Thank you so much for staying with us. This is OY25 for TV Time for Politics. We're looking at Kenya's creeping economy and some of the measures that have been reverted to ensure that our economy becomes stable. That is the VATs and the 1% to some sectors will be looking into that while the government is proposing come in January even for the tax payment. I'm speaking to Kristin Kendi, political analyst and Lito Asairas, political analyst as well. My name is Adreva Hilavi. Welcome to the broadcast. Send in your comments to all of us on Shemidi platforms, Y2F channel, Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. Good morning. Karibunisana, you know, it has been, I think, a week where people have been worried. Those who have been being supported by the government, now it's a time they're feeling like, wow. It's going back. Tumechelewa Sanan Kiare is proposing or through the government, the Kiare has come up with some measures. But even so, in matters economy, so far the market volatility according to some research, volatility is packed fears of COVID-19 industrialization to glean insight into the paths ahead. Business leaders need to take careful look at market signals across asset classes, but also look beyond the markets to recession and recovery patterns. At the same time, cross-section sectors of economy are worried how bad a COVID-19 recession would be, what the scenarios are for growth and recovery and whether there will be any lasting structural impact from the unfolding crisis. And last week we saw the president launching the recovery plan. So the biggest question now is, what would the COVID-19 industrialization look like because things have been going down in terms of market. I want to begin with you, Cyrus. Thank you for having me this morning. And I believe the government actually cannot come up with measures. One, the tax rate of 80-60% was there previously just because of the corona thing. It was, we were given a, let me say, a break. You see, the normal taxation rate is going to come back. We were not told that it's going to be permanent. No. You see, at the end of the day the economy of a country needs to grow. And this country depends on that economy for its growth. And if we don't remit our revenue, our taxes, then how are we going to grow? The only challenge that we have is when there's massive looting and massive corruption within the care itself. And then when we get tax, there are some fallacious tax exemptions that are placed on people. And you see, somebody maybe has a business that gives him almost millions of shillings. But this person will pay very little to the government through tax evasions methods. And now we need to sit down and ask ourselves what have we lost through such a tax evasion. Through such a fallacious tax evasion. Tax evasions are there. I'm not seeing them around there. But underline the word fallacious whereby in other words we call them tax cheats. I cheat that I didn't do business so that I evade paying taxes. I cheat that I didn't do business so that I evade paying VAT. So if 10 or 100 people do that who have generated an income of let me say billions of shillings then as a country, where are you? Then we have also the tax target that CARE has each and every here. Believe me or not, it has never achieved it. So these are some of the things that we need to sit down and strategize on how we are going to achieve our tax target so that we boost our economy, so that we are able to pay the debts, so that we adhere to the clarion call of sending 35% to the counties after BBI has passed because when we talk of sending 35% to the county governments. Now the question when I sit down and I do my arithmetic in one way or the other if we don't attain our tax target and we collect 16 billion from our revenue collection in the country. Now 900 billion pays, let me say the debts. This other one around 500 billion pays what? Let me say the current expenditure. So from this 16 trillion, how are we going to ensure that we attain at least a realistic amount that will be able to improve our economy at the county level. We have health, we have agriculture, we have infrastructure and so many things at the county level.  We cut the things of tax cheats and then we work on corruption. We cannot fight corruption to the latter but we can manage corruption so that at least we get something that will enable our country to grow. I appreciate you have mentioned corruption because that is one of the things we will be looking into at the tail end of this discussion. Let me bring in Christine. We have been on a tax break for the last 7 or 8 months since COVID-19 came and here we are, we are reverting to the same trend. What is the likely recovery path? I will hate to be a leader this time because a country like U.K. projects that it will recover from COVID-19 in a round being optimistic that is around 2024. Kenya depends on these countries. For example in U.K. they have lost 10% of the population have lost their jobs. These are people who come to Kenya. They are the tourists who come to Kenya. So when such a country suffers it is going to get a terrible cold. It is going to be very bad on us. Again in this country we have a country where the middle class, the people earning between 40,000 to 100,000 carry the burden of the country. These are the civil servants and the employed people. These are the only people. Actually whenever we have a new tax it is introduced to these people because for a business person it is easy not to pay tax. But once you have a pay slip anything that is introduced will come to you. So we have a very small in any part of our population carrying the entire country. If we could move away from taxing these people, the 40 to 100 because these are the people who have been sustaining us. There are still the people who are sustaining us and there are the people who don't enjoy these tax breaks. The tax breaks go to business people. For some reason the government thinks that a person who is employed does not need the tax break forgetting that by yamafutiki panda it hits this person. So if we could broaden our tax base like tax, these are the people outside for them to help these middle class carry the burden. It will be very good. The problem is catching those people is the easiest person to catch is obviously who has a pay slip and the people in Kenya who still do not have a pay slip. But once you have a pay slip, it will be very good. I want to say something on what she has just raised. On taxation. Everyone is being taxed. No, the one that everyone is being taxed. Even the civil servant is there. I want to explain based on some empirical examples. A business person is taxed. This business person does not have only one tax to pay to the government. This employed person has only... Can I interject? Allow me to interject. Because what happens is the business person by yamafutiki panda, they make sure that they don't carry the burden of by yamafutiki panda. By yamafutiki panda, yesterday night when you went home, you paid $50. Then the price of fuel goes up at 12 a.m. in the morning you are going to pay $100. Those people do not carry the tax burden. But this employed person, by yamafutiki panda, they will still pay the same amount. When you look at that, from your angle you are saying that when taxation is increased, the seller is not increased from one angle, as I understand. I was saying this before she interjected. When you look at taxation, an employed person is not highly taxed. And I want you to get me from this angle. You said highly taxed. He is not highly taxed. He is just moderately taxed. The normal taxation. Where is payee and the annual tax? These are only two kinds of taxation. Payee is... The employer is the one who remits it to take care of it. Out of your salary? Yes, out of your salary. Those are what we call statutory deductions that I need to be there. We don't know what you are. NHIF, payee, we have NSSF, and if you have medical cover, that's your own and other things. So these are statutory deductions. The seller is supposed to be deducted from an employee. A business person who does business, this person has VAT to pay. And that's VAT? When you're paying in a hotel, the VAT is included. Wait a minute. So they don't carry the burden of the VAT. Wait a minute. This person has VAT to pay. That is 16%. Paid by the consumer? Wait first. When I'm going to do calculations, Hillary investments, it will be best if you give an example. That's what I want. That's what I want to give. When I have Hillary investments, I register a company that has a pin. This person remits VAT in a month. But when I'm pricing my commodity, I will include the VAT. Let me just finish. So we don't carry the burden of the pin. Let me finish my example. Then we divide on it. Hillary investments, an institution or an investment that is established that has employees. Or let me say like 10 to 20 employees. Hillary has a salary and employees have salaries. So all of them, they are employees of that company, including you yourself. As much as you're an investor, you're also an employee of that company. So you pay pay, VAT, not VAT, you pay pay and NHF and NSF. These are the statutory deductions that you remit to the government. That's the first bit. That's the first bit. Now, when it comes now to Hillary investment, the company itself, the business, this business has VAT to pay. This business has done supplies of one or two tiers with the holding tax to pay. The holding tax comes in two ways. One, in a month or in the end of the year. Depends on the kind of business that you've transacted. We have also if you are a larger consumer, a larger business investment, then there is what you call LTO, large taxation. That it is burdened unto you. So at the end of the day, the investor pays a lot of taxes than the employed person in that institution. So you pay the institution pays the taxes and also it pays these other taxes to the government. There's only what you call shared costs when it comes to employer and employee. The shared costs whereby from my salary, there's a reduction. And also from what the investor pays the employee, there's a reduction. So there's what you call shared costs at the end of the day. Now, when you buy the price of the petroleum increases, it affects each and everyone. It does not affect only one person. It affects the business person. Remember maybe this person bought this petrol at a certain cost. So he tried to calculate, let me say by the end of this month, I'll ensure I get this. So this profit has been, the profit margin has been reduced in one or the other. So it has affected the income of this business as much as the income of the country. So because my understanding is the Bonof Contesunia is the VAT. It will be spread across. But it is spread across. VAT is always spread across. Is it abaden to the owner of the business? It is abaden to the owner of the business. But it is a benefit to the country because we want that revenue. I'm talking from an angle where I sit down, do calculations and remit taxes to the government on behalf of the companies in one or the other. So when we talk of taxation at the end of the day we are supposed to pay our taxes in order to sustain the revenue of our government. So as a business person are you spreading the same VAT that you have paid for to several consumers or to a single? Yes. It is a consumer who pays the VAT. The business person does not pay the VAT. No, the abaden of taxation is carried by the consumer because when I have a business I have bought milk for 100 shillings. 