A lot focused on the back end of the fuel cycle, so I think it's good that the next presentation from Emparo is on radioactive waste management and decommissioning. So, thank you so much. So, first of all, I would like to show you the reference of the report on repossessed uranium, we mentioned. So, if you Google EIA repossessed uranium, you can find this nuclear energy series, but you can type the reference is number NFT4.4, and this is the report. So, this is my second talk, and I would like to mention that it's not in my section. So, there is another section dedicated to waste technology and decommissioning, and I've been asked by our director to give this talk. So, the first part, it's on radioactive, so the talk is divided into parts. One is dedicated to radioactive waste management, and the second part to decommissioning. The first part is courtesy of the section head of the waste technology section that provide me with information, and I try to do my best to give you the talk and also to answer the questions, and if not, I will address the questions to him. And then I'm sure he will answer properly. So, the content of the talk is, first of all, what means radioactive waste, the definition, the different sources of generation of the radioactive waste, the classification of the waste, and the different stages during the process of managing the radioactive waste. The waste acceptance criteria, and I will mention some of the international conventions in place so far. So, we have a glossary of safety terminology, and in this glossary you can find it on the internet if you Google IAEA safety glossary, and it was... Oh, thank you. I didn't need to read it. That's okay. And it was issue... In 2016, it was the last revision. So, there is mention that waste is any material for which no further use is foreseen. So, in the case of radioactive waste is a waste that contains or is contaminated because it's different. When it contains it's because it's activated and the reactivity is part of the material itself. And when it's contaminated, sometimes the contamination can be avoided, but we can clean the material. Sometimes it's not that easy. But if it's contaminated, we can be contaminated, but if the reactivity is part of the material, we cannot contaminate it. So, the radioactive waste is any material that contains or is contaminated with radionuclides at a certain level of concentration that is below the limit set by the regulatory body for which no other use is foreseen. So, there are many different type of facilities generating radioactive waste, and the waste are completely different. So, it ranges from the radiaisotopes using medical treatments that are very short-lived, and the concentrations are very small, and it ranges from then to our natural occurrence material to the spent fuel. So, the varieties and the forms are huge. And also the facilities can be a small laboratory dedicated to research, produce or generate waste, and the main generator is the operation of the nuclear power plant. So, the range of facilities producing waste is enormous. So, for that, the nature of the waste are very different, and we can find radioactive waste with radionuclides in different concentrations in physical and chemical forms. The radioactive waste can be gaseous, liquid, and solids. And these differences results in a wide variety of options for managing the radioactive waste. So, the main, the overall objective in safety is the radioactive waste should be managed in the form that the risks to people and the environment are minimized. And it should be done in all countries using nuclear technologies. So, for example, to give you an idea of the quantity of the radioactive waste produced by a nuclear power plant around 1,000 megabatts, generate around 200, 350 cubic meters of low level waste and intermediate level waste in the operation of the nuclear power plant, and also generate about 27 tons of spent fuel. And if this spent fuel undergoes to reprocessing, it's generated around three cubic meters of high level waste per year. So, as we see, the radioactive waste are from different, the different nature and from different generation. So, it should be classified in order to harmonize, to compare from one facility to another facility in the same country and also between countries. So, the radioactive waste can be classified according with their physical, chemical, and radiological properties. And due to the difficulties in comparison between facilities and between countries, it was decided to make guidelines for international classification. So, this is the current classification in place so far and the first one was issued in 1970 and it was revised in 1981 and 94 and the last one was published in 2009. So, the INC recommends countries to use this classification in order to harmonize and to be able to compare the radioactive waste produced in one country to another country. And it's very important that we will see at the end of the presentation in terms of the joint convention on the safety of spent fuel and radioactive waste management. So, the convention is a legal banding convention and it's based on the peer review between among countries on what they are managing. So, the classification should be comparable, otherwise we don't know if we are, when we are talking about intermediate level waste, what does it mean, or low level waste, what does it mean in one country to another country, should mean the same in all countries in order to compare and to be able to talk about it. So, this is the current classification proposed by the INC and included in the document I mentioned before. So, first of all, we have the exempt waste. What does it mean? It's the waste that the content, the radioactive content doesn't reach the level set by the regulatory body. So, it can be cleared or exempt to go under regulation. The second category is the very, and this is very important in the commissioning, for example, because in the nuclear power plant, if we consider everything because the nuclear power plant is a nuclear facility itself, if we consider everything under regulatory constraint, there is a huge amount of waste and there are a lot of buildings that are not contaminated and never were exposed to contamination. So, they can be cleared and they can be apart from the regulation. So, they are measured and they are exempt waste. They are considered not contaminated and they are not undergoes to the managing of the radioactive waste material. So, we have another. The second category is the very short-lived waste and it's mainly those material used for medical purposes because the health life of the radioactive waste used are very, very short hours or days, but not longer than that. So, this activity, this waste can be managed, only keep it in some store facilities in the same facility of the producer and leave it them until decay. And when it decay, it can be managed as conventional waste. And, for example, some medical waste produced by radiofarmac are more dangerous by the biological risks. For example, the needles are more risked by the biological risk than the radiological. So, radiological, if we can, if we leave the waste for months or years, they are sure that their activity has decay under the limit and it's no longer a risk and they are then treated as biological waste. So, the third category is the very low-level waste and they don't need a high level of containment or isolation and they can be disposed in the surface, in the repository surface and we will see the different options. Then the fourth category is the low-level waste and so they have levels above the clearance and they have limited amounts of long-lived radionuclides that usually are alpha emitters. So, for example, in the case of Spain, it's the case of El Cabril. I don't know if you've heard about it. Let's talk about it. So, if our repository in the southwest of the country and it's dedicated to low-level and intermediate-level waste, but they are very strict in the alpha emitters that can be disposed of there. So, this is the limitation because they consider them low-level waste. And we have another category. The fifth category is the intermediate-level waste and so they have... they content a certain amount of long-lived radionuclides that can be beta-gam emitters and alpha emitters. They require greater degree of containment and isolation and they are disposed underground, a few meters underground. And the sixth category is the high-level waste that consists in the spent fuel itself when it's considered as a waste in the open cycle option or the high-level waste produced after reprocessing of the spent fuel after the PUDEX process and it's mainly formed by fission products and myelactinites. And they are vitified in glasses matrix, conditioned in glasses matrix and disposed in deep geological repository as a spent fuel. So, for example, to give an example of an activity that generates low-level, intermediate-level and high-level waste is the reprocessing activities. So, once uranium and plutonium is reprocessed and recycled products, they generate waste and the waste are the residues. So, the residues are originated from the irradiation of the fuel and the reactor and they are the hues and the end fittings of the tubes of the rocks containing the fuel and also residues are the myelactinized and the fission products that form the high-level waste stream that has to be vitified. So, the hues and the end fittings are considered intermediate-level waste and they are super compacted and we will see later. And the myelactinized and fission products are high-level liquid waste that has to be solidified including in a condition in a matrix glass. And there are the so-called operational waste that are generated in the operation of the facility. So, they are low-level and very low-level waste and also they are intermediate waste. High-level is the myelactinized and fission products but there are, for example, some resins originated in the purification processes that have to be managed as radioactive waste. And I don't know if you can see it properly. So, this is the conceptual classification that you can find in the safety guide I mentioned. And so it gives an idea, this is the level of activity and this is the time frame. So, you see the six categories are drawn in this draft. So, this is the exemption waste. This is the short-lived that decay very, very fast. This is the low-level waste, the intermediate waste and the high-level waste that needs a lot of time to reach the low-level or the exemption level. And in terms of safety, a radionuclide with a half-life lower than 30 years is considered short-lived. So, all radionuclides with a half-life higher than 30 years are considered long-lived radionuclides. So, the different stages include in the management of the radioactive waste are the basic steps are drawn in the picture and it's considered in the pre-treatment treatment and then it's when the waste are segregated in those who can be considered not radioactive waste anymore and conventional waste and those and the materials that can be recycling inside the nuclear cycle. And then once the waste are treated, are conditioned to make them solid and difficult the radioactivity to be unleashed and released and then after a period of storage they should be disposed of or directly from conditioning they can be disposed of. Sometimes they don't need to pass through the storage. This is a very genetic draw. So, this is in the case of high-level waste of a spent fuel but some of the low-level waste or intermediate waste can be conditioned and then directly disposed of in the suitable facility. So, let's talk about the waste pre-treatment. So, the main objectives of this stage in the management of the radioactive waste is to segregate the material into active and non-active so we can exempt some of the materials and also to separate them in different stream components and this is