Section 3 of State of the Union Addresses by United States Presidents 1877-1884. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by Jim Cooper. State of the Union Address, Rutherford B. Hayes, December 1, 1879. Part 1 Fellow citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives. The members of the 46th Congress have assembled in their first regular session under circumstances calling for mutual congratulation and grateful acknowledgement to the giver of all good for the large and unusual measure of national prosperity which we now enjoy. The most interesting events which have occurred in our public affairs since my last annual message to Congress are connected with the financial operations of the government directly affecting the business interests of the country. I congratulate Congress on the successful execution of the Resumption Act. At the time fixed and in the manner contemplated by law, United States notes began to be redeemed in coin. Since the 1st of January last, they have been promptly redeemed on presentation and in all business transactions, public and private, in all parts of the country, they are received and paid out as the equivalent of coin. The demand upon the Treasury for gold and silver in exchange for United States notes has been comparatively small and the voluntary deposit of coin and bullion in exchange for notes has been very large. The excess of the precious metals deposited or exchanged for United States notes over the amount of United States notes redeemed is about $40 million. The Resumption of Species payments has been followed by a very great revival of business With the currency equivalent in value to the money of the commercial world, we are enabled to enter upon an equal competition with other nations in trade and production. The increasing foreign demand for our manufacturers and agricultural products has caused a large balance of trade in our favor, which has been paid in gold from the 1st of July last to November 15 to the amount of about $59 million. Since the Resumption of Species payments, there has also been a marked and gratifying improvement of the public credit. The bonds of the government bearing only 4% interest have been sold at or above par, sufficient in amount to pay off all of the national debt, which was redeemable under present laws. The amount of interest saved annually by the process of refunding the debt since March 1, 1877 is $14,297,177. The bonds sold were largely in small sums, and the number of our citizens now holding the public securities is much greater than ever before. The amount of the national debt which matures within less than two years is $792,121,700, of which $500 million bear interest at a rate of 5%, and the balances in bonds bearing 6% interest. It is believed that this part of the public debt can be refunded by the issue of 4% bonds and, by the reduction of interest which will thus be affected, about $11 million can be annually saved to the Treasury. To secure this important reduction of interest to be paid by the United States, further legislation is required, which it is hoped will be provided by Congress during its present session. The coinage of gold by the mints of the United States during the last fiscal year was $40,986,912. The coinage of silver dollars since the passage of the Act for that purpose up to November 1, 1879 was $45,850, of which $12,700,344 have been issued from the Treasury and are now in circulation, and $32,300,506 are still in the possession of the government. The pendency of the Proposition for Unity of Action between the United States and the principal commercial nations of Europe to affect a permanent system for the equality of gold and silver in the recognized money of the world leads me to recommend that Congress refrain from new legislation on the general subject. The great revival of trade, internal and foreign, will supply during the coming year its own instructions, which may well be awaited before attempting further experimental measures with the coinage. I would, however, strongly urge upon Congress the importance of authorizing the Secretary of the Treasury to suspend the coinage of silver dollars upon the present legal ratio. The market value of the silver dollar being uniformly and largely less than the market value of the gold dollar, it is obviously impracticable to maintain them at par with each other if both are coined without limit. If the cheaper coin is forced into circulation, it will, if coined without limit, soon become the sole standard of value and thus defeat the desired object, which is a currency of both gold and silver, which shall be of equivalent value, dollar for dollar, with the universally recognized money of the world. The retirement from circulation of United States notes with the capacity of legal tender in private contracts is a step to be taken in our progress toward a safe and stable currency, which should be accepted as the policy and duty of the government and the interest and security of the people. It is my firm conviction that the issue of legal tender paper money based wholly upon the authority and credit of the government, except in extreme emergency, is without warrant in the Constitution and a violation of sound financial principles. The issue of United States notes during the late Civil War with the capacity of legal tender between private individuals was not authorized except as a means of rescuing the country from imminent peril. The circulation of these notes as paper money for any protracted period of time after the accomplishment of this purpose was not contemplated by the framers of the law under which they were issued. They anticipated the redemption and withdrawal of these notes at the earliest practicable period consistent with the attainment of the object for which they were provided. The policy of the United States, steadily adhered to from the adoption of the Constitution, has been to avoid the creation of a national debt. And when, from necessity and time of war, debts have been created, they have been paid off on the return of peace as rapidly as possible. With this view and for this purpose, it is recommended that the existing laws for the accumulation of a sinking fund sufficient to extinguish the public debt within a limited period be maintained. If any change of the objects or rates of taxation is deemed necessary by Congress, it is suggested that experience has shown that a duty can be placed on tea and coffee which will not enhance the price of those articles to the consumer and which will add several millions of dollars annually to the treasury. The continued deliberate violation by a large number of the prominent and influential citizens of the territory of Utah of the laws of the United States for the prosecution and punishment of polygamy demands the attention of every department of the government. This territory has a population sufficient to entitle it to admission as a state and the general interests of the nation as well as the welfare of the citizens of the territory require its advance from the territorial form of government to the responsibilities and privileges of a state. This important change will not however be approved by the country while the citizens of Utah in very considerable number uphold a practice which is condemned as a crime by the laws of all civilized communities throughout the world. The law for the suppression of this offense was enacted with great unanimity by the Congress more than 17 years ago but has remained until recently a dead letter in the territory of Utah because of the peculiar difficulties attending its enforcement. The opinion widely prevailed among the citizens of Utah that the law was in contravention of the constitutional guarantee of religious freedom. This objection is now removed. The Supreme Court of the United States has decided the law to be within the legislative power of Congress and binding as a rule of action for all who reside within the territories. There is no longer any reason for delay or hesitation in its enforcement. It should be firmly and effectively executed. If not sufficiently stringent in its provisions it should be amended and in aid of the purpose in view I recommend that more comprehensive and more searching methods for preventing as well as punishing this crime be provided. If necessary to secure obedience to the law the enjoyment and exercise of the rights and privileges of citizenship in the territories of the United States may be withheld or withdrawn from those who violate or oppose the enforcement of the law on the subject. The elections of the past year though occupied only with state officers have not failed to elicit in the political discussions which attended them all over the country new and decisive evidence of the deep interest which the great body of citizens taken the progress of the country toward a more general and complete establishment at whatever cost of universal security and freedom in the exercise of the elective franchise. While many topics of political concern demand great attention from our people both in the sphere of national and state authority I find no reason to qualify the opinion I expressed in my last annual message that no temporary or administrative interests of government however urgent or weighty will ever displace the zeal of our people in defense of the primary rights of citizenship and that the power of public opinion will override all political prejudices and all sectional and state attachments in demanding that all over our wide territory the name and character of citizen of the United States shall mean one and the same thing and carry with them unchallenged security and respect. I earnestly appeal to the intelligence and patriotism of all good citizens of every part of the country however much they may be divided in opinions on other political subjects to unite in compelling obedience to existing laws aimed at the protection of the right of suffrage. I respectfully urge upon Congress to supply any defects in these laws which experience has shown and which it is within its power to remedy. I again invoke the cooperation of the executive and legislative authorities of the states in this great purpose. I am fully convinced that if the public mind can be set at rest on this paramount question of popular rights no serious obstacle will thwart or delay the complete pacification of the country or retard the general diffusion of prosperity. In a former message I invited the attention of Congress to the subject of the reformation of the civil service of the government and express the intention of transmitting to Congress as early as practicable a report upon the subject by the chairman of the civil service commission. In view of the facts that during a considerable period the government of Great Britain has been dealing with administrative problems and abuses in various particulars analogous to those presented in this country and that in recent years the measures adopted were understood to have been effective and in every respect highly satisfactory. I thought it desirable to have fuller information upon the subject and accordingly requested the chairman of the civil service commission to make a thorough investigation for this purpose. The result has been an elaborate and comprehensive report. The report sets forth the history of the partisan spoils system in Great Britain and of the rise and fall of the parliamentary patronage and of official interference with the freedom of elections. It shows that after long trials of various kinds of examinations those which are competitive and open on equal terms to all and which are carried on under the superintendence of a single commission have with great advantage been established as conditions of admission to almost every official place in the subordinate administration of that country and of British India. The