Well, ladies and gentlemen, a little over three years ago, I kicked off my 1980 campaign at a rally held in the shadow of the Statue of Liberty in Ellis Island. And it's a memory I'll always cherish. There were many nationalities and family backgrounds represented in that rally, and yet practically all of them were Americans. One of those who hoped to be an American was the father of Lecwelesa. All of us were or are descended from immigrants, most of whom came here looking for freedom and an opportunity to better their lot and a lot of their families. America was a land of hope for so many who suffered the pains of tyranny and deprivation. America was a magic place where anyone willing to work hard could live a decent life. While our country had its flaws, the vision of opportunity was true enough for large numbers of immigrants to send back word of freedom and abundance. Three years ago, it seemed like something, however, had gone terribly wrong. Stagnation and inflation were snuffing out the opportunity that had been the hallmark of our country. We were perched on the brink of an economic disaster and suffering a loss of confidence both at home and abroad. And for the first time, it was being said that America's best days were past. Well, you and I didn't believe that. And if the 1980 election carried any message, it was, make America strong again. The most important goal of this administration has been restoring the opportunity and the social mobility of all our citizens. This is especially significant for black and ethnic Americans who were hit hard by economic decline. It's taken hard work and time, but we've turned this grave situation around. The economy is, as I'm sure you've been told in the briefings already, in the first phase of sustained growth. We've brought inflation down, and I suppose somebody's already told you this, too. But anyway, I'll repeat it, from double digits to 2.6 percent for the last 12 months. And that's the lowest 12-month inflation rate in 17 years. Taxes skyrocketed in the years before we got here. We've given the people a 25 percent across the board reduction in their personal income tax rates. We've also, through a highly successful deregulation effort, trimmed 300 million man-hours of needless paperwork from the private sector and from state and local government. Meanwhile, the civilian unemployment rate has dropped by one-and-a-half percentage points since last December. The number of unemployed has dropped by 1.6 million. I guess it was just a Freudian slip. I was hoping for eight. And a healthy growing economy has added almost 3 million of our fellow citizens to the nation's payrolls. Blacks and teenagers made gains last month, and we look for continued improvement. They were the hardest hit in the unemployment. Our economic recovery program made fundamental changes in federal taxing, spending, and regulating policies. But we should never forget. It was the policies of tax, spend, and inflate that stagnated our economy and has been the reversal of those policies and replacing them with a positive program aimed at economic growth that has put us back on the path to a better life for all our citizens. Along with this, we've recaptured a spirit of optimism and hope. In foreign affairs, we have reaffirmed our leadership again as an ally worthy of trust. We've begun a program to rebuild our defensive capabilities that were permitted to seriously erode during the last decade. We affirm in our belief that peace is more likely if the United States remains a strong force in the world. In the area of nuclear weapons, we're working with our European allies to re-establish a stable balance in Europe, which was destroyed by the massive Soviet buildup in the last 10 years. We've made clear, however, that no new weapons need be deployed. We have been and continue to be serious in our efforts to reach arms reductions agreements with the Soviets, especially in the area of intermediate-range missiles. Let me emphasize today, and I would urge the young people in Europe to reflect on this, it is not the United States and NATO which threatened peace. We have no intermediate-long-range missiles in Europe, and we're willing to forego them entirely. It's the Soviet Union, which has over 1,300 intermediate-range nuclear warheads threatening the countries of Europe, Asia, and elsewhere. And they continue to deploy SS-20 missiles at a rate of one a week, each missile containing three warheads. These are actions of intimidation, pure and simple. We stand ready to make any arrangement with the Soviets, which will be verifiable and fair to all sides. This includes eliminating an entire class of nuclear weapons. Or if they won't go that far, at least a portion, and the more the better. But we can't negotiate forever with ourselves. If Soviet intransigent continues, we will move forward to re-establish the balance and ensure NATO's deterrent ability. Our goal, both in the economy and in protecting our national security, is to meet the mandate of the 1980 election. To make our country the strong nation, the mighty force for good, that it was meant to be. Now, thank you all, and I know that you have some questions, maybe, and I've got a few minutes left. We are studying and reviewing that to make sure that this is really a change and not just cosmetic. And as you know, we have joined in many of the independent and the church-related agencies that are providing help directly to the Polish people. And we continue to do that. But before we make any real changes with regard to the government, we feel we must know that what they have done is really a change and really a restoration of human rights that they are here to for have denied before we make those changes and find out that they just have made a few little cosmetic gestures. To the, which problem? I wish the Secretary of State were here. We're aware of that, but I don't know that we have involved ourselves directly and deeply in that. We have offered, as we always do, to be of help if we can. But right now, I think more of our help is directed a little further east than that, on the shores of ... What's that? Yes, I know. And I hope that we can find and help in a settlement of that. Mr. President, inasmuch as the sanctions must continue until the Polish government actually makes some changes for the benefit of the people, do you foresee any sort of diplomatic initiative in order to get the stalemate, which is currently on between the Polish government and the United States government, for example, the lack of exchange of ambassadors, et cetera, some sort of other initiative in order to get us from this stale point at which we've been for the last few months? Well, we have, I think we've made it very plain to them that we're willing to move, but we're going to have to see deeds, not words, and that our interest is the welfare of the Polish people. And right now, I think the Polish people and the Polish government are two separate entities. Mr. President, that will be a difficult question. Vice President Bush in Vienna said a few weeks ago that the American government is considering, if I repeat it properly, to get out from the present system created in Europe by your agreement. Does it mean that there is any political concept behind it, or is it just a nice expression of wishful thinking? Well we have always felt, and why we continue to have a freedom day for the enslaved nations of the world every year, and to observe that, we think that that has to be the ultimate goal of the free world, is to bring about a time when all the people will have the very basis of democracy, which is the right of self-determination. And I don't think we should ever give that up. I think that it underlies all of our relations with the Soviet Union, and so I applauded when he said that in Vienna. Back there. Mr. President, my name is Dr. Michael Saas from the National Full Federation of American Ethnic Groups. Where are we going to break off diplomatic relations with the Soviet impulse government in Afghanistan, and extend more effective material assistance to the freedom fighters in Afghanistan? I have to say that I don't believe that breaking off diplomatic relations, even with the Soviet Union, and our anger with them over this terrible deed with the Korean airliner. What? With the Soviet impulse government in Kabul. Oh, I see what you mean. Yes. I misunderstood. We haven't seen that as providing an advantage, yet there are some times when we think that it is very valuable to have eyes and ears on the scene of some of these places. This does not mean that we are not doing everything we can to bring about a change in that situation and get the Soviet Union out of there and restore freedom to the Afghanistan people and let those millions of refugees come home. But we don't believe that creating a wall of silence between us would be beneficial, right? Mr. President, Peter Gaines, you still have a friend to visit South Korea, which can be the main proposal to visit South Korea. Do I? Korea. Yes. Mr. President, you cancelled the visit to Philippine. You still have a friend to visit South Korea next week. We are, in fact, in a few weeks I am, we divided the trip up. We cancelled part of it because I couldn't be away for the whole period of November which we had scheduled and in which the Congress which was supposed to go on recess was going to be here and I'm not about to get out of town for three weeks and leave Congress here without me. But we did divide and we are going to keep the Japan and Korean part of the trip. That will take place early in November and I will only be going counting the day I leave and the day I come back. It's a total of seven days and three of those are holidays so I'll only miss four days and I figure that they can't get in too much trouble in that time. So I'm going to do that but then we will reschedule the balance of the trip later possibly in the spring. In your schedule, does India fit into your schedule when you visit Asia? Not on these two trips. I have had the pleasure twice of having Madam Gandhi here as our guest and she has very graciously urged me to come there but that isn't on the schedule as yet. I look forward to that and certainly want to do that. One more question, Mr. President. Well, then... Mr. President, my name is Kishisha from California. I would like to know if the Americans have a stand on the Turkish genocidal document in 2015. Genocide? Army. Army. Army. Turkish. Army. Genocide. Oh, I... The only official stand that I can tell you we have is one opposed to terrorism on both sides and I can't help but believe that there is virtually no one alive today who was living in the era of that terrible trouble and it seems to me we ought to be able to sit down now an entirely new group of people who know only of that from reading of it to sit down and work out our differences and bring peace at least to that segment of humanity. Thank you. Thank you, Mr. President. Thank you very much. I have to go. Thank you all very much. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you.


