Welcome to the RF elements unlicensed podcast. I'm Caleb. We've got toss us over here. What's up, and this week We are super excited to be having as a guest Dwayne Zimmerman from crow's nest broadband say hi Dwayne Hey, how's everyone doing today? So we're super excited to talk about him his experiences as a wisp and everything that he's been doing and Ready to roll here in a second so before we hop in toss us You want to give the good people out there? They're called action Absolutely, don't forget to like listen and subscribe to our channel right here on YouTube or anywhere you download your audio podcast like Apple Spotify and Google Alright, alright Dwayne we really appreciate you taking the time to talk to us man You know, we've known you for a while You've definitely known in the spaces that we hang out in you know publicly and stuff And I think this is a great opportunity for you to you know Talk about what you're doing out there what you see going on in the wisp industry ISP industry as a whole and I want to share your history share your experiences and things like that So we really appreciate you being here man. Yeah, thanks. Good good to be here I know you guys have been been after me for a little while to be on here and you know It's part of this space is always being too busy But the part of it is from my point of view is I feel like there's so many people in the space They've been here so much longer than than us, you know, it's sometimes hard for me to Remember that we've only been in space since 2019. So Lots of people with a lot more experience than us and it's like man What can I tell people that they don't already know or that they haven't already heard but Now it sounds like just and watching these shows over the years a great place to have fun I'll usually rant about a few things, but We don't Not us not at all So yeah, I'm looking forward to it. I mean, I'm a numbers guy I got this whole yellow legal pad here of numbers at the end of the beginning of the months So you're on the end of the month Numbers and Something our team always looks forward to and you know, I've got some some interesting ones here that We if it's fit to get into we might do that some point here today. Yeah for sure for sure So, you know, and I think one of the values of the inner Interviewing all these operators is you think well, you know, what can I teach people? But I mean, you know, everyone's network is different. Everyone's experience is different skill sets issues challenges they overcome and stuff like that and you know a network where you're running could be completely different from a network that runs, you know out in the flats in Texas or Alaska or anywhere like that, right? So everyone definitely brings a unique perspective, I think and we're excited to hear yours So I guess you know before we get too deep into the nitty-gritty details Give us a little bit of a history lesson like how did you decide this is how you wanted to spend your life like? 24-7 and Join the madness, right?   Yeah, so my background is is telcom IT I started in the space about 14 years ago My then boss sat in this very office that I'm in right now. There's my uncle. I was working landscaping I didn't know anything tech at all. I didn't know Q&W or besides on the keyboard. I didn't take any technical stuff in school He reached out to me in the winter months said hey, why don't you come on board? I'll teach you how to do phone systems at that point in time. They were doing big phone systems in school districts Fear to try it during the winter didn't have anything else to do three months later I was like, I'm not going back to landscaping. I love this tech thing 11 months later. I was promoted to take the senior techs position he left and went to CenturyLink and Fast forward a number of years basically we got cross-trained into all things IT as well as telcom We did a lot of corporate wireless systems. So I was trained in RF as well So that really I came into this with a with a good understanding of RF not in the ISP space But in the commercial Wi-Fi space warehouses. I'm understood Wi-Fi. Well one goes sold his company to a Investment firm, I guess we'll call it. I couldn't stand that we were very small business common sense first name basis type company before and now all of a sudden it was all about Bottom line and numbers and nobody cared about anything. I left went through a non-compete When the non-compete was up started my own business doing IT in the small business space anything from phone systems the camera systems the POS and everything in between predominantly in a very rural setting and I Go out say you had the hardware store You put a new point of sale system in for and put a camera system in they spend $30,000 a week later They pick up the phone.  It's slow. It's like well now It's not slow. You're running on 3 meg DSL and I can't do anything about that And so that was where that seed first got dropped into into my mind was hey, how can I help my business customers? Do better than this and then it's like man, I know RF. It can't be that hard I knew ubiquity from working in the IT space. We did point-to-point bridges between Buildings and so that's familiar with then the M series This was you know Air Max was maybe in the very very early stages at that point Started doing some some inquiry I went to Took the ubiquity training search the UB whatever you call them UBWA or whatever the wireless admin and the network admin or whatever Took a couple of those started doing some research I still didn't really know how to go about it Our corporate office at the time was in Altoona City of about 50,000 people There's an antenna farm on top of the mountain there that has no fiber optic about 30 towers up there I went online had a yard sign made drop the yard sign out there by those towers and was like high-speed internet call this number surely somebody needs internet and Wasn't a week later my phone rings and it was somebody said hey, I saw your yard sign We own a tower up here. We're TV station. We're going from standard definition. We're back calling it all the way from Pittsburgh You know, it's 480. We need to go high-def. We need 50 megs of bandwidth 24 hours a seven days a week And I said that's great. I need a tower. What can we do and they said hey We've got a nice new tower here. You can have all the space you want on it Ren free if you get us internet and so I was like, yes There's step one next step was finding a place down in the city where I could get a fiber circuit I had lots and lots of experience. Thankfully one of the things that we did in the IT MSP space was we brokered Internet for our business customers. So we took Everything you you give us a copy of your internet phone bills. We'll review it We'll find the best rider for the best price. So I knew how to negotiate caught up all my sales people with the cable companies and the Phone companies and today I want a gig of DIA. I guess that's how you start out What can you do ended up signing an $800 a month contract on a three-story flat roof building that could see the tower The end of that building let us on rent free because he wanted internet as well So we started with basically an $800 a month out-of-pocket Commit through something. We didn't know the first thing about and that was I think August 2019 that we hooked up our first customer It's October 2019, I guess would have been wisp of Palooza Went to the trade show there didn't know never heard of RFE never heard of pretty much every name in the space It was just a matter of going there getting to getting to meet people And I don't know if you guys remember the 600 megahertz repack that happened When T-Mobile bought six megahertz spectrum The TV antenna tap that was co-located on the tower We were on repack that weekend when we were in in Vegas and they went to a frequency just above FM and he got into all of my cat cables and all my radios started rebooting They started going My tower went down and I'm a thousand miles away and you know, it's like my first tower And I remember going to Wiskaw posting about it. I didn't have any idea what this was Then the good people on there were like RF chokes. You need RF chokes and I Overnighted them from Amazon. I think it was my climber went out the next day climbed it Put RF chokes on and it fixed the problem and it was like man. This is just the greatest community ever You know within five minutes somebody had told me what was wrong, you know, what was going on and It was all down here from hell from there. It was never looked back.  So yeah, um So and you're still in that tower now Still I still am I think it's the top three top four, you know of our of our 60 Plus towers now. So we're still on that tower Still still great towers. One of the we actually just deployed Toronto on that tower. It's it's a brutal tower We've got 14 horns on it There's it's one of two towers where we co-locate with another whisk there on the tower next to us They've got a dozen horns brutal environments and antenna farmers 15 or 20 towers up there countless people doing five gig back calls But we're still there I mean needless to say we started out with the three by 30 ubiquity HD sectors and that was before it was a 2019 everybody said you've got to go with RFP is like I never even heard of these guys I I'm sure I shook you guys hands there at the show. I don't specifically remember Talking to you but I remember seeing the product going back and and just running that budget again It's like man, how many of these can I afford to go from sectors to horns? We decided we couldn't afford any at the time kept our sectors, but within Four months probably we took them down and put horns up and we've never looked back We couldn't be on that tower today with 12 14 horns if it wasn't for actually for the most part We're doing 30 degree Asymmetrical horns that are flipped to 20 degrees and we've just got them stacked in there Yeah, they work really well So still there still one of our favorite towers What frequency you running with the Tehran is it CBRS or is it five gig as well five gig? We're running smack on top of the the Rockets and Neither one of them seem to be fazed by it. That was why we should it there We wanted to put it in our most brutal environment and put it through the paces So right on so what so are you still running primarily for your five gig stuff? Ubiquity like Air Max AC. We've done any LTU stuff or what do you what do you mainly do in there in the distribution side? We we have a mixture. We are predominantly ubiquity as far as our five gig radios go We do a mix on pretty much every tower of Air Max at this point for the last two years Every config has been almost the same. We do 360 degrees of coverage with Air Max the rocket prism five AC gen two Generally on 60 degree asymmetrical horns Six of them if there's higher density will go to 30 degree horns and talk a few more and and then we overlay that coverage with LTU any place we've got density Under five miles. So if we've got a population center five miles or closer We'll put 30 degree horns up. We'll put LTU up and we'll and we'll have both And we've come to really really like that config we have our five nine STA from the FCC Which we've had ever since code and we keep renewing that every 90 days So we've got 45 megahertz of extra spectrum there The LTU for us it you know if I had a list of Things that have been game-changing for us It would be LTU would definitely make that list for the simple reason of the five nine STA but in but talking them in a 20 or 30 degree horn overlaying them with you know in our density areas We've been you know, we've got RF elements horns with LTU that have got 60 customers on and They they don't even blink. I mean they just they just keep going and It's been a game-change for us to you know rock of prisms. They start to fall down around 20 Well, we run a really clean network. I mean we've got 800 some five star views on social media We run the best network that we can possibly run So we don't overload our radius as soon as we've got 20 customers 25 customers on a rocket prism We either cutting that from a 60 degree to 30 degree and adding another rocket in there or coming back and we're doubling up with LTU shortening up those connections making them clean Moving everything close to