Hello, I am welcome to the session. I am Deepika here. Let's discuss the question we see. A bag consists of 10 balls, each marked with one of the digits 0 to 9. If four balls are drawn successively with replacement from the bag, what is the probability that none is marked with the digit 0? Now we know that the trials of a random experiment are called Bernoulli trials. If they are finite in number, they are independent. Each trial has exactly two outcomes, success or failure and the probability of success remains the same in each trial. Again, we know that probability of x successes is equal to ncx into q raise to power n minus x into p raise to power x, where x is from 0 to n and q is equal to 1 minus p. So this is a key idea behind our question. We will take the help of this key idea to solve the above question. So let's start the solution. Let's denote the number of balls marked with digit 0 in the four balls. The drawing of balls is done with replacement. Therefore the trials are Bernoulli trials. Now clearly x has the binomial distribution with n is equal to 4, p is equal to 1 over 10 where p is the probability of drawing a number marked with digit 0. Therefore q is equal to which is given by 1 minus p is equal to 1 minus 1 over 10 and that is again equal to 9 over 10 and the probability that none of the ball is marked with the digit 0. Therefore the probability that none of the ball is marked with digit 0 is given by probability of x is equal to 0. Now according to our key idea we have probability of x successes is equal to ncx into q raise to power n minus x into p raise to power x where x is from 0 to n and q is equal to 1 minus p. Now here we have n is equal to 4, p is equal to 1 over 10 and q is equal to 9 over 10. Therefore probability of x is equal to 0 is equal to 4 c 0 into 9 over 10 raise to power 4 minus 0 into 1 over 10 raise to power 0 and this is again equal to 4 c 0 which is 1 into 9 over 10 raise to power 4 into 1 because 1 over 10 raise to power 0 is 1 so this is again equal to 9 over 10 raise to power 4 and the probability that none of the ball is marked with the digit 0 is 9 over 10 raise to power 4. So this is the answer for the up of question. This completes our session. I hope the solution is clear to you. Bye and have a nice day.


In a world first, researchers have created cloned mice from freeze dried skin cells. The research aims to help conservationists revive populations of endangered species. The freeze dried skin cells had been stored for nine months before cloning was attempted. Even though the freeze drying process killed the skin cells, scientists were able to create cloned embryos with them. The embryos were used to create stem cells that will be used in further research. Recently, more work on xenotransplantation has been published.  Until last year, xenotransplants, the transplant of an animal organ to a human, had only been tested in monkeys. The first xenotransplant in a deceased human on life support took place in September 2021 and used a pig kidney. This was followed by the transplant of a pig heart into a living human, Mr David Bennett, in January 2022. Unfortunately, Mr Bennett, who was already very sick, died two months after the transplant. Xenotransplants are getting a lot of scientific attention recently because they offer a promising, realistic solution to the worldwide shortage of donor organs. Next up, we're looking at some spinal cord research where three monkeys whose arms were partially paralyzed have had some movement restored after having an implant placed in their neck. Restoring movement in upper limbs is very difficult because arm movements are more complex than leg movements. Electrical stimulation has previously been used on paralyzed arms in people, but the surgeries are very invasive and they require complicated software. This is why a team of scientists have begun to develop a simpler and more effective way of restoring movement in upper limbs that is currently showing promising results in monkeys. A group of scientists are developing a cure for genetic heart conditions which can cause sudden death. The treatment of genetic cardiomyopathy has been very successful in animal studies. Cardiomyopathy is a genetic heart muscle disease which can cause sudden death in any age. People with the condition have a 50-50 risk of passing faulty genes onto each of their children. And often, several members of the same family develop heart failure. Every week in the UK, 12 people under the age of 35 die of an undiagnosed heart condition, very often caused by cardiomyopathy. The team are hoping to develop a jab that will use a precise genetic technique to silence faulty genes. The technique has already been shown to work in animal studies and if successful in human trials, the gene therapy will be a once-in-a-generation opportunity to relieve families of the suffering caused by inheritable genetic disease. A universal coronavirus vaccine that can protect against COVID-19 and the common cold is being developed using mice. Researchers at the Francis Crick Institute have discovered that a specific area of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is a good target for a pan-coronavirus jab that could offer protection against all the COVID-19 variants and common colds. On the 5th of July, 1996, the most famous sheep of all time was born. This year marks the 25th anniversary since the birth of Dolly the sheep. Back then, researchers at the Rosalind Institute of the University of Edinburgh became the first people to successfully birth a lamb in the laboratory without using an egg or sperm. But from the DNA taken from an adult's sheep's mammary gland. Dolly remains infamous to this day as the first mammal to be cloned using DNA from an adult's cell. To find out more about Dolly and how her creation has contributed to scientific progress, read our recent article which is linked in the description below. At UAR, we