16% of that is VAT. When I am charging on that on the hotel result you will see my last VAT. So the consumer will pay for that VAT. Not me. My only work here is to remit the VAT paid by the consumer to carry. It's okay. And that's where you see the business at the end of the day. It just remits 16%. Because the consumer has already paid. Everyone contributes. It has been spread across. So everyone contributes to that. There are also other mamambogas in Mudurwa in other areas. Where she said that they don't have a pin. Yes, they don't have a pin. But KRE has done the best it can do to ensure each and everyone has a pin. We call TOT. Turnover tax. Turnover tax is meant for the small businesses. Okay? After three, it was previously before it was suspended then it was brought back because it was brought back. It came back in January? It came back in January. It's coming back in January. It came back already. Yes. TOT was already there. It came back a long time ago. It was suspended. Then it came back in January this year. Okay? It came back. So previously it was after three months. Okay? It was quarterly. You do your calculations of TOT then you submit it to KRE. But right now it is monthly. Okay? Because we want to first track the collection of revenue. We want to to hit a target of revenue collection. So each and every individual who has a small business has the ability to pay taxes. We should not turn away from the tax that we need to pay. Because one, at the end of the day we need development in this country. At the end of the day we need education. Who is going to find that education? Why is it? You see, there is a cry. There is a cry under my youth and I have always said and I will never share off from seeing the truth. There is a cry when they said every student is going to pay the university fee from they want to be help from coming next years. Also help has been reduced. We should ask ourselves this question. When students go on strike and rampage crying that they need help whereby others have defaulted paying the same help. It does not say it does not add up when you tell me I'm not employed by the government to pay the taxes. The government will never employ all of us. That's one thing we should always keep in mind. But at the end of the day I do one or two things to ensure that I am a living. When I have a loan it's my prerogative to pay that loan. To pay back that loan so that it may benefit the other person. So when we run on the streets saying that we are not given our help yet when help is given to us we don't pay. It's not a grant. It's not a grant. We need to sit down and the students union bodies should sit down should get economical devices from the same institutions and advise them the impact it has on the future generation when they default or when they default in paying the help loans. Because when you look at it the money is being remitted to help to help such individuals. This is the transition money that we are talking about because the government does not get grants from donors for help to the revenue that is being collected in this country. So when we default to pay we are affecting the future generation. So what do we need to do? We need to call upon each and every individual. No matter how much you get you get a 10,000 you get attention ensure you have one shilling that you set aside to pay your help loan so that somebody else will benefit. We need help. Christine and other things has raised a critical issue regarding the help and we know with the BBIs proposing some grace period to pay the same. What do you want to say in regards to the help and the taxation that we are mentioning? The help is signed and I really hope that the ministry of education does not raise the school fees but I actually had that argument with a friend and he asked me how much I paid for my son in baby class and it was I mean people pay 40,000 and above. So he asked me so how do you expect universities to run when you are paying around 17,000 to 18,000? Very true. To some extent the universities have bills to pay electricity and the money is little. They are justified to add the school fees but I'm still hoping that the government comes in. We need you see since the Kibaki since the Kibaki administration when he had free primary education we now have more people going to the universities. We cannot have people who have completed baka fomfo then these people are qualified to go to the university because they don't have school fees but again in regard to the BBI as you are saying we have counties receiving 35% in BBI and wards getting 5% of that 35%. So when if the university is raising the fee and if help is not enough this is where the CDF the county bursaries and the ward bursaries come in. No one in this country is supposed to go to school for lack of school fees. I mean when we are expanding representation with representation comes the resources so where are we giving this representative more resources if I am going to have my son not go to school because he cannot raise 35,000 for the university. The same question comes from where I sit where is the government going to get this money that is going to remit to the counties that will be sustainable even that bursaries for health for infrastructure for agriculture but it's the same money that the government and other things I'm not objective they say but I'm looking at it and I talk of tax cheat and I raise this concern sometimes back when I look at the BBI the BBI on the on the youth perspective and I remember even said I was part of the team that sat down to come up with the memoranda the memorandum that is submitted to the BBI on the taxation and I raise this question on the same board room that you are sitting if we give youths seven years period for them to come and pay the taxes and the youth has made billions of shilling does it mean this person is exempted from paying the taxes how much have the country lost from this this is another thing that we should look at then remember our country is full of cartels you can never run away from that and you can never shy from speaking that truth when a person in the ministry even yesterday was with one of my uncles who work in the ministry he said the biggest problem we have in this country they are the civil servants they cheat when everyone cheats when you come you are a civil servant you discover let me say there is that freedom for the youth or people with disability or other now you go register an institution after you sign an institution then you take a proxy who is the youth to come just because of the face of the youth so how many companies are we going to have no there is a limit to the turnover I am not objecting no, no, no there are 7 near tax limits there is a limit for startup businesses I am not objecting not just every business so there is a limit for the time I am not objecting but you see what at the end of the day I am not objecting the limits but you have a thousand people and each and everyone has a limit of 100 to be exempted then these 1000 people have made that 100 how much has the country lost in taxation it was 4 years and you have been given 4 years to pay your loans but it is 7 years you can say comfortably after 4 years I will pay so 10,000 of you outside the same person we won't pay that loan we are citing the reasons that I am not employed by the government but you have never been with youth outside here I am telling the truth I am a youth I sit with youth I discuss youth matters with the youth and I know how you speak to some extent but you see that is how the youth enterprise fund died because youth were taking money they take money how many people are willing to pay that no Hillary Hillary had this discussion youth fund has failed we take loans we don't pay loans we default I had that discussion with the youth enterprise fund and with it comes the women enterprise with the women fund and the person was telling me he prefers giving loans to women than youths because he will give to women he will give to women they will have an actual project with profits and everything and every month they make sure that they pay for the youth on the other hand to tender to chupwe our 20,000 left kumbe when I pay the loan I will pay it because when they merge they had their own working and again the loan is conditional the loan is conditional you cannot be given as an individual you have to come together as a group so we come together as a group given the 50,000 everyone says nipatiangu niata no niata elfiangu tanu nini nita jisot na yo when I go without 5000 shillings there's nothing I'm going to do there's nothing I'm going to do then when it comes to paying we shall not pay that loan and then we shall come back to say the youth are unemployed the government needs to create jobs for the youth the government does not create jobs for the youth the government does not create jobs for anybody the government just creates opportunities for you to create jobs for yourself so when they have given you the youth enterprise fund they do not owe you a job that is where the jobs are supposed to come from but we have collapsed it we are about to collapse help and anything else that involves the youth alright I want us to analyze the road to recovery by KER the enhancing domestic revenue mobilization and what COVID-19 has done to this you just mentioned of how much was lost when we were on a tax break and according to KER the head it has been able to mobilize 1.1 billion shillings against the target of 1.3 billion shillings reflecting a revenue shortfall of 186.3 billion shillings so it makes sense if we go back and this is what the government has been able to do we can see the PPEs we can see the material relief assistance to support vulnerable families but we have to go back here seeing the difference between these few months and over the years as a country economically speaking have we been okay? no country is okay I will tell you hotels are still on their knees they haven't recovered tourism is our main source of income we can remove even the taxations but as long as the hotels are not operating we are not about even to move but what the government is trying to do is actually because when you don't spend money money will not circulate so what the government is trying to do right now is spend money so that money circulates and then encourage people to spend money like I will encourage you to open a business whichever kind of business it is so that money starts flowing and encourage other people I mean make the environment friendly for people to spend money it doesn't have to be in the millions those people were not maybe they were not earning a lot but it made a whole difference to the economy ask the small businesses that 450 used to go to mamamboga used to go to the buchari person used to go to mamafua and then there is another woman who was taken a babysitter so it used to support a whole economy on itself therefore 50 was not supposed to make us billionaires it was supposed to make sure that money circulates that mamamboga does not come out with hamburger and doesn't get people to buy them burger they come out with buchari it does not slaughter a goat and then they go trots there will be someone who will go and buy kanyama ka 50 bop that's a whole economy that has been revived right now now with the difference asairas and we can see most of the money went to the ministry of health we are reverting back to the system what we have missed other than the ministry of health other sectors that have been left out here you see when I look at these effects of tax measures I'm not looking at them at the previous one I'm looking at them as the future effects of tax measures COVID is here to stay with us we need to ensure we protect our doctors by getting the PPEs for them rather you have that doctor there we need to ensure this circulation of money as she has demonstrated as she has explained in our economy by coming up with those small enterprises those small opportunities for our people the government will always create opportunity for us it came with the youth fund women fund now the Kenya national chamber of commas has come up with the other one together with mastercard ensuring the support also the mambogas they give them a loan of 30,000 10,000 depending on your ability to pay the loans are being given to the people 3 months, 4 months loan to sustain their business the question is with the people who are being given the loans able to repay back the money so that we can be able to recover ourselves also to boost our economy the government has a great plan for the nation but the problem is the people within the country have no good heart for the government because if I am giving that 30,000 where can time do multiplication in that business so that I pay my taxes and I get good services from the government to be fair it's because obviously the trust between the citizens the government also has to do something about corruption I am not objecting people do not want to pay