I did speak here about a year and a half ago, so I also want to make sure I say something new. And I think I will, because what I had hoped to do then was lay out where I thought this was headed, and I do think it's playing out pretty basically, that the US is reorienting towards Asia, and there's going to be considerable change in the nature of the transatlantic relationship as a consequence of that. And I'll talk about that a little bit as I move forward. But again, thank you very much. It really is a privilege to be here and back in Dublin. And so the nature of what I'll lay out, some of it comes out of a new book project that I'm doing that is a little more fundamental than I'll argue in terms of a basic shift that is going on, I think, in American foreign policy. And to the extent that you would think about broad strokes of how we think about foreign policy, the argument I would make is that the shift that's going on, so there's multiple pivots, almost a pirouette perhaps, if you prefer, but many different pivots going on. In fact, at the core of my argument is that we hear about the pivot to Asia, but that pivot to Asia only works if you can realign the transatlantic relationship, if you can narrow the focus of America's responsibilities in the Persian Gulf. And a third key element is that if you can also reinvest in the domestic sources and foundations of American power. And at the core of this is for the last 20 years, the United States, I would pause it, has been governed by a kind of a loose coalition of what I would say in terms of foreign policy, a foreign policy consensus between sort of liberal idealists on the left, the political left, liberal interventionists, if you will, people like some of the power at the UN, Susan Rice now who's the national security advisor, the state's back to metal and Albright. As Secretary of State, you might recall, she quite famously, long before George Bush came in, riding on his horse with his cowboy hat. She was talking about America as the indispensable nation, America stands taller, therefore it sees further, apparently listens further now too. But this was going on long before George Bush came into office and it sort of even goes to these basic traditions of American sense of exceptionalism and its purpose in the world. And so that was embraced by the left and in sort of liberal interventionist, we see wars like Kosovo and things like that. There are many on the political left that supported invading Iraq as a war of liberation and that sort of thing. And then on the right, the neo-conservatives, as you well know, also who are idealists but who are more nationalistic, who don't wanna work through the UN and that kind of thing. But because America does something, it's therefore just. And what happened in Washington is that this sort of broad idealistic sense was followed with a mobilization to kind of maintain American primacy in the world, dominance over key geographic areas like Europe, the Persian Gulf, parts of Asia. And so that followed suit with regard to bureaucracies and budgets and so what's going on now I would posit at the core of the pivot is a return to realism basically and a better capacity to establish priorities in terms of the world. But I'm also gonna argue that that's gonna be really, really hard to do if not impossible to do. And I'll explain why in just a minute. I think it's fair to say that if you take point one that we're gonna pivot or refocus on a prioritization of Asia, that's a logical thing. When you look at trade, you look at all these kinds of trends. We can realign in Europe and I think the basics for that are in place and I'll elaborate on that a little bit more here. I think we're struggling with regard to the Middle East. We managed to stay out of the war in Syria so far. But you could see in that war there was this major push by liberal interventionists and neo-conservatives that we should go to another war. And finally it was the American public with a little help from the British Parliament that put their foot down and said no. And I think in Washington they were really surprised by that. I don't think they expected that because this culture of interventionism has really come to dominate.  And it means reprioritizing the budgets, the personnel. And one good example, if we think about the priority of a pivot to Asia, the people who are the architects of that policy are gone. Hillary Clinton, Tom Donilon, the national security advisor, Kurt Campbell, assistant secretary of state for Europe, they're now gone from the administration. And there's nobody around the president who's actually an Asia first kind of person. In fact, the people around the president are more traditionally aligned with these previous 20 years of priorities. Now the president I think embraces the Asia thing and that's probably what matters at the end of the day. But unless you're willing to, I mean we did this with NATO enlargement when we were in the 90s. So you had Richard Holbrook came in and he said, this is the plan, we're gonna drive it through the bureaucracy. But there's a lot of resistance to this idea of change because at the end of the day it's about realigning priorities, budgets, jobs. I mean, it gets that basic even, I think. So let me say a little more about what I mean in that regard in detail. I don't wanna say that the dilemma of this strategy that America has had for 20 years now since the end of the Cold War, it really is an aberration. I mean, America's most successful foreign policy achievements first and foremost have been non-military, the Marshall Plan, opening the door to China, things like that under Nixon, many others as well. But we have really come to focus on a more militaristic approach and yet we're in a world where the military is probably one of the least effective tools of expanding power in the world. And so making that shift when again when budgets and personnel have been so dominant is gonna be tough. And so, and for example, when we were having the debate over whether we should go to war in Syria or not, Secretary of State John Kerry made two comments just to illustrate the kind of culture that we're up against in terms of this shift. So you might recall that he came out of the Vietnam War and turned in his medals and protested the war, right? And he said famously, who wants to be the last person to die for a failed cause, right? So he really took risks and he was a patriot for that, I think, and rightly so. But during the recent argument about whether we should go into another war this time in Syria, he referred to critics as armchair isolationists. And he said this is a Munich moment. So if you're opposed to war all of a sudden now, you're either an isolationist or an appeaser. I mean, that's how I read that language, right? And that's strong power for politics. And it's just, to me, it symbolizes sort of an insular Washington culture that is almost completely disconnected from the mood of the American public and not understanding the mood that's going on internationally. And I'll make one other quick example. I would argue that it's almost completely misunderstood in Washington right now, how legitimately upset the Germans are about the spine thing. I think they, I mean, everyone says, oh, everyone does this, right? But I don't think there's an appreciation of the history that goes beyond that. And I don't think that there is an appreciation of the way an individual German person can actually relate directly to that. So sometimes when you advance your interests, if you're doing damage to other longer term interests, then you haven't advanced the ball forward at all. And so that's a problem of this sort of insular cultural change. So the first point about the pivot is if you're not gonna change the existing dominant culture, then you're not really gonna be able to embrace and put forward a new foreign policy set of priorities. So that's gonna be the hardest part at the end of the day. The other problem with the last 20 years is that this goal of primacy, which was first laid out in 1992 in an internal Pentagon document by Paul Wolfewitz, who you may well know is gonna be architects of the invasion of Iraq. And it was rejected by the White House under President Bush, Brent Scowcraft, James Baker, they said, no, they were more pragmatist. They were more traditional sort of Eisenhower type realists basically for lack of a better phrase. They didn't like this sort of idea of American sort of intervention, unilateralism and things like that. And it was rejected. And it was at first rejected under Clinton, but by 1995, the Clinton administration had embraced most of this foreign policy vision, including unilateral policy decisions. The famous neo-conservative policy, a project for a new American century had a lot of documents that were signed off on by current Obama administration officials. So this again, this consensus is there and it's strong. But this idea that America had to be the primacy country worldwide had the very negative effect, I would argue, of creating perverse incentives to effectively, for in short term, to free ride on American power. It's certainly how it's seen in Congress now, which voted, for example, last December to approve withdrawing all U.S. troops from