Okay, we're back. We're live. This is Think Tech. I'm Jay Fiedel. This is Community Matters, and we have Brad Coates. Hi, Brad. He joins us today as a matrimonial lawyer to talk about love. Love is good. Love in the time of the COVID. What do you think, Brad? Love in the time of COVID is a little trickier. It was a, this was a love in the taste time of Colorado was a famous book that I think Gabrielle Marquez wrote. And so I just thought love in the time of Corona made a little bit of a nice play on words. But it is definitely problematic from the perspective of a divorce lawyer and a family law specialist. It's going to make for a lot of work, I'm afraid. It's going to make for a lot of would-be demands. Now we came back on. But I don't know if anybody's going to have any money to pay lawyers at this point. So we'll have to see how that turns out. That's true. Talking before the show about, you know, lawyers need to have clients and clients, usually in a business sense, they need to have some money to pay the lawyers. Lawyers will represent other clients or no clients. Lawyers can stay home too. Lawyers can go to the beach too.  And the lawyers, I wouldn't mention any names. And the lawyer said, you won't pay me.   Have a nice day. I thought it was pretty wise actually in the in the fullness of time. That seemed like a good idea. Well, it's hard. It's hard in our situation because you're really empathized with the people. We're getting lots of kinds, lots of calls, everything from, you know, standard marital disputes to actual, you know, outright domestic violence from having been cooped up for so long. I mean, it's it's causing some real, real problems. And we certainly would like to try and help everybody we can. But what are people going to do? Secondarily endorse over their unemployment checks to their lawyer?  Nobody's going to have any money. You got to pay you got to pay your expenses to stay in business.  I see I see three, you know, when we talk about this and break it down, I see, you know, three major trends that are that are going to happen. One is marriages are going to be delayed. I mean, marriages were already delayed till way, way later in life compared to when you and I ever got married right out of college. Now, kids aren't getting married until, you know, the guys in his early thirties and the, you know, the women's and well, right now it's 27 for Wahinis and 29 for guys.  I'm weddings are literally wedding ceremonies are postponed. So that's going to be some of these are very expensive. I I know one individual who is associated with think tech was going to get married this spring. No way to do that. And yeah, has to put it off for a while until you can have gatherings until she can, you know, make a better deal for the event. It's not cheap. So yeah, no, you're going to see marriages get postponed and delayed. People getting married later in life. You're going to see careers get delayed. You know, especially for millennials, you know, these are the key years when you're supposed to be building your career. You know, for you and I, it was our late thirties mid forties. You know, that was the that's the time where you really kind of get your career on track. And unfortunately, a lot of people are going to be sidetracked by a number of years. And then the third trend, so you got marriages delayed, you got careers delayed. And then the huge one is going to be the gap between the haves and the have nots is going to continue to widen. It's going to the gap between the middle America, the flyover states and you're working, you know, serious manual labor kind of jobs, guys, you know, compared to the elites that are on the coast and, you know, and as long as they can get to their computer in a zoom meeting, they're able to maintain their jobs, gap between rich and poor, old and young, you know, Republicans are Democrats. This is going to I mean, I love to watch those ads about we're all we're all in this together alone together. And you know, we're all in this together. And that, you know, that's certainly the that's kind of the mojo you want to exhibit. But in reality, I wonder if this isn't going to be more divisive. Yeah, when you're talking about love, though, not necessarily marriage or career here, and I, I thought, you know, we didn't talk about this in advance, but I thought when you talking about love, talking about romance, talking about, you know, sexual love as well. And my opening question to you actually, Brad, and I don't know if you can answer or there is an answer, but does the rules about social distancing apply? How can you do it six feet apart? Do you need, do you need, do you need a mask?  I mean, is that is all these more rates are they changing now? Well, I, I, I, I think definitely fit in the physical act of consummating, consummating sex from six feet apart would probably be pretty impossible unless you're Johnny Wad. I don't know. But you know, that's for sure.  How do you, how do you sort that out when everybody's wearing a mask? I mean, you know, there's, there's going to be some, there's going to be some interesting issues that arise out of it. The three, the three key causes J for, for, for divorce, and it's in my divorce with decency book, and it hasn't changed COVID or no, no COVID. Money, sex, and family. Money is what is one of the first causes that can be too much or too little.  We went one, one half of the couple loses their job. And, you know, all of a sudden, the family checkbook goes out of balance and the, you know, the wife gets tired of supporting the husband or vice versa.  But as we saw when Aloha Airlines went under, you know, husband says, well, that's okay, honey, I'll cover the bills. And that works for a while. But we saw a flood of divorces coming in. When self-destructed. Of course, there's apparently a flood of divorces happening in his sex.  You know, that can be a real upender. And are people going to be, you know, happier being in close configuration with one another? Are they just going to start pissing each other off? And the other one is family, where you've got, you know, family issues that are that are going on. Sometimes more generations having to live under one roof. I'm reminded of the big blackouts back in, I guess, sixties and seventies. And since where, you know, nine months after the blackouts, there would be an increase in childbirth and that baby boom, yeah, baby boom. Yeah, you're on a baby. I look forward to that. You think that'll happen? Because frankly, I think that a lot of people, not everybody, but a lot of people are reluctant to spend proximity time with their partner. Because who knows? And there's something troubling about the possibility of catching something. And I don't think everybody is like that. But I think there are a fair number. And I think that would probably diminish any baby boom effect on you. Well, I think there's no question about that. I mean, people are going to have a problem with trying to trying to, you know, feel comfortable about mating. You know, the whole approach to mating is going to start to switch around.  That's going to be problematic for the foreseeable future. Probably pretty good for online dating and the hookup sites or whatever. But I'm not sure anybody wants to hook up with a total stranger at a time like this.  So yeah, I think you're right, that the whole sex thing could get thrown out of kilter. Well, this is troubling. We don't know yet though, right? It's too early to tell. It's too early for either of us or really any professional to figure out what's happening in the bedroom because we don't have any data. Unless you have more data than I do. I don't talk to people about what they do in the privacy of their homes. I can't claim to be an expert on what people do in the privacy of their own homes. I barely know what's going on in mine. But the reality of it is that, you know, theoretically, if everybody's got all this free time on their hands and they're using some of it to make love, maybe you've got Corona babies in nine months. But a lot of people think twice about whether they want to have their offspring come out of a sex act. And if they, again, it comes back to economics, if people don't think they're going to be able to support more kids, they're probably not going to have more kids. I think what this could lead to, and we're already headed this way, Jay, is more, you know, permanent singlehood seems to be more preferable recently, even before the virus. Then, you know, the number of Americans living solo in 1952 when I was born, I was born in 51.  Now that's up to 28%. You know, there's just so many different options nowadays that people, like I say, they're commitment phobic to begin with. You know, we've got all these sort of spoiled lifestyles where everybody gets to do things exactly the way they want to do it, and they're not willing to compromise. So, you know, even trying to stay marriages are down living to everybody wants to and cohabitation has replaced marriage and now living singles almost replacing cohabitation. The flip side of that is, is there ever another point in time, when you really the solace of having a partner is important, then during a crisis, right? I was just going to say the same thing. Yeah, being being alone at a time like this, you'd be crawling the walls and losing it. I mean, there were there are already a number of articles that have appeared in the last few weeks about the extraordinary number of people in the country, who because of living alone are getting depressed, and have anxieties and all those things in the psychology books. And so if you want to live alone now, it's take a certain certain risk. The other thing is pooling of income. If I have one partner who does keep a job and the other partner who doesn't, it's probably, I mean, not married necessarily. It's probably a good idea to have somebody with whom you can pool income, pool resources, you know, pool tasks. And this, this takes me back. It takes me back to, you know, why marriage was so important, for example, among immigrant families in the early 20th century, because they could do things together, they could help each other, save each other, have the back of so to speak of the other one. So in a time of crisis, those are competing considerations. One is, you don't want to be near anybody. But the other is, you really do need somebody to work with and achieve, you know, do tasks together with and share things with. I don't think I don't think there's any question about you're exactly right. During an actual crisis, at least on a short term basis, having at least one person have a job so that, you know, we can meet the mortgage and, and doing that makes sense.  But what we've got is a very self-centered generation that's emerged. And, you know, if it's causing me more trouble than it's worth, I bail. And that's, you know, that's part of the problem. That's the way a lot of people think nowadays. It's interesting when you were talking about how all this seclusion is leading, is leading to depression. When you, when you talk to psychologists, and I talked to a lot of them in the divorce business, you're always talking to marriage psychology, depression peaks at age 44. That's the, you know, that's the 40s turned out to be a very depressive period for a lot of people. The median age for US employees right now is 42. So, so, you know, you've got that collision course where right at that exact same time where people are about to be lose, you know, are supposedly employed, which means that more of them are going to be unemployed. And then it can coincide with that's when depression sets in anyway. This could be a, you know, real unhappy period for a lot of people. Yeah. Well, happy being the operative word you mentioned before domestic violence. And I mean, that's already demonstrated in the stats that there's more domestic violence going on now. So it's hard for me to appreciate, to understand and accept the notion of the baby boomer, the baby boomer scenario we talked about, when there's domestic violence or a ramp up to domestic domestic violence doesn't happen all of a sudden, you know, you have to work up to it. And that means an unhappy home. An unhappy home is not a romantic home, generally speaking. I suppose there are exceptions to that. But I would say that if you're on the road to domestic violence, you're not likely to have a very romantic relationship with your partner. Well, that's an understatement. And it all I mean, it also hinges a lot on physical space.  And by the way, their parents, her parents have just moved back now you got three generations in one roof, fighting to go to one bathroom, you know, that gets problematic. You know, we were headed towards a situation where people lived a lot on their own anyway. I mean, the actual architectural shift during boom times has to do with separate suites for his and her suites at different ends of the houses.  