very important because when the facility received the waste or produced the waste they are of different level of contamination different level of activity content. So, and sometimes we can produce cross-contamination so it's very interesting to keep all streams separately to avoid cross-cutting contamination and to produce huge amount of waste. So, the first principle is to produce as low volume as possible of radioactive waste. So, another objective is to convert the waste into a form that it's easily to be treated and conditioned and to recover products for recycling. So, if we segregate from the beginning it's easier to recycle some of the materials that we put everything together and then we segregate it. Sometimes they are contaminated and they are not easy to recycle after. So, the most important part of this pretreatment is the decontamination activities that the main objective is to reuse the materials to able to reuse the material and to reduce the contamination and sometimes if the contamination can be avoided the classification of the waste can be lowered from intermediate to low level that make it easier to manage the radioactive waste. Also minimize the personnel and the workers' exposure and allows the product recovery and always we have to keep in mind the benefits and the drawbacks of decontamination because sometimes we have something contaminated in 1 cm, cubic cm and it's very easy to manage because the volume is very low and then if we try to decontaminate it we create liters and liters of contaminated water or contaminated organic solvent sometimes it's much difficult to manage. So, the balance between the benefits economic and also from technical point of view should be always keep in mind and the characterization. So, the characterization of the radioactive waste is very important in all stages of the management of the radioactive waste because first of all, we have to know what is included, which type of contamination or which type of radionuclides are contained in the waste also it's important to have the inventory of the radionuclides stored or disposed in the facility. So, for example, in the case of a facility dedicated to low level very limited to low level radionuclides it's necessary to know the inventory because the regulatory body never allows or the facility is not licensed for low level radionuclides the level of alpha emitters should be keep under a certain level so the characterization is very important and it's not easy to characterize the radioactive waste because the gamma emitters can be characterized with non-destructive methods because the gamma rays are difficult to stop so with a detector, a germanium detector we can easily detect but what's happened with the content of alpha emitters beta gamma emitters, pure beta emitters as strontium 19 or uranium plutonium that's only made gamma rays so they are very difficult to characterize and it's necessary to develop methodologies that using destructive methods can allow the facilities to get the inventory and then to apply the so-called correlation factors so measuring the gamma emitters can calculate knowing from where the stream comes the alpha and beta content so it's not an easy task to characterize and it's very important and it's also necessary to meet and to be sure that the waste meet the acceptance criteria so the most common definition of the waste acceptance criteria and it could be applied also to spend fuel sorry are those requirements that are to be met by conditioned radioactive waste forming packages to be accepted at an interim storage or at a disposal facility but it's not only important at the final for the interim storage or disposal facility it's also the waste acceptance criteria are also very important in all different stages of the management because for example if we produce a material in the case of a spent fuel if we storage the fuel in or we manage the fuel in a certain circumstances we have to be and we have to keep in mind what is the next step because sometimes decision-staking in one stages have a lot of impact in the second stage so now the approach for radioactive waste and also for spent fuel management is to have an integrated approach to the whole management and then we are sure that the decision-staking in one stage doesn't have a lot of impact in the next stages of the process this is the issue from the beginning that's why we are working now into an integrated approach of the different stages it's very difficult to have in mind now what will happen in 60 years because for example in the case of radioactive waste you know what the disposal facility the requirements for the disposal facility are you know so you have to have in mind in all the process they accept the criteria at the end and for the radioactive waste in the immediate low level it's not that difficult because the facilities are now in place but for spent fuel storage for spent fuel disposal for example it's very difficult to have in mind so now we have a meeting a big meeting it was a conference in 2015 and the main message of the conference on spent fuel management was we should approach the management of spent fuel in an integrated way and the communities has to talk to each other because the community dedicated to storage doesn't have in mind disposal issues even in the agency for example we are separated in different sections so we are working in the storage in one section and they are working in the disposal in another section and we have to talk to each other and we have to be aware what the needs in disposal and disposal have to have in mind what is happening in storage so far to be able to smooth the interfaces so there's a lot of effort applied to that because it's very difficult so in the ideal world we should have some acceptance criteria that of course the technology changes and maybe solutions in 60 years are completely different that we know now but at least we should have something in mind for disposal and it should be known by the people working now in the storage to keep in mind that in the future the constraints or the needs will be this and that and that and it's not that easy even for example for the safeguards if I explain like this it sounds very funny and it's not funny so we have a meeting in April in the agency with the main actors in the world on disposal and storage and then we invite a person from safeguards and the person from safeguards said now we are working so hard very hard with countries for example from Sweden and the representative from Sweden said ah thank you because they designed the facility for disposal without taking into account the safeguards requirements and then the lady from safeguards said and we need inspection here inspection there, inspection there and then once the walls are built then we have to drill oh no so it sounds common sense but the communities are very isolated and a lot of effort now is applying to have in mind all the requirements in the disposal or in the storage but mainly in the disposal because it will last a lot of time so it's not that very difficult and of course this is the general definition and as the waste are more difficult to manage the acceptance criteria are more difficult to meet at the end so what are the results of the pretreatment so we will try to improve the safety to lower the radiation exposure and so we have to balance the effort and benefit not to avoid generating a lot of secondary waste that sometimes are more difficult to manage than the primary waste treatment so there are different operations in treatment that in principle are dedicated to reduce the volume and to remove when it's possible the activity of the waste to lower, placidicate them and we have some examples of liquid waste treatment and as you can see they are dedicated to reduce the volume so after filtering or evaporation, distillation or ion change resistance purification we can have a reduced volume of waste and in order to condition a lower volume but sometimes it's more difficult so we have to keep in mind that sometimes the conditioning of the concentrators are more difficult than the conditioning of the waste itself so an important consideration to choose the treatment for the liquids the characteristics of the waste and sometimes for example if we separate the liquid sorry, the liquid stream by distillation we can have water and the concentrate and the water we can discharge because by distillation we cannot have contamination in the distilled liquid and in the case of solid waste there are different methods based on compactation and also melting or incineration and chemical and biochemical treatments so for example in the case of compaction sometimes we can compact inside the drum this is the normal harmonized 220 liters drum and a lot of volume of waste are produced in the operation so there are the gloves, the cover shoes the clothes, the masks and these waste can be compacted to increase the volume that can be placed in one drum or sometimes with the metal parts as we saw during the processing with the hues for example of the rods we can super compact these waste to reduce a lot the volume so you can see here in the slide the volume reduction when we compact in the drum is two or five times and super compaction the reduction is 10-15 times and then we improve the volume in the repository other option is the incineration and it's a normal like in the conventional waste so the organic part is transforming CO2, water and we get a secondary waste the ashes and the volume is reduced dramatically so we have volume reduction 50-100 times and melting is used during the commissioning for example some research reactors the aluminum part of the core can be melt and the products are separated in the result metal and also what it means in English, I don't remember the name, slag slag so has been proved that the main radioactive content remain in the slag while the metal remains clean and can be recycled inside the nuclear cycle so the off gas so the off gas are treated with filters with EPA filters or also some gases are trapped in absorption beds yes depending on the contamination you can incinerate the filters if they are made of incinerable material you can incinerate the filters and then get the ashes and manage the ashes but yes, of course sometimes it depends on the size of the filters the humidity in the case of the filters the filters are mainly so I'm not especially in the off gas treatment but I think there are different traps, different levels the water condensate at less than 100 degrees so you can have lower condensation of water and then the EPA filters avoiding to have water you know what I mean so you have a cool tower and then the emanations are cooled before to get the filter that are sensitive to humidity so you can walk like this I get so because there are different steps in the filtration so of course the off gas has to be treated in the case of the reprocessing facility where the spent fuel is shopped and solved the main radionuclides of gases contained in the spent fuel is the iodine and the noble gases that usually are inside the pellet or in the places between the pellet and the clad and should be these gases are treated by appropriated filters so conditioning the main idea is to solidify the waste and to put the waste in the form that the projectivity will be difficult to be leached and to be released so in the case of low level and intermediate level the cement is the more used matrix and in the case of high level waste is the glass matrix there are different packages so once the suitable matrix is identified it mixes the matrix with the waste and then is solidified and immobilized in a package so this is a 220 liters drum and this is for example concrete packages for more active waste because concrete stops the chemical emissions and these isocontainers are mainly used in the commissioning for sands for big volumes of radioactive waste with very low