Europe. That was reconciled with the Senate. So when I make my arguments about withdrawing U.S. Army from Europe, as I will in a minute, that I'm actually more moderate. I mean, the Congress wanted all of them out. And I just want the army out. But this idea of primacy, that America had to be dominant and controlling virtually everything, everywhere, really became a negative incentive for allies to contribute and invest in their own capacity to take responsibility for their own affairs. And we should be cultivating that, as opposed to jealously holding on to some pre-existing kind of set of relationships that no longer reflects the nature of the global balance of power. So breaking with that, structurally, is also gonna be very, very difficult to do. So there's a shift, I think, in Obama foreign policy. It's a shift towards prioritizing threats, looking for new opportunities. There is a reintroduction of a basic kind of cost-benefit assumption. I mean, much to his credit, and I think in polls, President Obama got credit for this, that when he was presented with a new set of facts with regard to what could be possible in Syria, he chose not to go to war. He took a good bargain. He got a good deal out of that. And by the way, we incentivized another country to take responsibility for it even, which was Russia. I mean, better that the Russians are holding the bags for Assad than the United States stuck with yet another war that it would be interminably impossible to win. So we got it, you know, the problem, I think, actually is that in the process on Syria, we ceded the U.S. to the Russians. And that was a big mistake. We were so focused on making the case to go to war, we forgot to make the case to the world about the nature of the norms that we were trying to uphold. And we were willing even to break some of the most important norms of you have to have a UN Security Council approval before you attack another country that hasn't attacked you to do this other thing. We were totally ignoring the International Criminal Court. You know, we could have gone and tried to get indictments. You know, if we were so worried about the Syrians and the Russians, we could have gone to the UN Security Council and laid out the information, presented the intelligence. That's how you win hearts and minds. We just said, now we'll skip that process and just go to war. But the fact that the United States has had to do the Kosovo's, the Balkans, the Libyans, perhaps the Syrians and whatnot. You know, we saw a good model, nascent model in Mali, which we can talk about in the discussion if you want. But even there, you know, France had to call in the United States for the key enabling forces to actually project power and sustain power once they went into Mali. So we had to provide C-17 planes. And that's where the costs really come from the American taxpayer point of view because the C-17 costs a lot of money to procure. And so the Europeans don't necessarily have the incentives to pool their resources better, to get better procurement of the kind of systems that they would need for those sort of sustainable operations in their immediate area of vicinity. I think also key to this new Obama foreign policy is that we do prefer our stability over spreading democracy and things like that. So it's realist in that sense. I mean, Henry Kissinger would probably like this foreign policy. In fact, he does, I think, because it's more traditional in that sense. But American foreign policy, when it was at its best, always had a good blend of this realist restraint and being a voice at least of ideals in the world. In the last 20 years, I think have been an aberration actually from this. Finally, so then we get to the Asia part. And then I wanna say a few things about Europe and actually then the domestic side of this. So the pivot to Asia. I mean, I think anyone who follows these things knows very well why Asia would be the priority, right? And I can give you just some, the United States has twice as much trade with Asia as it does with Europe now. I mean, this is a basic, economic structural fact, right? The trade with Asia in 2012 was $4.2 trillion. You have 32% of all US total merchandise trade worldwide go into Asia, exports to Asia are $457.2 billion in 2012. United States trades more with South Korea than with Germany now. I was shocked when I saw this, but it trades more with Singapore than it does with France. I mean, these are the new, if you're trying to be realistic about the world, these are the new realities. And this is structural dynamics with regard to trade that really matter, right? Because at the end of the day, we're talking about jobs. It's an important export market. America's top 20 national export markets are in Asia. 130 value US overseas sales go to Asia. And if it continues to, if East Asia continues to post only five point, I'm barring this from the guy named David Shamba who knows more about the NIDU, so I trust his numbers, but if we continue to post only a 5.5% growth and gross domestic product out of East Asia, that will contribute to 5% US GDP, about 4.6 million jobs. So at the end of the day, there's a big reason why politicians would like this, why businesses would like this, and this trans-Pacific partnership that we're negotiating to lower trade barriers, open new markets, reduce trade deficits. But by the way, I mean, here's proof positive of why if you can't get the domestic part right, then you can't get this part right. The president just had to cancel a trip to Asia, right? And by the way, he also had to cancel a trip to Russia, both of which I think were enormous mistakes. And I tell my friends in the White House that, and I hope they watch this video because I think they made horrible mistakes in canceling those meetings. I think the president should have gone to Russia and stood by Putin and said what he had to say, just so that the Russian public would hear what he had to say. And we have spent the last 20 years as part of this vision of America and the world lecturing the Russians on how they should calculate their interests relative to us. And suddenly they do one thing to push back and we take our ball and go home. I think that was a big, big mistake that seeded the rhetorical leverage to Putin. And then he starts writing letters in the New York Times and before we know it, he's saving us out of Syria, right? And it wasn't well thought through. Cancelling the trip to Asia. Yes, there was a domestic crisis going on, no doubt about it. But the president of the United States should be able to do two things at once and he should have gone to Asia and said I'm gonna do this because we have to do it because it's our national interest. We have an opportunity to educate the American public about the importance of these things, but instead he had to stay home because we couldn't get the domestic piece right because we were considering global economic armageddon to foist upon all of you. It was a big, big, bad move. But the two-way trade just between the trans-Pacific partnership countries are massive opportunities for the United States, excluding China. So again, just to point out the logic is there. Now the thing about the pivot though, it can't be, it's been perceived largely in two ways that I think are wrong. One is that it's a pivot away from something, right? So away from Europe and so the people in the European dusk at the State Department and other places get nervous they think well wait a minute, what are we gonna do, right? And it's been misperceived as being too military. And it actually really hasn't been that, but there's like 2,500 Marines I think in Australia. There's ports of call in Singapore, a couple other places, but pretty minor stuff. Now what the President really said was that when he laid this out was that as we cut our defense budget and re-prioritize other places, we will not cut our allocation of forces into Asia. We'll keep them as they are. But within a few years, 60% of our Navy's gonna be parked in the Asia-Pacific region and all. And so we try to reassure the Chinese this isn't a containment thing and the way to do that is to emphasize trade and diplomacy. But if the President for two years in a row by the way, because of the election last year skips these vital summits in Asia, then the problem with that is that these emerging countries like Vietnam or other places that are potential partners and important ones through the United States, they look at that and they start to wonder how serious we are about this. And they start to think well maybe we should plan our foot down with China for example instead. They're nervous about the rise of China but if they think we're not reliable or they think we're gonna keep getting drawn into wars like Syria or if they think we can't realign out of Europe then they may start to doubt our resolve. Now the thing about this pivot is it is official US policy. It's in documents but the President has yet to really explain it to the American public. He's yet to drive it through that bureaucracy and he's yet to make the real hard choices I believe with regard to Europe and the Middle East are gonna be required. But just on the Asia point I'll quote a friend named Justin Logan, he writes, if China made this sort of, so