Greetings, greetings from Dharmshala, India. Welcome to the seventh annual Generation Change Exchange with His Holiness, the 14th Dalai Lama. This exchange is a partnership between the Office of His Holiness and the United States Institute of Peace. During our two-day dialogue, His Holiness will engage with 26 young, amazing peace builders from 12 conflict-affected countries across Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America. I am David Yong, Vice President at the United States Institute of Peace for the Gandhi King Global Academy, which is, of course, named after Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Our Academy serves as a support for training for peace builders. I will be honored to serve as the moderator for the dialogues for the next two mornings. Your Holiness, thank you very much for your support, your continuing support of our exchange. For the last two years, we enjoyed virtual dialogues with you online. But of course, we're even happier and honored to be back with you in Dharamshala. This past week, we have experienced the cool monsoon showers, a double rainbow in the sky, and the beautiful clear views of the Himalayas. So thank you for hosting us. Our young leaders this past week have taken a course in leadership skills here in Dharamshala. That course has included an introduction to the art of storytelling, an art that we believe is key to leadership and key to peace building. Your Holiness, we consider you one of this era's great, spiritual leaders, and one of its most eloquent peace builders. We have been moved by your stories of hope, compassion, resilience, and peace. That is why our dialogue, your dialogue, with our young peace building leaders. In it, we want to share with you stories about how children of war can become leaders for peace. How children of war can become leaders for peace. Your Holiness, we have divided our stories into four themes, four spiritual dimensions of peace building, largely inspired by your teachings. So after you hear each set of stories, I will invite you to share your own reflections and your own wonderful stories. And then time permitting, our leaders have some questions for you about their spiritual leadership on peace building. So our four themes, your Holiness, will be, number one, belonging to a community, number two, compassion that you've so deeply taught us, number three, inner peace to be able to do our peace building work, and four, our passion for equality and justice that we share with you. So we will now start our first theme and then invite your reflections. Our first theme is on belonging. And we have six short sharings to present to you. And our first will be Kual. Thank you very much, David. Your Holiness, my name is Kual Aroh Kual, a former child soldier and a refugee from South Sudan. The journey of my life began in the year 2004 when the war in my country was at the peak. There were no men left in the village. I remember I hadn't seen, I never saw my father. There were all the terrified faces of women and children. And while the Civil War was happening, there were internal insurgencies. And my village was left vulnerable to attacks. So the chief in my village decided to communicate that every family that had two male children contribute one to be trained as a child soldier. In my family, I was contributed. And the memories of that are terrifying. I remember that moonlit night sitting under an acacia tree beside my dying friend watching helplessly. Those were terrifying experiences. Your Holiness, as a human, there is nothing I can do to undo what I've been through. But I have been reflecting lately now that I'm a father. What is this kind of world that I leave for my children? And this has been the toughest reflection I've had. And now I'm working with the former child soldiers on their first step of healing by giving them the space to share their stories so that they can contribute to a better world. I now work with the former child soldiers and the refugees in northern Uganda. That's my story, Your Holiness. Thank you, Ko. Ruby. Good morning, Your Holiness, and everyone. I'm Ruby. I'm from Syria. Today, I want to tell a story of power, the power that my family gave me. But it's not the power of money or status. It's the power of words. I grew up in a family that believed in equality between man and woman. Feminism was the core of my upbringing. But the thing is, my family did not even know what feminism is. What they knew is that men and women are equally capable, strong, and intelligent. Equality between man and woman is not the norm in my society. My family could not change the whole society. But what they could do is give me the power of their words. They reminded me each time, me and my twin brother, that we are equal in every single aspect. And they used their words to remind me that I can take any challenge and path I choose. Before every exam, before my swimming and chess competition, before I traveled abroad on my own, they used to tell me, you are strong. You are powerful. For 27 years, even now, every time I doubt myself, they tell me, you are strong. You are powerful.  But these are the words I needed to find my path of happiness and success. And now, these are the words that give me power to fight for other women and girls. They also keep me going to challenge system of inequality and injustice.  Thank you, Your Holiness. Thank you, Ruby. Adriana, please. Thank you, David. Good morning, Your Holiness. I am Adriana. I'm from Colombia. And my story is in 2019, when I am about to start a project with young people. You're cool, too. OK. Young people. No. Come on.  Young people deprive of the liberty and prison. I feel afraid, because I have been listening only bad news and comments about these young people. But as days go by, my feelings change. Because many times, I thought that vulnerability was bad. In my head, I thought that to be vulnerability was being big and cold war. And I thought that to be vulnerability was to be a victim. However, with the time and experience I have had in my life, in special with these young people, I realized that being vulnerable is to be human, to be strong, and to be brave. I just understood that these young people choose want only to be someone and to do something about their lives. And these young people want only opportunities for to grow up like me. And for this reason, I decided to be part of the solution and to be part of the young people who work for a better Colombia. Thank you. Thank you, Adriana. And then we have Okaash. Good morning, Your Holiness. My name is Mohamed Okaash. I'm from Somalia. 20 years ago, one night I was walking on a dark street to my home. It was the only street I could reach to home. Thank you, sir. I was walking on the street, I found two men with guns in front of me. It is the only way I could reach home. So as I was getting closer to them, I realized one of them was my former classmate who dropped out from school. It was a shocking moment for me. I couldn't know what to do. I took the risk and I passed the way. When I got closer to him, I said hi, and he said hi, he identified me. I was left safely and I reached home safely. And I started thinking, why you fellow young men are having guns around you? What is the future we look alike? Will you live in such an environment? I kept thinking and thinking and thinking. I made a decision. I was at a crossroad at my career. I did not know what to do after high school. So I decided to be an educator. I started my career as a teacher from primary school, secondary school, till at college. As time moves very fast, I teach the young people with employable skills and entrepreneurial skills so they can get jobs and start businesses. One day I was on the street. One of my students stopped me and he has a story to tell me. He said, I have a good news for you. And I asked, what is it? He was very happy. He said, I started a business and he sells a product around the market. His product is almost every shop. And he hired 20 young people. And that is the moment I felt I was contributing something valuable to my community. And that kept me moving to do everything that I do every day. And that is my way of building a peaceful and prosperous Somalia. Thank you, Okash. Moji. Your Holiness. My name is Moji Sola. I'm from Nigeria.  This is because my father and my mother had divorced when I was a child. As a child, I saw my mom sell a property. Sometimes she even has to borrow money from family and friends just for her to be able to take care of me and my siblings. And this was really so heartbreaking. As I grew up more, I realized that the challenges that my mother faced is not just limited to her.  I also realized that the stigmatization and the marginalization that women face in society affect the quality of their contribution to society and it's also affect their mental health. For my mom, she was really lonely because people thought that she's a bad example because in my culture, a woman is not expected to live her husband's house. To make things worse, my mom was living in a society that is affected by terrorism, kidnapping and social violence. I started to ask myself, what can I do to make change? This provoked me in 2018 to start a community initiative that supports women, particularly women from disadvantaged homes like me. And I began to ask myself, how can I help women to find their voice, to be able to use their voice to make change and break stereotypes? Your holiness, today I'm happy to tell you that I have created a safe space for young women which I call the Peace Club. And Children's Peace Club, I'm able to bring young women together, to be able to empower each other, to support each other, to share and learn with each other. My Peace Club is now in three communities and I have over 50 young women there. This is how I'm making impact in my community. Thank you, your holiness. Thank you very much, Moji, for your powerful story and your powerful work. Your Holiness, we have one more story about belonging. We'll invite your thoughts. This is Leonardo. Your Holiness, good morning. It was a sunny morning, 9 a.m., a room full of kids around me, 20 of them, and then the bell to go to the ring. And everyone left that room, including the teacher. But I was the only one who stayed in that room. And I was looking at a blank wall in front of me. And I was wondering in my mind, why did they all left? Why am I the only one who is here? At that point, I realized what it's like to be left behind. What it's like to not be part of a group. What it's like to feel that you don't belong. But I also realized it is not just me. This is a reality that many people in my country face. They feel that the government is not taking care of them. They feel that they're not part of that larger society. 20 years later, I'm looking at a blank page. And this time, it's a blank page full of hope. And here in this blank page, we wrote letters to the ex-combatants in our country who were coming back to society after war to welcome them, to give them a new opportunity to be part of our community. We exchanged more than 7,000 letters. And with this process, we believe that if we give each one a second chance, if we can create a society and a community where each one feels that they can belong, we can bring reconciliation to our nation. Thank you. Thank you, Leonardo. How are you? Colombia. Colombia. Colombia. Yes. Thank you to our young leaders for their stories, your holiness. So you've heard these six stories of how war can damage the families from our six leaders, how it has created in them both sadness, quail leaving his family, and O'Cash being threatened by an armed classmate, and Moji's very sad story of discrimination against her mother. But yet in all the stories, there's stories of resilience as well.  