tower to LTU and to do a 50 meg channel with which we've mostly done on LTU We've been able to sell hundred and fifty 200 meg plans And just rock away with it So other five gig stuff that we're using we you know, we spent 40 grand to put some Tehran out We're testing Toronto and our most harsh environments. We just officially went live with that about a month ago after about six months of testing We've also got about a dozen or so of the Radwin Neo duos out. How are they doing? You know, I I'd Honestly, so it was 4th of July 2021 4th of July 2021 or maybe it was 2020. No, it was It was I forget now 2020 or 2021 4th of July was the day it was we got the very first Radwin Neo do in the United States They direct shipped it from Israel to us. We were working with them at the time They came out on the 4th of July weekend set it up in our lab And it was like that same week. We got our 59 sta and we got 2.1.0 firmware for LTU With the sta from ubiquity 2.1.0 fixed all the bugs that we had with LTU We got 45 megahertz of free spectrum. We already were doing largely ubiquity. We're familiar with the ecosystem And LTU basically ate them for lunch for us is what happened I mean, we all of a sudden we had the ap's but we weren't familiar with them We're very familiar with ubiquity LTU all of a sudden started kicking butt We had some 45 megahertz clean spectrum And we just started deploying LTU like crazy in all the places that we had planned to do Radwin and honestly, it's why we don't have more Radwin than we do where we have it deployed It's very niche what we're do we're using it for non-linus site near line of site in high noise situation short range Because they do at the time. They were really the only player that was doing Really good Beam forming. I mean you could go to 4 50 n, but it was a lot more money And they work really well in that scenario where I go to church is You know, it's only about a mile and a half from our pop But it's going through three trees and four buildings and you know, we've got our church hooked up to And I run sound and audio there and you know, we get 150 150 there All the time through trees when it's raining a short distance But that's something that airmax wasn't doing not having beam forming Right. And so are those duos the uh integrated version or are they the connectorized version? So they are the inner the neo duo which is integrated. So they have connectorized subscriber units We've coupled with like the the starter dish or the or the ultra dish, but Um, for the most part like what we have there church is just the integrated Um mod gotcha Yeah, but yeah, we have well, I think a dozen of their neo duos out So just I don't have a ton of data It was ltu took over Where we had intended for for radwin to to take over Yeah, that's right But the point the moldy point then we got on on two ap's and now we're doing A bunch of 60 gigahertz with the with the new wave stuff from ubiquity Really impressed with that. It's not perfect. We live in a major thunderstorm zone I was really concerned about rain fade But that ax chipset that they're using in it with auto 5 gig fill over Um has been impressive. I mean short range mile and a half And under but 150 by 150 on a 20 megahertz channel For backup, but I'm not complaining about that. I mean it it works well So we're deploying y'all up to 450 by 450 Honestly, if we go to their the full channel with we can push gig by gig We just we just aren't so we can scale a little better. Honestly. Nobody needs gig anyway Um But you know, we're doing we're doing four Well, is that I'm sorry I didn't hear you say it again And our customers, you know our business customers that we've predominantly been hooking up to it are really happy with it It's impressive. We're switching them from cable over to that and they love it Yeah, I mean and it goes to show right as long as the connection is stable And reliable they really don't notice that they have 150 meg versus 400 meg right for for the most part Of course, if they're heavy users businesses, I understand I mean, you definitely have a lot of traffic going on and again, it depends on the type of business, but That's that's that's cool. I really like I really like the 60 gig product from from ubiquity I mean, it's I've I've really yet to hear anything negative about it You know, I mean it just seems like it just it just works I know micro tech for the longest time was kind of the king of 60 gig You know, I mean they kind of hit the market first and really dedicated a lot of time Into the hardware development for that stuff, but seems like ubiquity is really kicking ass right there. That's awesome Yeah, we've been impressed. I mean, it's not been perfect They've had some bugs and obviously, you know the firmware that we're running right now is still beta, you know And so we've kind of let our customers know that it's beta But you know, we're we're we're slow to deploy something here We tested Toronto for six months before we deployed it Um, we had a little higher comfort zone with ubiquity because we have so much of it out there We tested it to death set it up with our office and um, you know I I feel like it's it's ready to go at at this point with the beta 5 beta 7. It's been really stable for us Awesome. Very cool. Very cool. What about your your trauma testing? Where do you see in there? You know, we've been critical, uh, you know in the early part just because I think so many people were running on pure Hopium, right as right, which is what we you know We see this is you know when something new comes out and everyone's like well This is going to be the the the next big thing, right? And those of us that have been around a lot we're like, well, maybe one day But there's a lot of pain between point A and point B. So, you know, what's your your experience been so far? Yeah, I mean there is no magical unicorn. Physics are physics. Um, you're not going to defy those um, you know I think we had to temper our expectations a little bit um, and at this point, you know We call it a tool in the shed. It is not um The end all be all if we had to exist on strictly Toronto We would cease to exist at least at the capacity that we do right now Uh, simply because we wouldn't have the cash flow took up 100 subs a month on Toronto. We we simply couldn't do it um But to have it as a tool in the shed to deploy it to You know, right now by the end of the summer we expect to have Toronto on our seven busiest towers with 10 gig backhaul um to have it We're we're kind of doing five gig only just because I I haven't been very cracked up with all the cbrs outages that they I just I don't know how I would explain that one to my customers I haven't thought of a good way a good way to do that. Yeah, so five gig it is We're kind of going to offer two plans what we're calling blast light That's up to 100 meg That might go through some trees. It might be real long distances or just somebody who doesn't want to pay more And then we're doing what we call blast, which we're going to say it's somewhere between 100 and 400 up to 400 down and somewhere between 50 and 100 up And we're going to keep it very simple those two plans We're going to overlay it with our rfe and and uh and ubiquity We're still going to hook up as many subs as we can the ubiquity at $350 To hook up a ubiquity sub, you know with truck roll and time and labor and everything versus 1500 with Toronto, we're still going to we're still going to use that to feed our Toronto addiction I guess you might say but hey if we can start doing 10 percent of our total installs Per month, you know 10 per month out of the hundred in Toronto Those are higher revenue per subscriber customers. They're now you Therefore the people that want it the people that say we're not for real. Hey, guess what? We are for real We can you know if for real in your mind means 400 meg we can do that in the right conditions If for business customers, what have you not and even for With bead coming up here and in the state of Pennsylvania We've got capital projects fund coming up here with just 200 million that the state broadband authority is rolling out I'm pretty good friends with those guys and we're being pretty loud about the fact that But by the time that grant is on its feet We're going to have 400 by 100 via fixed to wireless to 50 of our customer base That want it and you better not come over build us on that because It's being funded for us anyway Not all of it are seven towers that i'm talking about right now are organic out of pocket We've got 10 more that are coming that are funded by the NTIA So why would you take federal money and put me out of business because i'm fixed wireless? It's 400 by 100. I've got the numbers on the plans that my customers are on I can tell you Um The extra cut 100 meg 200 meg theorem egg doesn't have a big pull in my market. It just makes no sense Um, yeah, so anyways all that to say this it's a tool in the shed. You've got 60 gigahertz. You've got five gig ubiquity You've got torana We're honestly we're doing some fiber grants right now. We're working on that we're gonna do everything we can to adapt and And be able to be nimble on our feet for whatever comes down the road at us Yeah, that's that that's really smart and really that's that's what it's all about right? I mean, you know My biggest pet peeve, you know with the unicorns out there Is everybody thinks that they're gonna get the maximum that's in the spec sheet all the time right like with cbrs You know my problem is a lot of people are playing with you know the ga right And that's that that spectrum is not going to be there all the time you may get 40 megahertz or 80 megahertz of it Who knows right but it's not guaranteed and it's really about for me You know my caution that i'm putting out there is not about the platform right it's it's about how you use it right and You start offering a gig because if you get if you have a full-size pal and you're using full-size ga And you're offering a gig well if part of that goes away the ga now you can't you can't Deliver that that's that's a problem right so you being conservative, but yet still exceeding You know what's required is is really the smart thing to do and that's that's awesome to see it because I mean the there's almost no denying the magic that torana does i mean it goes places It goes places no other radio will go hands down There's no denying that stuff right you know the back end stuff You know the issues are having what sass may not be them It's probably the sass people Software bugs all the little nuances and tricks you have to do to get it to work is a whole other story But yeah, I mean the platform itself is I mean that's what you get when you have a $15,000 ap I mean it does some really cool shit So there's a gen one product people do yeah exactly yeah is the gen one product and so You know kudos to them. I actually just had lunch with the torana sales guy yesterday and you know they They're listening. You know they're they're they're making changes. They're good. They're introducing things that this community has asked for And to be perfect. That's awesome You don't hear about it much But you've got phone companies frontiers wind streams cable companies spectrum That are deploying torana. They're they're being very quiet about it, but that's that's new in this space. No one You know, I don't know that there's I shouldn't say no one There's probably some some cable companies out there that maybe they've deployed 450m or something but Um, they've succeeded in getting the attention of some of the big guys as well Uh, well, that's their focus. I think too. I mean so yeah, right? It's it's those deep pockets and as another you know another part of my concern there is when these deep pocket customers like spectrum start firing up all these APs and all these different areas. That's when that GA is just going to start shrinking Just going to start shrinking and you're going to have problems. So no, I really like I really like your approach across the board I mean even 60 gigahertz, right? You're still not running full channels there. That's smart. You know, it's just I can go more range better rain fade and uh, you you got it. There's a reason why you're doing well You know in this space I'm telling you I can't tell you how many times I've reached