we argue that these forces in Asia are for new security missions like piracy and counter narcotics and things like that. He writes, if China made this sort of argument to defend deploying more than half of its naval assets to the Western Hemisphere, American leaders would not give the argument the moment's consideration. If the success of America's Asia policy relies on Chinese elites believing this story, the policy is in trouble. And that's the danger because of course, classic security dilemma, we could provoke China into some kind of response that would then get hardliners in our own country to then say, aha, look at China and then bam, we're off to an arms race, right? And or even conflict and that's dangerous. So it has to be done very, very carefully. Okay, the next part, and I wanna move quickly here through this and just say a few things about Europe and what it means here. If it's gonna work, what I just described in Asia, again, it requires a new hierarchy of priorities. As my colleague, John Mersheimer and I spoke at a US Army War College strategic planning seminar last April, he points out that if you, in the context of the pivot, Europe is likely to become the second, not the second, but the third most important region in the world for the United States. And that's coming after what, 60 plus years since World War II where it was at the core, right? And if you're pivoting somewhere, that especially in a limited budget dynamic, that means you're pivoting away. That's how it's certainly interpreted. So they said, no, wait a minute, it's really rebalancing, right? They're realigning as opposed to pivoting. But the foundations, again, have some key things that have to happen. So first it has to happen in Europe. Europe is the obvious place to start. Europe is peaceful. There's clearly no threat. The biggest threat is, of course, continually the Eurozone problem. That is the threat. And I've spoken about that here before, so I won't go back into it now. And so the last thing we should be doing is lecturing the Europeans to spend more money on defense. That's the last thing we should be doing. But what we should be doing is saying to them, we want to help you cultivate better pooling of the resources that you have. And we wanna work with you to get there. But if we're gonna do that, we have to also be willing to change the incentives because the incentives right now are for the Europeans not necessarily to do that, but to fall back and rely on the NATO infrastructure that is basically the American infrastructure. Germany is a good example. There's a country with 200,000, I think, in the army, but only about 8,000 to 9,000 that are deployable for overseas operations. That's the kind of thing that we'll have to change. There already is, I think, a broad acceptance of this at the elite level in the European Union and NATO countries. And you see it with Britain and France with some nascent cooperation on aircraft carriers, intelligence, I mean, planes can't land on them either, but it's a basic recognition that they are gonna have to fill these gaps as America winds down. But the American assumption has been, we'll leave and the Europeans will just match it, like equal to equal it. And that's wrong, that's a false assumption. And so we haven't been willing to make the hard choices that need to be made with regard to Europe. And I'll come back now in just a minute and say something else about that as I conclude. But the second key thing, again, narrowing the focus on the Middle East. President Obama just spoke at the United Nations and a lot of people said, wow, all he talked about was the Middle East. But we're not gonna be able to just like pack up and leave after a decade of war there, right? And the world economy, whether we like it or not, relies on the stable free flow of oil out of the Persian Gulf and it will for decades to come. And somebody's gonna have to police those sea lanes. We also do have the question of the future of Iran and how that's gonna be addressed. But basically what you've heard, if you listen carefully what the president said in his UN speech is we're gonna dramatically narrow our commitments in this region.  And so we have to prioritize, we have to pick and choose. And so we didn't go to war in Syria now, but we also haven't gone to war in Syria for the last two years. Well what, 100,000 people have been killed in a savage war and we have not intervened, right? That's the kind of hard tough choice that a more realistic foreign policy will require. I would argue it doesn't mean giving up your moral elements to that. For the cost of what the war costs in Libya that we went to we could have bought a lot of mosquito nets and sent them to Africa and sent and saved a lot of children's lives. And we choose not to do that every year. So I don't think we're in a position to say morally because we do a war somewhere where we've got virtue. Because there's a lot of things we could do that aren't military that can save more lives actually and we choose not to do that in the world. But clearly it requires resisting the temptation to be pulled into these peripheral conflicts around the Middle East. The last key dynamic has to do with the internal foundations of American power. And the worry that people legitimately have here is that as we do this it could unleash a new kind of isolationism.  You see it in the foreign policy debates from some of the Tea Party people but also on the left sort of the anti-war liberal sort of movements. But the things that have made America great in the past are the things that we're not doing now. And I wrote a piece in survival last spring where I traced back through what President Eisenhower did after the Sputnik crisis in 1957, 1958. And the key thing was they saw an external problem, they saw a shifting geopolitics and the answer was to invest internally in American power in the National Security Highway Act before that where we built infrastructure. You had the National Security Education Act which built most of the major land grant universities, research and development, DARPA, which eventually creates the internet, little things like that, which they tried to take by the way to the private sector and the telephone company said, now we've got good cables, we don't need that stuff. So it sits there for 30 years almost and you're developed by the government. But now we've embraced this anti-government mood and we're like as you well know what it's like here, cuts, right, I mean cutting everything. But we're throwing the baby out with the bathwater at the same time. We're cutting research and development. China will surpass the United States as a percentage of what it spends in its economy on research and development. They're gonna spend $262 billion in the next five years on bioengineering education, high-tech communications, all the stuff that we're gutting and cutting. I mean we're getting really good in the United States at building all kinds of video games for kids to play but we're not partnering up between government and the private sector to build the kind of things that we're gonna need to be competitive as a source of American power with China for the decades to come. Now I promise I can include a little bit on your economic, just take that three or four minutes and then do this so we can get into more detail in the discussion. So what I wanna tell you here is what I gave advice and talk that went to Army Chief of Staff in April and to the United War College and as part of the strategic planning and also the talk I gave with Pentagon in July. And I think what I find politically interesting is arguments that I'm making now about U.S. and Europe which two, three years ago would have been almost harassing but now they're being largely embraced I think not because of anything special I've done or other people would agree with this but because of the budgets on the sequester has forced the military to think and prioritize about what they're gonna do or what they're gonna spend on. So the argument in a very, in a two minute nutshell that I'm making that is essential to the Asia pivot with regard to Europe which is the most interesting to all of you here on is that the United States needs to, NATO's strategic concept is now actually quite outdated. It's got nothing to do with these new dynamics. They wrote it with no regard but so ever for the Euro's own crisis and the budgets that are going on in these countries and it was written by a team quite frankly that all embrace this sort of previous liberal conservative consensus about the U.S. role and how NATO and Margin and intervention and things like that. So we did not really think about how to realign and re-incentivize the dynamics to get more out of our European friends and allies. My argument and I'm glad to take my lumps on this it's fairly dramatic that we need to be public and we need to have a plan as my late Irish father and mom used to always say if there's gonna be chaos at least let it be organized. And my argument is that the United States should very clearly limit our role in NATO to article five missions, collective defense. No more of these interventions on the periphery of Europe. If there's gonna be intervention in the periphery of Europe, it's plenty