completion of the report owing to the extent of the labor involved in its preparation and the admission of Congress to make any provision either for the compensation or the expenses of the commission has been postponed until the present time. It is herewith transmitted to Congress. While the reform measures of another government are of no authority for us they are entitled to influence to the extent to which their intrinsic wisdom and their adaptation to our institutions and social life may commend them to our consideration. The views I have heretofore expressed concerning the defects and abuses in our civil administration remain unchanged except insofar as an enlarged experience has deepened my sense of the duty both of officers and of the people themselves to cooperate for their removal. The grave evils and perils of a partisan spoil system of appointment to office and of office tenure are now generally recognized. In the resolutions of the great parties in the reports of departments in the debates and proceedings of Congress in the messages of executives the gravity of these evils has been pointed out and the need of their reform has been admitted. To command the necessary support every measure of reform must be based on common right injustice and must be compatible with the healthy existence of great parties which are inevitable and essential in a free state. When the people have approved a policy at the national election confidence on the part of the officers they have selected and of the advisors who in accordance with our political institutions should be consulted in the policy which it is their duty to carry into effect is indispensable. It is eminently proper that they should explain it before the people as well as illustrate its spirit in the performance of their official duties. Very different considerations apply to the greater number of those who fill the subordinate places in the civil service. Their responsibility is to their superiors in official position. It is their duty to obey the legal instructions of those upon whom that authority is devolved and their best public service consists in the discharge of their functions irrespective of partisan politics. Their duties are the same whatever party is in power and whatever policy prevails. As a consequence it follows that their tenure of office should not depend on the prevalence of any policy or the supremacy of any party but should be determined by their capacity to serve the people most usefully quite irrespective of partisan interests. The same considerations that should govern the tenure should also prevail in the appointment, discipline and removal of these subordinates. The authority of appointment and removal is not a perquisite which may be used to aid a friend or reward a partisan but is a trust to be exercised in the public interest under all the sanctions which attend the obligations to apply the public funds only for public purposes. Every citizen has an equal right to the honor and profit of entering the public service of his country. The only just ground of discrimination is the measure of character and capacity he has to make that service most useful to the people. Except in cases where, upon just and recognized principles as upon the theory of pensions, offices and promotions are bestowed as rewards for past services, their bestowal upon any theory which disregards personal merit is an act of injustice to the citizen as well as a breach of that trust subject to which the appointing power is held. In the light of these principles it becomes of great importance to provide just and adequate means especially for every department and large administrative office where personal discrimination on the part of its head is not practicable for ascertaining those qualifications to which appointments and removals should have reference. To fail to provide such means is not only to deny the opportunity of ascertaining the facts upon which the most righteous claimed office depends but of necessity to discourage all worthy aspirants by handing over appointments and removals to mere influence and favoritism. If it is the right of the worthiest claimant to gain the appointment and the interest of the people to bestow it upon him, it would seem clear that a wise and just method of ascertaining personal fitness for office must be an important and permanent function of every just and wise government. It has long since become impossible in the great offices for those having the duty of nomination and appointment to personally examine into the individual qualifications of more than a small proportion of those seeking office and with the enlargement of the civil service, that proportion must continue to become less. In the early years of the government, the subordinate offices were so few in number that it was quite easy for those making appointments and promotions to personally ascertain the merits of candidates. Party managers and methods had not then become powerful agencies of coercion, hostile to the free and just exercise of the appointing power. A large and responsible part of the duty of restoring the civil service to the desired purity and efficiency rests upon the president, and it is my purpose to do what is within my power to advance such prudent and gradual measures of reform as will most surely and rapidly bring about that radical change of system essential to make our administrative methods satisfactory to a free and intelligent people. By a proper exercise of authority, it is in the power of the executive to do much to promote such a reform. But it cannot be too clearly understood that nothing adequate can be accomplished without cooperation on the part of Congress and considerate and intelligent support among the people. Reforms which challenge the generally accepted theories of parties and demand changes in the methods of departments are not the work of a day. Their permanent foundations must be laid in sound principles and in an experience which demonstrates their wisdom and exposes the errors of their adversaries. Every worthy officer desires to make his official action a gain and an honor to his country. But the people themselves far more than their officers in public station are interested in a pure, economical and vigorous administration. By laws enacted in 1853 and 1855 and now in substance incorporated in the revised statutes, the practice of arbitrary appointments to the several subordinate grades in the great departments was condemned and examinations as to capacity to be conducted by departmental boards of examiners were provided for and made conditions of admission to the public service. These statutes are a decision by Congress that examinations of some sort as to the attainments and capacity are essential to the well-being of the public service. The important questions since the enactment of these laws have been as to the character of these examinations and whether official favor and partisan influence or common right and merit were to control the access to the examinations. In practice, these examinations have not always been open to worthy persons generally who might wish to be examined. Official favoritism and partisan influence, as a rule, appeared to have designated those who alone were permitted to go before the examining boards, subjecting even the examiners to a pressure from the friends of the candidates very difficult to resist. As a consequence, the standard of admission fell below that which the public interest demanded. It was also almost inevitable that a system which provided for various separate boards of examiners with no common supervision or uniform method of procedure should result in confusion, inconsistency, and inadequate tests of capacity, highly detrimental to the public interest. A further and more radical change was obviously required. In the annual message of December 1870, my predecessor declared that there is no duty which so much embarrasses the executive and heads of departments as that of appointments, nor is there any such arduous and thankless labor imposed on senators and representatives as that of finding places for constituents. The present system does not secure the best men and often not even fit men for public place. The elevation and purification of the civil service of the government will be hailed with approval by the whole people of the United States. Congress, accordingly, passed the act approved March 3, 1871 to regulate the civil service of the United States and promote the efficiency thereof, giving the necessary authority to the executive to inaugurate a civil service reform. Acting under this statute, which was interpreted as intended to secure a system of just and effectual examinations under uniform supervision, a number of eminently competent persons were selected for the purpose, who entered with zeal upon the discharge of their duties, prepared with an intelligent appreciation of the requirements of the service the regulations contemplated and took charge of the examinations and who, in their capacity as a board, have been known as the Civil Service Commission. Congress, for two years, appropriated the money needed for the compensation and for the expense of carrying on the work of the Commission. It appears, from the report of the Commission submitted to the President in April, 1874, that examinations had been held in various sections of the country and that an appropriation of about $25,000 would be required to meet the annual expenses, including salaries, involved in discharging the duties of the Commission. The report was transmitted to Congress by special message of April, 1874, with the following favorable comment upon the labors of the Commission. If sustained by Congress, I have no doubt the rules can, after the experience gained, be so improved and enforced as to still more materially benefit the public service and relieve the executive, members of Congress and the heads of departments from influences prejudicial to good administration. The rules, as they have hitherto been enforced, have resulted beneficially, as is shown by the opinions of the members of the Cabinet and their subordinates in the departments and, in that opinion, I concur. And in the annual message of December of the same year, similar views are expressed and an appropriation for continuing the work of the Commission again advised. The appropriation was not made and, as a consequence, the active work of the Commission was suspended, leaving the Commission itself still in existence. Without the means, therefore, of causing qualifications to be tested in any systematic manner or of securing for the public service the advantages of competition upon any extensive plan, I recommend in my annual message on December 1877 the making of an appropriation for the resumption of the work of the Commission. In the meantime, however, competitive examinations, under many embarrassments, have been conducted within limited spheres in the executive departments in Washington and in a number of the custom houses and post offices of the principal cities of the country with a view to further test their effects and, in every instance, have been found to be as salutary as they are stated to have been under the administration of my predecessor. I think the economy, purity, and efficiency of the public service would be greatly promoted by their systematic introduction, wherever practicable, throughout the entire civil service of the government, together with ample provision for their general supervision in order to secure consistency and uniform justice. Reports from the Secretary of the Interior and Postmaster General from the Postmaster in the city of New York where such examinations have been some time on trial and also from the collector of the port, the naval officer, and the surveyor in that city and from the Postmasters and collectors in