out to other operators I've gone visited their facilities. I've called them facebook message them Um, everybody's just willing to help and share and you know even a podcast like this where you know In some spaces The things I'm talking about would be viewed as trade seekers for me I'm just trying to help other operators out there because they've helped me Yeah, I mean that really plays into the the community side of things, you know, um, and in the beginning, you know A long time ago really wasn't like that everyone wanted to to play their secrets really close to the pocket and not really share An information but I think when you know over the years the the industry realized hey, it's not me versus you It's us versus the big players or then us versus the government or us versus whatever So it kind of behooves you to to figure out how to run better Um, you know just do better and then when everyone does better the industry as a whole does better And it just goes a lot further when we're you know in front of washington or something like that for sure so right We faced a lot of that in the beginning too when horns came out I mean the operators everybody was skeptical to use our product because it just didn't make sense at the time And for those who actually, you know tried it behind the scenes are like wow This this is like magic at that time right it was that version of magic for them You know and they wouldn't tell anybody they wanted to keep it for themselves You know it's just like but we're like no But just just think about how much better it's going to be when your competitors making less noise too And it it took it took some time to kind of figure this out and say hey Let's let's let's make this all work together And and we started looking like a a much bigger community than than it was you know not too long ago It was really dog eat dog, you know, but right by 2019 They might we must have all figured it out because I can't tell you how many people told me at that show right now that you need to talk to our fellowmen's because you know You know it literally changed our minds at that point We had we had a sad experience trying to acquire another small wisp in our area They backed out on day of closing and ended up selling it to an employee. We already uh Borrowed the money from the bank and everything else that we went to american town We said hey, we've got these three towers. Can we get on them got approval from the bank? And uh, this was all prior to this trade show and we had already ordered most of our materials We ended up Canceling six 60 degree ubiquity sectors in that project and doing six horns out of the three towers And this horns are still up today. They were 60 degree asymmetrical Felt like a time it was all we could afford but today they're all horns. I mean 60 some towers worth of horns and we've never looked back. I mean, it's been fantastic. Yeah, awesome Rick. Yeah for real for real. So And I guess sort of tail-ending the sort of I don't know tech and rf side of the conversation here So are you using any six gig stuff or doing any testing there? Or are you just kind of letting letting everyone else figure that out first? Yeah, I mean, so we have the five nine sta which technically isn't isn't six gig But no, we we haven't um, I felt like You know, they were pretty specific about the fact that you're not supposed to be making money on that and um That's why I'm in business. So I've opted I've opted not to go that route I didn't feel like I wanted to hook up a bunch of customers to a product That we ultimately don't know the final guidelines yet, you know for You know gps receivers on the customer premise unit so that you can go full Yeah, lrp and you know in my space here um with the terrain 911 has a you know ems has a ton of towers and they're all six gig backhaul and so I don't know what's gonna happen there for me. It was like I you know every nickel I've got right now I'm putting into the likes of Of torana and and 60 gig herds and and more expansion They'll be enough time at some point down the road. We've got enough of towers. We're four years into the cycle We're constantly going back and touching towers We'll have some towers somewhere that once we know what six gig is that we can go back and upgrade them and you know I don't I don't see that being a problem. I'm excited about it. No doubt But we it feels like we've been waiting on that unicorn We still don't have it Yeah, yeah, it definitely has a potential to be here another another unicorn for sure You know and and there's just so many unknowns with the afc as well And you know, we've already or at least I've personally been you know getting feedback from some of the testers out there That the FCC has been snooping around a lot of these installs because there are complaints coming in From the uh incumbents right who are running right so the FCC is dealing going out there and trying to find these sources of noise right uh and You know what's that going to be like when you're when your customers are on there?  Oh me too. Um, I can't But yeah, but like I said, you know A lot of people are already talking about you know running 160 meg channels everywhere, you know I'm just like, oh, you know, and you're not gonna have much six gig left if you do that Right, you know, but they're the ones that are you know, basically wanting to push that one gig narrative to everybody You know, so but we'll see we'll see how it how it turns out I mean, uh, like I said, we I have hope for the hardware cambium is really, you know Working hard right now to try and get that stuff going. I know mimosa Has some new radios coming as well. I heard somewhere, you know new cpe and stuff like that So so hopefully by whisper palooza, we hear some new news from people about that stuff, you know, including ourselves Right, right. Honestly, I I I know that the hardware manufacturers know more than we do or I would like to think that they do But I think for them Let's just talk about ubiquity for a second. I think The reason we haven't seen anything from them is they're waiting on the same thing We are, you know, they want to be cost-effective. They can't afford to invest Money in releasing a product that the final revision might be different based on fcc rules So that I think I think we'll see something from ubiquity But I think we're not going to see it until we know 100 what the rules are Then it's affecting, you know, torana and cambium and everyone else as well as they, you know, they Are waiting on the FCC as well Yeah, and you know wi-fi 7 is right around the corner too, right? So I mean, it's just like 6g Yeah, yeah, right 6g Or as Nathan says on his linkedin Inventor of 9g or something like that, you know Whatever the the eight minute ab joke or something like I forget what movie it was, you know Yeah, yeah, but um, okay So then you know to to feed all these tower sites, you know, you've got 60 some other sites Like I know you use a lot of 80 gig, right? So I mean, are you primarily 80 gig backhauling a lot of this? Are you able to get fiber to a lot of these towers or what does that look like for you? Yeah, so, you know I keep dropping names of, you know, things that have been game changing for us. Um And one of the things that have been game changing for us have been albeit Um Ken and Ben and and the team there From their support to their products the whole nine yards um So we have Hmm, I can't even tell you for sure 20 22 23 albeit links. Um And they range from 2.0, you know, 11 gig 18 gig links with 1.4 gigs of bandwidth all the way to multi band With 1180 1880 And we and we do have some 80 gig straight 80 gig We don't have many of those for just the very simple reason we get too many thunderstorms So the straight 80 if I need a 10 gig Circuit in the first place then Backing it up with a five gig link probably isn't good enough Um So I can't really, you know, we have two That we have out that are that are straight 80. Otherwise, they're multi band, you know, with at least 740 or 1.4 gigs backing up the 10 gigs um, but we have, um Just looking at my numbers list here. I think we have 15 fiber circuits. Um, so we've got three upstreams There are one core two upstreams that are other core working on connecting our two cores right now Um, and so that's five of those. So we've got what 10 12 sites that are Just basically fiber point-to-points from towers where they're too far away to do e-band um And so we've got no choice but doing But doing You know paying for whoever the the cable company that telco's got fiber at that site for the sell guys We're buying, you know point-to-points from them for the bandwidth basically what we like to do is About every five to seven towers have a fiber circuit Even if it's just there for backup and our primary is wireless Um, because we've got more capacity, you know, a 1.4 gig obviate link versus a one gig fiber circuit Um, but you know every four or five towers we like to throw a fiber circuit in the mix for poor redundancy You know we built four rings everywhere as much as pot done Uh license back cause and And fiber we do have a few unlicensed here and there. We've got a lot of silos and green legs They're down low. They're not mount top sites.  We've got probably other 20 Plus links that are af-11. They they're nothing special. They're cheap. They're 650 megs of bandwidth all day every day Uh, they're no noise. They work really well. Uh, they integrate with you know, everything else ubiquity Um, so that that's what we do for for bandwidth for the most part We've got a big project all these towers that we're upgrading to torana We're going back through we're going to be putting a bunch more multi-band links up with, you know Now the opiate can do dual channel on the microwave with 1.4 On the backup and still 10 on the 80, you know, if we lose the 80 At least we've got a gig and a half for the duration of that thunderstorm So we're going to be putting a bunch more of those up as well where You know where they're close enough where we can where we can actually do that with the event One of the things actually I should say too is uh, You need this So people are talking about fiber and doing fiber and we're looking at it as well We're running the numbers on this the roi six passings per mile. It just doesn't make sense, but everywhere that we're we're doing fiber It's all about Integrating into our wisp network. We're bringing as many towers into that fiber fold as possible So that we can backhaul our own towers with our own Because honestly one of our biggest monthly recurring costs are those point-to-point fiber circuits They're just a drain and so, you know, if I cut those out with my own fiber Back them up with my own wireless backhaul as it's a win-win for us Yeah, 100 and that's what you see, you know, a lot of people start, you know Getting your feet wet in the fiber thing You know realize and learning what it takes to get it done realizing that it's not necessarily rocket science But it's like anything else like there's definitely a learning curve, but yeah Once you can out as much as your own infrastructure You've got control over and knowledge of you know, you know No telling where your point the point actually runs through right you may get going a to b But there's a loop that it gets through to get the here So the more where you can control go. Oh, I know there's construction coming down this road So they're probably going to dig it up right so you can you can plan ahead and do that sort of stuff Just you know, you're you're building your own fate at that point, which I think is really important Right, right Yeah, how many subs you guys have? We are 2100 and Wow NASA of end of the month here. So that is since 2019, huh? Yeah, so Interesting. I mean, I mentioned that I'm a numbers guy. I'll just cover some of those numbers. So august 2019 We hooked up our first customer August 2020 we had 250 customers So the first year we built out to four towers of three American tower sites and then that one TV tower that we were on 250 customers four towers after the first year So from august 2020 till August 2023, which we're not quite there yet um You know, basically In the in those three years By you know by august if we continue the trend by august 2023, you know, we'll we'll be at 2500 subs We're going to be at 65 or more towers Wow three years time we went from four towers to 61 You know macro towers. We've got another 100 plus repeater sites over and above the the macro sites So like in the last year last 12 months, we hooked up 800 873 subs in the last 12 months. So we have to crack that thousand sub year That's our goal right now is to get to that that thousand subs a year But that puts us at an average of 73 new customers um Per month over the last 12 months and that's exciting man. That is so so so no taco truck for you guys Any time in the near future then right? I mean unless it's the motivated guys to work weekends Then Yeah, that's exciting. I love it man. Good for you. Yeah for you We have a great team. There's no doubt about it.  