Hello and welcome to the session in which we would look at chapter 11 bankruptcy. Chapter 11 bankruptcy is different than chapter 7. In chapter 7 in the prior session in chapter 7 we had the liquidation. We sell all assets and go out of business or we sell all the goods, all what we own and we pay the creditors. Basically we start from zero. In contrast, in chapter 11 reorg cases, the debtor typically continues to control and manage the assets, a concept known as debtor impossession. So they don't they don't sell everything because they need to stay afloat. And when we say chapter 11, usually chapter 11 is for businesses. The assumption here is this, that the debtor is best suited to operate their own business. Therefore, we try to avoid even having a trustee and managing its asset during the bankruptcy process. So what we are saying here is, you know what, as the debtor keep the asset, we're going to try to work a deal with you, keep the asset, keep running the business. We believe you're in the best position to run this business. Therefore, you're going to stay in control. Unlike, unlike in some other type of bankruptcy cases, a trustee is not usually appointed. It could be appointed. When is it appointed? When we find out that the owner of that business, the debtor, is incompetent. And this is what we will discuss in this session. What happens under chapter 11? So the first thing is to know trustees are usually not involved, usually not involved. So what is involved? Let's see what's involved. Committees, chapter 11 bankruptcy, instead of a trustee, usually we have committees are formed to assist and advise the debtor. These committees would include the committee of unsecured creditors, usually the seven largest creditors, and potentially some equity security holders committee stockholders to provide an oversight and consultation. And this starts shortly after the order of relief is in place, the bankruptcy start. We have these committees and what do they do? They try to help the debtor, advise the debtor, negotiate with the debtor, talk to them. They work with the debtor to ensure that the reorganization process is conducted fairly, because they want to be paid and efficiently, but they don't take over management of the company, because they're not managing the role of advising. They play a major role, but they don't run the business, because the rationale here is the debtor remained in possession of the management of the asset, and they're in the best position to run the business because they have the expertise. Well, if they're going out of business, they should not have the expertise, but we have to make this assumption that they still in the best people to run the business, to run more effectively than external trustees. We want to maximize the value of the debtor's estate, doing what? Keep the debtor and increase the likelihood of a successful reorganization. Now, do you need those committees? For small businesses, as a small business in this context is defined as a business that's not primarily involved in real estate, and has that below 2.6 million. Again, those numbers will change. If a debtor qualifies as a small business under this definition, they have the option to elect special treatment as a small business debtor. One significant aspect of this is you can request a credit committee not to be appointed. Simply put, this means if that motion is granted, there wouldn't be a committee of unsecured creditor involved in the bankruptcy process. The reason behind this is to simplify and expedite the proceeding for small business debtor, rather than having creditors consulting with creditors constantly. If you have a lot of that, the creditors wants to be involved. We also would have an equity security holders committee. Equity is stocks, people with stocks. In cases where the debtor is a corporation undergoing a chapter 11 bankruptcy, means they have shareholders, the committee might be formed to represent the interests of the equity security holders known as stockholders, usually the common shareholders. This committee is typically composed, again, of seven of the largest holders of the corporation equity securities. What is the purpose of this? Is to make sure the right and interests of the equity holders are represented during the bankruptcy process. If I'm an owner, I want to make sure I might be able to get some of that equity, some of that proceeds out for myself at the end of the day I invested in this company. What is the role of the equity security holders committee? It's quite extensive. They have the authority to consult with the debtor, which means they can engage in discussion and negotiation directly with the corporation that's undergoing bankruptcy. They are empowered to conduct a thorough investigation into the debtor's financial position to know exactly what happened. And this investigation would help them understand the financial situation, enable them to make informed decision and provide meaningful input. The reason the committee there is to help you get out of this problem. The equity committee also plays a vital role by drafting the reorganization plan. We're going to talk about this plan. The reorganization plan is the roadmap to get out of this situation, to go back, be solvent, be able to pay your bill and stay in business. This plan details how the debtor will restructure that in business operation to exit the bankruptcy, get out back to normal. The commitment involvement ensures that their interests are protected, which is critical as the plan's outcome directly impact the value of their stocks, the value of their equity. Let's talk about reorganization plan. Remember, the reorganization plan is the roadmap. It's what's proposed. Usually it's proposed by the debtor. The debtor will have a chance to present the plan. Under chapter 11, the debtor has the opportunity to propose a reorg plan at any point during the case. The plan is crucial because it's going to outline, it's going to spell out how the debtor intend what's their plan to restructure their debt in business operation to exit the bankruptcy. Initially, the debtor enjoys an exclusive period in which they have to file for this reorganization plan. And this period lasts 120 days from the effective date of the order of relief when the bankruptcy officially starts, which marked the formal starting date of the bankruptcy, not from the petition date from the order of relief. If the debtor is unable or unwilling to propose a feasible plan in a timely manner, other stakeholders can stop in to propose an alternative plan. So first the debtor is given a chance. Go ahead, tell us what you can do. Show us a plan. If you are unable or unwilling, then get out of the way. We need to create a plan. Who we usually, the interested parties like creditors, they want to look, they want to help draft a plan because they want to protect their interests. So if the debtor fails to file within 120 days, other parties have the right to submit a plan. So lack of acceptance of the debtor's plan. Also, if the debtor has submitted a plan within the 180 days, but failed to obtain an agreement of the impaired class, impaired class, the classes that they're going to be losing out, who will be losing out, creditors, shareholders, then other parties might propose an alternative plan. An impaired class referred to creditors whose rights are affected by the plan, by what? By reduced claim or delayed payment. And under certain circumstances, we might have to appoint a trustee. Remember, there is no trustee for Chapter 11. If a trustee is appointed to oversee the bankruptcy case, then other parties may propose a plan. So again, we might have a trustee, but in normal circumstances, we will not have a trustee. So what does the plan include? It should be a blueprint, a roadmap to exit. It should show few things. One is the classification of claims. The plan must categorize all claims against the debtor into various classes. They can include secured claim. Those are backed by collateral, first priority claims, second priority claims, so on and so forth. Also claims may be classified as either impaired or unimpaired. Impaired means they're going to lose out. Unimpaired means they're going to be in good shape, depending whether the plan altered the rights of the claimant, because sometimes because you're going to have a plan and some will, some of their interests will be impaired. It means they're going to lose out and some will not. You have to show us who will and who will not. Treatment of each impaired class. The plan must specifically detail how it will address each class of impaired claims. Impaired claims are those where the plan modifies the right of the claimant. This could involve what? Again, changing the terms of the repayment, usually lower, reducing the amount owed taken out part of the