several of the other large cities show that the competitive system, where applied, has in various ways contributed to improve the public service. The reports show that the results have been salutary in a marked degree and that the general application of similar rules cannot fail to be of decided benefit to the service. The reports of the government officers in the city of New York especially bear decided testimony to the utility of open competitive examinations in their respective offices, showing that these examinations and the excellent qualifications of those admitted to the service through them have had a marked incidental effect upon the persons previously in the service and particularly upon those aspiring to promotion. There has been on the part of these latter an increased interest in the work and a desire to extend acquaintance with it beyond the particular desk occupied and thus the morale of the entire force has been raised. The examinations have been attended by many citizens who have had the opportunity to thoroughly investigate the scope and character of the tests and the method of determining the results and those visitors have without exception approved the methods employed and several of them have publicly attested their favorable opinion. Upon such considerations I deem it my duty to renew the recommendation contained in my annual message of December 1877 requesting Congress to make the necessary appropriation for the resumption of the work of the Civil Service Commission. Economy will be promoted by authorizing a moderate compensation to persons in the public service who may perform extra labor upon or under the commission as the executive may direct. I am convinced that if a just and adequate test of merit is enforced for admission to the public service and in making promotions such abuses as removals without good cause and partisan and official interference with the proper exercise of the appointing power will in large measure disappear. There are other administrative abuses to which the attention of Congress should be asked in this connection. Mere partisan appointments and the constant peril of removal without cause very naturally lead to an absorbing and mischievous political activity on the part of those thus appointed which not only interferes with the due discharge of official duty but is incompatible with the freedom of elections. Not without warrant in the views of several of my predecessors in the presidential office and directly within the law of 1871 already cited I endeavored by regulation made on the 22nd day of June 1877 to put some reasonable limits to such abuses. It may not be easy and it may never perhaps be necessary to define with precision the proper limit of political action on the part of the federal officers. But while their right to hold and freely express their opinions cannot be questioned it is very plain that they should neither be allowed to devote to other subjects the time needed for the proper discharge of their official duties nor to use the authority of their office to enforce their own opinions or to coerce the political action of those who hold different opinions. Reasons of justice and public policy quite analogous to those which forbid the use of official power for the oppression of the private citizen impose upon the government the duty of protecting its officers and agents from arbitrary exactions. In whatever aspect considered the practice of making levies for party purposes upon the salaries of officers is highly demoralizing to the public service and discreditable to the country. Though an officer should be as free as any other citizen to give his own money in aid of his opinions or his party he should also be as free as any other citizen to refuse to make such gifts. If salaries are but a fair compensation for the time and labor of the officer it is gross injustice to levy attacks upon them. If they are made excessive in order that they may bear the tax the excess is an indirect robbery of the public funds. I recommend therefore such a revision and extension of present statutes as shall secure to those in every grade of official life or public employment the protection with which a great and enlightened nation should guard those who are faithful in its service. Our relations with foreign countries have continued peaceful. With Great Britain there are still unsettled questions growing out of the local laws of the maritime provinces and the action of provincial authorities deemed to be in derogation of rights secured by treaty to American fishermen. The United States Minister in London has been instructed to present a demand for 105,305 dollars and two cents in view of the damages received by American citizens at Fortune Bay on the sixth day of January 1878. The subject has been taken into consideration by the British government and an early reply is anticipated. Upon the completion of the necessary preliminary examinations the subject of our participation in the provincial fisheries as regulated by treaty will at once be brought to the attention of the British government with a view to an early and permanent settlement of the whole question which was only temporarily adjusted by the Treaty of Washington. Efforts have been made with the removal of restrictions found injurious to the exportation of cattle to the United Kingdom. Some correspondence has also occurred with regard to the rescue and saving of life and property upon the lakes which has resulted in important modifications of the previous regulations of the Dominion government on the subject in the interest of humanity and commerce. In accordance with the joint resolution of the last session of Congress commissioners were appointed to present the United States at the two international exhibitions in Australia one of which is now in progress at Sydney and the other to be held next year at Melbourne. A desire has been expressed by our merchants and manufacturers interested in the important and growing trade with Australia that an increased provision should be made by Congress for the representation of our industries at the Melbourne exhibition of next year and the subject is respectfully submitted to a favorable consideration. The ascent of the government has been given to the landing on the coast of Massachusetts of a new and independent transatlantic cable between France, by way of the French island of Saint-Pierre, and this country subject to any future legislation of Congress on the subject. The conditions imposed before allowing this connection with our shores to be established are such as to secure its competition with any existing or future lines of marine cable and preclude amalgamation therewith to provide for entire equality of rights to our government and people with those of France in the use of the cable and prevent any exclusive possession of the privilege as accorded by France to the disadvantage of any future cable communication between France and the United States which may be projected and accomplished by our citizens. An important reduction of the present rates of cable communication with Europe felt to be too burdensome to the interests of our commerce must necessarily flow from the establishment of this competing line. The attention of Congress was drawn to the propriety of some general regulation by Congress of the whole subject of trans marine cables by my predecessor in his message of December 7, 1875 and I respectfully submit to your consideration the importance of congressional action in the matter. End of Section 3 Recorded by Jim Cooper JimCooperVoiceArtist.com Section 4 of State of the Union Addresses by United States Presidents 1877 to 1884 This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer please visit LibriVox.org Recording by Jim Cooper State of the Union Address Rutherford B. Hayes December 1, 1879 Part 2 The questions of grave importance with Spain growing out of the incidents of the Cuban insurrection have been for the most part happily and honorably settled. It may reasonably be anticipated that the Commission now sitting in Washington for the decision of private cases in this connection will soon be able to bring its labors to a conclusion. The long standing question of East Florida claims has lately been renewed as a subject of correspondence and may possibly require congressional action for its final disposition. A treaty within Netherlands with respect to consular rights and privileges similar to those with other powers has been signed and ratified and the ratifications were exchanged on the 31st of July last. Negotiations for extradition treaties with the Netherlands and with Denmark are now in progress. Some questions with Switzerland in regard to pauper and convict immigrants have arisen, but it is not doubted that they will be arranged upon a just and satisfactory basis. A question has also occurred with respect to an asserted claim by Swiss municipal authorities to exercise tutelage over persons and property of Swiss citizens naturalized in this country. It is possible this may require adjustment by treaty. With the German Empire, frequent questions arise in connection with the subjects of naturalization and expatriation, but the imperial government has constantly manifested a desire to strictly maintain and comply with all treaty stipulations in regard to them. In consequence of the omission of Congress to provide for a diplomatic representative at Athens, the legation to Greece has been withdrawn. There is now no channel of diplomatic communication between the two countries and the expediency of providing for one in some form is submitted to Congress. Relations with Austria, Russia, Italy, Portugal, Turkey and Belgium continue amicable and marked by no incident of a special importance. A change of the personal head of the government of Egypt has taken place. No change, however, has occurred in the relations between Egypt and the United States. The action of the Egyptian government in presenting to the city of New York one of the ancient obelisks which possess such historic interest is highly appreciated as a generous mark of international regard. If prosperity should attend the enterprise of its transportation across the Atlantic, its erection in a conspicuous position in the chief commercial city of the nation will soon be accomplished. The treaty recently made between Japan and the United States in regard to the revision of former commercial treaties, it is now believed will be followed by similar action on the part of other treaty powers. The attention of Congress is again invited by the subject of the indemnity funds received some years since from Japan and China which, with their accumulated interest, now amount to considerable sums. If any part of these funds is justly due to American citizens, they should receive it promptly. And whatever may have been received by this government in excess of strictly just demands should in some form be returned to the nations to whom it equitably belongs. The government of China has signified its willingness to consider the question of the emigration of its subjects to the United States with a dispassionate fairness and to cooperate in such measures as may tend to prevent injurious consequences to the United States. The negotiations are still proceeding and will be pressed with diligence. A question having arisen between China and Japan about the Lu Chu Islands, the United States government has taken measures to inform those powers of its readiness to extend its good offices for the maintenance of peace if they shall mutually deem it desirable and find it practicable to avail themselves of the proffer. It is a gratification to be able to announce that through the judicious and energetic action of the military commanders of the two nations on each side of the Rio Grande, under the instructions of their respective governments, raids