So we we we track this. I mean we've got 47 of our customers come from dsl um 25 come from cable which the cable company in this area is offering There's two one offers gig the other offers 1.2 gig. So a full 25 percent are coming from cable um About 4 percent from satellite 3 percent from other wisp 6 percent from 5g 4g cellular And a whopping 15 percent that simply didn't have internet because there was no good ISP to get so I find interesting that you know Despite being rural 25 percent of our customers come from the cable company because they hate the cable company prices They're going up all the time.  I mean, you know, so it's like Just you know, keep keep up the good work over there, man I always have this conversation with another wisp this week and it's like, you know 30 bucks for a gig now I don't really care because they've got all I need is about 10 percent of those cable customers to be unhappy And switch to me and they still fund my rural Development where I've got six passings per mile. So if I can get 10 percent of cables customers, that's all I need I don't need 70 percent market penetration Where there's cable and there's always going to be the 10 percent of people Whose bill has gone up every six months for the last five years and they're just sick of dealing with it So if we offer a good competitive service that you know, even if it's only 150 may which is the top plan We've offered up until This year That hasn't seemed to be a major Factor for the people switching from cable Uh, and I'm sure this is your numbers guy. You probably know this offhand too But you know, how what's your average like bandwidth usage per customer in general or maybe split between Young business and residential if you've got a heavy mix But you know, how much bandwidth are people really consuming versus, you know, what they think they need this conversation We've had with other operators and it's always interesting Yeah, and I think our Where we're at is very close to like the the report that precinct puts out on the average We're very close to that. We've got two cores um And you know looking at precinct when you combine that We're pushing six to eight gigs at peak time. So over 2,000 customers Actually, our business customers use significantly less than our residential customers And they're using it during the day when residential customers aren't so we love business customers Um, but you know more interesting for interestingly for us Is the fact that our 10 meg customers Don't use any less data per month than our 150 meg customers Uh, that's an interesting stat to us is the fact that the people that think they need that 150 meg plan When you you know, we monitor how much they use per month We've got people on 12 meg plans or 25 meg plans. They're using three four terabyte a month And I would say that you know of our top 5 to 10 percent of heaviest users are all in that 25 to 30 meg plan range Not the 150 meg um, so yeah, I would say peak time it's 5 to 10 meg tops, you know Between subscribers, which falls right into right into that average Yeah, the preset number was seven. I think right. So yeah Exactly. Yeah, we use pre-seem that that's another one that's been a game changer for us I think we got pre-seem right around 250 subs and um, I Wouldn't even begin to want to run my network without it I posted about I almost saw the other day we've got we were out in that little town of roaring spring hooking up Customers we were getting 400 mag from the cable company on the speed test But netflix sat on their tv buffering and we switched them over to our connection Uh, the tv was hardwired in both cases Hardwired into our 60 meg connection and netflix went to 4k right off the bat So even though they were getting a 400 meg speed test from the cable company netflix was buffering and You know, some of that is qoe. There's no doubt about it and yeah hats off to to pre-seem for that But even just like rcsr people Love it as well. Somebody calls in and they're complaining about internet being slow or something It's like well.  So You know over and above being a network tool to keep our network clean It's become a sales tool for us as well. So we like pre-seem a lot Latency is king. Yep for sure for sure But yeah, even on that subject like a percentage wise like I like I said, I'm a numbers guy We've got 20 of our customers are on 10 to 15 mega plans We've got 42 of our customers that are on the 25 to 30 meg plan 30 of our customers on a 50 to 75 meg and 10 of our customers are 100 meg and up So we find that 25 to 30 meg being sufficient for about half of our customers and you know, we get very few complaints. We've got 828 five-star reviews on on google and facebook combined And you know, you just you don't do that in today's world where everybody's bash happy That if you have a bad network, there's just there's just no two ways two ways about it Exactly and they're always super vocal to take it out on the old google You know, that's just seems to be the the main thing. So it's always funny like looking at isp You know, not just with but isp, you know Reviews in general and it's you know, some of them are just absolutely dumpster fires within, you know Someone like you or you have some of these others that we we deal with on a regular basis or pulling You know five or four eight or something like that. You know, you're doing a good job for sure So no people love to hate their isp. There's no doubt about it and we're not perfect We've gotten some one-star reviews, but we've reached out those people We've made it right and you know, I don't know it's maybe been maybe eight or ten or so that we've had You know actually go back and change their review based on the fact that we followed up and you know made things, right? so Um customer service for us really has been What has set us apart not offering gigabit, but customer service has been Been the key. Yeah, that's definitely something we've we've gotten so much feedback We hammer on to it a lot too is you know being a real player in your community and you know Have someone that you know the little things like answers the phone and actually does tech support You know just those little minor things, but um, no, I mean that's really what's driving it versus the flashiness and You know pump, you know pimped out vans and everything else like that for sure So next sort of question wise is you know, you're you're in this sort of tremendous growth phase I mean what are your biggest challenges In terms of either, you know network infrastructure growth or client growth I mean, I'm sure manpower is definitely got to play into it You know, that's always an issue that people have but you know What are you seeing or the the hardest things to overcome or the hardest things to overcome? You know to kind of hit to where your goals are Yeah, interestingly enough, we're very fortunate with manpower. We've got an excellent team You know 2019 there was two employees and myself and those two Honestly, they will spend all their time on the it side. We kind of brought broadband in as a as an experiment really And you know today we're we're ten employees Um, you know, so we you know, we've added all those employees since 2019 The biggest challenge for us has just been shortages of things vehicles being one of them We use ford transits and f 150s for our installer vehicles and Like transits. Yeah, it's been 18 months to 20 months since you've been able to get a transit You know, you just we have more guys than we have vehicles So we started getting f 150s because we couldn't get transits Well, the aluminum cappers to go on the back of them so you can put ladders on them We have a 28-week lead time. I mean aluminum is 20 weeks out So um, that has been one of the reasons we don't have more subs than we do right now Is the fact that we have not had vehicles to put guys in to go out and hook them up So that one has been That one I think has kept us from hitting 2000 subs last year That was our goal and we didn't get it and we couldn't couldn't get vehicles. It was so frustrating, but um And other supply supply chain issues have been a problem as well. We were we're very fortunate We have a big warehouse And when covet first hit I immediately went to my bank. I said, what's the largest line of credit I can possibly take out I think we caught like a quarter million dollar line of credit and we went out and we maxed it out immediately before this the you know supply chain crises really hit and All throughout covet we deployed to 60 some towers Pulling mostly from materials that we bought and one lump some before the supply crisis hit But you know just from a cash flow perspective needing to keep three months to six months worth of install inventory and stock Because you never know when it's going to go out of stock And right now when demand is high It costs me we've pushed the pencil like crazy It cost me more money Not to be able to hook up customers because I don't have the material Then it cost me to pay four or five even six percent of interest online of credit So that I can keep six months worth of supplies in my warehouse and not run out. So um It's really been supply chain has been our number one thing holding us holding us back and I would say after that It's probably just cash flow like You know growing pains going from four towers to 60 towers and the tower rents for 60 towers hitting You don't only hook up so many customers per month And you need customers for that month in reoccurring revenue to increase and so for us it was like And we had 60 tower hit rent wise almost all at once and we didn't have enough customers We actually were going backwards for a little while and so that you know managing that cash flow Plus needing to keep that much inventory Um Was a big challenge for us as well So I would say those have been those have been the big ones and even now cash flow like for toronto We'd love to go out at $12,000 ap is a $12,000 ap. Okay. It's not the end of the world But a thousand dollar customer premise unit when you're hooking up a hundred a month That's a big deal that takes a lot of cash to make that happen And so I would say you know cash flow would be the other big one for us is just Balancing all that and knowing that need to grow and expand and stay on the edge. So we don't have Somebody be attracted to our area because they see there's a big need there that's not being filled You know, that's basically where we're at there Yeah, that's really interesting and I think that the the cash flow side of things like You know, especially for small businesses, you know, a lot of people focused on direct profitability Which is important obviously ROI super important Um and managing that but I think a lot of people just sort of neglect as to what the actual cash flow Just reoccurring is that where it comes up. So, you know, it's it's super cool Hey, I can I can wait two years to make the money back on this whatever they're doing, right?  