taxes all of us when you talk of the government we forget we are the government the government is not the leader the government is not a guru the government is I and you and at what rate or at what percentage do I contribute to corruption when that member of parliament when that mza comes to me asking for votes I don't vote for integrity because he has given me 500 shemiks this person has bribed me ask yourself where do this person get this money the 500 doesn't last and when he gets into power this person has to embezzle money because he needs to find something he also needs to find something so that he can buy you again so this is another culture that we need to run away from we need to sit down and look at the ideology of an individual to fight corruption is not the effort of the government alone the government might fight it even to 0.01% magnitude but the entire effort lies with me and you let's not forget that you know the most interesting thing after you have said that around 7 months 9 months before the election ESEC releases after the IBC has received the list of candidates ESEC releases people who have integrity issues a list of people who have integrity issues it is published in the newspapers but can you still go look we can't vote for MP we can't vote for MP so we cannot actually blame the government not for fighting corruption when we look at Nairobi where we are right now to add on that before you got that post COVID-19 recovery measures which you are going to discuss intensively when you talk of accountability which she has just brought in it is because we have discussed it when you talk of accountability there are institutions in this country that are sleeping the independent election donors commission she raised a very good concern when IBC finishes doing whatever then ESEC says this person is tainted but you end up voting the same person IBC is also taxed with ensuring election campaigns are well managed there is what you call election funding each and every candidate who goes to an election whether you won whether you lost starting from nomination you need to submit your audited accounts on how you spend your money because there is a limit but then you will be surprised people will submit those audited accounts and people will live and have a harambe in quotes for finding their campaigns just kutufunga machu but I can say very few submit majority don't submit no they submit it's a requirement they submit it's easy to get the documents it's easy to get the audited there is what you call post whereby after campaigning there is that evaluation you need to see them and submit it in fact I have that in my library I always go through it but none of us has always submitted it I myself because I contested but I never submitted it so there is no accountability no accountability to some extent and I am not ashamed to say that that is now from the agency from the agency it has to put measures in place to ensure that each and every person who runs for that seat whether you won, whether you lost submit that audited report let's look at this now post COVID recovery measures we have a statement of residence corporate tax reached to 30% from 25% I want us to look at the impact of this they were getting the 450 shillings they could buy some amount of or some items but now with the version of 16% from 14% what else can they get with the 450 the impact to the young people we have 30% pay as you earn you've been mentioning that but we have some people who still remain under 24000 they will not be taxed 16% what can you buy with 400 and I've said it this is what you used to have but this is what you've been paying it was 14% no no no for the 7 months it was a tax break underline the what break tax break we used to pay 30% we used to pay 16% we used to use things blindly no it was there those were the tax regulations the reason they put them there remember between March and now guys were working from home people lost jobs people were working on half pay people were working half day but now we can say we have gone back to normal we have gone back to normal we cannot say we are going back to normal we still want the tax breaks that have been put they were working for 4 hours when the president announced about the tax break I was so saddened because I was looking at how going to build our economy by the reduction of taxes from 30% to 25% but I was really saddened and I complained about it because this is where we get our revenue reducing something from even 0.1% is a bigger margin now from 30% to 25% how much are you going to lose and people are going to do businesses that's why we had COVID millionaires people are going to transact, man is going to be there so we are going to lose a lot and in fact when you sit down and do analysis we've lost a lot of money during this 7 month period but the reduction of taxes now the only thing that we need to recover is by ensuring the target as I said earlier the target that KRA has each and every year is achieved and now we are going to do that is by ensuring each and every person pays this taxes even KRA has introduced what we call digital taxation digital taxation it is going for these people who do unlike businesses like Jumia and other people even for the forex yes they have their own way the KRA has come up with a methodology on how these taxes are going to be to be paid because they have been evading taxes so government is trying to do each and every thing possible to ensure that it collects taxes that we are supposed to collect but the problem is the monainty is also very clever with the accountant we have right now trying to help the business person a very paying taxes and that the biggest problem that we have you know in as much as a country a country's economy cannot grow but taxing its citizens I don't think this is an over tax but in the same way the citizens are as rich as the government when the government is broke you as an individual feel it you will be broke so the more we work hard towards making our economy pamoja naja the same demands we make to the government the same demands we make to individual citizens let us build this country pamoja it's not Uhuru's responsibility to boost the economy it's not his responsibility alone I said alone because he also has a responsibility in curbing corruption in as much as you know the situation is that we lose more money than we make we make 11 shillings we lose 12 through corruption then now we go back to borrowing 13 shillings actually our debt is bigger and we have reactions from our viewers out there we ask them how do they feel about the 7.1 billion shillings the recovery debt and one of them is saying shawriake these are the give up and you see this in this country alone like I was saying UK is 10% job losses 10% out of their population is really big their GDP has dropped by 20% you see Ilari it's not in Kenya only USA same thing we need to understand that this is an international crisis and when big economy suffer our economy will definitely suffer and when this youth shelves that way I think it's a risk for this country because when you say shawriake this is your country at the end of the day you have to participate in ensuring that we have good governance we have good economy we have good things in place so when you talk of shawriake then you are talking to yourself you are saying it to yourself in one or the other because at the end of the day you are the government the government is not the person in charge your MP another thing that I want to raise is that we look at the corruption thing in a very different perspective but I look at it at a very different angle whereby we look at the person who has stolen billions of money one person but we forget 10,000 people who have stolen billions of money through getting small corruption things down here so when you look at one person maybe one billion now what about the 100,000 people down here who have walked away and taxed money that is even totaling to even 5 billion then we throw stones at one person who has run away with one billion so accountability on corruption starts with me and you allow me to read some comments from our viewers we have say a batch says tuning from Kakamega I think we better start trading off criminals to go and work there as a as a repay to the debt anyway good day family we have Kahushu Rapa says good morning we say Emma James good morning guys says Amo says good morning Kenya will never be able to recover from its debt simply because every single day the government is thinking on how to borrow other money without the strategies on how to pay the loans the common money will live as a prisoner to all says getting you live from Bungama thank you for watching Julian C.K.E. tuning from Kilifi he says wala na mna na Jinsi Mbavu Kenya kwa yu jumla ita jikomu kutukana na Madini kaya pesa kibao kama kila siku siri kali kwenendele kuchukwami kupo kila kona that is his field Bedi actually says macha tuning thank you for watching we have Habib the band 2 says this is not Kenya's debt it's the current government that is in the situation by mass corruption and looting and misplaced priorities we have mentioned about corruption nabadwa na posh bibi na nonsensu na ok that is your take we have Bramuel Boque says I am falling from Kawanguare I think the government should ensure stolen money meant for development should be recovered and reduce borrowing so much of borrowing here and of course even the spending aha so those are some of the let me say something about the borrowing I have nothing against the government because I mean with such huge infrastructural developments the government needs to borrow and the government does not operate the government operates just like a normal citizen you see the same way you run your household that's the same way the government runs the country that right now you want to buy a car you want to build a house and you want to start a business that is not enough for all that no so why do you think that the country wants to build roads how many new roads do we have right now don't even talk about corruption but everywhere you go you find a road under construction we want to be the dominating economy in East Africa how are you going to achieve all that we cannot have this infrastructural development without borrowing the money there is nothing wrong with borrowing the money and there is no time to understand it I want to understand the government will pay and it will still borrow more the borrowing is not going to start I want us to end as you respond to that please tell us where will be the last economic consequences of COVID-19 and lastly what should we do in relation to risks now I want to say this I don't have a problem with borrowing but I have a problem with too much borrowing that we can also stay in that time we raised concern on the Mombasa port and the leaders on the government said it is fallacious okay but I read that report recently which states too much borrowing will make us lose our port lose the Kenya railway lose our airport Kenya power that has also been used then also Kenjin there are a number of prostatos big prostatos that have been used as collateral to borrowing and too much borrowing has an impact Zambia has lost this airport to Adona we have this is a country in Middle East when the citizens work all the taxes are paid to China I am telling the truth we have Tanzania that it has done its development on the monies that it has collected from its own revenue not much borrowed we have the administration of Kibaki that had less borrowing but it did a lot so when mechanisms are put in place well managed mechanisms then we won't have much borrowing our country has a huge appetite of borrowing but mismanagement of funds at the end of the day the Eurobond that was borrowed and mismanaged we are supposed to pay we went to France the other day we signed for another monies that has already come here the doctors around strike I was talking to a medical officer from one of the counties and I was telling him now the government has released the money do you know this person did he tell me I am telling the truth before God, before we were just running just to run but there is no penny the government has released to the counties which is very true when I asked the person