and depredations have greatly decreased and in the localities where formerly most destructive have now almost wholly ceased. In view of this result, I entertain a confident expectation that the prevalence of quiet on the border will soon become so assured as to justify a modification of the present orders to our military commanders as to crossing the border without encouraging such disturbances as would endanger the peace of the two countries. The third installment of the award against Mexico under the Claims Commission of July 4, 1868 was duly paid and has been put in course of distribution in pursuance of the act of Congress providing for the same. This satisfactory situation between the two countries leads me to anticipate an expansion of our trade with Mexico and an increased contribution of capital and industry by our people to the development of the great resources of that country. I earnestly commend to the wisdom of Congress the provision of suitable legislation looking to this result. Diplomatic intercourse with Colombia is again fully restored by the arrival of a minister from that country to the United States. This is especially fortunate in view of the fact that the question of an inter-oceanic canal has recently assumed a new and important aspect and is now under discussion with the Central American countries through whose territory the canal by the Nicaragua route would have to pass. It is trusted that enlightened statesmanship on their part will see that the early prosecution of such a work will largely inured to the benefit not only of their own citizens and to those of the United States but of the commerce of the civilized world. It is not doubted that the work should be undertaken by the protective auspices of the United States and upon satisfactory concessions for the right of way and its security by the Central American governments. The capital for its completion would be readily furnished from this country and Europe which might, failing such guarantees, prove inaccessible. Diplomatic relations with Chile have also been strengthened by the reception of a minister from that country. The war between Peru, Bolivia and Chile still continues. The United States have not deemed it proper to interpose in the matter further then to convey to all the governments concerned the assurance that the friendly offices of the government of the United States for the restoration of peace upon an honorable basis will be extended in case the belligerents shall exhibit a readiness to accept them. Corgiol relations continue with Brazil and the Argentine Republic and trade with those countries is improving. A provision for regular and more frequent mail communication in our own ships between the ports of this country and the nations of South America seems to me to deserve the attention of Congress as an essential precursor of an enlargement of our commerce with them and an extension of our carrying trade. A recent revolution in Venezuela has been followed by the establishment of a provisional government. This government has not yet been formally recognized and it is deemed desirable to await the proposed action of the people which is expected to give it the sanction of constitutional forms. A naval vessel has been sent to the Samoan islands to make surveys and take possession of the privileges ceded to the United States by Samoa in the harbor of Pego Pego. A coaling station is to be established there which will be convenient and useful to United States vessels. The subject of opening diplomatic relations with Romania and Serbia now become independent sovereignties is at present under consideration and is the subject of diplomatic correspondence. There is a gratifying increase of trade with nearly all European and American countries and it is believed that with judicious action in regard to its development it can and will be still more enhanced and that American products and manufacturers will find new and expanding markets. The reports of diplomatic and consular officers upon this subject under the system now adopted have resulted in obtaining much valuable information which has been and will continue to be laid before Congress and the public from time to time. The third article of the treaty with Russia of March 30, 1867 by which Alaska was ceded to the United States provides that the inhabitants of the ceded territory with the exception of the uncivilized native tribes shall be admitted to the enjoyment of all the rights of citizens of the United States and shall be maintained and protected in the free enjoyment of their liberty, property and religion. The uncivilized tribes are subject to such laws and regulations as the United States may from time to time adopt in regard to the aboriginal tribes of that country. Both the obligations of this treaty and the necessities of the people require that some organized form of government over the territory of Alaska be adopted. There appears to be no law for the arrest of persons charged with common law offenses such as assault, robbery and murder and no magistrate authorized to issue or execute process in such cases. Serious difficulties have already arisen from offenses of this character not only among the original inhabitants but among citizens of the United States and other countries who have engaged in mining, fishing and other business operations within the territory. A bill authorizing the appointment of justices of the peace and constables and the arrest and detention of persons charged with criminal offenses and providing foreign appeal to United States courts for the District of Oregon in suitable cases will at a proper time be submitted to Congress. The attention of Congress is called to the annual report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the condition of the public finances. The ordinary revenues from all sources for the fiscal year and to June 30, 1879 were $273,827,184.46. The ordinary expenditures for the same period were $266,947,883.53. Leaving a surplus revenue for the year of $6,879,393. The receipts for the present fiscal year and in June 30, 1880 actual and estimated are as follows. Actual receipts for the first quarter commencing July 1, 1879, $79,843,663.61. Estimated receipts for the remaining three quarters of the year, $208,156,336.39. Total receipts for the current fiscal year, actual and estimated, $288 million. The expenditures for the same period will be actual and estimated as follows. For the quarter commencing July 1, 1879, actual expenditures, $91,683,385.10. And for the remaining three quarters of the year, the expenditures are estimated at $172,316,614.90. Making the total expenditures, $264 million and leaving an estimated surplus revenue for the year ending June 30, 1880 of $24 million. The total receipts during the next fiscal year ending June 30, 1881, estimated according to existing laws will be $288 million. And the estimated ordinary expenditures for the same period will be $278,097,364.39. Leaving a surplus of $9,902,635.61 for that year. The large amount expended for arrears of pensions during the last and the present fiscal year, amounting to $21,747,249.60, has prevented the application of the full amount required by law to the Sinking Fund for the current year. But these arrears having been substantially paid, it is believed that the Sinking Fund can hereafter be maintained without any change of existing law. The Secretary of War reports that the War Department estimates for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1881 are $40,380,428.93. The same being for a less sum of money than any annual estimate rendered to Congress from that department during a period of at least 12 years. He concurs with the General of the Army in recommending such legislation as will authorize the enlistment of the full number of 25,000 men for the line of the Army, exclusive of the 3,463 men required for detached duty and therefore not available for service in the field. He also recommends that Congress be asked to provide by law for the disposition of a large number of abandoned military posts and reservations, which, though very valuable in themselves, have been rendered useless for military purposes by the advance of civilization and settlement. He unites with the Quartermaster General in recommending that an appropriation be made for the construction of a cheap and perfectly fireproof building for the safe storage of a vast amount of money accounts, vouchers, claims, and other valuable records, now in the Quartermaster General's office and exposed to great risk of total destruction by fire. He also recommends, in conformity to the views of the Judge Advocate General, some declaratory legislation in reference to the military statute of limitations as applied to the crime of desertion. In these several recommendations, I concur. The Secretary of War further reports that the work for the improvement of the south pass of the Mississippi River under contract with Mr. James B. Eads, made in pursuance of an act of Congress, has been prosecuted during the past year with a greater measure of success in the attainment of results than during any previous year. The channel through the south pass, which at the beginning of operations in June 1875, had a depth of only 7.5 feet of water, had, on the 8th of July 1879, a minimum depth of 26 feet, having a width of not less than 200 feet, and a central depth of 30 feet. Payments have been made in accordance with the statute as the work progressed, amounting in the aggregate to $4,250,000, and further payments will become due, as provided by the statute, in the event of success in maintaining the channel now secured. The reports of the general of the army and of his subordinates present a full and detailed account of the military operations for the suppression of hostilities among the Indians of the Ute and Apache tribes, and praise is justly awarded to the officers and troops engaged for promptness, skill, and courage displayed. The past year has been one of almost unbroken peace and quiet on the Mexican frontier, and there is reason to believe that the efforts of this government and of Mexico to maintain order in that region will prove permanently successful. This department was enabled during the past year to find temporary, though crowded, accommodations and a safe depository for a portion of its records in the completed east wing of the building designed for the state, war, and navy departments. The construction of the north wing of the building, a part of the structure intended for the use of the war department, is being carried forward with all possible dispatch, and the work should receive from Congress such liberal appropriations as will secure its speedy completion. The report of the secretary of the navy shows continued improvement in that branch of the service during the last fiscal year. Extensive repairs have been made upon vessels and two new ships have been completed and made ready for sea. The total expenditures of the year ended June 30, 1879, including specific appropriations not estimated for by the department, were $13,555,710.09. The expenses chargeable to the year after deducting the amount of these specific appropriations were $13,343,317.79, but this is subject to a reduction of $283,725.99, that amount having been drawn upon warrants but not paid out during the year. The amount of appropriations applicable to the last fiscal year was $14,538,646.17. There was, therefore, a balance of $1,479,054.37, remaining unexpended and to the credit of the department on June 30, 1879. The estimates for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1881 are $14,864,147.95, which exceeds the appropriations for the present fiscal year, $361,879.28. The reason for this increase is explained in the secretary's report. The appropriations available for the present fiscal year are $14,502,250.67, which