So Absolutely, definitely something to stay hold of so I was just saying hooking up 100 customers a month sounds great until you do the math and you realize what Cash flow takes to do that. I mean, it's it's uh, it's not insignificant and you know, I would say our inexperience With meeting the front that much capital every month to hook up the new customers has been It's been a learning curve for us in the itmsp space. You don't you don't really have that. It's a it's a break fix It's a project you're collecting 50 down before you deploy all that kind of stuff So it's been a whole new dynamic for us that my inexperience really was um Why we ended up in this tight of a situation as we did I'd say we're in a good spot today But I've certainly I've learned a lot. Um, it's maybe one of the things that You know it the whisper shows whisper blues or whatnot It's one of the things they're always asking what are things to put on the agenda and whatnot and I think maybe That would be a good one from my point of view that would be interesting It's more from a business standpoint good business practices managing cash flow So you want to so you want to do 150 or 250 installs a month? How do you practically go about Doing that leveraging that, you know Loan programs grant programs, you know, honestly that has been another Key to our success has been our community relationships with our counties our county commissioners And we've leveraged cares act and ARPA grant Dollars that helped us build out to these 60 towers in the timeframe that we did um So there's been That whole side of it that you know, some people hate it. They think big brother owns us now Um, I look at it the other way. I look at as a business opportunity. I'm serving Six passings per mile in an area that probably no one else is ever going to look at and these people It's game changing for them. And if I wouldn't have stepped up And taken that money and done a whole lot more with it than anybody else was able to do with it Who knows where it would have gone and it wouldn't have been connecting our rural communities to high speed internet Yeah, it's just keeping the money in the community and you know versus going to some, you know, nameless Mega corp or something like that because the money is going to go somewhere So whatever your feelings are about government spending and everything else Like if the money is earmarked like it's going to go somewhere So it makes sense to get and it's their money So it's going to get spent so it makes sense to to spend it somewhere where you know local business stay in the community and that sort of thing means so much so And there's a lot of people's too that are I mean they get hung up with stuff like even just, you know, reasonable use of credit You know, everything's got to be, you know, we're just going to pay for it with cash and everything else And then what happens is is you end up just completely, you know Gimping yourself because you don't have that cash and you know now in the stuff building and expanding the business You're in a position where you're just waiting for this organic money to come up Which is great, but you could be building it so much faster with, you know, smart uses of capital where it makes sense Right. Yeah, for sure Yeah, unless you do you have any other sort of like main areas or topics and stuff like this has been great This has been a super useful conversation. Are there any other main areas or topics that you want to hit up going? Um, yeah, I mean I would I would um, I just want to give a shout out. Yeah, I've been mentioning, you know A few things that were game changing for us along the way Obviously, we talked about our fellow and it's talked about pre-seem talked about the community Whisper talk like it or hate it whatever just be smart on how you how you interact there But it's great. There's a lot to be gleaned in there. The trade shows have been fantastic for us Um, but there's there's been there's been a few there's been a few other ones. Um You know, I a lot of people know that I'm not necessarily a big cambium fan I love what cambium does for the community. They're a great vendor Um, they haven't necessarily worked out for us. Um, but cn heat From cambium has single-handedly changed the way that we do business. Um From a pre-qualifications standpoint for installs from a no-go We switched to cn heat Six eight months ago, whatever it's been and we went from about a 30 to 40 percent no-go ratio to where We didn't do pre-qualification. So we used google earth.  So then that Time was wasted because you couldn't necessarily fill that time slot with another install because you didn't have one on the schedule We had to wait till the next schedule install And so it it was expensive for us It was inefficient. Um, we switched to cn heat and I think our no-go Rate since we switched to cn heat is like it's ridiculously low under three percent. Um, So, you know, we're going out there Every installer is getting their three installs a day almost every day Uh, you know, and so that has been that has been huge. We've been able to process We've been able to advertise a lot more Um and bring more leads in in general because we're able to weed out the bad ones So that actually caught us flat footed. We had to ramp up our advertising Because suddenly we were going through leads that much faster because our qualification process was better So, you know people like oh man, it's that much expensive. It's per tower per month. Listen guys It saves you a ton of cash per month. It doesn't cost you So and Seth and his guys there on that cn heat team I mean, I'll send an email and I'll get a response in 30 seconds or five minutes I mean, it's they've just been crazy. They've been fantastic to work with so in the last six eight months That has been the single biggest Game changer and and and ramping up our number of installs and being efficient. Um, I can't imagine going back to being without that Uh, a couple other ones, you know like it or hate it uisp has been is free It's been a very powerful tool for us for me being Running a lean team to have that much power in my palm on a mobile app See being able to see that much of my network has been huge. Um, so we we use them a lot. We like that There's been some vendors. I I knew networking but not networking as an isp Like ip architects has come in and basically took us to A fully redundant ring the network, you know with npl s and osp f and all those things Just a game changer. I get a bed at night and I know if I lose a link who cares, you know, the backup link Is going to pick it up. You know, I can deal with it tomorrow, you know, and so Um, you know going to bed sleeping easy and I Switching from, you know edge routers to micro tick and juniper for routers, you know in the evolution of our business That that has been huge. Um And I'd say lastly for me it's been the reviews So I I mentioned the reviews some people hate them some people like them For us one of the things that we've done. So it's hard to keep installers Motivated there's only so much that's exciting about going out every day and putting dishes on people's rows And we offer a $50 bonus for every five star review And we tell our installers Go after the customer for that review ask them for it tell a customer that you get a kickback if you get a review Um, it motivates our installers. It makes us look good So we get the reviews and then what that has done is when we go to advertise billboards facebook Whatever people see us. They've never heard of us. They google is they see, you know, 800 five star reviews They're like an internet service fire with that many five star reviews. I want to do this I'll forget about the price. They forget about the speed It's just we're just coming for that customer service experience. And so I would say if you aren't pursuing getting A positive social media Presence you should be because if you want to grow Use that in conjunction with your advertising you don't make your advertising That much more effective because people do see the reviews and they do care about it So I think that's kind of been um You know for us as we've grown we've needed to advertise and our advertisers become that much more effective because of those reviews So I think it pretty much sums it up. Yeah, I was just trying to think about ways of you know Let's make this call useful beneficial to others and those have been some of the tips that have really They've really been game changing for us in the last couple years That's awesome. So much great information in this episode, man. Thanks for sharing all of that Yeah, my pleasure. It's great.  I think that's where a lot of folks out there know you're from Um, but you know anywhere else where if anyone's looking for you where they can reach out Yeah, sure. I mean so you can google us, you know, we're on social media. So facebook google Um, our website is out there. You know if you email us from the website I still kind of watch that mailbox even though i'm not the guy who responds to it But you know facebook messenger, I don't have facebook friends I don't have a personal facebook profile really, but I have a facebook account so I can you know follow the The industry-related pages and I do use facebook messenger some Um, but yeah, google search will will pretty much get us. I'm on linkedin as well. Um, you know Yeah, fairly fairly well connected on there. So you can reach out there if you want if you need to find me there You know, you can you can connect up. We use telegram for uh internal messaging So if you've got a telegram account probably uh Hit you up there because that's uh our preferred communications platform as a company Very cool. Very cool. Tosso is anyone looking to find us working lately? Yeah, you could definitely find us all over on social media as well. You can find us uh at our rf elements page on facebook any of the industry groups like wisp talk and the like LinkedIn and of course our website rf elements.com or just email me tossos at rf elements.com Caleb at rf elements.com. We're everywhere all the time All right, everyone. So until we talk to you guys next time, we'll be talking to you later Bye Thanks guys. Bye


It's absolutely amazing to think that out of all that stream of thoughts that in no instant are you ever any of those thoughts, you know, it's just an assumption that I am the thinker of the thoughts to say, I have a thought of pain or I have a sexual thought or that the I is identified with it, like I have thoughts and it's really, we could say in our state of pure presence it's so still that those kind of stream of thoughts that we're talking about, you know, doesn't have anything to do with the identity. So the Course will say it takes two to believe in sickness. For example, if you have a mind that knows the impossibility of sickness, then sickness becomes impossible because it would take some kind of an agreement in the illusion to give the illusion a reality, not a real reality, but just an awareness of reality. And I was on a conference call with Spain this morning and our friend Frances was talking and she was describing a point where she was in California and she was just in a place of utter devastation, just really, she was sitting by a leg, she said utter devastation and she just cried out for help and she said, Jason showed up and she started to just talk about how devastating she was feeling and Jason just kind of smiled and looked her right in the eye and said, there's never been a time when you were not happy and he had a glow on his face and she just was like, and she said, I just snapped out of it, instantaneous and another time I remember with you was, I was sitting meditating in a hot tub in our monastery, we had a monastery with a hot tub, it's kind of cool. I was sitting there and just meditating in a hot tub and then Jason come out of his cabin and he said, it's early morning hours, he's whistling, he's happy, he goes over into this other place and I guess I heard the story, he went up to see Suzanne and Suzanne had just been awakened with this nightmare of really vicious, vicious nightmare and when he came in she said, oh I'm so glad that you're here, I needed to talk to somebody, I have to tell you this nightmare and he said, no, he said, I'm in a miracle right now, join me and she did pop right into the miracle and she was so much so glad that he had showed up to tell her nightmare and he wasn't the least bit interested and it just shows it only takes an instant of joining and how powerful that is to pop right back into the divine and it doesn't have to be like this long drawn out process, you know, it's really encouraging when you hear those stories because it just shows you how powerful it is and if you stay in true empathy, if you stay in what's real and true, you just simply radiate that and extend that to everyone and everything and then they reflect it back to you and it's amazing the power of our mind.