principle, extending the payment timeline. The plan must clearly state how they will be treated. And you should have equal treatment within classes. Within each classified group, the plan must ensure identical treatment, no favoritism. This means all claimant with a specific group must receive the same treatment under the terms of the plan. For example, all creditors in the secured claim class must receive a similar approach in terms of the repayment or settlement. Also, you need to show implementation mechanism. It's not only you have a plan. How are you going to execute the plan? The plan must also establish the methods and procedures for implementing and carrying out this rework plan. And this includes specific steps that we'll be taking to make sure the plan provisions are executed, such as sources of funding for repayment, how are you going to get the money, the payment structure during the reorganization and any necessary business operation adjustment. So now we have a plan that's great. We presented the plan. What's next? Voting on the plan. All creditors and equity holders who have claims against the debtor estate are entitled to vote on whether to accept or reject the plan. We vote. The voting process is crucial because you're going to see later the court would look at this for determining the plan's approval. The rules for accepting the plan depending whether the claimant are debt or equity interests. For impaired claims, debt, if we're talking about debt holders, a class of impaired claims, those claims that are affected, is considered to have accepted the plan if two conditions are met. So for the debt holders, you have to have two conditions. One, the plan is approved by creditors holding two-thirds of the total value. Value is a dollar amount. So the creditors have to represent two-thirds, 66% of the debt value will have to be represented. And notice it's also accepted by half of the number of creditors. So the number of creditors, let's assume you could have 10 creditors and only one of them lend you 66%. Well, it will not be approved because only one. You need to have five, half of the creditors will have to be involved. Two-thirds of the money and half of the creditors will have to agree to the plan. Let's look at a number. Let's look at an example with numbers. In a class with total claims of a million, the approval of the creditors, the amount that all the creditors should approve is $666,667. And if we have 100 creditors involved with this $1 million, 51 of these creditors will have to be part of the $666,667. More than half in two-thirds, two conditions. So if the creditors representing $700,000 out of the million and 55 of the 100, then the plan is accepted by this class. How about the shareholders when they vote? A class of impaired interest such as equity interest holders is deemed to have accepted plan if they accepted by holders of at least two-thirds of the total value. Look, in stocks, you vote with your money. So you could have one shareholder that owns more than two-thirds of the stocks. That's good enough. We don't look at the, we don't look at the number of shareholders.  In a bankruptcy case, if a class is impaired, equity like stockholder has total allowed equity of $300,000, the rework plan is accepted if holders of equity were two-thirds, $200,000, agree to it. That's all what we need. After that, we need the court approval. The court must approve. The court must approve. So needs to approve the plan and they will only approve it if it meets certain criteria. One, the plan was accepted by all impaired classes. Ideally, the plan should be accepted by all impaired classes. This means that each class as defined in the plan agree to the term set out. So first, make their job easier is when it's accepted. Also, the court wants to make sure that their full payment for priority claims. Who are the priority claims here? The plan must provide the full payment of priority administrative expenses and gap claims. What are the administrative expenses cost related to the administering the bankruptcy case itself? Filing fees. You could have a trustee, so on and so forth and gap claims. Those are that that arise in the period from filing for the bankruptcy from the petition date when you file until the approval of the rework plan, which is the court approves the rework plan. This is there is a gap and you want to pay those creditors. You have money, you have plan to pay them. Feasibility of the plan. Also, the court must see that the plan must be feasible, meaning it should have a reasonable likelihood of success. The court must be convinced that the plan is realistically capable of achieving the goal, which is what? Getting out of financial distress. More about the court role here. If there are certain situation where the plan can still be confirmed, if not all impaired classes has accepted it. Remember, we have the creditors, we have the shareholders, they might not agree. That's fine. At least one impaired class accepts. That's good enough for the court. If at least one class of impaired claims accepted the plan, the court can still confirm it. They would rather have both, because we don't have to deal with it. But if it's one, that's the case. And there should be no unfair discrimination and everything should be fair and equitable. They force you to accept and they're going to protect your interests. And a cram down the court essentially overrides the rejection of the plan by some impaired classes under justification that the plan meets the criteria of fairness and non-discrimination. And this provision ensure that a single class of creditors cannot unreasonably prevent the reorganization of a financially troubled company provided that the plan is fair and viable. Because again, between the creditors and the shareholders, they might be fighting back and forth. And the court says, no, that's enough. I believe it's fair enough. Let's move on so we can save the company. The final word is for the court. Once the court confirmed the plan, it's binding to old parties. The confirmed plan is legally binding to all creditors, equity holders, debtor, irrespective whether they voted for or against the plan. Now, following confirmation, the debtor is obligated to pay the debtor in accordance with the provisions. So the debtor are required to do what? Follow the plan, work according to the plan. This includes payment to creditors and other arrangement made in the plan regarding the operation of the debtor's business and its financial position. Discharge of pre-confirmation debt. Confirmation of the plan generally results in some discharge of the debtors from all that that existed before the plan. So in other words, some of the debt might go away. This discharge is similar to Chapter 7 bankruptcy. Of course, unless the debt is what is non-dischargeable. Essentially, this discharge gives the creditor a clean slate, freeing them from previous debt and now them to start fresh post bankruptcy under some sort of a reorganization. Also, once we start again, there's a termination of the automatic stay. Remember, the automatic stay is an injunction to stop creditors from collecting debt from the debtor. Once the bankruptcy process begins, this is also terminated upon the plan confirmation because we're starting new, brand new, certain debt was discharged, we reorganize, everybody agrees, all the creditors were starting from fresh. That automatic stay is gone. This simply means that the protection afforded to the debtor under the automatic stay stops and the new terms of the reorganization plan takes effect. The creditors are aware of this, we're starting fresh. Let's take a look at this multiple choice questions from farhatlectures.com. Under what condition can a chapter plan be confirmed by the court, even if not all the impaired classes have accepted it? Well, can the court do that? Accept a plan, although not all impaired classes accepted it? And the answer is yes, they can. If the plan proposes to liquidate the debtor's asset, no, you're not liquidating, it's chapter 11. A is out, easy out. If at least one impaired class has accepted it, and the plan is fair and equitable to the descending class, dissenting class. Yes, if one impaired class accepted it, at least one accepted it, and the court thinks it's fair and equitable to the dissenting class, then they will accept. If the debtor agrees to sell the business, no, we're not into selling or liquidation. All secured creditors accepted the plan. Yes, whereas secured has nothing to do with it. This is the descending creditors. So the answer will be B. What should you do now? You're going to go to farhatlectures, look at additional MCQs where I have AI CPA questions, CPA questions, regular CPA questions, and questions to help you understand the concept. Invest in yourself if you're studying for your CPA exam.