will, in the opinion of the secretary, answer all the ordinary demands of the service. The amount drawn from the Treasury from July 1 to November 1, 1879 was $5,770,404.12, of which $1,095,440.33 has been refunded, leaving as the expenditure for that period $4,674,963.79. If the expenditures of the remaining two-thirds of the year do not exceed the proportion for these four months, there will remain unexpended at the end of the year $477,359.30 of the current appropriations. The report of the secretary shows the gratifying fact that among all the dispersing officers of the pay core of the Navy, there is not one who is a defaulter to the extent of a single dollar. I unite with him in recommending the removal of the observatory to a more healthful location. That institution reflects credit upon the nation and has obtained the approbation of scientific men in all parts of the world. Its removal from its present location would not only be conducive to the health of its officers and professors, but would greatly increase its usefulness. The appropriation for judicial expenses, which has heretofore been made for the Department of Justice in gross, was subdivided at the last session of Congress and no appropriation whatever was made for the payment of the fees of marshals and their deputies, either in the service of process or for the discharge of other duties. And since June 30, these officers have continued the performance of their duties without compensation from the government, taking upon themselves the necessary incidental outlays, as well as rendering their own services. In only a few unavoidable instances has the proper execution of the process of the United States failed by reason of the absence of the requisite appropriation. This course of official conduct on the part of these officers highly creditable to their fidelity was advised by the Attorney General, who informed them, however, that they would necessarily have to rely for their compensation upon the prospect of future legislation by Congress. I therefore especially recommend that immediate appropriation be made by Congress for this purpose. The act making the principal appropriation for the Department of Justice at previous sessions has uniformly contained the following clause and for defraying the expenses which may be incurred in the enforcement of the act approved February 28, 1871, entitled An Act to Amend an Act Approved May 31, 1870, entitled An Act to Enforce the Rights of Citizens of the United States to Vote in the Several States of this Union and for Other Purposes or any acts amendatory thereof or supplementary there too. No appropriation was made for this purpose for the current year. As no general election for members of Congress occurred, the emission was a matter of little practical importance. Such election will, however, take place during the ensuing year and the appropriation made for the pay of Marshals and Deputies should be sufficient to embrace compensation for the services they may be required to perform at such elections. The business of the Supreme Court is at present largely in arrears. It cannot be expected that more causes can be decided than are now disposed of in its annual session or that by any assiduity the distinguished magistrates who compose the court can accomplish more than is now done. In the courts of many of the circuits also the business has increased to such an extent that the delay of justice will call the attention of Congress to an appropriate remedy. It is believed that all is done in each circuit which can fairly be expected from its judicial force. The evils arising from delay are less heavily felt by the United States than by private suitors as its causes are advanced by the courts when it is seen that they involve the discussion of questions of a public character. The remedy suggested by the Attorney General is the appointment of additional circuit judges to the creation of an intermediate court of errors and appeals which shall relieve the Supreme Court of a part of its jurisdiction while a larger force is also obtained for the performance of circuit duties. I commend this suggestion to the consideration of Congress. It would seem to afford a complete remedy and would involve, if 10 additional circuit judges are appointed, an expenditure at the present rate of salaries of not more than $60,000 a year which would certainly be small in comparison with the objects to be obtained. The report of the Postmaster General bears testimony to the general revival of business throughout the country. The receipts of the Post Office Department for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1879 were $30,041,982.86 being $764,465.91 more than the revenues of the preceding year. The amount realized from the sale of postage stamps, stamped envelopes, and postal cards was $764,465.91 more than in the preceding year and $2,387,559.23 more than in 1877. The expenditures of the department were $33,449,899.45 of which the sum of $376,461.63 was paid on liabilities incurred in preceding years. The expenditures during the year were $801,209.77 less than in the preceding year. This reduction is to be attributed mainly to the operation of the law past June 17, 1878 changing the compensation of postmasters from a commission on the value of stamps sold to a commission on stamps canceled. The amount drawn from the treasury on appropriations in addition to the revenues of the department was $3,031,454.96 meaning $2,276,197.86 less than in the preceding year. The expenditures for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1881 are estimated at $39,920,900 and the receipts from all sources at $32,210,000 leaving a deficiency to be appropriated for out of the treasury of $7,710,900. The relations of the department with railroad companies have been harmonized notwithstanding the general reduction by Congress of their compensation by the appropriation for special facilities and the railway post office lines have been greatly extended especially in the southern states. The interests of the railway mail service and of the public would be greatly promoted and the expenditures could be more readily controlled by the classification of the employees of the railway mail service as recommended by the Postmaster General. The appropriation for salaries with respect to which the maximum limit is already fixed by law to be made engross. The Postmaster General recommends an amendment of the law regulating the increase of compensation for increased service and increased speed on star routes so as to enable him to advertise for proposals for such increased service and speed. He also suggests the advantages to accrue to the Congress of the country from the enactment of a general law authorizing contracts with American built steamers carrying the American flag for transporting the mail between ports of the United States and ports of the West Indies and South America at a fixed maximum price per mile the amount to be expended being regulated by annual appropriations in like manner with the amount paid for the domestic star service. The arrangement made by the Postmaster General and the Secretary of the Treasury for the collection of duty upon books received in the mail from foreign countries has proved so satisfactory in its practical operation that the recommendation is now made that Congress shall extend the provisions of the Act of March 3, 1879 under which this arrangement was made so as to apply to all other dutyable articles received in the mail from foreign countries. The reports of the Secretary of the Interior and of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs setting forth the present state of our relations with the Indian tribes on our territory the measures taken to advance their civilization and prosperity and the progress already achieved by them are found of more than ordinary interest. The general conduct of our Indian population has been so satisfactory that the occurrence of two disturbances which resulted in bloodshed and destruction of property is all the more to be lamented. The history of the outbreak on the White River Ute Reservation in Western Colorado has become so familiar by elaborate reports in the public press that its remarkable incidents are still in detail. It is expected that the settlement of this difficulty will lead to such arrangements as will prevent further hostile contact between the Indians and the border settlements in Western Colorado. The other disturbance occurred at the Mescalero Agency in New Mexico where Victoria, at the head of a small band of marauders after committing many atrocities being vigorously chased by a military force made his way across the Mexican border and is now on foreign soil. While these occurrences in which a comparatively small number of Indians were engaged are most deplorable, a vast majority of our Indian population have fully justified the expectations of those who believe that by humane and peaceful influences the Indian can be led to abandon the habits of savage life and to develop a capacity for useful and civilized occupations. What they have already accomplished in the pursuit of agricultural and mechanical work the remarkable success which has attended the experiment of employing as freighters a class of Indians hitherto countered among the wildest and most intractable and the general and urgent desire expressed by them for the education of their children may be taken as sufficient proof that they will be found capable of accomplishing much more if they continue to be wisely the Indian policy sketched in the report of the Secretary of the Interior the object of which is to make liberal provision for the education of Indian youth to settle the Indians upon farm lots and several to give them title and fee to their farms inalienable for a certain number of years and when their wants are thus provided for to dispose by sale of the lands on the reservations not occupied and used by them to be formed out of the proceeds for the benefit of the Indians which will gradually relieve the government of the expenses now provided for by annual appropriations must commend itself as just and beneficial to the Indians and as also calculated to remove those obstructions which the existence of large reservations presents to the settlement and development of the country I therefore earnestly recommend the enactment of a law by the government to give Indians a title in fee inalienable for 25 years to the farm lands assigned to them by allotment I also repeat the recommendation made in my first annual message that a law be passed admitting Indians who can give satisfactory proof of having by their own labor supported their families for a number of years and who are willing to detach themselves from their tribal relations to the benefit of the Homestead Act and to grant them patents containing the same provision of inaliability for a certain period the experiment of sending a number of Indian children of both sexes to the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute in Virginia to receive an elementary English education and practical instruction in farming and other useful industries has led to results so promising that it was thought expedient to turn over the cavalry barracks in Arlile in Pennsylvania to the Interior Department for the establishment of an Indian school on a larger scale this school has now 158 pupils selected from various tribes and is in full operation arrangements are also made for the education of a number of Indian boys and girls belonging to tribes on the Pacific slope in a similar manner at Forest Grove in Oregon these institutions will amend themselves to the liberality of Congress and to the philanthropic munificence of the American people last spring information was received of the organization of an extensive movement in the western states the object of