because this person is also very political when I asked this person then why are you, why are the government supporting BBI and funds are going to be released for referendum and yet we have medical medical activities at stake he said we've been gagged okay so it is we are at risk in one way or the other when we go down getting the facts I'm telling the truth you'll be shocked so the presidents releasing the money but in the real sense there's no money in the counties and I can tell you the truth there are no monies in the counties finally with the one 32 billion shillings recovery which is to go to the water sanitization agriculture housing transport to resume health education this was launched by the president on Friday last week is it going anywhere like the government does not release doctor salaries together with the development infrastructure development money that is why the doctors have called off the strike it's not all about the salary there's no, there's nothing in the counties that is running nothing in the counties that is running that is why the doctors have called off the strike and postponed it to two weeks because what the governors do the governors are not foolish I mean the only 47 of them they all know each other you see what that does the worst mistake that we ever did it disunites the doctors because why will your doctors strike they have PPEs they have everything his doctors on the other hand have nothing everything where the disparity comes in so his will be like to strike because they already have everything that they needed so that disunity where the county governors give doctors that disunity that is what works for them but the money is not is not released together with development governors were very clear by the way what they did when they were given it was a conditional grant it wasn't funding from the from the national government when they were given that money it was at a time when covid numbers were going down so they looked for kangalia to be patiwa nikona 2 billion 2 billion zapato kuchesanato and this covid looks like it has gone away so what did they do instead of building capacities in the hospitals they paid for the tenders and for them it makes more sense for the governors to pay for the tenders because there is kickback there there is no kickback in buying hospital equipment so right now if governors had not been given that money we would know about it all of them would be talking and calling press conferences saying they had not been given the money they were given the money but the money was spent on other people operanya said that himself when tangula was asking wangamati about the 260 million he was given to manage covid things and we said it is all political this and this and this there was a difference between covid money because we were given grants by the donor countries to manage covid so the covid money it was disperse to each and every country so the covid money is different from the normal monies the government gives to the county that is okay until there we are okay but the covid monies each and every county received covid money so why are doctors right now playing about PPEs and everything else when that covid man was supposed to take care of when we talk of the doctors and I remember we had the same discussion here the last time I was here when you talk about doctors I've always said this if doctors were like teachers when they come to strike they have very clear reasons why they strike and how they want them met but the county government doctors they come we say we want salaries we want PPEs then there is no clear communication is like you are confused they go to strike doctors from different counties having their own issues so that is how they have been concerned that is why I say they are confused because this is a wait first why am I saying this and I remember I said this why do we need a health commission you remember to push them where the teachers are and that is why I say and I am defending my statement they come on a confused strike alright thank you so much for for that heated conversation here I'm trusting the young people I've also learned something with the tax reversion saying that we have been there and the economy has to move on things have to move on they have been my guest Christine Kendi and Sarah's political analyst thank you so much for staying with us my name is Dereva Hillary see you after this break on Mataz Karia just come from the Boris Bar


Hello and welcome to another preview show here at Vitality Stadium. Matchday commentator Chris Temple joins me and will be going through everything that's gone on here in the last week. Let's take a look at what's coming up. We'll be looking back at the defeat at the King Power Stadium last weekend. We'll be discussing the new training ground which looks to be moving closer. And finally we'll be looking ahead to tomorrow's game against Burnley here at Vitality Stadium. Well we're going to start back at last weekend and that 2-0 defeat at the King Power Stadium. Chris it was a very disappointing afternoon wasn't it? I think that sums it up perfectly. The away fans who didn't get much of their money I'm afraid. First and foremost I thought Leicester were really good. I thought they played really well. You can see they're full of confidence at the moment. Brendan Rodgers has obviously revitalised them. I know Wolves and Watford both won in midweek but at that time if you were back in a team to finish seventh I would say it would probably be Leicester with the bit of momentum they seem to have built up although they have got a bit of a tough run in. But yeah, as much as Leicester were at it in the opposite direction Bournemouth just weren't. Yes, there were a couple of key players who were clearly fatigued by international travels. I know Jefferson Lorimer had been to Asia. Joshua King had played two hard games for Norway and you can see they weren't quite at it. Obviously the squad going to Dubai adds an extra talking point into it but I don't think you can make anything of that. Only four of the starting eleven actually went to Dubai so I think that was a bit of a red herring. But certainly the international, not just the travelling but the games and the mental exertion and everything else certainly looked to have taken its toll. Leicester of course had international as well. I don't think to quite the same extent that Bournemouth did in terms of going away. I just think that everything was flat wasn't it? It just didn't happen on the day. Of course Cullen Wolves had a great chance early on which if that goes in cliché a different game. But at no point in the second half did I really believe that Bournemouth were going to get back in the game even while it was 1-0. They did well to keep it 1-0 for a long time because you know, Azmi Begavitch and Goll wasn't being peppered by Leicester shots but they had most of the possession. The threat on the counter attack from Bournemouth just wasn't there so yeah all in all it was a really disappointing day. You mentioned that Cullen Wolves had a chance in the first half it was only 1-0 at that stage and obviously as you say if it goes in then you never know what could happen from there. I mean Cullen has got to score that really doesn't he? You to stand here already how to stand here or the fans to say that he should score that. You know centre of the goal what was it? Maybe not even six yards out. It's on his left foot that's the only mitigating circumstance I can find really but anywhere else except where he put it and it goes in. Just thought it looked a little bit sort of casual the effort I don't know if it was a sort of he was trying to cushion it or something or whether he expected to score. I'm sure all strikers given that ball from Ryan Fraser and it was a great ball from Ryan Fraser. We shouldn't overlook that but yeah he has to score that and you'd expect your international striker and your joint top scorer to put that away. So yes not but it's not Callum Wilson's fault that the rest of the team you know were equally below par on the day unfortunately and we saw a change in in goal as well as my back at Begavitch back in the team. There was no indication before the game at all that that was going to be the case was there. I think that was the probably the biggest talking point of the day really and just did not see that coming. You know as me Begavitch had what I think it was 22 games and then Eddie Howe decided to make a change and Arthur Borich played the last nine and I've got to say it hasn't done a lot wrong. I was very surprised to see that change made. Of course we don't see what goes on on the training ground. Eddie Howe said he has he has two number one goalkeepers and therefore they're sort of if you like 50 50 and if one performs well in training or one you know not so good in a game. But I mean there was one or two minor question marks about Arthur Borich for the free kick against Newcastle here. But I mean we're nitpicking because every goalkeeper you know throughout the season will will have moments like that where you could just pull their performance apart. But I think Arthur Borich was particularly harshly treated to be honest with you. And you know as me Begavitch probably won't want to watch the second goal at Leicester back where he came and didn't quite get there. But you know it was it was a big talking point and we've spoken before about how interesting the goalkeeping situation will be this summer. And I think that adds a bit more intrigue to it as to the reasons why that change was made sort of back in the opposite direction because as me Begavitch was looking like you thinking well woolly want to sit here and be number two next season if Arthur Borich is the man in possession lots of time between now and then. But yeah no it adds further intrigue to what might happen over the summer goalkeeper wise. And talking of individuals we saw Junior Stanislaw come back onto the pitch last week that's a that's a positive sign that if anything that we can take from the game. Yeah really good to see Junior back well documented problems in the past with injury at this stage of the season I think any player who's injured is racing to get back. There's only six games left now. So you know you think of the likes of Adam Smith and Steve Cook will talk about later on. But for Junior to get a little run of games going into the summer it's not just the fact that getting on the pitch it's it's what gives them going into the summer as well because then they can continue to work hard over the summer but have a little bit of a breather and it just I guess it just sort of fuels the fire for for coming back stronger and making sure they're in a good place by the time we get to August. Absolutely well earlier this week plans were revealed for work on a new training ground to begin imminently. Let's take a look at what Eddie Howe had to say on the matter in this morning's press conference. Morning Eddie. Morning. The club announced exciting new plans to continue with their development of the new training ground this week. How exciting is that for you as a manager to see that the owner was such a vision for the future. Yeah brilliant news. I think it's given everyone at the football club a huge lift. Something we've been talking about internally for a long time. That desperate need to continue to keep moving the club forward to keep that feeling of progression internally externally so important. And yeah, the owner Maxime and the board of directors have done really well in seeing that forward thinking because the training ground for me is the bedrock of every football club. It's where the work happens. It's where everything you do day to day to try and get results comes together. So the main thing for me for making a difference to the football club will be to the academy status and to try and put ourselves in a better position to produce our own players. Well that was Eddie Howe speaking in his press conference this morning. Chris that's some really encouraging news isn't it for everyone at the club? Yeah and the training ground of the stadium both the two separate entities of course but they do impact each other as well. You know they've been in the pipeline for a while and it's a lot of clubs have planned