Now we have our special guest, our expert of the day, a wonderful lady who is all about women reproductive health, Dr. Minu, Minu, yes, Dr. Minu Singh. She is an obstetrician, gynecologist and I'm going to let her introduce herself further. Heribu, welcome. Thank you so much. Yes. I am Dr. Minu Singh. I'm gynecologist and obstetrician working in Mediheal group of hospitals, Parkland, Nairobi and I'm really great to be here on your show. Thank you so much. Thank you so much for honoring us with your presence. We really appreciate.  And I'd like to have your take. What do you think of reusable pads? See, there are a lot of commercial items which the women are using nowadays to maintain their menstrual hygiene. Like we'll go from sanitary pads, tampons are there and vaginal cups are there. But yes, if you'll consider the financial ground, every year a female is around spending 100 pounds on these commercial items. So definitely, if we are having something which can be reused, but yes, at the same time hygienically safe, then yes, it's a good option. Absolutely. Yes, especially in her case, she's looking at the girls who really can't afford pads. And I'm thinking, it's 2021. I know there was a bill in 2017 where we were supposed to have the government contribute pads to children, to basically girls, especially in school. And that's not happening. And I feel like especially women, political representatives are not doing enough whereby condoms are free, yes, and pads are actually quite expensive. And not just that, but because it's a choice to have sex, but it's another to not delay your period unless you're pregnant, which is unfortunate, because in this case what's happening is the girls who can't afford these pads end up being exposed to doing something for men to give them pads and they end up being pregnant, all right.  See, what I feel is sex education is considered as a taboo, you know, in most of the societies. Even our parents, they don't feel comfortable and they feel embarrassed to talk about sex even to their children. So what I feel is sex education should be imparted to both girls and boys at an early age. But at an age when this starts with the act, actually, so like if I'll quote you an example, like in the country of Holland, right, this starts this sex education from very beginning at the age of four or five. So they have brought down the incidents of teenage pregnancy, abortions, STDs in their country. Right. So I think we can also do that, no? Exactly. It should not be considered only a part of the school responsibility, it should start from the home. Exactly. Okay. Yes. So the parents should be felt responsible apart from the teachers or proper sex, trainers should be there in the schools, right, to guide them what exactly they have to be trained for, like the correct knowledge and the essential knowledge about sex. Absolutely. So this is what is actually needed, you know? That's the thing. That's the thing. I think I grew up in a very lucky time, or maybe the government was doing right then, because like you were telling me earlier, they will come and bring the pads, or the girls are called. If you're under the age of nine, you're needed. So it's even embarrassing. Exactly. And you're taken to a room and you're told here the pads do this, but then we got lucky enough to be shown even how to use them. And at the end of the day, with any kind of issues that we have as a country, it all boils down to ignorance, whereby if we only educate one person and we live out the other, we are actually, we are quite existing, but we're not quite existing properly. That's why you find the boys will be doing things. That's why you're finding girls losing out a lot. I read a case whereby a girl got her period. It was her first time. She was 14 in class eight, and she went to the teacher. The teacher told her off, like your daddy, go and do something. And she went home and she told the mum. And I think the mum, again, when we were saying parenting and this education should start, the mum didn't do anything. She actually went to fetch water. Unfortunately, the girl killed herself. Can you imagine? So it's really extreme in this matter. And I think with education, with a conversation, I mean, period has been there since time immemorial. Right. But why are we still losing out? And you know, in your case, now let's sort of bust the myths. When you're in your period, you're told, you should not take this. I remember when I was in high school, I was told, first of all, if you wanted to come quick, it suits. These other things. Chocolate. Chocolate suits. I look back and I'm like, wow, that was not the correct information for my peers. So they are made in terms of administration when a woman is going through this period, that they're supposed to eat certain foods. See, definitely, certain foods, they are aggravating. What do we call premenstrual syndromes or some abdominal cramps or the symptoms of periods, actually. So apart from these foods, we can take everything. The list is very few, actually. Very short. Like, we should restrict taking extra salt. Because as we know that medically salt causes water retention. And basically, periods they are governed harmonically. So they themselves are causing bloating. So if you take something, which adds up this bloating, the symptoms aggravate. So better not to have extra salt, some coffee, sugar, sugary foods, alcohol, and like these, you can have them in moderate amount, but initially, for the first two or three days, when the flow is heavy, actually. So you can avoid these foods. Everything is okay, you know. They can go and party, you know. Exactly. And as a doctor in your field, it all boils down to basically a