which was the occupation by unauthorized persons of certain lands in the Indian territory seated by the Cherokees to the government for the purpose of settlement by other Indian tribes on the 26th of April I issued a proclamation warning all persons against participation in such an attempt and by the cooperation of a military force the invasion was promptly checked it is my purpose to protect the rights of the Indian inhabitants of that territory to the full extent of the executive power but it would be unwise to ignore the fact that a territory so large and so fertile with a population so sparse and with so great a wealth of unused resources will be found more exposed to the repetition of such attempts as happened this year when the surrounding states are more densely settled and the westward movement of our population looks still more eagerly for fresh lands to occupy under such circumstances the difficulty of maintaining the Indian territory in its present state will greatly increase and the Indian tribes inhabiting it would do well to prepare for such a contingency I therefore fully approve of the advice given to them by the secretary of the interior on a recent occasion to divide among themselves in severalty as large a quantity of their lands as they can cultivate to acquire individual title in fee instead of their present tribal ownership in common and to consider in what manner the balance of their lands may be disposed of for their benefit by adopting such a policy they would more certainly secure for themselves the value of their possessions and at the same time promote their progress in civilization and prosperity then by endeavoring to perpetuate the present state of things in the territory the question of whether a change in the control of the Indian service should be made was in the 45th congress referred to a joint committee of both houses for inquiry and report in my last annual message I expressed the hope that the decision of that question then in prospect would arrest further agitation of this subject such agitation being apt to produce a disturbing effect upon the service as well as on the Indians themselves since then the committee having reported the question has been decided in the negative by a vote in the house of representatives for the reasons here stated and in view of the fact that further uncertainty on this point will be calculated to obstruct other much needed legislation to weaken the discipline of the service and to unsettle salutary measures now in progress for the government and improvement of the Indians I respectfully recommend that the decision arrived at by congress at its last session be permitted to stand the efforts made by the department of the interior to arrest the depredations on the timber lands of the United States have been continued and have met with considerable success a large number of cases of trespass have been prosecuted in the courts of the United States others have been settled the trespassers offering to make payment to the government for the value of the timber taken by them the proceeds of these prosecutions and settlements turned into the treasury exceed an amount the sums appropriated by congress for this purpose a more important result however consists in the fact that the destruction of our public forest by depredation although such cases still occur has been greatly reduced in extent and it is probable that if the present policy is vigorously pursued and sufficient provision to that end is made by congress such trespasses at least those on a large scale can be entirely suppressed except in the territories where timber for the daily requirements of the population cannot under the present state of the law be otherwise obtained I therefore earnestly invite the attention of congress to the recommendation made by the secretary of the interior that a law be enacted enabling the government to sell timber from the public lands without conveying the fee where such lands are principally valuable for the timber thereon such sales to be so regulated as to conform to domestic wants and business requirements while at the same time guarding against a sweeping destruction of the forests the enactment of such a law appears to become a more pressing necessity every day my recommendations in former messages are renewed in favor of enlarging the facilities of the department of agriculture agriculture is the leading interest and the permanent industry of our people it is to the abundance of agricultural production as compared with our home consumption and the largely increased and highly profitable market abroad which we have enjoyed in recent years that we are mainly indebted for our present prosperity as a people we must look for its continued maintenance to the same substantial resource there is no branch of industry in which labor directed by scientific knowledge yield such increased production in comparison with unskilled labor and no branch of the public service to which the encouragement of liberal appropriations can be more appropriately extended the emission to render such aid is not a wise economy but on the contrary undoubtedly results in losses of immense sums annually that might be saved through well directed efforts by the government to promote this vital interest the results already accomplished by the very limited means here to foreplaced at the command of the department of agriculture is an earnest of what may be expected with increased appropriations for the several purposes indicated in the report of the commissioner with a view to placing the department upon a footing which will enable it to prosecute more effectively the objects for which it is established appropriations are needed for a more complete laboratory for the establishment of a veterinary department and a division of forestry and for an increase of force the requirements for these and other purposes indicated in the report of the commissioner under the head of the immediate necessities of the department will not involve any expenditure of money that the country cannot with propriety now undertake in the interests of agriculture it is gratifying to learn from the Bureau of Education the extent to which educational privileges throughout the United States have been advanced during the year no more fundamental responsibility rests upon Congress than that of devising appropriate measures of financial aid to education supplemental to local action in the states and territories and in the District of Columbia the wise forethought of the founders of our government has not only furnished the basis for the support of the common school systems of the newer states but laid the foundations for the maintenance of the universities and colleges of agriculture and the mechanical arts measures in accordance with this traditional policy for the further benefit of all these interests and the extension of the same advantages to every portion of the country it is hoped will receive your favorable consideration to preserve and perpetuate the national literature should be among the foremost cares of the national legislature at the capitol still remains unprovided with any suitable accommodations for its rapidly increasing stores the magnitude and importance of the collection increased as it is by the deposits made under the law of copyright by domestic and foreign exchanges and by the scientific library of the Smithsonian Institution call for building accommodations which shall be at once adequate and fireproof the location of such a public building which should provide for the pressing necessities of the present and for the vast increase of the nation's books in the future is a matter which addresses itself to the discretion of Congress it is earnestly recommended as a measure which should unite all suffrages and which should no longer be delayed the joint commission created by the act of congress on August 2, 1876 for the purpose of supervising and directing the completion of the Washington National Monument of which commission the president is a member has given careful attention to the subject and already the strengthening of the foundation has so far progressed as to ensure the entire success of this part of the work a massive layer of masonry has been introduced below the original foundation widening the base increasing the stability of the structure and rendering it possible to carry the shaft to completion it is earnestly recommended that such further appropriations be made for the continued prosecution of the work as may be necessary for the completion of this national monument at an early day and former messages impressed with the importance of the subject I have taken occasion to commend to Congress the adoption of a generous policy toward the District of Columbia the report of the commissioners of the district herewith transmitted contains suggestions and recommendations to all of which I earnestly invite your careful attention I ask your early and favorable consideration of the views which they express as to the urgent need of legislation for the reclamation of the marshes of the Potomac and its eastern branch within the limits of the city and for the repair of the streets of the capital here to forlaid with wooden blocks and now by decay rendered almost almost impassable and a source of imminent danger to the health of its citizens the means at the disposal of the commissioners are wholly inadequate for the accomplishment of these important works and should be supplemented by timely appropriations from the federal treasury the filling of the flats in front of the city will add to the adjacent lands and parks now owned by the United States a large and valuable domain sufficient it is thought to reimburse its entire cost and will also, as an incidental result, secure the permanent improvement of the river for the purposes of navigation the constitution having invested Congress with supreme and exclusive jurisdiction over the District of Columbia its citizens must of necessity look to Congress alone for all needful legislation affecting their interests and as the territory of this district is the common property of the people of the United States who equally with its resident citizens are interested in the prosperity of their capital I cannot doubt that you will be amply sustained by the general voice of the country in any measures you may adopt for this purpose I also invite the favorable consideration of Congress to the wants of the public schools of this district as exhibited in the report of the commissioners while the number of pupils increasing no adequate provision exists for a corresponding increase of school accommodation and the commissioners are without the means to meet this urgent need a number of the buildings now used for school purposes are rented and are in important particulars unsuited for the purpose the cause of popular education in the District of Columbia is surely entitled to the same consideration at the hands of the national government as in the several states and territories to which munificent grants of the public lands have been made for the endowment of schools and universities end of section four recorded by Jim Cooper Jim Cooper voice artists dot com