a lot of things that haven't happened. And of course here there has been one or two full stones in the past. So I think of course one does impact the other because the club trained just alongside where we are now here at the stadium which is on the land that would be used for a new stadium. So therefore until the training ground gets moved any sort of plans and development for the new stadium can't happen. So one does knock into the other. But yeah really important you know you just had the manager say it you know for the future in terms of bringing players through having everything under one roof you know they do train at leisure centers and you know Canford and all sorts of other places around the borough to you know to try and bring everything together and to have the facilities that other clubs are able to offer players. Because when you're signing 14, 15, 16 year olds as well often you know facilities things like that the things they can see in front of them as well as you know the potential of the club will be a big factor. So you know I just think of Southampton as an example down the road if you showed a young promising player Southampton's facilities and then Bournemouth's facilities as they stand now it's a no brainer they would go to Southampton taking everything else out of the equation. So yeah really important from that point of view and I just think overall it just gives the club you know mentally everybody at the club just it just elevates the status and the profile as well when you've got facilities that let's face it match the teams that you're playing you know in the league. Yes Bournemouth have got everything here that they need really but on a very small scale the first team they don't really want for anything they've got everything they could possibly want there but you know maybe just a lack of a bit of luxury but it's by no means a shed and you know a windy park pitch that a lot of lower league teams have been playing on the Bournemouth have had to deal with in the past when they trained over at Canfford School. And one thing that Eddie Howe was big on in this press conference this morning was the ambition of the club and that's really shown isn't it with this development? Yeah absolutely you know Eddie Howe said to me that he person he hasn't had a whole lot of impact in terms of the design and things as to what they want but he said that Jason Tindall has sort of on behalf of the the playing side of things had quite a bit of input into to what they would like to see there so yeah it's really good I guess you know then people start to talk about the stadium once the training ground at least the land's been bought for the training ground so that's a that's a positive start that is that is a sign of intent they've purchased the land so it's going to happen and now you know the plans are being tweaked they'll be resubmitted because the council's just had a bit of a reconfiguration as well so they've got the brand new Bournemouth Paul and Christchurch council or Bournemouth Christchurch and Paul whichever way round it is so now that hopefully that will go in and the wheels can start turning and you mentioned the academy as well it's something that can can really help elevate the academy from a category three status to something either a category one or category two yeah and playing better teams of course is the key we've seen Bournemouth you know against Manchester City here in the youth cup this season we've seen the under 21s playing very well against the likes of Liverpool as well so the fact they need to be playing these teams every single week is obvious for the development so by elevating themselves up to category two and then category one hopefully eventually they can get themselves hopefully into the mix into the you know the premier league academies league rather than playing in the you know the various regional leagues they're in at the moment so again that could only improve players it's one thing training alongside premier league players every day but competing against better players every week is is going to only be helpful and of course we've seen the the academy playing in the FA youth cup but for really how to have everything under one roof he can have first team training there he can have under 21s training there and for him he can you know get a better understanding of the the younger age groups and look at it that way as well and also you know you often hear about you know stories of you know the first team have a separate like roped off area there's a door that academy players can't go through you know it does add that little bit of sort of I guess here's what you could have if you keep working hard and I guess it's like not winning the lottery but you know it's it's the the one place that people will aspire to they'll see Calamels and they'll see Joshua King and Ryan Fraser David Brooks you know players who've making a mark this season you know that they can watch them on the training ground so I think it's really important and also for younger you know going right down to you know 9s 10s 11s 12 year olds they get to train at the same place the first team get to train at rather than you know halfway across town and again that's hugely exciting for them and I think that you know it all buys into the fact that everyone wants to be part of the Bournemouth story and for new signings as well when you're trying to get a player to come to the club you can go to the training ground training this amazing complex and you know it can it can be a decisive factor it can be I mean I don't think anybody would come to this training ground at the moment and not sign because of what the training grounds are like because as I say they do have everything they want the pitchers are in great condition and the only thing is it's it's plonked in the middle of a public park so you know you've got the black screens up and everything which is a bit unsightly but um yeah of course if you've got a spectacular facility that's brand new and shiny um you know just look at Spurs new stadium this week and everyone's been raving about that and what a new facility you can do to invigorate a club and an area um so yeah no for signings as well it can make a big difference um but yeah it's they're not by no means scrimping and saving on what they've got at the moment here but uh it's definitely it's definitely a big priority getting this training ground sorted absolutely exciting times indeed well next up for the cherries is the visit of Burnley here at Vitality Stadium let's remind ourselves of one of our more memorable performances against Burnley there's a chance to deliver across it comes in towards the oh it's deflected in Chriswood's going to take it it was Westwood with the initial shot and it diverted off Chriswood who didn't know much about it completely wrong with you Bigovitch and Burnley have taken the lead and some entertainment at last here at Turfmore albeit not in the net you want to no and again you know Burnley have taken the lead and I'll go and keep my son safe to me because he was nowhere near that one it's the way he flexed it just went completely away from him and he's on the floor bow territory still a chance kings on side left side of the penalty shoot for goal and Joshua King equalizes for Bournemouth what a goal that was it puts him clear as the cherries top scorer with nine for the season and Joshua King pulls Bournemouth back on terms here at Turfmore one one well it took the remainder for him to come on and hit the goalkeeper with it you would have fancied him to score with his from the on his first touch but he got his foot we got it away but one gallant to Kingi let one player go flying high and just curled it into the top corner excellent stuff Charleston would it here squeezing to Kelly Wilson what a moment for Helen Wilson it's stop it's time at the end of the season his long wait for a goal is over and he's going to send Bournemouth back to the south coast with a sunny smile on their face Callum Wilson his teammates mob him delight for him and for Eddie Howe his 100th league winners of manager Bournemouth take a two one lead absolutely fantastic by Callum I've never seen so many people give up at once and they're going out and staying and I know it's it's it's a late goal and it's a real sickness but no leaving well of all the people that could have fallen to in the 95th minute of the season ending finale that did you mean you know how old selfish was he he certainly defended well goals from Joshua King and Callum Wilson there Chris they'll be hoping for more of of that performance as opposed to the one that we saw rough at Turfmore earlier this season went there you can say that again yeah I mean the one earlier in the season it wasn't great the two of the goals came in the last seven minutes so the four nil was a bit of a false gloss but just looking back at that game last season I mean for Callum Wilson particularly having waited quite a long time for a goal having come back from injury to Nick one in before the end of the season was great for Eddie to get one over Sean Dyche at his old club as well will have been nice I'm sure too so yeah that was a real positive way to go into the summer last season nice day at Burnley as well and the fans had it all had a good day out on a nice I guess a nice memory to take into the summer for them Burnley have been pretty sticky opponents actually for Bournemouth in the they're probably they're actually the last non big six team to win here which was way back in I think it was November 2017 so they are you know we know the way that they play they've got their their big physical strikers their Chris Woods their Ashley Barnes Sam Vokes of course from from here in yesteryear so they play a certain way but for them it's been a bit of a disastrous season off the back of a brilliant one last year and they come into this game of course it's not been the best season but a two-nil win against Wolves will really you know give them a lot of confidence yeah I mean how many times have we heard that anyone could beat anyone I mean Burnley beating Wolves you know Burnley had lost four in a row I think Wolves have been absolutely flying recently you know that seemed to get it to get it together in the in the chase for seventh and then Burnley turned them over so yeah you really can't quite predict what's going to happen but yeah Burnley they've just been I don't know quite having not seen enough of them but maybe the squad isn't big enough to cope with let's not forget they've been playing since what the 25th of July or something like that where they played Aberdeed and the Europa League qualifiers so it's been a long old campaign I think they're 16 points worse off at this stage than they were last season when they were chasing Europe there are only five points above the bottom three as it stands at the moment now they've got a bit of a buffer to Cardiff but they play Cardiff next week so that is a huge game and after that I think they've got Tottenham maybe Arsenal Chelsea they've got a tough run in Burnley so they're going to be looking at this game as well as the opportunity to put a bit of clear water between themselves and Cardiff in that one remaining relegation place and if they you know if they've got a result here and then beat Cardiff next week that would pretty much be them safe so it's a huge motivation for them but from the Bournemouth point of view you know Eddie Howe is we've gone to them this week about that couple of percent they've dropped moving into that sort of end of season drift that we've seen a few times before Eddie Howe said you know in the first Premier League season they'd put absolutely everything into the first 30 games and did run out of steam a little bit he actually said this morning that rather than accelerating over the line every season they've been dribbling over the line which I think is something that fans are starting to get a bit frustrated with why all of a sudden the does the team switch off if you like you know consciously or subconsciously probably the latter but yeah so with the running they've got you know the one thing that's getting interesting for me all of a sudden now is the the possibility of finishing below Southampton which you know Bournemouth