ment It's really handling two different language systems that gives you this this effect. Okay in this in this case. We we compared Aging by model bilinguals to Mono labels who spoke Oral language and we find two areas of interest in which there's an interaction between the hng group One was again a temporal lobe And to your temporal lobe close to a temporal pole where we don't find Aging effects, okay for bilinguals it actually also in this case In it's as well. It increases And the other one was the left the left frontal insular so I can really calmly say that It's a very powerful effect of bilingualism on temporal pole areas Maybe maybe you were the maybe you have been the review of this paper because that's what what one reviewer asked Actually, he wanted to reject the paper, but then Yeah, but I told them look wait. I have my subjects from hong kong Okay, because in the final version of the paper we make a comparison between monolinguals bimodal bilinguals and unimodal bilinguals Okay, and both groups behave similarly On this area Okay, the difference between unimodal bilinguals and bimodal bilinguals is that some authors say that bimodal bilinguals Doesn't use language control so much Okay, while while another line of the search says they still use it. Okay, there's there's there's a discussion But uh, I know that even people like uh, Karen emory or whatever They don't they actually don't don't postulate that bimodal bilingualism Intels a lot of language control In this in this case It was not our hypothesis Right, but in this case, I was interested to to see if bimodal bilingualism Really has the same influence on that specific area Okay, because even science Have the semantic system and and and the lexicon So it should also enrich everything and have an effect on this On this area No, in this in this case, we have Well, you feel languages the the bilinguals from hong kong academy's english You mean languages or subjects there's a difference This study is entirely an asian study So we have only subjects from from from asia But I don't expect any differences because We just started it And sign language. This is chinese sign language. They're all from beijing There are of course differences between Caucasian and asians for instance, which depends of course of language use I started actually telling you Whatever chinese speak up surely Uses more right hemisphere than not Speak up in european alphabet But we don't there's there's some groups, but I don't know I'm not so much into this field There are some groups who actually really study this ethical differences In brain structure, okay, I know the field about brain function. Okay, there are the differences, but I have no idea about brain structure Say again, you guys don't get it if naming Of of course, there's each each task has its own Brain Mechanism But task look Word generation if it's a single language it's always a generation that behave very very similar But each is is May have Differences I just make a very simple example. So no one forgets it Functionary imaging is always is also used Before brain surgery Close to language areas And you usually don't use only a naming task to see where are the language areas? So I cannot touch that. Okay, I know because I maybe if I were brain tumor I want to save language areas. So I get out everything else You don't use only naming you use naming repetition word generation and and Some other things just and then then you make your idea where the language areas are I can back now to this okay, you've seen this Brain image before as I mentioned to you There's a converters who from my cognitive impairment will one day convert to full-blown Alzheimer's dementia And the fact is found in this area and you have seen also the study by mccallion colleagues who in 2004 compared with voxel basmophometry bilinguals to monolinguals and They found increased diameter for bilinguals But it the same was a different population in hong kong okay Get two groups of bilinguals as I mentioned before cantonese english and mandarin cantonese, okay, and The first thing with it is to compare them globally Specifically for those areas both parietal lobes to our monolingual controls Okay, and as you see bilinguals have also in this case Like mccallion's paper increased gray matter than monolinguals right in the left inferior parietal lobe and in the right side So we can calmly confirm the data of mccallion However, it's written here very small Okay, we don't find any effects of age of second language acquisition Remember that mccallion found a strong effect of age of second language acquisition in the sense that The sooner the earlier in life you learn a second language the more gray matter you have And that specific area We don't find any of those effects And we had a great variability of age of l2 acquisition in our subjects How comes what do you think? That's a question to you I know the solution. I won't tell you It's not proficiency. It's probably at The years of exposure and use of our language My overcome early age of second language acquisition effect Keep in mind normally when we do our experiments like mccallion did we usually use students Okay So an average age around 20 22 23 24 Okay, and If you set the limit if you're very conservative and you set the limit between early and late age of acquisition at 6 Okay Or if you're less conservative you put it at 12 then the time passed between your actual age of 22 And the age of 12. It's just 10 years Okay If you have someone who is 70 And he has learned she has learned second language at the age of 20 He or she still Used it for at least 50 years Okay, and this fact at least for brain structure. I'm not talking about brain function. What brain structure makes a huge difference Okay, so we have to keep this in mind whenever we study different populations aging populations young subjects adults and and aging populations What we see of course is in both areas we find aging effects for moral language But not for bilinguals. This is one message. Okay, so there's neuro protection also in this area At least one area that has to do also this language control. We find neuro protection And there's also a huge effect of proficiency Okay, and it was so so funny because we find the effect of proficiency On the left side and the effect of exposure on the right side And then we did another step we compared The two subgroups of bilinguals that we had Cantonese English versus Mandarin Cantonese bilinguals Okay, and what do you think who had more grammar in that area? What type of bilingualism? Cantonese English or Mandarin Cantonese? Cantonese English It's a good answer, but it's the wrong answer It's Mandarin Cantonese Okay How come? What are you from Barcelona? It's the same here. I mean, why do you find so many effects on on on a spanish catalan bilinguals? They're close languages Because there's more competition both languages are similar Okay, so language distance Has an effect Okay It's not what we think the more distant the languages are the more difficult it is it is not Okay, it's probably some some researchers say it's even much more easier To keep apart two distant language systems and not two linguistically similar languages Okay So the conflict is higher