healthy life with a healthy diet from Monday to Monday. It doesn't mean only when you're in your period. Yeah, exactly. Right. So I'm going to ask you quickly, like, what is the one thing you've been told about your period? And you're like, really, guys? Because I know you've been doing a lot of research on that. Yeah. So number one, they told us, they don't take a lot of chips. Yeah. Then again, I think it's salt. This is the medical reason behind it, you know. Yes. Because they are salty and salt is aggravating the bloating. True. So this is the reason. Otherwise, of course, you can have chips, chocolates, you know. They are mood elevators, basically. True. First thing, what I had from the interior, you don't take chips. Just a bunch of chips. Yes. Right? It's actually because of salt. The doctor has said it. So now you have something to take back to the girls, you educate. Yeah, I have something to take back. Yes.   Oh, wow. Yeah. Okay. No, this is a myth. Yes. That's a myth for you. Yeah. So you ensure that you just hide yourself until you are done.  Oh, yeah. If you just throw them anywhere, someone is going to pick it. A witch. And you reach yours with it. Yeah. Myth, right? Exactly. Exactly. So you ensure you just hide them. Yes. And then another thing, they say that when you're having, I mean, crumbs. Yeah.  All right. I think that's a good point. Yeah. So this is for what we should have sex education. See, we are imparting reproductive information to all the students in school. But reproductive information is not the same as sex education. Exactly. Right. Yeah. So this is exactly happening. What is the normal anatomy or physiology of the body? But we are not telling what changes occur at what age and how they should, you know, take care of themselves. Right. What is their sexual responsibility or to make them responsible for their future life? Absolutely. Okay. So this thing, it comes in the sex education, basically, to make our future generation, the students, the children, to be more responsible. Absolutely.  Yes. Yes. So this is more important, I think. I agree. And it should not be like a bookish knowledge, no? Right. What we are giving our children is the bookish knowledge. We are not giving them the practical knowledge. Yes. So that's why there are a lot of myths. They are, you know, revolving around the incorrect information. And this is our moral duty to correct them at that point. Exactly. As she said, that yes, they should not, you know, go out or be in contact with people. It's a myth, no? As a matter of fact, there is a village in Kenya, a community actually, that tells girls the minute your period arrives at whatever age, 9, 10, 11, you're not supposed to sleep in your mother's house anymore.  It's deeper and deeper and deeper. With it comes, like now, with the luxury of a woman like yourself, you and myself, we have the luxury, we have like a box of tampons, a box of panty liners and pads for each use, but now we are dealing with menstrual pain. For instance, we are dealing with heavy flow. You see, it's layers after layers. And talking of menstrual pain, like she was saying that you're supposed to lay on your stomach. What home remedies can one have other than going to a pharmacy and getting some painkillers? See, beside painkillers, which are there available on the counter, no? Right. Menstrual cramps, they are very common. Right. And they are just because the uterus is trying to expel whatever is there inside. Yes. The menstrual blood as well as the tissue which has to be shed every month. Yes. It has to come out of the body. Yes. So, there are like different things we can do at home. First, and the foremost is rest, then and the support of the family. Okay. They should not be neglected. They should not be put to the other room or just out of the house, no? Yes. Because it's something which is associated with emotions also. It should be true. The females have mood swings, no? Yes. Mood swings. Yes. Then irritability and definitely they are bleeding at that time, no? True. Fatigue, headache, bloating, sore neck, you know? Yes. There's so a list of symptoms they can have. Absolutely. At that time they need a sympathetic environment basically at home. Yes. They should take rest. Yes. They can take hot water bottle to soothe the area. Then they can have a hot bath. Okay. And that's it I think. Okay. And good food. Oh yes. Oh yes. And wait it out. Yeah. Wait it out. Yeah. Yeah. Did you want to add something? Two questions. Okay.  And the number two, what can you do? I mean when most of the girls they are about to approach their periods, we have those big pimples that they normally have. Oh yeah. I have a good one here. I felt it last night. Yes. I was so impressed. Yes. And then you touch the other part of the face. Yes. Just come from that again. Oh. Come on. Me. I'm not even a doctor but I am sure I can see. I can see doctor singly like yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. The Girls with the Women, they have this syndrome in one or the other form. Okay. Okay. So, like she said yes they can experience the occurrence of the pimples on their face. Right. Right. Again it is indication that yes, you are about to get your periods. Okay. Inputed. Right after. Yeah. Yeah. And they are not basically procedure kind of things. Yes. So, they are basically the eruptions, they are painful and they go away once you start with the periods and they never leaves marks. It's true. Okay, these pimples, they never leaves marks. The one which are leaving marks, they are actually Akinese and that is completely a different entity. Yes. Yes. Yes. So, yes. I agree. I agree. Because mind pops disappears. Yeah. Like this one. So, they are both