I've loved your stories about your mother. And despite your becoming Dalai Lama at the age of four, despite your exile, the love of your mother continues in your heart and provides you great strength if you could reflect on what you've heard and your own search for belonging in your leadership. Good. Good. You serve yourself. Humanity in this planet. Because, you see, human population much increase at the society, economy, education. These are little, I may say, corrupted, not very equal. So now, whether we accept these difficult, unfair situation, accept or not, it is reality. Now we have to work this unhealthy world. We must make effort to create healthy world and happy humanity. You see, distinction, different race, different nation, different color, different religion, these are secondary. We really think have to, say, make effort. Entire humanity on this planet, we all have equal rights. I always say, we all come from our mother. When we were young, taking mother's milk, we are equal. I don't think different nation with different color. I don't think as long as a born mother take care and sucking mother's milk. Mother's side, immense affection and our self also totally relying on mother. That's we all human being. You see, when our life start, same way. Now, I always say, feel. Now we must make effort to promote human, home-hearted feeling. The Hindi, Karuna, compassion. Young age as a human being, as a sort of community or group. So at the young age, no discrimination, rich or poor, or what color, what religion, what nationality, we all feel same, play together. Then we join education. And education, now frankly speaking, the, I mean, a thousand year old sort of education, analyze things and how to work the actual circumstances. But then we share, and also many Africans. So the Western imperialist brought modern education. Modern education, I love modern education. However, modern education very much oriented about material value, not much talk about inner value. So now I feel, even my own lifetime, First World War, Second World War, and a lot of killing. All these, you see, through education, too much distinction. We, a day, not much sort of thinking, we are same human being. We have to live together. Now, time come in our education. We should insist entire seven billion human being. We are same human brothers, sisters. We have to live together on this planet. There is no proper ground to say, or European, or Asian, African. You see, no sound sort of basis. We all, two eyes, one nose, one mouth. If someone, three eyes, then I surprise. Otherwise, we all same, exactly same. I think if you go detail about our brain, same. So now, population increasing. And climate condition also sometimes, you see, create a problem. So now, seven billion human being, we have to live together with sense of, with strong sense of brotherhood, sisterhood. We are same human being. So on the division, on the basis of color, basis of different nationality, and also even using differences of religion. These are, I think, no proper reason. Religion, personal business, personal matter, when we're born, no particular religion. Then through modern education, then in a distinction, your race, your nation, your religion create more complication. Now time come, we have to insist all seven billion human being, we are same. We born same way with mother.  So, and then most important, we human being, when we born, mothers take care, affection or compassion. At the time of dying, also you surrounded with people who really show you genuine warm feeling, the dying person much happier. Or say, too much ceremony thing, it's not much effect. Important is surrounding people who really show you genuine love. I told the former Indian, I told him when, of course, I will live another 15, 20 years, there's no question. But at the time, when I dying, I prefer in India, surrounded with people who really show you love. Not artificial something, if I dying, surrounded with Chinese officials, too much artificial. So, I much prefer dying this country, free, democracy, open. So, when we born, no ceremony, at the time of death, no need ceremony, surrounded by trusted friend, who really show you genuine feeling. And then during lifetime, freedom very important.  And always raise the question, why, why, why, why, why? That's very useful. And in order to fully develop question, why, why, why, you need freedom. Just one political system, not allow many different views, just one view. It's actually the spoiling human brain. Our brain very sophisticated think many thing and a lot of questions. So, totalitarian system, very bad. Each individual should have complete freedom, thinking and raise a lot of question, why, why, why, why? I think in India, over thousand year, you see the question of why, that really help development of Indian different spirituality and different culture. So in order to fully utilize human brain, we need complete freedom. So now, I spent few years in Tibet. The Chinese communist just only allowed to think about their own communism system, not allowed other things. It is wrong. Now look China itself, number of Chinese who really showing interest about Buddhism, about my talk. So the people, as a human being, they also need genuine freedom to think, to listen. I think if you use, as an except creator, the creator creates two ears. So listen this side, listen this side. So different sort of views, different concept, very helpful to learn. Then each individual's own brain judging, may I say so, even religion, your family, your community belongs certain religion. But after you born and gradually you have right to investigate and whether you remain a non-believer up to you, your family, very religious minded, but yourself and thinking, thinking, thinking. Then more, I'll say, atheist, okay. But so long, we as a member of human society, nobody can escape from human compassion. Religion is something different. But basically we all should have warm feeling because in order to use, survive your human community's help or your life, very much depend on the community. So close feeling, truly sense of human brother, sisters. So now warm heartedness here, it automatically bring inner peace, more affectionate minded people there, then no basis to grow fear. So fear, very bad for mental state, fear or then also fear or very often develop anger. Anger very bad for our health, even our sleep, too much anger, you can't sleep without anger, more warm hearted feeling, the sound sleep. I always sound sleep, eight hours, nine hours sleep.  So without anger, more compassionate, more warm hearted, then you get inner peace, with inner peace, even food, more taste, full of anger, even food, not much good taste. So we human being, we have this sophisticated mind. So our life whether become happy life or not, much depend on this emotion, this is not question of religious thing, simply in order to carry peaceful life, happy life, day and night, and whenever you meet people, always smile as a human brother, sister, no use to show that. So I myself, I practice compassion on the basis of entire human being on this planet, actually our brother, sisters. So different color, different nationality, different sort of faith, these are secondary. Basically as I mentioned earlier, we are same human face, human being. So with that feeling, wherever I go, I always feel very happy. I always smile, as I already mentioned, if someone, you see teeth, something like tiger, something and different eye, then I feel difficult. But basically we are same human being. Then more important, we have to live together on this planet. On the differences of nationality, religion, color, these are secondary. The past concept now no longer relevant, world population increasing and climate also now unpredictable. So now remaining we human being, we have to live happily, side by side. Sense of brotherhood, sisterhood. I'm like this, dressed, Buddhist monk. But basically I'm human being, same. So oneness of human being, I feel that is important. Wherever I go, I always talk, we are same. Entire human being, we are human brother, sisters. Okay. Your Holiness. Now some questions? Yes. Some argument. Okay, I'm going to call on Ruby first. Please Ruby. Yes. Thank you, Holiness, for your inspiring words. I have a question. You mentioned many challenges, such as the increase in population and climate change. So to you, what is a good leader that can lead us in what is coming in the future? Basically principle, democracy, best, and a leader through election. I think people also should have better education than can judge. But when election takes place, use pocket money is also not very good. And then of course, you see by force, no useful. So genuinely complete freedom, then choose very good. Thank you. Call, please. Thank you very much, your Holiness. It's a very deep learning for me. My question has always been in regards to what I do. Sometimes I'm very angry and you mention anger about the slow pace, the things are moving. I feel like I do a lot, but there is no impact. I don't see a lot of impact. So how do I prevent myself from this deep anger and how do I prevent myself from getting burned out, like overworking myself in this situation? When some situation, some people create which causing you anger, but then investigate, investigate whether these people voluntarily doing this or some other reason, some other pressure. And then also, you see, unhealthy activities mainly due to short sighted, not taking long run consequences. So emotional level, anger is very short sighted. Without anger, then use human intelligence, analyze, analyze and look more holistic way Then you see the reality of anger not seeing holistic, only the particular spot. So that is, I may say, uncivilized people. Then you see anger almost normal, but we, some education, some knowledge about happiness and happy family, happy community, you see, our view should be more wider perspective. And long term, so thinking, very important. I believe we humanity, very nature from birth, affection, compassion there. So we live among humanity. So little, little obstacle come. That may be some temporary causes. Long run, I believe we human being, we are one of social animal who have more sense. Therefore little, little problem happen due to certain circumstances, but basically no way to lose our faith to humanity, to human birth of sisters. And some of these are the problem, we can, we tell people through media and can change these things, should not let out anger and killing, no use. I really feel the time of gun out to date it. Now in my lifetime, as I briefly mentioned, First World War, Second World War, during my lifetime, how many people killed by weapon? And then when I was seeing these soldier with carrying gun, they carry these work not voluntarily, but order, whether king or queen or warlord. That is now out to date it. We each individual, we should have full freedom, thinking. Your Holiness, you spread love and compassion online, and Moji has a question about the opposite of that. In her generation, many, please Moji. Yeah. I would like to ask also that we are born as man and woman, and then how can we live together? Because we also see that in this world, women also are marginalized. How can we begin to... How? How? Marginalized. Yeah. So how can love be between man and woman? Such that they are being treated equally and fairly together. Whether there is creator or not, men need women, women need men. So the human nature, frankly speaking, women serve sort of physical condition which produce child and milk. And father, or suppose in different family. So we should think the nature process. Sometimes we, human being, particularly human leader, too much sort of sophisticated mind. So it's a control, basic human nature. How? Challenger. Challenger. D, D, D, D. Your Holiness, thank you for your reflections. And before we move on to the next theme, our second theme, I want to reflect that the love... No. Stronger. Hunger. No differences between men and women. We all same.  