focus on communicating how animals use in scientific research. However, animal research happens alongside the various non-animal technologies that are available to use. There is a general consensus that more research needs to be done into non-animal technologies so that we can reduce the number of animals used. This month, the National Centre for the Three Rs published its strategy for the next two years. The new strategy sets out to spend 75% of grant funding on replacement technologies for animal research. This doesn't mean that the NC Three Rs are moving away from research into methods of reduction and refinement, but they want to put a greater focus on getting new alternatives accepted into regular use. And this is very welcomed by the scientific community. And lastly, at the end of June, the UK government released its annual statistics on the number of animals used in scientific, medical and veterinary research in 2021. The figures show that just over 3 million procedures were carried out in Great Britain in 2021 which is 6% more than in 2020 where we saw a significant drop due to the pandemic. Over 96% of the procedures carried out in 2021 were on mice, fish, rats and birds. Cats, dogs and primates who have further protection in British law were used in 0.2% of all procedures in 2021. It is worth noting that half of all procedures carried out in Great Britain in 2021 were carried out by 10 organisations. You can see a detailed breakdown of the Home Office statistics and further information on the 10 organisations and the research that they undertake on our website. That's all from us this month. Further information on all of the news stories mentioned in this video can be found in our monthly news roundup which is linked in the description below. Thank you for listening and don't forget to subscribe for more animal research news.


Hi, my name is Steve and I'm from Cape Town in South Africa which is pretty much based at the southernmost tip of the continent and I would like to share my journey of global collaboration with you and I'm hoping that after you've heard some of the stories and you've seen some of the photos and videos that you'll be utterly and completely convinced that global collaboration is the way to go and it all started with a school in a remote village in India called Chaitanya Gurukul and my colleague Shandrakant Singh was teaching via Skype to students and I saw an article about it and I wanted to do it too so I made contact with him and Literally after that, I thought well if I could teach in a remote school in the middle of India Why can't I teach in schools all over the world? And I embarked on a journey to try and teach over a hundred classes in less than a year So the journey took me to many classrooms all over the world and here you'll see some examples of some of the classes that I taught in many from Europe, Asia South America Australia Some of these classes were taught at 3 a.m. in the morning. This is a class in New Zealand a small little school here's one in Malaysia and of course It's fascinating to get to meet children from different countries learn about their cultures Do cultural exchange where our kids got to compare what was in their lunchboxes with kids from other schools? And learning from teachers and the different teaching styles and and the way they approach various topics So from a cultural exchange and an educational exchange point of view it is absolutely Fascinating, but I think that the best way to experience it is to perhaps watch a little bit of footage of One of the sessions where I did some problem-solving and you'll get to see how the kids try and solve problems Okay, they were born on the same day Five minutes apart from each other to the same parents in the same hospital, but they were not twins How is that possible? Well, I want to know how it's possible that they can't be twins should he they must be twins Somebody else would go Okay I didn't I didn't The same year they were born in the same year five minutes apart from each other on the 31st of January They were Yeah South Africa correct, do you know where that is? Uh-huh. Where is it? Well done well done that is excellent sure I'm impressed. How did you know? Not a And and how many South Africans do you know that you could have worked out my accent? That's a very good kiss That's correct good thinking I like your thinking well done give him a round of applause that was excellent Global collaboration is a fascinating exercise. It enables teachers to connect with each other it enables students to connect with each other and enables teachers and students to connect with each other and Not only that but depending on how you communicate you can also bring experts into the classroom and hopefully I'll show you some photographs of where we've brought experts for example astronauts we've had astronauts speaking to Assemblies we've had astronauts speaking to kids in classrooms. We've had authors Talking to students about their books we have had scientists talking about weather and Coming up this week It is World Space Week So we will have the chief NASA scientist who is going to be communicating with us and we get to ask about current issues What is going on with the fact they've just discovered water on Mars? What does that mean for us as a people as a planet and we also want to find out what NASA's plans are and How they seem to operate and who they work with and and all those burning questions that you would normally not have access to We can now bring These people to us and the best part is we get to share that With people all over the world when I do my interviews. I invite teachers with their students into the actual hangout and that enables the students to ask questions and They get to engage Scientists and prominent people who they would not normally have access to and of course just as exciting is the interaction the camaraderie the the learning that goes