Today, the fact that there's a climate crisis and that we absolutely need to reduce our carbon emissions is pretty clear. But are the different CO2 sources equally easy to decarbonize? And do we have enough electricity to replace carbon-based energy sources? The stakes are high. We are talking about nothing less than saving the world. In the next talk, Hanno Buck, who is a journalist and security researcher, will give us answers to these questions. Hanno, we're really happy to have you here today. Hello. My name is Hanno. I'm a journalist and I have lately covered a lot more topics around climate change and the energy transition. And in this talk, I want to highlight a few things that I think are particularly challenging in this area. Yeah. So why are we talking about this? I mean, obviously, I guess everybody knows that we're in a climate emergency and it is necessary that we do something about it. So we need to stop greenhouse gas emissions. And at least on the medium to long term, we really need to stop all greenhouse gas emissions and move to a zero-emissioned economy.  We have things like coal power plants or other fossil-powered power plants. And we need to move away from that and build up renewable energy, like primarily wind and solar. Or you might also think about something like this, that today we have cars that are driven with fossil fuels, essentially. And we want to move away from that on the one hand to electric vehicles. But of course, we can also think about moving to other modes of transport, like trains, which are in a lot of cases already electric, or also to improving the situation for cycling and walking. And I mean, all of that is good. This helps a lot. This is, yeah, this tackles a huge part of the problem. But there's kind of the bad news is that this was the easy part. And there's a lot more that we need to decarbonize. We need to move to zero emissions. That is much more challenging. So we have emissions in industry, for example, in steel production or in cement. And we have things like aviation, or also things like the production of chemicals and plastics that are very challenging when we want to reduce emissions there or even get rid of emissions. So when we think about moving to a climate neutral economy, usually the idea people have is that it's basically two steps. The first is that, OK, we need to clean up our electricity production. We need to move away from coal and gas to primarily renewables. And also then as a next step, we need to move all other uses of energy to electricity. So we need to electrify almost everything. So to get a bit of an idea of what cleaning up electricity means, right now we have roughly a worldwide electricity production of 26 petawatt hours per year. So that is all the electricity in all the power plants in the world. This is a number from 2018, which is like the last year where there are these statistics. It's also obviously a non-corona year, like this year is obviously very special. And I want to come back to this a bit during the talk as a reference, because I think this is something we can imagine. Like all the electricity that is produced today, because later on I will say in certain situations, if we want to move this to electricity, then we will need that much electricity and that is that much percent of today's electricity production. Because I think that's just a good way to visualize how big the challenges are. Yeah, how is this electricity today produced? Here's a little chart. So the black thing, which is unfortunately still the biggest chunk, is electricity production from coal. And then we also have a big chunk of natural gas. And the thing where you want to move to is the stuff in the upper right, like the light blue one is wind energy, which is still relatively small, but it's rapidly growing. And solar, which is the light yellow part, which is even smaller, but it's growing even more rapidly. Then we have some hydropower, which is, it depends a bit on the situation, but it's mostly relatively good, but it will probably not grow massively. Here's a chart, which shows the development of prices of electricity production. And this is one of the things that is very promising. And that is, if you look at this red line, which visualizes the price of solar energy, that has gone down very massively. And we have another, this dark blue line, which is for wind energy, for onshore wind energy, so wind energy built on the land, not in the sea. That has also gotten very, very cheap. So this is good, right? So renewable energy, particularly wind and solar, they've gotten really cheap. Prices were reduced massively. So we can build up more of it and move in the right direction with that. But maybe also interesting in this chart is this green line, which is the price of nuclear, which is actually the form of energy that has the biggest increase in prices. So building nuclear power plants is getting more expensive and not cheaper, which maybe one should keep in mind in discussions, because some people consider nuclear a very important part of future solutions. And maybe just without even going into a discussion about safety or any of that, just the idea of considering an energy form that is expensive and is getting even more expensive if we want to move quickly to cleaner forms of energy. Maybe it's not the best idea. So yeah. So cleaning up the electricity sector, it is still a huge task. But the thing is we mostly know how to do it. We need to remove two renewables. Of course, there are still challenges around storage and flexibility. But I guess these are, it seems doable. And the large part of the path, it's clear what we need to do. But then there are more challenges ahead and that is getting all the other sectors to also decarbonize. One sector that is particularly challenging is steel production. So what you can see here is so-called blast furnace, an industrial plant to produce steel. And the steel production is currently responsible for around 7% of the carbon dioxide emissions in the world. And that is, and usually steel is produced using coal. So and something that is important to know here is that the emissions from steel production, that's not simply energy. It's not simply we burn the coal to need some heat or to drive some process, but it is actually the chemistry within this steel blast furnace that is causing the carbon dioxide emissions. I thought about writing down the chemical formulas, but for steel they are relatively complicated. So I will, I think, but the important part is to get the basic idea that what is happening here is that what we put into such a steel plant is carbon in the form of coal, which is mostly carbon. And we put in iron oxide. So that is a chemical that is a binding of oxygen atoms and iron atoms.  So and the carbon dioxide comes out in the form of emissions and goes into the atmosphere. And that is causing these high emissions from steel production. So if we want to move away from that, the technology that is currently seems to be most promising is something called direct-reduced iron with hydrogen. So there's already, there are already some steel plants. It's around 7% of the worldwide production that are using natural gas instead of coal. And they're using something called direct reduction. So with natural gas, it's still a fossil fuel. It's still causing carbon emissions. They are a bit lower than from coal, but not that much, actually. But the good thing here is that you can actually replace this natural gas with hydrogen. And it seems technically this is only a relatively small change. So we have an existing technology that is known how to operate. And you can switch off the natural gas for hydrogen and get a cleaner process there. There's a project from some Swedish companies, the hybrid project, which is currently the most ambitious plan to implement such hydrogen-based steel production. It is run by SSAB, which is a big steel producer, both in Sweden and in Finland. And LKAB, which is the steel mining company, and Vattenfall, which is the Swedish state electricity company. And they have announced this last year. And in a press release, SSAB said that their goal is to have the company fossil-free in the year 2045 at the latest. Now, we can argue that you could say maybe this is too late, because if we really take the climate goal seriously, then we need to move much faster. But still, at least this is an ambitious goal, because we're talking about an industry that basically hasn't done much to reduce carbon emissions until now. And right now, there is quite a lot of momentum about this hydrogen-based steel production. So this Swedish project is not the only project. There are also a number of, for example, German companies that are currently working on pilot projects for hydrogen-based steel. And what I find interesting about this is that there seems to be really currently a push from the industry that they want to have it, and also a push from actually labor unions that say we want to go into that direction, which is quite different from some other industries where you often have both the industry and the labor unions putting the brakes on, like if you think in the car industry, they are not the ones who want to move it forward to a more time-friendly production. But in steel, this seems to be different right now. And I mean, we can discuss why this is the case. And obviously, they are not just doing this out of concern about the world, but also the steel companies just hope that they will get a lot of state support for this hydrogen-based steel, which may give them a competitive advantage. But still, I find it interesting that there seems to be a push from industry to move this forward. Now we may wonder if we use hydrogen and if we produce that hydrogen from electricity, which is like the way you want to do it if we want to get climate-friendly hydrogen, how much electricity would we need for that? And I've done a calculation here, so I've calculated this myself just for transparency, but I have taken the numbers from the Swedish Hybrid Project because they have published numbers about what they expect the electricity per ton of steel to be. And then I have taken numbers from the current world steel production. And if you multiply the additional electricity required for this hydrogen-based steel process, you end up with something around six petawatt hours per year. And this is around 23% of the world electricity production. So this is, I mean, it's a lot. It's around a quarter of the world electricity production that you would have to add and then move to clean electricity in order to clean up the steel sector. But still, it kind of seems doable. Like, it's not something that seems completely implausible to do. So as we just said, we can move steel to hydrogen and the same is true for quite a few other sectors. So hydrogen is considered a very promising option in a lot of sectors. We should talk a bit about hydrogen in general. So because even though hydrogen is very often doubted as a climate solution, right now it's also a very big source of greenhouse gas emissions. So today we have around 70 million tons of hydrogen in use and another 45 million tons that are used in mixed gasses. So you have applications where there's pure hydrogen and then there's some applications where you just use hydrogen mixed with other substances in the industry. And almost all of it comes from fossil fuels. And there are two sectors that are the main consumers of hydrogen today. And that is for one ammonia production, which is a gas that is actually used for fertilizer production. And the other big user are oil refineries. They are actually using it to remove sulfur from raw oil. And the main process that is used today to generate this hydrogen is a method called steam methane reforming. So methane is the main component of natural gas, so our fossil gas. And this process is splitting up the methane, which is the chemical formula is CH4. So it's carbon and hydrogen. And