right after my period and it will just disappear on its own, not a mark. And they always, is it true, they always come below this area. Exactly. Yeah. So, this is hormone of pimples are down here. Yeah. And they are perfectly okay. So, talking of steel, and I think this is going to go to a level of even contraceptives. Yeah. What period is too heavy? What is too heavy? See, to know what is too heavy period. Okay. So, to know what is actually a normal period, okay. I think everybody knows what is period, no? Right. When a woman is in her reproductive age group, that is between 13 to 49, uterus prepare every month for pregnancy and when this pregnancy doesn't happen, it has to shed its lining. Yes, yes. Okay. Yes. Which comes as a monthly period. So, the bleeding, anything between 10 to 35 ml is considered as normal. Okay. So, in terms of like throughout your periods, if you are using 2 to 7 pads, sanitary pads or tapnoons throughout your period. Okay. Yeah. So, it's considered normal. Okay. We should know what is normal, then we can, you know, progress further to consider what is heavy. Absolutely. If a woman is having need to change pad every 2 hours or less, then it is considered heavy. Okay. She should go and see her. Okay. Absolutely. Okay. And there's always a solution. Yeah. Right. Yeah. I'll give my own personal experience. I was on IUD, the copper team for a year, a year, you know, 2 years actually, 2 years. Okay. So, coming, it wasn't heavy, but it was too, it was too prolonged, light and prolonged. And I think I was starting to feel weak and all that. I went to my gyna and she was like, would you consider something else? And I told her what, as long as it's not super, super common, because of course you will lose everything. Exactly. And she suggested a mirana, which I put 2 months ago and my goodness. So I had my first period and then obviously it was very heavy to everything was shedding out. And then the second time, I thought I was just fighting, but it was my period. It's so light. And I know I feel very happy and I'm looking forward to that. And I think, again, it goes deep and down to also self-education and where people fail to do that. I think the greatest mistake is to seek opinion from peers because what I know is not what you know. You have a different perspective. Yeah. But if you go to, for instance, Dr. Singh, it's very simple. I will tell you, ABCD, and true enough, I've never gone wrong with seeking advice from an actual doctor. So I think that should be, at the end of the day, something that we should concentrate on other than listening to the peers and also self-education, whereby you do your research and see what's happening. Because regardless, regardless, the children still, you know, they'll get the knowledge either from the peers, from the internet, there's so many things. But the thing is that we should impart the correct knowledge. That's the thing, so that they're confident enough to say that's the correct information. That's not the correct information.  Everything good has an end. Yes. So this is what I'd like to say. Let us just do also male involvement, because it is men's treasure, so we begin with men. You heard. Yes.  Let us just be positive, because just as you said, the government have policy makers. Absolutely. That is department for gender. So the policy makers let them also do their work. Absolutely. And see to it. And see it. So that is all I can say. All right. Yeah. And then a good support. Yeah, if we get the good support like us, the Angaza team in Kilefi, we are ready to go more interior and explore this. Like for example, to have lunch today, I'm going to share out. Exactly. And then when I become a period from Posador, I'm Posador for periods. Yes. And then I can do more. I feel like you already are with what he's doing. I saw you doing a lot. All right. Because the future is female. Absolutely. That is all. She's throwing very good quotes, you know, administration, men, and the future is female. Yeah. And Dr. C, what are your final words to anyone who would be watching us tonight? See, even the, beside the females, yes, as she said, men should be involved. Because we need to tell them to be more considerate, more empathetic towards female during that period. Absolutely. Because yes, we are giving knowledge to both of them. But they should consider, because this entity is only with females. Absolutely. They should not really know what exactly the female is going through. Exactly. So they should be more considerate towards the female during that period. Absolutely. So this is my, the thing or the, this should be our approach basically towards our youngsters. Absolutely. So that's what I want to say. Thank you. Thank you so much for the few lovely ladies for, you know, honoring us with your presence. Thank you so much. And for that gem of wisdom, I've learned so much from you. And we hope to have you again. All right, guys, like we say, everything good has an end. I will not add any more than menstruation. Men, future is female. And as Dr. Singh says, let's involve everybody. Let's educate, educate, educate both men and women because this is not just a female problem. It's a societal problem. And we can do so much with it.  We can get rid of the stigma that comes with it. Should you have any more information or see how you can support the Angaza Foundation or anyone who comes on board? Kindly reach us out on our social media pages at Y254 TV on social media pages. And my page, Maureen Waititu, and we'll get back to you so that we can have you on board and we'll solve these matters of reproductive health, which brings parenthood and the issues that come with it. Until next time, have a good night.