It's kind of the opposite of what you were saying about, hey, you brought in three generations of family and we all made it go but now everybody is every man, woman and child for themselves. It's gotten to be a little trickier. Yeah, well, tricky, tricky actually affects the national economy. You know, what I would say is that we're not really talking about a baby boom quote, nine months post COVID, which is going to last longer in a sense, a much longer period than exactly what happened. That baby boom after World War Two was exactly what happened. They came back from World War Two and everybody was happy to be alive and they had kids. So that was that was a big baby boom and we'll see if there's a COVID one. It just depends on how happy people are to be alive right now. I suggest to you that the greater likelihood, maybe an equal out, but the greater likelihood is it can be reversed. Reverse of a baby boom. There won't be that many children born nine months from now or it's a sliding scale, nine months from that part of the curve we're in over COVID. And that means that the, what do you call it, the hourglass, the population hourglass is probably going to decline. It already was declining in this country. It's going to decline further. I think you're right. And that affects the economy going forward. I think you're right. Exactly right. It's you know, I gave you that interesting statistic about 42 years old being the median age of all employees in America and depression peaking at 42. Here's another one that's getting ready for your talk and I do put my heart and soul into your talks. Lord knows. Appreciate that, Brad. Here's another interesting one. Sweden, the highest percentage of people living alone, now you were talking earlier about, are we in a post familial culture? I mean, is it three generations of immigrants hanging on to three generations of family or is it everybody going their own way? Sweden has the highest percentage of people living solo in the world. As I mentioned to you right now, America is at about 28% of its population living solo. Sweden, 47% fully, almost half of the people in Sweden live alone. Interestingly, Sweden is the only country that did not lock down. If you recall, you've seen the news clips where, oh no, we're just going to keep on being Swedes and they don't, you know, they didn't change their program. Partly because everybody was used to living alone to begin with and partly because they have a lot of trust in their government, which is something that may be lacking in ours and they sort of, sort of, they all function on a community level and they went with this basic program. But I thought that was kind of interesting that the one country where people are mostly going it on their own to begin with and also have a higher sense of community, even though it's individualized segments of that community, they were the one place that didn't lock down and they're the one place that's kind of used to it already. This adds a very interesting idea to the modeling going forward about where you have greater risk for COVID and where you don't. And I think one of the elements that you raise in the story, I don't know if there's any data on it, you know, if you live with other people, if you spend your time with other people, my guess is that your risk for COVID is enhanced. If you live alone and you don't spend your time alone, whatever the circumstances, therefore the flip side is your risk for COVID for catching the infection is reduced. That's kind of play into the experience in Sweden. Well, they're a culture of a very, they're a very culture that is very self-sufficient. Everybody's kind of living on their own already and they're already social distance because they already do live on their own. So yeah, I mean, they were the perfect country to try this experiment and now we'll wait and see how it works. Well, you know, I'm very concerned, you know, we're looking for the things that will change. That's gonna be interesting to watch it all come filtering in from all over the world. Yep, yeah. And in effect, the effects of it will filter in for a long time. I would say for decades, at least, he is even assuming a vaccine because it will affect ultimately the economy. So I was gonna ask you, what about the homeless?  Love, romance, what have you, being affected by COVID? How is love being affected in the situation of the homeless? Because there are more of them all the time. Well, it's interesting, you should mention that. You know, they're in tight spaces. There's no sanitation. They're, you know, it's really a compressed living situation that is conducive to people being upset easily by other people who are too close to their space, I guess. And I don't know, I just watched some of these homeless people screaming at each other.  And then your question is, you know, how do you stay in love in that environment? I mean, it's very, it's very tricky. If you, if you, you know, I also run a lot. I'm still, even at my advanced age, I still do a lot of jogging. And I jog through some of these homeless encampments.  You won't see a homeless person with other homeless. I mean, this is a generalization, but a lot of times it's a guy talking to Jesus and, and, you know, I heard somebody screaming at the top of his lungs about gays in the military. I'm going, what exactly does that have to do with anything at this point in time? But, you know, it's a guy and his dog and, you know, walking along. And, and, you know, I think people are sometimes, they form their relationships with, like I say, either unknown bodies up in the atmosphere or with a, you know, a pooch that's loyal to them no matter what. I, you know, I think it's very hard, very hard for homeless people to sustain. You know, a happy lifestyle, much less a romantic relationship.  I mean, there's a very interesting thing that's happening. This is a bit of a diversion, but it was a very interesting thing that's happening with an already huge gap in class stratification in America. Two-thirds of college graduates are married, have married and stayed married. They self-select into, into their own class of people and they manage to keep their ship together. The, there's less than half of people with only a high school education that have gotten married and stayed married. So that's a pretty, it's a pretty big gap between how much affluence, common goals, having your ship together and, you know, and then having a good career and prosperity and a house in the suburbs. And that probably makes it a lot easier to stay married than it does if you only got a high school education.  And, and what, and meanwhile, who's lost their jobs in this recession? The welders.  You know, these are people that had a job, it involved going physically to work and doing physical stuff and they've all lost their job. So again, now you've got the gap between the elites, the coastals, the middle America, the red states, blue states, the troopers, the nonfront, you know, as if this country was not polarized enough. I see this as being a polarizing event. I'd love to believe that we're all alone together and let's just, uh, rah, rah, we'll all come out of this together and I hope that proves to be true, but I see it having the potential to be very disruptive socially. Yeah, and there's another, there's another aspect here aside from the fact that, you know, the fertility rate is likely to drop in this country because everything is on hold. You're right on there. Including having children, but, but you know, another, another thing is this is undermining the family as an institution. Totally.  You come back from work, spend time with the, with the family, the kids, the dog, whatnot. And I think that, that ritual, that culture is, is under attack because of the money issues, because life is on hold, because people are crawling the walls, because they're unhappy in their circumstances. At the end of the day, yes, I agree, more divorces, more separations, more, you know, de facto separations, and this is going to undermine the family institution and therefore the country that is built on family institutions. This has a greater effect, don't you think? I think you're exactly right. And I think, I think that, you know, the family institution was, you know, it was on its way to, you know, the dust heap, dust heap of, dust heap of western, at least in western civilization, it may have been on its way to the dustbin of history anyway.  Not in America, you put mom in one of these care holds, and it turns out they've got more COVID than any place.  I mean, I think it's a generational deal, and I think it's being exacerbated by this. When you think about, when you think about yours and my generation, we hit a really, really sweet spot in history. You look back, I was a history major in college, you look back on most history, there's wars and pandemics and plague and pestilence and locusts and, you know, problems going on all the time throughout history. Rarely do you see a 50-year window that was, you know, we went to school, came out of school, there were college recruiters giving us jobs coming out of school. We could get, we could get, we could go to school and not amass a quarter million dollars in student debt because it only cost a thousand dollars a year to go to, I went to UCLA. It's a beautiful state school, and a thousand dollars a quarter or something like that to go to law school. You know, now it's three hundred thousand dollars. So, we could come out, we could buy homes, we could get jobs. We had drug sex and rock and roll in the 60s. Everybody turned into a hedonist.  Instead, we turned out to be the biggest retail shoppers in the world and everybody. Then we built all these monster homes and then the price of housing went up to a million dollars and now these kids behind us, they can't afford, they can't get jobs, they can't afford the homes, they basically took all the money and ran. So, you know, it's a, that's a bit of an overstatement, but we didn't, you know, we had the Vietnam War, which was not good, but you know, a lot of us wound up not serving in Vietnam. Other than that, you know, we've had, you know, you know, we've had the biggest problem is trying to beat the cocaine and opioid addictions that came from being too self-indulgent to begin with. I mean, we really, we've had a pretty good run and we could travel all over the world. It was safe. You didn't have to go through a TSA. It was fun. There were actual new cultures to experience. Now it's like, holy shit, the whole thing's come to a screeching halt and I'm just sort of sitting here looking at it and going, I feel blessed to have had the run that we did. That was kind of off-subject, but it's really, it's kind of true. What that did, what that did was it made us all very self-centered and, you know, which, you know, it's hard to maintain a marriage, it's hard to maintain a family, it's hard to maintain all the stuff that was the backbone of civilization as we knew it.  But now half the country's agnostic anyway, so who cares? Well, and then, you know, all these things you're describing are built around the notion of events, you know, weddings, bar mitzvahs, funerals, all that. But you can't have that now.  I'll still come to yours, Jane. Thank you for that. By mitzvah, you can't do it, you can't have a gathering. I mean, arguably in some places you can't even go to church. And finally, and this came up on a show yesterday, so there's a woman who has a mother on the mainland, or rather in Europe, and she's in a senior facility, no surprise, and she dies alone, no surprise, and the family cannot get from various places in the world, they cannot get to be with her at the end, or even celebrate her death, memorialize her death, and say, you know, what does this do? I'm asking a question. What does this do to the notion of a multi-generational, a horizontal, vertical family unit when you can't get together with your family? One of the most, one of the most profound implications of family is gatherings. Can you still have family without gatherings? That's a, that's a interesting, that's an interesting question. That's a very interesting question, because those, all those kind of things, weddings, funerals, you know, Super Bowl games, you know, anything that used to be the touchstone of communal kind of consciousness are being eroded, and we're being replaced by, you know, three generations of families stuck in one small house, and that actually, that may impact the face, all the stuff that was great for building the family and the communal ties that are being, you know, we're verboten now, and instead it's being replaced with a lot of very high stress, high stress kind of situation, just the physical living situation, not to mention, and a lot of it comes back down to money. If you can't, you know, we've all gotten so used to having a prosperous economy, and if that continues to tank, we got a problem. You know, stress, stress brings out the best and the worst in people, and, you know, that's really what it's going to come down to. These are high stress times, and it's going to either cause people to buck up, or it's going to cause them to crumble. Yeah, okay, well let's, we got to stay alert on it actually, Brad. We got to come back and connect the dots and see how it's doing. I'm sure you'll be, you'll be aware of it before I will, and I appreciate talking with you about these things. Thank you so much, Brad Coates.