You heard Ruby talk about her mother and her father. You heard Moji talk about the strength of her mother. Ruby's parents mantra rings in my ears. You are strong. You are powerful. So before we move on, I'd love to ask you to share your stories about your mother. I remember your story about your writing on your mother's shoulders and could you please share some of your memories of your mother? I come from a small village. So the whole situation, more human nature. So a mother takes care of her children. At that time, no nursery or like that, mother takes. And my mother take care on mother's shoulder. And sometimes I control my mother's direction. I hold my mother's to ear. So no mission, just human. I think that way of life really create life very close to our nature. And missions or gradually or our life in a way become much easier. But in a way of very human way of thinking, a little bit distance. So tea, tea, tea. Thank you, your Holiness. So I think we're going to move now and bring the second group. So please bring your tea with you. Thank you to our first group of storytellers. Oh, sorry. Important thing is we should have strong feeling oneness of seven billion human being. We are same. We have to live together. So due to little, little differences fighting among humanity and produce weapon to kill human brothers and sisters, it's totally wrong how to date it. Now we must build a real peaceful world with all human beings. Same human being. So we have to live together. And different color, even you want to marry different color, okay. So now absolutely we should have freedom and the thinking of more nature mind, not artificial thinking. Okay. Thank you. So our next theme, our next spiritual dimension of leadership and peace building, we believe is one of your favorite topics, compassion. So we have six more leaders to share their stories about compassion in their young lives and in their new leadership. So we're going to start first with my good friend, Sebastian. Good morning, Your Holiness. My name is Sebastian. I'm from Colombia. And this is the best. From Colombia. Colombia, yes. This is the best day of my life, by the way. It was April in 2017. I was in this little village in the middle of the jungle that was created for the peace process in Colombia to gather the guerrilla. There was a little cabin, poorly constructed, and inside there these guys were making tattoos. I get inside because I really want to get one, and I remember there was an ex-combatant were laid in a bed making these tattoos, and he was laughing and making jokes with his friends about how they used to took villages, like the one that I was growing, in which I grew up. I remember just right there that my family was violent displaced from people like him. We escaped to Bogota, and my father actually had to take care of the family. He was younger than me right now. He started selling drugs. He ended up in prison, and that was like five years. After those five years, we were walking, actually, in some streets in Bogota, and he was chotted to death. It was a hard time.  I know it's really bad. This little girl comes inside the cabin, crawling, reached the bed, and this ex-combatant took her from the ground, and hugged her tightly, and that day changed my life, actually. That day really changed my life, and I have been working, but the thing about this, the real important thing here, is that this is not about our revenge, this is not about us, as people that have been experiencing violence in any way, this is about the next generations, and I think that that's why we are working, and that's why all of my brothers and sisters are here. Thank you, your holiness. Thank you, your spastry. And our next leader is Helina. Good morning, your holiness. My name is Helina Fesaha, I'm from Ethiopia. I work in humanitarian organization towards emergency response for the internally displaced people, which is internally displaced in my country, which is now commenting in my country. So every time I work in emergency response, I feel two-sidedness. The one side is like, I'm hopeful for these people, I'm here to help the people which are in need, and in the other side, I feel so heartbroken because I saw a woman, a mother, with her children without no food to feed her children, and I saw a father with his children without no shelter to live in, and I saw many of the people flee from their original placement to the place where they never even know where they are moving. So in this part, I realize and I see to understand where is my place for me to change. And in my childhood, I grew up in a church where I know how to respect people, where I learned how to respect and how to love others in friends, family, and the society. So what I believe is for us to start change, our religious leaders in our institution, wherever of any kind of a religion it might be, but it's so helpful for us to make unity for us to feel some humanity. So thank you. Thank you. I really feel wonderful, the spirit of the European Union, France, Germany, many decades of the enemy killing each other, but then under the leadership of Adana Decode, you see, eventually they developed the European Union, through many decades killing each other, consider enemy, enemy, but that completely changed. Now whole European Union, no military forces and no record ever member state killing each other is not just a theory, it actually happened. So now thinking, some time back on occasion, some scientists want to examine my brain. I didn't accept, but actually my mind, my brain, quite peaceful. I train on daily practice, atroism. So my brain quite sort of was a peaceful sound that directly effect my sleep and also digestion. Much fear, much anger, that even digestion leave it difficult, isn't it? So peace of mind, I think you cannot buy peace of mind from shops or produce from factories, but yourself, mother give you this brain, and mother take maximum care with affection. So you yourself, more compassionate mind, thinking that way, not expensive, but most beneficial. Thank you, your Holiness. Now we turn to Ana. Hello, your Holiness. I am Ana, I am from Venezuela, and what I'm going to tell you is about a really meaningful time that I experienced, that thinking of what is compassion to me. In 2017, I remember I was in my university and I had my backpack with books and with a tear gas mask. We had been protesting Venezuelan youth for over 90 days with more than 100 killings of young people by the arms of the government and the military forces. All of us students went downhill to protest and it was normal to us in all of those 90 days. But I remember when I saw the tanks of the National Guard, I felt so angry, so so angry, and I thought about everything that had happened in those 90 days. I was holding a shield that had painted on it. I fight for my family to come back home. The Venezuelan crisis have taken around 6 million people that are now living in other countries. I went downhill with this shield and I found myself only with a barrier of wood between me and the armed forces. I was paralyzed and I found myself completely alone and I felt


So that's, we're almost at a wrap. That's 20 years of scale, 21, so I don't know, you know, we were all, we had a break in 2021 with COVID, which I know we're all excited to be out of the house again. 2022, we had to take a little bit of step back, go back to a summer event at the Hilton LAX, which is a great venue, just doesn't fit all you all in the room like we can here. So we're excited to be back to our home in Pasadena. But, you know, we're, we've spent a lot of time this week in our keynotes and in our sessions talking a little bit about the history of our community, of the software that we use, of the relationships we built, how we got to where we are today. Ken, I think we'll continue a little bit of that, Ken Thompson will continue a little bit of that story for us. But wanted to go back a little bit, just a second, look back at scale history. This is about 21 years ago. I had much less hair, I guess, although I'm going to get back to that amount of hair at some point, I imagine starting to go. But yeah, almost everybody that's in this picture is still here in scale in some way or another and you probably see them in the halls, might even be in this room, I can't see you among the crowd, but that's scale one over at USC. So it says November 2nd, 2002. So a lot of the, it's been interesting watching the industry change over the years, logos come and go, speakers come and go, but loved welcoming the community back every year and making new friends, so. With that, I also wanted to take a moment, how many of you folks have noticed the new artwork around scale this year, some of the new designs? So this is, what's interesting, the interesting thing about all these new graphics that we've got this year we've been done 100% with free and open source software using projects like Inkscape. The program that you've got, that you have in your hands was developed using Scribis for the page layout and the printing, everything end to end, and that's the very hard work of two gentlemen that are not here, they did all of this work for the last eight months on all these designs and then they, even though they couldn't make the scale, so wanted to do a big shout out for Chris Rogers and Josh Annler, and I think they're watching the live stream, but they just unfortunately couldn't make it out to LA this week. So, and those are just two of the probably 100 some odd volunteers, maybe even more that make scale happen year round. So if this is an event that you're enjoying, that you think that you'd like to see continue to happen, please do reach out after the show. We're always looking for more hands for next year and it could be something as simple as, you know, ushering people into the room and helping them find seats to helping us with the graphics, to helping us with the network, the program selection, all of that. As we know from our open source communities and our free software communities, many hands make for light work and, you know, this is not, this event wouldn't be possible without those volunteers and without the community that helps make scale happen. So thank you. So yeah, please do. It's just info at SoCal Linux Expo or click the volunteer link on our website. You too can help make scale 21 even better next year scale can drink, I guess. So before we get on to the rest of this, I know there's quite a few of you went through and did that Expo Hall passport program. Not that many of you got all the answers right. Although I did find, as I'm looking at these, I realized that some of the questions have the answers in them. So if you missed those, I'm a little disappointed. It's like not getting your name right, not getting the points for your name at the top of the SATs, I think, but yeah. So we've had a couple of really cool prizes here. The first is I've got a couple of backpacks here from really nice backpacks here from the Bitwarden team. How many folks know are using Bitwarden for keeping their passwords secure? So these are some really amazing Belray bags, entirely leatherless, but seem like they're amazing quality, lots of pockets and such. And so you do have to be present to win these, but is there a Shanglin Chen in the room? Come on up for a second. There's yours. So thank you to the Bitwarden team for that. Hang around, I think we're going to do a picture of all the winners in just a second, if you don't mind. Yeah, just stay for a second. Sam Coleman, man, Sam is the luckiest, either the hardest working Expo passport person alive or the hardest working or both. Sam, where are you? Sam, last year, won a laptop. Sorry, whoever wants, if you want to win this prize next year, you just got to follow Sam around and write down his answers, cheat off of him. That's, he must have gotten, is there a PhD in conference swag or education or maybe? Okay. And then I got one more for, there's no last name on this, you can't, I don't, I'm sure we're gonna have to, sorry. Eric Lawrence. So thanks, Eric. Awesome, enjoy. And he was working hard. I think he came back like three or four times, like I know they're not on the Expo floor, they're not there. I was like, can I get some hints? And so, yeah, no worries. No worries, we're very appreciative of our sponsors, but they also had talks and other things. So yeah, that's, anyways, congrats. So for our final prize, I want to call up Kyle just for a second. And if those of you that don't know Kyle, he gives, he's been giving talks at scale for many years. He's also the president at Purism. Some might say his talks are explosive. But before we call out the winners of the prize, would you mind just telling us really quick, maybe just in a couple seconds what they're winning and why it's awesome? Sure, yeah. So no explosions this year compared to last year, which is great, just a giant Sean head in my talk, but other than that, no unusual things. Yeah, what they're winning is a Purism Libram 5 USA phone, which is made in USA Electronics. It's, we made a design to phone from the ground up to run free software. It runs 100% free software Linux distribution, Pure OS and a laptop kit. And so you can dock your phone to this laptop dock and it turns it into a laptop. It's what I've been using for my personal laptop for like two years now. Instead of a personal laptop, I have my phone and then when I wanna type a long email, I dock it and it's a laptop. That's what they're getting. This is what, like a $2,000 phone, if I recall correctly, plus the dock. So this is the grand prize. And so I hope this person is here.   