I remember the night that the bombing began, planes flew over with such regularity and we thought if each plane had a payload that it was firing at cities beyond where we were and maybe there would be nothing left of places like that, but we were very caught off in a remote and isolated place. Every job in the region started to bark and the dogs barked themselves hoarse. I remained in Iraq through most of the war. We were evacuated out of Baghdad and on the roadway out, we could see mangled cars and overturned vehicles and we saw smoking and a charred ambulance and we knew that was the only way out for refugees and the only way in for humanitarian supplies and those economic sanctions were the most comprehensive sanctions ever imposed in modern history and because of the economic sanctions, people in Iraq, ordinary, average civilians couldn't get the kinds of equipment that would be needed to repair electrical facilities, to repair sewage and sanitation systems often dependent on electricity and that in itself occasioned widespread disease affliction such as the afflictions of gastroenteritis or when people can't get adequate water the afflictions of dehydration. Iraqis also couldn't any longer trade their oil for other things they needed even items such as food and so that occasioned hunger and pretty soon it was a perfect storm. Children, children under age five were directly affected by economic sanctions which punished those children to death. If a child caught a common cold and then also had the very unfortunate affliction of gastroenteritis, the combination of a respiratory infection, hunger, gastroenteritis, lack of water, lack of x-rays, lack of antibiotics, were a child to need surgery lack of even an anesthetic for the surgery these children were brutally punished, legally punished and the united nations began to say look it's beginning to seem as though the numbers make it clear that 500,000 children under age five have already died because of these economic sanctions. Never did the doctors have the equipment at that point that they would need to treat people in such a hideous and terrible emergency. These are wars of choice that the United States has initiated a tremendous cost to the United States and certainly to people in Iraq who have meant us no harm. I close by recalling a young mother in a Baghdad pediatrics ward she had just learned that her baby could not survive. The baby had a respiratory infection that had combined with hunger and gastroenteritis and the baby was having a very difficult time breathing. The doctor gave the baby mouth to mouth resuscitation and the baby started to breathe again and the mother's hopes raised and then the doctor said I am sorry your child she cannot breathe. We have not the oxygen we have not the tube. The tubing they lacked was tubing the size of the child's nostril.   My shoulder was left in her toes and then she said to me believe me in this Kathy I pray I pray that this never happens to a mother she is from your country believe me I pray I pray that this never happens to a mother from your country. I think the United States bears the responsibility for a tremendous chaos and upheaval and cruelty but I do not believe it is the responsibility now of the United States to decide who gets the upper hand in these terrible civil wars. I believe we should pay reparations always accompany with a deep felt admission of our soul. We're so very sorry for the suffering because of the death the bloodshed the trauma


So I'm sitting here trying to pick out which jersey I'm gonna wear for this Ravens and Dolphins game.  So they playing down here in Miami and my phone just start going off like crazy. And I'm like, okay, like I'm not expecting anything that Ravens make a roster move or something. I don't know. So then I look and it says, oh, Odell Beckham Jr is finalizing the deal with the LA Rams. And I'm like, well, I'll be the rich get richer. These dudes literally just got Von Miller for super cheap too. What they trade like I think a third and a fourth round something crazy like that for Von Miller.  This dude every year, defense player, defense player, and anyway, so I'm like, these guys just did the Von Miller and now they getting Odell Beckham Jr too. And I text my boy who's a Rams fan. I said, man, I said, if I wasn't team keeping clean, oh, I would let you have it, but let you have it. Cause I don't like that.  That's one of my best friends. But I was like, at the same time, I would let you have it just cause y'all got Odell Beckham Jr.  They were like, look, Matt, we see something in you. We know Detroit is Detroit and Alliance. They just, they going nowhere fast. Well, actually they going nowhere slow because it's just, it's still the same stuff and Matt Stafford is gone. But they like, we see something in you.  We know what you can do. Still had Cooper Cup, still had Robert Woods, still have Van Jefferson, got to Sean Jackson and Madden Stafford for the most part this year, he's been looking good.  Oh, they abused him, but he's been looking pretty good. So they saved him and they loaded up like they always do. Even though they lost Josh Johnson, they lost Ty Hill too to the Browns, but their defense has still been good. Of course they got Darius Williams, who just got back from Andrew Reserve. All right, can I think of the other cornerback who's a captain on their team, on their defense? And of course they got Jalen Ramsey. The guy who I'm trying to think of is just his name not coming to mind. But anyway, the Rams, they are pretty stacked team. Had Kenny Young earlier, but they traded him. But anyway, these Rams are like something serious. So then they mess around and add Odell Beckham, Jr. to it and it's like, what's that about? But then it was like, hold up. They said that Adam Schefter jumped the gun and Odell Beckham, Jr. had not made his decision yet. So it was like, man, all this craziness. All this just wild stuff is going on. But now it's fine, because they said that Odell Beckham, Jr. He was still decided between the Packers and the Rams.  Have Devonte Adams, then Odell Beckham, Jr. That'd be nice. But I feel like if he were to go to the Packers, it'd be a tiny bit more pressure on them, a tiny bit. Because the Packers right now, they doing all right. I mean, they actually doing pretty good. But I was gonna say they doing all right without Odell Beckham, Jr. But who is that clear-cut number two guy? Is it Valdez Skaldin? I know I probably said his last name wrong. It's not Randall Cobb. Like, who is that number two guy? So if you pick up Odell, then that would be him. Or maybe like a 1A1B type of thing. So there's more pressure on him to deliver. But I feel like with the Rams, I feel like it's less pressure because they already have their clear-cut established. 1A and they have 1B. I feel like they got like a 1C2, but they got Cooper Cup, that's their guy. Number one guy for sure, we already know. Then they got Robert Woods. Then they got Van Jefferson. So if they go there like Odell Beckham, Jr., he doesn't have to be the guy. He doesn't even have to be one of the top, well, he'd be one of the top three guys, top three, top four. But he doesn't have to be the main guy. So he can go there. Like it'll already be like, defenders already have enough trouble covering the Rams receivers as is. But now you add an Odell Beckham, Jr. to that. And it makes it that much tougher. That much tougher. So then on top of that, with the whole Odell Beckham, Jr. thing, when I was thinking, oh yeah, I just got a reminder from my guy, DJ Bill, he just reminded me that my Ravens played the Rams later on this season, toward the end of the season. That should be a fun one. That should be a fun one. Anyway, we had heard that the Packers had offered Odell Beckham, Jr. in the Vet Minimum. And it was understood like, hey, if you're interested in somebody, but you're not really all the way interested, you ain't gonna give them your best shot. All right, here, take this. If you're interested, cool, hit me back if not. Okay, it is what it is. And that's what the Packers did. They offered him the Vet Minimum, and apparently he was like, you can keep that Vet Minimum. I will go over here. And I know it, there's been, I, and you never know how these players really feel about this stuff. I was just never a fan of these type of reports and whatnot. But at the same time, you never know. Like I've been hearing a lot that, oh, Odell Beckham, Jr., he wants to be a big star. He wants to go to a big city. He wants to go play with a light shine