of time that Europe should be the one to handle these things. They have the capacity, they don't have the will, they don't have the integrated capacity but there's no reason we can't set a goal of getting there so that the allies could say fight and sustain a Libya kind of intervention and a Balkans style peace operation without the United States having to be involved. And you might say, okay, well if it's just collective defense what is that? Now I would tell you right now that means almost exclusively missile defense and a very limited presence on the ground. I believe my argument is we should sustain our air presence in Rammstein and in Germany. We should keep our special operations base in Germany. There's a small training facility in Germany we should keep but basically the entirety of the US land forces which will by 2015 be down to 30,000 troops should go down to basically zero up. We keep the air capacity and the naval command in Italy but the rest of it would be handed over to the European allies within the context of NATO and that's a change because for a long time we were talking about the context of the European Union. I know if Ben Donner were here he would say this should all be you and he'd be of course right but I give him the credit for that. But France has shifted and I think they see the efficiency of doing this through pre-existing institutions out at this stage through NATO and so I think that's the direction it's headed. So the second point being that we need to get, we need to lead again in Europe and get a better consensus about these kind of operations and the limited role in the United States. The most radical of the things that upset my friends in the United States and I've written this at foreignpolicy.com but if we're gonna go down to say like 2,000 army troops in Europe then why do we need a major theater command in Europe, UCONN, which is based in Germany. It's the major command. UCONN is separate from NATO so it's not integrated into it. It's not integrated into helping with these new missions. It's sort of a dual-hatted thing. I'm arguing that should be relocated to the United States and maybe pool or consolidate it into another major regional command. So for example, Central Command is based in Florida and that's where we ran two wars. If we could run two wars out of Florida certainly we could run no war in Europe out of say Norfolk, Virginia or somewhere in Maine or something like that and actually employ a lot of American people cutting hair and doing shop sales and things like that. So time to bring them home. That also means we're investing our research and development with the Allies and then finally rotating European troops to United States for exercise. So you keep the idea of NATO alive but you do most of the actual exercising by helping Europeans mobilize to come to us and do field work there. And then lastly, and this is well-concluded is to pivot back to Europe. And what do I mean by that? Okay, how do you just say we're gonna pivot away? But we are pivoting back. We have done with the missile defense concept which is a much better plan than the disastrous and I use that word kindly, plan that the Bush administration had with regard to Poland and the Trump Republic but you do have a theater-based missile defense system. It's layered, they wisely limited it and cut out the last stage of it because it was useless and it didn't work and it was only upsetting the Russians at the same time. But that is collective defense. It's the first investment in NATO collective defense since the end of the Cold War. So you can't say we're leaving, if we're actually doubling down in aligning capabilities with threats. And then it's the US and EU trading negotiations which I think will survive the very understandable upset of the German people right now. And but that's gonna take some work. I'm talking about surveillance of course which I think is outrageous and I don't buy the argument that everybody does this and I think that we should have been a lot smarter about that before we proceeded on it. And quite frankly, I don't like saying this but the idea that the president didn't know about it is really disturbing. If it's true, then one should ask you should be fired for not having told him and if it's not true then that also raises some very serious questions about trust. And again, I say that as a general supporter of the president but it's alarming in that sense. But the US and EU free trade agreement can be a win-win for everybody and it matters so much more than how many troops we have in Germany because it really can help people out. It can get people working. And it can start with layered things. I'm not a deep expert on this but just like automobile regulations and things like that. Why have two kinds of standards for this thing? We should align those things and sell cars and put people to work. That's what matters and that's what will increase the confidence and security that people in Europe need to feel in these very difficult times. So that's what I'll conclude because I think that's the architecture of my pitch and there's a lot in there to grapple with and I really want to hear what you think. So that's hot pie.


Hi everybody it's Sam at Mixed Up Craft thank you for watching my tutorial today so I'm going to be showing you how to make a kind of gift tag mini album but it's actually already done because it's that easy to make that I'm just going to show you how to make the the last one and yeah then you just decorate and do whatever you want with it so so this one I have already done all my photos so this is full of photos and you can see there so this is when I visited the UK I need to check back on the date I think it was 2015 when I was living abroad and I came home and my mum does these little things like she's done a balloon welcome home and then she done a little kind of um like a basket on my bed full of like conditioner and face wipes and just little things for my stay she made me a little handmade card and then she's gone well I say she my dad was there as well welcome home and then we went out for a walk so I was extremely jet lagged because I've flown back from Asia and I was desperately needing to stay awake and um this was early in the morning that I'd arrived so we went went out straight away went for a nice walk along the beach um we had a pasty so I've made this little pop-out piece here with the pasty and then I'm going to write a little bit there and this is all using the punch which is this one which I'll show you more pictures there of the wonderful scenery me and my glamorous hat and that was a day out that me and my dad had so it's like a daddy daughter day and it's all home it's this is all where I live so I think sometimes we don't maybe scrapbook so much about actually where we live and what's on our doorsteps it's always when we go on holiday so here's a cream tea yes I lay the jam down and then the the cream and so on so I'm just going to go I'm not going to show every single one there then we went into Easter because it was I came back for Easter so there's one of me and my sister with Easter eggs and bunny hats on so you kind of get the gist you can do as many pages as you want so this one I think I've got it'd be 18 altogether once I do the front so I've also done this little piece here which says Devon but I'm also going to do my cover I've got the big ring here which I'll tell you through I'm not sure about this bit of ribbon and then I've got these bits here to decorate now the papers I've used are these beautiful leg side blooms this is by the paper tree so you've got the actual paper pad and then this is the essentials paper pad so it's all the plain kind of pieces so I'm going to do one of the flip out pages and I'm going to do the top page which will be the same as all the others so this is the punch it's a really really I love it it's really useful it's does two and a half two and one and a half there are two styles this is the hunky dory one so you've got this one here which I and then there was more of a decorative edge again I'll link both of them below but it's it's great for speed but I wanted to just kind of you know show you you don't just have to make gift tags with it you can make things like this little mini albums so what I've done is that whole mini album is using the largest tag so it's the two and a half inch so I'm just going to because I'm going to do my cover so I'm going to pull out the there was one that I really like yeah this one here so I'm going to grab this one here because they're my scraps I've only got a few scraps because I use them for something else so what I do find with the punches you want to just cut just slightly just a smidge under the two and a half because it has to sit within the two and a half section so it's just literally a smidge it's like a sixteenth of an inch so I'm just cutting just shy there okay so that's this is going to be for the cover now for doing one of the no actually I'll just stick with that for a minute then I've done mine by four inches so you can get two out of an you know one strip from an eight by eight pad because yeah that's the eight by eight and then because it's just under two and a half you can get another yeah two more out of