Hello, everyone. I'm Dr. Sonil Kalwani, third-year resident in Holy Spirit Hospital, Mumbai. I'm presenting a rare obstetric case report.  A 29-year-old female, Prami Gravada with spontaneous conception, was referred to ultrasound department in Holy Spirit Hospital for routine ultrasound at 27 weeks of gestation. She had no complaint of bleeding per vagina, no pain in the abdomen, no comorbidities. Her routine hematological and biochemical parameters were within normal limits. The NIPT reveals low risk for eneuploidies, serum alpha-fetoprotein and beta-SCGs were mildly high. Ultrasonic ultrasound done at 27.3 weeks reveals a single viable fetus, which was corresponding to the age of gestation. The placenta was unusually thickened, extending from funders, inferiorly completely covering the ores, suggestive of placenta previa. The maximum thickness of placenta was approximately 8.9 centimetre. The placenta showed multiple varying size and equi-cystic lesions within. On colour Doppler, there was mild peripheral vascularity. So, the first differential which came into our mind was the partial mola pregnancy because of the snowstorm appearance of the multi-cystic lesions. But the fetus was corresponding to the age of gestation. There was no gross structural anomaly noted in the fetus. The beta-SCG which was done prior was not unusually or moderately on the higher side. Therefore, the second differential which we considered was the diabetes, but the blood sugar were normal. And the rare differential which we considered was the placenta mesenchymal dysplasia, which has a similar ultrasound appearance, that is the placenta migale with multi-cystic lesions, and the alpha-fetoprotein done was also mildly raised. So, we advised patient for repeat beta-SCG and carotyping to rule out the partial mola pregnancy. However, because of some cost issues, the carotyping was not done and the beta-SCG came out to be mildly high. So, we went retrospectively and saw the few initial ultrasoundography which were done elsewhere. So, the first time is to reveal single-life intrauterine fetus with optimal cardiac activity. NLNB scan was normal, there was no gross anomaly. At 18.3 weeks, level 2 was done and the placenta appeared thickened that time and was completely covering the internal ores, but no fetal anomalies were detected. Now, the ultrasound repeated in our department after 2 weeks at 29.5 weeks revealed progressive increase in the thickness of the placenta to approximately 9.8 to 10 centimeter and the planes between the placenta and the myometriums were preserved. There was no myometrial invasions. These findings were more inclined, we were inclined towards the placental mesenchymal dysplasia but now the fetus started showing early growth lag which can be seen in the trending graphs. The ultrasound done after 2 weeks at 31 weeks reveals diffusely thickened placenta with further progressive increase in the maximum diameter to 11.9 to 12 centimeter. But the Doppler study now shows reduced diastolic flow in the umbilical artery which was reaching the baseline without any absence or reversal. Suggestive of mild to moderate fetal placental insufficiency, the PI was 1.5. The fetal weight was less than 5 percentile with interval growth lag of 2 weeks. Suggestive of intrauterine growth restriction. After 2 days, this female with IOGR, fetal placental insufficiency, placenta previa with placenta migale and multi cystic lesion presented with heavy bleeding and was admitted for emergency LSEs. The LSEs was done under general anesthesia, female baby was delivered, placenta and membranes delivered completely, placenta was edematous, weighed around 1300 grams and found to have multiple cysts. So these are the gross image of the placenta. The left hand side is the fetal surface and the right hand side is the maternal surface and as we can see there are multiple cysts seen within the placenta. So to summarize from 27 till 31st week, the placental thickness was progressively increasing from 8.9 to 12 centimeter, leica was decreasing from 16 to 10 to 9 and the Doppler findings were initially normal and at 31 week it showed mild to moderate fetal placental insufficiency. Initially there was a satisfactory interval growth lag but then there was a early growth lag with a 2 weeks of growth lag seen till 31st weeks. Fetal weight went down to less than 4 percentile. The placenta was sent for histopathological examination and it revealed no trophoblastic proliferation, scaloping or stromal trophoblastic inclusion and there was a vascular and hydropic villi, fibrin deposition and thrombus, a vascular polyangiometous area therefore suggestive of placental mesenchymal dysplasia. So this is the radiological image of the PMD, the gross image and the histopathological image. So the placental mesenchymal dysplasia is characterized by varying expression of placenta and eurythmally dilated corionic plate vessels, thrombosis of the dilated vessels and large grape like vesicles within the placenta. These appearances may mimic molar pregnancy on ultrasound and on initial gross placental examination following delivery. Placental mesenchymal dysplasia should be considered important differential diagnosis in cases of placenta migale with multi-cystic placental lesions. This is often an under-diagnosed and under-reported case because of the lack of awareness but it has been documented in more in the female fetuses with a ratio of 3.5 is to 1. As we can see in our case also the female fetus was delivered. The outcome of the fetus is variable completely from normal fetus to an increased risk of IOGR which was seen in our case still fetal demise, lack of high velocity signal inside the lesion and a normal k-aryotype favor the diagnosis of PMD. PMD must be differentiated from gestational trophoblastic disease because the management at the outcome before. In contrast to molar pregnancy, the PMD can be associated with normal life-worth as I mentioned associated with fetal growth restriction even macrosomia due to an association with a syndrome called back-with-widman syndrome. Fetal tumors mostly hamatomas, antipartum fetal death and maternal complications especially preecremia. But the definitive diagnosis relies on the histological features including the mesenchymal hyperplasia, edema of the stem cell villi, dilated stem vessels with thickened vasculature and the absence of trophoblastic hyperplasia. Few differential diagnosis of PMD would be partial molar pregnancy, hydropic degeneration of placenta, complete hydriform mole with co-existent fetus, placental infarcts, choreoengeoma, subchoreonic hematoma and spontaneous abortion with hydropic changes. My take-home message would be, bunch of grapes are not always small and placenta is a very vital and important organ of the obstetric examination. We try to focus more on the fetus and the fetus anomaly but a healthy placenta will give a successful pregnancy. These are my few references. Thank you and have a nice day.