Good morning, YouTube family. Oh, I woke up. I arrived here last night, and it was raining really hard, so it was dark. There's no way I was going to set up the tent in a downpour. So anyway, decided, called an audible, slept in the car last night. I actually slept better than I expected. Anyway, we're at the avalanche parking lot here at the base of Mount Yale, a 14er here in Colorado. So we're going to go get this done today. But oh man, not the most ideal sleeping arrangement, but we'll take it. I just love the fact that this little pile of gear on the ground is all that I need to go have a good time in the mountains. Don't need a bike, don't need ropes, don't need whatever else folks do in the mountains. Just a little pile of gear, basically running shoes in today. It's again the Sense Six's SG. But later, I am going to take out the Mafate II's for my shakeout run this afternoon. So just stay tuned for that. First impressions, hoca, hoca Mafate II's coming at you sooner rather than later. Oh man, I got to go take a shower or some maybe go take a little bath in the river today.  Same as yesterday. All right, it's approximately 8.30. Took a little sleep in and we'll see how much filming I do on the way up. Just going to feel out the legs after yesterday's effort on Pike's Peak. And bada bing, bada boom. Let's go get some vertical. Come on. You start on this and then you head left of Mount Yale. All right, here we go. All right, there we go. Top of Mount Yale. Oh man, feeling real good about that time. I'll get it to you back at the coffee shop and BV. And then tomorrow might be a Harvard Columbia day. That's that over there. All right, back down. Here we go. When I get tired up here on these mountains, all I have to think about is Nolan's 14. Oh, this crazy mountain adventure that I've tried a couple times. I haven't completed it, but this is like not a walk in the park, but it just puts everything in perspective when you've tried Nolan's 14. Holy smokes. All right, heading down. It's a pretty intense trail. I've never actually done Mount Yale from this side, so a little more intense than I was anticipating as far as rocks and cliffs and all that stuff. Oh yeah, there we go. Oh yeah, that's tiring. All right, round trip. We're looking at 257 58 car to car avalanche parking lot Mount Yale. All right, I'll get you the ascent time at the coffee shop. Time for a latte. All right, let's upload this run. See how we did on Mount Yale. All right, there we go. I think feeling organized. The car is pretty small, so I have to pack it in pretty good. Anyway, let's see. So December 31st, 2018, I said this. Goal number three is directly connected to number two. It really, they feed off of each other. Goal number three, I want to set two more FKTs on 14ers in Colorado. What is a 14er? In Colorado, we have 54 mountains that rise above 14,000 feet of elevation. So we call them 14ers and basically I set two FKTs and what is an FKT? That's an acronym for fastest known time, fastest known time. So basically through Strava, I can see the fastest times from the trailhead to the top of the mountain and back down for all the people who have basically ran up the mountain as fast as possible and back down. And I was able to snag to this past summer, Mount Beerstat and Graze Peak. And so next year, 2019, I'm thinking Mount Albert and maybe that's right. One down, one to go. I claimed a king of the mountain, a course record today on Mount Yale. So that was one of my goals for 2019. And that's why I love being pretty specific leading into a new year. And I know a lot of people don't like to do new year's resolutions, but at least in the running sphere, I love. So I had like six goals for this year. And this is one of them is to get two FKTs on 14ers here in Colorado. So that is nice to get one of those off the list for 2019. And listen, so my time was one, basically one hour, 39 minutes to the top for the Avalanche trailhead, for the Avalanche trailhead from Mount Yale and Sage Canada. You all know who he is, who runs for Hoka. He had a 150 last summer. And I guarantee he was not going all out because my effort was solid today. I wasn't going all out, but I was working for sure.  And so Sage is an incredible runner. It's all in fun Sage. And but nonetheless, I am proud of the fact that I was able to claim a FKT here in the collegiate peaks because in the late 90s, before Strava, before GPS watches, before anyone really cared at all about mountain and ultra running, like there was a very, very niche. First of all, running is a niche sport. And then within running, mountain and ultra running is even more niche. So nobody in the late 90s cared.  So it's good to claim an FKT on my home turf, if you know what I mean. And yes, we're going to go with Yale. Shout out to all the Yale alumni. Do we have any Yale alumni watching? Yale is the keyword for this blog. And the question of the day, how do you, what is the number one benefit or the number one reason you use Strava? So the app that tracks our running and allows us to compare times. So what's the, what's in your running world? What's the number one reason you use Strava? For me, I think what I get the most excited about when using Strava is seeing your pictures from around the world, seeing the beauty out there, wherever you're running around the world and studying the maps for where you're running. Someday I would love to go travel to some of these spots and run your trails, run your streets, because they're looking absolutely incredible. So anyway, that's how I use Strava the most, is I just, I just flipped through to more global running, our group that we have. And I just am like, wow, that looks like an epic place to go run. So anyway, how do you use Strava? Hit it up down below. And okay, we're going to take out, even though it's raining, I think I'm going to push through as long as there's no lightning, you know me and lightning, and take out the hoca mafates for their maiden voyage. There they are with a Kevlar upper. That's right. I can't wait to break these down for you as soon as possible. And all right, let's lace up before the real torrential downpour begins. Little crown, little crown today. So some terminology to know in Buna Vista, there's river rats. So it's basically rafting guides that literally, like they don't shower much. And they use the river as their shower or bath. So I'm just connecting to my roots here in my hometown of Buna Vista, just rinsing off in the river, a little river rat action. So I love you guys. I got to call it. Guess what? I got to go edit, upload, and go find a camping spot. I love you. They give a B in here. Fun day, good productive day of training, and we will catch you guys tomorrow. All right, sound good? See beauty, work hard, and love each other. And yes, the mafate two first impressions will publish as soon as possible. All right.


The ship is under control. The ship is at the head of the ship. The water level is high. Submarine exercise that focuses on anti-submarine and anti-surface warfare there are nine nations participating and we have a total of six submarines that will be tried by a hunt and find. Dynamic Manta is important because it gives us a chance for several nations to practice their ASW capability against very capable submarines and submarine commanding officers. ASW operations are complex because finding submarines is challenging. And it's not only one platform that can do it it's numerous platforms working together and it becomes a critical team sport to find those submarines. They're very hard to find and they're very lethal. That's why nations purchase submarines. So this exercise is similar to one in the past but different from many because we have special operating forces from one nation riding the submarine of another nation and they'll get deployed do some activities and then they'll get picked up by the submarine and recovered. This gives us critical interoperability between nations because I can take special operators from any nation and put them on submarine from any nation. Being part of the NATO alliance and working in a NATO position has given me the opportunity to better appreciate the capability that nations bring to the table and just how beneficial the diverse experience and capabilities that exist give us the combined deterrence capability that we need to deter our adversary from taking action. The submarine operations is hard because we have to track, detect and find submarines in shallow waters out in the deep sea. We work with allies to share information, build our skills and use each other's best practices.


Let's get over to our mam. It's the Basil Chapman as we do each and every Tuesday at 20 past the hour And don't forget folks Basil has an outstanding show here every trading day 10 to 11 Eastern standard time Also a great newsletter the opening call now It's very easy to get Basil's newsletter folks. You come over to our website at TFNN You're going to newsletters you're gonna see it right on our left-hand side second one down the opening call You hit subscribe you can get that for one month for a hundred and forty nine dollars You get it for six months for 695 which is a savings of a hundred and ninety-nine dollars or 22% And you can get it for one full year for 1195 which is a savings of $593 or 33% now they all come with a 30-day money back guarantee So you go over you can check it out if it works for you awesome If it doesn't work for you on the twenty-nine day folks You can cancel it and you get your money back and in between that time You're gonna get a great newsletter and a great education Basil Chapman, what's going on? Hi Tom. How are you doing? We've got a very wet day here. Do yeah, okay? We needed it good. That's good, man. I'm sure they wish that they had some wet days out West Yeah, let's face it. Well, we've had a drow turn mostly this year in the summer and we need this rain Yes, yeah, wow even up there. Okay, all right So in the market, you know Do we have a droat is it raining is it storming is a sunshine gonna come out man Well, it's very interesting if you look at the left side Move from the let's just go to this pattern that we're looking at in the left side chart, which is the dating chart Okay, there was just a steady Every day you saw buying come in so from the little truck that we made on the 27th of July at 32,000 19 31,000 and it's called it 800 all the way up. It was just steady buying to the 34,281 level on the 16th of August coming down It's been almost a straight line down and we've come down in a shorter time span I call it boss symmetry from that left side low that we were looking at to the way up and coming down We've gone down and broken that support in a shorter time frame I'm always a little wary of that because it's just saying that weaknesses come in Meaning that the buying pressure is very minimal at this particular point two things are already quite important and I'll spend a little more time in my show tomorrow in the tiger technicians out and discussing this but if you go from the 18,213 low of the 20th of March We doubled going to 36,952 and that that high in January the first week of January When you think of all the things that have gone on this year I still say at this particular point as we speaking and what is a 321 eastern time on the 6th of September could be different tomorrow, but right now We've done very well when you consider that with all the negativity We've only pulled back from the score of 37,000 to the low of To the low most recent level. That's today's low of 31,000 so in the context of what we've had what all the news is Representing I consider that to be quite good. So in the actual for what I have for my subscribers So we've been along we still long a call from way back in 2020 that we've got the low and we've kept that position Not all of it. We've taken some off, but the most recent low that we got which was the low That was on the beginning of in the middle of June That one we've got stopped out of very nice gains And then we gave back some because we've tried to go long for two days But we didn't go short of the 22nd of on the Yes, the 22nd of July I'm sorry. That was wrong 22nd of August. We went short the doubt so we still short that position and basically what I'm looking at here is Within the context of patterns I do not like that we've turned down so sharply from this peak B with a doji candle in the weekly chart from the high that was made Back on the 16th of August and it's been relentless For two weeks and today the start of a new week once again It's a red candle and that just says to me And I found that with subscribers We've raised cash again We've got a very big cash position once again and it's becoming a little bit more difficult to find positions that Look as if they could