contamination and they are put like this because there is design characterization procedure with three and three detectors so the box the isocontainers pass through the six detectors and in a slow speed and then is detected if the content is below the certain levels and then it's considered a cement or they are considered radioactive waste and there is a harmonized procedure to characterize this type of containers you mean the external corrosion or the internal corrosion yeah as far as I know so far the concrete is improved to keep it safe because for example some facilities dedicated to low level are based on concrete as immobilized matrix also as structural containment and as the buildings of course the concrete has to meet some specifications and requirements to be used in the radioactive waste facility as a matrix or as a structural containment and the facilities are licensed by 300 years and it's proved that it's licensed by it's time so it's like the buildings it's considered a suitable material for example in the case we will see later in the case of some facilities at least in Spain El Cabril is based on a concrete structure as a matrix and also different cells plenty of trumps and immobilized with concrete so after the conditioning the waste has to be stored I think we talk a lot about storage and then has to be disposed of and this is the options so for very low level waste can be stored in the surface for low level waste needs to be stored underground but not very deep only few meters deep for intermediate level waste they need more isolation so they have to be disposed in deeper constructions for high level waste or spent fuel is a deep geological repository sorry I think in any case but it's more important in the case of intermediate and high level waste but in any case because if you put surface repository in a seismic area it's not good but it's not a risk high risk but in the case of intermediate or high level waste is one of the main parameters to be taken into consideration the same requirement I don't know because I'm not safety specialist so maybe you should ask somebody from safety for license I don't know by my common sense it should be the same but I'm not sure but for example in the case of geological repository because the nuclear power plant is licensed for 40 years of lifetime but in the case of the geological repository it will last for a long time so maybe it shouldn't be the same maybe it should be more restrict in this case but I don't know so yeah because the nuclear industry is always very very very safe but maybe it's much more in the case of the geological repository I don't know yeah yeah in principle it's mainly dedicated to the source sources yeah but the source sources is a radioactive waste also I think so far the current options are dedicated to the source sources I guess more than intermediate but in this slide it's considered all radioactive waste not only those came in from the nuclear power plant so this is a graph facing the different options with the different levels of classification of the radioactive waste so we see the very low shortleaf and very low surface low level some meters below or over the ground and intermediate deep and high level waste very deep so this is an example of engineers near surface fossil concepts and for example you can see here the concrete structure the cells are made of concrete and the idea is to fill these cells anything is the same like here with drums in a square cells filled with concrete and then fill all these cells with concrete and cover them and at the end the remediation is made with vegetation I don't think so I don't think the formulation of the concrete to be put in as a matrix it's it's a spatial facility for low level waste and the concrete is used as a matrix to immobilize the low level waste and the formulation of the concrete I think is licensed to last the whole period and to avoid the leaching of the radioactive and it's used as a matrix it's a conventional matrix for low level waste and the other option is when it's few meters below the ground floor is the trench type disposal and you can see different examples in the United States in France in Argentina for example and it's dedicated to low level waste so far the low level waste disposal is mature and well understood practice and the requirements are you can find the requirements in this safety guide SSR 5 about the disposal of the radioactive waste and so there are more than 100 low level waste repositories working so far in the world so there is a lot of lessons learned and operation experience gathered and this there are different range of disposal solutions and since there are different types of radioactive waste produced in the different operations with the applications of the nuclear energy and this these experience gather are very useful for the newcomer countries of the countries we started working with the applications of nuclear energy not only with the nuclear energy production so the INC is always fostering the sharing of lessons learned and the operational experiences and this is options for the mine cavities is when the intermediate level waste are disposed of deeper and below the ground and these are the examples of the different options of the geologic repository and we talk about them during the last talk so the option for high level waste as we mentioned is the deep geological repository and the most important thing is now after experiences there is a clear recognition that the importance of the stakeholder engagement and now there is a lot of effort put in engage and find the ways to engage the stakeholder from the beginning of the disposal facility and the decision and the siting process so we talk about this I'm not going to repeat that and one of the most important things to minimize the waste the volume and also the radioactive content and it's made using the generation at source and recycling and reusing the material and it should be made in all the stages of the nuclear energy cycle so since the facility designed through the operation and during the decommissioning of the nuclear power plant so as I mentioned there is a lot of effort now put in the stakeholder involvement and there are a lot of activities performed by the INC and also in collaboration with other international organizations as the OECD NEA and the European Commission because it's important to build trust and confidence of the public in the nuclear industry and the nuclear applications because many people go to the hospital and they don't know that they are treated by nuclear material and they don't know so I think there is a lack of communication to the public about the benefits and what they are receiving from the nuclear applications and the nuclear industry so let's talk about the international conventions so since the countries are not working now isolated so there is a lot of international relations and there is a directive issued by the EURATOM in the European Commission in 2011 about giving a guide and advice to the countries on how to manage radioactive waste and spend fuel to harmonize the practices and also there is a code of conduct on the safety and security of the reactive sources and now there is the joint convention on the safety of spend fuel management and radioactive waste management and I'm going to talk a little bit about it and the joint convention is a legally binding agreement between contracting parties so the countries are free to sign the contract but the INC is fostering and trying to encourage the countries to sign the contract and to be part of the joint convention is the only international legally binding instrument in the area of safety and security of spend fuel and radioactive waste management and it's based on the safety fundamentals of radioactive waste management so this is the story in 1997 the board of governors authorized the DG to convene a diplomatic conference and in September of this year the joint convention was signed by 42 member states and entered into force in 2001 so every three years there is a meeting that was in May 2015 and the next one will be in May 2018 so next year and so far there are 76 contracting parties as July 2017 so what is the objective of the joint convention is to achieve and maintain high level of safety worldwide and to ensure that there are effective defences against potential hazards to the individuals and to the environment and also the idea is to prevent accidents and mitigate their consequences so when countries sign as contracting parties they commit to adopt the appropriate measures to ensure the safety of spend fuel and radioactive waste management they commit to prepare and submit a national report for the peer review of the other contracting parties they commit to responding within to the questions addressed and submitted by other contracting parties to attend the meetings every three years and also to commit to participate actively in the review process so this is a strategy of every contracting parties a peer review by the other contracting parties so in this case the INC only act as a secretariat so we are the depository we are in charge to organize the meetings to hold the meetings to maintain the website with the information and also to make promotional activities to promote and to make other countries to sign as contracting parties and for example the last two years we got six new so we were 70 contracting parties by 2015 and now we are 76 so in two years we got six more contracting parties and the joint convention belongs to the countries themselves so they have to submit a national report that shall contain the policy and practices for spend fuel and radioactive waste management to address the criteria to categorize the radioactive waste and they have to include the listing of facilities and the inventory of spend fuel and radioactive waste and they have a web page you can find in this link and they decided which information they would like to make public to the public or they keep resale by themselves so I think I'm going to go quickly to the decommissioning part so only as a conclusion if the radioactive waste are managed safely securely and environmentally we would like to have more public confidence in the nuclear industry that increase the acceptability of the nuclear energy and the nuclear applications so now let's move to the decommissioning part of the talk I will try to be as fast as I can so this presentation is a courtesy of my colleague who is a technical leader of decommissioning in the waste technology section and environmental remediation so looking to the safety glossary nuclear decommissioning is the administrative and technical actions some or all of the regulatory controls from a facility but not only from a facility because there may be areas of land that have become contaminated during operation of a facility and the cleanup of these areas is also part of the decommissioning so the commissioning activities have to be performed with a progressive and systematic reduction of the radiological hazard and it's undertaken on the basis of a very rigorous planning and assessment to ensure safety, protection of workers and the public and the environment as well and it should be taken into consideration as a normal and expected part of the life cycle of any industrial facility so as we will see that the commissioning should be keeping in mind from the beginning of the design of the facility because if we have to dismantling a facility and it was taken into account at the time of the design it should be easy so this is the current situation so there are more than 19 power reactors the commission so far and there are more than 400 other facilities including research reactors or research and development facilities universities and nuclear fuel cycle facilities that have been shut down for decommissioning and undergoing decommissioning so there's a lot of knowledge and experience on the commission