Hey, John Cristani here. And in this video, I'm going to walk you through how thousands of students of my online programs earned their first commission marketing Amazon products through their affiliate marketing program.  If you have no experience working online, if you have no tech skills, if you have just no idea what affiliate marketing is or how to make money with Amazon, this video is for you. Because I'm going to break everything down step-by-step. And I'm also going to show you on my computer here exactly how to sign up, how to get paid and how to also earn big commissions. So, I'm going to go over a kind of little known tactic that my students have been using to earn big commissions. And I'm also going to show you something I've really never shown anywhere before, which is how to earn multiple commissions from the same person on Amazon which can create even more money and really help you set up your online business to make a substantial income for yourself. So, keep watching. This is going to be a sort of a long video. But I'm going to break everything down step-by-step. Let's get it right into it. Now, when I say I've helped thousands of people earn their first ever commissions from the internet with Amazon's affiliate marketing program, that's no joke. And you can see picture after picture testimony. I've gotten so many messages about this method right here. It's absolutely insane. People who have zero experience who never thought they could earn a single dollar on the internet have been able to earn money with zero skills, zero knowledge of marketing, been able to earn money with Amazon affiliate marketing. Now, I'm going to walk you through how to sign up, how to earn big commissions, and how to earn multiple commissions in this video. Amazon affiliate marketing, what is it? What is affiliate marketing? How do you get paid by Amazon? Well, Amazon affiliate marketing is called Amazon Associates. That's what they call their affiliate program. And affiliate marketing is a way that you can recommend products or services with links and earn money for doing so. And lots of big companies such as Uber and Walmart and Target and Amazon. When you create a link with Sight Stripe, it will be automatically attributed back to your store ID. So when a customer makes a purchase using that link, you'll receive a commission for the sale. All sorts of companies around the world, and I almost say the majority of companies have a secret way for you to earn money with them by recommending their links to folks online. This is how a lot of business is done online. And what it is is you are simply sharing links to recommend products and you earn money. Now, you've been part of affiliate funnels if you never even noticed. Maybe you visited Expedia.com or Orbitz or Cheapo Air or or any of these other price line, any of these other flight or hotel booking websites, Hotels.com, Cars.com. These are all affiliate marketing companies because Expedia.com does not own any airplanes. Expedia.com owns no flight patterns. The way they make money and they're able to keep their website running is they make a commission every time you book a flight or a hotel through their website. Now, the way you can earn money with Amazon is you can earn 1 to 10% commission on anything and everything that people buy when they buy stuff on Amazon. Now, the average amount of money people spend on Amazon is $50, which means that you would earn on average $2 and a half every time somebody purchases a product after clicking on one of your links. But I'm going to show you a method little later on in this video how you can earn an average commission of $1,800. So, every time somebody clicks on your link, you earn $90. And yes, I said how you can get an average order of $1,800 with Amazon. That is no joke. It's a very specific method for finding specific people looking for a specific problem. Now, this is available to folks in 18 countries. Yes, Indians. You are included. No Nigerians. You are not included or Bangladeshis. Basically, anyone from Europe, North America, South America and the Middle East and India can do affiliate marketing and also Australia can do affiliate marketing with Amazon. Sorry, I know it's pretty unfair for Africans but hey, I don't make up the rules Amazon does. But if you are from Africa or one of the countries that Amazon doesn't work with, what you can do is you can go to LegalZoom.com and you can set up an LLC or a business for a few hundred dollars in the US or the United Kingdom or one of the countries that Amazon does work with. And that way, you can start marketing with Amazon Associates and start earning money from them. Now, we're going to head over to my computer right now and I'm going to show you how to do everything step by step. Let's go. Hey, John Christon here. And in order to sign up for Amazon Associates, the first thing you want to do is type in Amazon Associates. Okay? Type it into Google and what you'll see right here is Amazon Associates Central. Okay? That's what shows up for me on Google and we'll click this link and it says recommend products earn commissions. Now, if you need more information about Amazon Associates, they have all sorts of information here. But what we're interested in is signing up in the button right here. What you can also do is you can also click on this button in the upper right hand corner to see the list of countries that Amazon Associates accepts. As you see, all the countries that you can use to get paid from Amazon as an affiliate are listed right up here. Okay? Let's go to the sign up form. Now, in order to sign up to Amazon Associates, you'll either need to create an Amazon account or you will need to just sign in to your Amazon account up here. So either way, it doesn't really matter. Now, to get started, you'll need to either sign in to your Amazon account or you'll need to create an Amazon account.  When you're shopping online, Amazon doesn't care as much. But when they're going to pay you money, they really want to verify you are a real person. So I'm just going to enter in my code in the box right here. And as you see, we're going to sign in. Now, the first step is Amazon is going to need your account information. They're going to need to know what address they should issue payments to. Okay? Now, the payment threshold with Amazon is $100. So you'll want to make sure you hit that and you should hit it pretty quickly if you're following my steps that are going to come after I show you how to sign up, which is how to earn big commissions and how to earn multiple commissions from the single person. Now, after you've filled out your account information, you'll want to go down to the screen and click on the button right down here. Next. Now, this next step of setting up Amazon Associates might trip some of you up because they're asking for a website that you have. Okay? And I'm assuming if you're watching this video, you're probably 18 years old, broke, and you don't have a website. Now, what you can do is get a website. Okay? That's what I recommend. I'm going to also show you a way around this, but really the safest and most sound way, the most guaranteed way to set up Amazon is to get a website. And for that, I recommend you go check out my top recommended hosting providers. Okay? These cost only $3.95 per month. So you're not going to have to pay a lot of money, but you'll have a website and having a website will allow you to get access to so many more affiliate programs and ways to earn money. It's completely worth it. So for $3.95 a month, which is about like a cup of coffee, you will be on your way to being able to get income from all sorts of places from Amazon, from Target, from Walmart, from Uber, you'll be able to really be off to the races and start an online business. So I highly recommend you set up a website and you get one as soon as you can. Now, as I said before, there is a way around this. If you're willing to bend the rules a little bit, you can use one of the sites that you have a social media profile on such as Facebook or LinkedIn, like I have profiles on, or you could just use somebody else's website. Boom. And there we have it. We're on to the next steps.  This doesn't really matter. You can just type in your name or something like that. And then you could say, what's your websites or mobile apps are about? And you could just say, social media influencer. That's what I'd put. And then when you say, what topics best describe your websites or mobile apps? What I suggest is just list out whatever. I'm just selecting random categories here. And it doesn't really matter what you select here. Again, you can't do anything that is wrong. So I just selected that. We'll do that. Again, all of this information is not really necessary. I mean, some of this is required, but just you can select random things. How do you usually build links? And again, I'm just selecting random, random things here. Now, great. Now, after we select just basically a bunch of random information right here, we're going to go down to the bottom and select finish right in that button right there. Okay, loading. And there we go. We thank you for applying to the Amazon affiliate information. Now, then the next step is you have to enter your bank, your bank account information and your tax information, which is going to be in this link down here. The only way to get paid is when you give Amazon your bank and your tax information, otherwise they are not allowed to pay you. As a company operating in the world, you're always going to have to give out your bank information and your tax information in order to get paid by companies. Normal companies require this. This is just a part of life doing business on the internet. I know I get people from like Bangladesh all the time saying, why, why do I have to give out personal information? Well, I know in some countries they don't require personal information to get paid, but in Western countries they do. So please don't annoy my comment section. But we'll click later and fantastic. So now we are in Amazon and we are able to actually get links once we are in Amazon Associates. So where we want to go is we want to go up to here where it says product linking right there. And to get our links that we are going to use to recommend the products, we want to click on product links. Now here we can search for anything we want. We can search for dishwashers and we can find a bunch of dishwashers that we can recommend to people. Now the recommended method that I suggest to you to actually get product sales is bear with me and let's do this exercise for a second. Think of a book or a musician or a CD or an artist or a movie that made a massive impact on your life, something that really just maybe it affected your entire life direction. Now for me, that was the four hour work week. So I'm going to type in the four hour work week. As you see, the product is right here. It's the first listing on Amazon and what I want to do is I want to click this section right here where it says get link. This is going to give me a link that I can recommend to people to earn money from. Now there's a little trick here when we click get link is we actually want to shorten our URL with amazon.to. This makes it a lot prettier.  They say, oh, it's got to be a scam. It's a scam. It's a scam. It's too long of a link. Well, let's shorten it for people so we don't face that issue and we get a nice pretty link that we can highlight and then we can right click and copy paste. Congratulations. We just created a link that we can now recommend on Amazon. Now the next step you want to do is you want to go to Facebook or whatever social media that you use. I don't know what social media you darn kids are using nowadays but I'm just going to log into my Facebook profile and what I'm going to do is right here when we're logged in I'm going to talk about what's on my mind because what we're going to do to earn our first commissions with Amazon is we are actually we're going to tell a story about how this book or this CD or this movie impacted our life in a positive way. We're not going to do anything with the link yet. We're just going to write a story about how this impacted our life and let me help you out here. Now I'm assuming that you have zero marketing knowledge coming into this and that is totally fine because I'm going to give you a template that you can follow step by step to create a post that makes you money. Now the basic format is you summarize your story in one sentence where you started and where you ended up. You expand on where you started. Talk about how you ended up in a better place because of the product or the service that you were offering and then you give a link to the product or the service. Let's go. I'm going to write this out real quick and we're just going to fast forward through this. Here's the little post that I wrote. I wrote four sentences. I used to be directionless and broke and now I am rich and it's because of a book I read. The second sentence says how bad it used to be when I was broke. I barely had enough money to do anything and I just didn't see any future for myself. The third sentence says now I'm rich and it's because of this little book I read. The fourth sentence says here's a link to the book if you want to read it too. Again, this is not promotional. It's a story from my own personal life.  