when you have to deal with two linguistically similar languages Hence you have to use much more control areas and you'll probably have More neuroplasticity in that areas Another study in which we use the same subjects I don't have the data here, but in this study we actually correlated the flanker. Okay, and I don't have the pictures here, but it correlated with the right prefrontal cortex in which there was an aging effect for both groups But performance only correlated for better performance quality only for bilinguals But in this in this cohort we also did a huge comparison between 30 bilinguals And 30 monolinguals and we find a huge difference like in the study with younger subjects in The acc This is all whatever is blue is where bilinguals have more gray matter as compared to monolinguals The life to explain you these two concepts. We've talked already about it, but it's better to be very very Precise about this. Okay Neuro protection is given by these two different mechanism. One is Neural reserve And the other one is neuro compensation Whatever I've shown you now in these last three experiments in which we we found increased Grammar to density will go under the term neural reserve I've built up More grammar which one day will help me to cope better. Maybe it was cognitive decline. Okay Neural compensation is a different concept. It's the one you've seen in the in the pet experiments. It means that Whenever I'm faced with a lot of loss of brain structure, but I still function normally In some way I compensate And I use better my brain areas Okay, this was very very simple study done still in Canada in which the authors Took retrospectively all CT scans Of patients with Alzheimer's disease Okay, and the and they compared The amount of atrophy between bilinguals and monolinguals Okay keeping for instance cognitive testing Okay, the neuropsychological status constant And the outcome was that bilinguals have already much more brain atrophy in the brain Which led the authors to postulate that they compensate better Okay, and this goes under the term neural compensation despite having so much loss in your brain. You're still function Or normal or comparable to your control room was less atrophy Okay This study I mentioned to you Which we had almost 50 Patients with Alzheimer's dementia from south sterol Okay, I really compared them to 50 almost 50 or 48 patients with Alzheimer's dementia from From Milan a monolingual group Okay, and I have to tell you That on some tests the bilinguals were much better than the monolinguals, okay, especially on memory And on visual spatial tasks Okay, unfortunately we had no testing of of executive functions Okay, because even this is a retrospective study. We just cut all pat scans and the language history and the proficiency But we had no data on the executive function What you see here is the comparison between bilinguals and normal and healthy controls and monolinguals versus healthy controls Okay, which is you better on on this brain. Okay, which is Hypometabolism i.e. where we have more brain atrophy and for bilingual. It's much more And the most interesting thing is in average Or bilingual subjects were five years older Than the monolingual patients So apart from this fancy brain images Even this study confirms this almost universal finding Like four to five years of of dementia delay We then went on and correlated This index, which we call bilingualism an index, which is A mixture between proficiency and exposure to brain hypometabolism, okay, and In here there's also a very important message Those subjects who were more Whose bilingual index was higher i.e. they're more bilingual there. They have an increased proficiency and exposure Had more brain atrophy Okay I don't have this picture here, but we have done also in the paper another kind of analysis in which we measured brain connectivity Well, because pat data pat is a functional measurement We measured the connectivity for the executive network and for the default network And it's interesting to see that despite their brain atrophy The connectivity In the executive network and in the default network was higher for bilinguals than monolinguals It's a sort of index that they are in some way compensating better using their frontal networks With Daniela Pirani, we wrote this opinion article in this journal, which we explained the two mechanisms by which How bilingualism gives you new protection and as I mentioned before Lighter usage of two or more languages as an enhancement of executive control and here, please I must correct myself. There's also The effects we have seen before on lexical semantics, okay But we were talking mostly here about executive control on the one hand. I have neuro structural changes increases in gray and white matter Which we label as new as neuro reserve on the other hand bilingualism and gives me those neuro functional changes and I end up with probably better brain connectivity That may compensate one day better in life to cope against cognitive decline I'm almost finished with this Some conclusions and especially what we need for our future directions is longitudinal studies that really follow up dementia patients, but I guess Barcelona is already working on this More pet studies because they give you an idea about brain metabolism And it would be nice to have studies who compare bilingualism versus other cognitive activities, okay, it would be nice to have a huge aging study which you have on one hand languages diet physical activities musical activities other cognitive activities just to see how they how they play together or What These factor has the strongest effect, okay And there's a there's a last Future direction, which I have mentioned here. It will be also wonderful to study the effects of of dialects. Okay I know only of one or two papers that were actually sent to our journal in which the authors compared as an executive task Dutch freezing dialect speakers to against the group of moral labels and they have found actually a small small effect, but Pretty yes Well, they call it as a as a as a direct. Well, it's not it's not true. I mean it's a language. Okay, but Yeah, I know well It's it's difficult. I mean we can we can argue what's the difference between language and a dialect In if in Germany, you wouldn't call it a language.  