withstand any intense selling. So we're on the sidelines here We're waiting for some entries. I've got some stocks I actually now have a couple of stocks that looked like they could be good short positions So that's that's a change and at the same time if you're looking at you had spoken about the dollar I just asked you a question about that the middle chart there, please go back. Yep. Yeah, so As you said you only got to be and was selling off is that as will you are right now under the a actually? Yes, it is under the a but remember my the whole concept of the Chapman wave is if you don't take out that initial Starting point in this case 29,653. You are still technically in an up move I see okay. I just you have to restart I get okay cool Okay, and we have seen patterns where you've had huge gains with big pullbacks like this and then it just suddenly takes over Okay, just clarify. Yes, and the and then you were talking about the dollar Well, the dollar has just gone to a leg E for a multi-year high. Of course, you spoke about that 121 high that was made way back was it 21 years ago. Yes, and So what we've done is we've gone sharpie above the hundred and three point eighty two high of January of 2017 We're at 110 right now I say sharpie just in the chart pattern in numbers Seven points is not that great a deal But it is on the chart because this is still leg C You can see the MACD strong stochastics flat at 89% and that's very good So when I try to put this together, I'm saying that this week we can see a number of aspects that either are continuation patterns or reversal patterns because if you look at the Let me go to the TBT, which is the inverse of the bonds and this is the right here This is the ultra short lemur 28 t-bond ETF peak C in the weekly chart in the monthly chart We've got a test of 29.56 was the high of the 17th of June in the weekly chart And we've got a potential leg F. So as we're getting close I always look at this to say if there's a nice cup formation and you're getting towards the recent The most the highest level that you've got on the left side. That's yet 29 point 56 That's going to be the test and how it either breaks out or reverses So we're getting really close to a really big test for me in the bonds And if you look at bonds, look at this and I'll do a little bit more when I do my show tomorrow my target technicians hour I did some today, but I'll do a little more tomorrow because you can see this big cup shape in my triple yield chart This is the this is the 30 year t-y-x t-bond yield This is the 10 the brown is the that's white the brown is the tnx and the cyan the light blue one is Fvx it's the five year and you can see what I said to subscribers Let's watch to see how this cup formation forms a handle not one of my favorite patterns And if it's able to test the 34.72 that's two point four seven two percent That's going to be very important And if you're looking at the eyeshares of the global timber and forest you ETF would Wod it's coming right back to the 200 feet moving average and is starting to impact the photographing housing index So I don't think we can take what's happening now You're likely at all because there are a number of Very important aspects if wood goes below that 200 feet moving average Have a great one boys. I'll have a safe one. Thank you, Tom. Stay right there folks


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What's going on everyone Sam here late in sports car driven 2022 prism world cup soccer hobby three box break number seven Random team style here again as I look at your random results As always you can find these on the website under the results tab as well as the link that's currently in chat. Let's do it What's up SG? Yeah, we've been wheat out of the first two breaks of this you pull a lot of fire man, so I'm excited Let's keep up these case hits to I want to pull we haven't pulled the national landmark yet Which is kind of like the kaboom downtown That's all we need to pull Empty here we go. Good luck everyone silver summon Godos for Iran Steven Berger we are Bergwies, I want to say a bourgeois for Netherlands Again, sorry if I pronounce any of these names wrong. I'm just gonna say that to begin with every video Then we don't get old dudes ripping cords doesn't know blah blah blah my bad, dude Gabi nice one there for Spain on the roof It's like we got our auto and it's gonna be for Germany. That's Serge Nabri on the Silverado Congrats on that one there Germany Tommy L. There you go Tommy Nice one there, buddy. That's not silver. I don't think I lied just base not silver Just base We've got pure and copy for Ecuador. That's red 237 out of 399 Lucas Hernandez silver global reach for France base You know, it's cool about the one ones this year to in this I was talking to forest about it There's two one-of-ones and They are silver so genio desk for us Musa Diaby France and The two one-of-ones.  It's that one, but gold really? Yeah So I hope and pull one of those at some point. I just want to see what they look like in person Brendan Aaronson to 399 for the United States Declan Rice and Calvin Phillips Nuno Mendez base there is a Mateo Kovacic for Croatia on the pink knot number one per box Ghana cup card. These are sick Young and son the pie Serge Nobri Michael Jordan Gobi-gobi silver Granite Chaka for Switzerland. That is Moises Casino for Ecuador. It's weird Now just a statement Bono For rookie from Morocco on the cracked ice not numbered Uruguay cup card Don Juma Diego Costa Kingsley Coma They go find that out when you get a chance Reese James. That's how you get. What's that all about? That's free Justin Bischlo for Netherlands on the hyper Vinnie, Jr. Phenomenon Joe Felix. There's Mark Anthony Kay for Canada Cristiano Ronaldo global reach nice one there for Portugal. What'd they do? Wow skip wow messed up man. What do you guys three? We've got a Kalladoo Kola Bali for Senegal. That's 187 out of 199 a Marco Rus for Portugal or Germany excuse me for Germany There's one although base on the back Baby Yoda Darth fader super duel super frack it from bowman sterling How much would that be worth? Oh boy? Dollars. Yeah, probably like a buck 39. Yeah What are you thinking? Coin sup Jonathan Sardar as moin Johnny from 199 That is Rafael Varan and Paul Pogba Diego Hota And base my I was talking to my mom today We're just talking about like breaks and stuff and she's like I love when you and Sean are working together And you say someone's name and John just goes hey Eddie NBA and NFL teams left for tonight. There's a couple good teams still left man For sure.  Oh, he's awesome. Have any here man. Yeah, man Johnny hey Seuss Manuel Corona Jesus The 399 silver of Christopher and cuckoo for France Rory Yeah, SG it's one and one. There's two cards one base one auto RPA or something but for every case there's usually a case hit which is a downtown timeless moments are no worse sneaker Spotlights, which are really cool, too pink is Manuel Akinji for Switzerland not number Brazil on the cup card cream out of yummy Oh Someone come get this Shawn guys worrying me a little bit here. No a lane for Netherlands Got Eden Hazard and Thoregan Hazard for Belgium I believe Take my top load Yeah Never yet for timeless moments in one case Yes, sir L. Shirani for Saudi Arabia. What up six? Hey six Mateo Kovicic for phenomenon What are they three? Did you get us any Chinese food you're asking me for help brutal man, this is the most Stefan as to a keo the 399. That's what I'm saying. Yes. Yes, that is Jonas wind for Denmark new era Yeah, that that I understand but the no Chinese food not even asked for Chinese food That's just like that's like we might as well get on the ground and then we spin our face Yeah, gobbie rookie. We should go out there. Just take your food. Take their food. Let's let's do it. What are you gonna do? Justin Bishla to 299 Scores Club is Casper Doeberg. I can hurt your hands What do you three seriously? Silver Jeremy Sarmiento for Ecuador Qatar Maddie cash Ruben Diaz Silver Pedro Miguel for Qatar Morocco on the cup card Make this Suley I'm no orange coming up. Come on, baby. Big name big name Vinny Jr. We've got orange of that is Peter Zelinsky for Poland 11 out of 25. Nice one there. Congrats, Poland. That is Mike M on the combo spot Tyrell Mallet-Malacia for Netherlands Yeah, like jokes aside, yes Martin Ali rookie Even his art nice one there for Belgium to 399 I'm just gonna kick him in the knee Bruno Fernandez Cristiano Ronaldo for Belgium or for Portugal ACL and MCL There you go triangle, I know we got a poll one-on-one here for sure Neymar. There's a Collins bay For Cameroon cracked ice-knot numbers. Hi Osaka. What up Kyle? Lavendowski and base and we're on to Box number three and final. Good luck here guys We got to wait till you're you're in the break Kyle then we can go to one-on-one I think Kyle you're in the next one. You have two spots, right? About me one-on-one. I got you Arthur. Let me take a look. I see it Yeah, I could forward this over I sent it over for you Arthur Me Phil Foden Jeremy Doku, we've got auto for Spain Michael Marino nice one there Spain who's got Spain That's Rudy V or Rudy We've got Wu Young Jung to 399 for Korea career Republic Muneer for Morocco First break ever optimum you in the next one. Let's go. What's your what's your first name last initial?  That's just a tough one. Let's go Isaac. Gotcha. Gotcha. Let's go Isaac. Gotcha. Gotcha Peace Yeah, man. It's a lot of fun, dude. Welcome in welcome in for the first. I know you're always in chat But glad to have you in man for a break.  Let's go.  What's up Mikey Mike a Silver Hassan L. Hados for Qatar Don y'all nail in This is done Right now. Oh Yeah, Muhammad Kano Pull in cup card Jury and timber rookie. Yeah, no, like Blake and I were like waiting on Friday for one of ones Or one in ones release the Sod L. Sheep for Qatar Frederico Valverde global reach Joshua Kimmich It's actually pretty decently priced, too I don't know how much we haven't for But it's not like like when I first when I they first came out like I was gonna be like at least like a Thousand dollars a box, but now it's not For Canada to Joan Buchanan purple to 199 Got Ko Iida Kura for Japan rookie a new era Four years a lot of time for a five-year-old. That's true Take that to the bank Bernardo Silva on the blue nice when they're Portugal to 299 Congrats Portugal. Yeah, what's up? Waiting, how you doing man? Waiting 7 a.m. Heck. Yeah, dude Suchich. There's a Marcelo Flores Argentina Morning. Yeah. Good morning is right. Honestly. Good morning, man We're about to go home here in a couple six hours You guys are gonna ride it out. Silver Edison, Kevani, Wales. There's an imbap a That'll do it for the break guys do it gonna do a quick recap for you guys We've got Purvis estupan yon for Ecuador to 49 auto and Miquel Marino for Spain orange Peters Alinsky 11 out of 25 Poland Emmanuel Petit for France and Serge Nabri for Germany That'll do it for the break guys. Thanks again for jumping in next up. We got our last three boxer this