have been the the top South Coast club for a couple of seasons now Southampton had a dreadful first half of the season Bournemouth had a very good one but if you compare the two now the two clubs are in moving in opposite directions Southampton five points behind with a game in hand and a game at Southampton to play between the two sides and that all of a sudden has got Bournemouth fans looking over their shoulder and of course for Bournemouth being back at home how much of a boost can that be we all know about the away form this season but being back in front of the home fans that's something they can look forward to yeah and it's a proud record against the non big six teams I mentioned of course the Newcastle last minute goal into that net just there from Matt Ritchie you know again sent everybody away from me slightly bitter after the the last game it's been some tough visitors here but as we say the long run against the non big six teams has been impressive here unbeat it in in quite a long time best part of 18 months so yeah and I think the I think the fans are owed a performance those that went to Leicester last week are certainly owed a performance this weekend and you know don't forget they're not at 40 points yet as well I mean they're not going to go down but at the same time just get to 40 points and 7th has gone now I mean it's a shame last weekend 7th we were stood here saying 7th is an outside possibility if everything went really well 7th's not going to happen now the one frustration is that Bournemouth have lost their place in that in that neck the best of the rest group if you like they're now four points off that little pocket of teams between 7th and 11th and they're sort of drifting back into the Crystal Palace Newcastle sort of group here and sort of in no man's land really so yeah those who say that safety is the first priority will be pleased but I think it's a bit disappointing to having having been in the chase for 7th all season to then not even be in that little cluster so a couple of results would be nice just to get things back moving Burnley this week and then of course Brighton away next week who of course are banging trouble still themselves so they've got two teams who are going to be scrapping and fighting for absolutely everything coming up and of course the 46 point mark that's something that's that's still realistic isn't it you know getting the the most points they ever have done from a Premier League season nine out of 21 was what was needed for last week it's now nine out of 18 available which is still very doable of course that's three wins out of six games and the fixtures again you'd say are you know quite favourable in terms of that but the points are starting to run out so if if I think they need to get something this weekend probably a win this weekend if they are to keep realistic hopes of getting to that 47 which as you say would be the previous best of 46 and again that would be a shame because that's been that's been on for a long time and to to Peter out and full short of that again would be would be a disappointing way to finish and really when you should be finishing you know probably eighth ninth tenth on the reality of the first half of the season it still could be possible to finish 14th 15th which I don't think would reflect what a great first half of the season the team had and just in terms of tomorrow we've obviously got had Adam Smith out injured for for a good while now he's touched and going for tomorrow and we've also had Junior Stanislaw and Dan Gosling back last week as well so things are looking a little bit more positive on the injury front than they have been yep great to have Adam Smith back in contention the other one I'll throw in there not for this week but for potentially for next week is Steve Cook who I mean he was pretty much told his season was over and he you know he that anyone was expecting really to see him again this season he looks like he could be back this month I mean he'll be very keen for Brighton away next week his old club that'll be for sure whether he's quite fit enough to to make that game it might be full him here over Easter instead but that's a huge boost as well for him as I said earlier on about players trying to get back when the games are running out so that's a remarkable when he's it's an amazing story really that he you know ended up in hospital from just going up for a header and picking up a groin injury you know if you haven't heard the Steve Cook story you got a hospital infection and you know it got quite serious for him at one point so yeah it would be absolutely amazing for him to be back on the pitch before the end of the season given what he was going through about a month ago absolutely positive signs indeed well that's all we've got time for today if you are coming to Vitality Stadium tomorrow we hope that you enjoy the game but if not make sure you keep an eye across all of our social media for the latest updates thanks for joining us


Today the technology is available the raw research has happened which had come for applications where they try to handle the data with the finest cell like you know maybe if some of your teaching GIS you may be knowing quatery we try to put the data in a quatery form in such a way wherever homogeneity is there you do not further divide whenever you have a smaller cell you further divide into quadrant, quadrant so that you can store the data to the resolution you need it. Quatery is very good as far as handling the thematic maps are concerned not for remote sensing data directly for handling it. Also there are run length encoding value point encoding these are all methods where people try to adapt for storing the thematic data and processing the thematic data. Good algorithms are available where they try to store so that one can even in raster go for the smallest or the finest resolution possible and then handle it but only thing is if you are a user of a GIS package you should know whether your GIS tool will it handle it because there are packages which give those kind of storage mechanisms there are packages which don't so which tool you are using based on that whether if it supports a quatery model finest resolution it can handle or whether it has some encoding methods you can still handle the finest resolution data without any difficulty one is raster next is vector vector is nothing as I said fundamentally x comma y is important for us when you put it on a ordered form of x y's you generate a line and I generate a line I go on close it I get generate an area how do we define an area if you go in mathematics how do we define us we have something called a Jordan curve we say a curve which closes a closed curve which has an interior and a boundary so whenever you have a curve and you have an interior area naturally it becomes a polygon okay so it can have a point it can be a line it can be a polygon as I said the basic units in vector which can be handled and you know when we handle it again try to handle point line and polygon it's a very good model you can you need not worry about the resolution of the pixel but the problems are whenever you are raster very easy to analyze very easy to process because as I said whatever is happening in image processing we can pull it and use it in raster vector has its own theory computational geometry plays an important role when you want to handle the data in a vector mode in a GIS okay so analysis processing they are not as simple as you do in raster okay so points we put lines we try to put polygons we try to put a three major categories whenever you handle the data in a vector representation easy to store accuracy can be very high but difficult to process so the when you come to the storage in a vector model the point that comes into picture is the first thing is how do we store this see raster you cannot do it you put a grid you store it only thing is I said quarter people can follow or run length encoding people can follow value point coding they can follow to compress the storage but in vector what we do you take the data you simply try to store it simply like this I take the point data position give the value x comma y the id 10 then you know I give a line x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3 I store it as an arc give the value okay one can store the polygons so this kind of structure only people started storing in vector in the initial stage to store the data but what we all had found as a limitations if you look at the data you look at there is a common boundary between 63 and 64 can just see there is a common boundary between two polygons we are only storing two one polygons here and there is a common boundary between both of them so what we try to store we store 63 as one entity 64 is another entity with a common boundary between them so the common boundary is stored twice now and you know even you store twice doesn't matter but you know a person who would have digitized who he would have done the same what he says what is the guarantee see you would have done this once he would have done this common boundary again so you know when you zoom it you will see this common boundary may not be sitting one over the other this may happen so what see of course many tools support still that kind of storage so the first one is we call it such non topological structure where you store as you see you do not bother whether I have to share a common boundary that kind of model was called as a kind of a non topological data structure to handle the vector data then came the topology into mind so when topology came what they did in fact you know topology the contribution topology is a theory in mathematics where we try to work on the relations between geometry projects because you know if you go a little deeper in topology what it does is topological relations are invariant they don't change whenever you do a skewing where whenever you enlarge it whenever you shrink it see I am in front of you whatever happens to this room whether they rotate it whether they enlarge it or whether you shrink it that's a relation a topological relation it is invariant whenever you do scaling or rotation or you know enlargement etc that holds good for GIS because sometimes we are going to enlarge the map and sometimes we are going to reduce the map so you know that topology concept has been picked up well used here to define the relations between the objects so what they have done nothing great what they introduced is in a simple term you wanted can tell you they take the common boundary instead of treating the whole polygon as a polygon you treated this is one arc this is another arc this arc is again common this is another arc can I not say this one two makes this polygon 64 minus one three makes this polygon 63 so what I am saying plus one and minus one so I am tracing once like this I am tracing this way other time so with the direction when I put it the common arc I can store the polygons with common boundary only once that becomes possible that is what the concept they introduced in topology what they started doing it is whenever they had to store the polygon features they started defining a polygon as a an arc or a chain of segments they started defining as a chain of segments defining the common arc only once telling which is the left polygon which is the right polygon how do I define the chain of segments to form a polygon it is not only that when the concept of topology came they were able to even define a boundary which is interior within a boundary like you know there may be an island there may be a water body within a village when I woke out about the land use and this water body area I may like to subtract so what happens it becomes a hole the polygon inside of polygon is a hole in that even that they were able to define and a polygon with multiple interior boundaries it can have many holes in it that was also defined so topology was very well picked up used so they introduced topological concepts in a GIS and you know which improved a lot the method of storage because good contributions had been done again by the people who worked on research in US especially first topology was implemented in their census data they came with a coding called you know dime with that coding they