It's a language, but they call it a dialect Yes, so By the right in 53 said the difference between language and dialect is that the language has an Army and the flag while the dialect has not But these things even changes Oh But like but trust me. They are also studies on with with patience on on dialects We had in Italy this study published some critics of us with A patient speaker of a dialect which is speaking in In Venice and that's really a dialect. It's not a language. Okay And that patient lost exclusively the use of that language and not italian. Okay, so But as I'm as I say This is important to study dialects and and even language distance for instance I always finish my presentations with this slice. Okay It's very beautiful It's our nice sausages. Okay, of the of the brain We have four different subjects One is a monolingual One is a bilingual from south, you know One is a bilingual from hong kong and one is a ex-colleague of ours a linguist who Speaks 29 languages They're all around 72 years old all all four subjects. Okay, same. Yes Unfortunately, he died last year and it was really Very very nice linguist Who when he was young was the official translator for Ho Chi Minh between russian and vietnamese. Yes It's a it's a guy who established the institute of oriental languages in Prague. Okay In the last six languages you learned actually in the last 10 years of his life and we could test him Trust me. We could test him only in nine languages because I don't have so many People available that can help us. Okay, and he mastered them perfectly. Okay So I really trust him when he tells us he speaks 29 languages These are simple m. R scans. There's no analysis on this. There's no Most of us are formatory. No no function. No structure. Just a simple slice You tell me who is this guy This super polyglot Well, I must turn around because Look how beautiful the brain is Uh We talked before with the temporal lobe. Okay, it's all round here Okay, oops It really seems that languages makes a difference. So who is the bilingual from hong kong? Which one? This year this year or this year This year How do you see it? What? No way, there is a way of seeing it. Okay, because There are difference in Asian and Caucasian brains and and you see it. Yes. Yes Like the form it's a little bit more flat in the front like this one Okay, so you can recognize it with this but I can recognize it differently. Okay, and I will I will tell you This is the bilingual from South Tyrol. Okay There's a difference between South Tyrolians and Hong Kongers if we take the same age, okay We had to discard many subjects from our cohort in South Tyrol South Tyrol is in the mountains. Okay, it's not They don't have the healthiest diet You still eat all of meat a lot of butter and all the things So they all have not all many of them have really small vessel diseases in the brain Okay, which you don't see in Hong Kong. Okay, but the diet is really healthy And which you don't see in comparable age matched Moral humans from Milan because you eat more immunitarian diet in Milan. Okay, so this is the reason why you can't even see it Uh, do you have some questions on this? Is it only you're so late 120? So I cannot talk about the bilingual infection. Okay, it's okay So I'm finished. Okay Thanks to all people But we have some time for questions now if you want to Um Not yet Yeah, we have done one study but not with brain imaging. It's a behavioral study done with Around 100 children from South Tyrol We we actually studied for for also compared it was musical activities and and physical activities The second most powerful after language was musical activities Yes Language was more powerful Yes, but it's a study with children. Okay, and As I mentioned before here, we just need much more studies that make this comparison Oh, there are a lot of studies with dances, but not comparing by levels to to dances. No, they are. Yes. Yes That's being You compare. Yes. You compare dances to non dancers. You compare in singers to non singers musicians or people who are active Physically to controls The whole literature is really full of those things But it would be nice especially for the aging population to Put them all into the same pot for one time and make comparisons And so I was wondering whether It's a good question. I have no answer to that. I'm sorry, but maybe There is Children who are on the autism type and And also they looked at the possibility that Bilingualism may Mitigate some of the negative effects of autism As of these executive controls Kind of benefits I can talk about the acquisitions Questions or are you fine? There are many studies, but it does make any difference. The only difference, the only difference it makes if you're talking about functional activity is a real proficiency You can be smooth tennis bilingual, but you still may be Outperformed by a late bilingual like a sub-supernal bilingual who is more proficient on the second language and who is more Exposed So we in this field we totally have abandoned those terms like sub-sequent simultaneous bilingual To me personally they make the difference We just have to always to study of course age of Acquisition we study exposure and proficiency, but Really those terms We slowly have abandoned Bilingualism We have a lot of data from from India I didn't have the time to show you beautiful data, you know young subjects and old subjects I mean India is perfect as I showed you in my first slide We find the Bengali English bilinguals Hindi English bilinguals we find two languages and So it's it's another really country perfect for studying different types of bilingualism Specifically also for linguistic distance Okay, and one of the studies we have we actually compare bilinguals from Europe like two Indo-European languages with bilinguals from India You still have two Indo-European languages, but the distance is is bigger two bilinguals in Hong Kong who speak one European language and one Asian language so you can already study But it's the effect of linguistic distance Thank you so much. No, that's a question. You're killing me. All right last one Or what I Just Well, that's a discussion we we can have it's a long discussion. Yes. Yes. I know No, I guess see most of studies control for this for these factors But but the problem is you can say, okay, uh, do you especially for younger subjects not not to the Asian population Do you become Proficent into language because you have already a perfect plane for for learning? One or two languages or is it the other way around? Yeah Select I know But keep in mind Keep in mind this this two slides. I've shown you about the individual differences Okay So that really prevents me from giving a clear answer because I have to see much deeper into that I was showing I don't know if you'll do better the slices via of the Parasynchrolate circles Okay, that they are also individual differences So and I guess the future we have to take into account Also those factors Thanks It is it is done my children, but but uh, okay, I should maybe uh, as the last message to tell you also about these people in Hong Kong Imagine because then you can even answer Those of them who retire Only those who still This is It's only Some types of Especially those who really use the two languages still and that age We also have You


This week is Armed Forces and Overseas Voters Week, so don't miss your opportunity to let your voice be heard. You and your family can vote in this year's elections, even if you're stationed overseas. If you are requesting absentee ballots for the first time, have questions about the federal postcard application, or need to verify your register to vote, visit the Federal Voting Assistance Program website. The website offers voter training and contact information for your installation's voter assistance office. If you have trouble understanding the voting process, many commands have a unit voting assistance officer who can provide help. Service members and their families make sacrifices every day to defend the right to vote. One of the rights Americans enjoy. Let your voice be heard. From the Defense Media Activity, I'm Petty Officer Jen Blake.


