed without even thinking muscle memory is so so so good because it's not only something silent something that's going on in your head but it's something that you're acting out through motor skills and that will really help you remember something let's move on to technique number three which is alphabetical order or the natural order of things so when I'm looking at a piece of information that I need to memorize this is one of the first things that I will look at and the first type of association that I will try to make so for example at some point for my exam I needed to remember that the hormone glp1 over here is produced by the ileum and the hormone gip gastric inhibitory peptide is produced by the duodenum now this piece of information for some reason just happened to continue tricking me over and over and over I would keep forgetting it hence it was in my random document over here which just has all these random facts that I can't seem to remember for whatever reason so the very first thing and the easiest connection that you could make between these relationships is to think okay the word gip has an eye in it and ileum has an eye in it that is always going to be the easiest connection you can make for this case it turns out that that doesn't work because the gip is made in duodenum and vice versa so we're going to not be able to use that technique for this specific fact to memorize so the next thing that I did was to think about the natural order of these things in the body so as you will remember the duodenum then the genginum and then the ileum is the order of the different parts of the small intestine in the human body and one way that I remember that is through this acronym over here DJI which you probably know is a manufacturer of drones DJI the company and so in my notes for example in that random document and throughout all my lecture notes whenever I come up with some sort of word or phrase or acronym in order to remember something I put it in quotations and so that way when I'm reading my notes and I come across these quotations I know that that's a cue that I've made for myself in order to help memorize these different things anyways so I was thinking about the natural order of these different parts in the body and as we mentioned before duodenum comes before the ileum and then I looked back at these words and I know that I comes before L in the alphabet obviously and so that's the way that I remember that gip is going to be released from the duodenum because I is first in the alphabet and D is before the I in the duodenum genginum ileum and then vice versa or the opposite for this relationship over here another example of something that I just for the life of me could not seem to memorize was that type two alveolar cells not type one producer factant in the lungs and the way that I ended up remembering that was type two cells producer factant so type two has two T's and so the surfactant and that's the way that I remembered that so how I remember so many of these different facts is that I just look at the words and I try to create relationships between the two things that I have to memorize and any way that I can create some sort of connection is something that's going to be remembered by me much much better than if I was just trying to repeat it over and over in my head okay so moving on to the fourth tip or technique that I want to talk about it's relating to real life examples or stories in your head so when you read a piece of information when you think about a piece of information something that is most beneficial to me when I'm trying to remember it is thinking back to the hospital thinking to my the GP and trying to remember a time or situation where I saw a patient with x disease or where I saw a patient with x sign and that helps me remember this information the best and so an example of where I use this when studying for my exams we had to remember a lot of different changes that occur in a pregnant woman so for example cardiovascular changes respiratory changes hematological changes and as you can see here there was a very long list of them each one of these lines was something that we needed to remember whether it was increased or decreased and so for example here you can see that the heart rate is increased that's HR CO cardiac output is also increased total peripheral resistance blood pressure respiratory rates etc etc and so the way that I remembered this was just in my head picture some of the pregnant women that I had seen when in the hospital and on the wards and so a lot of these pregnant women were breathing quite deeply and so that reminded me that the tidal volume is increased so that's tidal volume here they were also larger in size because obviously they were pregnant and that's how I remember the different hematological changes that occur for example increased blood volume increased red blood cells which then leads to a decreased hematocrit because of the dilution so this is how I remembered all these different little things that you guys see here is just by picturing the different pregnant women that I've seen in the hospital and trying to relate that real life story or real life image to the information that I'm trying to memorize moving on to the last three tips here number five is just cutting down everything and this is something that I touched on before but you want to convert whatever it is that you're memorizing into the most simple basic form as possible you want to turn complete sentences into words you want to turn words into just letters or characters small diagrams etc you want to be able to cut down the amount of information that you're trying to remember this is honestly probably the most underrated tip this is so so so important everything you can convert into acronyms or little diagrams or symbols or whatever and it just makes everything so much easier to memorize number six is colors I've touched on colors before in this example that you saw here it can really help to create a visual connection that you might not otherwise get with just reading text or words and in addition to that an example of how I've used colors throughout all my lecture notes is that for example let's go to aging and talk about Parkinson's disease anytime that I've come across treatment or medication I always always always right to in a bright green color everything written in this bright green color over here so that's what you guys see here is talking about treatment or medications and so now in my head I associate treatment and medications with the color light green so when I'm in an exam and I'm trying to recall different medications or treatments my mind immediately goes to a list that I have of only bright green things that I've written down in my lecture notes now that might sound kind of crazy or weird but honestly it works if I'm thinking about treatments or medications those are the words that I think about because I know that they're the only ones that are written in bright green in my lecture notes okay moving back to that random documents that we can go on to our last tip which I think is very very important is creating words or sentences in order to condense and remember information so a very good example of how I used this in my most recent test was for remembering that damage to Broca's area in the brain resulted in expressive aphasia and damage to Wernicke's area in the brain causes a receptive aphasia and so here are the two relationships that I needed to remember Broca's and expressive Wernicke's and receptive and the first thing that I do is cut down all those words cut down this sentence basically into just two letters Broca's expressive and Wernicke's receptive and that's all the information that I need I don't need all of these different words if I'm trying to recall this piece of information in my head BE is so much simpler and easier than Broca's expressive so the next thing that I want to do is take a look at these words and think about how I can combine them into something easy and simple to remember in order for me to remember these two relationships here and what I ended up coming up with was the word beware so be where and the BE stands for Broca's expressive and the WR stands for Wernicke's receptive this E here should be small and so just like that I've taken this relationship here that I just for whatever reason could not seem to remember and I've turned it into one simple word which is beware and I'm never going to forget that when I'm trying to recall this recalling this one word here is so much simpler than remembering Broca's expressive aphasia Wernicke's receptive aphasia so the power of converting these big sentences or big things that you need to memorize into small words symbols or characters is really underrated okay guys and I think that's everything that I wanted to share so let me move back to my original position and I'll sign you guys out all right guys so those are the techniques that I wanted to tell you guys about in this video I hope that you found some of them useful and that you can incorporate them into your own learning and your own memorization of different facts do leave me a comment down below letting me know if you did find this useful and if you enjoyed the video do leave a like on it and subscribe to my channel so that you guys can see more videos from me if you're interested you can also follow me on instagram where I post a bunch of photos and videos about my day and life as a medical student and researcher anyways guys that was just a quick video I hope you enjoyed it and I will see you in the next one peace


President Joe Biden was safe on December 17 night after a car collided with a motorcade SUV that was part of the president's security detail, a Reuters witness said, Biden and First Lady Jill Biden had just left his campaign headquarters when the collision occurred. Jill Biden was also safe following the incident, the witness said, the Bidens had emerged from the Biden-Harris 2024 headquarters in rainy downtown Wilmington at 8.07 pm after having a meal with members of his re-election team at the time of the incident, according to the White House Press Pool Report. Moments after Biden responded to a question from a reporter as Silver sedan with Delaware license plates hit would seem to be a motorcade SUV shielding the motorcade at the intersection across. From the entrance of the campaign headquarters, the pool report stated television footage showed secret service agents escorting Biden to his car after the impact. The Silver sedan, which sustained damage to its bumper, was quickly surrounded by security officers after it stopped. He cornered the car and pulled weapons on the driver, who held his hands up.