Cool, so congratulations. And I did promise the Purism folks that there would be a picture of you with the prize winners. So why don't we just do a quick shot here for Peter and the team? So thank you. Awesome. Thanks everybody. Hopefully your seats are still there. I think you might have won prizes, but you might have lost your seats. And that's, I mean, honestly, that's one of the things I love about our community. We have folks coming back year after year and even as their role changed or their interests changed or their focus has changed, they're back here to keep sharing with us. I think Kyle, what was it, skill 11? You were our keynote speaker about 3D printing and spoken about everything from security to electronics to privacy to, again, 3D printing. So it's great to have folks back year after year. Awesome, so let's transition here. We've got, as I mentioned, we've got Ken Thompson joining us and I feel like I don't have to make an introduction because you've packed the room already and you're already fighting over seats to get to know him. But this is one of my favorite parts. I mean, my favorite part of skills, I get to see all of you every year and have this reunion with our, you know, 3,000 or so closest friends and family and do that. And so we missed that when we had to take a break. But the second favorite piece is I get to meet every year as I get to meet somebody that's really just helped enable something foundational in our industry that people that are, whether it's new legends or old legends and Ken Thompson's definitely one of those. He's, like I said, got a long resume that he'll talk with us about today but everything from creating Unix to, or co-creating Unix to being part of UTF-8, Plan 9, Go Lang, how many folks are developing in Go Lang these days? I think I saw a headline this morning that it's up in the top 10 languages being for new software development right now. So that's obviously lots of impactful work. But Ken, why don't you come join us on stage and share the story in your own words? Thank you. Apologies. Can I take half the stage here? Of course. Half of the stage. And then you have your clicker right here. Okay. If you'd like, if not, just forward back. Awesome. So without further ado, I give you Ken Thompson. Thanks again for, he's just close to the speaker. Thanks again to everybody. Well thank you everybody. I don't do this often or much and it scares the hell out of me when I do. So bear with me on stage fright. This is my first slide. Now, it's not a normal first slide. Normally there's a title and a person, things like that, where I live, where I work, whatever. So I had a running title of my 75-year project. This is a project I worked on for 75 years. Now, if you subtract 75 from 20, 23, you get 1940 something. And that's thus the date of the slide. Now, every project starts with financing. And so this is the horse fund. The horse fund is the financing for this project. So anyway, I went on and built the rest of the slide, the rest of the project. And I came back to the front slide, and I was going to fill it in. And right now, this is a draft. And I realized that this is the first draft of the first Google slide I have ever made. And I didn't want to destroy it. So this is the slide. And now, I guess I'll start the talk and tell you what the horse fund is. The horse fund is, of course, the financing of my project. Now, it starts, I'm not that old. But it starts when I was in elementary school or even preschool. And my family, and I guess many families are even most families, when there was a family gathering, they'd give the little kids a present or something like that. And in our family, it was always a dollar. You got a dollar. And I guess it was payola for going to the family reunions or whatever they were. So I have an older brother and a yet older sister who would get this money. And now, my sister was hand to mouth. And the money barely made it to the store. How many of you know the Stanford Marshmallow experiment? OK, well, she was a failure. She was by far the number one poster child. All right, so, and my brother saved for a horse. He was a horse fiend and wanted to buy a horse and ride a horse and everything. So it got the name of a horse fund. And I got money, too, and I called mine a horse fund, too, even though I didn't care about horses at all. Now, these are us. And this is my brother at 14 when he cashed his horse fund in for this car right behind there. That's his horse. And this is Texas. So you could get a license and a car at 14. And he did. And that's my sister, and that's me. I'm trying to figure out which way to go. It's not working. Put it down. Aha, wrong way. OK, now this is my horse. I bought one of the first commercially available tape recorders ever produced. It cost me $127. And that is times about 11 and 1 half cost of living adjustment, whatever you call those things. And I loved it. I took it everywhere. And I was 14 at the time. Complete with spare wheels and tape splicing kits and it comes in around 30 pounds. And so it's technically portable. It does have a handle, but not that portable. Now, I took it to everything, absolutely everything. I'm going to go the right direction again. Yes, I took it to everything. I recorded everything, mostly I recorded music. But I was in a small band, and there was three of us. Calling that a band is probably a huge exaggeration. And it was the voice of a robot I built. Here's my robot if I can get it. There, that's me and my robot. And it was the voice of my robot. And it was also the remote control. It had remote control, but it was real time. You had to push a button to get it to do something. And it was the sequencing of the remote control so you could follow a track. And stuff like that. So that's that part. Now, time goes on. We're in 1982. I used that tape recorder probably 10 years, 15 years. I mean, it was used. In 1982, CDs came out. And in particular, there was a Time Life Best of Year series that came out. And I was just utterly impressed with CDs. I learned how they work and the lasers for them. And it was just fascinating. But mainly, I was well into computers by this time. And I did the calculation. And if you multiply two bytes per sample times stereo mono 2 times 44.1 k, which is the number of samples per second, times 360, 3,600, which is the number of seconds in an hour, you come up with 600, which is about the size of a CD in an hour, maybe more.  And I was just drooling for that because that was orders of magnitude over whatever you could use, whatever you do. So I was particularly interested in that. One of these days, I'll get the right one. All right, so anyway, this is an example of the particular CD that I was very interested in at the time. It was 1957, all the best music of 1957. I thought that would be a great thing to do to collect all the music of 57 rather than the 10 or 12 that were on this CD. Now, I know I'm on the right one. I give. I'll go back first. It's my fault, which is the button. OK, right, I got you. OK, now, I don't know, space up here. All right, in 1985, this is an adjacent department called the Acoustic Department at Bell Laboratories. It was a sister department to ours, and they were into audio for various reasons, all sorts of audio. But mainly, a guy named JJ Johnson did an encoding called PAC for Perceptual Audio Encoding. And it was based on a model of the ear. And it had one knob on it that's how close the compressed code would be to the model of the ear. And so the better you made the model, the more accurate it was to not making mistakes and things like that. It was actually very good. It predated MP3 by half a dozen years there. And it was actually very, very good. The speedometer on it for how many bits it had to take to do whatever it was expected to do was rated in dB. So it was an exponential scale away from the ear. Sorry, I'm just trying to decide whether I'm going to push down the thing for a second. OK, now I wanted to use it. And so I got Buddy Buddy with the designers of this. And I found an old design for an old modified DSP. Anyway, I had it redesigned by a guy, Skyler Quackenbush, and built a board. No computer in those days could decode in real time, or MP3, but it wasn't there, so it's OK. And they especially couldn't encode in real time. But you could encode in the background, take the data, MP3 pack, and then come out. And so this DSP was fast enough to do the job. And I had an audio section put on it so it can make noise. And then a general purpose bus, a SCSI bus to connect. OK, this is a picture of it. It's in, and most of the incarnations of this were in what you would call today a external box for a CD or a disc or something that you'd put next to your computer. And it used the power supply. This is an external CD drive replaced with a pack card. It stole the power for the CD drive.  