so far so these are some numbers that you can get if you type priest is the INC power reactor if information system thank you and if you type Google EIA priest you can get the link and also we have a database on reactor and nuclear fuel cycle information system also for nuclear fuel cycle facilities and you can find this type of numbers of the nuclear reactors in operation which are long-interpreting shutdown or impermanent shutdowns and so on this is the outlook of decommissioning of the power plants and so it's foreseen growing in the decommissioning of the power reactors and this is the scenario for the shutdown so in 2020 something most of the plants that were built and constructed in the 80s will reach the end of the life and they will go under decommissioning so as it's mentioned in the general safety requirements on decommissioning of facilities you can find these three decommissioning strategies one is the immediate dismantling it means that decommissioning actions begin shortly after the permanent shutdown and everything is removed and the land is clear for other purposes but there is another option that is deferred dismantling and when it's considered that after shutdown the country wait or the operator wait until 40-60 years starting the dismantling of the facility in this case they use this time to allow the short lived life to decay and then the productivity to be managed is lower and the decay heat is lower so the strategy that the country can choose but in the case of the deferred dismantling since they wait 40-60 years there could be a lot of changes in the requirements and in the safety and in the governments so it's very dangerous and the cost maybe can cost a higher cost at the end and the third option is the so-called entopment and it's a combination of the two other options so on one hand some parts of the facilities and the commission and another part are kept in safe mode so are conditioned in order to avoid the reactivity release but this option is not considered as the commissioning strategy and it's not an option in a normal shutdown it's only considered in the case of normal circumstances as a severe accident or as we will see in the case of the reactors using graphite it has decided to go through this option and I will explain later so these are some numbers of the plants so far so there are around 50 that go or plants to go under deferred dismantling there are around another 50 that plans to go under immediate dismantling and there is these three entombed so the radioactive material has been conditioned in C2 so the land has to be restricted access and restricted use and there are around 25 without any decision taken so far so this is for example this is an example of one nuclear power plant under immediate dismantling so it is the Yankee Row nuclear power plant in the United States and it was fully dismantled in 2007 and the shutdown was in 1992 and you can see the land with the nuclear power plant the land after with the completely commission the commission site but the spent fuel remain in the site so now it's a problem that for example in the case of the United States most of the plants are reaching the end of the lifetime or they are shutting down due to economic reasons and the storage remain on site and at the time the nuclear power plant is in operation it's fully stuffed but should be remain stuffed that take care about the storage facility so it's an issue that now countries are facing how to deal with different inter-emerge storage sprout all over the countries and also in Spain we have the same problems we are building inter-emerge storage because we don't have any centralized inter-emerge solution we are building inter-emerge storage in three, four of our nuclear power plants and at the end of the lifetime when the nuclear power plant will be the commission the storage will remain alone there and it's an example of deferred dismantling so it's an example of the nuclear power plant of graphite gas it was Bandaios one it was shut down in 89 after an accident without any environmental consequences but the operator decided to shut down the plant and so this was the plant and then after the demolition and dismantling the graphite is kept so the spent fuel was sent to France for reprocessing but the graphite is very difficult to manage and was kept for a dormancy period of 25 years that will be finished in 2028 yes because it was started in 24 for 25 years to allow the the majority of the activity to decay because the graphite the radionuclear inventory of the radiative graphite is unusual in comparison with another nuclear waste so there is a lot of cobalt 16 that has a half life of 5 years and there is a tritium a huge amount of tritium and it's one order of magnitude of the concentration of carbon 40 and it's also chlorine 36 that is a long term because it's already a nuclear emitter with a long half life so now there is a project run by the INC in order to harmonize and to find solutions among all countries that have nuclear power plants with radiative graphite to gather practices and to discuss and to find harmonized solutions among countries to manage the radiative graphite so the decommissioning has to go under a very strict plan so the successful decommissioning depends on the careful organized plan and should be prepared for any nuclear facility so the INC recommends to prepare the plan for decommissioning at the beginning before the operation of the facility and to revise the plan so in that case the records of the all changes that during the lifetime of the facility are made should be kept as a record and facilitate the decommissioning tasks and also the INC recommends when a nuclear power plant is shut down to start the operation taking the spent fuel to store on site or away from the reactor but starting discharging the spent fuel from the core from the first part so the responsibilities associated with the decommissioning we have three main bodies the government, the regulatory body and the licensing so the government is to establish a national policy for the management of the radioactive waste and also the waste generated during the decommissioning the government is responsible to establish and to maintain the legal, so with the regulatory body and the technical and the financial responsibilities for organizations involved in the decommissioning so the government is responsible to be sure that there will be funds available at the time of the decommissioning of the nuclear power plants and also they are responsible to ensure that there are the necessary scientific and technical expertise in the country to do the decommissioning activities the regulatory body shall regulate all aspects of the decommissioning throughout all stages of the facility's lifetime and during the decommissioning so it's the responsible to issue the license for operation and also the license for decommissioning and the licensing shall plan for decommissioning and shall conduct the decommissioning actions in compliance with the authorization of the decommissioning issued by the regulatory body and is the responsible for all aspects of safety, radiation protection for the workers and for the environment so what are the decommissioning challenges so the first one is the financial needs so as you can see I put some figures of the cost of decommissioning of different plants in Spain it's very small plant and also in Finland and in Slovak and this is the forcing cost so there is also a needs or research and development and innovations in technologies for characterization and survey for segmentation and dismantling and the contamination and remediation of the environment means there are different types of facilities to be dismantled the INC is organizing discussion groups to share information and to put in common all the developments the different countries are getting so it's the country estimation for the cost because they consider all the implications because they love each other in Finland and they have the disposal facility available and I don't have all the considerations they consider when they calculate the cost this is the calculated cost by every country but it's to give an idea that it's about 100 million of euros and I guess this is the initial calculation and the final calculation is completely different and the final cost will be completely different so this is the estimation cost depending on what is considered so at the end we finalize the same as during the nuclear spend fuel and radioactive waste management so it's necessary to have effective stakeholder involvement also in the commissioning and environmental remediation activities because there is a huge amount of waste managed during these activities so and this is very important because there is a lot of international cooperation and collaboration in this field so as an example the INC NEA and the European Commission are working together and for example the OECD launched in 1985 a program dedicated to exchange scientific and technical information and they are still working in this project so the phase will start in 2014 in 2018 the last phase of this project and after Fukushima accident in 2013 Japan established the IRIIT project and it's the International Research Institute for Nuclear Decommissioning and in January the INC also after Fukushima accident in January 2015 established the DAROT project as is the project on decommissioning and remediation of damaged nuclear facilities under the INC nuclear safety action plan under the INC nuclear safety action plan and the project gathered 35 international experts from 19 member states so you have here the links of the three webpages with you can find the information of this international collaboration so what is the INC doing in the decommissioning program so we are developing technical publication and safety guides as you see the network we have an international decommissioning network we collaborate with the technical cooperation department projects on decommissioning to help member states we held some conferences and the last one was the international conference in Spain in May 2016 we also organized peer reviews missions to review the national decommissioning programs and you can find a lot of information in the decommissioning module in the PREIS information system so these are some publications and this is the conference here in Madrid and this is the link you can have all the information for the conference in this link and some examples of activities related to decommissioning we have a wiki under the network on the commissioning and so the wiki can be used for a number of purposes such as helping to select the basis mantling or the contamination methods or identifying where different decommissioning activities are taking place opportunity for benchmarking so you can join the network and then you can have access to this wiki to get the information and you can here you can find the links to get the access and this is the different networks we have in the INC so once you have the nucleus access you can request access to the decommissioning network also to this POSAL network or the spend fuel management network sorry for the time I get and we are also developing ill-earning material and they are publicly available those in green are already available and the web page of the INC is public but it's not that easy to find so you need to search and search and search and then you get the material so it's publicly available but it's difficult and this is the link so there are some modules on this POSAL and remediation already published and now we are working to develop a module on spend fuel management so this is the platform where you can get the illearning material and it's very interesting I recommend you to look at this material and that's it, thank you for your attention


Please pay close attention to this important message. Your close attention. Secure. You're dead. We're all dead.