then we get hydrogen and CO2, which causes the emissions. There's also some hydrogen production from coal, some from oil, and it's also sometimes a byproduct in other processes, particularly in chlorine production. But really the major method is this steam methane reforming. So natural gas is the major source of hydrogen production today. And this hydrogen production, which is mostly for fossil fuels, it's responsible for 830 million tons of carbon dioxide per year, which is around 2% of the carbon dioxide emissions today. So that's quite a significant amount of greenhouse gas emissions from hydrogen production today. There are also some additional emissions, and particularly if you're using natural gas, basically in every process where you use natural gas, you will also have methane emissions, and that is just because they are leakages. So if you're drilling for natural gas, some of the gas will get out and will go into the atmosphere. If you have pipelines, if you have compressors, all the infrastructure for natural gas, there's always an amount of leakage, and methane itself is a very active greenhouse gas. So if this natural gas gets into the atmosphere, that itself is a greenhouse gas. And so we have a lot of greenhouse gas emissions from hydrogen, so if we want to have hydrogen to be a climate solution, then first hydrogen itself needs to be cleaned up. We need a cleaner hydrogen production. And the method that is usually discussed here is electrolysis. Electrolysis is a process where you basically use electricity to split up water. Water is oxygen and hydrogen, so if you split that up, you get pure hydrogen and pure oxygen. What you can see on this picture is an electrolyzer from the company Anatrak. This is in Prenzlau, which is north of Berlin, which is a pilot project that was started around a decade ago. There are some other ideas how to have a cleaner hydrogen production. One of them is to still use this methane reforming with natural gas and combine that with carbon capture and storage, which means capturing the CO2 emissions and then maybe store them in geological formations underground. Another method that is discussed is so-called pyrolysis, which means you're also using natural gas and methane and then you're breaking it up, but not into carbon dioxide, but in pure carbon and hydrogen. But the problem with these methods is that they very likely don't provide any path to zero emissions, and the main reason for that is what I mentioned earlier, these leakage emissions from natural gas. You will always have these methane emissions, so it is questionable whether it actually makes sense to go into these directions because we're not gonna go to zero emissions with these technologies. So electrolysis is promising, but currently the amount of hydrogen produced from electrolysis is really tiny. It's in the lower percentage area. The numbers are a bit uncertain. It depends a bit on which source you take, but it's not a lot. It's really, really tiny. So before this can be significant, it needs to be scaled up a lot. And if we look at the electricity, just the electricity we would need if we would move the current hydrogen production to electrolysis. It would be around 3.6 petawatt hours per year. This is a number I got from a report from the International Energy Agency last year. They made an extensive report just on hydrogen. And that is around, would be around 14% of the current world electricity production. So even just moving today's hydrogen production to electrolysis would be challenging. Now there's one thing to remark here, and that is that a lot of the current hydrogen production is used in the oil industry. And of course, if we want to move to a zero carbon economy, then this needs to go away. We no longer want to have an oil industry, but still there's a significant amount that will be needed in the future. And if we think about all these other areas where we want to move to hydrogen, and then we will need more hydrogen in the future. Yeah, another sector that is very challenging to decarbonize is aviation. So, yeah, airplanes today, they run on kerosene, which is a product made from oil. And aviation is responsible for around 2% of the CO2 emissions. But it's important to know that this is not, this is not the whole story of aviation emissions. And one reason for that is actually what you can see here, these contrails, which are water vapor. So if you burn this kerosene, some water is produced and that is emitted as water vapor. And this water vapor has a climate impact and there are other things, for example, nitrous oxide emissions that have a climate impact. And there's an EU research project, the Clean Sky project that has recently published a report. And they have estimated in there that the climate impact from aviation, they have asked experts and looked at existing studies, that they estimated that between three and 7%. And this is really remarkable because this is an uncertainty that is more than 100%. So it seems really that, if you ask how big is the climate impact of aviation, the answer is really, we don't know very well. There's a massive uncertainty and the biggest source of uncertainty is actually these water vapor emissions. So water has multiple effects in the atmosphere. There are these contrails and then also the water has impact on cloud formation. And this is actually very hard to model and that is why there's just a lot of uncertainty around this. So yeah, you might ask, but what can we do? How could aviation become more climate friendly? How can we get rid of these emissions? And it is challenging. So you might consider, okay, we use batteries to electrify cars. Maybe we can also use batteries for aviation. There actually, there's some effort in doing that. So particularly in Norway has some ambitious plans here. So the state aviation company in Norway, Avinor, they have actually plans to go in that direction. And want to have their first plane ready in 2030 and they expect it to be somewhere between 300, 400 kilometers of reach and space for 19 passengers. And I guess you can see in which direction this is going. Like this is doable, but we're talking here about relatively short ranges and we're talking about a small number of passengers. And ultimately it's probably, it's not going to go much further because just the weight of the battery will limit the range and the size of these battery-powered planes. So I mean, in Norway the situation is a bit special because they have some cities in the north that are relatively small and they are not connected to railway. So these small airplanes are relatively important there. But this is more of a niche thing which will play a part, may play a part in some areas, but will not have a big impact on the sector as a whole. Another option for aviation is, again, hydrogen. So recently Airbus announced specific plans that they want to build planes drawn by hydrogen. They hope to achieve up to 3,000 kilometers, which is, I mean, it's more than these Norwegian plans, but it's still relatively limited. So this is something that could run aviation within Europe or within the United States, but it's not enough for a transatlantic flight. There's essentially two ways to use hydrogen in an airplane. One is to have a fuel cell which turns hydrogen into electricity and then you basically have an electric plane but you generate the electricity from hydrogen. The other one is just to have a gas turbine and directly use the hydrogen within the turbine, and you can also combine these two. So what does it mean if we have hydrogen-powered plane, ideally with green hydrogen, obviously what does it mean for the climate? So if you burn hydrogen or if you use it in a fuel cell, you get water. So apparently it is that hydrogen planes will actually increase these water vapor emissions. The estimate by this Clean Sky Research Project is that this will increase the emissions by 150%. And as I said earlier, we really have no idea how big the climate effects of these water emissions are. So there's a huge uncertainty here in which direction this is going. It might be possible to think about storing that water, particularly this might be possible if you use a fuel cell, but that is very speculative. And I mean all of this is of course speculation because we're talking about technology that doesn't exist today, that's very far from realization. But this is an option that should be kept in mind, maybe this is possible. Then the other option that is discussed for airplanes are so-called e-fuels. And the idea here is that okay, we can use electricity and hydrogen and carbon dioxide, which we can get from the air. I mean it takes energy, but carbon dioxide is everywhere. And turn that into hydrocarbons, which is the main component of oil and other fuels. So the advantage of this is that we get something that is almost like current fuel for planes, it's almost like kerosene. So this doesn't require a lot of changes to the plane. We can use the technology that we have today and just replace the fuel and get a fuel that is made from electricity. But the big disadvantage around this is that this is extremely inefficient and it needs a lot of electricity. And just how much? This Clean Sky Research Project I already mentioned, they have calculated a number of scenarios for a future aviation industry with a combination of hydrogen and e-fuels. And they looked like a scenario what could happen in the year 2050. And if they look at this with e-fuels alone, you end up with 32 petawatt hours per year, which is more than the current world electricity production. And they looked at two scenarios with a combination of hydrogen and e-fuels, one with a higher share of hydrogen and one with a lower share depending on how fast you could roll out this hydrogen technology. And they end up there with one scenario with 21 petawatt hours or 28 petawatt hours. So this is all within roughly the range of what currently the world electricity production is. So this is really like, it seems extremely challenging to have the idea that we would have to have all the electricity production that is used today, clean that up and just use that for the aviation industry. I have to say, when you look into this study, what their assumptions were, then they assumed that the aviation industry would continue to grow at a rapid rate. So they assumed a 4% growth per year, which is less than the growth of aviation in the past, but this would essentially mean that in 2050 you would have an aviation industry that is more than three times as large as it is today. So they are assuming just a massive increase of flights, many more flights than much larger aviation industry. And I guess it's probably worth discussing whether that's really such a good idea or whether there are other options here, whether we should really talk about limiting that and talk about a smaller aviation industry. Another factor that we need to consider is chemicals and things like plastic production. Because, I mean, almost all the products we use today, they contain plastics or they contain other chemicals that are usually made from either oil or from natural gas. And with these chemicals, with these chemicals from fossil fuels, we need to consider two forms of emissions. One is the emission, before we use that product in production and there are, for example, emissions during the drilling of oil and gas, there are emissions in the refinery process and then also there are emissions after using these products. If we have something that's made out of plastic, it may end up in a landfill or it may end up burned in a waste incinerator. In both cases, that leads to further emissions. There are also things like, for example, a lot of these chemicals are fertilizers and the fertilizers, when they are brought out, they emit actually nitrous oxide, which itself is a very active greenhouse gas and which is also very hard to avoid. So the solution that is usually proposed for the chemical sector is a range