Good morning. Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen, you're all very, very welcome to this second event in the 2023 Developed Matters series, which the IIEA host them, which is supported by Ira Jade. We're delighted to be joined today by Mr. Jida Bear Ongbo, the Director General of the International Labour Organization. The Director General will speak to us on the topic of the indispensable ability of social protection and the costs of inaction. He'll speak for about 20 minutes or so, and then we will have a Q&A session. First, some housekeeping points. Both the Director General's presentation and the Q&A session will be on the record. You're invited to submit questions, comments, observations as they occur to you during the session using the Q&A function on Zoom, which you'll find at the bottom of your screen. Feel free to join the discussion on Twitter using the handle at IIEA, and the event will also be live streamed. Director General, you're very, very welcome. The Director General is a former Prime Minister of Togo, and he is the 11th person to hold the position of Director General at the ILO, and he's the first African to do so. Prior to taking up office, he was the President of the International Fund for Agricultural Development, IFAD. He also previously served as Deputy Director for Field Operations and Partnerships at the ILO, and he held several posts at the UNDP, and he was also Director of Finance at the International Bank of Mali. He is also the Chair of UN Water and Chair of the Board of the Natural Resource Governance Institute. I would now like to invite Ambassador Noel White, who, as Keenan said, is Ireland's permanent representative to the UN in Geneva and to other international organisations, to say a few words on behalf of Irish aid and the Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. Noel, over to you. Thank you very much, David, and like you, I'm delighted to be here for this webinar this afternoon with Jair Berongbo, Director General of the International Labour Organization. It's a real pleasure and a privilege, and thank you so much for taking the time to be with us today, Director General, and in particular for doing so on what is effectively the eve of the International Labour Conference, which kicks off here in Geneva down the road on Monday morning, arguably the most important date in the annual ILO calendar. So thank you for that and for taking the time out. Thank you also to the IIA for hosting this webinar as part of the Development Matters series, which, of course, is proudly supported by Irish aid. Our discussion today on, as David has said, the indispensability of social protection and the costs of inaction is both an important and a timely one. It seems obvious to say, but nonetheless, across the world, we are facing immense challenges, old and new, including around food and nutrition insecurity, deeply entrenched poverty, and of course, what is the existential threat of climate change. Of course, there is no one solution to all of this. These are complex issues requiring complex responses and responses which I think we can agree need to be robust, ambitious and interconnected. And clearly, social protection is one of the most powerful tools that we have available to us in shaping our response to these issues. In Ireland, social protection, of course, is an established and essential feature of our social contract. We are very fortunate in that respect. This is not something we should take for granted. Globally, an estimated four billion people remain without access to any form of social protection. We have seen the transformative power that this can have and how it can be used quickly and innovatively and effectively to respond to new challenges. This is particularly the case during the pandemic with the pandemic unemployment payment, which was central to our overall response to the pandemic. Social protection, of course, is also fundamental to our international development work, including our humanitarian commitments. And the ILO is a critical partner for us in the implementation of those commitments. Happily, Ireland and the ILO have similar priorities in this area. So we focus on strengthening national protection systems, of course. But perhaps more importantly, we have a shared ambition to advance towards a human rights-based and universal approach to social protection. We believe together that this can deliver cost-effective, transformative and, indeed, scalable change where it is needed most and when it is needed most. So it is a great pleasure to hear today from Director General Ongbo about the important work that the ILO is doing in this area. The Director General, of course, is the expert that we need to be hearing from today. In addition to his role as Director General, he has deep experience, as David has said in his introductory remarks, in development matters over many years. As a former president of IFAD, he has invaluable insight into the fundamentals of food and nutrition security and into the global structures of development assistance. And of course, as a former Prime Minister of Togo, he has an instinctive appreciation for the politics and the wider context in which development matters play out. And not an important attribute in the times in which we live. So it's my great pleasure to introduce Director General Ongbo today to address you on the topic of the indispensability of social protection and the costs of inaction. Mr. Director General, thank you very much. You have the floor. Thank you so much for having me today. The colleagues and allow me to say a particular greeting to Ambassador Donoio and I remember vividly the essential role that you play when you were representing Ireland in New York. And all the battle, one has to go through to move from the MDG to the SDGs and so many things. So I'm very humbled to have this opportunity to see all of you today. And again, I want to thank you for inviting ILO and myself as Director General to address you, particularly on a subject matter that is so key to us, because our starting point is that social protection is not charity. We want to make that clear. For us, it is a right that is dovetails to all human beings and needs. First recognized as a human right in Attitude 22 of the 1948 Human Rights to Social Security and is anchored in so many other human right instruments and international social security standards. However, almost half of the global population, and you just pointed out four billion, you know, co-citizens still does not, that half of the population does not have, cannot enjoy the right and is unprotected while others are only inadequately uncovered. So this is unacceptable and impedes development. And some, I'm sure you will remember during the COVID-19 pandemic, what social protection will do, the power of social protection in protecting people and enterprises for that matter of fact, and containing the worst part of the crisis without the massive expansion of social protection. And we in ILO counted up to 2,000 different type of measures that were adopted by different countries so that the crisis could be contained, otherwise it would have been much, much, much worse. However, most of these policy responses were only temporary and almost all have already ended. Even in less turbulent times, social protection is still indispensable for addressing the day to day life cycle challenges we all face. It is short access to healthcare, income security in case of illness, unemployment, maternity, rental leave, old age, etc. In a way to preventing poverty and reducing inequality including gender based inequalities. The redistributive effects of social protection creates more equal societies, making social protection a key ingredient of social justice. So social protection is a well-established element of our social contracts and Ireland is a very good example in, and quite in the world, Europe, we have to say, and increasingly in the rest of the world. So many countries have understood that they do not need to wait to build a social protection system after they have developed. Rather, you need to build social protection system in order to develop. And that for me, I don't want to take it for granted. Despite progress in expanding social protection, if I were to describe the state of social protection today, I will say progress has been too little and quite frankly too slow. You know, in addition to the four billion that we just talked about, let's say for example, the case in Africa where only 17.4% of people are covered to have any some kind of coverage, not even before what we call in Ireland, the flaws. And this undermines the economic and the social development of the continent. Worldwide fewer than 1 in 5 unemployed workers actually receive unemployment benefits. Another data is 2.7 billion people are not protected by any kind of health protection scheme. So I can go on, but these protection gaps hold back our social and the economic development. The cost of inaction is not investing in the social protection at enormous. This is why recently I was in a mission Ghana, we are saying that it's not just playing with the world, the words, we need to start looking at the social protection as the budgetary expense or expenditure is rather a social investment. Because the absence of social protection has adverse implications for human well being and for social and economic development. So the social protection supports not only economic dynamics by unlocking latent and untapped productive potential by investing in human capabilities, but also by stimulating the entrepreneurship, contributing to the productivity of enterprises and stimulating growth, particularly at the micro and on small and medium size enterprises. And it can be especially critical during the economic downturn. So in short, it is clearly irrational not to invest in social protection. Consequently, there is an urgent need to provide at least a basic level of social security for all. This is why we promote a social protection flow, what I was referring to earlier to ensure that everyone has access to at least a basic level of social protection throughout their lives. And these flows, this flow provides income security for children, person of working age, and older persons, and in particular, for those with specific needs, such as a person with disabilities. It also ensures that everyone has effective access to at least essential health care. So let us be very clear about what the social protection flow does not mean. It does not mean that we implement some kind of party social safety nets that provide limited time bounds and predictable protection that people cannot count on. That will not do it. Let's be honest. The social protection flow need to be part of a universal scheme based on promoting both horizontal and vertical extension strategy in line with international social security standard, especially convention 102, which defines what the minimum is in social security and the social protection flow recommendation. I go recommendation 202, which was adopted in 2012. What I was referring to the horizontal dimension is in a way to seek to extend at least a basic level of core benefits as to as many population groups as possible and as fast as possible. And this could mean providing universal benefit for children, basic, old age pension or social assistance for vulnerable groups. The vertical dimension referred to the increase in scope of coverage, the range and level of benefits often to social insurance schemes, which can provide higher value and more comprehensive benefits. This can be financed by a mix of social insurance contribution and complemented by tax financing. The next universal social protection systems need to be comprehensive adequate and sustainable. As we affirm in three years ago in 2021 by I don't internationally work on phrase. We therefore support countries in that in progressively building systems that are universal and accessible to all systems that are non discriminatory discriminatory and responding to specific need, sustainable and equitably finance covering the full range of risk from cradle to grave. And we need system that provide adequate benefit to ensure decent living standards and system that are anchored in national legislation and providing effective complain and and the collective collection mechanism. In this context, let me, I would like to acknowledge the excellent partnership of the government of Ireland, particularly Irish aid in supporting several countries to build the social protection systems. For countries to build the social protection systems and to close the social protection guard, they need more investment, particularly obviously in low income countries and I know the focus of Irish aid in low income countries. So why hide income countries allocate 16.4% for example of the GDP to social protection, certainly outside the healthcare perspective, the low income countries mainly assigned 1.1% of the GDP. So this means there's a huge financing gap that need to be sealed. And the fiscal challenge is exacerbated today by the announced income concentration that we know of. You know, it's important to remind ourselves that the poorest half of the global population, half of the global population barely owns any wealth at all. And possessing just 2% of the total assets. Whereas the 10% features of the global population owns 76% of all the wealth on that. Something that is also quite very concerned of mine is the third game, military expenditure, which reached a new all-time high, particularly given the invasion of Ukraine by Russia. And we have a new all-time high of 2.2 trillion in 2020 and 2022. And this may undermine existing commitment by diverting resources, either away from what he is spending or resources that could be added to the current level of commitment, audio commitment. The other dimension which for us is quite important, the distribution of the labor income, which shows that pay inequality remain an issue. You know, the lower half of the workers in the income distribution globally, the lower half earned about 8% of the total labor income. So that in itself tells the lot. When you add also the dimension of the debt management, the debt displays and the widespread austerity. All of that just exacerbate the disturbing context and really make it even difficult, the achievement of the SDG themselves. So the challenge of finding fiscal space to fill the financing gap we have to recognize is a difficult and daunting one. So with this state of