All righty, so looking at a weight shift Not looking at you're saying here arms and head. Okay So when you ignore all of that, I Think that one of the things you need to pay attention to when it comes to weight shifts, which I'm not quite seeing In here is that it's a common thing that I'm seeing imagine you have Let's keep this like that and then We have this could be a leg a stick whatever it is, you know, that's specific height Now imagine I'm gonna be all clumsy here. Oh Kind of like that ish so When you are standing then you're shifting over You have to remember that this is what happens to the legs If that makes sense more never by drawing arrows here Meaning that when you are shifting your weight over Right, you got your legs like this. So when you shift over what's gonna happen is that you're leaning over this This will be more like that.   That's good.  Yes, one side will be up higher and then there might be like a less of a Noticeable arc, but you're still going to be high and then low high and then low depending on the weight shift So I'm gonna try something here Let's say your character is like this Straight I'm gonna cracking myself up. It's gonna be so horrible. Let's find another color. Let's go crazy.  I would imagine it's going to be more like this I don't know if that makes sense, but you're gonna go along that line and let's switch over to yellow just because I like yellow So when you are doing this, I'm seeing a lot of Straight pass here. So let me just draw So much straight line do some onion skinning and then you can see here Right as you do this, especially How it is very straight and you can go from this Over here next you can extend the legs and now it's going to be up here Maybe not that high, but then you go over and then we're down here again, right? So if I look at the the crotch area such a strange word in English crotch like a frog Do that somewhat You're going a bit lower there. I guess maybe I do it wrong, but it's just very very straight There you go. You can see how that follows. So make sure that we are higher and have Ark in the root. That's the main thing was you asking me here? Good ways to practice weights weight shifts like that I mean for weight, there's a bunch of stuff and I'll email you I mean I'll reply to the email with a bunch of stuff there But right now in terms of your animation That's the main thing where you want to make sure that if you do have a weight shift like this There are a couple things for me They will be the hips are I'm exaggerating just to make a point But the hips are higher on this side rights all the way is on this leg then as you move over It's gonna have an arc with the root is higher and the hips are straight and Then as you go over it's not going to immediately shift over because you have kind of a Shift and then you settle into the weight. She's kind of balanced at this point a little bit Watch out how far over we are But to me it's kind of like the hips are like this you go over They start to shift and at the end when you settle and you put all that weight on that leg That's when it really kicks in so to me in the graph out of there It's not like the hips are doing right like that. It's more like slow and a show like a bit of a bit of a drop there and settling into into That way you get your counterpasta type of pose there here I Feel like I'm noticing this more which is cool. It still feels a bit straight in terms of the path feels like it's going Fairly straight this way. Okay, hold on if you are Tracking this I feel like you have a little bit up and down, but if I do this and I take an arrow Along that line and you are doing. Let's see go backwards You're going a bit lower as my drawings a bit off, but it still doesn't have quite the arc in there Again, we're ignoring arms and the head So for me it would be that kind of thing now let me Bring up a clip hold on always bring up the sequence in my camera lecture just because there's a great weight shift Here and turn off the sound here as he goes over and What I like about that weight shift is there's so many things I like yeah, that's it's a different F&A So in terms of the pose and how it's completely in character and you got that lift with the swing on the leg It's great, but there's a good sense of there's a certain speed You're gonna have was your shifting weight and there's going to be a fairly sudden not linear But a fairly sudden stop in that shift Translate this way because now this leg is firmly planted and starting to push the other way Even though it has to have a bit of an angle this way can't be fully straight So with that it starts to push against it to that translate is going to stop really fast like that It's not going to be like a like that's gonna have a noticeable stop and during that noticeable stop The hip is going to shoot up a bit again, but suddenly that thing just pushes up there It's fun to show that one as it has a good good sense of weight there as well But that's what I would pay attention to I like little changes in the feet. I think that's definitely neat But I think you just want to push Like right now I'm seeing a lot of just straight actions if I had to look at something that stands out the most It's that so I would look at the arc that it has and then the sudden shift and the weight of That leg stopping that that weight shift and how that's gonna push that hit up a bit sharper towards the end Hope that makes sense and I will list some other things that you have here Questions in the email lift lift. I'm reading lifting here. I will list that in the email. All right. Thanks All right, there's an email you can sign up You can start whenever you want you can submit whatever you want you get 16 submissions either way a like and subscribe would be awesome All right. Thank you


The poor boy has fallen asleep. He's been writing a song for the NRA. There's nothing like a good song to inspire initials. Things are getting better every day. Well, Abe, it looks as though we can stop worrying about our country. President Roosevelt has it headed right again. All it needed was a plan of action, and a man with the courage to put it through. There isn't a problem. There isn't a person in America who will profit by the National Recovery Administration. If every man, woman, and child will do his part. You can always depend upon Americans. Did I hear... did I hear someone mention NRA? I didn't realize who you were. You see, I've just been writing a patriotic song. I must have fallen asleep. Don't excuse yourself, my boy. I'm sorry. In fact, I've been watching everything that has happened in this country for over 157 years. I've seen it grow from 13 states to the greatest and strongest country in the world. And now, through the National Recovery Administration, the NRA, it is striving forward to finer and better things. I know the NRA is a great thing for America, but you see, the NRA is a great thing for America. The NRA is a great thing for America. I know the NRA is a great thing for America, but you see, I'm just like thousands of others. I hardly know exactly how it operates. If it explained it to me, it might give me an idea for my song. Just what do you want to know? What is the idea behind the NRA? What'll it do? It will end unemployment and restore the purchasing power of the American people. The thing this country has been trying to do for many years. Oh, great. Tell me more about it, will you? President Roosevelt has asked each employer to split up existing work to give more people jobs and see to it that every man has a living wage. Yes, a man and every man's job. I live to see the freeing of the slaves, but this is a step toward the freeing of the slaves of the sweatshops, eliminating child labor, and giving the toilers a chance to enjoy the beauties of life. What can I do to help it out? You and 120 million other Americans can help by patronizing stores that display the Blue Eagle. All the stores are sharing to bring back prosperity. I suppose everybody is compelled to sign the NRA code. No. This is a gentleman's agreement. President Roosevelt is asking each to lend a helping hand for the common good. Oh, I see. As soon as everybody goes back to work, they have more money to spend, and that would increase business everywhere. Is that right? That's it exactly. The more people buy, the more things the manufacturers will have to make, and the farmers will have to grow, and the road to better times will be open again. Well, that's it. That's an idea for my song. Listen. Here it is.