the brightest. And like Skip Bayless, he would always talk about, Skip Bayless, he's really funny, man. Like, it's like, he started being, he started, he was like the first professional troll. Then a lot of other these analysts and whatnot, they started doing the same thing too. But I feel like Skip Bayless was like the originator of that. But anyway, he would talk, whenever he talks about Odell Beckham, Jr., and his old departure from the Browns, he said, oh yeah, he just, he would want to go to somewhere where the lights shine the brightest and he can be a big star. And he went from New York to Big Apple to where he could do that. Then he went to Cleveland and he was probably like thinking, oh, no, Cleveland's not where I can do that at. But if it really did come down to his decision between the Packers and the LA Rams, if that is really how he thinks, I don't know. And like I said, I don't really like those reports like that. They're funny, but at the same time, you never know if it's true or not. Then I'll be very interesting that he would choose LA over Green Bay because he would be able to do that in LA versus Green Bay. Now, Odell Beckham, Jr., you gotta commend him because he is the ultimate businessman. He knows the business of the NFL. He knows how it works. He knows the ins and outs of it. Reason being, because timing is everything. Right before the trade deadline. Odell Beckham, Jr., he probably heard all the rumors and stuff. He knew that teams were trying to trade for him. I know the Saints were one of the teams that tried to trade for him and I'm sure he heard all of it. And he was like, man, Browns ain't making no moves. He said, hmm, I got it. You know what? Dad, come here. Dad, let me see your phone. Let me do something real quick. Took his dad's phone. He's like, he probably screen recorded the YouTube video because he'd be on YouTube watching stuff. He screen recorded that YouTube video. Then he's like, you know what? No, let me screen record it sideways so people don't think that it's me. And they think it's you, dad. So let me see your phone again. So he screen recorded this head of sideways like a dad would do, who's out of touch with technology. And then he's like, ah, okay, all right, got it. All right, let me do some hashtags real quick. Okay, free OBJ, okay. I love my son, okay. We love Cleveland, but I love my son more. Here you go, dad, post it. You know what? Let me add a few more hashtags so you put some, all right, boom, perfect. All right, dad, go ahead, go ahead and post it. And you know, if respond to a couple of people, respond to a couple of celebrities if they get on it and then a couple of non-celebrities too, just respond to a couple of people so they know like, this is real and it's not a mistake, anything like that. Just, I know you got me. So his dad did it. He did it. Then he started responding to a couple of people and then O'Dell Beckham was like, mm, all right. The trade deadline is coming up in a couple of hours. I need more than this. You know what, I got it. Pick up his phone. Yo, LeBron.  Little bit later, LeBron James, free OBJ. Oh man, I can't wait to see what it looks like when he's on a team that can utilize his talents. Yeah, yeah. Okay, yeah. And then he called a couple of his other friends too and they were doing the same thing all around Twitter. All these people talking about O'Dell Beckham Jr. and free O'Dell Beckham Jr. Let him go, let him go. But the Browns were like, mm, I was straight. We good. So the trade deadline came and went, O'Dell Beckham Jr. still a Brown and O'Dell Beckham Jr. must have been thinking, man, it didn't work. So the following day, gets ready to go practice and he probably thinking, oh man, this could be really awkward. I love my guys, but I just, this thing just not working out. So he gets to practice. Kevin Safansky, O'Dell Beckham Jr. Hey, come here real quick. Come here. Don't put your helmet on. Come here. What's up, Kev? Go home for the day. Go home for the day. Don't practice today. Okay. And he probably thinking, oh, okay. Yes, I did it, I did it, I did it. So he goes home and Kevin Safansky apparently tells the team, O'Dell Beckham Jr. is not a member of this roster anymore. He's not. O'Dell Beckham Jr. probably caught wind of that on Twitter and was like, oh, yes, let's go. I can't like any tweets that say that, but I'm looking. So then the following day, all right, let me go back to practice. Let me, all right, let's see what happens today. Oh, O'Dell just go home, go home. He's probably like, what? Oh man, I'm so angry. I just really wanted to practice with these Browns to keep it going. All right, I'll go home, coach. All the meanwhile he's really laughing. He's smiling. He's like, hold up. Could this like really be it? So then it comes out the next day, all the Browns playing on release and all the O'Dell Beckham Jr. He's like, yes, I did it. He was probably happier than the Antonio Brown when he got released from the Raiders. Y'all remember when Antonio Brown had the video ready? He was like, hey, I think this is gonna be the call. And he told his boy record him and he started celebrating, jumping up and down, jumped in the pool doing flips and all that. Well, he was happy. All the O'Dell Beckham Jr. You gotta figure he was super happy too. And now he's in L.A. Ram. And again, the rich kid richer. And it just always bugs me when teams, they may have an area of weakness here. They may be struggling in a certain department here, but if you have an opportunity to get richer in one area, why not take it? Why not take it? Why not go for it? Why not really try to just make it to where your team is just, especially if you can do that in a certain area? Now, of course, you want your team to be all around like that, but it just doesn't happen that way. So why not make your team the strongest they could possibly be in that area? That's what the Rams doing at Ever See.  They try to get Reynolds now. They try to bring back Josh Reynolds, but the Detroit Lions said, nope, nope, y'all got Matt Stafford. We not letting you get Josh Reynolds. He's coming here. So, and Lions could have got O'Dell Beckham Jr. too, but the Lions were like, no, no. But that's again, O'Dell Beckham Jr.'s business side because remember, O'Dell Beckham Jr., he said, his camp said, oh, if O'Dell Beckham Jr. gets claimed by a bad team, it's gonna be some problems. We all know what that meant. That meant that he don't wanna go to a bad team. He wants to go to a contender. That's all that that meant. That's it. If he would have went to a bad team, would it have been problems? He could have just not shown up. I think he would have, but he could have just not shown up, but they would have still had his rights. And I hate that term, but they would have still had his rights. So anyway, congrats to all the Rams fans. You get O'Dell Beckham Jr. You just got Von Miller, now you get O'Dell Beckham Jr. Enjoy your game of Madden. We out.


This week was all about criminal justice. I had the signing of Senate Bill 166, which was about the sealing of misdemeanors. If someone had been clean for seven to ten years, we want to make sure that that is not used in any way in the hiring decisions. I also was at the press conference unveiling the Judicial Justice Reinvestment Initiative. Part two for Pennsylvania. And that's really looking at the front end of our criminal justice system to see if there's some things we can do to build on what we did in JRI-1 that actually has already led to a reduction in our prison population and a reduction in our crime rate. Launched a new website that builds metrics for the three broad goals that I have as governor. Jobs that pay, schools that teach, and government that works. We want to operationalize each one of those goals, turn them into real measurements that the citizens of Pennsylvania can take a look at and see if we're actually doing better, if we're actually doing what we set out to do. It's going to help us also creating these goals and making sure that we're being as transparent as possible. I continue to visit a lot of schools this week. I visited one of the most recent, was in my home community of York, Pennsylvania, and in elementary middle school, the Alexander Good School, and gave me a chance to once again talk to teachers and students from elementary school to middle school students and school administrators in a really challenged school district. It's been a big week. It's 1500 degrees here so I am actually part Swedish, and I wanted a sauna atmosphere. That's working.