of technologies that are summed up under this term Power to X and the idea here is it's very similar to the e-fuels that we talked about earlier, is that you take CO2, that you take that out of the air, then you take hydrogen that you can make from electrolysis and from that you can go on and create all kinds of chemicals that we need. There has been a talk that I would recommend watching that was on the camp last year and I've put a link here and you can get the slides later. So if you're interested to look into this in detail, there was this talk. There has been a study where they tried to calculate what it would mean if we would have a chemical industry that is using carbon capture and use technology, which is basically that what I said. We take CO2 out of the air and then we combine it with hydrogen and turn it into chemicals. And they calculated the scenario for the year 2030. So this had a little bit of growth so it was a bit more chemical than used today, but it was not these crazy growth projections like the aviation example we had earlier. And they ended up with two scenarios. One was with technologies that are mostly already available today and the other was with more speculative technologies. So technologies where they said, this will be possible in the future, but we don't have this developed yet. And they end up with an estimate that we would need electricity between 18 and 32 petawatt hours per year, which is again roughly in the range of one time the world electricity production today, which we would need to have this chemical sector made from electricity. So another sector that is considered as very challenging to decarbonize is the production of cement. So cement is also similar to the steel issue. We have a chemical source of emissions and that is that cement. What is done there is that you take a calcium carbonate, which is calcium, carbon and oxygen, and you turn that into calcium oxide and you also get carbon dioxide in this process. And these cement emissions, these chemical cement emissions, this is around 5% of the worldwide carbon dioxide emissions. The overall cement emissions are even higher because there's also energy emissions, but there's also kind of a bit of a knit that some of these emissions are actually reabsorbed over the lifetime of the cement. But it still ends up that cement is a huge source of carbon dioxide emissions. And there's really no technology that has a perspective of bringing down these cement emissions to zero or even close to that. So the only option that is available here is really to actually capture these carbon dioxide emissions and to store them underground. And this is a technology that is known as CCS or Carbon Capture and Storage. And yeah, just recently, like two weeks ago, the company Heidelberg Cement, they announced that they want to build such a CCS facility at a cement plant in Norway, although at the beginning, they only plan with a 50% capture rate. And the reason for that is actually that they will use heat for this CCS process and they want to use waste heat from their cement plant and they don't have enough heat to get to a higher capture rate. It would be possible to go to much higher capture rates. So CCS has been proposed as a climate solution for many years, but it has not been very successful until now. And also, and this is like a bit of the problem here, CCS has often been used as kind of an excuse. For example, we had this in Germany like when the last wave of new coal power plants was built. Then you often had this argument where people said, you know, there's no power plant here, but these emissions from coal, they are not really a problem because we have the CCS technology, which at some point in the future we will add to these power plants, which was never really very plausible, but this was the discussion that we had. And also, like if you look at the existing CCS projects today, most of them are actually doing something that is called enhanced oil recovery, you're taking the CO2, you're pumping it into an old oil field and that allows you to squeeze out a little bit more of oil from these oil fields, which I mean, at first, obviously, that is not very good for the climate because it needs more oil production. But also, there are a lot of concerns, like in the US, oil companies get some subsidy if they actually do this because they're doing something for the climate, right? But it's not very well monitored and there have been cases where this CO2 was leaking out of old oil wells. And yeah, this whole thing is very problematic. So yeah, CCS overall is very controversial and it is problematic, but for cement, there really isn't much of an alternative. And so it is probably a direction, it's something that needs to be done in this sector. Yeah, I just want to briefly mention that there are a lot of other sectors that are also very challenging, that I won't go into detail. One of them is all of agriculture and particularly meat production. Then there's shipping, which is mostly based on fossil fuels. One promising option there may be to use ammonia created from electricity. Then there's also, of course, trucks and street transport. It seems also electrification with batteries may play a big role in the future. And then there's the whole topic of heating and that is like both heating in the domestic sector but also in industry where you have industrial processes that need a lot of heat. And then there's another big topic and that is negative emissions. So a lot of the climate scenarios that the IPCC has calculated, they assume that at some point in the future we will not just stop emitting carbon dioxide but they also assume that we will suck emissions out of the atmosphere just because we have already emitted so much CO2 that in order to get to a safe climate we just need to reverse that process and get these emissions back. One option to do this is renaturation. If you plant a tree it binds carbon dioxide but this has limits. There's just not enough space to do this at a large scale. So one possibility that's discussed there is to use something called direct air capture which basically just means we take the CO2 out of the air and then we use CCS so then we store it underground. And there was a study published in Nature Communications that tried to calculate the energy needs for that because this would be huge and they ended up with some of these scenarios you end up with something like 83 petawatt hours per year in the year 2100 and that is around three times the electricity production of the world today. So it's really hard to contemplate that this would actually be possible and even more so if you think about what should the economics behind this be because there's not really an incentive for someone to build these air capture machines. It would be something you do for the world climate but you wouldn't have a personal incentive to actually do that. So some conclusions from this. So I guess it's very obvious that this is all extremely challenging. There are no good options in many sectors and it takes sometimes insane amounts of energy to actually do this. And many of these technologies are in very, very early stages and I guess this is the biggest takeaway that this just requires massive amounts of electricity. Like we just need to contemplate that if we want to go that path we need multiple times the electricity production today. And just a few thoughts how I think we should think about that. I mean, first of all, we need to build lots and lots of wind and solar energy and we should really think big about this. Like something like this is currently one of the biggest solar installations in the world. This is one in India. There are no really huge amounts of solar energy in the desert, I guess. I mean, we should build solar energy everywhere where it's feasible, but we should really also think about these really big projects where we can have massive amounts of them. And yeah, same with wind. I mean, this is an offshore wind farm. This is an offshore wind farm in Denmark. But yeah, think about like we need huge amounts of this renewable electricity. Then, I mean, yeah, developing these technologies it should have started a long time ago, basically. You often think, okay, this is very difficult to develop and we're just starting with it and we should have done that earlier and it absolutely needs to start now and it needs to start now in all these sectors. And this is, I think, an important thought that we should not just think about minor improvements of existing technology where we maybe get 10-20% improvement but we need to think about breakthrough technologies. Like we need to think about technologies that can really bring down these emissions to zero. And yeah, cheap wind and solar is the one thing that is promising but we should think about how can we have similar developments where a technology gets massively cheaper in other areas and one thing that I think is a very key technology is electrolyzers like to produce hydrogen but there are other things. Yeah, and also like in some sectors it already looks challenging to move the current demands to electricity and to clean electricity and if we look at the growth projections it looks almost infeasible. So I think particularly in sectors that are extremely challenging one would be long-distance aviation, long-distance flights another would be cement. We should talk about how can we actually limit these sectors or even how can we shrink these sectors and not continue growing them. Yeah, that was my talk. Thanks for listening. I think we will have a Q&A session afterwards. Yeah, thanks. Thanks a lot for the talk. Hanno, can you hear me? We hopefully now have a Q&A session. Cool. So until now there have been no questions that have received us that we received. If you are watching the stream and still have a question, please just send it to us on the RC3OYO hashtag on Twitter or at the IRC. It's all in the stream details on the streaming page. Hanno, when I watched your talk I thought how do you cope with thinking and doing research on such depressing topics and not going crazy, not giving up and still having like interacting with that and not losing hope. How do you do that? Okay, I don't know how long this should be. One thing is like I was kind of deep into these topics about a decade ago and for several years I became interested in other topics and that all I had to do with frustration was going forward. I really feel that we are still far from where we should be but things have definitely changed. If I observe these things like for example I think I mentioned it in the talk that right now in the steel industry you can really see that this is not just talking but there is something happening. Yes, this is my answer to it. We are still like only very much at the beginning of tackling these things seriously but it's a very different discussion from like several years ago. Okay, thank you. I too think that these perspectives that you show even with practical solutions on these other sectors, this is how you could recognize them is kind of giving hope and it feels like there might be a solution to all these problems. I thought, do you know if there's somebody calculated it through what that might cost? So as far as I understood it you can have the numbers of how much energy would we need to decarbonize everything and you can guess how much it maybe might cost to install these replacement technologies and do you know if somebody calculated a number how many billions of dollars we need to invest in the next 10-20 years to prevent a bigger climate crisis, backlashes? So I'm not really aware of a thorough scenario that would like factor in other things particularly like you often have where people start calculating but they only look at energy and don't look at something like chemistry or... I read about a new calculation that was I think a finished research institute that seemed to be more thorough than what I had seen before that was only