Okay. Good morning. Good morning everyone. Welcome to class. Thank you for being here and continuing, you know, with your interest in learning more about prayer and intercession. We will pray and get started. So I want to request somebody from class to please lead us in prayer. You can use the mic and pray into the mic. Some are different. I think Rinna has already prayed once. Even Sean has prayed in the class. I remember. Anyone else who hasn't prayed? Come on. Vimal, let's pray. Thank you Jesus. Thank you for your mercy. Thank you for your grace. Thank you for a new day. You gave in our life, Lord Jesus. Lord, I pray for this session, Lord Jesus. Help us to know more about your word, about prayer, about how to spend time with you, Lord Jesus. Help us to grow in faith. Help us to grow in spiritually, Lord Jesus. And Lord Jesus, all glory and honor belongs to your name. In Jesus' name we pray. Amen. Amen. Thank you. Thank you, Vimal. So a quick note about the first graded assignment as the online students call it and the midterm exam for the in-person students or the on-campus students. You will have your exam this week on campus and online students, your question paper is already up. So it's a different question paper for the on-campus students. So I think Diana Mann will inform you about the exam. The chapters you can study are from chapter 1 to chapter 9. So for everybody, it's chapter 1 to chapter 9. For everybody for this first exam, it's an open book. You can see a book but you really have to know your subject to answer the questions. Even though it is an open book, so just made it a little easier. You can use your Bibles also, no problem. But I'm really looking at the answers. So if you've not understood, you will not be able to answer. Okay, so that's the thing. All the best. Just go through review. Yes. Okay, so for the online students, it is for 40 marks. For the on-campus students, it is for 75 marks. It's a one hour paper, one hour. Okay, so you've got to be ready to answer. You have to write and hand it back to the BC staff. Alright, sure. So with that good news, we will go further into... Yes, yes. Sorry. Yes, yes, it will. In the class as in not during the lectures. It's a separate time, which they will allot you when you have to sit and write your exam. Yeah, I think most probably it'll be in the afternoon. Yeah, yes. I think that I cannot answer. It depends on each lecturer. So it depends on the question itself. Yeah, but when we set the question paper, we plan it in such a way that you can manage it in one hour. Okay, so how many of our questions you'll be able to manage it? Okay, good. So I hope all your doubts are cleared. Any other doubts? What questions are? What? I didn't get the example. Oh, come on. I'm sure you will be able to handle it. I don't think I'll give you any example, Prince. You will be fine when you look at the questions. Don't worry. Yeah, so I'm just quickly looking at the chat here. Yes, good morning. Good morning everyone. So Krisha, for the online paper, what is the minimum word limit for the first three questions? So since this is an online paper, Krisha, you actually don't have a time limit. So it's really up to you. I would say you look at the sections, like if it's a long answer, then you could write maybe three paragraphs. Or if it is a short answer, you can just write one paragraph. So it's totally up to you. Sometimes students have so much information to put in, they write two pages for one long answer, but it's really up to you. Okay, so online students, there's no, I'm not putting any limit on the words. It's totally a decision. I hope that helps. Yeah, so was there some other question here? I will not be able to give you more details about the paper. It's one hour. It has enough number of questions that you can easily manage. Okay, that's all I'm going to say. This time, it is open book. I don't know about next time because it's your first midterm exam. I thought, okay, let's make it as easy as possible. So yeah, but please study and come. Otherwise, you won't be able to answer. Okay, sure. All right, so let's go into today's topic. This is chapter 10. Yes, mostly after. Yeah. Yes, answers. You mean sitting arrangement? See, I mean, I don't know exactly how it will be, but it will be in such a way that, you know, there will be a distance between students. But then you're in Bible college. I think distance or no distance should actually not matter because you'll be looking at your books. Right. Okay. Fine. So don't worry. Don't worry about the questions, sitting arrangement, all that. Let's, let's get into the chapter here. Okay, chapter 10 persistence in prayer. So, so far we've learned about personal prayer, how to build up our own personal prayer. And in the last session, we talked a little bit about prophetic prayer. You know how hearing from God helps us pray better. Okay, because if you don't know the specific will of God in certain situations, we need the specific will, isn't it? So unless we hear from God as to what God is going to do or, you know, what does God's will for somebody's life. It becomes difficult to pray focused. So God reveals, God reveals, in scripture we've seen that he reveals. We said that if there are things that lay ahead, maybe a warning or, you know, if someone has a certain destiny in God, God may reveal that.  So how do they know?  Okay, prophetic, we see that prophecy is a gift from God. It's a gift and it reveals, it reveals many things, not just about the future, but it could also be used to turn prophetic generally. For some of the revelation gifts, you know, things like word of knowledge, word of wisdom. These are gifts which are there in 1 Corinthians chapter 12. So broadly, we use prophetic for all of these revelatory gifts. So when we are praying, God may reveal something of the past, which is word of knowledge. Okay, or God may reveal something of the future, we tend to call it prophecy. Okay, many a time we call it prophecy or God might reveal the solution to a problem. That is word of wisdom when we don't know what exactly to do. You know how the disciples went to Jesus when they had to pay taxes and they asked him, Lord, like, we have to pay taxes. And what did Jesus say? You go, you'll find a coin in the fish's mouth. What is that? How did Jesus know? So it's a gift and operation. It's solving the problem in that moment. So we generally call it word of wisdom. Okay, all these come under the category of the prophetic. So God can reveal past, present, future, anything to help us pray more aligned to his will and his purpose. So it's important as people who are praying, yes, we have to be very, you know, it helps to be disciplined. And we talked about that, you know, if you set a time aside, you plan what prayer points you're going to pray for all that. So it's very structured, planned, prepared, organized kind of prayer. But in our prayer, we have to be open to the leading of the Holy Spirit. So the Holy Spirit might see I might be praying with a certain idea in mind, but the Holy Spirit might suddenly reveal something else to me. So that is prophetic. So in a prayer, we have to make space for the prophetic because otherwise there can be some prayers which we are praying, which is not at all aligned to the purpose of God. You understood, we end up becoming very stuck.  And immediately he uses that to pray to God. So when God reveals something that revelation, it can be about a person, it can be about myself, it can be about my family, or it can be about somebody else. Either an individual or let's say a church or let's say a city. So when God reveals something, I also was telling all of us, it is not to go and tell. Okay, so the first thing that we have to do whenever God reveals something is what? What should we do if God reveals something? You have a dream God reveal something what to do? I can't hear you. Pray, pray. Yes, pray. Okay, so that is the default response which we need to have unless God puts it in our hearts and says you have to go and tell this. And prophetic words are generally for an audience. Okay, so we can also find out like who should be listening to this prophetic word? Is it one person? Is it the whole church? Is it, is it, you know, a larger group of people? So whenever a word has to be shared, we have to ask all these questions because if we are not careful, if we don't have wisdom, we will end up, let's say it's a message only for Rin, okay. And what if I tell the whole class? It may not be appropriate. All right.  All the planets, something like that, the heavenly bodies were coming and bowing to one particular body. And then similarly, he saw that there were wheat, yeah, the swans, they were all bowing to one particular, you know, wheat crop or sheaf or whatever you call it. So he interpreted that and he said that you will all bow down to me. He told his brothers that that was not appropriate actually. He should have just prayed about it. Did it happen in his life? It happened. But he did a mistake. That was not the right time. And that was, they were not the right audience to reveal God's purpose for his life because what did it create? Jealousy. It created jealousy. So I'm giving you an example. So whenever we receive a word from God, you pray, you pray through, you pray through. One good thing you can do is to write it down.  Maybe when you're praying, you get a word from God, you quickly write it down. Okay, God spoke to me about, you know, about my, my talent that I must use it for him. I got this reference of scripture. Just write it down and you begin to pray in line with that. So that is about prophetic prayer. Okay. So now let's move on to persistence in prayer. There are times when we need to be, you know, that we should not give up in prayer. Yeah. So anyone here had an experience where you prayed for something, you know, it's God's will for your life. But, you know, you've prayed for it for a very long time. Maybe it's not yet happened. It's still not happened. Yes. You want to share? Okay, no problem. Okay, Sean, you have something to share. Please use the mic. Can you hear me? Yeah. It's a bit embarrassing, but I actually prayed for a phone that I wanted to buy for a very long time, which took about, I think two years to get in my price range. So I prayed for that phone and I got it and at the right time I got the right price. So that's what I want to say. Okay. So Sean, I couldn't hear you very well. You prayed for a phone? Yeah, to buy a phone. Okay. Which was a bit costly at the time. So I wanted to like count on the proper price for me to afford it. Okay. So it took, I think it took about a year and a half. Then it got reduced to the proper price and I got what I wanted. So yeah, I think that's one consistent prayer I can say. Okay, that's nice. So a year and a half is a fairly long time to pray for that one request. But you know, sometimes there are things that you are probably praying for many more years. So it happens to, you know, some of us. So these things can happen. But when we know that something is the will of God, what we want to encourage is we should not give up on it. Okay. We should never give up on it. We have to pray consistently. We have to pray persistently. So I don't know if you've heard the testimonies of so many different pastors. I've not heard it from one pastor, but so many pastors when they started their ministry, they were initial years of struggle and you know, God gave them a vision that they will, the church will be filled with so many people, hundreds of people. But in the initial years, they struggled and they were wondering, hey, I have only five people. I have only 10 people. What is happening? God, you promised, but time is just passing by. But there are testimonies where, you know, they share how after a certain period, you know, like threshold, suddenly the church started growing. It started increasing and it started thriving. What if they had given up? Okay. And especially when it comes to church planting, church planting, you know, you pioneer a work, a ministry work somewhere, it's not easy. Maybe you're the, you're the first person who's going there. You may have to face many challenges. You may have to work very hard. Okay. So when all that is going on and you're praying and trusting God that your ministry will be fruitful. Sometimes we may have the tendency to give up because it's just so hard, so difficult. But God's word encourages us and says, you must pray with persistence. So persistence means don't give up. Don't give up.  