play of power and wealth distribution. Can we really say that the universal social protection financing that is unsurmountable? I sincerely, I want to reject any and the fittest attitude. What we need is a much more determined political way for a decisive resolve to support a total reset of our global fiscal and monetary framework. The framework that will truly and equitably bring together the three pillar of our common destiny, the necessary economic growth, taking into account the protection of the environment, coupled with the scientific and technological progress and social justice. This will require a concerted effort by the coalition of actors, all of us in the multilateral sector, academia, bilateral, all of us the IFI. So this is why here in ILO I'm calling for a coalition for social justice for it to be able to move the needle. We need, as I said, not to be undefined. Our global ambition must be commensurate with the scale of the challenges we face, harnessing our unique tripartite, convening power in ILO and guided by our principle and values on that. So we want to let me end here by again reiterating the importance for us to really be focusing on as part of our fight against inequality, focusing on the global accelerator on job and social protection that I'm sure you are aware of that the Secretary General Gutierrez, with Guy Raiden, a predecessor launched in 2021, which now is taking off in a way for it to have a decisive contribution in helping with the countries, particularly the low income countries to sustain their ability to finance a minimum flow in terms of social justice. Let me stop here and I'm sorry to have been a little bit too long. Thank you so much. Over to you. Director General, thank you very, very much for a very powerful presentation, which is thought provoking for all of us. And we'll now open the floor to Q&A, and I would like to put first of all to you a question which comes from a former Irish Government Minister who's the chairman of the of our Parliamentary Commission on Social Protection, Mr. Janice Nocton, and his question to Director General goes as follows. With regard to the proposed social protection floor, has any consideration been given to in indexation of such a floor. And this because due to rising inflation, many countries with existing welfare supports, the lack of index indexation is undermining basic living standards by stealth, in other words, sort of by the back door. He also notes that you were saying that most of the 2000 COVID supports globally have now ended. But has the ILO noted the introduction of any specific supports for employees who are unable to work because of long COVID. So if I could put those questions to you first, Director General, that would be very helpful. Thank you so much, David, for those two questions. The first one, the indexation of the floors. Clearly the answer is yes. Not only our recommendation on pushing that direction, our self in ILO as part of our work or our development of the population program with the country. This is what we are we are pushing for. This is also one that is a little bit linked to the vertical and horizontal dimension that we are pushing for. Sometime what we notice on the ground, what the country are faced with is the dilemma between the indexation on one hand, and maybe expanding the coverage or expanding the outreach of the population that you want to cover. The link to that, even the more than the social protection scheme, talking about the indexation, the currently what we see in both developed and low income countries is the fact that the wages, the wage growth is quite much below the inflation and much below the productivity growth is in itself also causing another problem, which is similar to the indexation. The challenge is that sometime you have a social protection scheme, but that does not necessarily contribute to reducing the equality. So is it an important dimension that we have to look at it. And, you know, I see this indexation challenge together with the demographic challenge that the global north is facing as one of the critical one. If you look at a lot of the social security scheme, even in Europe, you will see that there's a need for such indexation to be much more active. The impact in terms of the COVID impact to the coverage and those coverage that has been ending. Unfortunately, we are seeing too many cases where and the problem remain unsolved on that. There's a tendency about behaving like now COVID is fully behind us and the scheme that you put in place to ensure that and those has been long affected by COVID and with or without the necessary ability to return to the job market is quite a difficult one. Depending on the country, we have also noticed that that also gets mixed up with the other dimension we are looking where people tired of job seeking just decide to withdraw from the labor market in itself on that. So that is compound impact on that. The formal point about the two question back to our notion of the floor. And to be honest, we talked about the floor for this kind of the bare minimum. And sometimes that doesn't even make it to be on to be honest online over. Thank you very much. I have a question also from David Joyce of the Irish Congress of trade unions was also worker delegate to the International Labor Conference, which is about to begin. He thanks very much for your presentation and he asked what is your own outlook for that conference. How do you see it unfolding. No, of course, to be transparent, you may have seen in the papers a serious attack these days about the presidency of the of the of the of the conference, which for me is a very good question of whether you know or you don't or how the whole international system works. It remind me, I don't recall which month exactly when there have been a lot of concern expressed in different part of the world, whether or not Russia should be allowed to chair the Security Council on given the invasion, etc, the big picture of the international law. So for us, we have to manage this and giving it to the government because this is really government decision and the government essentially are having a tough analysis of if you were to start on defining what are the criteria to meet or not to meet before you allow, etc. Maybe there are so many of the 200 plus countries in the UN system that will always fall short in one dimension or another. And that in itself, you will be solving one problem to create other problems going from Coke to Pepsi on type of situation. So I believe now we try to handle that that dimension, but the substance of the of the of the process itself, we are really looking forward we have four major dimension. First of all, there is a possible standard setting on the apprenticeship on that, which we believe is a huge particularly when we look at that in terms of youth unemployment and when we look at that in terms of just transition toward a decarbonized economy. There's another big discussion will be the one around the protection. So we will come back to what we're talking about in terms of social protection, including also protection of the vulnerable groups fighting against discrimination and so forth. You will not be surprised also that we expect the committee on the just transition itself to also be one that to draw a lot of attention. And for us, it's not only just transition, that's of climate change. It's also digital just transition in terms of move toward a digital economy and also the energy transition with the risk of. We know very clearly and I will research confirm that very clearly that those transition are going to create more job than those that will be lost on that. So if you look at that mathematically, it's even good news. But the math doesn't take away the fact that those that are going to be in the category of jobs to be lost, we need to make sure that nobody is left behind. And therefore, the whole scheme, rescaling, and the link to the apprenticeship, so you have that nexus, which is. So we are looking forward to the substantive side. It's going to be quite very important two weeks for us. The best of luck with it. Director General, you talked also about the huge challenge of the of the financing gap in relation to social protection systems. What can be done concretely to try to address this? I mean, I know that you have been exploring G7 and other frameworks as a way of trying to draw direct international attention to this. I mean, we've all seen the huge importance of basic social protection from the pandemic. So the world has seen that there is no alternative, yet it is a huge task to try to persuade the wealthier countries to divert resources, for example, away from military expenditure. That was a very good point you made. What can you do concretely at the ILO to try to take that debate forward? This is one of the one of the reasons why we are launching a coalition for social justice. What we really trying to we want to do is first of all, to this debate, what we have in now, to have as much as that to bring the global attention to elevate the political awareness and discussion and debate on that and making sure that in all those major agreements, be it political, economic, financial or commercial agreements, that we embed is social justice dimension. In this case, a protection dimension. Now, you will be next on the 14th of June, 14th-15th, we're going to have a special specific panel and we have four panels. And the panel on protection, you can see that this is getting so much registration on the panel on social protection on one hand and the other hand is trade and labor rights. On that is also getting so you. So on one hand, we really want to elevate that debate, which is one. Secondly, what we believe is important is also to work with the countries we are assisting. And that ILO is working right now with IMF and where we took four countries as a pilot cases, Togo, Mozambique, Iraq and Uzbekistan, where we are looking together with IMF, the fiscal space and how we can maximize the social spending on that. So ultimately, I think if we are able to do that, so because you know, when you have an economic downturn, the temptation is always to cut on the public services and looking at public services and therefore you hit the social protection schemes on that. So we want to work on that as well. Obviously, we want to also continue making appeal and as much and the representation for increase the portion of the ODA that goes to the investment and the sustainable investment to avoid the short term like we saw during COVID, short term type of investment and looking at that in building the institution that are on themselves. So we do, the financing is a major dimension. And we think that we have to have a combination of different scheme, but ultimately it's to the country, all national revenue collection and budgetary management to be able to finance that minimum that the flow we are referring to. Thank you very much. I have a question here about the particular challenge in creating a social protection system in countries where there is turmoil, where there is conflict, one thinks of, for example, Afghanistan. What do you do in a country like that where basic infrastructure has collapsed? How do we either create or sustain a social protection system? Unfortunately, countries like Afghanistan or countries that are coming of protracted classes or different type of classes, those are the countries that are much more in need. And ironically, those are the countries where the institutions are quite the weakest. So we do believe. When you start looking at that, social protection, I want to insist on this, going beyond social security, when you start looking at that from the protection perspective, you would still need to build immediate mechanism. Country like Afghanistan, social protection is also, for example, access to education, enabling the children to be able to access to education. So in those type of things, by having school meal programs. That's why I do think in the short run, the ODA and the humanitarian investment, what are the bridge from humanitarian to development has to invest in the social protection scheme that at the same time encourage medium-term, solving medium-term development issues. So access to the minimum health care. So you cannot put a health insurance in place if there's no doctor. And if you can't even have the medication and the pharmacy system working. So this is what we also call those start building from scratch. So in country like crisis, by the way, we start doing much more in that. It's important to mix both shorter, or I call it humanitarian or the next is humanitarian development on one hand and long-term building the institution at the same time. But they are very, very much more difficult. I have