a few days ago it was actually after I recorded the talk but that was about the energy need and not the cost of that and also there are a lot of questions like do you assume that we're just growing the economy going forward? Then things get obviously harder like I mentioned the example with aviation in the talk they get to these huge numbers but also they assume we'll just have three times as many planes in the future as now and these are obviously factors that you need to consider when you try to calculate something like that. Okay, thank you, yeah that makes sense. I just thought so usually in talks like this I ask people so what do people have to do? What's the call to action? What do we need to do? I mean right now there is some sort of a climate social movement I would imagine that there's a difference between these general what's generally being said in these social movements and these specific topics of we need to decarbonize that and in this industry that needs to change is there something for people listening who feel like I need to do something, is there something you can tell them they specifically can tackle? I think what really should happen is that more people ask questions like if you have a company where you live in your city that is I don't know maybe producing hydrogen then ask your local politicians like this company is probably producing lots of carbon emissions and when will they switch to green hydrogen? Like I feel a lot of these things they don't have a lot of focus right now for example there are still constructions of new facilities to produce hydrogen from fossil fuels and they are still like currently in the UK there's a discussion about a new coal mine for steel production and I think people should get more engaged about this and I think a good way is to look at maybe what's around you or maybe look at if you work somewhere like ask these questions like what is the plan for this company to get carbon free? Cool, thank you So far, oh there comes a question which is appearing right now what should a normal person do to help change in their lifestyle to have the biggest impact? Okay, so I am a bit I have conflicting thoughts about how much we should focus on lifestyle changes because in the end I think we'll only ever play a small role and what we really need to change is like we need to change the bigger things and because we're not going to solve this by voluntary actions but I mean if you calculate these things it's like avoiding to fly not driving a car not eating meat and also like living conditions like if you live in a more isolated house or if you also choosing to live in a smaller flat these are things that matter a lot Okay, thank you and that's another question that just came in I think via Twitter and it says what amount of energy could be safe if you reused CO2 from e.g. cement production for the chemical sector instead of fueling the chemical sector from CCU? Okay, so the No, I understood the question The problem with that is that the stuff you put into the chemical sector will at some point be emissions so if you produce plastics and then they go into a waste incinerator and then you have the emissions at the end of the product so if you use the emissions from cement to produce chemicals then you kind of have a double use of these emissions but you're not avoiding the emissions so I don't think that this is a feasible long term solution we will really need both like we will need to to avoid the cement emissions and we will need to source the chemicals from other carbon sources and I don't have a number for the question but I think it's not Yeah There was a question on IRC, do you see this? Why just promote solar and when do you see that as well? Yeah Please just answer. We have only a couple of more minutes left so maybe that last quick answer and then we have to move on but please answer Okay, so the thing with hydro is just that in many places there's not a lot of potential to build new hydro and the potential is in many places already being used so it makes sense to build more hydro and the solar and wind will be the biggest trunks for future renewable energy Alright, Hanno, thanks a lot for being here today thanks a lot for the Q&A Thank you for everybody who asked questions during our remote channels If you want to ask more questions, there's the discussion room It's in the stream right now it's on discussion.rc3.ou.social and if you want to ask more questions just go there and you can chat with others who listen to the talk and with Hanno and with that I wish you a nice evening and thanks for being here today Okay, bye


If you are here for judging a book by its cover how inclusive is your community then you are in the right place There's supposed to be a picture here, and I don't know why it's not show I am Alana Burke You can find me on Drupal.org or Twitter at a Burke 626 And you've been finding me on Slack where I'm also an admin at Alana Burke We're going to talk a lot about how welcoming open source communities are and we're also going to talk about the Drupal community So do you think that people feel welcomed in the Drupal community?  Have you ever had or witnessed an Unwelcoming experience in the Drupal community Yeah, so that's more than half of the people in this room, and it's not great What about open source in general? Have you ever witnessed or experienced an unwelcoming experience in an in an open source project in general? Yeah, again, that's almost everyone in the room That's really bad and the numbers also say that people don't feel welcome in open source so GitHub did this big open source survey in 2017 and I just want to point out a few really Numbers that I thought were really important so 18% of respondents had Experienced a negative interaction in open source 50% of respondents Witnessed a negative interaction 21% of respondents Stopped working on a project Because of a negative experience That's one in five people who stopped working on a project Because of something they experienced while working on it over 50% of respondents encountered dismissive responses And that's a huge one That's something I've definitely encountered from the first time I ever Asked a question about how to install Linux on my laptop when I was in college To even today as someone who knows a lot of people and generally Unfortunately, that's something that gets you a little more respect in the Drupal community but I still sometimes ask a question or raise an issue in an issue queue and I still get a won't fix or Works as designed or this isn't worth it and someone closes an issue And I think really you're gonna you're gonna be like that, but a lot of people are just like that And that's not okay So there were also a lot of questions about like what's important to you in a project And you know, what do you think really matters in a project? So 60 for 67% of respondents said that the license is very important when deciding whether to contribute to a project So they wanted to know, you know, how is this code going to be used? Who can use it and how are we controlling that? and When it came to you know, what's in the project and you know, what do you see in the project? 93% of respondents observed incomplete or missing documentation And documentation is really important because when you come into a project you need to know how to use it You know, what what is this code? How does it work? What does it do? What am I supposed to do with it? So I thought those numbers were really striking and I wanted to point them out across this really great quote on a post By hoodie on it was about welcoming communities A lot of people enjoy contributing to open source projects and open source projects love contributions and yet I keep seeing newcomers struggling to contribute and project maintainers struggling to find contributors, so What's the catch? But I think this is the question that we're constantly asking we We have all of these people who want to contribute and we've all of these people who are begging people to contribute So what why is this a problem? It it should be the solution to its own problem and yet it's not So clearly there's a problem here that we aren't finding and we aren't addressing And I think the issue is that open source isn't welcoming It isn't inclusive and the people who want to help don't know how and they're scared and they don't feel like they'll be Accepted and that is the problem that we have to fix. So what makes an open-source community welcoming? I did a lot of research and a lot of looking around and a lot of digging into my own experience and This is certainly not an end-all be-all list But I identified a handful of things that I think are really important and Certainly the best start at making sure that your open-source community is welcoming so You need a good code of conduct that is number one You cannot go anywhere without a good code of conduct if you want to start an open-source project When you initialize your repository, you should make a code of conduct You shouldn't go anywhere else first. You should make a get ignore file a read me and a code of conduct Your events and speakers What are your events? How are you organizing them and who's speaking at them because who's on stage matters? These people are going to go to your events They're going to see who's on stage and they're going to assume very rightly that the people on stage are important to your project and if they don't see people important who look like them and That they can Identify with them. They won't feel that they're welcomed in your community And of course very sensibly the ease of entry and the ease of contribution in your project if people cannot contribute to your project They're not going to feel welcome to do so if they can't figure out how to do it. They are not going to do it There's of course accessibility Which covers a wide range of things from your Tech accessibility, you know, can someone actually access your project on the internet and use it to sort of the more general things that could span from your you know are your events accessible to You know how you make You know make your your project and your existence accessible and we'll talk a little more about that Your leadership your project has to be led by someone Do they seem welcoming How do they run your project? Do they look like welcoming people do they look like the people you want to contribute to your project? Your website and social presence, you know Someone has to find your project and find information about it in order to contribute They have to communicate with other people in order to contribute does your website and social presence lend itself to that and Mentorship and documentation if someone is new to your project They need to talk to someone to learn how to contribute they need to read Documentation to learn how to contribute to your project. Do you have that in place for new people? So let's start by talking about a good code of conduct Do you have a good solid code of conduct that is? Prominently published and easy to find Do you have things like an anti-harassment policy? Is it clear how you handle conflict out of conduct is the most? Important thing in your community. It has to be robust Don't worry that you're being too specific or feeling like you're being catastrophic Because if you're too broad you might regret it later You may want to supplement your code of conduct with things like an anti-harassment policy Which should be very specific an anti-discrimination policy Which should make it clear that you do not tolerate any forms of discrimination And you also need to have a separate events code of conduct much like Drupal con does To make it very clear What behaviors you do and do not tolerate at events in person and also a value and ethics statement? Can help outline what the values of the community are and what values your community is expected to embrace? And it can really help the community get an idea of like You know, this is what