In this lecture, let us discuss cavernous sinus thrombosis. As its name suggests cavernous sinus thrombosis is a serious condition consisting of formation of thrombus in the cavernous sinus or its communicating branches. Structure of head, face and intraoral structures in particular the structures above maxilla. It is the infection of these structures that lead to this condition. Now let's have a brief description about the anatomy of cavernous sinus. Each cavernous sinus is a large venous space situated in the middle cranial fossa on either side of the body of the spinoid bone. A closer look at the sinus shows that the optic chiasma, the internal carotid artery and the optic crack are present superior to the cavernous sinus. The structures in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus from above downwards are the oculomoto nerve, the cochlear nerve, the ophthalmic and maxillary division of the fifth cranial nerve. All these structures are present in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus. Structures passing through the center of the cavernous sinus are the internal carotid artery and the sixth cranial nerve which is the abducent nerve. There are a few incoming channels to the cavernous sinus. That means there is blood flow from different regions into the cavernous sinus. From the orbit, the superior of dalmic vein, the inferior of dalmic vein and central vein of retina, drain into the cavernous sinus on either side. The meninges drain into the cavernous sinus via spinopadietal sinus and middle meningeal vein. This is the drainage from meninges to the cavernous sinus. Similarly, drainage from the brain reaches the cavernous sinus through superficial middle cerebral vein and inferior cerebral vein. There are communications between the cavernous sinus and other distanced veins through which their contents get exchanged. For example, the cavernous sinus drains into the transverse sinus through superior petrosal sinus. It also drains into internal jugular vein through the inferior petrosal sinus. This communication is into the internal jugular vein. Also the cavernous sinus drains into the pterygoid plexus of veins through emissary vein that passes through the furamen, ovale and spinosum. Here is the communication from the cavernous sinus into the pterygoid plexus of veins through the emissary vein. The cavernous sinus also flows or drains into the facial vein through superior oftalmic vein. Here is another communication where the cavernous sinus drains into the facial vein via superior oftalmic vein. Also the right and left cavernous sinus communicates through intercavernous sinuses. Here is the intercavernous sinus that forms a communication between the left and right cavernous sinuses. So all these communications are valueless and the blood can flow through them in either direction. The main causative factors of cavernous sinus thrombosis are infections arising from the face, maxillary sinus and maxillary teeth. The less common causes are the infections arising from tonsils, soft palate, middle ear and orbit. Complications of cavernous sinus thrombosis are rapid and occasional death can result due to the infections arising from the upper part of the face. The three possible reasons for these complications are the short distance from the facial regions to the sinuses, frequent and complicated anastomosis of these veins leading to direct communications with the sinuses and also lack of protective valves. Unlike other venous systems of the body, the veins in the facial region are valueless. So all these factors account for the complications arising from cavernous sinus thrombosis. The various bacteria implicated in the sinus thrombosis are streptococci and stephilococci along with some gram-narrative bacteria. Moving on to the clinical features, generalized constitutional symptoms like high-fructuating fever, chills, rapid pulse and sweating are frequently associated with cavernous sinus thrombosis. The initial symptoms present with swelling of the face and edematous involvement of the eyelids. There is pain in the eye and it is also tender to pressure. There is venous obstruction that leads to marked edema and congestion of eyelids. Edema of conjunctiviva due to impaired venous return is also observed. There is pulsating X of thalamus and involvement of the 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th cranial nerves. So this will result in of thalmoplegia and paracis or paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle of the eye. There is also papillodema with multiple retinal hemorrhage. Epitaxis or nose bleeding is also found due to increased intracranial pressure. These are the initial symptoms associated with cavernous sinus thrombosis. If left untweeted, the late symptoms develop which include thromboflebitis which spread to the other side or there is bilateral signs that can be made out. In advanced stage of cavernous sinus thrombosis, there may be signs of toxemia and meningitis. Positive cavernic sign can also be elicited. What is cavernic sign? It is severe stiffness of the hamstrings. Hamstrings are nothing but posterior thigh muscles. So there are stiff hamstrings which cause an inability to straighten the leg when the hip is flexed to 90 degree. When there is a hip flexion at 90 degree, there is stiffness of the hamstring muscle. It is called positive cavernic sign. What is positive grudinski sign? It is the passive flexion of the neck which causes flexion of both legs and the thighs. As you can see in this diagram as the neck is flexed, there is flexion of the thighs and legs as well. Another positive sign is Biot's respiration. It is an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by regular deep inspirations followed by a period of apnea. This sign is seen in patients with acute neurological diseases. It is named after the person who characterized the condition. There is also septicemia with leukocytosis and severe acidosis with a positive blood culture. So unless it is treated early, the prognosis of the condition is poor. Eagleton has suggested six criteria for the establishment of diagnosis of cavernous sign is thrombosis. Those six features are a known site of infection, evidence of bloodstream infection, early sign of venous obstruction in the retina, conjunctiva or eyelids, paralysis of the third, fourth and sixth cranial nerves that result from inflammatory edema, abscess formation and involvement of neighboring tissues. There should be an evidence of meningeal irritation. So these are the six criteria suggested by Eagleton in order to establish the diagnosis of cavernous sign is thrombosis. Cavernous sign is thrombosis management includes the use of antibiotics directed at the causative organism and surgery to remove the primary source of infection. Immediate empirical antibiotic overages mandatory which is followed by specific antibiotics which is adjusted to the cultures and sensitivities. Heparinization followed by antibiotic therapy will help prevent extension of thrombosis. Menegitis, ophthalmoplegia, kerinic signs all are confirmatory findings of neurological involvement. Therefore, a neurosurgical consultation is a must. IV manitol helps reduce the brain edema. Likewise, anticoagulants prevent venous thrombosis, surgical drainage and elimination of the primary source of infection is also very important. Hence to conclude cavernous sign is thrombosis is still prevalent though patients now have better survival rates. It needs an early diagnosis and prompt intervention to yield a favorable result. So that's all about the topic. Thank you.


Okay, so we want to demonstrate how to make a cell out of dialysis tubing. Now it's not really a cell but it's going to behave similarly to a cell and so we'll just refer to it as a cell. You can see we have a piece of dialysis tubing and it's open on both ends. Now it's safe to handle.  The first thing we want to do is tie an overhand knot in the very end of the dialysis tubing. This is kind of tricky because you want to get the knot very close to the end of the tubing. Close to the end of the tubing as you can so I'm just going to work it down until I can get it close to the end and then I want to pull it tight so that it's watertight. So now we have an overhand knot in one end of our dialysis tubing. Now when you're making cells for your osmosis lab you're going to be putting different types of sucrose solution inside of your cell but I'm going to just use some water that I've added a little bit of dye to so you can see what's happening in the cell. So I have opened the end of the tube by rubbing the tubing back and forth between my fingers and you may be able to see that I've inserted the tip of the dropper in the opening of the tubing. So I'm just going to use the dropper to add some of this purple water. You have to be careful because it wants to stick together so I'm just going to keep adding some purple water until we get the tube about half full.  Now the next step is very important when making the cell. You want to draw the unfilled portion of the tube between your fingers to eliminate as much air as possible. Now I still have a little bit of air in there but I can pinch it, draw it between my fingers and so now I have very little air in our cell. The next thing I need to do is tie an overhand knot in the other end and it's important that I get that overhand knot just as close to the end of our tubing as possible. I'm slowly working that knot up and then I'm going to pull it tight when I have it at the very end and you can see that this is sticking together because I have no air in the tube. So this is how to make a cell using dialysis tubing.


The U.S. Naval War College is a Navy's home of thought. Established in 1884, NWC has become the center of Naval seapower, both strategically and intellectually. The following issues in national security lecture is specifically designed to offer scholarly lectures to all participants. We hope you enjoy this upcoming discussion and future lectures. Good afternoon and welcome to our 12th issues in national security lecture for academic year 22-23. I'm Commander Gary Ross and I'll serve as your host for today's event. For anyone just joining us, this series was originally conceived as a way to share a portion of the Naval War College's academic experience with the spouses and significant others of our student body. Over the past five years it has been restructured to include participation by the entire Naval War College extended family, to include members of the Naval War College Foundation, international sponsors, civilian employees, and colleagues throughout Naval Station Newport. We will be offering two additional lectures between now and May, spaced about two weeks apart on a wide variety of national security topics and issues. On announcement detailing the dates, topics, and speakers of each lecture will be sent by me or the Public Affairs Office, both on email and posted on our public website. Our next lecture will be held three weeks from now, Tuesday, April 25th. We will feature an engaging discussion from Naval War College Professor Dave Conan on the history of Narragansett Bay. For each lecture, speakers will provide remarks for about 45 minutes and then for the remaining 15 minutes or so we'll answer questions from you. Okay on with the main event, please feel free to ask questions using the chat feature on Zoom or the microphone. If you are here in the auditorium and we will address them at the conclusion of the presentation. With that, I am very pleased to introduce our speaker, Professor John Mauer, who will speak today about the topic President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Road to Pearl Harbor, where he will examine the grand strategy of President Roosevelt as he prepared America for the coming trial of strength. In confronting the threat from Japanese aggression in Asia, FDR also contended with the danger posed by Nazi Germany in Europe. Professor Mauer will follow the steps taken by the United States that led to war on the fateful day more than 80 years ago. Professor Mauer serves as the Alfred Thayer Mahan distinguished professor of sea power and grand strategy in the strategy and policy department. He is a graduate of Yale College and holds a PhD in international relations from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University. At NWC, he served for eight years as a chairman of the strategy and policy department. He teaches in the advanced strategy program and an elective course on Winston Churchill and the history of the two world wars. He served on the secretary of the Navy, John Layman's special advisory committee on naval history. His most recent book is an edited volume of essays published by the Naval Institute Press, The Road to Pearl Harbor, Great Power War in Asia and the