to, but they have to solve this all, they may on this one. They have, very quickly, they have the other type of crisis in Turkey and Syria. Very good example. It was relatively easier for country like Turkey that has much more functioning institution to have immediate release and protection scheme compared to Aleppo or northern part of Syria, for example. Indeed. You spoke at the beginning, Dr. General, about social protection as a human right. And you made a very strong point there. What more can we do to highlight that, to make sure that that is actually accepted universally? Because I sometimes think that people pay lip service to it. But the reality is you pointed to the fact that it is codified as a human right. But is there more that we can do to win acceptance for that worldwide? Yeah, and I'm very glad you raised that. And we need all of you to help us continue advocating. For us, the very first thing is to, you know, we still have our recommendation to that, not all countries have ratified and implemented. Already by implementing the existing or the convention on the social security to first ratify that is a first step. Secondly, obviously, I'm very encouraging country to do what other countries have done. You know, an example comes to my mind in South Africa where they write to water and the energy, constitutional rights on that. So by the mayor that they are ingrained in the constitution, although the government still may not be in a position to respond fully, it forced the government to have that high on the agenda. So I tend to encourage what I call any attempt at the national or international level to really embed part of the minimum rights if in all our constitution, we want to recognize our freedom of speech or freedom of expression. For me, it's also important to us some basic social protection rights embedded in our fundamental goals. Absolutely. I have a question here about the impact of the global cost of living crisis at the moment and indeed of rising inflation. This means that consumer purchasing power is reduced and in many developing countries, this has led to an increase in the number of people working in the informal sector. What can the ILO do to improve job security in developing countries to deal with the issue of more and more jobs ending up in the informal sector? Particularly because we want to acknowledge that we noticed that, you know, if you look at the 15 years, pre-COVID-19, the informal economy has been formalized at least slowly, but we did have, we gained five, six points in formalizing and that five points that we gained were quickly, you know, totally ripe off and totally erased during COVID. And since then, it's really rather increasing than going, we are not even back to the pre-COVID level. So I really want to acknowledge that. What we do again in terms of the informal economy are different levels. One, we do think that what we're discussing about having all the digital group having access of minimum social protection flow is essential. The second thing is, you know, when you look at that, you need also some incentives for the micro and the SMEs to formalize. You need to have some sort of program incentives and that can also be linked to the offers on the table from the protection side. And thirdly, I also believe you have to continue working on using the fiscal policy as a way to encourage formalization, not very often what we know from Latin America to Africa and Southeast Asia, South and Southeast Asia. You'll really notice that when the fiscal policy is really just used to quote, unquote, arrest on people, then they will tend to go to the informal on the safe. So do that structural thing, let alone the fact that in itself you need to encourage business training and access to IT and the technology and platforms. We have to dissociate when we talk about the informal economy. There's also a new form of informal economy, which doesn't mean necessarily that people in the most vulnerable categories, particularly when you think about the digital economy, the workers on the platform. Some are vulnerable, some are not. So it is also a matter of bringing the informal economy to formal so to optimize the tax collection system as well. So all of that, what I have to say, it may or may not be linked to the challenge we have with the loss in the purchasing power on that. The loss of that purchasing power just makes it worse. But even if we didn't have that, since COVID, we noticed that the problem is there and is a huge one. And back to the purchasing power itself. We have to recognize first in Iowa, and Iowa does recognize that the last year and a half or so, what the central bankers have been doing to fight the inflation is giving a result to a certain extent. We know that at least the inflation, I believe IMF is still projecting worldwide up to 7%, I think, for the 2023. But we know that from 2024, the tendency that COVID will be under control. So I don't want to be mistaken. It's important to fight the inflation, otherwise we are all doomed. Being said, my concern is that most of the people at the table in making decisions to how to fight an inflation, not necessarily taking into account the need to really still protect the most vulnerable group. The protection system, the social protection system, while making the macro decision. And we have seen that in COVID, in a lot of international community, including what I was aware before in EFAT, the extra financing bringing to the country, including the distribution of the spatial drawing rights. But once you arrive at the country level, we don't listen, you know, making sure that the redistribution within the, how it's used to ensure that the most vulnerable, the most beneficiary, we were not necessarily successful there. So it has so big a dimension on it. Thank you very much for that. I have another question which asks, what can the ILO do to create or to support jobs which support the green transition? In other words, what can you do to create more jobs which advance the climate goals of governments both in developing and in developed countries? For us, what we start doing, we have been doing that for a few years, but kind of stepping up our effort is through our research capacity and being able to identify sectors that will be, let's say, clean energy, decarbonized economy, and that at the same time reach in terms of job creation. Secondly, it's really the whole preparing the workers for what we call for tomorrow's job, almost today's job, in making sure that all of us today are fascinated by chat and TPT, but the heart of the matter is, how do we measure that we can detour ourselves, we can reskill and abstain or totally shift those that are in the sector that are quite very vulnerable and providing those training, making sure the policy at the country level are adjusted to create a conducive environment for the worker to be able to go through that transition in terms of training and rescaling. And finally, creating the policy environment that encourage the youth to really go through entrepreneurship in clean energy or decarbonized economy and domain. And our time is coming to an end now, Director-General, but one final question here. What are the big challenges that you see on the global labor market at present? I mean, if you were to think, you know, five or six most pressing issues, what are they? Wow, that's a, you know, that's a very difficult and I hope I can limit to five. One of it is clearly that it is a challenge, but we can turn it to opportunity as well. If you look at the global north, the whole demographic changes, which somehow it's linked, could be linked to the skill shortage. And that on one hand, on second hand, you look at the global south, where you see how quite very massive level of youth and employee, very likely either trained or that could be trained. And at the same time, they are suffering from the risk of brain drain. And I mean, one of the challenge that can turn into opportunity is how do you organize ourselves through an orderly migration? Where you can have that circular migration scheme? Where you can, can I train opinion in IT or nurses in daily? That could go and help island or Germany for five years, get also experience from Europe and go back later on, even if it's 50% that are going back, going back to the country to also help the country before they are also acquired. That win-win is one clear point. The second thing that will come to my mind is the fact that we know very well that today our economy is growing more digital. That one's very clear. I'm very concerned about the notion of near-shorting, you know, friend-shorting, where, you know, it might solve some problem but just to create other problems. You know, something for me that, although we believe in Aero that there are a lot of things to fix in the supply chain business, and particularly in terms of child labor and forced labor, but globally the supply chain have been engine of job creation, poverty alleviation. If you look at most of the emerging economy today, that has happened a lot of emerging economy today. So that is the second dimension that I think we really need to work together not to the current political environments. Actually, I'm not referring, not only on the world in Ukraine, even before that we can all see the political environment is repatriating the production from the global south. I do have concern on that in terms of the impact on the job market, on the other side. Although it can also do good on this side. So my point is that we should not go through it in a very, in a blind manner. We have to also be targeted in trying to see how we still protect the globalization on that. The third dimension that I can mention is fascinating where we've noticed on the labor market the fact that the youth are no more interested to have one job from 22 to 67. And feeling that they can provide, they don't have to come on the government and because the government system maybe have failed or have failed it and they think that I'm the protection. The social pretend we talk, they prefer taking measure themselves to protect themselves. The type of example would be that gig engineer that would prefer not to have an employment relationship with an employer but negotiate on zero coverage. And that we know for fact is a time bomb challenge on that. So that would be more and more one we feel that we have there. The fourth one I'm talking about, you see the voice and the ability to negotiate. Our, you know, jargon out of our convention, 87 freedom of association and convention 98 collective bargaining. That's in the context of a genuine, very working, effective social dialogue system. Sometimes we tend to forget the key value of that in our labor market and the society in general. In a world economy today where the unionization rates are going relatively down, you know, I don't need to look at in France because of the challenge they are going through through their pension system reform. And that has set increasing the unionization rates on that. You know, it should be the other way around on that. So that dilemma is a difficult challenge or also that we have. Last point is you asked me five. The last one that I will mention is the discrimination, the winner of groups. And then, and for I do, you know, our constitution, the preamble of the constitution is no lasting peace with our social justice. And that the group that are at the risk of being discriminated against, particularly in the context of labor markets and workplace is crucial and that we look at that discrimination, exclusion and the different groups and people with some degree of disabilities how to make room for them to be able to access to a job on that. And all of that in the context where we really need to remind ourselves that labor is not a commodity. Well, director general, thank you very, very much. That was an absolute tour de force. We have learned a huge amount and we found it all fascinating. Really the answers to the questions and your initial presentation. Thank you so much for giving us some time today and we're very much in your debt. Wish you every success with the conference coming up. And I know our ambassador Noel White in Geneva will be looking forward to working with you. So the best of luck with your future in journalism. Thank you once again for making yourself available. Thank you. Thank you so much for having us and let me do opportunity to thank Ireland as in a sincere manner with your all strategy or the strategy and the work with ILO and in a very selfish way. Do I let me say also the work that Ireland with the fact where I was before and you are always there to stand with the smaller countries, the country at the bottom. I always have a very big respect for Ireland for that. So thank you so much.