we as a community want to strive for this is the kind of people we want to be and You know if you've got people in the community that aren't the kind of people you want to be I think it can give them an idea that like hey, maybe you want the kind of people we want to have here I think it just sort of makes things a little clearer Leadership this is really important and I think this is a place where tech specifically struggles What does your leadership look like? Because diversity starts at the top. It does not start at the bottom. Are your leaders all white? Are your leaders all men? And look at the breakdown of your leadership are all the technical roles men One of the things I do whenever I am looking at a company or a project is you know To look at their leadership page or to look at their you know their team page And I look at the breakdowns and sometimes I look at the overall gender breakdown or the overall You know breakdown of people of color is okay until I look at their roles And then I see that everyone who isn't a white man is in some kind of support role You know, they're not the developers And this especially happens in leadership where all of the technical roles are men And then everyone who isn't technical is a woman And that Isn't really progress Because women are just as technical and women are just as capable So if all of your support roles go to women, you're still not getting it right Official versus unofficial leadership is a really tricky topic It's something you have to be really mindful of this So in open source People who work publicly on your project are going to emerge as leaders People who contribute a lot people who speak at your events People who have a lot of knowledge So you need to be aware of these people And be aware of what kind of people they are Are they warm welcoming kind and helpful Or are they toxic Rude and dismissive Are these unofficial leaders the people that you would choose as leaders in your community? This is a really tough one, but toxic leaders in your community Are often a really huge issue in open source projects And it's something that needs to be addressed And there isn't really a one You know solution fits all kind of of answer here And I think each community really has to look at this and see what their specific problems are and how they're affecting the community But you know talking to their leaders You know figuring out maybe we do want to have some more official leadership But it's it's something that we can't just sweep under the rug So some ways to help address it are you know Hopefully you've already created a code of conduct and an anti-harassment policy to address the very specific behaviors coming from any toxic unofficial leaders if not Rewind create a committee and do that with those in place You should better be able to address this But first you have to define a goal. What do you actually want to do? Do you want to change the behavior of these people? Do you think that that's possible? Do you think that that is fixable? Do you think that you can prepare the relationships in this community? Or do you want to ask this person to step back? Do you think that you can ask them to step down or leave the community? You should also ideally have someone in your leadership trained In mediation and prep to do this if not you need to bring in some kind of professional This only gets worse if you have inexperienced and untrained people trying to address this Then you've got to sniff through Potentially legal problems and it's not how you want to move forward Next up. Let's talk about events and speakers. What makes an event inclusive? First off accessibility That should be obvious But there is so much that events need to do if you look on twitter You can find thousands of threads about event accessibility from wheelchair access to meals Quiet and prayer rooms be aware of all of the things that your community needs childcare nursing rooms There's a huge list And communicate what will and will not be available People understand that not every event can afford to do every single thing for every single person But it's most important that people come to your event or don't come to your event Because they know exactly what you can and cannot provide Don't let them get to your event and then find out And also How easy is it to get to your conference? How expensive is it? Do you always hold it in the same city? Do you have scholarships? Do you pay funds up front? Or do you reimburse them at some magical later date? Do you help with visas and other paperwork? That stuff really matters How people can actually get to your events You know plane travel isn't magic. People have to pay for it They have to figure out how they're going to do all of those logistics And the more that you can help with that The more you can ensure that you have a wide range of people go into your events And not just the people who are privileged enough to have employers who can do all of that for them Speakers are the people who make up your events And no matter what you do if you don't have a speaker lineup that doesn't look like your community Your community will be perceived as your speaker lineup So if your speaker lineup is predominantly white and male Your community will be perceived as predominantly white and male So do whatever you can to make your speaker lineup as diverse as possible This goes especially for keynotes Because your keynotes will be the most advertised They are the most special pieces of your event There is no excuse to have an all-white or all-male lineup of keynote speakers Never and I never want to hear an event say they're all we could find they're all who were available You didn't try our social events are another really important thing Do they all revolve around drinking?  It's not a great way to have conversation So consider having some more relaxed alcohol-free socials like Board games with food and social the food and soda Do remember that tech events are a whole bunch of nerds Board games with pizza and soda are probably really just fine with everybody at your event Not to stereotype, but I don't really know that many people who would be super bummed out if that was one of many options And make sure that your events code of conduct is Strictly applied to any and all social events stemming from your event your marketing Make sure that your marketing is also inclusive Don't try to make the event look like something that it isn't But if you do have the diverse lineup and diverse attendees Show them in your marketing materials Advertise your inclusive events Communicate all of the accessible options at your conference. Let people know what you're doing Let's talk about your website and your social presence People see when they visit you online They should see the really important things Your code of conduct Which should also show them a page that includes anything about how to report conflict or issues You should show them how to contribute Open source is about contribution. So this should be front and center on open any open source project page You should also show who contributes You want folks to get an idea of who else is in the community. This is a community that they're going to join You know not showing people who contributes is like asking people to join a club that they don't know who any of the members are So I think it's really important that people have a sense of who else is in this community Before they commit to it Social media is a really important part of communication these days. So do you have clear social media policies? clear commenting policies You know People are going to be rude and nasty and negative to you on twitter It doesn't matter if you are the ego waffles account or an open source project Someone is going to be mean and rude to you Do you have policies about how you handle that? Because you need those And do you have policies about you know, how you respond to people? Do you have a good social media team that is well informed? and You're helping people who ask you questions You should also have an idea of what kind of persona you want your social media to have you do not have to have an overly friendly social media account But do you have an idea of the kind of vibe that you want to be it is totally fine to be dry and informative But just make sure that you're consistent. So people have an idea of what to expect Use of entry and contribution How easy is it for people to contribute to your project? Open source is about contribution. So it should be as easy as possible to get started contributing to your project Make sure you have a path to contribution for everyone For developers for inexperienced developers and for non developers Documentation is important And it's a valid way to start contributing a lot of people You know, they start to look at a project and they realize there isn't documentation Well, creating that documentation as you figure it out is a really great way I find myself doing this a lot when I'm, you know, starting a new project Um, you know at a company and I'm like, oh, none of this setup documentation is here So as I get my setup done, I write the documentation and my first commit back to the project is usually All of the setup documentation for the setup that I just did Include environment setups in your contribution setup and keep it easy You know, remember that not everyone is experienced with dev ops A lot of people do not know how to spin up a local environment. So don't assume that they do You know, at least include a link To a very good how to and not just like, oh, hey, you know, just install such and such on your computer And then do this a lot of people don't know how to get to the such and such part Don't gatekeep contribution Don't make people jump through hoops Let people contribute And if their contribution is bad, you can point them toward mentorship resources and documentation before accepting it That's what pull requests are for. We already have a system for bad contributions Don't keep people from submitting their bad contributions So some ways to make sure it's easy for people to contribute Tag issues specifically for new contributors Tag quick fixes and things that are three minutes or less And tag documentation that needs to be added or improved Be patient and kind in issue cues You are a newbie once too Be nice Rootness dismissiveness and unresponsiveness Are some of the main reasons that people do not contribute So don't tolerate anyone who is any of those things in the issue cues There's never a reason to be rude Tone can be difficult online I personally tends toward being Overly polite and overly friendly because I don't want anyone to misinterpret my tone You don't have to do that But you do have to avoid being rude and dismissive and unresponsive Mentorship and documentation The good community supports itself and the people who make it up This includes mentoring and ensuring everything is documented properly It's your community cookie I know a lot of communities have been accused of that Do people feel like they can talk to the existing contributors? Or do they feel like that's some really cool social club that they don't have access to And do mentors reach out to new contributors To new contributors Or have them actually do some of the work How proactive are you in bringing in new folks? Do you reach out to them or do you just assume that people are going to reach out to you? Everything needs to be documented Not just the code Document how to contribute How to mentor Document how to add documentation All the documentation has to be in the same place It should be clean clear. It should be searchable Open source code is only as good as its documentation What good is code if people do not know how to use it? And then there's accessibility We could give an entire talk and I have an accessibility But a good community supports itself and the people who make it up This goes from everything to codes of conduct To mentoring to documentation To your