But it's that back panel card. There's the card up in the upper, upper, right home, the cable. And that cable goes from there to whatever you're connecting. And this is a SCSI disc that's being emulated by a 1G, a monster 1G RAM. So anyway, that's just one incarnation. But there were many, many incarnations of this thing. There was one that had a 3 and 1 half inch floppy and a drive. And you'd walk up, and a floppy was just about the size of a song. It was 1 and 1 half megabytes, which is just about any coded song at good quality. You'd plug it in, it would play the song, and then spit it out. And you'd just go through a pack of 3 and 1 half discs and plug it in play. So it was like a digital record, in fact, is what it was. So this was my digital tape recorder. And it brought me back memories of my old tape recorder. And I got Bell Labs to buy a CD burner. It was one of the very, very, very, very first. It cost $20,000. Those are different dollars than you think now. Because MSSP is a mistake. It's supposed to be SMP, sorry. It's a multiprocessor. Bell Labs had ordered a multiprocessor for evaluation. And it sat around for months and months, and nobody really liked it. So it was going to be evaluated no. And we tried to find the manufacturer, and they went out of business, and they didn't have a phone number, they didn't have a person. So it just sat there for years, actually. And the multiprocessor was fast enough to do the decoding. So I bought two really, really, really fast CD rippers, and put them on this thing and ask everybody in all of Bell Labs to come in and just stick their CD collection into the hole. And I sucked it up, put it down, and then throw away the dupes and things like that, then tried to find out what they were, tried to label them. And then everybody started getting worried about copyright, little things like that. So I took it to the legal department, and they passed on it. I was very surprised, but I wasn't going to question them. There are several exception clauses in the copyright, and one of them is research. And this is a research instituting, doing research on audio so I can steal CDs, right? Next step, next step, OK. This is, remember, 75 years. There was a magazine called Billboard, and it was the audio record music rag. I don't know, it was everything. And in it, every week, it was weekly, every week was a top 100 most popular songs of the day, right? And anyway, I got looking at it, and I said, well, I have a bunch of 57 songs from that first CD I showed you. Let's see what we can do. I'll take all of 1957, see if I can get it, right? So I went off, and this is a page out of a 1957 week of Billboard magazine. And it goes on, it's got top 100, but it's multiple pages, things like that. So anyway, I sat down and I typed in, I got a hold of copies of 50 Billboard magazines, and I'm just up here to prove that I'm crazy. And typed them all in and made beautiful metadata of the records. All the artists were spelled correctly, all the titles were spelled correctly, all of that. I shouldn't say this, but I had good secretary help with that day. And so I got the year, and I called it the list, right? Teal, the list. I want to just abbreviate here. So this is the start of the list. It was all of the 1957 CDs, but it was no more. I didn't expand it, right? I mean, it was a finite thing. And then I went out to try to find those finite records songs. And at that time, all these CDs were very popular, so you could pull them in and you'd get, there'd be like 15 songs on it, and there'd be seven of them on the list. So that was a hit. But then you'd buy 45 records, which were still very popular, and digitize them and put them on. But then you'd have to buy one CD to get one song. So it went on. It was kind of, OK, I would end up with songs in the list and then other songs I got because they came that weren't in the list. And that was kind of a trash list that I kept. So I had two things of songs, one with very good metadata and one just a pile, just a heap, which went with the songs that I gripped from the. Anyway, after I got to where it was hard to get us another song, I counted them up and I got about 80% of the 1957 songs. And I called that a success. And I was done. I had 1957 all in pack, all implemented various implementations of this box. And I was done, right? But it needed input.  So anyway, I was in Tom's River, New Jersey at some street fair and there were two AMI rebotes. I won't quite tell you what they are yet. For sale, no guarantees, buy them, walk away, that's it. I bought one and, of course, I should have bought two. And this is it. It's the thing that goes on 50 diners, jute box, tables, and you push the buttons and it goes in. And it's got 10 pages. Those are the, I'm supposed to have a laser here. Right there, there's 10 pages. And you sweep those from left to right and it changes the titles. And then it's got 20 buttons. So it's 200 songs. And to be honest, AMI killed Whirlitzer, which was the one button one song jute box because they could put 200, you know, anyway, that's a side.   All right, then a very, very bad thing happened. I named Joel Whitburn in a company called Audio Research, or something like that, made a book of billboards, same book I used, same magazine I use, of all of them from 1955, and that's a typo, that's 59. All right, and so I just couldn't pass it up. That's his thing, right? So I sat down and typed in 55, 56, 58, 59, okay, right? And put them in, added them to the list, started looking for CDs again. And anyway, when that list was done, I got about 75%. I didn't work as hard. I didn't work as hard as I could have.  Now, to be true, this is still in the 80s, and the last decade book didn't come out until 1990, you know, 1991, or 2000, right, after that decade. So I actually had to wait for the last one, but he published his first three instantly, and he wiped me out for weeks and weeks and weeks. So far, everything is in PAC, and I'd been testing music and songs and things. PAC was being sold or attempted to be licensed by AT&T at this point. And it was going into these audio testing suites, right, where they have these guys called golden ears, as their name. And what they are are people who can hear everything about a song, all the nuances about a song. And they come in, they say, that's good, that's bad, that's good, that's bad. And the winner wins something, right? And PAC was selected for three projects, right? One was FM Digital Audio, which never came about. They never passed the FAA thing. It was just never made a thing, made into a thing, although we were ready for it. The second was Cirrus XM, a download of, you know, probably 90% of you know it. Anyway, it's still using PAC, probably the only installation of PAC. I think it has. There's no way you can look and ask them what your protocol is. But it started off as PAC. And anyway, so I had four songs that I considered to be an expert on these four songs, that I heard all the, I knew these songs. I mean, I knew them because I played them probably 50 times a day in debugging everything, all of this, everything we've done now. And this is how many years? We started out about 85. So this is 15, you know, this is a lot of years. And I knew these four songs. And I could tell when I couldn't differentiate the song from the original. And when that happened, I would call it transparent. That's a technical term, which is my subjective version of I can't tell the difference. And for PAC to go transparent on my four songs, it came in at about a 10 to 1 compression ratio versus, you know, full stereo PCM. Now, MP3 came along earlier than this, maybe 10 years earlier. And I'd been testing it for transparency, way up to there. And I was giving it all the bandwidth that wanted or could use or even gave it more than that. And it never went transparent. And in fact, at some point, if you give it more bandwidth, it would get worse. And until 2000, when the layman coder came out, and I could make it go transparent at 6 to 1, much worse than PAC, but much more portable than PAC, right? You could get MP3 decoders everywhere. And I'd been trying for 10 years to try to get an MP3 encoder good enough to re-encode my list. And then lame came along, and lo and behold, it happened. All right. Anyway, so I don't know why. I really don't know why. I had 1955 to 1999. And I decided I was going to expand it from 1900 to 1999. And you start getting into some troubles there. Before 1925, sound reproduction was acoustical. You scrape things, and you heard. And after that, it was electronic. 25 was, you know. And so I started collecting records, not record. That's a bad word, because it has so many synonyms, listings of things that you could relate to popularity, because there was no billboard back there. And I collected sheet music and piano rolls and early record sales. And then I started, and I made the list. I actually made the list. It was a bunch of dubious splice fitting to get this thing into one whole list that kind of looked good. I won't defend it. But it weighed heavily on a whole bunch of fishy application of Ziff's Law, if you know Ziff's Law. So now my TL is 1990, 1900. It's 20th century, and my TL is the 20th century. Didn't go down. OK, there we are. So I happened to be in another walking on the street. I was in a pinball arcade in Dixon, California. Again, no guarantees. I found, for sale, take it, no guarantees, a 1952 Willard's Jurt Box. It's a beautiful one. It's about this tall. It's just magnificent. And there was an internet at that time, so I could get schematics. And I knew what was inside. I could find out what's inside. The previous one, the AMI remote, I got nothing. Absolutely nothing. I don't think I need them anymore. So this is it. The control panel, which is the lower half of the transparent part, is gone there. And the reason is because after a very careful look, I didn't think I could reproduce it with its original control panel. So I took the control panel out. This is the control panel up on stilts. And I put in all the rough equivalent of iPad displays. The left one has a display. The right one's a vacant. And it's got all the things. Now, my first attempt at this Jute Box is to push a button, play a record, and have the record mechanism come up. First off, you have to put a quarter in. I wasn't going to let them do for free, right, Jed? And the record would come up. And it had a stack of 78 records that came with it. And it'd pull one of the records out at random, bring it up, connect it to the thing, ignore all of that, and then play an MP3 record that corresponded to it. And so anyway, now I had 24 buttons and a computer for this thing. And I decided to expand the list. And so I put in the list as best as I could. I put in Rhythm & Blues, 42 to 99, and Country & Western, 42 to 99. And at this point, the list was 60,000 songs. And these were, I mean, this is very different than saying, I got 60,000 songs on my iPad. This is a list of specific 60,000 songs that I attempted to get one at a time. And with the help of the internet now, again, the internet saved me. I got 99% of them. They're there. All right, now, next chapter. In 2020, a friend of mine's mother died. Now, anyway, when the friend was going through what you do when somebody dies, they found a garage. And in the garage, they found a player piano. And I said, I'll take it. Then nobody wanted it. It didn't work. I said, I'd take it to see how it is. It's another input output device, right? And it was just in too bad a shape. It was horrible. It was just impossible to restore it or do anything with it. So I abandoned that.   They have grand pianos and uprights and all sorts of pianos. And you can buy them restored, except they're not restored. You buy them and then they will restore them. And at the end, it's very nice. It's like a no-lose game. You put in like a quarter of the money, of the full money, and then they'll run off and restore it. And then you'll examine it or like it or what not like it, whatever it is. And then you can do one of three things after the restoration is done. You can say, no, get your money back and walk away. You can say, no, but I want you to do another one. I want to do a different one. And then you could take your money and move it to the different one. And then they would start restoring that one, take another year doing that. Or you can buy your piano with three quarters of the money that was missing. Anyway, so that's this company. It's great. And so I bought a player piano. This is the original 19, it's a 1908 Berrywood. I'm sure that means nothing to everybody. But it has, it's backlit. These are windows like church windows. And they're backlit. It's very nice. It's a pretty piano. And in those days, no plastic, no, you know, it's wood, it's beautiful. Anyway, it was restored. And we accepted it. And it had a player automation in it, right, modern. It would pound on the keys and play notes. But it also came with an absolutely horrid, terrible app on your iPhone where you had to pull out your iPhone and go scribbling through it. I want to play that one, you know. And it was like on your screen, you'd get like a selection of two. And then you'd roll it up and you'd get two more. And you'd roll it up and you'd get two more. It was just, it was beyond horrid.  