Sssssssssssssssss breakfast Should all go according to plan, this video is posting on Christmas day, so Merry Christmas to all. To me, Christmas is about kids and creating good memories that you can look back on. One of my favorite memories ever was my brother and I getting a Super Nintendo on Christmas back in 1991. And 27 years later that reliable old thing still works great. Many of us who grew up on Super Nintendo are now parents. And over the years I've gotten a bunch of comments saying something like, To K, I'm trying to get my 5 year old into Super Nintendo, what games should I pick? So here on Christmas Day, I thought it'd be appropriate to create a list of games for those of you with small children that want to try and get them into the Super Nintendo catalog. And I gotta give a quick shout out to DariaPlaysRPGs, she did a video like this but for NES games, so go check it out. But first, I need to address the games that you should stay away from, stuff like Mario is missing and Mario's Time Machine. Yes, these games are made for kids, but they are awful. Here they mean well, these are edutainment games. They may look and sound and play like traditional Mario games, or I guess in the case of Mario is missing a Luigi game, but the way the game is structured is just jump on a Koopa, find an artifact, answer a bunch of trivia questions, and put the artifact in the right spot. Rinse and repeat over and over, it is extremely tedious. Mario's Time Machine is pretty much the same thing only you play as Mario. I will say at least Mario's Time Machine has a nice looking presentation, but the game is still an unintuitive mess and a complete waste of time. But both of these games. My go-to pick for a Super Nintendo game for really any young child is always Mario Paint. I mean it's basically just an app bundle where you can draw, reform, create stamps, animate stuff, and create your own music. The obvious downside to this is that this particular app bundle is fairly old, and you'll have to deal with your kids' disappointment as they see that it's not touch screen. The nice thing though is that Hyperkin makes an updated version of the Super Nintendo mouse that's optical instead of that clumsy ball, so that makes Mario Paint much more user-friendly when you're playing on the original hardware. Speaking from experience, I've never not seen the music editor in particular fail to entertain a kid. I'm talking three or four years old here. Sure, they're not likely to create something coherent, but hey, the sounds are usually good for a laugh. Mario Paint is an easy choice because it's just an open-ended sandbox of doing whatever you want. Now we move on to more traditional games, and I think I already know what some of you are thinking. Well, I was four years old when I beat Super Mario World in Link to the Past and Super Goals and Ghosts. What's the point of this video? If I can do it, any kid can do it, no problem. Now, this video is meant for a very broad and very generalized audience, and most young children, I'm talking like three or four years old, you gotta start simple. I'm talking single-screen puzzle games like Tetris and Dr. Mario. Thankfully, there's a compilation cartridge that combines these two games on Super Nintendo, and both games are simple, straightforward, and easy to learn without cluttering the screen with too much chaos that it's too hard to follow. And the same can be said with Miss Pac-Man. It's a reasonably faithful port of the original arcade game featuring four different kinds of mazes you can choose from. You can pick the arcade originals, mini mazes, larger mazes, or strange mazes. This is really one of the best games for kids, though, because it's both two-player versus and two-player cooperative.  If stuff like Mario World or Link to the Past is still too advanced for your kids, then try playing Miss Pac-Man 2-Player. It's easy to learn while maintaining a challenge, and the second-player option really goes a long way here.  This one's all in Japanese, but there is an English translation patch out there. But just to give you a heads up, the first option here is regular one-player story mode. The second option is a password, and the third option is two-player versus. Again, this is a very simple game. Just break the blocks behind the opponent and sneak the ball, or whatever this thing is. Pass your opponent to win a point. This game is great, not just because of the simple gameplay or the Hello Kitty characters, but the sound design is really satisfying and the sprite animation is great. Heck, even if you don't have kids, this one is a fun time. If you liked that game, here's another one that never left Japan. Hey, say Inu Monogatari Bo, Pop and Smash. This is kind of like a slightly more advanced version of Sanrio World Smash Ball. It's a larger playing field, there's more special moves, more weapons, and more power-ups and items. So it's a bit tougher, but it's still a good time. Again, it's all in Japanese, but the menu is laid out the same way as the previous game, with two-player versus being the third option. I just wanted to mention this one in case you wanted something like Sanrio World Smash Ball, but just more of it. Plus, this game has a bit of strategy to it that I enjoy. Now, when it comes to co-op platformers, it's easy to recommend the Donkey Kong Country games or Contra or whatever, but those games are pretty freaking tough. A more player-friendly game that's easier to get into is probably something like Kirby Superstar, especially the first part of the game, Spring Breeze, which is essentially just a streamlined remake of Kirby's Dream Land for Game Boy. Bear in mind, when you start this one, you start as just one player playing as Kirby. It's not until you absorb an enemy's power that you can press the A button and create the second player's character. Like I said, Spring Breeze is the natural starting point here. It's a short and easy-to-player game, but there's also stuff like Gourmet Race, which is just you racing King Dedede, and collecting food along the way. Easy enough. Kirby Superstar is one of the best games out there for young kids because it starts out really easy with an optional co-op mode for additional help, but there's challenge beneath those initial layers once you get into stuff like Milky Way Wishes and Revenge of the Meta Knight. Here's another Japan-only game, it's Doraemi Fantasy. This is one of my personal favorites I've found since I've started this channel project thing. It's a bare-bones straight-ahead platformer, but as you can see, it's got some inventive qualities to it where you blast through a layer of blocks riding a champagne cork or where you're traversing the inside of a cake. The soundtrack of this one is also unlike any other Super Nintendo game in that it's both atmospheric and oddly catchy. It's single-player, but it's still easy enough for kids to get the hang of pretty quickly, and it's a nice alternative of stuff like Yoshi's Island, where the game mechanics can be a bit trickier to get the hang of. Doraemi Fantasy was available on the Wii U Virtual Console before they took it down, so this is one you gotta try out any way you can. Like, say, adding it to your SNES Classic. Ah, what the hey, let's bring out another Japan-only game. This one is Crystal Beans from Dengen Explorer. It's a top-down action RPG that does require an English patch, but it's compatible with up to three players, and it's extremely player-friendly. B is your main attack, Y is your special attack, and you've got an unlimited amount of both. The shoulder buttons are your healing and magic potions, and when you die, you respawn in exactly the same spot, and you've got at least four lives with plenty of opportunities to get more. This is an easy recommendation for kids because the controls are player-friendly, and because it's an easier and more forgiving game. I should also mention Final Fantasy Mystic Quest. I know I'm gonna get a lot of pushback on this one. Some people feel that a game this simple insults their intelligence even as a kid, and some people may say, skip this and go play Chrono Trigger or Final Fantasy VI or whatever. But my thinking is, why start with the very best when you can only go downhill from there? Work your way up there. So you can appreciate the best games that much more. And Mystic Quest isn't a bad game, it's just really easy, and it's structured for people who are unfamiliar with RPGs.  So considering all that, I think Mystic Quest does its job reasonably well. I'll add one more game here just to pick out something less obvious than stuff like Mario World or Donkey Kong Country or whatever. And that's Super Adventure Island. This is another platform where its simple, straightforward nature really lends itself well for kids to get into, plus it's bright, colorful, and lively with a really cheerful soundtrack. The game is pretty much just run to the right and dodge and defeat enemies while grabbing food to keep the meter up top from running out. It's single player only, but it's a good time. And it's an easy enough game that it's not going to make your kid rage quit, at least maybe not too often. So yeah, I just thought I'd lay out a selection of less obvious games for those of you out there with young children that may be curious about older games. I think it goes without saying that you don't need some random guy in the internet to tell you what your kids should play or not play or whatever.  That's natural. But I just wanted to suggest some titles that were a little off the radar that are still kid-friendly. I want to thank you for watching and I hope you have a great rest of your Christmas.


Let us see some practical questions. Actually, we did have few items of balance sheets like non-current assets, current assets, current liabilities, non-current liabilities, cash, receivable, inventories and etc. These are the balance sheet items, not all total balance sheet but few of them. Then we have income statement also. In income statement again we have sales and all credit sales, no cash, cost of goods sold, gross profit, operating expense and profit. Now the ratios we need to calculate, number one, the current ratio. Let us see what are our current assets and current liabilities. We have to refer the balance sheet. Current assets are 3 million and current liability is 1 million. So, simply you divide current assets with current liability, so your ratio will come. Then you have a quick ratio. In a quick ratio, you have to do inventory minus with current assets. And look, if you do inventory minus 5 lakhs from current assets, then your balance sheet will be your quick assets and you have to divide it with current liability which is the same again. So, this will remain the same. See this, the cash and receivable and divide it to 1.5 or 2. Return on equity way, net profit divided by total equity. So, net profit in income statement and you take equity from balance sheet. Net profit 500,000 and divide it into equity which you have in balance sheet which is on the other hand equity 200 plus 500 that is 700,000. So, you divide and return on equity. See this. Net profit divided by total zero equity. So, zero stock holding period, these ratios simply is that you divide inventory with cost of goods sold and multiply it with 365. Or first you take inventory rate and then divide 365 with inventory rate. So, that will give you the figure 36.5 days. This means that you are selling the materials or the goods that you are getting in 36 days. Next is collection period. Again, state can be calculated that you divide accounts with net credit sales and multiply it with 365 days. So, this is 750 divided by 300,000. So, this is your 91 days. It is a very high figure. It depends on how much credit policy you have allowed. If it is, let us say 60 days. So, you are taking 31 days extra which is not recommended at all. Net profit margin is simple. You divide your profit of 500,000 from sales. So, that comes to 16.67%. It is reasonable because in the market, if your profit rate is running at 12% interest rate, then you are turning on 16.7%. So, that is still recommended. In debt equity ratio, divide non-current liabilities with equity. So, your total is 60% which is reasonable again. So, this is not a very dangerous thing. It is allowed up to 60%. It is more dangerous than that. We have already done sharing on earning. It is simple. Divide the profit from the number of shares. So, your figure will be 2.5 per share. Thank you very much.