Hi there, we are discussing the quantum mechanical treatment of the various magnetic interactions of hydrogen atom. We have seen that the total Hamiltonian of hydrogen atom can be written as this is the electron Z 1 term, this is the nuclear Z 1 term plus A i z, this is the hyper 1 interaction term. We also saw that we could write as two parts H 0 plus H prime. So, H 0 we call the unperturbed Hamiltonian or the main Hamiltonian which includes this one that is the most significant interaction is there. The perturbation is this, this can also be written as A s plus i minus plus times by 2. So, this is the main Hamiltonian, this is the perturbation Hamiltonian. We can now try to find out the Eigen states of this and corresponding energies. So, for that the Eigen state can be thought of as a product function of the electron spin and the nuclear spin. The symbolically we write them as M s, M i. And without knowing their expression form, we can use the property that when let us say S z operates on this one, it will give me the electron spin angular momentum quantum number which is M i s the electron spin component of the quantum number. Similarly, i z operating on M s, M i will give M s, M i. So, these two identifies the possible component of the angular momentum. M i takes the value of plus minus half and M s also takes the value of plus minus half. So, we have got 4 possible combination and correspondingly 4 wave functions are there and we should get 4 energy levels alright.  So, we can find out the energy of this H 0 Hamiltonian with respect to this 4 wave functions. How do they look like? Using this formula very easily to find out that let us say G e beta e B 0 S z operating on plus half plus half minus half plus half will give this operating on this will give plus half your way to this.  So, this gives a by 4 plus half plus half. Suppose we have another one let us say S z i z plus half minus half. So, this operating on this gives plus half this operating on this gives minus half the net resultant will be minus a by 4 plus half this way we can find out all possible energies of the 4 states. So, this are given here let us call it here energy of this a by 4 a by 4 and other 2 I will write at the top of this. This is e minus half minus half this gives minus G n beta n B 0 by 2 plus a by 4. So, this 4 different wave functions give rise to 4 different energies and the how they are arranged they are arranged according to of course, the various values of this here the there is a mistake here. So, this mistake corrected. So, the major interaction is coming from the electron Z 1 term here then this will be very small contribution that will be added to that and this will be also small contribution. So, these are now shown here in this slide. So, when there is no magnetic field that all the 4 energy levels are same. So, first we apply the electron Z 1 term. So, the maximum splitting is due to that when the electron space is minus half with the lower energy plus half gives higher energy and then this is the interaction coming from here. Then we add the nuclear Z 1 term that is here G n beta n B 0 I Z. So, that splits this energy into 2 for M i equal to plus half and minus half plus half here gives negative energy. So, this lower energy similarly here minus gives higher energy. So, these are nuclear Z 1 term added here then we add this the hyperbolic interaction here assuming the A is positive quantity then I Z S Z when the product is negative that gives lowering of energy and the product is positive gives higher energy. So, that is the way the further these levels are changed. So, having got these 4 energy levels what are the allowed transitions now for if the micro magnetic field is applied along the Z direction then we will say perturbation due to the micro wave let us say micro wave in the Z direction we will have this sort of operator B 1 is the let us say the magnitude of the micro magnetic field applied along the Z direction. So, this 4 energy and the 4 wave function that we have there to have transition I must get a matrix element of this kind some M i M s M s M i and M s M i prime this has to be non-zero for transition to take place. Now, here you see that this is as good as saying that M s M i S Z M s prime M s has to be 0, but then all these 4 energy levels are against state of S Z. So, unless these are this is same as this will not be 0 that means M s should be equal to M s prime that means plus half minus half so that means no transition. So, micro magnetic field applied along the Z direction does not cause any transition that is not surprising we have already seen earlier that the micro magnetic field has to be applied along the perpendicular direction same thing is coming quantum mechanically also. So, states therefore suppose you apply the H micro wave along the X direction then this will look like G e beta i B 1 S X. So, the same argument now what I need here is M s M i S x M s prime M s this has to be non-zero.  Now this can be non-zero if this operating on this gives a function which is same as this one this operating on this gives function which is same as this one and what is more that this nuclear spin part is not involved in this integral. So, this can be written as non-zero so that means this must be i must be equal to i prime over delta i M i must be equal to M i prime or delta M i 0 and here because this can either increase it by 1 unit or decrease it by 1 unit. So, that gives this selection no delta M s will be equal to plus minus 1. So, these are the selection for that and so those are the two transition allowed which is shown in this slide. So, here this transition takes minus half to plus half for the electron spin without changing the nuclear spin. Similarly, for the other one here electron spin changes minus to plus half again without changing the nuclear spin. So, what is the energy gap for this you can calculate from this pair and that pair. So, one delta E turns out to be G e beta i B 0 plus a by 2 this is for M i equal to plus half other delta E is equal to minus a by 2 this is for M i equal to minus half. So, the two transitions are separated by a by 2 from the position which is G e beta i B 0. So, if there are no hyperfine interaction then the energy would have been this one energy of transition. So, I see the two lines which is split which are split from the original line position and what is more here see that this term the nuclear given term has disappeared completely from this. So, in this arrangement the way it appears that we do not see any interaction of the nuclear given term. Now, if we do the experiment let us say at a fixed magnetic field then what we see in fact the derivation here is based on a fixed magnetic will B 0 is kept fixed here. So, that does not change. So, we vary the frequency then B 0 is fixed. So, this will be equal to h nu let us call it for first transition this is h nu for second transition. So, as a function frequency if you plot it this will give a peak where B 0 is fixed. So, this will give a one peak here other peak there the low frequency peak will correspond to M i equal to minus half other one corresponds to M i equal to plus of higher energy. So, this center of this is exactly given by this one. So, this gap is now exactly equal to A. So, we say that in frequency unit this is exactly equal to the hyperbolic coupling constant because nu 1 will be mu 2 g in beta i B 0 this is the frequency unit. Now, if we do the experiment by keeping the frequency fixed where vary the magnetic field then h nu is kept fixed. So, for first transition this will be g e beta i let us say B 0 1 A by 2 for M i equal to plus half and this is kept fixed. So, second line will be at B 0 line 2 minus A by 2 this is for M i equal to minus half. So, here frequency kept fixed. So, if I plot this as function of magnetic field B 0 as this is fixed by B 0 comes up to be h nu minus A by 2 divided by g e beta i. So, this will appear at the second lower magnetic field. So, this is M i corresponds to plus half and here M i corresponds to minus half you see how it changes now. And again the exact layer the center the magnetic field will correspond to this one which is given by this is the B 0 then it will be and the gap here delta B will correspond to. So, we call this the hyperfine splitting constants. Now, we have seen this energy levels and the correspondingly we have found out the two transitions and got this relationship. Therefore, variable frequency experiment and variable field experiment we have neglected so far the cross term or the perturbation term which I was saying earlier which is h prime is A by 2 s plus i minus plus s minus i plus. Now, effect of this can be seen by considering the first order calculation and first order calculation the let us say e 1 calculate given as psi 0 perturbation psi 0. First order calculation here. Now, here this is the perturbation here and this 0th order wave functions are the wave functions that we have here this. So, if I write any of this one M s M i and put this here s plus i minus plus s minus i plus M s prime M i prime. So, here this suppose to be same as here. So, I cannot have prime here this will be same as that. Now, because this is increases the value of M s by 100 this decrease by 1 unit for nuclear spin. So, this will be 0 for all possible this 4 states that we have here. So, even if we do the calculation of the first order this term does not contribute to the energy level in any way nor does it change the allowed transitions there. So, what we conclude from here is that all possible energies that we have discussed here and the allowed transitions they are correct up to first order of calculation. And here the characteristic feature is that the centre of the spectrum corresponds to the exact g value that we can measure from here and it is symmetric with respect to the centre and we can ignore the nuclear given part all together. So, with this I have shown the final slide here this is the Hamiltonian which is good enough for our first order calculation. Nuclear Given splitting gives this and then hyperbolic interaction gives splitting here and we can get the allowed transitions from this with this we stop now.