Pacific. In recognition of his contributions to professor professional military education, he has received the U.S. Navy's Meritorious Civilian Service Award and Superior Civilian Service Award. I am pleased to pass the microphone over to Professor Mauer. Welcome. Thank you, Gary, for that introduction. Today I am going to talk about President Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States from March 1933 down to April 1945. This was a turning point in American history where the United States emerged on the world scene. Roosevelt had to deal with war and also helped the United States set policies to get the United States out of the Great Depression. Again, it is a turning point in 20th century history and what happened back then 80 some years ago still influences the United States today. Roosevelt's legacy is one that lasts down to our own time. Well, here's a photograph, a portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt, FDR, in 1932 after he was elected President of the United States. This is the image that I think most of us have of Roosevelt as President of the United States. What makes for a leader, though? What experiences in their life leads them to be known as a great figure in history? Well, for that we have to look at what did people read? What influenced them? Well, as a young boy, a teenager, Roosevelt was given Alfred Thayer Mahan's great book, The Influence of Seapower Upon History. Those of you who are students at the War College, you have read The Influence of Seapower Upon History. You know that is not an easy read. Am I right, Leo? Is it an easier? No, it's a hard read. It's a reading of history and also development of theory, strategic theory. Roosevelt, as a boy, read it. He devoured it. He thought it was a great book. He followed the works of Mahan through the rest of his life. Again, if you're looking for young people and your life teenagers, looking for a birthday present for them, buy them The Influence of Seapower Upon History and maybe someday they'll grow up to be President of the United States. Well, here's a photograph of Mahan. Of course, the second President of this Naval War College. And while President, he published his book, The Influence of Seapower Upon History, it was the lectures that he gave here in the old schoolhouse, now the Naval War College Museum. Right, Brandy? The old school museum.  Well, what else influenced Roosevelt as a leader, especially as a strategic leader? Somebody versed in international relations and also in the study of war. Well, it's important to note that Roosevelt, as a young man, was made in the Wilson administration the Assistant Secretary of the Navy. And here's a photograph of him from 1913. He's 31 years old. At the age of 31, he was appointed Assistant Secretary of the Navy, the number two civilian position in the Navy Department. And this is at a major time in American history. The period of the First World War, Roosevelt presided over the buildup of American naval power during the First World War. Well, his relative, another Roosevelt family, was none other than Theodore Roosevelt, who had also served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy before being President of the United States. Well, when Franklin became Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Theodore wrote to him and said, enjoy yourself. Enjoy yourself as being Assistant Secretary of the Navy. And Roosevelt said he was sure that Franklin would do capital work. We don't use that word capital anymore as an adjective. That's a shame, I think. It's a great adjective to use. Well, as you can see, there's Theodore Roosevelt. Franklin modeled himself on Theodore. Clearly, too, Franklin had ambitions that someday, like Theodore, his relative, that he, too, might become President of the United States. You can see here, Franklin, again, the Ponce Day glasses that Theodore has, the part in his hair. The one thing that Franklin didn't adopt from Theodore, of course, is the mustache. But otherwise, Franklin had a model, a model in Theodore. So what goes into leadership? One, reading, study. Two, having models to emulate people to look up to. But third, of course, having executive experience. And this Franklin D. Roosevelt had as Assistant Secretary of the Navy, an important leadership position for national security in the United States. Now, as Assistant Secretary of the Navy, he wanted to influence the American public. At this time, one of the burning security issues in the United States was where to concentrate the battle fleet. Should it be in the Atlantic? Should it be in the Pacific? Should it be divided between the two oceans? Franklin was very clear in his mind that the U.S. battle fleet should be kept concentrated, concentrated at force. And in this, where did he get this idea of concentration of force from Mahan's writings? And so as Assistant Secretary of the Navy, he turned to Mahan and asked Mahan to write an article about this topic, this strategic topic of where to deploy the fleet. And here you see this letter in Franklin D. Roosevelt's hand writing to dear, my dear Admiral Mahan. This letter is in the archives of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library in Hyde Park, New York. And again, there's a photograph of Franklin as Assistant Secretary of the Navy at his desk. To Mahan, can you read that? Hand writing, hard to read. Well, it says your voice, meaning Mahan's voice, will carry more conviction than that of anybody else. Again, as Assistant Secretary of the Navy, he knows it's important to reach the American public. And he's reaching to Mahan, who is a celebrity writer, to influence public opinion on this matter. Because in the United States, there were views on the East Coast, West Coast, that the fleet should be there. Out on the West Coast, it should be in the Pacific. On the East Coast, no, it should be in the Atlantic. So again, Roosevelt's trying to reach the American public by having a celebrity author like Mahan write about this subject to educate the American public. Again, Mahan was an educator here, a professor of strategy at the Naval War College. But he is also an educator in the sense of reaching a wider community of the American public. And Roosevelt understands, understands well as a political figure that in his democracy, you have to have the public behind you. Well, Mahan wrote one of his last articles published in the North American Review. And the topic is, what, where should the fleet be distributed before the Panama Canal was completed? And again, the opening sentence highlights the importance of the topic. The question of the proper distribution of the Navy is not only of great importance, but often of much perplexity, confusion to a country having large external interests, especially if these not only be extensive, but divergent. Again, this is something down to our own time. Where should American forces be committed? What theater is the most important? Is it the Middle East? Is it Europe? Is it Asia? How about the Western Hemisphere? Again, for the United States, concentration of force. Where do you put your military assets? Where is most important to you to defend? Well, again, Mahan was writing about this for the American public at the behest of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Well, here you see Roosevelt again enjoying himself as Assistant Secretary of the Navy. Here he is at the Kiel Lang in 1914 of the battleship Arizona in the Brooklyn Navy Yard in New York. A year later, the Arizona would be launched 1915 and in 1916, it would be commissioned and steamed down the East River from the Brooklyn Navy Yard. Again, Roosevelt is associated with the Kiel Lang of the battleship Arizona, the battleship that was destroyed at Pearl Harbor on December 7th, 1941. Again, Roosevelt as Assistant Secretary of the Navy presided over the buildup of American naval power during the First World War. This experience in office of dealing with national security affairs, this is part of Roosevelt's education that would stand him in good stead as President of the United States. Well, in the interwar period between the two World Wars, one of the big questions was whether the United States was going to fight Japan. Both the United States and Imperial Japan are these two rising powers on the world stage. Would these two rising powers collide? Would their interests be so divergent that it would lead to war? To use the language we do use today, were these two countries destined for war? These two great powers of the Pacific? Well, in the 1920s, an era in which Japan looked like a responsible stakeholder, again to use the language of our own time, Roosevelt didn't think that war was inevitable with Japan. In the 1920s, Roosevelt was afflicted by polio. He would go for relief from the disease to Warm Springs, Georgia, where he would swim. He was an avid swimmer. He believed the waters helped him with his malady. Well, while recovering from polio, dealing with his illness, Roosevelt wrote an article in the journal Asia. And as you can see from the title, it goes, shall we trust Japan? This is 1923. Was war inevitable between these two countries? Well, the thesis of the article is no, it's not. And again, Roosevelt highlights that he believes, again this is the 1920s, believes that those principal causes that would lead to conflict between the United States and Japan are being removed and eventually will be eliminated. Again, Roosevelt does not see conflict inevitable with Japan. A few years later in 1928, Franklin D. Roosevelt ran for governor of New York to restart his political career despite the ravages of polio. He was asked and he wrote an article for the journal Foreign Affairs, then as now the most important journal of international relations in which American elites put forward their views about international relations and foreign policy and national security. In this article, Roosevelt wrote about what were the views of the Democrats? How would they be different if they won the White House in 1928? How would a foreign policy of a Democratic administration be different from that of the Republicans? And in this article, Roosevelt is carrying the standard. He's the one reaching out to the American public to a lead opinion, to tell them how American foreign policy would be conducted if the Democrats won the White House. Well, in this article, again, he goes to emphasize that he doesn't see war with Japan as inevitable. Quite the reverse. He says, only excited admirals seriously consider the possibility of what? The United States or Japan attacking each other. Again, keep in mind Roosevelt as president would preside over the buildup of American naval power, preparation and leading to the execution of the war against Japan and an invasion of Japan to end that war. Again, in 1928, Roosevelt doesn't see war as inevitable. Now, we might all say, well, this just shows he's short-sighted. His crystal ball was cloudy. He should have been able to see somehow these events that were going to happen. But again, keep in mind in the 1920s, the world economy is growing. Japan and the U.S. have negotiated treaties with each other. It doesn't seem that war is inevitable. Well, what changed things? Well, here's the front page, the New York Times, the day after the stock market crash in October 1929. What changes things around from the international environment of the 1920s in which people are hopeful that great power competition is going away. The world is being globalized and knit together. So it's not in the interest of peoples to fight each other. Instead, it's in the interest of people to trade with each other, to finance each other, to move peoples around the world. Now, again, the economic crash of 1929 leads to the severe economic downturn known as the Great Depression. If you go to Washington, D.C., there's the Franklin D. Roosevelt Memorial in Washington. And if you haven't seen it, go to it. It's a remarkable memorial to Franklin D. Roosevelt. And here you see statues of men who are unemployed out of work. Not only have they taken a financial hit, poor, but they've lost self-respect. They've lost their jobs. This is a very unhappy time in America. And this group of statues here of these men who are down on their luck, who want work, who want food, you can see this in newsreels of the time. And indeed, these statues are inspired by the newsreels of the time of street scenes in New York. Well, Roosevelt is elected president in November 1932 and takes office in March of 1933. And one of the things he wants to do is bring back confidence to the American people that this economic catastrophe can be turned around and that prosperity can return again to America. And here you see an iconic photograph of Roosevelt sitting in one of his cars, by the way, even though his legs were paralyzed by