this you can get six all together from one sheet so I was trying to do quick maths there okay so then you just pop it in the punch and it will sit within you have you can see here you've got your two and a half your two and the one and a half so you just sit it in it sits perfectly within that two and a half and punch okay and then we just could the excess will come out the bottom now I want to do on the back of this I want to do a plain print so that's where I'm going to use the essentials and I think I'm going to do this greeny color I think it's come apart I hate all this gum on the end anyway I usually pull it off so again I'm going to cut just a smidge under two and a half and again by four you can do longer you don't have to do them by four and then I'm just going to slide that one in again and this is what I do for every page because I double it up so there's the two how they look and then I'm going to stick one over the other because they will marry up perfectly and then that is a page but this is also going to be my front I haven't used like any kind of construction board gray boards you know anything stronger because I just didn't feel it needed it once I add the glue to this that stiffens it up a little bit anyway so yeah that is going to be the front and then I'm going to have this piece here which says the happy life because I love where I live and I'm just going to sit that probably down here somewhere and then I've got some flowers these are prima flowers I've had them for a while and I keep getting around to using them I've got these from Thompson's craft supply so I'll link those below but I quite like that quite simple one actually so I may end up using that one so I'm just going to stick the two of these together now if you want to add ribbons and pieces coming out you might want to have like a pom-pom trim then put that between these two before you stick them together okay so now that's that one done so I'm just going to open up my ring here I'll tell you the measurement of this one I think two I think oh no two yeah I know it is it's the two diameter two inch diameters it's not the bigger bigger ones that I've got because I do have bigger but um you can go smaller and if you don't have rings you can just put some ribbon through and tie in it it'll still look nice these are also great for swatching so if you swatch out lots of colors you can do them like this as well okay so I've got a bit scrap here for that drop down page that kind of flip page so you want to cut this again to just under the two and a half and then you want it to be four five six and seven no six and three eighths of an inch because it's going to fold up so six and three sorry six and three quarters not three eighths so three quarters is that okay and then you want to score at four okay I'll probably add some more of these pages I'm not entirely sure this is a piece of scrap photo um photo paper because it's got a shine on it but that's fine okay then you're going to fold it up so you'll have the shorter side pop this in make sure I take that piece out for the minute just slide it right up you'll feel when it gets to the top and then you'll get that piece and then when you fold that up you'll get a nice little flap and then that's another one to go in so for this one then you just want to decide what you want to do for your kind of mat so I'm going to again I'm trying to use the scrap you know where I can so I'm just going to use a pencil for this one um because I don't have much of a border just a little white border so this is just under two and three eighths because obviously it was just under the two and a half so the measurements are slightly different but it doesn't matter if you haven't got the tag punch you can use dies you can cut it yourself it's easy to do you know just the scissors and you can you know cut two little kind of angled corners there just to give it a gift tag look it's very easy to do with limited supplies so that's one of the mats and then I'll do that same size again one there one there and one on the backs it's four little kind of mats and four photos so all my photos here are two by two ish some of them are slightly like two and a quarter I did some of them are slightly I did vary them depending on obviously the the way the photo itself looked um but if you've got the car there that was the higher car I picked up the reason I've put it in there is because within four hours of getting it I reversed it into a pillar and really wrecked it but fortunately my cousin um has a very good position with the higher company and um yeah I didn't have to pay for anything so I was so so lucky but um couldn't believe it and I had it for three weeks so yeah had to drive around with it not looking very good okay so that's another little flip down so I'm going to pop that actually I'm going to put that near where that car picture is because it's a funny little story to kind of tell so I'm going to pop that around the back here and that's the nice things you can open it up you know wherever and kind of pop them in so I've got two little flip down there but once I go to fill it out and kind of go through them a bit more then I can write like I might do a little one to just talk about the kind of day with me and dad I've got one there for like the Easter me and mum had a day out in there as well and then that's just kind of a meal that we had towards the end of my stay so okay then I have that little the happy life which I just thought was quite appropriate so I'm going to just stick this down it did have sticky on it but they're never that sticky so I took it off this was from a page Evans I think it's the whimsical collection so um yeah I just thought I'd throw that one in there like the colors work perfectly with this paper pad so I'm going to bring it up do I want it right up now I'm going to keep it down low because I'm going to add the flower that's that one there okay I'm actually going to add those three flowers and not that one because I quite like those three together so again I'm sure these will still be available so over on Thompson's Cross supply Louise has got a lot of Prima flowers so um I'm sure if there's these ones aren't there you'll be able to get something equally as nice because they are you can spot a Prima flower and then let's just pop that one just kind of over the top there okay and now I'm going to let me just bring that up a little bit further yeah if I just bring it out there you can see I've got the little Devon tag which I really like these flowers the happy life and now what I'm going to do is just go through and do some journaling I'm going to sort this out because I don't want it like that I might just do a nice bow we'll see and then I'll show you the kind of end result okay so I showed you all this I decided to go for the bow I love that ribbon it's a velvet ribbon it just matches so well so I haven't done masses but just to give you an idea so I've done this one here on this page it just says choose happy and again I've used the Posca pen there to do the faux stitching I've got a little puffy sticker there from one of my thicker sets I've got a little butterfly there let's show you some of the ones where I've actually I haven't done the journaling I'm going to do that off-camera because that is my private stuff they go I like that one blue skies big smiles I've just put like a little these are from a rosie studio set that I've got and their little um like bulldog clips so it looks like I've pinned the picture on there um what else we've got I've done that one I did I do that one I heart this I was just all eating this one here I've just done this little tag getting that through there there we go so it's captured and it's obviously for that picture there or for any of them really another little paperclip thing there this one I like I've got a little handbag just hanging there again a lot of these are rosie studio then I've got their story because yeah there is and then that's where I'm going to write something I've got a puffy sticker there and then again I'm going to put a photo or something little butterfly and then at the end here it says laughing all day long which we do we laugh a lot which is always good and then I've got a couple free there because there are maybe three or four other photos I could probably print off still from that time there but yeah that's that's it really I have also got this which I was going to I like this one here home is where your heart is and I'm thinking whether I could tag that but because that's there I think you're going to see it so I just want to see if there's any other ones no I am going to use that one but I've got a little idea I'm going to cut it as close to the top as possible and kind of come up here that never stopped dreaming I probably wouldn't use that so I'm not too worried about cutting that one away there okay then I'm going to trim this down to again just under two and a half oh my god that literally that is just under two and a half and then it's going to be shorter than the four that's fine what I'm going to do is add like the the top to it so again cut this down this is some scrap so the same amount and then I'm going to do it by one and a half do two of those and I'm going to stick I've