By the students, the word socialism finds its root in the Latin word sosir, which means to combine or to share the related more technical term in Roman and then in medieval law was sositas. This letter word could mean companionship and fellowship as well as the more legalistic idea of a consensual contract between free men.  There is also an element of ability in this society to participate and be like a family and not to consume more products and services. Socialism means companionship and fellowship and this is a consensual contract between free men. My dear students, the economy of the third century BCE, Mayur Empire of India was described as a socialized monarchy and a sort of state socialism. When you are just in approach, when you are reasonable, when you have defined the purpose of life, when you have real understanding of life, when you have real understanding of human existence, then philosophically socialism has some value. But we are living in a state, living in a globe, where different people of thought are present. On the one hand socialism, on the other hand capitalism. So naturally then we have to cooperate and reasonably sustainable life is to be spent in the world, so we have to create some balance between these different thoughts. Elements of socialist thought were discerned in the politics of classical Greek philosophers like Plato and Aristotle, Musdaq, a Persian communal proto-socialist who instituted the phenomena that the all are family like members and therefore whatever is produced in the form of product and services must be distributed on the principle each according to need. Socialism se thodaise aage jo naam socialism ko diya jata hai with a little change is communism. And the first Paris commune was a government that ruled Paris from 18th March to 28th May 1870. So the Paris commune government which ruled over the principle of socialism and communism was in the era of 1871. Dear student, apart from this, Lenin in Russia also threw away the enhancement to communism. After the Russian Revolution, communism remained in Russia and in which this principle was applied that whatever products and services produced in the society should be distributed on the principle of each according to need. The principle of capitalism is each according to work and ability. So socialism works on the principle of work. Work and then use the products and services according to your needs. Hope you have understood the topic. Thank you very much.


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Has the SVT performance package which gives you the 19-inch painted alloy front rims, Brembo front brakes, no scuffs or scrapes on that rim and the tires have right around half the tread left on them. Ignite Silver one of my favorite colors on the GT500s. It has the HID headlamps, the LED running lights, the factory fog lights, front bumpers in nice condition. I didn't see any dents or dings. The stickers on the front are in nice condition as well. Lower valence. Only thing that I see is a couple these little got a couple little scuffs there on that lower lower valence. You can replace these out with factory ones and they're pretty inexpensive to change those out so you can make it like new for not a lot of money. Passenger side fender is in nice shape as well. No dents or dings on that and the passenger side rim is in excellent shape. I didn't see any scuffs or scrapes on that. As you go down this side of the car you can see just how clean the body is, how reflective and mirror like that paint is. We take these HD videos so if you are far away or even if you're close by and just cannot make the trip down you can still see the car, hear the car and have confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at before even get here so that when you do get here there's no surprises. The over-the-top stripes look great as well. That's why we offer the Summit Auto FastPass option in the upper right hand part of your screen. A link right to our website where you can apply for financing, get pre-approved, see a payment quote, even appraise the trade if you have one all from the comfort of your own home so when you get here all you got to do is drive the car and love it. Back rim excellent shape as well no scuffs or scrapes and the back tires have just as much tread as the front tires. Very very nice. As we come around to the back of the vehicle there are no dents or dings or scuffs on that rear bumper. Very nice condition. Looks like it has factory exhaust LED tail lamps with these sequential blinkers. Declared spoilers in nice shape. The stripes back here are in excellent shape as well and we'll get to the trunk in a little bit. Of course you got the SVT Shelby GT500 logo back here but the rear bumper is very nice condition. Has the capitalist fuel fill which is a really nice feature and this rear quarter is in excellent condition as well. The side stripes look great and for full disclosure this back rim is in excellent shape as well no scuffs or scrapes on that. Down the rest of the side of the car is in really nice shape. Didn't see any dents, didn't see any dings on the doors. Very nice condition. Has the power mirrors with the built-in blind spot mirrors. Inside the 13 gives you the 20th anniversary SVT door sill plates. This one has the Rekaro leather seats with the Shelby stitched backrest. The vented backrest, side curtain airbags, no rips, no tears. It has the suede inserts, driver's seat height adjuster, GT500 floor mats. This one has the launch control, auto headlamps, the different steering or different suspension options. Back seats are in excellent shape as well. No rips or tears on them. This car has never been smoked in it. It does have the latch child safety system. If you want to try and get a car seat back there you're more than welcome to. It has the Rekaro stitched into the side of the seat and we'll hop inside here. This car has 14,705 miles. Instrument cluster is very very clean. It has the leather wrapped and suede wrapped steering wheel, audio controls and Bluetooth controls and the right cruise controls and information center controls on the left. This one has the electronics package with the factory navigation system. It has the shaker pro sound system which will check out the subwoofer in just a little bit and it also has dual climate control and a CD player there. Six speed manual transmission. You can see it has the sync for your Bluetooth cell phone factory floor mat on that side and here's the original window sticker from this car. Feel free to pause this and you'll see a link to our website in the upper right hand part of your screen to see all the photos including this window sticker. You can see it was an MSRP of $64.95 and it gets 24 miles a gallon on the highway if you're not driving it like a race car. Pass under side seat. Excellent shape as well. No rips or tears and the headliner is in excellent shape as well. Like I said this car has never been smoked in. It has your home link buttons up there and your map lights. We'll take a quick look at the trunk. We'll check out under the hood.  