polio. He had cars designed for him that he could drive them but using his hands. By the way, he was something of a reckless driver, we're told, and people didn't like to be in the car with him. You can see two of these cars, by the way, at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Museum down in Warm Springs, Georgia. If you're ever down that way, go to that museum. Well, you can see Roosevelt here. Again, the Paw Snake glasses, the cigarette holder, the big grin, toothy grin and smile. Again, the people can come out of the Great Depression. Again, that prosperity can return to the United States. Again, optimism is as important. That psychological optimism is as important as government policies for putting America back on track. Well, one of the things he did to relieve unemployment in the United States was take funding from the National Industrial Recovery Act and put it toward the U.S. Navy to build up American naval power, which he saw as having declined during the previous decade. This was very controversial at the time, by the way, and Roosevelt took a big hit in the American public who said, you shouldn't be spending money, funding that goes to National Recovery on warships, because warships, of course, lead to war. Again, that money could be better spent. Again, Roosevelt, though, wanted to aid in industrial recovery and also strengthen the Navy at the same time. And here you see a photograph of Roosevelt in May of 1934 in New York Harbor taking the review of the U.S. Navy, of the fleet. You see Roosevelt there next to him is wife Eleanor, next to him on the other side is Sarah Roosevelt, Roosevelt's mother, who was a big influence in Franklin's life, and behind him is son James and James's wife. They are on the cruiser Indianapolis, taking the review. Those of you who are naval historians that know the history of the Second World War know that the cruiser Annapolis, of course, was torpedoed and sunk in 1945 after it carried nuclear weapons across the Pacific. And the story of the crew of the Indianapolis is a horrific one. And here you see the fleet parading past the president aboard the Indianapolis firing salutes. Again, Roosevelt considers himself a Navy man from his time of being assistant secretary of the Navy and sees the Navy as being important for the security of the United States. Again, you can just see how in Roosevelt's mind the influence of Mahan is there. Well, the United States comes out of the Great Depression under Roosevelt's presidency during the 1930s. An economic recovery takes place. In other countries, the Great Depression, though, led to a radicalization of politics in those countries, where extremists take over. The result is that the Great Depression is what leads to a great war. The international economic downturn. The United States was not the only country afflicted by the Great Depression. It was global. It affected Britain. It affected France. It affected Germany. It affected Japan. All of those countries suffered from the Great Depression. All had to deal with it. One of the results, though, of the Great Depression was the radicalization of politics in Germany. In 1932, elections were being held in the midst of the Depression. And in 1933, 90 years ago, January 30th, 1933, Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany. The Nazi Party is the dominant party within Germany. This comes about because of the Great Depression. The Nazi Party and Hitler were a fringe group in German politics during the late 1920s, during the time of economic recovery from the First World War. Because of the Great Depression, however, and high unemployment in Germany, the result was a radicalization of German politics and Hitler coming to power. Look at this creepy photograph. Don't you find this creepy? Look at his eyes. And look, what has he done? He has his hands around this boy. How old is that boy? 12? 12 years old perhaps? Again, this is a Grimm's fairy tale. The Pied Piper has seized hold of your children. And again, the Nazi movement was popular among the youth of Germany. A generation that was blighted by the Great War, having lost a father and uncle, older brother in the fighting of the First World War, looking, looking for a leadership model role. And there is a decorated combat veteran of the First World War, Iron Cross First Class Adolf Hitler to be that role model. What's going to happen to that boy? Well, we can guess what happens to him.  He's going to be shot down in an aircraft over Britain. Or he's going to die on the Eastern Front at Stalingrad, fighting against the Soviet Union. Again, this generation to which the Nazi leadership is appealing. Well, this generation is going to suffer greatly in the Second World War. Again, I find this photograph so creepy and looking at it, especially his eyes looking out. It's almost as if he's telling you, I've succeeded. I've won. I've got control here of the next generation.  It's also the case in Japan.  Whenever you see an emperor on a white horse, run the other way. Again, this is Napoleonic. Napoleon is white horse. In fact, if you go to the French Military Museum in Paris, you can see one of Napoleon's horses. It's stuffed there. Last time I was there, the horse needed a refurbishment.  Yes, this is a sign of a militarized society. The emperor here, a Hito here, this photograph in military uniform with decorations, again, shows a turn in Japan away from globalization, away from cooperating with the United States, to a country then instead that has great ambitions on the international scene, that wants to assert its power in Asia, even if it means coming to war. Now, where were the breaks on the militarization of Japanese domestic politics and then foreign policy? Well, one of the sad stories of the 1930s is that Japanese political figures who wanted to cooperate with the U.S., they would be assassinated, including two prime ministers, two of Japan's most prominent leaders, who were very much eager to cooperate with Britain, with the United States to avoid conflict, to solve the problems of Asia without war, they're assassinated. This book by the New York Times corresponded, who was in Tokyo during the 1930s, government by assassination, that title has taken hold. That part of the radicalization of Japanese politics is that those who stand against the militarization of Japan, they're taken from the scene, quite literally removed, killed. Again, a government where opposition is done in. I like very much, by the way, that the journalist here, his name is U. Bias, never that there would be a bias in journalism, of course. This book is still worth reading, by the way, and as you can see, it came out soon after the U.S. entry into the war, and it tells that sorry tale of what happened in Japan during the 1930s. Well, war in Asia comes to Japan, comes to Asia, as Japan starts to assert itself, the Japanese Empire already controlled Korea, already controlled Taiwan, but they wanted to have Manchuria, Manchuria, a big area, northeast China that is rich in raw materials, potentially also farmland. The Japanese want this area to strengthen their power in the world. Iron, coal, this will make Japan a stronger industrial power, hence a stronger military power to be able to confront other countries that want to stand in the way of its ambitions. In 1931, the Japanese take over Manchuria. This is seen as part of China, to Chinese nationalists. This is an affront to the Chinese people. By the way, the United States looks at this and says, we won't recognize it. After our Secretary of State at the time, Henry Stimson, it's the so-called Stimson Doctrine. The United States can't turn this back, can't stop Japan from controlling Manchuria, but we refuse to recognize it. We see it as an illegal seizure of territory. Again, the Stimson Doctrine is invoked today more recently when Putin sees the Crimea from Ukraine, that we don't recognize that seizure of that territory from Ukraine by Russia. Well, the conflict between China and Japan escalates, and in 1937, the so-called China incident, that's how the Japanese portray it, occurs. Warfare, a large war breaks out in Asia between nationalist China, whose leader is Shunkai Shek and Japan. The Japanese had hoped that they would be able to defeat quickly Shunkai Shek and the Nationalists. In this, they were mistaken. Again, like Putin today, attacking Ukraine, expecting a quick victory, it didn't happen. Instead, Japan is caught in a protracted war of attrition against China, against the nationalist China. By the way, Japan wins almost all the battles. They seize the Chinese nationalist capital of Nanjing. They engage in terror campaigns to terrorize the Chinese people, and yet, and yet, they can't break the will of the Chinese nationalist government and people to give up the fight. So Japan is caught in this quagmire. Here you see film footage, conic photograph of a crying baby in a bombed-out Shanghai railway station. American public is seeing these images when they go to the movie theaters. Of course, television doesn't exist.  They're seeing atrocities committed by Japan, a country that seems to have run amok in a major war in Asia.  Well, in October of 1937, after the Japanese-China war starts, President Roosevelt, in a speech in Chicago known as the quarantine speech, talks about what he sees as international lawlessness, that what Japan is doing is like an epidemic. An epidemic is the metaphor that Roosevelt is using here of lawlessness that is spreading around the world. And when that happens, you should have a quarantine. Now, what exactly he meant by that is a matter of a lot of discussion and debate. The U.S. was not going to take hard military moves against China, but at the same time, to try to isolate somehow Japan from this aggressive action. And again, a quarantine has to take place in the international system just as a community tries to have a quarantine against the spread of disease. War is a contagion, Roosevelt says, and it will spread. What happens in Asia won't stay in Asia. It will spread around the world. That's the danger that Roosevelt sees. And again, he's talking to the American public because the American public thinks we have these two big oceans, the Atlantic and the Pacific. What happens in the old world won't affect the new world. We can stay isolated away from what goes on over there. Roosevelt is saying, no, that won't happen. It can engulf states and people, meaning the United States, far away from where the warfare is taking place. And he tells the American people, understand that this war could spread and that the U.S. in the Western Hemisphere, isolated in the Western Hemisphere, won't be immune from wars contagion. And again, don't think that the U.S. can go on leading its own life, tranquility, peace and prosperity in the new world if the old world is engulfed by war. Again, this is an important speech that is given by Roosevelt. The time, it's very controversial. Many American people want to believe that they don't have to be involved in the wider world outside of the Western Hemisphere. Indeed, those wars outside of the Western Hemisphere, by getting engaged in them, the United States is seeking trouble. Better to mind your own backyard. Well, Hitler's war, war in Asia is beginning in 37. In 1939, war begins in Europe. Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia joined together to attack Poland. And this becomes the trigger for the war in Europe that begins in September 1939. So you have war in Asia, now war in Europe setting off. In the spring of 1940, in April, May, June, Hitler turns his legions to the West, attacking Denmark, Norway, attacking Belgium, Netherlands, France. And a surprise victory takes place on all these fronts. The Germans are victorious quickly. And in June, the Germans occupy Paris. This is a shock. Remember, to this generation, they had seen the First World War. For four years, the Germans hammered at the French and the French army, and they couldn't take Paris in the Great War. Now, after just a few weeks, France is being defeated. Paris is declared an open city. The French won't fight in Paris. They retreat. The French are defeated so quickly. This is a stunning upset. No one had expected this to happen. Hitler said, oh, by the way, if Germany wins big in Europe, that doesn't mean that the U.S. will be threatened in the Western Hemisphere. Again, trying to play upon an opinion in the U.S. that says stay confined to the hemisphere. Roosevelt, again, to the New York Times, to media, is saying he's skeptical of any pledge by Hitler. Again, U.S. security is going to require the U.S. to play a larger role in the world. And again, newsreels at the time are showing the German army entering Paris, going down the Champs-Élysées of Hitler taking a tour of Paris, visiting Napoleon's tomb, the Eiffel Tower. Again, what an upset this is. No one expected this to happen. That France would be defeated so quickly. Britain remains defiant, though, of Hitler. And under their new Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, Churchill says Britain will never surrender. Again, he rallies the British people despite a major defeat of their ally. The losses suffered by the British on the continent, its army escaping through Dunkirk, getting away just in the nick and time. Churchill, again, is rallying the British people. But he rallies the British people. His hope, his hope, is that the United States will eventually see that its security is tied up with Britain staying in the war. Churchill is a firm believer that the United States eventually will see the danger from Hitler and from Japan, and will work to support those that are fighting these two aggressor states. It should be remembered, by the way, that Winston Churchill's mother was an American, Jenny Jerome, from Brooklyn, New York. Again, Churchill believed in America. At the time, though, many in Britain questioned American resolve to engage in these wars in Europe and Asia. As a consequence, Churchill is placing a bet on America coming to Britain's aid in the fight against Nazi Germany. If Churchill didn't have that faith, and again, faith not only America, but also in Franklin D. Roosevelt as America's leader, Britain's leaders might well have sought to negotiate with Hitler to end the war, a war that they believed would be hopeless if the U.S. didn't enter the conflict. Here's an important lesson here, that partners around the world will stand up to aggression if the U.S. is there behind them, helping them. If not, well, then maybe you cut the best deal you can with the aggressor. Well, Churchill convinces the British people to stay in the war. The British government, Hitler unleashes the Luftwaffe, the German air force against Britain to try to win the Battle of Britain. Here you see a German bomber bombing the British homeland. Here you see the east end of London, the city of London, around St. Paul's Cathedral being bombed. St. Paul's Cathedral at one point was in danger that the great dome to Christopher Wren's Great Dome, this architectural masterpiece, might have collapsed as a high priority of the British government to save St. Paul's Cathedral. Considerable damage done to London and other urban areas in Britain at this time. In fact, Buckingham Palace was bombed by German bombers. And here you see the royal family, the king and the queen with Winston Churchill surveying the damage at Buckingham Palace. By the way, the queen and the king, the royal family, they were so glad they were bombed. They didn't want the British people to think that somehow the royal family was immune from the German attacks. Again, that the royal family could look at the people, the poorer areas of London, look at them in the eye, the queen said, and say, we also have taken hits as well. In the spring of 1941, the Houses of Parliament were bombed. House of Commons destroyed. The House of Commons that you see today has been rebuilt. When I see this photograph, what always comes to mind is September 11th, 2001, that aircraft that crashed in Pennsylvania because those on that flight decided to fight back and instead brought that plane down at the cost of their own lives to that field in Pennsylvania. Where was that plane going? Was it going to the Capitol? Was it going to the White House? Oh, I don't know. But the damage on September 11th in Washington could have been much greater and this is what I think of when I see what happened to the House of Commons in 1941. Well, the defeat of France so quickly galvanizes the American public. The American public realizes across the political spectrum, the world has gotten a heck of a lot more dangerous and that the US has to rearm quickly. And hence, the United States goes in for a huge naval buildup and also conscription. National service is planned. Again, the United States is not in war, but the fall of France has changed around American perception of the world. Even if the United States hunkers down to hemispheric defense, the US has to be better armed than what it had been. There's a consensus across the board to build up American military power. Another thing happens. In 1940, before the fall of France, Roosevelt considered running for an unprecedented third term as President of the United States. And they did opinion polls and they asked the American public, what do you think about Roosevelt running for a third term? And the opinion polls tended to be negative, which is that Roosevelt was great, got us out of the Depression, great leader, but no one, no one should violate the tradition handed down by our founding father, George Washington, that you serve two terms as President and then step down. At that point, there was nothing in the Constitution against someone running for a third term. Other presidents had thought about it. Ulysses S. Grant, Woodrow Wilson. But it was considered a tradition that shouldn't be violated, because after all, if someone runs for a third term, it says, I'm better than George Washington. The American people, that didn't sit well with them. But the fall of France, the much more dangerous international environment, the American people looked across the leaders of across the political spectrum and said, Roosevelt, he's the one that is best suited to lead the country at this hour of great danger. And so opinion polls change. Roosevelt can think about running for a third term and understands that he's likely going to win. Again, think about this. The larger international environment has an impact on American domestic politics. This should be taken on board, which is the more dangerous the international environment was at this time. It led to a change of views about something as fundamental as term limits for president that Roosevelt now can run for a third term with the prospect of success. And he and his party are very savvy about this. How do you portray this to the American people? Well, if you're going to have conscription in which young people are going to be drafted, the president can be drafted. And you can see in the campaign poster you have Uncle Sam pointing out, we want Franklin D. Roosevelt to stay and finish the job. He is being drafted to be commander in chief by Uncle Sam. Well, this is very savvy. His opponent is Wendell Wilkie, who had been a Democrat, turned Republican, very successful lawyer, business person. Roosevelt beats him though. It's a landslide victory in 1940. Here's the Electoral College map at the time. As you can see, strong support for Roosevelt across the country. Well, Roosevelt is a global strategist. This is one of two, two globes built by the War Department. One for Roosevelt, one for Churchill. And again, one thing you have about Franklin D. Roosevelt is he has a global sensibility. He understands how what happens in Asia, what happens in Europe, that they're interconnected. These are not two separate regions. The two regions, what happens in one has an impact on the other. Again, for Roosevelt at this time, the United States must help those fighting aggression. Again, he calls for the United States to be the great arsenal of democracy, to support those fighting against aggression. Again, today we think about armaments going to Ukraine to help them fight against Putin's aggression. Well, Hitler dominates the continent. On June 22nd, 1941, he attacks the Soviet Union, his partner that had carved up Eastern Europe in 1939 and 40. Now, Hitler turns on Stalin. Roosevelt wants to help Stalin's Russia as much as he wants to help Churchill's Britain because what links them all together? Again, a war against Nazi Germany. In August of 1941, Roosevelt and Winston Churchill meet at a summit. This is the first major summit of allied leaders. And it's triggered in part by Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union. What can Britain and the United States do to help the Soviet Union defend itself against Hitler's aggression? This takes place off the coast of Newfoundland. Behind them you see two Naval War College graduates, Admiral Harold Betty Stark, Nickname Betty on the right, Chief of Naval Operations, Class of 1923 War College, and behind Roosevelt, Admiral Ernest J. King at this point, commander of American Naval Forces in the Atlantic and sued to succeed Admiral Stark as Chief of Naval Operations, Class of 1933 of the Naval War College. Two of Roosevelt's top advisors on strategy. The crews of the American ships, British ships together for a religious ceremony taking place during this summit meeting off the coast of Newfoundland. Again, symbolic that the British and American people have to work together to turn back the aggression of Nazi Germany. One of the major results of the Atlantic Conference is the Atlantic Charter. And here's the whole Atlantic Charter. Eight paragraphs. And you can see it's signed by Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill. It's publicly released. No secret document here. These are American and British war aims in the Second World War. And you'll notice that point number six, paragraph six, after the final destruction of the Nazi tyranny, we would call this regime change today, right? Again, the United States isn't in war. But already, Roosevelt is calling for regime change in Germany.  Again, remember, keep the chronology in mind here. This is before Pearl Harbor and the US entry into the war. The US has already stated what a more peaceful, better world will look like. That better world means the end of the Nazi regime. Well, Roosevelt comes back from the Atlantic Conference and you ask American public opinion, what do you think about this? Should the US go into war against Germany? Well, you can see what the opinion is. 74% say no, only 21% say go into the war. Well, now another question. Do you think the US should want to see Germany defeated even if it has a risk of getting into war? In other words, should we go to war with Germany? Heck no. Do you want to see Germany defeated even if it means going to war? Defeat Germany. Yeah, almost 60%. Stay out, almost 40%. No opinion, 5%. Now, what does this polling show? Well, first of all, it shows that 5% of the American public are clueless. But other than that, it shows that the American people don't want to fight Germany because they know it'll be a costly endeavor, costly and treasure and lives as it turned out to be. But they also understand the danger from Nazi Germany and want to see Nazi Germany defeated. They'd like to see somebody else defeat Nazi Germany. Again, that the US be the arsenal democracy, not the foot soldiers of democracy. Again, this is a problem that Roosevelt has. How do you convince the American people of the danger that they face from Nazi Germany? Well, at this time too, there's a danger in the Pacific. American public opinion, if you ask them and said, Japan's aggression in China, should the US take a hard line toward that? Again, should the US take steps to rein in, to contain Japan, even if it means risking war? Look at this, the American people here are much more concerned and are willing to take a hard line against Japan even if it means war. And hence, the United States does take a hard line toward Japan. Economic sanctions against Japan, embargoes on oil, iron, the rest. Well, why is this? Well, for Roosevelt, the danger is, what will Japan do? They're fighting a war in China, but if they strike north against the Soviet Union or south against the British Empire, that will have an impact on the war in Europe. Soviet Russia is fighting for its life at the end of 1941 against Hitler's invasion. Britain is also fighting for its life in Europe. A Japanese attack north or south against the Soviet Union or the British Empire will tilt the balance of power in Europe in favor of Nazi Germany. Again, what goes on in Asia will have an impact in Europe. Again, these theaters are linked together strategically. Again, a big lesson there for us today. Well, to deter Japan, Roosevelt ordered the Pacific Fleet to Pearl Harbor in June of 1940. And here you see the battle line. Between the wars, the Naval War College was involved in gaming out the various tactics of engagements, battles against potential enemies. Here's the game floor over in Pringle Hall for international officers, their boardroom area, where these tactical exercises were played out. The commander of the U.S. Fleet in the Pacific, Admiral Richardson, he didn't want the fleet in Pearl Harbor. He wanted to move back to Los Angeles area to the West Coast because he believed that the fleet's readiness could be improved there. He was also afraid that the forces he had were not capable of executing an offensive war plan against Japan. If Japan attacked the Soviet Union or attacked the British Empire, again, he thought that the navy wasn't ready, didn't have the numbers of ships needed or the readiness to fight Japan. He made his views very clear to President Roosevelt. In fact, he was positively rude to the president in a meeting at the White House. The result was Admiral Richardson was relieved of command. Well, the leader of the Japanese main fleet, Admiral Yamamoto, he had his plan. The war would begin by striking at the British Empire. That means also taking the Philippines and Guam and Wake Island to protect sea lines of communication between the Japanese home islands and the big resource area of Southeast Asia to isolate China even further. And Yamamoto included an attack on Pearl Harbor where the American fleet was based. Well, here you see the program for the Army Navy game at the end of November 1941 held in Philadelphia. Look at the cover. 