got the smallest amount to use but I think I can make it work I really want it to just be like a little page I'm going to use some of my double-sided tape and just run a very very thin strip along both parts take this off and then I'm going to stick and then I'm going to add some glue I hope this works I don't know you should do and then stick this piece over the top and then I need to trim it down so now that is four inches the same as that and then there's two layers so I don't know if this is going to punch through I might have to end up just doing a whole punch I'm hoping it will I'm going to literally add some brute force through this so I'm going to slide it in this could all wreck but at least I'm doing a test if you tool see when it went through oh perfect it's worked so there you go just made a little tag so now I can have that home is where your heart is I'm going to have it toward the end with that picture there because that is a picture of the local church is where my sister got married and we go to the pub nearby and that's where we had our dinner so yeah home is where the heart is that's the last one so there you go that's just a really quick way to show you a nice little mini album idea again you don't need the punch the punch does make it much much quicker and like I said there are two styles designs in that one I think I don't think this is the decorative one I think this is the plain one and then the other one is more of a decorative style but hopefully I've just given you some ideas on how to decorate you can add as many pages as you want you don't have to use it as a mini album you can have this like I said for swatches there's you know yeah it's entirely up to you I just thought this was really sweet and as you know I am slowly you know making more and more albums so that I can put a lot of photos in because I've got a lot of traveling photos that I need to work through so yeah I hope you've enjoyed it I hope you like it all the links to everything I've used today will be shared in the description box below if you have liked it give me a thumbs up and subscribe to my channel so you get to see more thanks for watching bye


Friendship is a great thing. You may have known each other for months or years, but as you grow stronger in bond there are certain things you begin to do to your best friend because your best friend is always down for anything. You both become a part of each other's lives. You can be so close to each other that some weird behaviors are just simply overlooked.  You can easily step over the line with what is deemed socially acceptable. You tell each other everything and you aren't ashamed to throw buckets of alcohol at each other on a Friday, just for no reason. Best friends share so much together. If you have a best friend, here are 17 weird things you both likely do together. One, you manage each other's love lives. Your best friend often wants to manage your love life because they want you to be happy. As soon as you mention your interest in a person they are quick to research the person to be sure the person is a perfect fit for you. If the person isn't, they'll do all they can to kick them away. If they are a perfect fit, your best friend will do everything possible to get them. And you will agree when your best friend tries to hook you up with someone you already like, you almost always get that person. Two, you plan each other's weddings. You both may not be set for marriage, but you can admit you plan each other's weddings down to the detail. You can pick out the clothes you bought while we're on your wedding day, the venue, the guest, the colors and the same size, all for fun. Three, you borrow each other's stuff so often, you forget who it really belongs to. You know the number of times you have borrowed things from your best friend without returning them and they have done the same to you? You can't count.  What's yours is hers and what's hers is yours. Four, you talk honestly about each other's flaws. Others may lie to your face about how beautiful you are.  Others may tell you how good your attitude is towards others, but your best friend will tell you how appalling your attitude is towards others. You'll take it in stride and simply laugh over it while receiving their suggestion to work on it. You're not both ashamed to learn each other's flaws because you have each other's backs.  The world may not accept you that way, but your best friend accepts and loves you, no matter what. Five, you hug it out. We all have bad days, but you know one of the best shoulders you cry on is your best friend's shoulder. You'll have had a bad day, but then you'll hug it out with each other. Six, you fill each other's hairy legs. You just want to be sure those legs aren't too hairy to live the house. Or if they are, you want to assure your bestie it doesn't matter. Seven, you visit each other uninvited. You know you don't have to knock when you're visiting your best friend anymore. It's not even considered a visit anymore. You simply barge into their house, find your way into their kitchen or their bedroom, and make yourself comfortable around the house. Their parents don't need to ask you to dinner. You're often there.   Which, well, it seems you often do.  So what if they've seen what it all looks like? It's no big deal. You're comfortable to check out each other's bodies because you know you both wouldn't judge each other. You'll loosen up around each other so easily. You may even walk around their house naked when no one is at home. You value each other and have become so into each other, you think it's weird when you inspect each other in the changing room. Nine, you stuck your home with each other's favorite foods. You know what your best friend is allergic to and you know her favorite food. Each time you go shopping for groceries, you know your best friend will pull over at your house soon enough and so you add to your list those foods you know they value. Fun time together with your bestie means they have to be satisfied while you will hear it from them. You don't have to like what they like. You just know you have to have those food in the house.  Ten, you have entire conversations in random accents. You occasionally pretend to be British or German when you're together and you laugh at each other's accents. You can admit how fun it is to listen to your bestie struggle to get some accents right while he or she mocks you for messing up another accent. Eleven, you text each other about everything. If the shoe you both bought at the mall yesterday doesn't fit, you want your best friend to know. Does the guy at your desk keep looking at you instead of filling the form in front of him? You text your best friend about it. Has your boss been such a knucklehead in the last few seconds? Your bestie needs to know it. You text them about everything, from mundane to serious things.  If it was someone else spamming your inbox, you couldn't stand it. Only your bestie could do that and get away with it.     That's why you're besties. Thirteen, you snuggle. Just because you're besties you don't mind snuggling. You may enjoy having your personal space, but you also fancy the human touch you receive from your best friend.  That's just the beauty.  Just because nature calls, you don't keep any privacy when your best friend is around.  You know you have a best friend when you can hardly pee all by yourself.  Why miss it because nature calls? Fifteen, you're on every minute daily decision past each other. You're not indecisive, you just like to get into each other's space a lot, so you share each decision you have to make with each other and are never ashamed to do so. Whatever your best friend says is law. If they dislike the person you're going out with, you may often want to consider their opinion and check out. Whether you're sending them a picture of your outfit every morning to make sure that you're not colorblind or you can't decide to send that new cutie a late night text, your best friend is always there to help. Your best friend knows you better than anyone else, sometimes including yourself, so you don't mind taking everything through each other. Sixteen, you communicate in secret language. You both have become so used to each other over the years that you communicate in secret languages. Even folks around do not understand. You communicate through mims and gifts and code words so often it's like two of you have your own secret language. It is almost impossible for anyone else to understand what you say to each other all the time because you've mastered your secret language. Seventeen, you have fun doing nothing. It's okay to admit it that too often when you and your best friend meet, you have so much fun just doing nothing. If you were asked what you both need to have fun today, just spending time goofing at each other was enough fun for you. With your best friend, you look forward to the days of YouTube, binge eating or watching movies all day long or just laying around the house all day talking about nothing in particular because the truth is it doesn't really matter what you do as long as you have them around. Your best friend's company is all you need to have a good time. If this video inspired you, subscribe to our channel. We love you.