on when students connect with their peers and they learn how similar They actually are their interests the music they taste in clothing and then of course We also learn how different people can be when it comes to different cultures Classical example is a game that I play with the middle schoolers and the high schoolers Called cafe dilemma where I have groups of children sitting at a table and each table is given a menu and on that menu they get five or six topics which I call food for thought as opposed to actual food at this cafe and They pick one of those topics Let's say for example. It is capital punishment the death penalty and Then the waiter or waitress comes over and presents the death penalty with five compelling points for and five compelling points against and Each table it is their mission To decide whether they are either for or against it Now the points are so compelling for and against that This is going to lead to debate and discussion What I always find fascinating is that when you play this game in different countries You get very different results in certain countries that are quite religious The death penalty becomes an obvious choice In other countries that are a little bit more liberal and a little bit less religious Death penalty is an absolute no-no so what I do Try and tell teachers is that When you interact with schools around the world It's important to also have an open mind and respect other people's cultures and other people's viewpoints because the whole point of exchanging ideas is to learn other Sides of the coin you need to actually know what other people are thinking and I think that is a skill that Helps children when it comes to debating when it comes to discussions when it comes to forming a worldview or an opinion That you make an informed choice based on both sides of the argument Let's run through some of the projects that I've done This is a view from the school in America and you see me on the other side of the screen in This particular photo. I had a colleague of mine reading stories to the kindergarten kids, which they thoroughly enjoyed Over here. We ran a maths evening and we had a whole bunch of families and kids all solving problems And of course we invited two of my teacher colleagues who were actually at a teachers conference in the US and They joined us virtually and they got some of the teachers at the conference to try and answer some of the questions on the worksheets and Some of my special needs kids We love introducing them to kids from around the world and they found this lesson thoroughly exciting Here we have more kids from Different countries Communicating and I think it's so important to get kids to actually ask questions about other countries and Maybe learn one or two phrases in their language, but it just it makes the whole Lesson so much more exciting another group over here from Vietnam talking to the kids and and Just tell them a little bit about where their country is and the types of foods They like to eat and the music that they like to listen to In this case I sent a care package to Denmark and the kids got to open it up And you'll see they are wearing some of our t-shirts and they've got some of our local sweets and chocolates And even our flag and they were very very excited to open up that parcel And those are the photographs of them Actually at the unveiling of the parcel here We did some cultural exchange where kids played some music for each other and the receiving school did some dancing Jeremy Gilley the founder of peace one day got to engage with some of our high schoolers Which was an absolutely fascinating day And of course teacher workshops the best way to introduce global collaboration through an actual Collaboration with teachers at these workshops and the teachers get to ask the questions, which is always an amazing thing And of course the Canes arcade the YouTube viral video that went around about a young boy who made boxes out of cardboard We have Nirvana filmmaker and Kane himself And we got him and Kane to judge some of the Wonderful creations of kids made at the global cardboard challenge And here you can see some of the kids actually talking to Nirvana and Kane Which was a very very special and rare opportunity Our kids in the townships in Google Air to very very impoverished area talking to students in America and I often get to run assemblies or do a math show while the kids are actually at school in their assembly and you just quite simply set up a projector and a laptop with internet access and There's no reason why we can't do that anywhere in the world You know some of the students in some of the other countries Just general photographs of the kids interacting and getting quite excited about problem-solving and the kids have been very receptive to having I Wouldn't call it strangers, but Different people entering their classrooms over the internet. This is my colleague. Mr. McNulty and his middle schoolers that love doing interview skills Another assembly that I did at Parklands one of our schools And it was lovely to show the kids the the impact that an assembly could have My friend Katie Coleman who is a NASA astronaut. She got to speak to the girls at Okos girls and here they were in assembly listening to Katie speaking about her experiences and they got to ask her questions as well Here we have Jamie Katchen from the jet propulsion labs and she was talking about how they got the Mars rover on to Mars I've also been asked to judge Fancy dress competitions in the US and you can see some of the creative outfits that came out of that And of course we have the students from Austria The high school students who love asking questions and we have middle schoolers there from the US and It's always amazing to see that you know some of them are just discussions or we play mystery Skype This in particular was a fascinating exercise of teaching young Danish kids to improve their