Rhaid i'w rhai, rhaid i'w Rhaid i'w Rhaid i'w Brifysg Senf's Association. Rhaid i'w rhaid i'w Radu Sprir, dweud o'n pethoedd y gweithio eich Llyfrgellau. Rhaid i'w Rhaid i'w Brifysg Senf's Association, i'w Radu i'w rhaid i'w rhaid i'w Llyfrgellau i'w rhaid i'w Brifysg Senf's Festival. Rhaid i'w Llyfrgellau i'w rhaid i'w Llyfrgellau i ddych chi'n gweithio fan hynny o'r lech. Felly, i'r bydwch ar gyfer y gwirthod yng Nghymru, gweithio'r pethau ar gweithio yma. Mi'n ddechrau i'r swansie, yn September. Rydych yn gweithio. Felly mae'r gweithio siart, a'r bydwch ar y gyfer y gweithiau, felly mae hi'n ddweud yw'r ffordd ar y gweithio ar y gweithio, ac efallai efallai i'r gweithio, mae'r gwrth yn beithio. Felly, rydyn ni'n gweithio Radu. Rydyn ni'n gweithio Radu, esbryr o'r rhesaith yma at the University of Surrey. He researches flexible electronics and there are many applications. So now, can we introduce him? Let's give him a welcome. Let's give him a round of applause. Thanks very much. Thank you. Hello everyone. Hi. I can't see your faces. I'm just assuming that you're here really. I'm going to start straight on because the time is quite short for this one. This is a talk about plastic electronics. This is a talk about electronics. I thought we'd start in the time and place which was absolutely essential for the beginning of electronics, which is, of course, the capital of Romania, Bucharest, where I come from. So in 1998, in about September, one Saturday, I was coming from a film that I saw with my girlfriend and I stopped at the bus stop while waiting for the bus and I bought my first copy of this computer magazine. And then I spent most of the evening reading it and in there, the most fascinating thing possible was this. The Pentium II 433 MHz processor. This was an absolute behemoth and I thought this is it. This is the future. This is the pinnacle of semiconductor engineering. So I was completely enthralled by this, but then I got a bit sad. Mainly because the film we went to see was Titanic. But it was more than that. You see, I wanted to be part of this thing. I wanted to be part of the story of electronics. I wanted to create things. But unfortunately, I was just a child. I was just going to school. So I wasn't able to do anything. And this was the future. And it was happening now and I'd missed it. But was it? Let me remind you how the 1990s looked. This is how computer graphics looked in the 90s. This is how mobile communications looked in the 90s. And this is how web design looked in the 90s. So was that the future? Well, it was in some sense, but not quite. It was, in fact, a small cog, a small part of a chain that started with the development of the first integrated circuit in the 50s by a bunch of guys that looked like this. One guy in the picture, probably to your left, is Gordon Moore. Now, Gordon Moore became famous for Moore's Law, which is really an observation. It's not a law at all. This guy at some point looked at the amount of stuff that was going into an integrated circuit and he said, okay, there were five or six or seven components up to about 20, up to about 30 by the mid-60s, so he just drew a dotted line. And that dotted line went on for 50 years to the point that these days, computer chips have parts that are a hundredth of a millionth of a metre across and there are many billions of them in a single chip, the size of a fingernail. And we're, of course, concerned with digital circuits where we only care about the zeros and the ones. We only care about the extremes of what the data can represent. Analog is getting a bit left behind, I suppose, in the public's imagination in the digital world. But I'm going to tell you in a second that analogue is, or rather plastic electronics and the future of electronics is all about analogue. So in analogue, we're really concerned with all of the values that a signal can take from its minimum to its maximum. And there are plenty of heroes for digital, but there are a lot of unknown heroes of analogue as well. Who is this? Do you know who this is? Bob Widdler. Bob Widdler, fantastic. So this guy was instrumental, again, in creating fantastic electronic circuits, amplifiers, current sources, you name it, analogue electronic circuits in the 60s and 70s and 80s. And he was not quite the advocate of digital as this picture shows. Right, analogue is something that I hold very dear.  The thing though is that all of these circuits, analogue and digital, usually are made of minute specs of silicon. So the chips are quite small as you can see. But there are plenty of electronic circuits which are large by definition. And we're talking about what's technically called large area electronics, but mostly display screens, right? They're meant to be large because that's their thing. They need to be large. So the circuit has to go on a fairly large substrate, usually glass. And this is the genuine size of the glass that people make TV screens and things on. Now, of course, glass has a bit of a problem. And I'll show you what the problem is with this simple video. And I'll explain. The phone there is just used for contrast. It's not part of the circuit.  So there's nothing very clever about it.  When that happens, an LED lights up. But you'll see in a second that glass has its problems. So that's just a simple circuit. If we use this glass slide with aluminium on top, we just close the circuit. And of course, the LED lights up. Right, now the problem is glass very frequently comes into contact with fairly rigid stuff. And we all know if we had a mobile phone be dropped on the pavement, that that happens quite frequently and quite tragically. So you've seen that circuit dies. The circuit is broken. So glass has its problems. But what we do with our screens is we protect them by encasing, say, our phones into some sort of plastic cover. And this is exactly what I was doing when I was making this video. I was using some sort of plastic protection from my eyes. And we do this all the time for our electronics. But why not make them out of plastic to start with? So here's a bit of plastic that I've metalized only on one surface. And we still close the circuit the way we did. And long story short, this can take a lot of abuse as you might think. There you go. Right, so why don't we make all our electronics on plastic rather than on glass, our large area electronics? Well, the problem is, of course, that plastic doesn't really like high temperatures and a lot of our processing of the materials that gets into our electronic circuits has to happen at 400 or 600 degrees Celsius. A lot of the time glass barely can stand that, plastic wouldn't stand a chance. Right, so we need to change completely the system of our fabrication. We need to use other materials, other machines, other processes to create electronics on plastic. Ideally, that can withstand low temperatures. So we talk about plastic electronics, but we can also call them printed electronics or flexible or solution process in the sense that the materials that we're putting down are now put down at very low temperatures in the form of things like inks, sorry, pastes and gels, by printing, stamping, or even spraying. So this is extremely low cost fabrication at low temperatures for future electronics. And there are of course advantages, things like cost and area. You can do this on a vast area without