Whereas, you know, her rival, Penina, she had children. And here is Hannah praying. How often is she praying? Every time she went, I mean, obviously she's praying the whole time, but especially when she visited the temple, you know, she prayed, she sought God. She did not give up. Was it a difficult situation for her? Very much. Okay. Was it possible for her at some points to think that maybe God is not going to give me the answer to this prayer? Maybe God has changed his mind. So we end up having all these doubts in our minds. But if there is something which is in the will of God, okay, and we are sure that, hey, the prayer which I'm praying, it's very much aligned to the word of God. It's very much aligned to the will of God, the purpose of God for my life. I will not give up.   If you call me here to plan this church, it's looking very difficult for three years, five years. But you're very clear. There is a call of God on my life and God has promised me that I am going to minister to whatever hundreds and thousands of people. You don't give up on it just because you don't see anything happening around you. Okay. So that is the point. Never give up. Never give up or persistence, persistence. So let's quickly look at a couple of passages here in scripture that talk about persistence. So there are two passages in the book of Luke one about, you know, about a neighbor. Okay. And the other about like a wicked judge or a ruler. So let's quickly turn to these passages, chapter 11 versus five through eight. I would need one of us to please read it. And then chapter 18 versus one through eight. Another person can read so we can quickly go through both of these passages. Okay. And you can read this is the mic. And he said to them, which of you shall have have a friend and go to him at midnight and say to him. Friend, lend me three loaves for a friend of mine has come to me on his journey. And I have nothing to say before him. And he will answer from within and say, do not trouble me. The door is now shut and my children are with me in bed. I cannot rise and give to you. I say to you, though he will not rise and give to him because he's his friend. It because of his persistence. He will rise and give him as many as he needs. Okay. So it's a friend. Okay. Approaching another friend. But what time is he approaching this friend at a time when it is uncomfortable? Okay. People are resting. So just hold on. Hold on to it. So one friend is approaching another friend at midnight to get some food for a visit. So it's a very odd time. Right. And what do we see there? That particular person. Okay. He might the one, you know, who is being asked for a favor. Even if he's unwilling or unhappy, you know, because of the timing and the discomfort to him, the Bible says that he would still get up and go and give the friend what he needs because. The other person is persisting or he's not giving up. Right. So sometimes what happens just because a request is repeatedly coming and that individual is not giving up. What do you do? You're like, okay, fine. Just take it. Leave me alone. It's time to sleep. So with that kind of an attitude. This particular friend actually gives what he requires. We have been given this example. Not to say that, you know, we are irritating God or frustrating God with our repeated request. That's not the point. The point is to understand the meaning of persistence. So the friend who needed something. He doesn't give up. He goes even if it is 12 midnight. He goes. He has a need, you know, for bread or something to give the visitor. And so he makes sure that he asks for it and he asks for it repeatedly because his intention is I've got to get it to give it to the visitor. So basically what we can take from this is never give up attitude. Even if the situation is very adverse late in the night, unwilling friend. Okay. But I need something to give to the guest. So I don't have an option. I will ask the friend who is able to give me something. So in the same way, we must approach God and God is reminding us. Be persistent. Don't stop till you get what you need. Okay. We'll see other truths later on. So let's now quickly go to chapter 18 versus one through eight. Now he was telling them a parable to show that all at all times they ought to pray and not to lose heart. Saying in a certain city, there was a judge who did not fear God and did not respect man. There was a widow in the city and she kept coming to him saying, give me a legal protection from my opponent for a while. He was unwilling. Okay. Thank you. Thank you for that. So in this case, there is an old lady and she approaches the ruler for justice. Now the ruler not because he was good and gracious, you see, if the ruler was good and gracious, he would want to do justice for that lady, but he is going to do justice for her because she's not giving up. So what does Jesus want us to note in both of these, you know, stories or parables? The persistence of the friend, the persistence of the woman. Okay. Of the widow. Yeah. Am I muted? I can't hear what Prince is saying actually. It's muted. It's actually not muted here. Can you hear now? Okay. So it was on. It was on. I don't know why maybe I was not holding it close enough. Okay. Sure. Yeah. I think it's fine now. All right. So what I'm saying is Jesus wanted us to make a note of the persistence of these people in prayer. If you ask for something repeatedly, is it okay or not? Okay. It's okay. Okay. Do you think God will feel nagged? What is this? Always these people come in the same prayer point, prayer list. They bring them. They keep saying God give, give, give or do this, do this. Uh, ma'am, I think when it comes to persistence, it doesn't mean it doesn't mean like people keep on nagging or keep passing the same thing. I think you pray once and you have faith in what you prayed. I think that's the persistence that is, I think that's the person that God's talking about. Not in prayer, not keep on continually praying the same thing over and over. But pray and have faith in what you prayed and to have a strong faith on the, on that matter. That's the persistence you'll, you need to have in prayer. Okay. Sure. So when you pray once, you have faith in it. Okay. You have faith in it. So in both of these examples, we saw two unwilling people who did not want to help, you know, those who approached them. But the contrast or the opposite of these people is what the nature of God is.  So God is not an unwilling ruler or an unwilling friend whom you have to go and keep shaking and saying, please do it, do it, do it. We don't have to do that. In fact, what did we study in Matthew chapter six? We studied that he is a heavenly father and he himself said, you know, give us this day a daily bread. You pray, you ask. So when God has asked us to reach out to him, we need to understand that he is willing to do what his word promises us. So that is one difference in these stories and who God is in these parables. The people are unwilling, but our God is willing. Okay. So that is the first difference. Second one is that these people are going on asking repeatedly. Isn't it? Give me justice. Give me bread. Give me something to give my visitor. But as Sean said, in our relationship with God, yes, initially there might be a phase where we are struggling, you know, with doubts and questions and our faith has not come to its correct position. So initially we may be praying the same thing repeatedly and, you know, saying, God, you know, I want to see this breakthrough do this. But once your faith is in action, right, it comes into action from that point onwards, persistence does not mean asking. Okay. So you move from asking to giving thanks. So it's a very confident position that you take in prayer because now you have faith. You are confident. So what are you saying? You're saying, God, I want to thank you. Thank you that, you know, this is going to happen at the right time. You will cause this to happen. Thank you that your word is true. Thank you that, you know, you confess the word. So you are in a place of faith and confidence, even in persistence. Who's a good example of somebody who gave thanks during their waiting time. Yes. Louder. Give it a try. David. Okay. Yeah. David, you could say during his heart times, he gave thanks to God. I will bless the Lord at all times. Okay. Sure. Anyone else waiting for the promise of God? Abraham. Okay. I'm sure you studied in faith, the course faith Romans chapter four. He gave thanks to God. So when it comes to persistence, it's like that initially we, we are in that asking mode, but eventually what happens is we go to a place where we are already confident in our hearts that God is going to do it. So it's more of giving thanks, praising God and speaking and declaring what God is going to make manifest in our lives. Now my next question to us is we are confident that God is going to do it. It's God's will. God has given the promise. He will do it. Why the wait? Why can't God just do it right now? Why should we wait? Preparation. Okay. Nice. That's true. Preparation is one of the reasons. Yes. In his time. Okay. God's timing. God's. Yes. To develop a character. Okay. Good. So can I put that in preparation? Developer character timing. Yes. I think it's to see like how willing you are and what you're asking for. How? I think I want to see how willing you are and what you're asking for. How willing you are. Yeah. Okay.  Yeah, maybe because. Okay. I mean, if you can take like Abrams, Abrams example, when God came and talked to Abraham, he didn't come the next day and speak to him. He had like a huge like, you know, a gap between his conversation with God. I mean, that's one thing because on all those years, Abraham had to like, you know, have faith in God's promise. You know, God will just come like once and speak to him. Maybe he'll just speak to him after like 10 years or so. So I think that's a good example to see about his faith in God's promise. I mean, he didn't, I mean, after his, when you said, I think 80 or 80 or something is when he had Isaac and very, it's too old to have a child at that time, but it was made possible. Okay. Sure. And that child, and he was told to sacrifice the child and he had complete faith on God. Even though he hasn't yet fulfilled his promise that he has told in the first place, the first promise. Okay. So I get where you're coming from. So it's more like a test of character, test of your, you know, the preparation of your heart. Okay, fine. That's, that's another reason.  So why the wait? Your answers are preparation, building character, timing, what else, what else? Sorry. Great things need time. Okay. Okay. Great things take time. So thanks for that quote. Another reason why things take time is it may not be like if God has to do with me because on your side also, because if you're praying on something, you shouldn't have doubt on what you pray. Because once you have doubt, doubt is set in there and immediately that water you pray for will go away. If you have, suppose you pray that I want a guitar or something and you have faith in what you pray in.  