OK, thanks. So it feels a great honor to be giving the final talk at this wonderful conference. For me, it seems very appropriate that the meeting is in Italy, because actually it was in Italy in Villa Gualino in the late 80s that I first met Boris. And it was certainly a very exciting time then to actually see in the flesh him and other people whose papers I'd been reading. All through this week, I've regretted the fact that we didn't take any photographs back then, so I can't show any images from good old times. So I just have the memories. So the topic which I'm going to talk about is not really to do with nanoscience or mesoscopics. It's a topic in statistical physics. There is a sense in which you can argue that it's a kind of distant cousin of things that we know and love in mesoscopic physics. And the argument goes like this. One of the surprising things, perhaps in mesoscopic physics, is that the lowest energy scales on the energy scale smaller than the soulless energy, even though the geometry of a sample is completely irrelevant, there's still lots of interesting physics, for example, in level statistics. And the problem that I want to talk about is one that involves very long length scales, where the details of the system are unimportant. But nevertheless, there's interesting probability distributions for the quantities that we're looking at. So I want to talk about statistical problems where you have a kind of soup of loops. And the specific question is what the length distribution is of these loops, particularly the long ones where there's a chance of something universal. So this was work in collaboration. And the specific part that I'm going to talk about is really just one aspect which I've picked out from a much larger body of work. So this is a cartoon of the kind of problem that I want to think about. So we have a situation which I'll talk about more in a minute that gives us some statistical ensemble of random curves. And there are basically two ingredients. So one is some local rule which tells us how different pieces of these curves link together to form loops. And the other ingredient which you might have is the possibility to cover each loop one of n possible colors. And this is a little bit like a number of components for a spin in a spin problem. So problems of this kind come up in all sorts of contexts. I'm really mostly interested in what happens in three dimensions but let me start with a picture in two dimensions. So if you want to define some ensemble of random loops in two dimensions, you can start with a smooth random scalar function and say that your curves will simply be the zero lines of the scalar field. And in other words, take them to be the boundaries or holes of percolation clusters. So in two dimensions, if we do that, in most circumstances, we'll find that the loops have a maximum characteristic size. But we also know that by tuning the random potential so that the percolation threshold is at zero energy, we can make this size diverge. When we go to three dimensions, we have the possibility of two distinct phases. So one way of getting random curves in three dimensions is simply to generalize the two-dimensional problem. And of course, to have lines as zeros of random function in three dimensions, we need to take it to be random two-component field. So for instance, a random complex field. And then as we go around one of the zero lines, the phase of the field will wind by 2 pi. So again, we can control the length of the loops by varying the average of the random two-component field compared to the magnitude of the fluctuations. So if the average is large and the fluctuations are small, most of the zero lines will correspond to short loops. But on the other hand, if you, for instance, tune the average to zero, then generically what happens is that some fraction of the strands of these loops lie on curves which extend right through the sample. And it's actually those extended curves that I want to talk about in this talk. So there are all sorts of situations where people have studied random curves like this. So for example, people thinking about cosmic strings did quite a lot of numerical simulations to determine things like the fractal dimension of random curves. We learned yesterday afternoon that cosmic strings can be excluded by observations now. But fortunately, there are other situations. For instance, if your random two-component field is an optical field, then you can have forces in it. If you have a liquid crystal, then the disclinations in three dimensions form closed loops. And then one example, which is maybe closest to mesoscopic, if we think about a complex random wave function, so an eigenstate in a system with broken time reversal symmetry, then it's nodes, again, form an ensemble of random loops. Another place in quantum mechanics where random curves come is if we think about the Feynman path integral for a post-gas in imaginary time. And then, of course, one of the rules is that we should think about trajectories of particles which take us from some initial configuration at time 0 to some permutation of that configuration at imaginary time 1 over t. And to relate that to loops, I can project along the imaginary time direction and draw these trajectories in the space dimensions. And if I'm at high temperatures so that the imaginary time direction is short, then these trajectories will typically either return to the same particle after propagation in the imaginary time, or maybe correspond to exchanging small numbers of particles. I'm drawing pictures here in two dimensions because that's all I can manage. But really, I want to think about a system with three spatial dimensions as well as imaginary time. And then we know that if we make the imaginary time direction long enough, we can have both condensation. And in the language of these loops, that corresponds to going from a situation where I have only microscopic loops to one where some microscopic fraction of the particles belong to extended loops. So the kind of question which you can ask there, and this is the kind of question I want to focus in on, is what the distribution of lengths is for these very long loops. So this slide is intended to be a bit more specific about the kind of questions I want to probe. So suppose we have some ensemble of random curves, and we measure the length of each loop. And so we have a total length of the loops as a sum. We can study the distribution of loop lengths, and it's natural to weight this distribution with the length of each loop and normalize it using the total length so that we end up with something which is normalized to one. And then this distribution function will have really two components to it. If we look at microscopic distances, it turns out that these loops are Brownian, and so the probability of return to the origin you can get by thinking about diffusion, and so the probability distribution of loop lengths decays in d dimensions like length to the power minus d over 2. And this type of behavior you can expect to continue with increasing loop length up to a size of loop length set by the system size, which is simply the loop length that you need to go before discovering that you're in a finite size system. And then at longer distances, well, these are really the macroscopic loops which I want to talk about, and their maximum length extends as far as a size set by the volume of the sample. So really the question is, what's the nature of the probability distribution in this regime? And one important point is that you can separate the population of loops into two components, as I'm showing here, because this part of the probability distribution, if we're in more than two dimensions, decays fast enough that its integral is finite by itself. But then the second part of the distribution can make a finite contribution to the normalization because of the very wide range of length scales from L squared to L to the power d. OK, so this is intended to define the kind of questions that we want to ask. And this is the outline of how I want to talk about answering those questions. So first of all, we'd like a cleaner definition of the problems we're talking about, and a convenient way to do that is to define everything on the lattice. But then we'd like to get from there to a field theory, and I'll outline how you do that in two steps. So first of all, you can go from thinking about loops on the lattice to a kind of generalized spin model, and you do that by choosing a spin model which gives you the loops as a high temperature expansion. And then you can use the symmetries of the spin model to identify an appropriate field theory, which is a kind of sigma model. And you can think about loop length moments as observables in the sigma model. And by calculating these moments, you can, in fact, identify the limiting distribution, which turns out to be something known as Poisson Dirichlet distribution, which is something I'd never come across before, but is something which is studied a lot by mathematicians. Actually, I've only talked to two physicists so far who were familiar with it already. One of them was French, and one of them was Russian. So I'm not sure what that tells you about education syllabuses. OK, so to get on with that program, I want to start by defining loops on a lattice. And we could think about different categories of loop problems, but the simplest one to talk about and the one I'll restrict myself to is one in which the loops are directed. And to get a dense system of loops, we can start with a lattice with directed links and then break the nodes up in such a way that the lattice is decomposed into a set of loops. And we're doing it stochastically so that a given node will be separated in one possible way with one probability and in the other possible way with the complementary probability. So obviously, there's a great deal of freedom for how we choose our lattice and so on. I'm going to draw pictures with a kind of Manhattan lattice where we have alternate avenues going north and south and alternate streets going east and west. And then we want to think about what happens as we vary this probability p for breaking the nodes up in the two alternative fashions. So at one extreme, if we break the nodes up in the way I've drawn at the top, we decompose the system into a dense set of very short loops. And if we do things in the alternative way, then we just have extended trajectories which run through the system. But more generally, if we have some intermediate value of p, we'll get some combination of short loops and longer trajectories. And if we do that kind of thing, not in two dimensions but in three, and we study it on a computer, then we can get a phase diagram like this which includes transitions between the localized phase and the extended phase. And the transition might either be continuous, which is what this blue line indicates or first order, which is what the red line indicates. So my focus is what happens when we have these extended loops and that's what I'll carry on to talk about. So the next job is to get from this lattice model eventually to a field theory. And of course, one feature of loop problems is that the degrees of freedom you have, not local objects, they're extended. And it's much more convenient to have something that's a local object as a starting point. So n is the number of colors for each loop. So the point is that if you have many different colors that you can associate to each loop, then you have more entropy associated with configurations with more loops. And so you favor short loop phases. So that's why the phase boundary bends in that way. Yes, so this is a crossing point. But the important thing is that they avoid each other at the crossing point. No, no. There are only two parameters, this quantity b, to control how much of the two kinds of nodes I have and then n to control the number of colors. With regard to colors, yes. So the extended phase has at least some fraction of the links on extended loops. OK, so it's not very convenient to deal with these extended objects loops. And instead, we'd like some local variables. And I want to pass over the details of this. But basically, you can introduce unit complex vectors on each link and choose some action or Boltzmann weight so that you reproduce the