You know, UDP is just to send a message and hope somebody gets that kind of thing. But it's in my house at one gig around my house. And someone who wanted to play the player piano would take the MIDI, which is a file system format for playing music and decode it, most of its timing, you know, to get all the timing. And then it would send one of two messages to the player piano, put a key down, put a key up. So the player piano was just a dummy to bang on keys. And then the actual playing was done in some peripheral somewhere like in a laptop or something like that. And then I needed some MIDI files to play, right? So I searched the web for all MIDI files because there's no such thing as a piano-only MIDI file. And got maybe 60 to 100,000 files. I never counted them, so I don't know. And these are downloadable MIDI, but MIDI files from the web that you just get if you do a search. And then I went through and I wrote a MIDI interpreter, which I had already because that to play the MIDI, and found all of those that are mostly, that are all piano because you don't want orchestration and drums and stuff like that in there. And that turned out to be 13,000 files. Most of them are horrible. And a lot of them are duplicates because the whole MIDI community just steals from each other. You know what I'm saying? So each one of them wants the biggest pile of MIDI files they can.  And so most of it's not most, it's duplicates. The popular things had like 20 duplicates, but the unique things are unique. So anyway, I selected a few and put them in the list. Okay, the list. And okay, this is a player of the result. And I'm not sure how to do this. This is my jukebox. There it is with the two iPads in it, with the six, you know, 24 buttons. This is my wife. That's voice search it says. Tiger Lilies. And she said Tiger Lilies. And over here comes up Tiger Lilies. She plays Tiger Lilies. You know this one? So that's part of the list. That's called stop. Maple rag. The blue ones are pianos. Okay, that's my talk on my 70 year project, 75 year project. I have no idea what time it is. And if I have time, I'll take questions. Anybody wants to talk about anything? We do have some time for a couple of questions. One did come over the internet, and Hannah is somewhere around here with a mic. But the question is, given your love of music, or at least of technology around music, what music do you listen to when you are working on this technology? When you're coding or designing or building player pianos? I don't know, at times when I was building the older parts of the list, I loved 30s. I mean, there was some strange, strange stuff in the 30s. There was no sensors in the 30s. I don't know if you knew that. And they talked about what they wanted to talk about. Awesome. Somewhere in the back, I see a, okay. During the UNIX was the BSD people, even though they, I think, used some BSD components in the research UNIX. I'm not sure I understood that, but I guess. So what was the UNIX, what was Bell Labs doing with the DSP? Well, there was some conflict with AT&T and Berkeley. No, AT&T and Bell Labs were the same people. Yeah, I mean, like at BSD and Bell Labs. BSD, oh, they had nothing. This is way before BSD ever existed. And the DSP was digital single processor. It's a chip that is hard to, you know, I think it's only features, it's hard to program. I'm sorry if my D came out as a B. Just keep your hands raised ahead of the camera. So basically, considering that you have this library that is so large, and you're still trying to get more for your player piano, what do you actually make it an open bounty for those that want to make a D for it? There's no hope of that.  I'm sorry, that's so far over my head. I can't even talk about it. Hello, how much code do you write today? And if so, what are you working on? I write a lot of code all the time. I've worked on a more usable RAID controller for a disk. And I've worked on, I collect video, I work on, I can't, you know, you got me at a wrong time. But I work on chess, computer chess, and chess in games. And I have a farm of Raspberry Pi's that I use to do parallel computation of chess in games, things like that. Right now, I have two houses, and I'm getting rid of one. And in it, I have all of the CDs that I bought for what we just talked about. And it is five double cabinets, about this tall, with about seven or eight drawers. And the drawers are packed without CD cases, CDs. And on my way back to where I live, I have a project that I've got 28 fast CD readers. And some of the old Raspberry Pi's that I have from chess stuff. And I'm going to just put them in, probably 10,000 CDs, put them in, and get them in a digital form, and then just take the whole pack of CDs down to some music shop and say, here. I think one question was asked there, and I saw on the Twitter stream was, what language were you using when you developed all this? I'll go. I'll go, so there you go. Cool. Ken, I've done a lot of research with early GCC developers, and nobody remembers what compiler the first versions of GCC were bootstrapped on. It could well have been one of yours. Can you tell us right now whether you have a backdoor into every copy of GCC and Linux still today? I assume you're talking about some paper I wrote a long time ago. No, I have no backdoor. That was very carefully controlled because there was some spectacular fumbles before that. I got it released, or I got somebody to steal it from me in a very controlled sense and then tracked whether they found it or not, and they didn't. But they broke it because of some technical effect, but they didn't find out what it was and then track it. Now, so it never got out, if that's what you're talking about. I hate to say this in front of a big audience, but we're all friends here, and they all signed NDAs on the way in, so it's fine. The one question I've been waiting since I wrote that paper is, you got the code. Never been asked. I still have the code. Any questions? So it doesn't come. You might want to keep those CDs for, I don't know, copyright? You sell CDs. That's all gone under copyright. They've lost that. I think this is awesome. Well, I collected a research. It's OK. I'm wondering if you have a velocity information on the keys when you push down on the MIDI information. Is that included in the piano scrolls that you have? There's no scrolls. It's played by MIDI. It's played by UDP. And I don't understand. Maybe I don't either. But is there a velocity information in the MIDI? Yes, yes. The down key has a velocity impact volume. It's called, I think. It has a which key. And it has a down or an up opcode. That's MIDI. It's called an element, a MIDI element. And there are only if there's like only two MIDI elements, but then there's 1,000 things like, you know, there's pedals playing with the pedals. And MIDI gets very, very contorted down towards the miniscule. But upfront, it's down, up. Hey, Ken, what's your operating system of choice today? I have for most of my life, because I was sort of born into it, run Apple. All right, now recently, meaning within the last five years, I've become more and more and more depressed. And what Apple is doing to something that should allow you to work is just atrocious. But they are taking a lot of space and time to do it. So it's OK. And I have come within the last month or two to say, even though I've invested, you know, zillion years in Apple, I'm throwing it away. And I'm going to Linux, to Raspbian in particular. Anyway, I'm half-transitioned now. For your music collection, would you consider donating it to a library like the Internet Archive? They also have tooling for, like, helping to repeat it. That question was answered by copyright. No, there's just, oh, you mean the actual disks? Yeah, the physical media. I don't know, maybe.  I think a lot of people may have come here and thought, OK, Ken's going to talk a lot about what you're most known for and these sorts of things. And I'd say that's probably the common thing to do. But, you know, maybe it's too personal of a question. But in deciding what you're going to give to this group, is there any particular idea behind it? No, no, I was actually. Or is it just to say how quirky you were? I apologize. This is not on your, you know, your menu. I've worried about giving this talk. But in the past, I have very often given talks that have nothing to do with where I've given them. I don't know, have anybody heard the alligator talk? Or the, oh, what's another one? There was one other. Yeah, I'm sorry, Matt. So as the PAC, the encoding format that Rob Pike was trying to get publicized that some lawyer called him up and went no way. Yes, on a release of a Plan 9 CD, in the Plan 9 source was a PAC encoder and a PAC decoder. And it took up this, the Plan 9 took up about 100 meg of this 300 megs, 3, 400 meg CD. And I filled the rest with music. The rest was just filming. And it came down stomped on by the lawyers so bad that it, you know, so the answer is yes and no. So yeah, when building out the TL, I assume you did a lot of stuff with music metadata. Have you used music brains or contributed to music brains at all? No, I have used, yes, I've used it recently for the R&B in the country in Western. But my stuff predated that stuff. And I used it for that, and I'm very grateful. But the answer is no before that, outside of that. So now that you have the player piano, you have plans for a next edition. No, no, no. Awesome. I think we've got. OK, so how many Raspberry Pies do you have currently then? I'm sorry, it's too loud. I couldn't hear you. It's too loud. How many Raspberry Pies do you have currently? I have my bulk Raspberry Pies in a little stack of four with, you know, they're built up with little pieces of metal. And I have 12 of those stacks of four, all the same. They're Raspberry Pi 4s 4G, right? So that's the bulk of my bulk stuff. But then I've been collecting Raspberry Pies for a long time. The AMI is run by a Raspberry Pi A. It was a packet first. But then as soon as Raspberry Pi came in, the very first Raspberry Pi runs the AMI remote, the little jukebox. And I've got B's and C's. So I probably have not counting the bulk. I probably have 20 around the house doing things like UDP to the player piano, UDP from the network, you know, committee to the player piano, things like that. So I probably have, I don't know, is the answer, I guess. A lot, a lot, a lot. I use them for everything. Ken, I want to thank you very much for this talk. I mean, you didn't know this about me, but I have two player pianos, a Nickelodeon, a Wilcox and White Symphony player redorgan that also uses a roll, and a push-up, which is a unique instrument that I'll write you about. But I will also point out that since 1994, I've been giving a talk called, Why is Linux Like a Player Piano? It's very good. It's a lot of synergy in Linux and player pianos, and pianos in general, and I'd be happy to give that talk next year. Thank you. Thanks, Mad Dog. I think that's the first CFP submission for 2023, or 2024, that is. So I think we're up at four o'clock. I know there's lots of hands and lots of questions, and I want to make sure that we're being respectful of Ken Thompson's time. So with that, thank you again for joining us. Before you run off, I've got a few things for you. Oh, great. One of our traditions is to welcome our keynote speakers to the Scale family by our team with a jersey. Oh, cool. Got your name on the back, and the scale will go on the front. Where's my number? Huh? Thank you, thank you very much. So we hope you will wear that, and I don't know how to connect that one. Our keynote speaker this morning was doing electronic controlled clothing, and she said she was gonna find a way to make their jersey work in that. I don't know how to connect that jersey to your player piano just yet, but you are a creative, you seem to be very creative, and we'll probably come up with a way to do so. So with that, thank you very much for joining us for Scale 20.