Will I be able to buy a guitar? You know, due to what I get this payment, I get this, will I be able to afford the guitar? And you have the step of doubts, you won't get the guitar in the end and the prayer won't be answered. Yeah. So we've not come to that place of faith and that's not God's fault, right? Like when we have faith, then we know we can receive. If you don't doubt in your heart and you believe the word of God says, you will ask and you will receive that. But if we are taking a long time to come to that place of faith, it's not God's fault that we still don't have faith, right? So then the delay happens because we have not come to a place of faith. That's true. Yeah, that's another reason. Any other lot of discussion going on there? So any research outcomes? Yeah. Sure. Yeah, Vinay, tell me. Your praying about the unwilling God is not unwilling about that matter. Yeah. Tell me Vinay once again. I couldn't hear you. It's unwilling what you are praying for. Should God, like if you ask more times, should God provide that? Okay. So I'm still not able to hear you. You're asking for things which God is not willing to give us. But if you pray on and on persistently, if God is, will change this mind. Okay. Okay. I got that question. So what if we are praying for the things which are not in God's will for us? So then also there is a delay, right? We don't get it. And there was a question along with it, will God give it to us? Okay. Will God give it to us? So you see the context of what we are talking about today is prayers which are being prayed in the will of God. So when we pray in the will of God, there are delays. So that's the context. But to just answer Vinay's question, obviously if you are praying for the wrong thing and God is not doing, there's a big delay because it's like Jonah. You don't go there. You go there. You're wasting your time. But then will God allow you to do that? Yeah. I think it completely depends. Okay. And it's hard to say because in a situation like Jonas, we know that God had to intervene and say, no, you cannot. I'm sending you to a particular place. You have to go there. But if you look at, you know, certain instances, it happened like Saul, God called Saul, God anointed Saul and God's plan for Saul was that he would be the ruler. He would rule and reign. But he was disobedient to God. And this could just tell us that God was so unhappy. He was sad that he picked Saul to be the king and he had to take David. So what happened? God allowed Saul to, I mean, I'm just saying allowed, but it was more of Saul's decision to go his own way. So I think in certain instances, though you're like you're headed in the wrong path, God intervenes, but then some situations. Yeah.  If you cross that line, you know, if you're very hard hearted, and even God cannot miss, like we're not listening to God, then what can God do? He'll just let us have our choice. Yeah, sure. Yes. I think another reason why like God doesn't intervene as much is because I think that God has given us free will.  So if he kept intervening in our lives, whenever we make a decision or so, then it would totally negate the reason that he gave free will. Correct. Correct. Yeah. In the end, it's up to us as to what choices to make. And if we really need like God's help to make a decision, then we can just pray to God and ask for God's guidance for it. Or let's say that God has to intervene every single time. Correct. So God won't do that. He won't keep interfering because as Sean is saying, we all have free will. So he expects us to take charge of our own lives. So now let's look at some of the key reasons why we need to be persistent or persevere in prayer. All the reasons that you all shared are very valid. But here are three very important reasons. One of course is timing. Okay. God's timing. We think that, you know, we have to be doing something right away, but there is a certain time to that. For example, when God's people went into Babylonian captivity, so there was a prophecy by Jeremiah. He said 70 years in Babylon after that they will come out. So even if they tried to come out, it may not happen because that prophetic word had already gone forth that 70 years, they will be under captivity. So that timing had to be fulfilled and we will read later on that Daniel was somebody. He read the scriptures and he was aware of the timings of God. So he was aware that those 70 years are coming to a completion. And so he begins to pray and ask God for the freedom of the people. So that way for a nation, for a region, for individuals, families, there is God's timing. You know, we cannot work outside of God's timing. Second, demonic interception, demonic interception. So can somebody quickly read Daniel 10, 12 and 13? Mike, please. Yeah. Do not fear Daniel 4 from the first day that you set your heart to understand and to humble yourself before your God. Your words were here and I have come because of your words. But the Prince of the Kingdom of Persia, which stood me 21 days and behold Michael on of the ship. Prince came to help me for I had been left alone there with the Kings of Persia. Okay. So this is an incident where Daniel was praying about something. Okay. And sorry about that. Yeah. Daniel was praying about something and he was seeking God's answer. But at that time, no, he had an angel come to him. So this is Daniel chapter 10 versus 12 and 13 where the angel comes to him and tells him that the moment you started praying. Okay. So the moment you started praying, your prayer was heard before your God, your words were heard and I have come because of your words. So the moment the prayer went up. Was that an answer? Yes, there was an answer. But there was interference. So there are there is a mention of names such as chief princes. No, no kingdom of Persia with the Prince of the Kingdom of Persia which stood me 21 days. So what is happening? So when we study about believers authority, we will also talk about Satan and the way Satan works.  So he has all these demonic spirits that work along with him. So what's happening here when Daniel prayed God answered the prayer immediately but one of the demonic authorities named as Prince of Persia. Okay. Prince of Persia in the, you could say like the unseen realm in the unseen realm, the demonic forces coming against the answered prayer. So the prayer has to come down to Daniel. You can imagine that you know the prayer answer has to come down to Daniel, but the Prince of Persia is stopping it. But the good thing is Daniel continued to pray. That is what we call as persistent prayer. He didn't give up in prayer. So when he was continuing to pray what happened? Angels were released. So that's what you'll see here. You have some of the mighty angels who are released and they fight the Prince of Persia. And finally the answer comes to Daniel. How long after how long? 21 days, 21 days. But Daniel had to pray for those 21 days. What if he gave up and said God is not answering my prayer? So sometimes there is an answer. There is a delay in the answer because demons are interfering. Okay. In the spiritual realm from the answer to getting for it to get to us. You understood what I'm saying. So that is why we must not give up. We must keep praying. We must keep declaring. You got it? We must stand on the word and the promise and say, no, God said it. It will happen. God said it. This is God's word. He will pour out his spirit. So what do we do? We stand on the word and we don't give up. So when we are doing that, it's like saying that, you know, there is this whole spiritual dynamics going on in heaven where angels are released. They are fighting with the demon hindrances and slowly the answer will come to us. Yes. Francis question. Yeah. This one only Daniel 10 12 to 13. Yeah. Can just go through that again. How do you know that it's demonic force? So in this case, God reveals it. Okay. So the angel comes. No. In verse 13, but the prince of the kingdom of Persia, which stood me 21 days and we hold Michael, one of the chief, chief princess came to help me. So one of the angels is stalking. Michael Michael is also another angel. So the angels fought against the demonic princess. So that is revealed to Daniel. So he came to know there was a hindrance. Now, in our situation, I would say that the Holy Spirit, because Romans 8 16, it says the spirit bears witness with our spirit. So we might not know the reason for the delay, but sometimes, sometimes we would know because the Holy Spirit dances that. Okay. So that way, can we take a break because it's 950.  Thank you.


Hello, everybody. Welcome. Thank you for joining. I hope you're having a great Drupal con so far Let me introduce myself. My name is Ronald Braca. I'm 29 years old and I've been working with Drupal for roughly six years now It's my first time speaking at Drupal console. Give me a break if you'd like But I'd love to share some of my newfound knowledge with with everybody. So that's why I'm here on slide you see Our team I work at goal relay in the Netherlands. It's our team some family and friends At goal. We have about 30 people working now you might know us from Greenpeace Greenwire, which is a case on Drupal dot com better check it out. It's really awesome Yeah, sure, sorry, this is better. Thank you So you might have heard us from Greenpeace Greenwire dot com. It's it's on Drupal dot com It's a case study. It's a predecessor for for open social Which you also might have heard from if not, then please check it out. It's a Drupal 8 distribution. It's really cool As a goal gorilla, we are funding the core team of open social So all the techniques mentioned here All the research that has been done on progressive web apps We've all tested it in open social and it's going to be in there in this distribution So in this 25-minute session, I would like to share some knowledge about progressive web apps and It's focused on push notifications, which we use to enhance the engagement in our distribution So first things first what is a progressive web app? the term got introduced in 2015 by Google developer and designer and that's actually a Term which is used for describing apps that take advantage of new features supported by modern browsers Features like service workers the web app manifest that will make sure that your web applications Actually are amazing applications in their native operating system and they behave a bit like apps in your on your phone So it really gives that empty feeling And I would argue that Progressive web apps are first of all reliable. So unfortunately no more cool down a sore where you can play with They will load instantly. They will never show it down a sore anymore if you do it correctly It's because service workers they enable your progressive web app to pre-cache your resources So it will eliminate the dependence on your network Yeah, and it will ensure that regardless of your network. You will be able to use your website Second of all progressive web apps are fast So they really respond quickly to your user interactions and they have the silky smooth scrolling which you're used to and That's needed of course because research have shown that 53% of users will abandon your website if it takes longer than three seconds to load So performance is really really a big thing Um Progressive web apps are engaging So as you can see in this example It will feel like a natural app, but users do not have to download anything from the app store. It's just in your browser and It's not just engaging. It's also re-engaging. So By enabling push notifications people are triggered to come back to your platform. So that's also what we're gonna focus on but more on that later and Progressive web apps are secure. So without serving your content over HTTPS It's really powerful. So people can snoop around with your content and you really don't want to Service workers also do not work without HTTPS. So Definitely secure So I've dropped the name already a couple of times service workers What our service workers I will give you a little introduction I'm not sure. Is anybody already familiar with the sofas workers We're sure of hands not not that much So a service worker in essence is is a script that runs in your browser It runs in the background. So it's not connected to your web page. I'd like to paraphrase Joe from Google who actually Tried Showing it by saying that the service workers actually some somewhat like an air traffic controller So all the requests coming in From your web page from a server a server's worker handles it just like a air traffic controller would handle your plane So it could reroute your request. It could actually stop your request could cash your request So it's yeah, it's a bit simple way to say it's some somewhat similar to an air traffic controller And yeah, it's basically just a script that runs in the background But it's so powerful. It will enable you to create rich offline experiences Things like periodic background things push notifications. It's all enabled because of service workers so that's really the the foundation of your progressive web app and next to that the web app manifest The web app manifest is just a simple JSON file that enables you as a developer to Give it really that that appy feeling So you have the app on your home screen And the JSON manifest file will make sure that it looks the way you want to But also behaves the way you want to so if you open up your your application through your Progressive web app you can configure yourself if it's going to be in portrait mode or landscape mode If it's going to be ending up on the index PHP or any other sub page So it's all configurable through the web app manifest So maybe a little bit of background