high temperature expansion when you reproduce in the high temperature expansion the loop model when you integrate over the orientations of the spectres. And when you go through the details of that, which I'm hiding, you can identify the symmetries of the Boltzmann weight or the action that you need. And you can use those symmetries to write down a continuum field theory and then use that continuum theory for calculations. So there are two kinds of symmetries, a global one and a local one. And the field theory that you end up with is a sigma model. And the reason for that is that the microscopic variables are fixed length unit vectors. It turns out to be a sigma model on complex projective space. And that's because the local symmetry tells you that the phase of these complex vectors is irrelevant. And so the field in the sigma model is something that's bilinear in z and it's complex conjugate. And there's a global symmetry which tells you that the sigma model has to involve just gradients of this field. So there's a kind of dictionary between the loop model and the sigma model. So the phase with only short loops corresponds to the disordered phase, the paramagnetic phase of the sigma model. The phase with some loops macroscopic corresponds to the ordered phase. And the fraction of loop length that's in the macroscopic loops corresponds, in fact, to the magnitude of the order parameter in the sigma model. And you could go on with that dictionary, but the entry that's important for us is to do with calculating correlation functions. And the point is that if you insert one of these Q fields into an average, then it tells you that you have a loop of one color with the color fixed by one of the labels on the Q field arriving at the point where the Q field is inserted. And a loop of another color leaving that point. So if you, for instance, evaluate a two-point correlation function in this theory, then it tells you about the probability of having a loop which passes through the origin and through the other space point in the expectation value. It's on complex projective space. So, yeah. OK, so that way the two-point correlator tells us about the probability of a loop passing through two points. And we can take that further. And if we want the probability of a loop to pass through three points, a, b, and c, then we can calculate that as an expectation of three of these fields with the indices chosen so that the loop has to change color as it goes through the three points. And if we want to calculate moments of the loop length distribution, then we simply have to integrate these averages over all positions for the arguments of the Q fields. And here we have a crucial simplification if the loops that we're focusing on are the very long ones, then we're interested in these averages when the space points are far away from each other. And for those, we can, in the ordered phase, think of the Q matrix as being approximately the constant, and the average that we need to do is simply an average over different orientations for the order parameter. So we basically can evaluate moments of the loop length as a kind of zero momentum mode average over directions of the order parameter. So when we do that, we can get results for all of the moments of the loop length distribution and they involve factorials together with powers of the total length that's in macroscopic loops. So of course, just looking at these moments is not very illuminating, but fortunately, from the moments, you can go back to the probability distribution. And the probability distribution is this one which, as I said, is familiar to mathematicians known as Poisson Dirichlet distribution.  So imagine that we start with a stick of unit length which corresponds to the total length of extended loops in my system. And then I'll break a piece of this stick and I'll choose the length of the piece that I break off with a certain distribution which has one parameter in it. And then I'll take the remaining piece of the stick and I'll break a fragment of it again with the same fraction of the total length as in the first case and then I'll repeat that process indefinitely. So as I go on, I'll get a sequence of fragments which will tend to be shorter and shorter, although not necessarily at every iteration and their total length will add up to the length of the original stick. And so what the calculation of loop length moment shows is that the lengths of the long loops measured in units of the total length of macroscopic loops have precisely this Poisson Dirichlet distribution and this distribution contains one parameter and that parameter is fixed by the number of colors that are available to the loops so that if that number is large then the distribution is skewed towards shorter loops whereas if the number is small then the distribution is skewed towards longer loops. So actually it was quite a surprise to me that one can even write down probability distributions for an infinite number of variables which are neither simply Gaussian's nor so complicated that it's impossible to understand them and I think this occupies that middle ground. To test these predictions and maybe think a bit more explicitly about them it's convenient to go from the whole distribution for an infinite number of loop lengths and integrate out all but one of the variables and to focus in on the length distribution of a single loop. So this is the quantity which I had near the beginning of the talk and I argued that at short distances it decays like length to the minus d over two and the question at the beginning of the talk was what form does it have on longer distances and this result from the Poisson Dirichlet distribution gives us a specific concrete form that depends on the number of colors and of course you can test that in numerical simulations and these different curves for different values of n lie on top of the theory rather precisely. So to my mind there's just one question remaining which is why is it that we get such a simple and universal distribution in this problem where you might have thought that things like sample geometry, details of boundary conditions and so on could all be important and it turns out that there's some very nice intuition that comes from mathematicians and actually I find the papers by mathematicians in this area quite hard to read so I don't claim to have a complete listing of the relevant names. There's certainly one important work that was done by Schram the person who also worked on SLE and I learned a lot by reading reviews written by Daniel Ullechi who's in the maths department at Warwick. So the problems that mathematicians can actually get under control are ones without any of the spatial structure that I've been talking about so they're ones which we would classify as mean field problems but to say things about them the mathematicians have a nice technique and I think that technique also at least on the level of physicists gives us insight also into problems with spatial structure and the insight comes from adding an extra layer to the problem which involves introducing some dynamics so that's to say we imagine under this dynamics we can reconnect from one type of node to the other so if you're doing Monte Carlo simulations on these problems then this is precisely the Monte Carlo dynamics that you would use and for instance if the probabilities of these two alternatives are equal then you'd expect that you should be able to flip between them and leave your loop length distribution statistically invariant so of course if you flip between two nodes then depending on how they're connected together it could be that you're taking two short loops and converting them into a single longer loop or it could be that you're going in the opposite direction and if you pick a node at random and ask for the probabilities of going in each direction then clearly those probabilities will depend on what the loop length distribution is in your ensemble because if there are lots of shorter loops it's more likely that you'll go to the right and if there are lots of very long loops it's more likely that you'll go to the left so it's clearly a strong constraint on the loop length distribution that it should be stable under these dynamics and the point about the Poisson Dirichlet distribution is that it's stable under just these dynamics which the mathematicians call split merge processes if the probability of the kinds of loops that go through these nodes is determined only by loop length and clearly in a problem that's got mean field character loop length is the only thing that can control the probability of a strand that you pick at random belonging to a loop of a certain length so if we go beyond mean field problems the point is that the loops that I'm focusing on ones which have a length that's long enough to fill the entire volume of the sample which means that they cross the sample many times which gets you into this mean field regime and so maybe the surprise is that in this mean field regime as in mesoscopics below the Thales energy we have interesting phenomena still including in particular this Poisson Dirichlet distribution so that's it the ideas where the loop models can be represented by sigma models on complex projective space and we can get the joint probability distribution of lengths for long loops or at least its moments by computing these zero momentum averages these finite dimensional integrals in the sigma model and the loop length distribution has this very simple form even though it's a distribution for an infinite number of variables and this form is the Poisson Dirichlet form, thank you.


Becoming rich, wealthy or a millionaire. It became a trend and style. These days the new generation is working on becoming rich and wealthy. Existing billionaires and millionaires are one of the reasons that millennials are working on the path to become wealthy. In South Korea the number of millionaires went up since the beginning of COVID-19 and economic issues around the world. The number of Korean millionaires who own net worth of more than one million dollar was one million fifty thousand people last year by June 2021. Korean millionaires are about two percent of the world's millionaires. When there's an economic issue like inflation, economic crisis or anything unpleasant like COVID-19 can create more millionaires and the rich can get richer. Usually price of real estate and stocks go up and create more money for the rich. United States of America has 21 million millionaires. China has 5.2 million millionaires. Australia has 1.8 million millionaires and United Kingdom has 2.5 million millionaires. Let's see how South Korean millionaires became millionaires. And you better know how millionaires are getting rich and wealthy. Maybe it helps you to become a millionaire too. Okay what does it take to get rich in South Korea? According to a survey by Hanna Institute of Finance 58% of the rich owns properties and 42% own financial assets. So it means that the more money is in real estate assets and financial assets. How these people got the money to invest in these areas? According to the survey almost half of the rich Koreans picked the earned income as the main origin of their asset building. 23% business income and 18% inheritance and 15% is property income. Young Koreans stretched their holdings through diverse income sources. One of the main reasons that young millionaires in South Korea became riches that they were able to actually create multiple income streams. Having only one income stream means like you're just one step away from poverty line. And how to create multiple income streams. Updating yourself with high income skills. If you learn a high income skill you will not exchange your time for money anymore. You will exchange value for money. Value that you can create with your skill. Maybe you can solve a problem within just one hour and you can get paid more than a month's salary of an average employee. This is how half of the Korean millionaires got rich and wealthy. Oh guys for more videos about personal finance investing and sorting a business in South Korea please subscribe to the channel hit that like button. If you have any specific question comment below I will definitely answer you. Okay guys see you in the next video. Thanks and have a good day.