Hey what's up so today I want to share two habits that all highly successful coaches have that I've been able to help our consulting program and these are two things that I know if you are actively doing this within your business it's really gonna help you out so number one me this is the most important thing I think for anyone who owns a business they have to do this every single day they should take small daily action steps and before you even take your action steps you should always know what you are doing so every night before you go to bed you should always have listed out what are you doing tomorrow even if it's something very small taking a small action step daily gives you the confidence that always keeps the ball rolling and you'll never be stagnant with what you do but I see a lot of coaches out there they will do a lot in one week and then they'll take a week off or they'll try to work all night and then they're gonna be too tired the next day it's not about doing that it's not about working your face off it's about taking small daily action steps but being organized and know exactly what you are doing daily that is number one the number two thing that I know a lot of coaches have in common when they get to a very successful level is they know exactly who their market is they know exactly who they are serving they're not training 500 million different types of players so to give you a good example this is a homework exercise you can do today is I want you to identify who is the perfect athlete that you want to train within your program how old are they where do they go to school what part of town do they live in what are their parents like and go very deep into the ideal customer this way you know exactly who you want to serve and I know for me personally at the beginning when I started my business I was training way too many different types of kids there were some kids that were like four years old there were some adults that were like in their 20s and there was no consistency and I didn't really have a niche and I think having a niche is going to be the thing that separates you from the average coaches out there and the more specialized you are within your niche the easier it is for you to be known as the guru in that space so I hope these two things help you out after you watch this video if you want to subscribe to our YouTube channel we have a daily vlog that goes out Monday through Friday go check that out if you miss the last couple videos you can go back there check it out I'll see you soon


So there's a lot of buzz on the internet right now about the housing market crashing worse than 2008. And I watch a lot of these videos because I really want to understand the perspective of someone who really believes that the housing market is going to crash worse than 2008. And most of these videos are clickbait. There's not a lot of value in them and it's just a lot of, you know, huff and puff. There's really, you know, nothing solid and substantial about it. But there are a couple of videos with some pretty valid points. But it's more so leaning towards very, very worst case scenarios, which are highly unlikely. So I want to go through that. I want to tell you what those worst case scenarios are, but I also want to share with you some data to try to help you understand where we're going and what history is telling us in terms of where we are in the cycle and what's liable, what's the highest probability of a prediction to happen. And listen, take all the, you know, predictions with a grain of salt because it does not matter if you understand cycles. And that's the main point in my channel. That's why I started doing this, to share everything that I know about what I went through in not only 2008, but all the many recessions between here and there. And that's really helped me understand how to not only crush it, you know, as a real estate agent and investor, but also to, you know, in a normal market, but also during a crash. And so I kind of want to cover that stuff. But there's a lot of YouTube videos out there, not as many, but there are some out there that are preaching optimism into the housing market. And I'm included in that group. And the reason being is because I'm optimistic about the market at all times.  You're definitely going to say it's time to buy. It's always a good time to buy, right? And I see those comments and I think, you know, the thing about it is, is that, you know, when real estate agents say that, they're not just saying it to try to get you to buy a house.  Because they know that you're eventually going to buy a house and they just want to build their relationship with you. They're actually giving you sage advice. They're actually telling you exactly what they think. And because most, a lot of agents are experienced and, you know, they understand how cycles work, that every moment that they're in, they see the optimism behind the market. And so therefore they tell you at any given time that it's a good time to buy because that's what they actually believe. It's not just a sales ploy or something to try to get you to buy a house. But nevertheless, what I'm getting at here is that I want you to take the mistakes that I made and hopefully not make the same mistakes moving forward, but the biggest thing is understanding perspective behind how these cycles work. If you're always prepared for worst case scenarios, then nothing ever scares you. If you can visualize, okay, if prices go down 50%, what then? How do I capitalize? How do I continue to crush it during that moment? Oh, well prices are down 50%, well that'll be easy to find buyers at half price. Will there be less buyers? Sure, because when you think about the mechanics of that, there's going to be way more supply than demand. If prices go down that much, that means there's way more supply and far few demand. So there will be few buyers, however, there will be plenty of buyers that want to buy properties at half price. Listen, that's what happened in 2008. Prices went down 50%. And guess what? They were easy to sell. There were a lot of them. My buyers had plenty of choices. They got to pick the exact property they wanted and they got an amazing deal. So that market wouldn't be bad at all for real estate agents, for investors, for buyers and even sellers because a seller wants to buy, they want to upgrade. So if they can get out of the house they're in now, buy something half off in their current house, if they want to rent that until the market comes back up, great. There's a lot of different scenarios here in which that is an optimistic situation. Most people want to look at the pessimistic side. Oh, the sky is falling, everything is going to zero. It's never going to go to zero and closings are going to continue to happen every day for the rest of your life, no matter what the market does. Look at 2000, look at dot com crash, 9-11, 2008, pandemic, closings, closings, closings, closings, closings. It never stopped. So be incredibly optimistic at all times, look at it for what it is with the true data. Agents reach out to me and say, nothing's happening in my market. And then I literally Google their market real estate stats and click the very first link and it tells me right there, inventory up, prices up from last year, 1,000 closings in the last month. Every single time. Guys, ladies and gentlemen, look at the data, go in your MLS and look and see what's going on in your market. Don't just say nothing's happening because what you're doing there is you're lying to yourself, you're starting to believe that lie, and you're using it to justify the fact that you're not doing anything, you're not working at all. So with that, let's dive into some data here. I've shown you some of these slides, but I want to show you more of this data to try to illustrate the picture. And I also want to play devil's advocate. I want to tell you the negatives and the worst case scenarios in case that does happen. And I want to give you two things to really look at that could turn the market negative next year. I say next year. It's 2023. We're here. Ricky, it's not next year. Now it's this year. I want to share with you two things that we need to watch out for in 2023. So let's dive in here. The first one is inflation drives mortgage rates and you can see the correlation between inflation and mortgage rates. They're directly correlated. There's not a guru on earth that tells me that inflation is going to stay the same or even go up this year. Everyone believes that inflation is coming down. And we know that 30 year fix are tied to inflation. One of my points of devil's advocate is going to dive into that interest rates not coming down. So stay tuned. The next slide here is the correlation between the 30 year fixed and the 10 year treasury. That spreads always around 2%. And we know that's tied to inflation. If we look at recessions and mortgage rates through recessions, everyone says we're heading into a recession. Every single recessionary period we've had, which are right here in the dark areas, we see that mortgage rates went down during the recessions and most of these recessions, they went down not only during but also after the recessionary periods. So if we're heading to a recession, history tells us that mortgage rates are going to come down with that. If we look at prices during recessionary times in our history, we see that prices went up, up, up during all these times except for 2008 and the early 90s during that recession, they dipped just a little bit almost insignificantly, but traditionally speaking generally prices go up during these times. This is a very interesting chart that shows supply and demand. The orange is new construction completions. The blue is demand. And so we see back during the great recession that there was way more supply than demand. It was way out of whack. As you go move forward, you see that it started to balance out there in 2010, 11, 12.  And we come all the way to the place we are now, which is we have way more demand than we have supply and builders have, they've stopped building as much. They're down 30 to 40% right now as we speak. And we're also moving into a place where inventory is fixing a plummet. So if we look at this chart, we see, yeah, inventory is up from last year, you know, okay, but look at the trend from August is trending down in terms of active listings. So that's very interesting because every single year, here's the normal cycle of inventory of houses for selling the US. We see it skyrocket to the moon and then plummet, skyrocket plummet, skyrocket plummet, and it's stair stepped all the way down to where right now we have about a third of the inventory as we had back in 2007. We're about half of where we were pre-pandemic and look at the trend, right? It's shot to the moon and what do you think is going to happen next? Plummet. It happens every year. This is another illustration of the inventory story going back to 2000, but 2007 we had four million listings. Right now we're at 1.2. And if you take out the pending deals, we only have 750,000 listings in a country full of 330 million people, right? And if you look at this chart, even going back to 2017 there, we're half of the inventory that we were in 2017 and it's about to nosedive if our predictions are correct and history repeats itself, but that is literally what we are seeing since August has been coming down and we don't see a flood of inventory coming from anywhere, buyers from traditional sellers anywhere. If we look at the foreclosure activity, we see that we are historically low and we're up from last year because there were moratoriums on foreclosures last year, but we're not even half of where we were pre-pandemic. We got a long way to go there. And this is one of the most interesting stats right here is that on average homes in America have 58% equity, which means on average an American owes 42% of the overall home value. Now this is averages. Of course there's people out there with 95% loan to value, 80%, 70%, all that stuff. This is an average, but this is a very interesting stat because if short sales are going to come into play, that means that we're going to have to lose 58% of our value. Short sales means you sold short of the loan.  