50 cents. That's a lot of money back then. Well, as you can see, Corps of Cadets, midshipmen holding their banners high, marching forward. Well, inside that program, you would see this, the battleship Arizona. And again, a bow on view of the Arizona as it plows into a huge swell. And again the caption underneath the photograph says that despite the claims of air enthusiasts, no battleships have yet been sunk by bombs. Talk about creepy. This is the end of November. And of course, in just a short period of time, the Arizona would be destroyed by bombs from the air. Again, the Greeks would call this, the ancient Greeks would call this hubris, that somehow you're challenging the gods and saying, ah, I'm invulnerable. No, you are very vulnerable. The gods will tell you. Well, the Japanese carriers, six of them steaming toward Pearl Harbor, readying their planes, launching, beginning the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7th, magazine explosion, forward magazine explosion that destroys the Arizona. Again, today, the Arizona Memorial. The next day, the New York Times headline. And the next day, President Roosevelt asking for a declaration of war against Imperial Japan, December 8th, 1941. And here's the speech that he gave. A first draft prepared for him by speech writers. He then took his own hand to it. And as you can see, he made an important adjustment in the very first sentence. Originally, it was yesterday, December 7th, 1941, comma, a date which will live in world history. Boy, is that vanilla. No real spice on that one. And you can see what Roosevelt did. He took out the commas, put in dashes, and also took out the words world history and put in infamy. Again, you can listen to this speech yesterday, December 7th. Pause. A date which will live in infamy. And from that day to our own, Pearl Harbor is seen as that day in infamy. Again, Roosevelt owning that speech. Well, a few days later on December 11th, Hitler went to the Reichstag, the rubber-stamped German Parliament, to ask for a declaration of war against the United States. And in that, he pointedly attacks Roosevelt. This man, meaning Roosevelt harbored one desire. What is it? To bring about a war. Hitler's the peaceful guy. Roosevelt is the warmonger. Roosevelt's trying to bring about war. Now, why does Roosevelt want war in Hitler's mind? Well, because the policy of the United States is unlimited world dictatorship. The U.S. real aim, unspoken, is to dominate the world. Again, in Hitler's mind, the U.S. is the malevolent force in the world, not Nazi Germany, not Imperial Japan. Well, for Roosevelt, what is one of the big lessons from Pearl Harbor? A terrible lesson, he said, is that the United States can't count upon the two oceans for security. Our adversaries can reach out and attack us in the Western Hemisphere. That the U.S., to protect itself, has to be more engaged in the world. The new world must play a role in the old world to provide for the security of others from aggression. Otherwise, that threat will come home. Well, here's the little White House at Warm Springs, Georgia. Three and a half years of war, Roosevelt in April of 1945 went to Warm Springs for some relaxation. And there you can see him in his chair. It's a small, very modest house, by the way, sitting there reading, reflecting. While there, he posed for a portrait. And while having his portrait painted by an artist, he said, I have a terrible headache. And he slumped over. He had a cerebral hemorrhage. He was quickly taken to the bedroom right next to where he was sitting, the living area, dining area. And doctors were called in, but he passed away. The portrait is called the Unfinished Portrait of Roosevelt.  So what can we learn from Roosevelt's time? Well, one, that the United States has to remain engaged in the world. Roosevelt, his legacy, legacy to the American people, is that the United States, with its power, with its might, has to be engaged. Otherwise, otherwise, the old world will come back and go after the new world. We can't be secure here in the Western Hemisphere if we don't help by providing for security in a wider world. Thank you very much. Thank you, Professor Maurer, for that great lecture. I really enjoyed listening to that tonight. Do we have any questions here in the audience for Professor Maurer? Any of those on Zoom have any questions? I did have a question for myself. Were there any a small group of policymakers that followed Roosevelt for the last 15 years and that he had as a core group that helped him think through these challenges? He had a number of very talented people. And one of the most important was Admiral Leahy, who during the war in 1942 became what today we would call the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. It didn't officially exist, but that's what his role was. But he was also the Chief of Staff to the President. So he saw the President almost every day. So here you have a Navy officer who is playing a large role with the President in shaping the President's views and protecting the President too. President Roosevelt had the highest regard for him. And as a consequence, that's one of the most important advisors that Roosevelt had. He also had inner circle of people that advised him on domestic politics through the years. So Roosevelt was a charmer though. And one of the things that people remarked about Roosevelt is that you would go in and talk to the President and you would walk out thinking, oh, I've got the President's ear. The President really admires me. The President's going to do what I say. And then another person would come in and have the exact opposite policy. And the President would make them go away thinking that they had the President's ear. So Roosevelt was quite good at charming people and letting them think that they had real influence while he's making up his own mind about things. But Admiral Lee, he is one of the most important figures. And I want to highlight him in this period of the Second World War. Thank you. Any other questions for Professor Maurer? All right, with that, then I guess we'll close for this evening. We've gone over about four minutes. But thank you very much, everyone, for coming and listening. Thank you, everyone, that's on Zoom, the 50 or 60 or so that we had for the past hour. And we look forward to seeing you in three weeks when Professor Conan talks about the history of Narragansett Bay. So thank you and good night.


Hello Freedom Family! We have a giveaway today for you for this game, Shroud of the Avatar. It is the successor to Ultima Online. Richard Garriott, how many of you know who he is? He's the guy behind Ultima and Ultima Online and he is now out with a brand new game called Shroud of the Avatar. I played it for a little bit. Here is me playing the game. It is still in early access but anyone can play it if they pay $45. So one of you is going to get a free key worth $45 if you do one simple thing. Convince me, you will cover this game well. That you will create good videos that everybody can learn from to help them decide whether this game will be right for them. So if you can do that, send me links to your videos down there. Anything you feel that's a convincing argument for me to pick you as the winner. To play this game, click my Play Now link down there to Shroud of the Avatar because I receive a small amount of money every time someone clicks that link and starts playing the game. It's the exact same price as if you went to ShroudoftheAvatar.com yourself but this is a way for you to help support me. That's the whole point of Play Now! What is Play Now? Click that I to learn all about this affiliate marketing system for YouTubers which we built and will continue to improve over time. Do you want to get your own Play Now link for SOTA? Tell us in the comments below. Right now it's not in the Freedom Dashboard but we can add it if enough of you say you want it. In my travels I noticed this wolf attacking the poor deer so I rushed to the deer's defense to take the bad wolf but sadly I was a little slow and the wolf already took down the deer. But wait, what are we watching? What is up guys? My name is GlowingDude. I'm Demkeys and you're watching The George Show. Thank you GlowingDude for introducing The George Show by leaving that comment behind me with your level one collaboration video. Do you want to get featured? Click that I to learn all about the levels one through four on how you can collaborate with me. As is traditional with Richard Garriott games, it's all about exploration, discovering a new world. Here I am about to fall off into space, not realizing you can't fall off into space and look he actually put what looks to me like Earth into this game. There is Earth behind me. If you play this game or if you've already played this game, tell us what you think in the comments below. Send us links to your videos or live streams if you have them because I think many of us have grown up with games like Ultima and Ultima Online and we would love to see what Richard Garriott has done this time around. Shroud of the Avatar started as a Kickstarter project where their goal was to raise one million dollars and they almost doubled it as you can see behind me. In this game you can do combat. I was trying to ride this horse but I ended up fighting him. This is combat. It's you choose the skills as you're fighting and then you either win or lose and I almost died in this particular fight. I came down to a sliver of health. Do you want to try this game? Did you play Ultima Online? Tell me in the comments below your thoughts about Richard Garriott and the games he makes. This is his new company called Portillarium and this is his brand new game. This is what Shroud of the Avatar dot com looks like behind me after you sign in with your account and I will hide myself so you can see everything. There is a countdown going on right now to the final expirations and if you go to your account tab as I have here you'll see that once you buy the game or if you're lucky enough to win your key after you get access to the game you'll be able to download it right here on the game client steam tab. Are you excited for SOTA? Tell me in the comments below if you want to get into this game or if you think it's not for me. Are there other games or products you think we should be covering? Tell us in the comments below. I would love to get more keys to give away for more products if you feel they are new or exciting or have some new expansion. We want to support that by helping the freedom family grow together because that is the spirit of freedom. We all help each other grow together as a family. So if you haven't already click that I to partner with freedom and join this beautiful family so we can all grow together and if you like this video click the like button down there so I know what kind of content you enjoy and subscribe to Freedom Central youtube.com slash freedom home of the George show. I am George CEO and founder of freedom and this looks like the wormhole from Stargate. I wasn't able to enter it I don't know how to interact with it but I thought it would be cool if I could enter and pop out into another world. Maybe that'll be implemented in a future release of this game. I am George and you've been watching while exploring I saw this wolf attacking the poor deer so I rushed to the wolf's defense so that's why the deer died you were secretly helping the wolf George wolf lover Shroud of the Avatar started as a Kickstarter project where their goal was to raise one million US dollars and they almost doubled it by raising just shy of two million obviously come on George that's like saying the apple is green look it's green and we will grow together as a family because this is the freedom family you are part of it we are all part of it and we're all growing together so grow with us and partner with freedom that play now button right there on the video bar is all you need to click to get started