The immediate past mission of budget and planning to Kaduna State's governor Nasser El-Refar has been declared the winner of the primary election for the APC to contest for Kaduna Central Senatorial seat. Mohammad Tijir returned unopposed in the primary election, going to other aspirants withdrew from the contest. Plus, the re-correspondent, Abila Daroufal filed in this report, as presented from our studios. President Kaduna is taking new dimensions as aspirant political parties are engaging towards the 2023 general elections. The two contestant, Usman Tzani and Ahajiya Rabi Salisu, on a consensus with Judea candidature for Datijo to be the flag bearer of APC-Kaduna Central Senatorial seat. Speaking at Umar Musaera Dua Hall in Kaduna, the returning office of the election, Mohammad Afiz Baeru, says 405 delegates are from the several local government areas that make up Kaduna Central. He stated that 396 delegates were accredited, eight votes were invalid. The power was set in me as the returning officer. I declare Mohammad Kisaleh Abdullahi, the winner, to have it support the highest number of votes cast as the winner of the Kaduna APC Central Senatorial district primary election. Datijo expressed appreciation to the aspirants who withdrew from the contest and sought their support to ensure that APC-Emerges victorious in 2023. He solicited support from citizens to ensure the party becomes victorious in the general elections. We want to call on all party members across all divides. There are no more camps in Kaduna. Our focus is to ensure that we continue to put Kaduna on the best footing and Nigeria on the best footing. But as the provision of the law and electoral act, we are supposed to go and ensure that we conduct the process for record purposes. We call that Mohammad Sani Datijo had aspired to contest for the governorship of Kaduna State, but later on a consensus stepped down for Senator Uba Sani for the governorship while he opted for the Senate to represent Kaduna Central Senatorial State. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


Over the past year, 1.2 million Australian kids have gone hungry. Right now, 3.3 million people are struggling to pay their bills, living below the poverty line in Australia. More and more Australians are just one big medical problem, a couple of missed shifts, another interest rate rise away from complete disaster. And yet, and yet, the big banks brag about record profits, coals and woollies have profiteered to the tune of billions coal and gas companies paying nothing in tax. There have been 13 consecutive interest rate heights since I became an MP in this House in May 2022. Rents have spiked and spiked again, parents having to make the completely cruel choice between sending their kids to Saturday soccer and the mortgage payment. People skipping meals to pay the rent were simply unable to pay for much needed medication or healthcare, because Medicare has been gutted too. Where's the support when times are tough? What's this government's response? It's a new committee. Labor's bill doesn't even include a national definition of poverty, effectively allowing the government to keep its head firmly buried in the sand about the scale of the problem.


Welcome to the first class of MA third semester, congratulations to all the girls who have passed MA second semester with good marks and motivating words for them who couldn't secure good marks. In MA third semester, I am going to take the second paper that is edu602 that is educational measurement and evaluation. In that paper, first unit blooms taxonomy is blooms taxonomy comes into the first unit of the first unit of that paper. So, we are starting today with blooms taxonomy. It is a very important topic. The question will be asked to you in the university exam and any competitive examination will be given to you. That also comes from blooms taxonomy. So, this is a very interesting topic, that is why I am starting with this so that you get interested in this subject. So, look at the blooms taxonomy. What is blooms taxonomy? It is a classification system used to define and distinguish different levels of human cognition. That is, blooms are a current system that transforms and distributes and teaches us how to understand and understand the three levels of human cognition, that is, to think, learn and understand. So, these three levels of human cognition also change us and we can understand the difference between the three levels of human cognition through blooms taxonomy. Educators have typically used blooms taxonomy to inform and guide the development of assessments, curriculum and instructional methods. So, what is the original taxonomy? i.e. what kind of instruction should be given to you, how to ask such questions? After this, we have to see what was the original taxonomy. As we talk about the original taxonomy, we understand that it is not in its original form. That is why we are talking about the Maulik Vargi. After that, we will talk about how it has come in its original form. So Bloom's taxonomy was originally published in 1956 by a team of cognitive psychologists at the University of Chicago. That is, the cognitive psychologist working in the department of Chicago, published Bloom's Vargi in 1956. It is named after the committee's chairman, Benjamin Bloom. That is, the chairman of the committee, Benjamin Bloom. His name was Bloom's taxonomy. The original taxonomy was organized into three domains, cognitive, effective and psychomotor. That is, in the original form, three domains were talked about. Cognitive means cognitive, effective means emotional and psychomotor means mental. So there is a difference in everything. Cognitive means that the cognition of the human being, that is, in the human being's consciousness, the consciousness means that it is in its brain. That is, how we think, how we understand, how we learn, it all comes into some kind of cognitive. How are we acting? What is the emotion in our mind? What is the emotion? What is the emotion? It all comes into some kind of emotional and emotional. What are we doing? What is the motor activity involved in us? It all comes into psychomotor. Apart from this, educators have primarily focused on the cognitive model, which includes six different classification levels. That is, when this Vargi was given in the beginning, the teachers and students who were working on it, they have emphasized most of the cognitive model, whereas it has not been as effective as psychomotor. So, when they were working on the cognitive model, they told us that we can divide it into six levels. We can divide it into six levels. What are the six levels? Knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. This is a small, large, or at least large, or at least a low level. Knowledge is the lowest level. What is the lowest level? Evaluation. According to the case, these are the taxonomies of the room. In other words, if a subject, after reading a topic, becomes aware of it, then it is still the lowest level of the session. After that, there is a burden of that subject, of that nature, of that topic, after that, we reach its use. Then, we learn to visualize it, and then we visualize it, and later, we can visualize it and tell it whether it is good or bad. Now, it is worth knowing that the book was originally published for the first time, Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, The Classification of Educational Goals, Handbook 1 Cognitive Domain. One more thing that you should remember, is that the hierarchical nature, i.e. the evolution of knowledge, increases by one crumb, they divide it into six levels. They say that the three below, i.e. knowledge, comprehension, application, that is the lower level of thinking, and the application analysis synthesis, sorry, analysis synthesis and evaluation, that is the highest level. i.e. we can understand a topic, we can understand it, and we can use it, even then, we are at the lowest level. We go to the highest level, when we can visualize it, and then visualize it, and then visualize it. What is visualization? It means to break the topic into small pieces. This is visualization, it means to combine those small pieces, to create a seventh-grade thing. It is not a seventh-grade nature, it is just somehow combined. Now, what we are going to pay special attention to, is the revised taxonomy. One more thing, that the bloom taxonomy came in the beginning, initially, received a little fanfare, i.e. people didn't pay much attention to it in the beginning, but gradually it became popular, and now all over the world, the students of education, it is read on the UGPG level, it is read and taught, it has become a very popular term now. Now, let's talk about the revised taxonomy, in 2001, another team of scholars, i.e. more students met, who were there, there was Lauren Anderson, who was the disciple of the bloom taxonomy, and the other, David Rathall, they were in their support, and they also worked on that team, who had worked in the first year, and they also worked in the second year. In 2001, they changed the revised taxonomy, i.e. they changed it, and now, the name of the version is called a taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing, i.e. the way it will help us to learn, teach, and learn, a revision of the bloom taxonomy of educational objectives. The revised bloom