having a large production machine. You can do it a bit like you print newspapers and magazines. And of course you can print a lot of them. The point is that soon enough we should be able to print electronics on flexible plastic at the same speed as we print, I know, Hello Magazine. However, there are downsides. The biggest downside really is the speed. And by this I mean the speed of our circuits. So the problem here is that the materials that we use, the semiconductors that we now use in the place of silicon are now a thousand to a million times less able to pass current. So the transistors that we're making and the circuits that we're making are going to be slower by that same amount. And yield is a problem. If you're using these very fast production techniques, a lot of the time your patterning is going to be mediocre to say the least. And you are going to end up with either completely failed or circuits with very, very different specifications to what you expected. Now, I work at the University of Surrey in the Electronic Engineering Department and the approach that we've taken to solving these problems of yield and speed and uniformity for plastic electronics is to completely rethink the design of the building block of the transistor. And we've come up with this thing called a source gated transistor. And it's very, very similar to the conventional transistor that we use in display screens, except this time we're using the contact between a metal and a semiconductor and the energy barrier that forms naturally there to restrict the current. And this gives us a lot of very beneficial advantages, I suppose. So for a start what we do to look into these devices is we create computer models, we simulate, we fabricate and then we measure or we test these devices. So the way we do this is we use computer software that will solve some fairly complex equations in semiconductor physics. We discretise these so we tell the computer where precisely to solve the equations. Of course you want better accuracy in the places where you want the data to be quite precise. And then you get something like this. And this is a bunch of electrical characteristics of a transistor working in an analogue fashion. So as you sweep the voltage on the X scale, you turn the current up from virtually zero to something that you could call sizeable, I suppose. And then we make them. We make them with fairly conventional technologies like this one with photolithography, the way we've always made larger electronics, but we make them with printing as well.  So I mentioned printing and the idea here with this device, the cleverness of it, is that it can withstand significant tolerance or process variations. So here what I'm showing, which you can't really see I suppose, is the two curves are for two devices that are ten times different. One is about 20 microns, one is about 200 microns long. And we get exactly the same characteristics, which is not something that you normally get from a conventional transistor. And this is fairly important because what this means is that when you're printing at very high speed and the picture on the bottom really shows a deliberately bad print of two parallel lines, when you're printing at extremely high speed, this transistor will have exactly the same performance regardless of the waviness of the lines or the distance between them. So this means very robust electronics on plastic, on paper, you name it. So this device is particularly energy efficient, it gets to the problem of uniformity and it is high gain as in you can make very high amplification devices out of it and circuits. It has downsides as well of course. One is speed, so because we're restricting the current as it enters the device at the metal contact, we're probably losing about 90% of what this device could go at in terms of its switching speed. And because of the physics, the current passing through it is very temperature dependent. That is probably a major downside. And it's different. Probably its biggest problem is that it's different. Industry works on four or six or eight years timescales. And if you come up with a new idea that's good for, I don't know, next year's product, it's never going to be incorporated because people have thought of what they're going to be doing for a number of years. So it's quite hard to actually get this into industry. We've solved the temperature problem with some fairly clever simulations. I may show you if we have time. And the speed is not entirely problematic for the very simple reason that we're not trying to create processors or graphics card, we're trying to create very simple electronics which will probably go at a few hundred hertz or a few tens of kilohertz at the maximum. So this isn't really a problem in the real world. I'll show you really briefly how this behaves in comparison with a conventional transistor. So you can use the transistor as a current source. And ideally, a current source would look like this. Irrespective of the supply voltage, you should get exactly the same amount of current and you should start getting that current from the moment you apply a minute voltage across it. This is the ideal characteristic of a transistor as a current source. Current devices look a bit like this. So, of course, the flatter the characteristics are, the better. The source gated transistor looks like that. So what we're going to be doing, and I'm going to show you two videos of, again, lighting up a simple LED by passing current through this transistor and in turn driving the LED with current. So what we're going to do is we're going to sweep these characteristics. So we're going to go from large or high voltage all the way to zero and back again a number of times on the same curve, first on the TFT and then on the SGT. And what's going to happen is that the TFT, the conventional thin film transistor, is going to drive the LED with increasingly lower and lower current. So the brightness is going to drop until eventually it goes down to zero. And then you're going to see this happening a couple of times. The second film is about the source gated transistor where, as you might expect from the graph, the current is going to stay virtually the same for the majority of the period. So the LED is going to have the same brightness until very low supply voltages. So here it is. So you can see right at the bottom is the supply voltage, which is negative. And then you can see the tiny LED losing brightness and being off for the majority of this period. And if we go to an SGT driven, sorry, here we go. So it's the same period, the same time frame for this process, but the LED stays on for longer of the period and it doesn't lose its brightness. This is with the same technology in fabrication, but using this trick of controlling the current at this metal semiconductor contact. So, as I said, we can make these with conventional technologies, but also with printing. Desktop type inkjet printers, stamping, spray coating, that sort of thing. So the source gated transistor is a very useful device for flexible and printed electronics because it's robust and it's energy efficient and it has this property of uniformity. But it's only part of the story because apart from very good electronic devices, you need to come up with things or ideas that you couldn't realize before with conventional technology. I'm