This beautiful sculpture commemorates a naval battle between the Khmer and Champa empires. You might start to get nervous and check over your shoulder if you were looking at it in real life, as there are clearly some soldiers being eaten by local fauna. But the crocodiles tend to stay away from heavily populated areas. That's relief. In Cambodia, the area surrounding the ancient capital city of Angkor is littered with more than a thousand stone temples dedicated to both Hindu and Buddhist worship. The largest of which, Angkor Wat, is featured prominently on the country's flag. It's the biggest religious structure in the world, over one and a half million square meters in size, more stone than the pyramids at Giza, and everywhere you look, its massive pillars, walls, and doorways have been carved into impressively florid depictions of religious and historic figures. Many of the structures have collapsed, been buried, or overtaken by the encroaching jungle. But the locals who have lived in and around the temples since before UNESCO declared them a World Heritage Site, the Khmer, maintained that their ancestors never abandoned them. That despite the historic ups and downs of their people over the past 1200 years, the temples have always been part of their culture. It can be hard to imagine everything that has to work for a pre-industrial society to create these imposing structures, or how it might stop working. In episode 208, we described Richard Cook's model of how complex systems fail. A common metaphor asks us to imagine the layers of defense as slices of Swiss cheese. Stay with me here, where each individual layer will have a few holes, but failure only occurs when you have enough holes in enough slices, aligning at the same moment to reveal a clear path through those defenses, allowing the system to be damaged. Think of two-factor authentication. Your username and password might be hacked, your phone's text messages might be intercepted, but you're only in trouble if both happen at the same time. If you examine the history of societies like the former Khmer Empire, it's hard not to see parallels to the Swiss cheese model. Empires don't fall apart instantly whenever something goes wrong. They can usually lean on systems with extra capacity to cover for ones that are temporarily compromised. The army isn't strong enough to repel invaders on its own, so agricultural surplus is used to hire mercenaries. Some folks embrace a new-fangled Buddhist religion, but rather than fracturing the community along spiritual lines, previously unadorned walls of temples are repurposed with new deities, turning them into unifying, multi-denominational places of worship. Redundancy, surplus, accommodation, flexibility, and backups for the backups allowed the Khmer Empire to maintain and reproduce itself for centuries through all sorts of challenges, failures, and disasters. When the end came, it was not a dramatic third act climax, with barbarians sacking the capital or the toppling of columns. It was simply a long series of small setbacks in a hundred different places over hundreds of years, each of which eliminated one more set of tools for dealing with the other problems. Drought hampered food production. Plague limited manpower. Political infighting undercut faith in governance. Each event tied yet another hand behind the Khmer's backs. As these obstacles mounted, the people did what people always do to survive. They adapted. Some temples were deliberately toppled by locals ransacking them for building materials, or scavenging for tasty temple-dwelling critters. Others raided the structures for ornamental statues and other treasures to trade away to foreigners. No individual act was the one that ended the Khmer Empire, but at the conclusion of the 13th century, there were many beautiful stone ruins surrounded and inhabited by people who may have had a cultural, genealogical, and historic connection to them, but couldn't imagine building any themselves. I think summarizing that centuries-long fragmented story under a tidy name like The Fall of the Khmer Empire is a sort of coping mechanism. The truth is, there's no rubric or historic event horizon that separates the empire at the height of its power from modern-day Cambodia. Similarly, nobody actually witnessed anything like The Fall of Rome. No one stumbled into a big switch that said pyramids on one side and no pyramids on the other. In each case, these changes were precipitated by small, infrequent shifts and priorities that eventually made it slightly less pressing for the locals to keep some giant stone monuments in good condition. Time passed. Activities that were routine slowly became impractical or frivolous under new circumstances as people adapted to having fewer and fewer options. One day, dragging a 200-kilogram sandstone block 40 kilometers by elephant was unremarkable. The next day, it just didn't really seem like it was worth the effort. Maybe we'll take care of it tomorrow. Maybe it can wait until next year. Maybe never again. There's no way of knowing when a brief hiatus is actually a permanent one, and unless you want to drive yourself insane every time you see a pothole or read about a chip shortage, it's nice to imagine that there's some bright line separating the small interruptions from the big ones. Historians know better than anyone that calling that long series of unfortunate events the collapse is more about our desire for a tidy story than anything else. If any of a large chain of environmental or political contingencies had broken some other way, if the Khmer had caught a single lucky break or had slightly more room to maneuver, those temples might have been maintained in good condition until the present day. Speaking of the present day, most tourists try to get to anchor what pretty early, both to see the famous sunrise over the 65-meter godbedeck towers and to avoid the uncomfortable, sometimes hazardous heat that beats down later in the day. Thankfully, there was some cloud cover while I was visiting, so the hi was only 104 Fahrenheit or 40 degrees Celsius, a few degrees shy of the historic record there. The IPCC projects that Cambodians can expect temperatures to continue rising, bringing worse floods in wet seasons, droughts in dry seasons, and making it increasingly dangerous for the half of its population working in agriculture to do manual labor outside. The climate will also be an obstacle for the restoration efforts many countries are funding in and around Angkor, limiting how many hours their archaeological teams can spend each day carefully digging up and reassembling those beautifully carved blocks of stone. Fighting the slow-motion train crash of climate change can feel overwhelming. The institutions and cultural practices built around extracting, selling, and burning fossil fuels are, if you'll forgive me, well-oiled machines, and it often seems like they're casually rolling over any resistance. But while we shouldn't lose sight of a 100% sustainable future, we are not failing just because we haven't stopped them dead in their tracks. As with Cook's model of complex system failure, there's no grand singular change that could have guaranteed our future safety, even in principle. The only thing we could ever do was play the odds, shore up weaker failing systems, develop contingency plans and backups to keep vital processes running even if they take a hit. Anything to give future us the greatest number of options and as much time to exercise them as we can manage. Hoping we'll have enough cheese slices at any given time to keep things together. Even the smallest of victories, like delaying new oil infrastructure for a week or so with protests, gives us one more roll of the dice to find some way to adapt gracefully. Many of the Angkor temples are dedicated to the gods Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva, often taken to represent the acts of creation, maintenance, and destruction. Some Hindus assert that every entity in the universe contains all three processes simultaneously, existing in a continuous state of becoming, of persisting, and of ending. There's something in that to meditate on. Thank you very much for watching. And thank you for being so patient while I got this episode out. As you can see, I took a little vacation and also it's been pretty hectic around here as I pack up my apartment. Don't forget to blah, blah, subscribe, blah, share. And don't stop thunking.


What's going on everybody this is Giovanni from the options trading channel today is December 24 2020 Christmas Eve I hope everybody is having an amazing time with friends and family real quick before you guys get to opening up your presents and having dinner and hanging out with fabulous people around you guys I wanted to show you guys all of the trades that we made this past week one of the best trades we've ever had one of a couple not the best weekend but as you guys saw in the previous couple of videos we sold some Tesla calls we sold quite a bit of them and then we also sold some Netflix calls we made out like bandits this week let me break it down to you guys as you can see it December 17th we sold two of the 850s two of the 900s then five of the 900s two of the 850s and then the very next day on Friday I believe yep the 18 we sold 10 more Tesla $1,000 calls at 224 all together we ended up getting out very too soon but still we locked in pretty much you know 99 I would say 95% of profits as we lost maybe we paid or we left about $265 on the table on Tesla we bought all of them back we made plenty of money we made about 4,000 not about we did we made $4,755 just on Tesla and then on Netflix we actually ended up buying those back let me find so two three four five and then right here bought five of them back at 29 cents I should have waited but locked in $405 all together we made $5,160 on Tesla and Netflix and let me show you what we currently hold right now the PWR we were down we were down significantly over $1,000 I did end up buying two more calls let me see if I can show you those here we are I bought two more of the January 15 2021 $60 calls at 950 brought my average average just at just under $11 and we're not down on them actually we're not down on them period we're up $38 that is pretty cool oil oil we've been rolling over this is an ongoing long-term hold we've been rolling them over rolling them over rolling them over we got the February 2021 contract now we just rolled those over about a week ago I'm pretty sure I mentioned that in my last video but nonetheless I wanted to show you we are down $340 all together we have made about $22,000 on oil from most to least we've made the most on Tesla it just overtook it I'm sure I made this announcement in the last video I think either way we made the most on Tesla this year 17,638 Amazon coming in a close second just under 16,000 and then check this out oil oil and in square square has been one of our biggest gainers this year adobe oil netflix naked calls there xhb igv tan xlk oil apple sky spx most of these plays most of these plays are actually Chuck Hughes's plays again I'm still trying to work with them on hoping to get some sort of affiliate programming so I can give you guys a discount on their services I think they're amazing we're clearly making money off of their their plays yes you can see our Baidu naked calls we just got screwed just under $6,000 in losses paypal anss fdn uh docu sign oh my goodness I thought we actually made money on docu sign for the year and those those there you go there you have it folks we are up for the year now yes this is the year and we're just gonna call it what it is we are up $60,000 we've been basically trading for the last five months not the full $350,000 the full five months basically we've been trading with $350,000 for the last two months part possibly part of October all of November and all of December of course and those of course have have been our biggest months and yes we are up $60,000 this year year to date overall pretty awesome pretty exciting let's see what we can do I'm I'm assuming we're not gonna be trading the rest of the year we only have about a half a week left or a week left in this month in this year and we'll see what 2021 has to offer for us but I believe we're gonna take the rest of the year off I believe truly truly a hundred percent believe that I am one of the very few on YouTube really and truly with you know no there's no smoke screens here this is real life trading this is real absolutely real trading I don't make money off of YouTube at all I don't make money anywhere else other than my day job and actually trading the stock market you can see here we have $405,000 this has just been incredible amazing I'm actually showing you all of all of the things that we do but this is actual real life no smoke screens here I don't have a hidden agenda I'm not selling you anything I'm just purely showing you my trades basically for entertainment purposes every now and then I'll come and make a video on how to make you know automated trades and stuff like that show you a couple things here and there trying to make your trading better but ultimately guys I'm just here to show you guys my trades I don't might make money by your views I hope one day my YouTube channel just blow up but I'm just doing this more for fun than anything but here you go this is what you get what you see is what you get guys thank you everybody so much for watching my video I hope everybody has a merry and awesome Christmas I hope that everybody surrounds themselves with loved ones see you guys here on the very next trading video hoping it's a green trade see you guys later