taxonomy, as it is commonly called, was intentionally designed to be more useful to educators, and to reflect the common ways in which it had come to be used in schools, i.e. it has been revised in this form, that it can be more fruitful for educators. Okay. What they have done, they have said that in the revised version, three categories were renamed, and all the categories were expressed as verbs, rather than nouns. i.e. they have renamed three categories, i.e. they have changed the noun into verbs. Now, they are calling knowledge as remembering in the revised version, they are calling comprehension as understanding, and they are calling synthesis as creating. That's all they have done. They are calling the application as applying, analyzing, and synthesizing synthesis. There is no other difference. Now, if you look at the pyramid, you will understand that the original taxonomy has the highest level of its evaluation, but the revised taxonomy has the lowest evaluation, and they have given the synthesis, creation, and creating the top most position. Look at the picture of Benjamin Blum, you can recognize it. He is the Blum, who has done such a thing, and is still working on it. Okay. One minute. Now, I have done the effective and psychomotor domain. Take care of this. What is cognitive? It is a knowledge-based domain. You have to learn to read it. What is effective? It is an attitudinal-based, emotional-based and psychomotor-based or causal-based. There are six levels in cognitive, knowledge comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation. There are five in effective. There are six in psychomotor, which is the work of the brain. Hmm. Okay. I want to show you this. Terminology changes. Hmm. Look at the old version, knowledge. What is the summary of knowledge? Remembering. The summary of comprehension. Understanding. Applying. Analysis. Analysis. You have to remember that the old version is called and the new version is called in 2001. Hmm. Okay. We are going to take care of the new terms in which they have explained the meaning of it. Remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, and creating. Remembering is that when we remember any concept, any concept, like the language of Sangia, the name of any person, we don't know anything about Sangia, we can only remember the definition of Sangia since childhood. Meaning that we can retrieve the data, recognize it, recognize it, and recall it. If you can remember it, then we are remembering at the level of cognition. And we also remember that from knowledge, from memory, if you have ever read it before, then you will be able to tell it. Then understanding means we go one step ahead, one step one step up, one step up. So what can we do, what level can we reach in understanding? When we are constructing meaning, we can design it, what is the meaning of the meaning of the meaning of the meaning of the meaning. Oral, we can talk or give a marked message, written, and graphic, We have reached the understanding step by step, meaning we can interpret, extract, classify, summarize, and write all of them. If we want to write something straight, we can extract inferring or nishkarsh, compare it with tulna, and explain it. So, we are on the second level of cognition, on the second level of understanding. Applying is very easy, if we can use the knowledge that is read, then we are on the applying level. Analyzing, as I have told you, means breaking in small pieces. It means breaking material into constituent parts. That is, whatever material is given to us, we have to break it into pieces. Determining how the parts relate to one another. We also have to keep in mind that the parts that we have broken, what are the relations between the two. Then evaluating means making judgments based on criteria. That is, if we can decide, then evaluating. And creating means putting elements together to form a coherent or functional hole. That is, the pieces that we have broken in analysis, we have to connect them in such a way that they become a functional hole. That is, we have to connect them in such a way that they can do something to the working soul. We don't just have to connect them up and down. One more thing I am going to tell you. Look at this. When we talk about Bloom's Taxonomy, we mostly look at the dimension of the cognitive process. We don't talk about the knowledge dimension. Sometimes it gets missed or sometimes it is not given in the books. And we just read the knowledge comprehension application and finish it. But we have to see that these are two axes. X axis and Y axis. That is, one that we are talking about in the direction of cognitive process dimension, which we have just done. And the other axis is also where we are talking about the dimension of knowledge. That is, look at it from both sides. Let me explain it to you. For example, if we divide the knowledge dimension, then they have also given a hierarchy. They have taken it to a smaller and bigger level. How did they divide the knowledge? Factual knowledge. That is, when we know the fact, then it is on factual knowledge. It has reached on conceptual knowledge. That is, along with facts, we have come to know the concepts. So, we are at the level of conceptual knowledge. Then, if we understand the process along with the concept, then it is on procedural knowledge. And after procedural knowledge, we are at the height of the knowledge, which is called metacognitive knowledge. Metacognition means thinking. For example, if we say metathinking, then the meaning of metathinking is thinking about thinking. Similarly, metacognitive knowledge means thinking about cognition. So, let me explain it to you with the help of action work. If we know how much drugs are found in the area, then it is a little drug. So, if we know, if we give drugs, then we give them. Whether it is water, oil, milk, milk, mud, gold, stone, etc. And we should be told to list them. So, we know that there is a taral shield and gas is in the volume bundle. And the source of the gas is known by so many names. So, we will make it a list and make it a list even then. If we make the list successful, then we are at the minimum level of the cognitive process. And we are at the minimum level of knowledge in factual. Then, if we move ahead from factual to conceptual, then what can we do? We can do describe, we can do varanand, that this is the substance of drugs, this is the gas of toast. Then if we get more than one step ahead of that, we can tabulate it on procedural knowledge. We can do sarani, baddha, and we can use it appropriately in metacognitive. Similarly, if we go to a column, sorry, in a row, then in factual, we are at the knowledge dimension, if we are at factual knowledge, but in cognitive, we are at the remember, then what can we do? We can list out the things. Then, if we reach at the understanding level, then we can summarize it. If we reach at the apply level, then we can classify it. We can do vargikrit. There is factual knowledge, but if we are at the analysis here, then we can give order, that is, we will be able to train it. Evaluate, that is, we will be able to give its rank, that you are first, you are second, you are third. And if we reach at the create level, then we will be able to combine it and give it a coherent whole. Look, this is Dina Fisher. This is written, this is the model of Dina Fisher. I have not made this. Sorry. Sorry. Okay. Why use Bloom's taxonomy? How can Bloom's taxonomy be used? So, I have left some for you to read, which I have explained to you in the lecture. Look, remember, understand, apply is less. Okay. You can read as much as you want from here, conclusion. So, we will do a quick recap of what we have read so far. So, we have read that Bloom's taxonomy teaches us to differentiate between the three levels of human cognition, thinking, learning and understanding. After that, we have to know that the original taxonomy, which is Bloom and Rukesh Iyongi, was given in 1956. Then we have to know that they have divided it into three elements, cognitive, effective and psychomotor. Then we have to know that cognition or cognitive, if we divide it into six levels, knowledge comprehension, application analysis, synthesis, evaluation. Then we have to know that it has been revised in 2001. And it has been revised. Bloom's revised Bloom's taxonomy. Sorry. One minute. And who has given this? Lauren Endelson and David Rathall. What they have done is that they have made the name verb. And they have made only three changes. Knowledge, remembering, comprehension, understanding and synthesis, creating. And where in the old taxonomy, the revision, sorry, evaluation topmost, they have brought it down a step. And the synthesis, they have created it and sent it to the topmost position. Then I have told you that according to the dimension of the cognitive process, we have to work on it. So according to the process of knowledge, we have to work on it. And according to the dimension of knowledge, there are four types of knowledge. The four levels are factual knowledge, conceptual knowledge, procedural knowledge and metacognitive knowledge. And you already know about the cognitive process. So read as much as you can. Understand. And if you don't understand, ask again. Then we will move forward. Okay? So it is very important to remember you. Remember it well. Okay? Let's go.