just going to show you a couple of things that people have been doing around the world in the area of printed electronics. So this was last year a fully functioning microprocessor made by inkjet printing in Belgium. Now the problem with this one is that it's about the same performance as something coming out of 1972 in silicon technology, but it's just the beginning and it's very likely that we're going to be able to do exactly the same thing akin to Moore's Law with these types of transistors and these types of technologies. In Japan, Takao Somea is working on very thin printed electronics. So this thing is an array of sensors that you'd put presumably on your body to monitor your health. The interesting thing about it is that it's just one micron thick. Again, when you're talking about nanotechnology, the stereotypical comparison is the width of a human hair, 50 nanometres or 80 nanometres. So this is absolutely feather-light electronics or feather-weight electronics. So this is how they imagine that this might work. You stick it on, it would send some data wirelessly, it would be powered wirelessly, and then when you don't need it, it would either peel off or even absorb. In the US at Urbana-Champaign, John Rogers is working on transient electronics. So these are things that can be dissolved either if you're ingesting them and they stain the body for a couple of weeks and then they just simply are dissolved or things that you'd put in the environment and they are either water soluble or with very, let's say, not nasty chemicals. So a great deal of effort is now looking into the ecology of these things because this could be a new beginning for the whole of the industry of electronics, right? There are new materials, there are new substrates to put things on. Why not do it in an ecological fashion? And again in the US at Stanford, they're looking at stamping this array of electrodes onto some flakes of semiconductor which are quite randomly put around the substrate. But the idea is that if you need something extremely low cost, perhaps just sprinkling the semiconductor on a substrate at random and only working with the devices that work by accident is probably a good way of doing it. So this is Jan-An Bao who's doing this sort of research. And again, my friend Chiao Jun Guo at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, who is a Sari graduate, I should say. He's looking at a lot of anti-counterfeiting biosensors, chemical sensors on flexible and printed electronics. Again, extremely low cost and things that eventually you would be able to print in your own home. But speaking of printed transistors, this is the work of Henning Searinghouse when he was a postdoc about 15 years ago, and he developed the first fully printed organic transistor. And he just printed it with an inkjet printer like that, with a variety of materials, semiconductors, conductors and insulators. Fast for about 15 years, Henning Searinghouse is still one of the pioneers of printed electronics. He's in Cambridge and he started this company called Plastic Logic. And Plastic Logic made this, which is a fully bendable display screen, plastic display screen. So what you're looking at if you can even see it, it's a black and white image, a bit like a Kindle display, but this is the image latched into this flexible plastic display. Now this is from a couple of years ago, they've let me show it to people. More than welcome to have a look at it afterwards. These days they can do full colour, video rate display screens in this size. So this is absolutely fantastic because surely it means that this is the coming of age of plastic electronics, right? These things are happening, but the fact is we can't really buy them. So is this really the future? Well, it is the future in some sense, but if you think about it, if you were to compare the technology of communications to the technology of printed electronics, we're not even at this stage in terms of our development, we're more like at this stage. So even though there are plenty of companies and plenty of research groups doing amazing stuff with new materials and new techniques, we're hardly here. So to get here, we need a lot more understanding of the basic processes, a lot more understanding of the engineering, but a very good reason for doing things because in this era of commoditisation of electronics, it's very easy to say, okay, I'm going to build the same thing faster or cheaper, but eventually you're running out of reasons to make things. So the key is enabling completely new applications, things that you couldn't do with rigid or just conventional silicon technology. And part of this I think is doing or marrying old technologies with brand new ones. So I'm going to show you two demos which are very, very rough and ready of two technologies where printed electronics would work fairly well and would be seamlessly integrated in everyday products. So the first one is a photo book which has ambient sound and as you turn the pages, the sound changes for a soundscape. Of course you can do much more with it, but the demo is about that. So let's have a look. So the book effectively becomes the trigger for digital events, or it becomes the remote control for interacting with digital content. The other demo we've made for a little project last year was a packaging box which tells you in your own language instructions for putting together a piece of furniture, say, and the idea is that you can navigate by gestures through the steps of the building process. The point again is that we've made this with off-the-shelf components, but the idea is that you'd be able to integrate absolutely every bit of the electronic system into the cardboard in a printing process, so it would be dirt cheap eventually. Welcome to IKEA Trogan Steps. This recording, together with the manual supplied, should make the process of building your steps easier. If for some reason you are missing parts, you can easily order them on the website at IKEA. One, begin by tapping the dowels into the two step panels and attaching them to the side panel. Two, make sure the additional support bar is facing in the correct order. Paper and printed electronics is a big deal these days, mostly to do with recycling and with, again, the ecology side of things. In fact, the European Union, minutes after Brexit, announced that there will be a funding opportunity later this year for paper-based electronics, and we're trying to capitalise on that following on from these little demos. Right, so where do we go from here? My feeling is that the whole idea from now on, it will be from... Sorry, I should say that in a different way. What needs to happen for new applications, for completely new ways of using electronics, for giving us a reason to make these flexible electronics, is to marry the interaction with real-world objects, things like the internet of things, broadly speaking, with distributed data, as in the cloud and big data. And we can easily do this following the digital side of things with immense computing power that we have, and with the analogue, which is coming from the printed sensors and the printed electronics. So what's next? Well, at this point, genuinely, your guess is as good as mine, and for that reason, I'm going to ask you for your thoughts, perhaps, by the large tree outside. Thank you very much for listening.