on why I'm having this talk So I already mentioned open social And the challenge for us because we're building a Drupal 8 distribution that's mainly focused on social communities and internets a big challenge for us is for Making the communities thrive and excel So you do that by creating engagement with your users people should come back should get triggered to come back and Make your platform bigger and bigger more content more value So that that was our challenge and the way we tried to Yeah, get that challenge done is by using push notifications So I would like you to I would like to dive a bit into the code with you on how we did this So what you see here is the config form. It's basically Something from symphony we can just extend We build a custom module for this as you can see here. This is just a build form This is where we put all our fields in and these fields are the ones that the manifest JSON needs To make your app feeling. Yeah, correct. So in an admin form you can now just configure anything you like and By putting it in the submit form we just make sure that it gets into the configuration of your installation and Somewhere else. We can just get it out of the config. So it's all you can just manage it yourself and That managing yourself we do that by Having first of all the hook page attachments. What we do there is we create a link in the HTML head That link has a rel tag for manifest and that's a rel tag will make sure that your browser understands that all your Configuration is going to be in there So we pointed in this case to the manifest JSON file And if you look above there We have a routing dot jammel where we say hey for manifest of Jason we have a controller and The only thing that the controller does it's really simple It will just get your configuration which you just stored through the admin form It will get it it will make sure that it maps correctly with your manifest jason settings And it will just output it as as a jason response and that's everything that's there to it So to give a little example, this is one of the configurations. I did for open social So you can see the short name the icons and on the right I I posted the gif which make sure that you can actually see it working So just by filling out that form. This is what you get You will get an epi feeling you have your app on your home screen. You can install it I think if you get back to your website twice within five minutes Actually an install banner pops up saying hey, would you like to pin it to your home screen? It's all been done through Just this so it's it's really powerful and actually quite simple But that's not all next to that we have the service worker as I said, that's maybe the most powerful thing So first of all because it's not supported by every browser We need to make sure that we check if a service worker is actually available So that's the top line. You actually see there in the code This is where we check if the service worker is enabled for your browser. I think safari Doesn't support it yet. So that's why we do it like this So if it's available, we try to register a new service worker We do that by registering JavaScript file in this case the SW.js service worker jazz And it will return a promise So if it's successful, then we can continue to the next stop if not then unfortunately probably your browser doesn't support it and the next step for us is by creating a Push subscription so because we want to enable push notifications We also have to check if your browser can actually handle push notifications. So that's what we do here for your user We actually ask the push manager for a subscription if it's not already there. We're gonna try and create a new one So that's a subscribe user function. You see there in the bottom what the subscribe user function actually does is It will check if you have your notification settings Allowed so I think everybody already has seen it before that you get ask permissions maybe to access your microphone your webcam Now notifications is also part of that. So what we do here is we actually create a little overlay just to get the attention there And then the service worker will ask if you would allow for the website to send push notification to you If that's the case, we're gonna store that Because every browser has different endpoints for sending push notifications So we store that endpoint for your user and that's also the way how we know what users of our platform actually enabled push notifications So to give a little schematic overview of what just happened First of all the top two You see we Registered the service worker. We got a promise returned in the happy flow, of course After that we try to create a push subscription for our user and Also that and a return is a promise and if that's correct, then we store it in our database And we're actually ready to receive push notifications It depends on your application on What event listener will handle this? So if we look at our implementation of the event listener You see here that there is this is actually the sw.js or the service worker file It will just listen to the push event. That's something that the service worker will push towards us So that's the only thing that it does in this case for the push notifications It will listen to the push event And it will ask the service worker to send the push notification In this case with a payload, which is usually just a message an icon It's the icon in front of the service work or in the in front of the notification And that's actually all there is to it. The bottom part is just getting the the data out of the response So you don't really have to be a JavaScript guru to make sure that push notifications work. This is actually all there is to it And for us, of course, we need also to implement Sending push notifications. So we use a web push library This is the library that makes sure that we can also push correctly to the endpoint. We just created and In this case what it does is we created in two ways the first option you see here is just an admin form again So we get the user from the admin form, which you select there. I will show it later in a little demo And we can send a push notification to that user. So we just get the user. We get the subscription we stored a while ago We make sure that we get all the data so the endpoint from the browser But also the authentication to make sure that everything is is valid And that's when we were gonna send it So that's what you're seeing here our web push library asked us to use vape it which is a actually authentication method And if we have the correct credentials We push our message to the web push library and the authentication then it's able to send a notification So to summarize it in a little demo So what you see here is the the ask for the permission So in this case as a Chris Hall, it's a user. We just created on our platform. We're gonna allow it And Then we're gonna go to our admin form we're actually gonna be able to send our push notification So this is all in our open social distribution This is the manifest form which we just discussed so here you can enable your your icons your short name the orientation if you want to have it in landscape Portrait mode and we need to do this because that's how our service worker gets registered for now so once we save this then We can actually send one so we're logging in as an admin now and Yeah, we're gonna send our push notification So on the top you see all the users that are actually registered for notifications. We're just gonna send it to the admin for now Yeah, and we can give it a title and a payload sort of message in this case and it works So this is our first implementation of push notifications The second one is actually the integration with our message stack So what you see here is a really brief overview of what we have in open social So in this case the creation of an entity or an update or the lead on entity actually triggers our activity factory That activity factory is basically connected to the message stack. You can download it on the Drupal at org So it's a contract module And in this case it will make sure that we actually create a new message for that message type We render a message template and that message template contains tokenized text. So whatever you want in there, you can configure it And that will trigger creating a new activity and activities for us means that we show a message On a certain destination. It's all pluggable the destinations and in our open social case The destinations are actually the stream you see on the left Picture and on the right picture our notification center both. I think you know from Facebook. It's kind of similar But in this case, of course, we wanted a new Destination the push notification So basically by copy pasting what we just did in the form Creating a new plugin for our activity factory I don't have enough time to show you all the details behind that But basically the same code make sure that it will also work for our activity factory And here's a little demo. So this is Chris Hall again. You saw that he allowed his push notifications So he's gonna minimize his browser so he's actually out of focus and we really want to re-engage him So now I'm logged in as myself on the platform and I'm actually gonna like a comment That Chris hall made But first you see this is actually a message template. I'm gonna configure it especially for you and here is our new plug-in That's available the web push plug-in So we save it So now it should work. We're gonna like a comment that Chris made and Chris will get his notification Of course, so once he clicks on it Actually the browser reopens again so he's immediately re-engaged with our platform and hopefully he will check what's happening and Why he get re-engaged so that's that's really really powerful. This is how we implemented it, but Yeah, it's also so really probable. So you can do it yourself. Basically with the code. I just shown Did we actually succeed in creating our own a progressive web app? There's a cool open source tool out there. It's called lighthouse. It will check your web app and score it So in our case, we really didn't touch anything on the performance yet there's a Drupal 7 module out there called PWA PWA and That touches the Performance so hopefully we can Combine that with our Drupal 8 version But actually we got quite a good score already just with the code that you've seen so for the future Yeah, it's progressive enhancement, which means that it shouldn't hurt you or your users to Enable it to create it It won't break the site if it's not there if you do it correctly. It's really powerful All the browsers operating systems. They're all working on it and if it's not there Probably it will be there in the coming years I think only Safari is the only browser that we are not quite sure how long it's gonna take but other than that Yeah, I can definitely recommend and I truly believe that it's gonna be the future So I'm open for questions But first of all, I would like to share that there's a github repo with all the code so you can look into it there It's my username slash Baltimore And there's a really cool tool. It's called what what what web can do today? This is where you can see what your browser actually already Can do with progressive apps So if you have any questions, there's a mic in there in the middle so we can archive everything This Friday there are sprints. So join us. I'll be there as well. I might actually work on the progressive web app And please fill in the survey and rate the session Thanks for your attention


MX Platinum Card, annual fee $699, supplementary fee $175, earn rates per dollar spent, 3 points on dining and food delivery, and 2 points for travel and 1 point for everything else. Travel Insurance, pause this video and go through it. Other Benefits, $200 annual travel credit, unlimited lounge access via priority pass, plaza premium and centurion lounges, instant hotel status upgrade, Toronto airport priority security lane, plus eager discount and valet parking, $100 nexus credit and you have access to international airline program and platinum concierge access. Best Redemption Value, transfer MX point to airline points such as airplane, avio and then redeem for business class flights. Even better, do this when MX runs promotional offer, does not offer, MX Platinum does not offer zero foreign currency transaction fee. Thank you for watching.