introduced to store their census tracks Canada some people worked to store their data and which was adopted later by the GIS packages so they introduced topology but today if you ask me what is the latest development going on is they are not much insisting on topology but what they are insisting is the common boundary must be same they don't mind repeating the boundary but they don't want unwanted polygon in between okay common boundary will be if you digitize today's in our GIS you will see it will talk you talk you talk you and fill it so common boundary can be same they don't mind repeating it they don't want to introduce noise in that common boundary that's the way the trend has gone so once you have a polygon with an arc of segments naturally gets defined even with an interior polygon in it and then all attributes can be stored and you know you can get the data you can immediately put the whatever the add-on attributes put it in different tables etc all these things are possible but whenever the topology has to be built one has to keep in mind whenever you digitize the data once vector databases created cleaning editing and building topology have to be created done it has to be done in case you want a clean common boundary between two of them because errors such these things may happen see suppose you have a segment which is hanging which is not touching the boundary how can it become a common boundary between two polygons when you have an overshooting segment where it will go this part so you know normally there are procedures to clean the data if you are using a GIS tool it provides it so cleaning editing a must because see in a GIS what we are working see if you talk about accuracy in GIS we talk about precision also see we work on tenth decimal and eleventh decimal of a meter on the ground that much we try to store the data so even in a small segment hanging is wrong it won't accept it because it will come bar both the nodes up to tenth decimal accuracy so you know when you zoom zoom zoom where your data may look very good when you zoom you will see there will be a segment hanging system will not allow you to go to the next step so you know cleaning becomes a must editing becomes a must if your data is cleanly done without any error topology gets built up automatically in the GIS tools which support topology okay and you know once it is done one can create the database etc etc and just to talk about since i spoke about the two data models when do we go for raster when do you go for vector because you know both have advantages both have limitations there are books which talk again you know putting big tables they write compare what is raster what is vector why should we go for raster why should we go for vector again it depends on your case study if you work for a i'll say for an impact analysis of element or you are going for a natural resources application which are the area where i have to cultivate paddy that kind of question you have to go for a raster you are working for an alignment problem a transportation problem your location-based services problem a service center problem a telecommunication problem you must go for vector okay so wherever you try to use remote sensing data try to go for raster wherever you go for a linear feature where your application is there better go for vector so you know both models are plus points and minus points and today every GIS handles both the models not like you know 12 15 years back your GIS means it's a vector GIS it's a raster GIS today everything is hybrid you can sit out from here to that that you hear so you know both have greatness so based on the application user can choose and of course another model is TIN TIN is year and extension of vector model where people try to store the elevation data triangulated irregular network we say this is basically used for topographic data elevation data from which people can generate grid DEM digital elevation model can be generated contours can be generated slope and aspect can be generated etc TIN also is one of the models used for elevation data okay and then comes after the spatial objects then naturally our non-spatial attributes come into picture where we try to store the non-spatial data so we try to store in using any one of the rdbms tools see database management system is a software tool which handles the normally the tabular data so in GIS we try to pull the dbms tool for handling the non-spatial data only thing is there should be a link between your spatial object and the tabular data which you are storing if there is a unique ID to your point there will be that unique ID will be stored in your record in the table so that one can link it and query it so rdbms tools are used one can go for the cheap rdbms tool like you know ms access one can use the tool like article based on the application one can use for handling the non-spatial data so whenever you try to store it how do we link whenever you create let me say a point layer i digitize the points system will automatically create the table for you based on the dbms you select that point x comma y it will give a system an ID and whatever you are given as a user ID well one well two if you say it will also store moment that well one well two is there you get all other attributes and store in it so whether you have point or a line or a polygon system will create a default table where you can append your own attributes and store it okay and as far as the data collection for both the models are concerned see in gis one is hardware second is okay you buy the gis software either you can go for you know millions of dollar software you can go for cheaper software also okay and tool gives you all facility to do analysis etc but we all spend a lot of time and money on data because you know if you put nice system will give you nice if you put a good data system will give you good result because it cannot think so the thing is much of time money labor everything we spend in a gis on data okay see once you do a primary survey naturally see i work for bombay i say i buy the latest remote sensing data spending so many lakhs of rupees naturally my land use map will be very good i go and borrow okay you have this mmid i go take some data somebody i go take some data naturally they would have done it using some method sometime i have to be satisfied so one can do a primary survey can do a secondary source data but it depends again on the time and cost and of course if you go for raster naturally remote sensing becomes the best to source today as far as the ready raster is concerned similarly vector what we are all now trying to use is either a total station r a gps a geode degree sever you can take it go and collect your locations you can map the boundaries take the data readily in vector form so the data is possible as a primary source also as a secondary source also people can pull the data the question is quality one has to keep in mind if you depend on secondary sources the certainty and the accuracy people who are using may not okay so we saw the data model about the spatial objects now we come to the analysis okay so in analysis when you say normally what gis can do it is it can answer you what is at a given location very simple go to a place pick it just it will say what is that and you ask a query show me the area where the rainfall had been greater than 700 millimeter slope is less than 10 degrees and you know there is a water body nearby etc etc it can see or you are at this place and you want to find out the where is the closest to market available closest to bank available it closest to bank or closest to market when i say it need not be euclidean distance it will be actually on the row distance which you have to walk it is not you know crowfly distance system can actually tell you which is the distance available where you can and you know you can do spatial temporal modeling trends how it has changed how was earlier how is today how it may change tomorrow one can do the analysis and the wonder is one can add any model with gis see earlier days you know adding models in gis was difficult we used to take the data put it out and do it and bring it back and all today embedded models are possible why because you know the way the software has changed is today gis has become not only as a full-fledged tool they give you as components they give you as like kind of you consider like libraries so you customize the whole thing for your application using those libraries plus whatever the model you want to do you integrate it and make it as a full sdss for you so you know what happens if any model can be put so that the gis with this functionality and your model can give the answer okay so broadly speaking on spatial analysis it can be categorized as queries distance calculations overlay what you do neighborhood operations and the connectivity function connectivity function we normally use what for network analysis shortest path finding etc so you can broadly categorize them and to these categories first let us see the basics of raster operations you have raster data let's say remote sensing data or you have digitized you are scanned you have a map first thing is what you don't need to do any analysis simply you can use this as a display like a digital cartography simplest is display the data when i say display the data there are many ways one can display i show a map with colors with a legend we have not done anything we have just plotted a scale show it put a north arrow with a legend and you can show or you can show in the display in the visualization as a graded color suppose you are working on temperature you can say high to low or you are working on elevation dm low to high or ranges of elevations can be stored or you know the third way is you can store just the contours alone or you can show a subspective view today again in gis there are modules available where you can fly through you can animate it you have the elevation data you drape over it actual land use and virtually you can fly through the area that much is possible okay nothing they all can be raster so the first type is simple display you do nothing you can display the data second is broadly speaking about raster the way they categorize the operations are in three local focal zone if you see the literature they'll say that three broad categories they run the operations as far as the raster is concerned what is local local means i have supposed the layers of data if i run through pixel by pixel one below the other if i take fifth row eighth column in the next layer also fifth row eighth column next layer also fifth row eighth column i am going vertically down among the layers that is a local operation i am taking a layer i'm not bothered who is adjacent to me i am going vertically down with multiple layers pixel by pixel down like you have a multi band data in remote sensing you don't bother who is adjacent you take a four band as a vector and you process it the same idea here whenever you try to do the same position and go below on multi layers it is called as a local operation okay in local operation plenty can be done in GIS almost every raster GIS tool gives a lot of analysis simplest i'll tell you is map algebra map algebra if you have seen that is the simplest which is very very common in almost all raster GIS tools people might have used probably Idrisi ilvis gram plus plus anybody has used see normally we all use it the word map algebra map algebra is nothing you have multiple maps one sitting below the other if it is 100 rows by 100 columns this also must be 100 rows by 100 columns put one below the other you can run the query as i said show me the areas where slope is less than 10 degree rainfall is greater than 300 millimeter the area has water body within one kilometer you run all with an expression like if then if then like we write a command an instruction in a programming code you run a long instruction but instead of variable here everything is a map so you give a big algebraic expression with the maps system will give you the answer which packet satisfy your query so you know map algebra is something which runs fully on a local operation any number of layers possible and you know not only you run if then query it can be algebraic five star a plus