Hello everyone, this is Peter Bruno of the Wall Street Money Letter and this is a market update. The S&P 500 is at 43.6765 up 31.49 points. The NASDAQ is up 99 points. The Dow Jones Industrial Average is up 190 points. The Nikai was up 751 points. And the most active stocks that we have today would be truest financial up 7.14 percent, emphasis energy up 5.28 percent, first solar up 5.02 percent, soldier's technology up 4.57 percent, and target corp is up 4.45 percent. On the downside tapestry is down 2.5 percent, Netflix is down 2 percent, WW Granger is down 1.66 percent, L3 Harris technology is down 1.47 percent, and Campbell's soup is down 1.45 percent. Based on our futures, the energy filters are down 36 cents to 86.03, they were lower by 85, they were higher by 88. And that's of course the moving up and down with the war that's going on in the Middle East. Bitcoin is down to 165 dollars, 27,470. The price of gold is up $7.80 to 1872.30. The ES, S&P futures are up 33.50 to 4402. Just a little while ago, they were down to 39.97. So that's the volatility that's taken place. The YM, which is the Dow Jones industrial average, is up 195 points, and Apple computers down 64 cents. The Nasdaq is up 110 points, Amazon is up about 62, and Netflix is down 7.37. We're coming back to the Wall Street Money Hour in just a few minutes.


What is going on guys welcome back to the channel critical overlord here So I did a poll on Twitter today asking you guys what film in the franchise I should rage about or trash out of Halloween 5 and Halloween 6 and of course you guys went with Halloween 5 as I hoped you would already had the thumbnail ready already had all my points ready I've done a video like this before in the past, but just want to do more updated one now that I have Some whatever larger audience so jumping right on into things one of them one of the major issues with Halloween 5 that You already see on screen here is of course the Michael Myers mask. The Mike Myers mask is absolutely horrendous It's probably the worst mask in the franchise The fact that it's hanging out of his collar like that. That's something that bothers a lot of people also the introduction to this whole thorn thing The reason the thorn introduction is of issue with Halloween in Halloween 5 and onward in the Halloween 6 Is because of the fact that it was just written in with no real intent of what direction they were gonna take it in We know they introduced the man in black who at the time they had no idea who that even was we come to find out that was Dr. Wynn and Halloween 6 who wasn't even a major character In the first film because he appeared in the first film, but he was played by a different actor He just had a brief scene walking Lumis out of the hospital or talking with Lumis as he's walking away from the hospital Talking about somebody was to give him driving lessons so the whole man in black the cult of thorn and then the fact that we don't even have the Relationship between Rachel and Jamie carrying the story anymore Rachel's killed off early on for what reason I do not know Literally Halloween 5 it comes off like they're just they're just trying to wing it Halloween 5 from What fans know what I know it was a rushed production They had the script written up really quickly then they went into production just like that And it's just like wow like it came out a year after the fourth film There's like no time to breathe. They didn't take anything seriously given the result of the final product And then going back to another thing We know that Halloween 4 ended in a way to already tell us what direction we should go to in Halloween 5 With Jamie standing at the top of the stairs holding up that knife after she stabbed her stepmother Or her foster mother rather and then they don't even go in that direction for the next film They don't do it whatsoever. Jamie is just back to being she's not actually she's not back to being anything She she goes in the direction. It doesn't even make sense to what happened in the last film She's mute. There's this psychic link between her and her uncle that goes unexplained for most of the film That somehow has something to do with thorn and even then that's not rationalized in any shape where you form Apparently when you touch Michael Myers hand, you'll just develop a psychic link.  He's like a saving grace him and Daniel Harris do amazing jobs in their roles Their on-screen chemistry is prevalent They they come off well with each other But I think what a lot of people had an issue with in this project was how uncomfortable dr. Loomis was Portrayed in the film Donald Pleasant did a great job with what he was given, but it's like why was Loomis written like this He's bombarding Jamie asking her for questions. He's Kind of a harassing her he comes off more Annoying you kind of get aggravated with Loomis in this film more so than any other any other entry because in the other entries Loomis is clearly here to save and be the hero in town in ways But in this one, he's coming off very desperate very insincere and Just very like almost like he has no no feelings for who gets who gets harmed in the in the process of his of his desire To kill Michael Myers and to some degree it seems like a fitting progression for the character but also at the same time It's like dial it back a bit because you're