Hello, I am Dr. Abhishek Darsh, Consultant Orthopedic Surgeon Manipal Hospital, Skolkata. Today I would be discussing about the Shoulder Pain. Shoulder pain as you all know is quite common in individuals. One of the lesser identified causes of shoulder pain is rotator cuff injury. What is rotator cuff? It is a group of muscles or tendons which surround the shoulder joint and keep it stable and functional. Rotator cuff can be injured in various ways, injury while playing or after fall when someone may feel a sensation of pop in the shoulder followed by sudden pain and difficulty in raising the arm. In the elderly population, the cuff becomes degenerative due to chronic wear and tear. So minor injuries during daily activities may result in injury to the cuff and the individuals present more often with a dull aching pain in the shoulder. Pain is worse at night and people may wake up with discomfort after sleeping on that shoulder. In a small section of the population there may be a bony abnormality which we say as the acromion spot which impinges on the tendon and causes discomfort particularly in overhead activities. Now most of the times the rotator cuff injuries can be managed conservatively by physiotherapy, strengthening exercises of the cuff and medications unless there is a significant tear in the cuff. Surgical interventions when required can be done by minimally invasive procedure. In minimally invasive surgery we make a few small cuts in the skin. A tiny camera called arthroscope and a few other small instruments are introduced through the cut to examine the shoulder joint and repair the tendon and at rest associated abnormalities. Being a minimally invasive procedure recovery is faster and return to work is earlier. Thank you.


So in 2007, 12 years ago, it took an average of 3.68, we'll call it 3, called call attempts to reach a prospect. So when you called someone, it took an average of 3 attempts to get someone on the phone. And now, a decade later, it takes an average of 8 attempts to get a prospect on the phone. You wonder why most of you struggle at using the telephone.   You may go three times in some random, rare occasion, and then you guess what? You give up. I don't want you to give up on me anymore. If it takes an average of 8 attempts statistically to get someone on the phone and to reach a prospect, then let's go freaking 8. I've been preaching 6. Let's make it 8, right? Because I want to do everything in my power to make sure that I'm helping you succeed.  What they noticed is it took, once you called, it does take an average of 8 attempts. So there you go. When you went six dials to a lead, six calls to a lead, you had a 90% chance of contact. Most of you are giving up way too early. You're not going deep enough. You're not going far enough. You're lazy. You're lethargic. You're not picking it up enough. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight. That's all I'm asking. So that's the first step. Remember that because that's going to be a huge helper.


Ahoy mateys, ye be spreading myths about scurvy on the carnivore diet. And scurvy actually stems from pirates because they did not consume fresh foods. On a ship, as you can imagine, only preserved foods are available. And what actually prevents scurvy is any fresh food. It doesn't matter if it's a fruit, vegetable, meat. As long as the food is fresh, it will have the anti-scorbutic properties that prevent scurvy. So where did this idea actually originate? This study explains it best. The inability of muscle meat to prevent and to cure scurvy is an idea which has taken root because of the experiments of the earlier investigators. These workers did not appreciate the importance of freshly killed meat. In contradiction to fresh market meat, which means that the meat might have been much older, usually one month, two month, three month sold. Furthermore, they used the guinea pig as a test animal. This animal has a limited stomach capacity. It can therefore be fed only a small quantity of food biologically assessed for vitamin C content. With this small quantity possessed sufficient vitamin C to cure or prevent scurvy, the food was said to possess anti-scorbutic potency. If however, this small quantity did not contain sufficient vitamin C to cure or prevent scurvy, the food was regarded as one devoid of anti-scorbutic potency.  This is almost as bad as the lipid hypothesis. And for anyone who's unfamiliar, the lipid hypothesis, the idea that cholesterol causes heart disease, was based initially off of a study that showed feeding rats cholesterol clogged their arteries. It doesn't make much sense when you feed an herbivorous animal meat. But these people were scientists and apparently they knew what they were doing. Meat does have pretty significant amounts of vitamin C, especially enough to prevent scurvy. The body only needs 10 milligrams of vitamin C a day to prevent scurvy. And according to these reports, beef meat from South America produced on pasture is an excellent source of vitamin C at 2500 micrograms per 100 grams. That's approximately 2.5 milligrams. This is 10 times higher in certain organs and tissues, almost 10 times higher in livar and fish eggs. So if you were following a carnivore diet, you would likely get two to three times the amount of vitamin C needed to prevent scurvy. And that's in the context of a high carbohydrate diet. That 10 milligram amount was used in people consuming carbohydrates. This is important because increasing carbohydrate consumption increases the demand for vitamin C. This is as a result of glute pathways in the body competing with vitamin C, glucose versus vitamin C essentially.   Not the most glamorous way to go. The reason for this is because vitamin C is needed for collagen metabolism. And every single cell in your body is composed of collagen. So it makes sense. Your body is essentially falling apart because it can't make cells properly. One book that is commonly brought up in the context of the carnivore diet is The Fat of the Land by William Stephenson, who was an arctic explorer. And the common theme between arctic explorers and pirates is that they had to consume preserved foods or obtain foods as they traveled. This resulted in scurvy being prevalent in both ships as well as arctic expeditions. I mean in that book The Fat of the Land is also a bunch of great information on the carnivore diet in general. Pemmigan. I'll put a PDF to that in the comments. Probably the most important book to read on this diet in general. On the topic of scurvy though, there is an incredible amount of relevant information in that book. From them doing a one-year experiment in a hospital of only eating meat and not developing scurvy. From them observing that consuming fruits and vegetables does not prevent scurvy if they sat on a ship and oxidized vitamin C being very prone to losing its anti-scorbutic properties from sitting around for too long of a period of time. You would actually have to pick the fresh fruits and vegetables or obtain them every few weeks in order for them to retain their vitamin C content. One interesting observation that Stephenson made was that if you consumed only preserved foods for about three weeks, scurvy would settle in. It would get much more severe 10 days from that point. But scurvy was actually cured from consuming reindeer meat freshly hunted for three to four days. Upon making that observation, he always advised his crew members to never consume only preserved foods. Unfortunately, not everyone on these arctic expeditions made it out alive because of scurvy. This is twofold. One, the conventional wisdom they had at the time was the same that we have now. They also believed that fruits and vegetables would cure scurvy. They didn't realize it had to be a fresh food in general. The second problem was they believed that sick people should only consume boiled foods. Maybe this was an observation they made because of bacteria in poorly sanitized setting. I don't know. But those two combinations of things resulted in them consuming foods that had very little anti-scorbutic vitamin C properties. So they would be consuming these preserved foods. They would get scurvy, then they would go hunt these animals, but they would boil the hell out of the meat and remove all the vitamin C. There's two great people to read about from that book, Robert, Falcon, Scott, as well as the Monk Expedition. I mean, really horrendous stuff. Like dozens and dozens of people died seemed like a very miserable way to go. Onto understanding vitamin C, it occurs in two forms in the body. L-ascorbic acid and L-dehydroascorbic acid. In nature, it's in the form of ascorbic acid. The body then converts it into dehydroascorbic acid because that is the preferred form for uptake by most cells. Vitamin C has so many health