And if we on average have 58% equity in our houses, it's got to basically crash and burn and then burn again to get to a point where we're going to have short sales on the market and this is also going to be foreclosures and everything else. There's just so much equity. So when you look at all this data, you realize that we're in really good shape. But what do you think is going to happen? As inventory comes down and as interest rates come down with inflation, all the buyers are sitting on the fence and they're waiting on interest rates to come down as inventory comes down. And once interest rates hits the point where all the buyers say, okay, this is the level where we're comfortable, they're all going to come out at once and fight over the same house. That's what we're going to see, ladies and gentlemen, is we're going to get back to multiple offers on houses. That's where we're headed right this second. Let me play devil's advocate for just a moment and give you a couple of things to watch for moving forward. The first thing is iBuyers. The amount of houses that iBuyers own right now, a lot of these doom and gloom videos say that the inventory that iBuyers are sitting on, if they were to release that inventory and unload that into the market, that would create a problem in the market because they have so much inventory. I mean, there are markets where they picked up 29, 30% of total sales were bought by iBuyers in certain markets. They say that one in five houses were bought by an institution last year. So if that's the case, that doesn't mean 20% of all houses in America means 20% of the five million houses that sold, which is such a small percentage, guys, of houses in America. It's like a microscopic dot number one. But I don't know if they were to all unload their houses at once, how that would affect the market. Would it be positive? Would it be negative? Let me know what you think in the comments. But I believe that it would be a positive thing for the market. This is just my opinion because we have so little inventory. If we added inventory to the market, I think it would be a breath of fresh air. I think agents would be happy they have inventory to sell. I think buyers would be happy to have a few more choices and I even think sellers would be happy because it wouldn't really affect price much because there's so much demand that would eat up all that inventory and they would actually be able to get a house that they want and upgrade or whatever they're trying to do. I think it would be great for all parties if that happened. So I'm playing devil's advocate of devil's advocate here. The second thing to watch out for is wage growth. Wage growth is over 5% right now and with inventory coming down, if it comes down low enough and there's a big enough spread between inflation and wage growth, let's say inflation gets down to 3.5 and we're at 5.5 wage growth, that could cause a situation where people are spending more money again which could cause a second wave of inflation and this guys is the reason why the feds are now increasing rates and saying they're going to keep rates high because they're not in a battle necessarily with inflation anymore although they're still fighting that battle but they're winning that battle but now they're really focused on wage growth and the reason wage growth is so high is because there's so much demand from consumers to the companies that the companies need to hire employees to service all the demand but they have to pay more to entice employees to get off the couch to come to work because they're making more money on the couch than they would if they actually went and got a job. So you know this is a ring around the rosy situation that we're keeping an eye on but again prepare for worst case scenarios. It's never going to go to zero. That's the really incredible thing about this market. Closings will always happen and so you pay attention to this stuff but you take it with a grain of salt and it doesn't affect your day to day. What you want to do is pay attention so that you could be three steps ahead of your competition and hopefully being a student of the game can put you in position to become that top 10 real estate agent in your MLS. Top real estate agent in your MLS whatever it is you're trying to achieve this could be the difference maker right so on the surface level it doesn't affect your day to day but it could affect your long-term prospects of always being three steps ahead. That's how I became number one in my MLS was paying attention to the foreclosure situation and I said hey let me represent buyers who will hold and then sell those assets for a profit in three years and then upgrade to something else and refer me eight people. That's the way I thought and that's what I jumped on and committed to and guess what it worked out for me. So paying attention to the trends and looking for the opportunities are massive and there's always ladies and gentlemen opportunities. So I hope this video helped you tremendously. Shoot me a comment let me know what you think and if there's anything in the world I can do for you and we'll see you guys on the next video. Take care.


Tool and Confluence. All right, cool, excellent. And yeah, we're based in Sydney, San Francisco, Amsterdam. And there's a couple of us here from Sydney. So it's great to be here. Thanks for having us. So just a little bit about me. I'm an engineer-turned-product manager. I've been doing product management for about three and a half, four years now. And I spend most of my time in Elassian working on our collaboration tool called Confluence. It's a content collaboration tool for teams, and mostly helps them create documents like requirements, meeting notes, specifications, that kind of stuff. So that's where I spend most of my day working on that. I also created team calendars at Elassian. It's a commercial add-on that we have on top of Confluence that helps teams plan, track, and manage their events, their team events, and their projects. So I'm also the product manager for that, half a day a week. And last year, I spent quite a bit of time working on this project that was across all our tools. And it was cross-product notifications and tasks. And the reason I tell you this is throughout each of these experiences, I've learned a lot about getting feedback. And it's been quite challenging. Some have been quite the hard way of getting feedback, and some has been the easy way. And so, for example, on Confluence, we completely changed the way people create content inside our tool. Previously, they had this code-like syntax called wiki markup, and we completely replaced it with a wissy week editing experience. So a huge change. And we learned a lot about how to get feedback during that change lifecycle and different techniques we would have to deploy. Team Calendars was something that was new. Alas, it was launching a new product and was something that was new. And we deployed and learned different feedback techniques throughout that project. And this cross-product notifications and tasks, it was one of those features that we had a big, blurry vision for. And we went through quite a lot of product discovery, and we were unsure who would find this feature the most helpful. What kind of personas or users would use this the most? And so we learned a lot about feedback through that project as well. So I'm going to be talking to you throughout experiences that I've had in each of these projects, kind of like an experience report. And we'll be sharing with you guys the different techniques that we did. So I hope by the end of this presentation, you'll be equipped with at least five practical tips that you can take back to your projects or teams for building effective customer feedback loops. Just out of curiosity, how many people do you actually work in product teams? All right, three quarters of you. OK, excellent. So this is for you guys. But before I jump into the actual practical tips, I'm just going to spend a bit of time setting up some context on a topic that's been discussed a bit for the last couple of days. And it's about the build, measure, learn lifecycle. He's read the Lean startup book by Eric Reyes. It's been referenced a few times in a few presentations. I highly recommend this book. I learned a lot from reading it. But the premise of the book is fairly simple. And I'm not going to do it any justice in my explanation right now.


the second week of the course. Constructive alignment is the triangle of effective learning which consists of 3 major components in the teaching and learning process. Before we unravel more on this, let us look at a scenario. In this scenario, an instructor is teaching to a high school physics class about current, voltage and circuits. The instructor provided definitions of current, voltage to students, explained them about series and parallel circuits, explained about Ohm's law and solved some problem questions. While the students studied the definitions that they were provided, they also studied about series and versus parallel circuits, memorized Ohm's law and practiced some similar questions as demonstrated by the instructor in the class. Now in the exam, two circuits were shown to the students and they were asked to determine in which one of them will the bulbs glow brighter. The results of this exam showed that most of the students were not able to solve this problem which made the students unhappy as well as the instructor unhappy. Now when we look at this result, we are forced to ask as to what went wrong. Well, the students commented that the problem question was out of the syllabus and they had not done such a problem question in the class. Whereas the instructor commented that the question was easy for students since they knew Ohm's law series and parallel circuits and all they had to do was to reason quantitatively. In fact it was easier than other numerical problems. Now listening to these comments, let us do a reflection spot. Who do you think is right? The instructor or the student? Justify and write down your answer. Pause your video here and resume when you are done. Some of you may think that the students are right, others may think that the teacher was right. Well, the answer is that both of them are right at their respective places. Then what went wrong here? Something that went wrong here was a mismatch between instructor's expectations and students expectations and their level of learning. The learning activities and assessment tasks did not align well with the intended learning outcomes. Now the solution to this is that we need to match these two expectations by aligning the two. And to align the instructor's expectations with the student's level of learning, the instructor first needs to ask a few questions such as what are my goals as a teacher? What do I want students to take away from the content? Which will help the instructor in defining specific learning outcomes for the teaching learning process? This learning outcome is the first component of the triangle of effective learning. Also the learning activities should be designed to enable the students to achieve these learning outcomes. Similarly the assessment should be designed in alignment with the teaching learning activities to measure students learning and achievement of the intended learning outcomes. And this golden triangle of learning outcomes, teaching and learning activities and assessment constitutes constructive alignment. It is a pedagogical approach which is based on constructivism and was defined in 1999 by John Biggs who stated that constructive alignment is about defining learning outcomes and aligning them with teaching and learning activities and assessment tasks. This principle of constructive alignment is the underpinning concept in the curriculum design and development to achieve the intended learning outcomes. We will talk more on how to implement this constructive alignment in e-learning in our next LED. Thank you.