Not really sure what's in here. Car cover. This is the car cover that's in there and you do get a tire inflator kit underneath here. It's kind of hard to get these out sometimes with the shaker pro audio but you can see it does have the tire inflator kit in there as well and like I said this is the car cover for the vehicle still in the box. We'll take a quick look under the hood. I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today. I'd highly recommend this car from a quality and condition standpoint. Under the hood we have the amazing 5.8 liter supercharged V8 motor. 662 horsepower. Engine bay is very clean runs very smooth. Looks like the battery is from 719 so a newer battery in here has the cold air intake. You can see who hand built this motor. Paul Weber and Anna LeMay. Not really sure it's hard to read them sometimes. The engine bay is very clean runs very smooth. This car has been fully safety and inspected by our service shop. It has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off and gone through mechanically 100% and is 100% ready to go. To see more pictures of this car or one of our 450 new and used cars, trucks, SUVs, minivans, Wranglers, Mustangs, Challengers, Chargers, Camaros, Corvettes, you name it we got it. Go to our website www.summitauto.com. Full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at summitauto.com and if you like to check out more HD videos you can go to youtube.com slash summit auto. Remember to like subscribe and share on this video and all the videos that you see there. In fact in a second you will see a link to subscribe to our YouTube channel on your left. A link to more sports car and Mustang GT500 videos like this one on your right. If you've not been to our website on the bottom link to this vehicle on our website click those check us out and we really look forward to helping you with this extremely clean 2013 Ford Mustang Shelby GT500 with Rikaros, electronics and shaker pro and the SVT package. Thanks again.


The first time I had heard about it was through the NRCS, the Natural Resources Conservation Service, and I heard about the new program that was coming out, and it sounded real attractive for my programs. I heard about it from our district office, Ryan Forbes. I was into the FSA office one day, and he caught me and asked me if I'd heard about it, and I hadn't, and he explained it to me, and we went from there. It all started, I believe my husband, Hewin, asked at our local office, and they're the ones who filled us in and kept us informed about it, helped us with the paperwork, got us signed up and explained the programs to us, so it was our county office that did most of the groundwork, I would say. We saw the things that we were already doing that are involved and didn't think it would take a whole lot to meet the criteria. We pay a little bit more attention to how we feed our cattle. There's one of the programs that you analyze how your cattle are utilizing the feed that they're on and the protein in the feed and other things in the feed, and now we know how to rotate them in different pastures that helps you utilize our natural forage here. What we grow naturally is grass, that's what we do here, and it's showing us how to do it better. Our rotational grazing systems have probably been enhanced. We're running two and just getting ready to start a third rotational grazing for the cattle. The cover crops have been a big part of it. The cover crops have been tough. It all depends upon mother nature and the rain, and this year we got good rain, so we've got really good cover crops coming. The biggest change was I introduced prescribed burning. Before I never would, I didn't even have the desire to even think that burning was a good deal. It's a hazard. And after I signed up for it, found out and implemented it, some of the burning, I had to burn two years out of the five and acreage, and controlled burning is simple and easy if you have a plan and put it together and do it properly. I've signed up for five enhancements, and the biggest one is no-till or strip-till, conservation tillage. The other biggest one that changed the most was split end application, half my nitrogen spraying and half its side-dress. And then there's a few smaller ones, stock nitrate tests and sprayer enhancements, boom height, that type of stuff. The cover crops that we're planting and we're using for secondary grazing with the cattle have really benefited and helped stretch the feed. And I don't know if we can see the benefits to the land yet, but there are definitely benefits going into the soil and how you see them coming out is tough, but I definitely think they're there. There are more benefits. And what CSP has done for us financially, it's allowed us to explore better options to produce better, to produce a better product, which is beef. That's what we produce. And it gives you a little bit more financial freedom to do things, to do things you dream up and go, geez, I wish we could do this, but money-wise you just can't. It's kind of giving a little bit more freedom in that aspect, kind of opens your eyes to more ideas. And also to help wildlife, because a lot of the programs that you do are for wildlife. So it kind of makes you more conscious, I guess, of your surroundings. I think the biggest one was the no-till and the strip-till, especially after a couple of years of building some soil structure. We're seeing better infiltration of water and then most importantly due to that is less erosion. This spring, right after planting, we had some enormous rains and for the most part everything stayed put very well. This place has been farmed, my grandfather homesteaded here and started breaking things up with that type of thing, plowing up grasslands, put it that way to farm back three generations ago. And my father found out that things weren't going real well and he started sewing it back to grass and I've continued to do that, mainly because the land isn't capable of producing crops like it's rough land along the Ponco Creek here and it doesn't work real well. Soil health is a thing, that's a new buzzword, I guess, and it's new to me, but I wish I could understand more about it and that's probably the biggest thing that we're changing here. We're improving