All marketing is is telling stories and it's communicating information in a very good specific skilled way. It's storytelling. Just tell a story and it makes it simple and as you see what I did here is at the end I put in that Amazon affiliate link which we had gotten just a second ago and what's great about Facebook is that they auto-populate the link for you. As you see folks can click on this Amazon link post right here. Let's post this and see what happens. Boom. Now as you see what folks can do is they don't even need to click on the link. They can just click on the book and it'll take you to your affiliate link. Now what you can do to verify that this is your affiliate link and somebody is going to your website or your version of Amazon where you are going to get commissioned is looking at your affiliate code right here. This is called your affiliate ID and that means whenever somebody buys from this link from your Facebook post you will earn roughly 50 cents from that transaction. Pretty cool right and you can do this on any social media network that you have. It's a fantastic way and folks you don't even need an audience of people for this to work. Again just do this on your own personal profiles and once again this method has started off thousands of people to earning their first commissions online and I hope it can for you too. Now if you are excited about this and if you're going to apply this type in hurrah in the comments below because I'd love to see you start earning your first commissions and to those who do earn their first commissions or have earned commissions through Amazon's affiliate program please let people know in the comments. This is a really easy way to start earning money online. Pretty cool right? Now I'm going to show you how to make big money with Amazon and this is the stuff that excites me because back in 2009 when I was starting an internet business I was always looking for kind of loopholes or tricks. Ways to make extra money on the side just when I was in college and without a lot of time and without a lot of money and I was always looking to make more and I was trying to find tricks to increase my income without extra work. Now this this method and the next method I'm about to show you to earn multiple commissions are definitely ways. They're definitely little loopholes that I've kind of kept to myself and the next one earning multiple commissions is in fact one of the best ways to just earn massive amounts of money and you're going to see exactly how this is done. Now the way to earn big money is very simple. You recommend products that are very expensive. Seems simple right? Well here are some categories to give you ideas of products that are selling a lot and are very expensive. You have lawn mowers. You have dishwashers. You have generators. You have skis. You have watches. You have ski ball machines. You have drones. You have camera lenses. Now this lens for the camera I'm working with right here. It cost me over a thousand dollars. That means somebody I think it was Casey Neistat who's a popular youtuber that talks about photography and videography. I bought whatever lens he recommended and the lens cost over a thousand dollars. So he earned anywhere from a you know he probably earned 50 extra dollars from the Amazon affiliate program. And yes, Casey is a very famous youtuber and he uses all Amazon affiliate links. I've also seen a lot of popular electronics YouTube channels which are talking about drones and other virtual reality equipment and and TVs and all sorts of you know setups lighting setups etc and all of this all of this electronic equipment can be very expensive. So you can make a lot of money doing that. Now I mentioned skis in here. Skis is a really good category. Anything within niche sporting equipment. I'm talking about kite surfing. I'm talking about snowboarding. I'm talking about e-foil. Okay? E-foil. These are extremely expensive items that people pay thousands of dollars for to go out in the ocean and ride on motorized stuff. You also have all of this all of this kind of survivalist and home appliances such as generators. Solar panels. The list goes on and on and on. The amount of stuff that people buy is amazing. People have a lot of money and you can sell all the stuff to them. You can recommend it and earn commission from them. Isn't that awesome? Let's go into how to make multiple commissions. This is my favorite part because I love multiple commissions. I love making more money from the same amount of work, right? I just showed you how to make more money. I'm going to show you how to make it many times from the same amount of work. And the answer is on the board. Lists. Let me give you some ideas. Ultralight camping gear list. Fly fishing equipment. Home security ultimate setup. Doomsday shelter preparation list. All of the examples I just gave you are examples where people will buy a lot of products. Maybe 10, 20 or 30 products in a row. Now, I did some simple math and I looked at one of the videos that is talking about how to set up your own home power grid. Micro grids in America are very popular and the particular video I looked at got 93,000 views. Now, if we're being conservative here because I know how many skeptical folks are on my YouTube channel, I see your comments. 1% of folks might buy the product he recommended because really not that many people are really searching home power grid system setup out there. But I guess 93,000 people are motivated enough to search home power grid system setup. So, let's assume 1% which is very reasonable. That would mean that 930 people bought the 1,800 dollar product that the man was recommending. Now, 930 people, 1% buying an 1,800 dollar product and at a 5% commission rate equals $83,700. $83,000 from one single video talking about setting up your own home power grid. Now, to give you a comparison, the average video on YouTube earns 0.2 cents per viewer. Not even a penny per viewer. Whereas this guy is making roughly a dollar per viewer. Which means that this man recommending big ticket, multiple items, home power grid setup stuff is earning about 500 times what the average YouTuber actually makes. Insane. And that is the power of affiliate marketing. And how affiliate marketing is the best business model that you can get into if you're looking to start an online business. And it's how I've been able to make a living millions of dollars a year without any employees whatsoever running a home-based business. If you are excited by the prospect of earning money with Amazon, type in the comments go Hoorah! If this excites you, I love sharing this information because frankly, it's helped make me a multimillionaire, right? And it's been a really exciting journey. And I've just met so many cool people along the way, had kids, got married, all that stuff. Now, if you want to keep engaging more with me and keep learning more about how to start an online business, make sure to subscribe to my channel and definitely just spank the like button a few times to help out the YouTube algorithm. I really appreciate all your support. It's really fun interacting with all you throughout the years. And yeah, it's been really cool. Also, if you want to learn more from me and see my step-by-step system for how I do affiliate marketing. And what I do is I spend money on advertising. I find places where I can spend $1 to make back $2 in revenues. Which means I just make lots of profits. And I do it all on credit cards which requires no outlay of money on my side. So, I'm always making money before I spend it. It's called the super affiliate system. And it's the top link. It's the number one recommended income method in the description. And just check out the video that explains how my training program works. Thanks for watching. Make sure you subscribe, spank the like button. And I will see you in the next video. Bye.


A series of disasters befell Delhi after Tughlaq's decision to shift his capital to Dawlatabad. Again and again, Taimur and others attacked Delhi. At times, Delhi ceased to be even a capital or a centre for culture. 250 years of upheaval and turmoil saw sultanate regimes rise and fall. But what remained as a constant was the progressive fusion of different strands of culture. Art, music, architecture, language all began to be melded into shape by the builders of a new empire. The dynasty, started by Baba, was built into a mighty empire by succeeding generations of Mughal rulers. Of the 17 Mughal kings and emperors that ruled India, Dhan was as impressive as Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar. Akbar's capital Agra was the heartland of Braj, and he, in his inimitable way, encouraged the development of the language. Akbar's legacy was a tolerant outlook, disseminated and nourished by Sufis and saints such as Khaja Salim Chishti and Bhakti poets of numerous shades. Interaction between these two mystic streams, both using the spoken language of the people, led to deeper and more and more reflective streams. Several languages developed along the Indo-Gangetic plains, such as Braj and Avati, to name just two. The capital shifted once again to Delhi, with Shah Jahan, building a new city, Shah Jahanabad, and his palace, the Kilaimualla, also known as the Red Fort. Persian was the officially patronized literary language, but in the narrow lanes and by lanes of Shah Jahanabad, the lingua franca was Hindavi, or Rehhta. Rehhta, or mixed languages Urdu came to be known, began to acquire legitimacy. The very flexibility of Rehhta meant that wordsmiths from the ranks of the plebeians could now join the great masters. And this is what happened. Here was a language that democratized the creative processes for the very first time. The Mughal Empire begins to shrink rapidly after Aurangzeb. Kings came and went with great rapidity. The breaking away of Avarat starts a virtual run on the empire, and the newly arrived British begin to expand their influence and control. The collapse of the Mughal Empire loosens the hold of Persian, and Rehhta is now poised to fill the breach. The finest example of cultural synthesis from the immediate pre-colonial days is to be found in the works of Nawab Wajid Al-Ishah, the last ruler of Awat. Wajid Al-Ishah, an exponent of Thumri, Kathak and Rehats, authored many volumes of poetry and prose. And his play, Radha Kanhaiya ka Qissa written in 1840, is considered to be the very first drama in Urdu.


So let's take another look at a Leslie model and see what information we can glean from it. So I suppose I have an animal population with three stages. We'll call them egg, nymph, and adult. And our vector gives us the number of individuals in each of the three stages at some time. And suppose that our population has a certain transition matrix. Let's do two things. First of all, let's describe the transition for each of the three stages and then find m squared. So first, let's deconstruct our transition matrix. Remember the entries of the transition matrix give us the coefficients of the linear formulas that describe each of the vector components. So our vector components give the number of eggs, nymphs, and adults at any time. So the number of eggs at time n plus 1 is going to be 0 times the number of eggs at time n plus 0 times the number of nymphs at time n plus 10 times the number of adults at time n. And one way we can interpret this equation is that every adult produces 10 eggs. Our second line tells us the number of nymphs at time n is 1 times the number of eggs at time n plus 0 times the number of nymphs at time n plus 0 times the number of adults at time n. And we can read that as every egg turns into 1 nymph. And our last line tells us that the number of adults at time n plus 1 is 0 times the number of eggs plus 1 times the number of nymphs plus 1 times the number of adults. adults, and what that says is that every nymph turns into an adult, moreover, every existing adult remains an adult. And so our Leslie Matrix, our transition matrix, describes an animal whose life cycle can be described as every adult produces 10 eggs, every egg turns into a nymph, every nymph turns into an adult, and every existing adult remains an adult. Biologically speaking, this isn't realistic. We can expect some attrition among the eggs, not every egg is going to survive, not every nymph is going to survive, and adults die or get eaten. But it's a starting point. So how about M squared? So remember, M is the transition matrix that describes how we go from the number of eggs, nymphs, and adults at one point in time to the number of eggs, nymphs, and adults in the next point in time. If I apply M to the output, I get the number of eggs, nymphs, and adults at the point in time after that. And so that means that M squared, which corresponds to applying the transition M twice, is going to tell me the number of eggs, nymphs, and adults two time intervals after my starting point. And what this means is that M squared is going to give me a way to determine these values from my starting values. So let's try and find these numbers. The number of eggs at time n plus 2 is 10 times the number of adults at the previous point in time. So that's 10 times an plus 1. What I know that an plus 1 is 0en plus 1yn plus 1an. So I'll drop that into my equation, and I have the number of eggs at time n plus 2 in terms of the number of eggs, nymphs, and adults at time n. And this is what I want for my first row of M squared. What about yn plus 2? Well, I know the number of nymphs is equal to the number of eggs in the previous time interval, so I know that yn plus 2 is equal to 1en plus 1. And I know what en plus 1 looks like. It's 10 times the number of adults in the stage before that. And so now I have yn plus 2 in terms of the number of eggs, nymphs, and adults at time n. And that's going to give me the second row of the transition matrix. And finally, the number of adults at time n plus 2 is going to be equal to the number of nymphs and adults at time n plus 1. And we know the formulas for each of these. So after all the dots settles, we'll have our formula for the number of adults at time n plus 2 in terms of the number of eggs, nymphs, and adults at time n.