Hello everyone, this is Ross at Teacher Talk at the most influential blog on education in the UK. Today I am honoured to be joined by Edie Hirsch, Don Hirsch, an American educator and academic literary critic, and particularly famous, probably here for teachers here in the UK who are familiar with the terms cultural literacy, and I know a couple of the books that I have read from Don include The Schools, We Need Them, Why We Don't Have Them, and one of my most recent favourites, Why Knowledge Matters, and Don's got a new book out which we're going to talk about called How to Educate a Citizen. Don, I know you're a very wise and experienced man, could you introduce yourselves to our listeners and give us a brief synopsis of your new piece of work? Well, my life is so long and ancient now that I won't go through all the stages, but I was an English literature, I was an English professor of English literature, and I got interested in language and the technical side of language, and there was just about the time I was doing this, I found out from psychological research that it turns out that the unsaid is very important to understanding what is written down or what is said openly, and this whole range of background knowledge is needed to understand what people are saying. Well, fast forward to the classroom, and so those kids in the classroom, some of them are understanding what you the teacher are saying, and some of them are not understanding it, and the distinction between those two is whether they have the relevant background knowledge to understand the language. Pauli put the kettle on, we'll all have tea, put the kettle on what? And what's in the kettle? And that, some kids know, some kids don't, so the kids that don't are mystified and they're left behind. So it was about making that implicit, more explicit, and give a level in the playing field that I guess is where you're turning. That's right. That was the real motivation of all my work in pedagogy and in education, early education, my focus on early education because the focus is on equity. Well, excellence as well as equity, both are actually go together, because everybody in the class needs to be brought along so they understand the language of the classroom. I think everybody can understand that, and even at the college level, you find these distinctions between people who understand what's going on, people who don't. But the trick for making the classroom into what the technical people call a speech community is that the classroom, the kids in the classroom, the children need to have the relevant background knowledge for the language of the classroom itself. So they understand the next step in learning. And that seems to me so fundamental now. I mean, that everybody should understand the language of the classroom is a pretty simple idea. Yeah. And of course, a lot of people throw up their hands and say, well, some kids have very favorable backgrounds and some kids have very unfavorable background. But everybody, how do you, especially for kids with with disadvantaged backgrounds, how do, how does, how do you get them to understand what's going on. And I think the answer is not very complicated. If you base what you're saying on on what you have already dealt with in the class, if you're gradually building up the classroom into a speech community so that one topic builds on the prior topic and so on. Then everybody's on an even playing field and actually the work that we've done in the United States indication, yes, that is true. And in fact, if you combine language instruction with knowledge instruction, so to speak, yeah, then kids catch up. Yeah, I'm keen to ask the psychological aspects. Can I just unpick your own personal motivations for your, for your work, you know, you're born in Memphis, which I have been to by the way, and I wasn't there in 1928, like your good self but and I just learned what you what motivated you was at your own childhood your own education itself. I, my parents happened to be a little bit independent of the culture of the south and the intense racism of the south mind you being born in 1928 in Memphis, Tennessee. Racism was totally endemic. I mean, it was part of the southern culture. On the other hand, my parents were a bit of an exception to that and I think that's what started me off on my as it were egalitarian motivations and anti racism. And when I was doing the fast forward couple of few decades and when I was doing the research on language, I wrote a book called theory of interpretation, and that got me into deeply into linguistic science. And so, being motivated by this kind of social egalitarian idea, I, I was chairman of the English department at UVA at the University of Virginia and I, when I stepped down, I decided to become the head of the writing program the creative teaching kids how to write and and there, what I discovered you have the same problem in in writing as you do in reading and comprehending speech, you have to know the background knowledge of the audience you have to know the language itself. And, and so I was doing some actual experimentation. And that took me into some black colleges in in the state of Virginia. And there I found out I couldn't even conduct my research, because the students in that class did not understand the question that this emerged into your cultural literacy types. That's, that's right. Yeah, that's right. So, well, yes, it evolved into a book into everyone's surprise became a best seller. And it was called cultural literacy and I just sort of made a compendium. I did some research with teachers all over the country and so, and into, well, what is it that the literate people know that the not not very literate people don't know. And that produce a list. And of course it was the list that made that that book famous nobody paid any attention to the psychology. Okay, so that's, that's the one is right. Okay, so I'm cognitive psychology and you'll be pleased to hear that are many teachers across British schools internationally not the schools here in the UK are starting to become very interested in the cognitive science of the classroom which is great news. I'm going to just pass two terms by you and that I know you've mentioned in your new book which will come to shortly which here in the UK calls quite a bit of a fuss in terms of probably political division those two words one is knowledge rich. And the other term is child centered a child centered classroom. Can I can I start off with the term knowledge rich first done. Knowledge rich is it is central to what I'm advocating. And it's not just knowledge rich, but coherent to progressive knowledge for the reason I stated at the beginning so the classroom becomes a speech community. But in addition, it's not just to make the classroom a speech community is to develop the knowledge in the student that will enable him to communicate with other people in the society. Effectively, both, and also to understand what is written down to understand that inside you have to have that knowledge base in order to have the language base. And everybody admits you need the language base. What hasn't been understood is you can't have one without the other. You need you need the shared knowledge within the nation in order to have shared communication and that insight needs to be exploited dealt with nobody inside and cognitive science disagrees with that. Can I can I steer this towards the kind of knowledge versus skills debate and for me, the skills underpin all the knowledge you know you can't have those skills without that fundamental knowledge and how do you see this kind of progressive traditional debate that might have evolved as you know that's been redefined as knowledge versus skills, or are they the same thing. That's the that's a fascinating subject. I'm glad you brought it up because another thing that was discovered in cognitive psychology in recent years, besides the knowledge base of language is the knowledge base of skills. There is no such thing as a general skill. There was a chapter just died now a distinguished psychologist named Anders Erickson. Yes, who I'm sorry I just, there was a distinguished psychologist Anders Erickson, who simply said bluntly, there was no such thing as a general skill. Yeah, and, and the the term of art used in psychology is skills are domain specific. So, it means that the old the progressive segment of facts are unimportant general skills, critical thinking and so on, or what's important. It turns out that that's a false debate, or it's a falsely stated debate that that there's no such thing as a general skill. There's no such thing as general critical thinking skills. You have to know what you're talking about or reading about. And that is almost as fundamental as the first point that I made the discovery of the knowledge basis of language, knowledge basis of skills. So you better have a knowledge rich schooling, because since there is no such thing as critical thinking skill in the abstract, and anybody who throws that term around should be challenged, because they don't know what they don't know what they're talking about. Mind you mind you, it's really interesting because one of the progenitors of this kind of education is probably so called child centered education was the American philosopher John Dewey at least he was very influential in the United States, and Dewey admitted that if you didn't have the goal of a general critical thinking skill that progressive education was would be a bust because it was too scattered to diverse people, students studying and learning different things. And if Dewey were alive now he would have said, well, that theory was wrong, because science has shown there's no such thing as a general skill. That's terribly important in discussing this knowledge. Yeah, I mean, if I think of my own, my own cultural literature for pedagogical content knowledge specifically is my own understanding of how critical skills align with the knowledge debate, and how that they underpin pretty much anything else that you can do. And now looking at teachers across the UK system who are engaged with research and theory and cognitive science. You can see how this is starting to evolve teacher pedagogy here in the UK. I want to come to now the child centered topic again it gets a bit of a mixed reputation over here and I think I understand your intentions with it but just can I just hear for podcast listeners benefit your views on the child centered approach. Well, first of all, I think education should be child centered. And the term I like to use in the states it's called personalization or differentiation, those are the technical that the teachers are offered. And maybe in the UK as well. Yeah, for what child, what child centered education is. I like to use the term accommodation, which is taken from biblical studies actually because that's indicating that yes you pay attention to the individual child in order to teach the same content to everybody you do need to accommodate accommodation is critical. Yeah, that's a term that's taken from hermeneutics which we've got those grand biblical study, you know, the good Lord accommodated his language to the understanding of the people and that's why you have certain discrepancies in scripture, but and I like that term accommodation. The child centered education is essentially went to content. At least in the United States it did so that you have diverse content in in English and language study. And that was a step too far was in the state. Because for reasons that we talked about for the beginning of this namely that you have to bring all kids along so they