events Do research Reach out And make sure that everything you do Is with humans in mind and with the needs of the humans in your community There's no point in writing code if you don't think about the humans that the code is for And the other humans who are writing the code Sometimes we think too much about the code and the machines And we don't think about the other people And I think that's a big shortcoming of tech and of projects is that we sort of You know we we lose the forest for the trees And we need to step back and look at the community again Because if we're not thinking about the community and the people and all of their needs And sort of the the greater idea of accessibility and not just accessibility as you know our attacks We're really losing some of what we need You know accessibility is everything from making sure that we have food that everybody can eat To the you know the sign language translators She making sure that the signage is You know big enough that everybody can read it She making sure that you have color contrast that everyone can read She making sure that we have wheelchair access to making sure that you know People can get scholarships and that we're you know giving tickets to speakers Everything about making sure that you can get people in the room and that they understand What's going on that you can get people working on the project and that there's no barriers It's about breaking down barriers So just keep that in mind in everything that you're doing So the next thing that I did was I took a look through a handful of popular open source communities To see how they sort of Fulfilled the handful of things that I just broke down All that I did was look through their websites and google I didn't use any of my contacts. I didn't shout out on twitter to say hey You know if such and such community has such and such I didn't do anything like that Um, I didn't I probably dug deeper than the average person would but I didn't use anything that they wouldn't have available to them So let's see how they stack up. Here's wordpress their Community link is make dot wordpress dot org and they're on twitter at wordpress So their code of conduct there is no link to their code of conduct on their home page They do have an events code of conduct But if they have a community code of conduct, I can't find it They have a stack exchange code of conduct They have a code of conduct template for events and meetups and they found a proposed community code of conduct That's a pretty short pretty big shortcoming um I could not find anything about how the project is governed or project leadership Um, there's a link to matt mullinwegg's blog, but that's it. There's nothing about how the actual project is governed or let um As far as events and speakers word camp us is cheap and focuses a lot on accessibility From food and allergies to nursing rooms and childcare They even provide sanitary products in the restrooms at conferences. So that was pretty nice um, the website and social presidents The website's pretty good. I don't have anything negative to say about it But there's really no sense of the community as a whole it's very much about like Wordpress the thing the project and nothing about the people that make it up For ease of entry and contribution there is a nice get involved link on the home page So pretty easy paths to contribution Couldn't really find a whole lot about accessibility other than they do seem to um Be pretty aware of it. So I think um That I meant to put something in there that they they done a pretty good job of it And I think the documentation is pretty extensive and easy to read I didn't really find much about mentorship specifically so wordpress Aside from not having a specific code of conduct. I think wordpress is doing An all right job overall. I would probably Do stuff in the wordpress community if you know if I was thinking Hey, I want to contribute to wordpress and this is what I found I would probably ask about their community code of conduct first But other than that, I feel pretty good about it Kubernetes is another really big one. Um This is their community page at kubernetes.io.com slash community They do have a very prominent code of conduct and they are on twitter Oh, yeah, it's my text went off the thing. Um, so they have a prominent link on their community page to their code of conduct They found absolutely nothing about their leadership anywhere Their events and speakers were sort of it was hard to find anything because there's a lot of like different Like kubernetes events all over the place. So I couldn't really find any like official events Um, so that was kind of tricky The website and social presence they're like it's like pretty jargon filled So if you didn't already know stuff about it, I think you would be pretty Like put off um, it wasn't very like inviting like hey come learn about kubernetes and Like do stuff with us social media was pleasant and informative There's a contribute button in the button in the homepage footer Couldn't really find anything about accessibility wasn't really much out there Again, it was all very like their website was pretty technical Um mentorship and documentation didn't really find anything about mentorship But they had a lot of documentation. So this was a very like technical So unless I was technical and I already knew what I was doing This would probably Put me off which is already kind of my feeling about kubernetes was like I don't really know much about it So i'm just gonna not do anything much So mozilla.org And this is the sort of long link to their code of conduct, which is like they call it their like participation policy But it's very much a good conduct They have a very prominent link to their code of conduct on their community homepage Their leadership they have the mozilla corp and foundation Um, that's all laid out very well They have quite a bit of gender diversity in their leadership, but it's still very white Events and speakers they have a ton of like free and low cost events that are online and around the world So I thought that was pretty good. They have like this huge event list that ranges from like small meetups to bigger things and I had to do some research because they were all presented in their local currency And some of them I thought were thousands of dollars, but they were actually thousands of rupees Which was like 12 dollars. So I was like, oh, hey look, these are really cheap. This is great Um website and social presence. They have extensive websites and social media, all of which I found pretty welcoming, very inviting They um, they actually For use of entry and contribution They use the term volunteering a lot, which I thought was nice. You don't really see that in the open source Broadway use the word contributing a lot mozilla uses the word volunteering more, which I thought was kind of nice It brings it more You get more of a non-profit feel I mean and the mozilla org is a non-profit, but so are most open source projects But um, it gave it more of a traditional non-profit kind of a feel like hey come work with us And they very much had a lot of non-code stuff like That they made very prominent like come volunteer at events help us run events and I I really liked that So they very detailed paths on how to contribute and how to volunteer. I thought that was fantastic um And I think I accidentally copied the same thing into accessibility, but they they're very focused on accessibility all kinds of stuff um And they had tons of documentation and tons of help like mozilla a plus I actually looking at this I was like I could work on mozilla like this is I'm pretty into like how they presented everything. It was really good So I felt like that was a very welcoming community And I have linux There's linux.org And turns out linux does have a code of conduct. I had to google to find that in the linux kernel It's um They recently adopted the contribute a covenant It was hotly debated linux people didn't like it Linus Torvald decided they were going to have a code of conduct though. So he committed it and then they had one um, it's impossible to find Uh linux doesn't have a nice website of all of their documentation. They have um linux.org is just a forum So the code of conduct is just like nested in folders in Inside their git repository So I had to like find the link to that So that was great It is the contributor covenant, which is fine. So like I will give them points for that but It doesn't even it worries me that like people aren't even adopting it if they're like against it like you can't just like militantly Give your project a code of conduct and say like now we have a code of conduct if people aren't going to Agree to it and you also can't just bury it deep in your code and just assume that people are going to find it The leadership of linux foundation is so overwhelmingly white and male. It's depressing Uh events and speakers run by the linux foundation are very expensive. They do offer scholarships Um, but they're very expensive Like I said linux.org is just a forum The foundation has social media. The project does not like the project itself doesn't It's so very old school. Like no social media and no website. They just do their stuff Easy mentoring contribution makes me want to cry. It's impossible. It's designed as such They have this whole rigmarole where you have to like email someone and they send you some tests And you have to like pass all of these coding tests and things Except that that's not even available anymore because they don't want any new contributors So you literally cannot contribute to linux right now Nothing about accessibility no mentorship and any documentation is again buried inside of the actual repository of the linux Colonel so good luck with that and there's dribble So let's see how dribble stacks up. We of course know it's dribble org dribble.org slash dc oc is our code of conduct And we have many different twitter accounts. The dribble project twitter account is just dribble We have a link to our code of conduct in the footer. So it's very easy to find we also have an event code of conduct If you go to the code of conduct page, there is a sidebar with a bunch of stuff about governance and other information Our leadership, um Our structure is fairly typical and clear to anyone who cares to look The dribble association is a nonprofit with a board of directors jerice is on that board Events and speakers dribble con is expensive It's held in western countries We don't pay our speakers and while we do have scholarships. They are a reimbursement strategy Which doesn't really help people get on the plane However, the track teams have been making great strides in diverse pie in the speaker list The dribble con event staff has been improving the conference in terms of general accessibility Prayer rooms quiet rooms pronoun stickers. No photography lanyards and things like that So I do think that our events are of a fairly high quality, but I think we could do a lot better We have a very informative website and a good social media presence with a good social staff I don't know anything about our specific policies because I That's not my job, so I don't work for them But I think they do a pretty good job from the interactions that I've had and observed We have a contribute button fairly prominently on the home page. Um, I think Those paths if if you follow them are pretty good in terms of you know contribution paths Um accessibility is a pretty major initiative and focus Both on the technical side and I think people are really realizing on the human side that it's very important Um, certainly from the event staff and groups like dribble diversity and inclusion I think we're really trying to make that a much um a much more prominent Focus in general in the community And we have, you know the mentor initiative for mentorship, which I think is fantastic You know, we have contrib days at almost every single event with with