making the character unlikable in a in a in small ways for how you're Portraying him here and then of course going back to Rachel Rachel dying off and then us having to deal with Tina and Tina's friends Not even Tina's friends. Let's just say killing off Rachel and having to do with Rachel sidebar sidebar Posse of friends who we never get to really learn anything about Tina's introduced as some loud obnoxious goon who comes to visit Jamie when she's in the hospital again struggling to talk and Then we're not we're not really given a chance to like that character They do more to make you dislike the character because she's so unfocused on anything regarding Michael Myers She doesn't seem to care about Jamie the way she comes off when she's with Jamie And it's just like we're kind of watching a movie where Michael Myers is in the background While we spin a majority of the film watching him kill a bunch of teenagers who have no regard for him Don't see him as a threat. They know of his of his legend But they just have no regard for him and it's just like the atmosphere is not the same as it was in the last film the mystique of the shape is being diminished by the fact that no one seems to even give a damn about him and Just the simple fact that The direction they took this in versus Having Jamie portray some type of or have Jamie in some type of evil role here That seems to really hurt the film really it did it comes off like Halloween force should have been the definitive conclusion to the franchise really because of the fact that Instead of taking us in a direction where maybe we have Jamie in a institution Where it seems like she's doing killings around said institution Maybe she's in Smith's Grove and she's under the care of Dr. Loomis and then at the end we come to find out It's not Jamie. Of course, it's Michael Myers. We don't get something like that. That would have been more interesting We get this this film that is half baked Subpar acting the only two real great performances or performances that I would even consider good are Jamie and Dr. Loomis and then don't even get me started on the Myers house The Myers house is not the Myers house What that was I do not know but it's sure as hell is not the Myers house There is just so much lack of care for making a quality Halloween film in Halloween 5 that I cannot stand When people defend it sometimes I will defend it in the sense that I can say that I enjoy watching all of the Halloween films But Halloween 5 is not a good entry in this franchise. It is not a well-made film. It is not written With any type of care for what happened before it's written off It comes off as it's being written off the fly and it's very evident From how things progress onward into Halloween 6 because they they don't do a very good job in making sense out of what was introduced in Halloween 5 because they are not the same creative team that introduced these ideas in Halloween 5 They do what they can and I will say it is adequate But it's still not something that's logical the thing that bothered me the most with Halloween 5 though honestly is just coming down to the fact that The way the characters that were given to given to have the film centered on they don't they don't care They're interested in partying. They're interested in it's it's almost like if Laurie strolled wasn't Laurie strolled like when I say that like if Laurie strolled wasn't the main focus of the first film and Instead we got Annie and Linda Parading around town just drinking Chilling out with her boyfriends and showing no regard for Michael Myers. It's it feels like that It's just like that's not that's not cool It's it's more boring than anything because first of all the fact that Tina has no real desire to be with Jamie For most of the film She just wants to go to the Tower farm that already makes her an unlikable Protagonist to a lot of people because Jamie is just there in the background and then here's this here's this young teen who Jamie wants nothing more than to spend time with after Rachel is gone and Tina just shows no regard for her and we all we all love Jamie Daniel Harris does an amazing job in the role, but Tina is just like Forget Jamie. I want to go to the Tower farm and it's just like well forget Tina then we don't care about Tina We hope Tina dies and I know a lot of people were joist when Tina died There's a lot wrong with Halloween 5 and you can defend it if you want to there's some redeeming qualities Those redeeming qualities are what I mentioned. They're the performances from Daniel Harris and Donald Pleasants in their roles as Jamie Lloyd and Dr. Loomis The Myers house is trash the narrative progression from Halloween 4 is trash The decision to kill off certain characters trash So many things that don't don't make sense the fact that I that they are on record state And that they did not know who the man in black was is absolute trash to let me know What else is wrong with Halloween 5 down in the comments section below if you haven't already make sure you subscribe to Post notification at never miss a video in the description. I have links on my social media accounts on Facebook Twitter and Instagram You can message me there to let me know as any movies news or reviews like you would like me to cover in the future Without any mind guys. I will see you in the next video