benefits, it's really unbelievable. And it makes sense because of how many metabolic processes it's involved in. Most people understand the importance of consuming high vitamin C foods for things like fighting colds, which has definitely been demonstrated in studies. Immune system benefit through increased T cell production and immune response from the thymus gland. One point I wanted to make here was our understanding and importance placed on vitamin C. In the future, it's going to be placed on all the vitamins. When I'm talking about fat soluble vitamins A, D3, E, K2, omega-3 fatty acids, when I say all these things are super important for our health, our understanding of them will be at the level of vitamin C is at some point and everyone will recognize their importance. Vitamin C can also improve absorption of iron, particularly non-hem iron. And this might sound great to vegans, but those glute 1 pathways we spoke about earlier show that carbohydrate metabolism competes with vitamin C metabolism and vegans tend to consume large amounts of carbohydrates. I remember a natural vegan said in a video, she drank a glass of orange juice with her iron supplement, but the glucose is essentially nullifying the vitamin C consumption. Hypothetically, you could supplement vitamin C and supplement iron just like all the other laboratory foods you're eating as a vegan. I think what's going to happen is the vegan diet is going to be recognized as something we should absolutely not be doing before we actually have research on these things. These pathways are very complicated. Clinical trials are very, very hard to conduct from an ethical standpoint, unfortunately. So eventually after, I don't know, several hundred thousand vegans deteriorate in front of us, people will realize we shouldn't be following a vegan diet. We don't have to wait for this information about vitamin C and iron metabolism if every vegan becomes anemic within a year on the vegan diet. Another very important thing to note on vitamin C is it's chelating properties. A chelation is when something is bound to something else. So magnesium glycinate would be magnesium bound to a glycine molecule. Vitamin C binds to metals in the body. So in regards to heavy metal toxicity, mineral imbalances, consuming large amounts of vitamin C-containing foods might be preventative in this regard of any issues you could be having. It also has an anti-histamine effect. Vitamin C has been shown to reduce blood plasma histamine levels. And this might sound good, but unfortunately large amounts of vitamin C in the gut can also cause similar issues to those people that have histamine intolerance. So although this might be a solution and it definitely reduces histamine levels in the blood, it might not actually fix your issue. Vitamin C also has so many other associated benefits that have been hypothesized in this one study I found that I'm just going to go through them very briefly. So vitamin C has been used in the management of male infertility. It does have implications in lowering cholesterol as well as preventing the oxidation of cholesterol. Reduced vitamin C levels have also been observed in diabetic subjects, but we spoke about this earlier with the Glute 1 pathways and vitamin C metabolism. So high levels of glucose in the blood and low vitamin C makes sense. Vitamin C can also inhibit the excessive activation of the immune system to prevent tissue damage. It supports antibacterial activity. So obviously a lot of importance placed on vitamin C here. As I said earlier, I'm hoping that this importance is relevant to other fat-soluble vitamins in the near future. How do we actually get this vitamin C though? We spoke about earlier how meat does contain vitamin C and how certain organs such as liver, spleen, various glands in the body, the blood of animals, dairy products, pretty much any fresh, high quality meat products will contain good amounts of vitamin C. But wild plant foods contain substantially higher amounts of vitamin C. The cacodouplum, acerola cherries, rose hips, I'm sure you guys have heard of some of these are all incredibly, incredibly high in vitamin C. Dozens to hundreds of times higher than foods we're consuming now. I know they do make acerola cherry powder. Some vitamin C supplements are made from rose hips. Some more practical foods that you might actually have access to are currants. Certain fresh herbs like thyme have good amounts of vitamin C, so maybe grind up some thyme in your salt and sprinkle it on your steak. These anti-scorbutic foods have always been present in indigenous diets in large amounts. Now what does Frankie Boy do? Frankie Boy believes in consuming a lot of raw to lightly cooked foods. I do consume organs. I do consume foods like brain tissue, liver, bone marrow. I consume a lot of organs that are high in vitamin C, especially fish row. So I don't worry about obtaining my vitamin C from any specific supplement or food. If you were to try or wanted to try a high vitamin C intake for various reasons, I did put some on my Amazon shop. There is acerola cherry powder, there is L-ascorbic acid powder. I'm not encouraging the use of that, but if you guys do want to use it for some reason, it is available. If you guys do want to know more about collagen metabolism, I did do a video on bone broth that I will link at the end of this. Check that out. Guys, please like, subscribe and share the video if you can. As I said earlier, my Amazon shop has some vitamin C powders and various things in the supplement section you can use to increase the nutrient density in your diet. Patreon is a great way to get personalized question support. I'm on social media guys. I'm on Twitter. I'm on Instagram. You guys can check out my selfies or watch me argue with other carnivore dieters on Twitter. You guys do want to reach out to me for one-on-one consultations in regards to improving your overall health through pretty much any physical thing you can do in your day-to-day life. You can reach out to me via email frankatufano at gmail.com or through the contact form on my website below. On that website, I also have some hygiene products. You guys ask me about my teeth, my hair.  If you guys do want to check that out, outside of that, you guys enjoy the rest of your week.


Let us look now at pattern recognition. Mathematics has been defined as the study of patterns and relationships, and also as the study of patterns and structures. In either case, the study of patterns is at the very essence of what mathematics is all about. In fact, out of the ten strategies that we've been discussing, logical reasoning and pattern recognition are probably the most important strategies, and if you were only to master two strategies, these would be the two, and they will take you very far. Let us look at a very simple example. All tables at a school are equilateral triangles and can sit three students, one on each side. If two tables are joined, four students can sit. If three tables are joined, then five students can sit, and so on. How many tables are needed to sit 50 students? This is the case when you have three tables and five students. Let us do a little chart, number of tables, number of students. When you have one table, you can sit three students. When you have two tables, this guy must move, say, over here, and you only have room for one more guy, so you have two tables, four students. When you have three tables, this guy who is sitting there must move here, so again, you only have room for one more person, three tables, five students. When you have four tables, this guy moves here, and a new guy comes and sits here. So again, only one new guy comes in, and this pattern goes on, so in order to sit 50 students, since the difference between the number of students and tables is always two, you would need 48 tables. Now, in reality, all these strategies come together when you're solving complex problems, and we will see how to solve some of those problems and how all these strategies come together in the process that I called the three-step cycle of problem solving. Thank you.


How to turn on a computer remotely with a smartphone Let's start with configuring the network adapter in BIOS. Look for an option with the name like Wake on LAN, then save the changes and leave BIOS or press F10. Just connect the smartphone to your network by Wi-Fi and make sure that the computer is also connected to the same network. In the application window, tap plus to add and swipe down to search for any devices in this network to be able to wake up a computer remotely, team viewers should be configured so that such computer could be wakened with its public IP address. Start team viewer on your computer. In the main menu, select Express. In the section Account Assignment, click the Assign to Account button.