understand the language of the classroom. That that suggests by the way the big difference I suppose technically between a knowledge base and child centered is whether you have whole class instruction. In the states you have a lot of kids in the early grades sitting around the table doing projects and doing that call centers centers and instead of having the whole class and teachers are told in the United States, don't, don't be a sage on the stage be a guide on the side and let everybody do his own thing and discuss it. And that hasn't worked very well the United States has sunk way down in its rankings in the international comparisons and we in the states I need to get hold of ourselves and and change what we're doing. So, and given, you know, I know you take influence from Gramsci, and you talk about John do as well. Are there any things that you still, and you know from Gramsci particular that still influence your thinking today that you just want to highlight for listeners. Well, actually, I put it this way, I have decided to stay away from gurus and turn to scientists. The point about gurus is that they don't necessarily keep up with what we're finding out now. Just give you one significant example, because there's a lot of debate nowadays about culture and whose culture and so on. And what's terribly important to understand is that national cultures are artificial affairs that are created by schools. I mean schools are the other culture creators themselves and and people can have more than one culture. But on the schools of a nation to to implicate a common culture for the country and what's that made of I mean what the constituents are is open for a democratic, but it's the duty of the school leaders to reach a decision about it so that everybody has everybody has a shared culture and and that basic principle. It's very important to see another bit of science, it seems to me, which is the brain studies that have been going on, which children are born with a blank slate. There's no such thing as inherently as a black culture, brown culture. There are no ethnicities that a child is born with ethnicities are made they're not human constructs you'd say. I mentioned the word they're they're human constructs so to speak the way we. And now when I talk about Bramsky influence in yourself and the I know you've worked with some shape or form with Michael Gove and Nick Gibb could you just for a list of you know here in the UK, how you have influenced their thinking that's then influenced education here in England. I'm afraid that's a subject I don't know anything about. I'm delighted to hear that. You're inspiring our politicians which is inspiring our education system. Well, all I can say is isn't it too bad that the that the Brits were smarter than the Americans and got influenced by it. I wouldn't say it was my ideas I put together things, things that I was discovering from cognitive science. I happen to read cognitive science. Yeah, well it's great you'd be pleased to know that a lot of teachers here in the UK are getting really immersed with cognitive science and actually start to write about it as well as influence their own research in the classroom. Good. I'm going to put you in a corner. Could you give me some tips that you would recommend that teachers do in their classrooms that are one one theoretical but two maybe a practical technique. Well, as as I was indicating that change from so called personalization or differentiation where kids are grouped off by themselves. I don't know how much of that kind of pedagogy goes on in Britain as compared to USA. USA is completely kids in the early grades which is what I'm concerned with. Children are all placed around big tables, a group of five or four, five or six kids around a big table and they're all facing each other. And I think there's, there's a lot to be said for the teacher being a sage on the stage instead of a guide on the side because the guide on the side is leaving some kids out. It has been and that's what, that's what the data say. You'll be familiar with the term discovery learning or that child centered approach. Well, that's, now let's talk about the science in relation to discovery learning. I, I wish that a big article by three distinguished cognitive scientists were widely known in the education community but essentially, oh well they've written a series of articles. And it is bunk discovery learning or so called constructivism. That's the bit noir of of American early education because the claim is that if the learner actually goes through the labor and of discovering something themselves and construct knowledge herself that that knowledge will be more firmly implanted and they'll have general skills and so on. Both of those assertions are incorrect. They're not consistent with it with experimentation they're not consistent with cognitive cognitive theory that we now have. In other words, discovery learning is totally incompatible with novice learners, and that's what we have in elementary school after all novice learners, they need to be guided. I'm guessing I'm trying to interpret the theory that you've got that learning shouldn't be left to chance and if we want to kind of have a more equitable society. And where I guess in the UK just like you're sorry the US here we have in UK you have very extreme wealth and very extreme levels of poverty and we're trying to, I guess, give kids a fairer chance by that cultural literacy. If I if I'm close enough to your work done. And I want to just talk about your book and how to educate to citizen. Could I ask you to give us 20 second overview for listeners who are be curious to purchase and read through your work. Well, in a lot of ways we've just covered what's in the book, because after all the bottom line is what do you do in the classroom and that's what we've been talking about. Yes, in addition, in addition, though, I have a plug at the end. Well, I think this, we haven't discussed fully that question of ethnicity and the constructed character of ethnicity and the fact that it's the duty of a nation schools to give everybody as one of their multiple ethnicities a common ethnicity. That's a kind of duty that's horrifying to what I would call the romantic multiculturalists and say, oh, let a thousand flowers move. No, not in the area of language and communication, you can't do that. And, and so there needs to be a commonality that needs to be a national ethnicity. That's certainly the case in the US and also in Britain. And that's one issue. What was the other question you asked about.  And what patriotism really amounts to in my way of thinking is altruism. I like that motto of the French Revolution, liberty, equality, fraternity. And I was stressing, well, trying to get a non gendered version of fraternity. And the non gendered version that I came up with was kindness, because it turns out that that word kind in the sense that we mean it could be kind to other people, that that altruistic interpretation is linguistically the basis of the word. And that is who your siblings, it's your kind as it were in biology. And, and so kindness comes from kin and that kind of idea that everybody's related and, and that kind of patriotism needs to be inculcated. And as a, as a general point, I took a clue from the social biology and ear Wilson, I don't know if you know that that work but in any case, and evolutionary psychology to, and that is that selfishness may get you ahead within a group. Across the biological spectrum of selfishness can get you ahead within the group, but altruistic groups always defeat selfish groups. And, and I think that's, that's, and you mentioned that nationalism and patriotism aren't dirty words could you I know there's a whole chapter dedicated to this but and we look at the, you know, the Donald Trump era. We've all have to deal with ethnicity, racism, migrants, all those types of things that are going to make improve life chances for some people from difficult backgrounds and to try and reduce this polarization that we see through social media and in pockets of our society and what are your hopes for at least America in the future. Well, all I can say is Biden is ahead now. He certainly is. Now, I'm done I always ask my podcast interviews, what they hope to be their legacy and I suspect this book is yours but could I just put you on the spot and from your entire life in education at what what do you hope to impart to the human race. Yes, I mean, all one has left are those books and articles and things, and that's left over, and I have great hopes that this particular line of thinking, to the extent that at least in America we can think about long range. Long range at all that that this book will will have a bit of life to it and that the elementary schools will get to be more coherent and will start creating speech communities in the classroom that that's a tremendous legacy. If it happens to work that life is life is tragic one does not. No, what I like that you've written in the kind of kind of afterward in your book is that your schools can improve overnight and from our conversation I really like that the classroom can become a speech community that really resonates with me you know my own love for culture and literacy. And so can I just pull out one one more thing that you believe that schools can do overnight to kind of achieve this core knowledge. Well, think of the confidence that gets instilled in kids who've grown up in less favorable backgrounds. Think of how they flower I mean, I've seen it and I've described in the books and schools in the South Bronx. Yes, the most private area of New York. What has happened to those kids they win debate contest city wide debate contest that's that's that's really to see these kids coming from nowhere, because their schooling happened to follow these core knowledge ideas and and their education superior to the kids in Westchester the richest county in New York. And they, they defeat those kids in debate it's it's it's I guess the premise is that this knowledge coherent curriculum that sequence with, you know, well thought through kind of schema. The interleaving practice that's emerged through cognitive science I guess, and that's something that we should all be considering quite seriously in our curriculum choices. Yes. Well that's a good, I think that's a good point to end because my dog here at the background is asking to go for a little dog walk so and don it's been a real honor. I have to say it's one of my own educational highlights to have a bit of time with you. I've got a copy of your book digitally but I'm definitely going to get a physical copy. Thank you so much for your time. Thank you for your influence on personally I think worldwide education never mind just here over in the UK, and all the best with your next I'm confident best selling book yet again. Thanks so much. Thank you Don all the best. Thank you. Bye.


In this problem, we're given a series of data, and it's easy to do in StatCrunch. Just click on the little triangle, and it loads the data into StatCrunch. Then we go to Stat. I'm going to make this a little bit bigger, because we'll need the room a little bit later. So I'm just dragging these edges over. Anyway, we go back to Stat and SummaryStats, and then there are data in columns. So we select that to get variable one in there. Then I click on Mean, hold down the Control key in Standard Deviation. Select those two things we need, and it calculates the mean in Standard Deviation. And then I'm just going to compare, and you can see that we get the right answer for the mean in Standard Deviation. Of course, you've got to round.