three star b where a is a map b is a map it can be algebraic it can be arithmetic it can be relational it can be logical it can be all operations can be run in a map algebra when you have all layers sit in your thing simply pull that map algebra module give the expression the operation is done using the local operations because it runs through the layers of pixels i have simple example i'll tell you i have let us say monthly rainfall for this city january february march like that 12 months i have i want to get the map showing maximum it will go through all the 12 pixel values in that whichever is the maximum value it will put it into your output pixel for every pixel it will maximize find out and put it in your output pixel so maximize is a common operation minimize average so any number of layers you can run it map algebra supports it okay so local operation the best is map algebra which people can use it to run n number of analysis functions okay it gives a generic tool which people can use it and of course another thing is normally we use the word overlay isn't it in gis all of us use the word overlay because we all are pick this gis from the idea of cartographer cartographer picks a map puts one or the other maps it what our draftsmen used to do take that map again put another map and map it same thing we are trying to do digitally so overlay is again a common operation which people do it so take a map how many polygons are there take another map put over it both will combine and give more polygons that is also a local operation why local operation say i have a polygon here with four squares and another polygon with the diagonals when i put one over the other i get now many small small polygons and that area it will say from the first map i have taken soil one from the second map slope one so my new polygon contains the category soil and slope okay so overlay is a common operation where people run it with two layers and combine the themes here and here and create a new map and whenever it combines it it creates a table also along with that telling which theme and which theme had been combined to create the new so you know system gives that detail also so when you have local operation well known is one is as i said bap algebra second is two maps overlay third is there is something called conditional overlay see suppose you have two maps let me take again soil and slope you have two categories of soil two categories of slope you know what you want to combine and give a new value as per your analysis before hand itself you can give if this combination and this combination occurs you give me new output value one or you give me in the new map value 10 what you give accordingly also it can so it can do overlay conditional overlay map algebra all these things are all well known operations and local okay this is an example which shows us a local i mean overlay done unconditional overlay done between a taluka boundary map and a lithology map and we saw local next i said is focal focal is nothing i take a map i single layer here it is not multiple layer you have to keep in mind in a single layer i try to use my closest neighborhood to compute something okay i don't know whether you add a you might have had a lecture on remote sensing what we do in remote sensing we try to work on edge operator how do we do edge operator i run some filters am i gray value i take my surrounding gray value i have a convolution filter with which i try to run it and get the edges whenever there is a change of pixel value it delineates the edges same way here we can when you have a neighbor you try to use the adjacent 8 pixels or probably one more level it can be 3 by 3 it can be 5 by 5 take it compute it and get your value so in a gis what can be the best application for neighborhood it can be suppose i have the elevation data i can use for calculating slope so your focal operation the best example is of course you can smooth an image you can run filtering and all plus slope aspect etc are computed in a gis using focal operation where we take 3 by 3 neighbor okay how a slope is computed on all i'm not covering the algorithm but you can refer in any book they give the formula you have an elevation when you have nine eight elevations around you you find out where your gradient is maximum among the difference of height get the tan theta put that in your center pixel or take the theta put it you get your slope map okay for elevation finding a slope is a focal operation in the perspective of gis so neighborhood operation can be filtering smoothing the images or you know you can calculate slope and what is aspect moment you get a slope map in which direction your slope is following that is what you try to store it can be zero degree 45 or 90 or whatever it comes you store so a slope map can be generated from elevation data an aspect map can be generated a relief map can be generated they are all neighborhood operation which we call it as focal operation so local is possible focal is possible and then comes extended neighborhood instead of just a three by three pixel you can use why not suppose I have a hundred rows by hundred columns I am standing here this is a location of a school that is again a location of a school you would like to find out in your map who are all closer to you so that this school can be used by this district boundary and that school can be used by those people living there so you would like to make it instead of only using the closest pixel you are trying to use more pixels so that you can make a proximity map so we are not only sitting with only one level pixel we are going more another application of extended neighborhood is common operation we use in GIS is buffering buffering you never do with only one pixel I have a road I would like to protect one kilometer around the road or half a kilometer around the road and your pixel maybe your resolution maybe 30 meter so how many pixels you need come say come 30 pixels so whenever you do a buffering whenever you do a distance calculation whenever you make a proximity map they are all extended neighborhood operation extension of focal okay because among that buffering is very very common distance operations also so buffering is one of the extended neighborhood operations in raster and of course again if you go through that you know they say you know visibility analysis sitting on the tower or putting a signal how far the signal will go you have an elevation data every pixel as an elevation it is a digital elevation model and you are starting on this standing on the top of the tower how much area is visible it goes on all the eight directions and if there is a hindrance beyond it it is not visible so even view shed mapping is an extended neighborhood operation so one can do buffering visibility etc using that then comes the zonal operation zonal is you know a lot of operations are possible I just brought only one view graph to you zonal means you know what it does see I said neighborhood focal and all done in a single layer when I said local operation number of layers can be many when you come to zonal it operates on two layers one is a zone another is a team you keep in mind one is a zone another is a team I can take an example of zone map maybe a thaisal boundary map of a district I have a map well say 10 thaisals are there each thaisal level of one one one two two three three thaisal must have raster map a thaisal boundary map and next is let us say rainfall map it is a thematic map this is a zone map when I run a zonal operation what it does for every zone or for every cluster it takes this value finds minimum maximum average whatever you want to calculate and it stores in a tick so that moment you give a thematic map on an administrative boundary map your table directly gives all the things about this theme in this zone okay so automatically the zonal operation does it so whether it is a infall you put or a elevation you put or whatever the attribute you put the thematic map it gets quantified it is stored in a table for every zone you can pull anything and make it a map or use it for any computation okay that is what zonal operation does zonal operations compute a new value for each location of the existing values from a specific layer that are associated with the look not only with the location itself but with all the locations that occur within its own so it's not a local a zone this always a theme it works okay so I have a zone map a thaisal boundary map is shown that I think elevation data is shown so that moment this zonal map works with the elevation map for each zone it calculates the maximum value minimum value average etc stores in a table for this theme whatever the theme it stores and then it puts on a table you can pull it and make a map for any attribute okay so that is the concept of a zonal operation can we process the vector as well as with the rascal you see normally if you take officially speaking topo map we are not supposed to digitize that is one thing you have to keep in mind no ananna forces authorized to digitize a toposheet except survey of india okay let us assume not toposheet any thematic map okay see normally whenever you use a thematic map the best way to do it is you vectorize it don't use it directly as a remote sensing data scan the data vectorize it after you cleaning building and all you rasterize to the resolution unit that is a way you should use whether you are taking land use or whether you are using contour or whether you are using road network you must digitize first in a vector mode and then bring it to the in case you are integrating remote sensing data you come to the raster domain in case you are using for a network analysis just keep it with the vector itself and use it okay yes okay please now you know you look at in india andamanic over how many islands are there thousands of islands are there okay are they connected no they are all as far as jaw mantry is concerned they are all disjoint polygons agree but are they government of india will they give us the data for every small polygon no there is only one headquarter port player if you want to store the non-spatial data you have to store only as a single record fine so what that is the reason where they try to handle what is called as a multi polygon a multi polygon you have to see hierarchically upper than a polygon where a multi polygon is treated as a region a region is consist of multi polygon you give a tree that what id is of those polygons come to a region region becomes one for that region you store the record okay that is the way either a multi polygon is treated even a multi segments are treated say i may be working on a national highway and that high i am working in gujarat and karnataka may not be in marashra the highway may be passing somebody in gujarat somebody in karnataka after treated so there comes what multi arcs or multi segments so you know these are all got evolved by the people when they were doing applications see now like i'll show you afternoon vector models and vector analysis everything you know when people go to an application that time you find okay our GIS doesn't handle it we have to introduce it in fact multi polygon concept was introduced by ESRI when they were handling hawai maps because hawai is part of us when they had to handle naturally they couldn't handle the data because there is again a single capital so this concept was introduced which now as i said latest OGC specification they have taken care of very well not even that's what i said they have introduced something called multi geometry where points are possible lines are possible polygons are possible so you know you build it you give the link and then treat it as a special object it is different region means you it is a separate category of objects you see you cannot mix it point you store it you say it is the polygon as a feature okay what is the geometry it will ask you to treat it polygon when you are saying region you have to have a separate link hierarchically which polygons belong to them moment you define the region that option is available absolutely it may be joined it may be disjoint moment you use the word multi polygon it is a collection of polygons may be connected need not be connected that is the way it is generated