organic matter with the grassland habitat now as compared to what we had, one, two percent organic matter on the crop land before we started seeding it back and now we're up to oh, four, five percent organic matter. Our precision farming has increased. We started out with this program doing variable rate fertilizer and setting up zones and it's just kind of snowballed from that. We went from variable rate fertilizer to variable rate seed and the yield data coming off the combines we're just, it's really snowballing and we're using more and more of it. CSP program has definitely improved the soil quality throughout my two counties in the state of South Dakota and it can be just measured in little things if every farmer did variable rate fertilizer application they're using let's say ten percent less fertilizer. If you get 60 guys in the county covering 30,000 acres using ten percent less fertilizer just think the amount of money that's saving them and less energy being used to produce that fertilizer. So the cumulative effects of the entire program with the multiple producers is what is the big benefit. CSP gives producers an opportunity to take a look at different enhancements like cover crops, strip till, no till and it gets them out on their land it gives them the ability to go out and do these practices and take a look at what's actually going on out there. They're starting to see their soil health their soil structure become more stable their organic matter when they're doing their soil testing they'll see the numbers rising their organic matter over time. The filtration rate when it rains being able to get all the water into the ground the land itself seems more supportive of the larger machinery where the compaction and running around if it's a wet fall or something like that it's not a big deal to them where they can go out there and they can combine and not tear their field up. The other thing is if it does rain when you're combining what they've told me is that they can go out the next day and a lot of their neighbors aren't combining and it doesn't sound like a big deal just a one day in time but if you're the only one combining and there's a long line at the elevator that's a huge deal to get your crop out of the ground. So CSP gives producers an opportunity to learn about their soil and soil structure and soil health and about different conservation practices or enhancements and it'll take the risk of differential risk off it a little bit by supplementing with a payment. I think if you're a good producer and you're a good steward of the land you're doing a lot of the practices anyway it's just a win-win situation. Yeah, do you have to do things other practices and does it take time? Yes, but for the benefit you get back it's well worth it. It really benefits your whole operation your land, the species of animals on your land your actual cattle and if you're into farming, your crops I mean it's all designed to benefit you as a producer so why you wouldn't utilize it I don't have an idea why you wouldn't do that I would recommend it to anybody I think the biggest reason is it just gives them an opportunity to try some new things if they're willing and open minded to try them it gives you some benefits of offsetting a cost for me the biggest one is strip tilling and hiring somebody to do strip till and helping to offset the cost so it gives you a chance to try it without incurring the entire amount. We don't own this land we're just here to use it for a while and probably the biggest thing is if we leave it in a better condition for the next generation and that's what we're trying to do here is probably the best thing in programs and finding out about things the technical things that go along with improving habitat and vegetation that's the biggest thing that I think is worthwhile for our folks here


Let's look in the vault Yeah, well, we got a quick video. We shot this in the park. So you can check it out Okay, lady. What is this? Hey, we're here in Washington Square Park in a beautiful sunny New York afternoon And I'm testing out a UV sensor. This is the iSport C UV B sensor from Genicom And I've got here an ESP32 and it's printing out the UVVWA data and it's converting it to an index Not sure if this index calculation is correct, but hopefully this data I can capture it and then do some analysis That's up secret this week


Hey everybody, what's going on? I am Greg Salisman, joined today by Jim Saenzofandl, who's helping us take an early look at the Daytona 500 and going over some of his favorite bets for that big race coming up in just a couple of weeks. What's going on, Jim? Yeah, Greg, the Super Bowl, that matters. Just two weeks away. I could not be more excited. We could talk some NASCAR here again in the hurry up. We'll be talking DFS. Once the starting order is set in mid-February. So I'm pumped. This one matters. What about the other one? You know who cares. It's on Daytona for now. This one matters in Daytona, Florida, just a couple of weeks away. The week after the Super Bowl on Fox, some call it a tradition unlike any other. So let's get into some of your favorite bets right now at the Fandals Sportsbook. And we begin with William Byron, who is plus 2,000 in the number 24 car. And that's Jeff Gordon's all-car, I believe. Yeah, and William Byron's actually carving out a legacy for himself because he is the most recent winner at Daytona. He won here back in the final race of the regular season, earned himself a playoff berth. So seeing him at 20-1 may lead you to believe that win for William Byron was a fluke, but I don't really think that it was. He had finished second in the July Daytona race the year before that. He had 44 laps in the 2019 Daytona 500. And this is not that shocking. The Hendrick Motorsports cars have always had a lot of speed in Daytona. Although speed does not matter as much in Daytona as it does elsewhere, it still matters a lot. You can navigate your way through traffic, link up with your teammates. You can make some pretty serious ground and William Byron showed the upsides of that when he won here again last year. So he's 21, his implied odds of winning are 4.8%. If you look at my win simulations, which I'm cooking up for this year, because why not? He's at 7% there. So a pretty decent edge on William Byron here, and I think that he is one of the best values in the field. I will also say it's worthwhile to look around because right now Chase Elliott is 10 to 1 at Fandall Sportsbook. That's a little short, but I think you could find him potentially a bit longer elsewhere. If his odds lengthen at some point before the green flag drops, I could talk myself into that. My