mentored sprints, which I think is I can't imagine we could do much more in terms of that Um, you know, there's there's mentorship on slack. Um I think You know, like I said at the beginning, I think if there's A gap that exists. It's because the more general community may not feel welcoming I don't think it's because we're not trying hard enough with mentorship And documentation, you know has its own home on dribble.org Of course, there's always missing documentation But as an overall documentation artist architecture, I think we're doing a really good job there So, um, I forgot to put the final slides in here Um, but if you have any questions, we can do some q and a Don't forget to go to the sprints And if you want to review this you have to go through the app And then tap on the The review link and then let's you review it because we can't review them on the website And we have like one minute if there's any questions I think it's not a question, but um, I'd like to say thank you for bringing up the Um, we were talking about how people see your projects And I was thinking about that also from like a personal perspective. How do people see me or or You know, how do we present ourselves, you know, individually? And and I thought that I could relate to that as well. So thank you That was all Yeah, if you want to comment on that, I don't know No, I think it's important. It's something I think about too. Like I think I've been put in You know through You know gdi and being a speaker and being on the truck team I think I've been sort of put in one of those positions of unofficial leadership So it makes me think about you know, how I carry myself and how I acted events and things and either when I'm tired and grumpy I try to be as friendly as I can or I try to you know If I really don't want to talk I try to bow out of conversations like as politely and gracefully as I can Instead of just being like like no, I don't want to talk or things like that And I you know try to have as much of a persona of like friendliness and helpfulness as I can even if I'm not feeling it Because I think it's really important that You know that I do that that I am friendly to people who feel if someone feels comfortable enough to talk to me and come To me then I think it's really important that I interact with that person So I think it is important that we think about how You know, how we are viewed in the community I'm not sure like My my thoughts haven't been finished on this but we are only on a minute When you started talking about You asked us a question. Have you ever experienced or witnessed Hurtful interaction in open source and in Drupal especially I I did I mean I was thinking Of course No matter how Well your code of conduct is and no matter how well you Focus focus on guarding that there will of course always be like people That do that I you can kick them out after the first Happening but you will always always always have that so I was just thinking like You are asking for the worst Experiences because I do I have experienced those things but Overall, I do feel very welcome in the end like it turned for me it turned out in the end So I just wanted to I guess focus on that like it's not all bad There are bad things, but luckily There is still a very big Parts of this community that is welcoming and that is Respectful So Yeah, I guess I just Would like to add that No, I think that's so important and it's a good point that you know Hopefully the good always cancels out the bad But I think part of it is also making sure that we can get rid of as much of the bad as we can You know if everyone is focused on being as welcoming and as inclusive as possible And everyone is thinking about being you know the most polite the most welcoming the most kind that they can be Then we can cut down on as much of the you know the rudeness the dismissiveness the bad behavior as we can and everyone You know if everyone were on their best behavior all the time You know because there are people who have had one really bad experience and it has ruined them for them You know, they've left the community. They haven't felt welcomed. So if we can cut down on that and just Make the community as good as it can be because then when that person tweets about it and someone else sees it And then they're not going to join our community So it's kind of things like that like how are people seeing our community? How are they perceiving it because they're going to perceive it through You know if they're going to perceive it through the eyes of someone who had a bad experience Then that reflects really badly and we can't fix that So if we can just start fixing it at the root and say like This is who we are. This is the kind of people we are we are kind of nice welcoming people We are helpful. We have good then you know, we can just People are going to be people people are going to bad days people are going to be mean it's going to happen But if we can just come from a point of view of hoping that none of that happens I think we can really make ourselves better Yeah, I agree with you 100 of course There's one more issue in my mind I'm a pretty insecure person like and it doesn't show It's kind of like there and I'm like, okay, I see you insecurity But I'm not going to do a lot with you because it doesn't help me, but I do feel it. So I understand from that perspective what that's like and if I'm like a new person and I And I see a project and I read the code of conduct and it's like really strict I'm like, we have to be nice. We have to do this. We have to do that and I'm like, oh my god What if I have a bad day? What if I say the wrong thing? Are they going to be okay with me being human? You know, so I think it's important to also Kind of like let people feel that we're all human And we there's room for that. That's okay That's an interesting point and one I hadn't really thought about that people would feel pressure to be too nice But I'll have to think about that. I hadn't really thought about it Okay, one last question because we're running out of time I just wanted to say thank you I only saw the last part but I what I saw I really liked Maybe one one thing that I observed is We had for example the local Drupal association leaders meeting this week and I think I counted two women and like 29 So while I see a lot of diverse leadership already in Drupal I think especially when it comes to the local associations that I know We have a way to go and I think it would be nice Yeah, if we found ways to collaborate to improve the diversity of leadership in our local communities I agree a hundred percent Okay, thank you everyone. I think the next session is coming in


Leadership advice can sometimes seem like common sense, and this is where research can add substance. For example, when it comes to leaders engaging with their people, one study found that employees who received no one-on-one attention from their managers were four times as likely to be disengaged from their work and twice as likely to view their leadership unfavorably than those who met regularly with their leaders. Likewise, those who received twice the amount of one-on-ones, then their peers were 67% less likely to be disengaged. So the onus is on leaders to engage with their people. Who do you need to meet with this week? Lead well.


Hey, this is Brett and this 2022 Ram 2500 Crew Cab Short Box Laramie Level C Sport Edition is stock number 13612Z. I am here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, your new and used Ram and heavy-duty truck headquarters. This 2022 Ram 2500 has the 6.4-liter Hemi V8 engine. This truck has been fully-safetyed and inspected by our service shop. Has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off and it is 100% ready to go. This one has a max towing capacity of 14,580 pounds and has a max payload of 2,892 pounds. Found those on Ram's ToeGuide website. I will link that in the description below where you can check out any Ram truck that you have been for within five years. Anyways, I'm going to go all the way around in this video inside underneath. Start it up and take a look under the hood to give you the most accurate representation of the vehicle as possible. The right way clear coat is the color and I shoot all my videos in 4K. So if you have HD capabilities, turn them on now because it is your best way to check out the quality, condition, options, and cleanliness of the vehicle before seen in person.  Didn't see any dents or dings on there and the paint is very shiny and reflective. The front fender is in great shape as well. Headlight lenses are nice and clear and if you like the video, you can subscribe to my YouTube channel which is youtube.com slash summit auto. Click the bell notifications and you'll get updates on the videos I do each and every day here at Summit Automotive. This one comes with the 20 inch polished aluminum wheels and it has Firestone Transforce AT tires. These are LT 235 60R 20s. They have just about all the tread left on them. You can still see they have the blue on them from being brand new. And frame and underbody is in nice shape. This is a one owner clean title history out of Montana. Get the fender flares on there with the Laramie package, LED headlamps, LED running lights, and LED fog lamps. We'll turn all of those on at the end of the video so that you can see just how nice and bright they are. The Sport package gives you the painted front and rear bumpers. It does have the front bumper parking sensors on this one. The Laramie package gives you the chrome trimmed grille. And it has a nice bug shield on here as well. The hood's in fantastic condition. I didn't see any dents or dings on there. And the passenger side front fender, absolutely perfect as well. Passenger side front wheel, no scuffs or scrapes. And as you go down this side of this 2022 Ram 2500, take note of how perfect the body is, how reflective and mirror-like that paint is. Take these HD videos. So if you are far away or even if you're close by and you just cannot make the trip down, but you're still interested in purchasing the truck, you can see the truck here, the truck, and of confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at. That it's the right condition and the right options and the right truck for you, no matter where you're at. And you can make a smart purchasing decision from wherever you're at. If this video helps you make that decision, let your salesman know that you saw the video that was helpful and that Brett sent you. Back wheels are in excellent shape. And the back tires have just as much tread as the front tires. Once again, frame and underbody is in really nice shape. It does have just a little bit of Montana dust on it yet. All the remaining factory exhaust, little rockers all look really good. And it does come with the really nice chrome step bars. Coming around to the back, you'll notice that you get the LED tail lamps as well. Rear bumper is absolutely perfect, no dents or dings on there. And it does come with the full towing package, which includes the receiver hitch, four pin and seven pin wiring. Tailgate is absolutely perfect as well. And I think this is a power drop down tailgate. We'll have to check when we get inside the truck. Either way, it comes with a very nice spray and bed liner, fifth wheel and gooseneck prep package. You get the LED bed lighting back here. You also get four pin and seven pin wiring. As well as 115 volt, 400 watt max plug-in back here. Some nice side box tie-downs. And you get a button back here to turn those lights off as well. Beds very nice and clean. Didn't see any major dents or dings back there. And that spray and bed liner goes onto the tailgate, which is really nice as well. Back wheel for full disclosure, absolutely perfect. And I honestly didn't see a single dent or ding or scratch on this truck on the outside. So really nice outside. Cleanliness-wise, you get the heated fold-up tow mirrors. They fold up like so. You get LED side lights as well. They also fold in. And a built-in directional signals on them. Inside the Laramie Level C package, gives you the black leather and suede interior. You get the bucket seats in front, the great piping. Laramie stitched into the backrest. Power driver seat with lumbar factory Berber floor mats. Auto headlamps, power pedals, power windows, locks, and mirrors. Memory driver seat as well. And you get the suede insert on the door, as well as kind of that diamond-plated trim on the door as well. Back seats are just as clean as the front seats. No rips or tears back here. It does have the latch child safety system for any child car seats you may have. Power slide and rear window with the built-in rear defrost. That headliner is in great shape. You get the speakers in the ceiling. And once again, no rips or tears on any of those seats.  