model really likes him as well. Alex Bowman is 18 to 1, driving for Hendrick Motorsports too. So in general, I was off of Hendrick last year. I was worried about how their bumpers would link up, thought it might make it tough for the Chevrolet as to bump draft. They proved me wrong. In the second Daytona race with William Byron getting that win. So I'm going back to the well here once again, changing course here on the Hendrick cars. I think they're all pretty intriguing outside of Kyle Larson, but my favorite is William Byron. He is the longest of the Hendrick cars, 20 to 1. And I wouldn't be too shocked if he goes back to back in Daytona. That's just kind of interesting, right? You're getting a guy at 21 who won in Daytona just last year. And this is in reasons he bias, but someone that has proven to do it in this car with Hendrick Motorsports, William Byron, all of his teammates, all kind of make sense. And at the Bando Sportsbook, you're getting him at 21 at the moment. So Byron makes sense for a bet at Daytona. If you want to double up on William Byron's number, you get to plus 4,000. And that's when you arrive at Chris Busher. He's driving the number 17 car here at Daytona. Why is Busher someone that we should target his number? He's really good at Daytona. It's pretty simple. Like that's the main reasoning here. And I think he's just an underappreciated driver. The number makes sense because again, like I said, equipment does matter and Busher's equipment is not very good, but he has been good at Daytona in the past, even with worse equipment than what he has right now. In the past three years, the past six Daytona races, Busher has three top five finishes. One of those was in the Daytona 500 last year. He was actually passing Denny Hamlin for the lead on the outside. Right after he got past Hamlin, the caution came out. He reverted back to the previous loop. So he went behind Hamlin, finished third. So a bit disappointing because I had him as a bet there as well. Didn't win, but he was close. And I think that that does matter. He's been close in the past. He had a couple of top five finishes in 2018 as well. So the equipment is not good. He doesn't have like outside of Ryan Newman, strict teammates to help him at the front of the pack. But we've seen the Fords in general work really well together here in the past, outside of just the Roush family racing cars. Ryan Newman tends to run to their front as well. We'll have at least one teammate there. So we've all seen him do well at this track in bad equipment. In the past, his equipment now better than it was back in 2019 and 2018. And again, 2018 is here. We had two top five finishes. So I'm on board with Busher once again. He is 40 to one. I think that's a really encouraging number. He was the same number last year. He was 40 to one at close. We're getting at the exact same number even though he finished third in that race and had a chance to win once again. So I'm gonna run it back with Chris Busher, kind of see what happens. I have a lot of faith in the Fords in general on tracks like this. So why not bet on Busher, long shot once again, a guy the proven history of Daytona and see if he can actually solidify that win this time around. Chris Busher here at 41 after finishing third last year. Again, much like William Byron, like he won in Daytona last year and you're gonna give it 20 to one. Here, a driver that came in third in the tough race in the course of Daytona 500 before that caution comes out, passing Danny Hamlin. Now you're getting here at the same number, 40 to one. The odds just say it's worth taking a shot on here again. One last driver to get you also across 4,000, also named Chris. It's Christopher Bell in that number 20 car, Jim. Why is this number ring true to you? Yeah, this comes down to the teammate, Aaron. And we talked in passing about teammates with Byron and Busher, but I think it's especially pertinent here because at Daytona and at Talladega, you often see teammates work together. And what that means is a lot of times you wanna target good teams and target big teams. And here, Christopher Bell moving now to Joe Gibbs Racing. It's his first year with Joe Gibbs Racing. Now a teammate to Danny Hamlin, Kyle Busch, Martin Truex Jr. All three of those drivers are 18 to one or shorter. Hamlin is a favorite, but Christopher Bell is all the way down at 40 to one. Joe Gibbs Racing has won three of the past five races at Daytona, Hamlin has won two of those. Eric Jones won the other. Eric Jones, the previous guy to occupy the seat with the number 20 car. We also saw Joe Gibbs Racing flex some muscle last year in Daytona during the Bush clash because Eric Jones had this car that had just been beat up. It was terrible, but Danny Hamlin was laughed down and basically just said, eh, whatever, I'll push my teammate to the win. And Eric Jones got the win there. Now it's Christopher Bell in that car with this really good team. And yeah, you can look at Christopher Bell's track record at Daytona and Talladega. It's not great. He didn't finish better than 13th year last year, was never better than third in the truck series or the Xfiddy series, but I am getting access to arguably the best team at Daytona for 40 to one. I'm gonna take that every time. So Christopher Bell may not have the track record like Byron or like Bush or at Daytona, but he has the team, he has the equipment, he has the speed, and that does matter a lot. So I think that Christopher Bell 40 to one in his first races with Joe Gibbs Racing, I'm expecting to come out with a bang. And I think that 40 to one, a really encouraging number for someone going to such a strong team. It's all about Joe Gibbs Racing here. We're going after Christopher Bell at 40 to one. His teammate, it's obviously sort of the best in the business that you need with Denny Hamlin and Martin Truex Jr. there, but you're getting in on the team at a really good number here. At plus 4,000, the Fandal Sportsbook right now. So take a shot with Christopher Bell. That's it for us here on the Fandal Hurryup. Jim, we appreciate the time and we'll talk to you in a couple of weeks as the Daytona 500, the major event of February. Exactly. I guess I'll begrudgingly talk about that other game next week if I have to, but like, you know, I can, in my head, you know, the Daytona 500 will be living there rent-free. Only thing that could have made the other event better is that Jared Goff was in it. From Jim Sanis, I am Greg Salisman. Jump in tomorrow. It's Tom Becquio, wrap up the week with me talking about DFS for the NBA. Have a great night everybody. I'll see you back here tomorrow for another edition of the Fandal Hurryup.