If you've got money booster tools, put them on there. You're not going to get your seats dirty. Same thing. If you've got pets, put both sides down. They've got a nice, flat place to lay. And they're not going to get your seats dirty. You do get a receiver hitch reducer back here. And you get in-floor storage with removable bins. Removable bins for easy cleaning. You can put ice and drinks in there. It's like you have two mini coolers wherever you go. Or if you're not in Wisconsin, just extra storage. Two USBs, two USB C's, and a 115 volt, 400 watt plug-in back here. Side curtain airbags on the front seats. Child safety locks on the back doors and the inside of the doors. All look fantastic on this truck. Really a nice ride. Inside. Check out the miles, the radio and everything that this truck has to offer. You can see that this one has 1,651 miles on it only. And you get a digital spinometer compass display on that 7-inch LCD display. Those corners are all configurable to read pretty much whatever you want. Instrument cluster is very nice and clean. Comes with the heated leather-wrapped steering wheel. Cruise controls and gear selector on the right. And Bluetooth and information center controls on the left. You do get audio controls on the back of the steering wheel as well. And you get the Uconnect 12-inch radio. This is the Uconnect 5 system. So you can see that it has the factory navigation system on it. You get AM, FM, and Sirius XM radio capabilities on there. You have, you can make it just the full nav screen if you want. There's highway 41, so that's working nicely. And then you get all your different apps here.  This can do Android Auto, Bluetooth, all that good stuff. We can check out the backup camera as well. And they made those nice and crystal clear HD. Then you can zoom in on the receiver hitch. I think when the vehicle's running, you can do that. But you can zoom in on the receiver hitch. You get hooked up to your boat camper trailer the first time. Every time, you also have the Alpine Premium Sound System up there. And just wanted to show you the off-road pages real quick. So you have your steering angle. You can turn the steering wheel. You can see that changes as you turn that. Even the wheels on there change. So that's kind of cool. You also have latitude, longitude, and altitude on there. You also have your accessory gauges and pitch and roll. So if you're off-roading, I know right now it says nothing because we're inside and can't get the GPS signal. But still a cool system nonetheless. You get your 8-speed automatic transmission.  You also get your coin holder and cup holders right there on that sliding tray. Remote start, power drop-down tailgate. So yes, it does have that. Here's a key fob. That's in nice shape. Dual glove boxes and the passenger side format and seat are in fantastic condition. Headliners, absolutely perfect. I don't think this truck's ever been smelt in. And you get assistant SOS buttons up there. Power sliding rear window, power sliding rear window. You get the auto dimming mirror and then the home link buttons for your garage door security systems and lighting systems. We'll start it up and take a look under the hood. Starts right up. No check engine lights or anything like that. Also wanted to show you the tire and loading information sticker as well as the VIN sticker right there. All right, let's go check out all those LED lights. We'll start off with those LED side lights. They are super bright. And I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today and hopefully from this HD video you've been able to verify just how nice and clean this super low mileage Ram 2500 is. There are those LED headlamps and running lights and fog lights. And under the hood we have the 6.4 liter V8 Hemi engine engine base. Very clean runs, very smooth. Once again, this truck has been fully safe and inspected by our service shop SA Fresh.  And it is 100% ready to go. There is the emissions sticker. And I would highly recommend this truck from a quality and condition standpoint. I'd ship this one to California, Florida, New York, Texas, wherever. Whoever's going to get this truck is going to be very happy with it. And to see more pictures of this truck or one of other 550 new and used cars trucks, SCVs, minivans, wranglers, halftones, three quarter tons, one tons. You name it, we've got to go to that website right there, summitauto.com. Full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at summitauto.com. And if you'd like to check out more HD videos, you can go to youtube.com slash summitauto. Remember to like, subscribe, and share on this video and all the videos that you see there. Click the bell notifications, you'll get updates on the videos I do each and every day here at Summit AutoMotive. In fact, in a second you'll see a link to subscribe to my YouTube channel on the upper left. The link to more Ram 2500 truck videos like this one, the upper right link to this vehicle on our website and lower left. And a link to one of our latest YouTube videos on the lower right. Click those, check us out. We're super excited to help you with this Ultra Clean 2022 Ram 2500 Crew Cab Short Box Laramie Level C Sport Edition and Bright Light Clear Coat. Thanks again for checking out the video. Remember to like, subscribe, and share on the YouTube channel. I really appreciate it. Thanks again.


Welcome to part 3 of the LoRaWAN with STM32 getting started series. My name is Jilti Arena, Applications Engineer for ST Microelectronics, and in this video I'll demonstrate how to set up the WOL Nuclear Board as a Class A LoRaWAN N-Node device and connect it to the ThinkStack Network Server. This is a continuation of the preceding part 2 video of the series, so please make sure to watch that if you haven't already. At this point I have my WOL Nuclear Board handy. Previously in part 1 I mentioned that the N-Device firmware was included in the QWOL firmware package, so I'll go to the LoRaWAN N-Node project and open it with Q by DE. The first thing that I need to set up is the device EOI for my N-Node. I have two options for this. Option 1 is to use the device EOI that is automatically created from the UID64 register, or option 2, use a static device EOI that I can manually set from the LoRaWAN device EOI pound-define. For this demonstration I'll use option 1, so I'll leave the static device EOI set to zero. I'll go ahead and find and open the files that I'll be talking about now, which are seidentity.h and loRa underscore app.h. Again, no changes are needed in seidentity.h. With this option the program creates the device EOI automatically in GetUniqueID. The GetUniqueID is a simple function that reads the UID64 register and creates the device EOI from it. This is the breakdown of how the device EOI is created. Taking my board's 8-byte address as an example, the first three bytes are the company ID for ST Microelectronics, the fourth byte is the device ID code for the STM32WL, and the last four bytes represent a 32-bit unique device number that is sequential and different for each individual device. This is what makes the address unique. From loRa app.h I have to change the active region pound-define to US 915, and this is an optional step but I still recommend doing it. From sysconf.h change pound-define debugger on to 1 in order to enable the debugger so I can run the program within the debug session if needed. Once all changes have been implemented, I'll make sure to save all files that were modified, then build the project by clicking the hammer icon, and the build should complete with zero errors. Now I'll connect the WO nuclear board to my PC so I can load the program on it and start a debug session. Once in a debug session, I'll hold from running the program for now. I'll run it after I have registered my end device on the ThinkStack network server. From the ThinkStack console, I'll click on applications, then click on add application. Once in this page, I'll be prompted for a unique application ID which I'll enter. The application name and description are optional. Once finished, I'll click the add application button. From here, I'll click on the add end device, register my device. From the registration page, I'll select the manual registration option. I'll leave the activation mode set to OTAA, set the lower WAN version ID to MAC version 1.0.3, and click start. Then I'll enter the end device ID, the app UI which must match the one specified in the WO firmware in se-identity.h, the dev UI which I can read from the sticker on the WO nuclear board. This is the same that is extracted from the UID64 register I mentioned earlier. I'll click on the network layer settings to proceed. I'll set the frequency plan to US902 to 928 MHz FSB2. Finally, I'll set the network key. In this case, I'll just use the default one to find the device firmware in se-identity.h, and click add end device. My end device is now registered with the network server, so I can proceed to run the end device firmware and see I joined the network. But before that, I'm going to connect the WO nuclear board to a serial terminal to see what's happening. At this point, the WO nuclear board should be enumerated as a virtual COM port on my Windows PC. From Windows Device Manager, it should show up like this. Take a note of the COM port number assigned, and select this from Terra Term. Then configure the serial port as shown with the bottom rate set to 115200, data set to 8 bits, parity none, stop bits 1, and no flow control. Select auto for the new line receive option. Now I can go back to my code project that I left stalled at the beginning of main, and run by clicking the run button. From the serial terminal log window, I can see that the end node device boots up and that it joins the network successfully. The LoRaWAN end node firmware is set up to transmit a data payload every 10 seconds, and I can see these uplink packets received on the network server console. If I look under data, I can see a log of the packets being received from there. This payload sent by the end node actually contains dummy pressure, temperature, and humidity data. An upcoming video of this video series will demonstrate how to integrate and use our ex-nucleo IKS01A3 motion MEMS and environmental sensor expansion board so we can report real sensor data up to the network server. By protocol definition, a Class A LoRaWAN device can also handle receiving downlink data packets. The protocol specifies two available downlink slots after each uplink event that can be used to send data down to the end node. I can demonstrate the downlink feature by sending a downlink packet from the network server console to command the end node to blink in LED. Under messaging, in the downlink section, set the F port to 2 and send a payload of 01. This is the code to turn on the red LED3 on the nucleoboard. I can then send a payload with 00 to turn off the LED. I hope you've enjoyed this video. I'll see you in the next one where I demonstrate how to forward the data from the application server, like my device is Cayenne, to help visualize and manage the data received from the end node. Thanks for watching.