Danish And I don't speak a word of Danish So I read them a story in my very very poor Danish and then I set them a word search And they got to correct my story and find all the words from the story in their word search They had no idea that I was actually helping them to improve their Danish And of course, you know every class and every exercise is different sometimes we do math activities Sometimes we do history sometimes we do politics here the kids in Boston They were joining all the regular classes that I have I normally invite a group of kids from different schools to join in And while we actually run our regular lesson the kids from different countries are able to Participate in the classes and we have our girls from Durban girls college and of course the kids from Boston And it's always nice to have a mix of children There's even my friend from India, Sebastian taking part in the activities and Sometimes we have up to six or seven classes all taking part simultaneously During one of our regular lessons which we do every week. My good friend Don Thomas is also a NASA astronaut I got him to speak at my daughter's school and they had him in class and they got to ask him all about his adventures in space And it really was amazing that kids could have an expert like Don Appear in their classroom This is a wonderful opportunity to have a teachers conference and invite teachers from around the world to join in These are the lovely Greek kids who are practicing They are not English first language speakers and they practice their English by interviewing and asking questions and I get to correct them So for them, it's just very exciting and they don't realize they're actually improving the English and these are the kids from our Townships who don't have access to very much at all and they are completely Overwhelmed at the fact that we can speak to kids in other countries here I ran a teacher's workshop in at the science center in Johannesburg I often get asked to judge events and this particular event a group of teachers from around the world watched oral presentations and then we rated the oral presentations on Google form and then the teacher gives the kids feedback After they've done their presentations. We often get asked to present at international conferences And we do this by getting a whole bunch of teachers together in a Google hangout Explaining what globally connected learning is all about and what sort of software you can use to actually connect with people and How effective you can be as a teacher when you connect globally? This next picture I did an interview with a very interesting guy who was making things out of cardboard very realistic things Out of cardboard. I mean that that lizard looks very realistic and it's all just made with cardboard and glue incredible talent Here one of my past students Kaylee is also a recipient of the international children's peace prize fascinating interview One of my students Unfortunately was diagnosed with leukemia and couldn't come to school So we managed to convince the school to allow her to join classes virtually and here's Jamie with her beautiful Pink wig and I'm pleased to report that she's now back at school. Here is Kaylee and her colleague from the street store. They started something that is now international all over the world For world peace day. We got to speak to Livia who wrote a Magnificent book about all the Nobel Peace Prize winners called being noble Here's a lovely hangout with NASA and a whole bunch of astronomers from all over the world To allow people to find out more about the comet that was coming that night And here is my friend Nikki Abdonore who drives around Cape Town without any arms And she got to explain to kids how she solves everyday problems that we take for granted and It doesn't matter which country you go to here We have kids dressing with cardboard in and and taking part in a parade here We have kids in a dragon's den trying to present a business idea and the business idea of course Needs to either be bought or not and they had to convince our panel of judges and it was nice to have an International panel of judges to be there my friend Kaylee Coleman when she was actually in Cape Town We had her presenting at the Cape Town Science Center and of course we invited schools from around the world to join in So now you've seen a large range of activities that have been done where we collaborate with other schools and get students and teachers excited about learning and If you go to our website and you look on the menu under resources You can go to global collaboration and I will put a Google document there with loads and loads of Wonderful tips on how to get started which programs to use and of course you are always welcome to contact me I would love to hear from you I would love to share some of these resources and connect you with other teachers because at the end of the day if You are connecting globally We're gonna make this world a much smaller and much better place. Thank you for joining me


In today's video let's talk a little bit about lighting. This is the Ambitphil FL-80 video lighting kit. It comes at £199 on Amazon and to complement that this is the Ambitphil P60. It's a 60cm softbox with a honeycomb design. I'm going to set both of these up to see how good this performs as a studio light. I'm essentially going to be replacing my ring light which can be quite harsh and quite directed. I always recommend having a softbox light if you want to create the best looking videos. Get a very non harsh soft looking light for any type of filming that you want to do. So let's just get straight into it. One of the best lighting sources for me personally is natural light. As you can see in my room here I've got plenty of windows. All I need to do is open up these shutters and a lot of sunlight will come in. I even have this very large skylight which is great for bringing in more light as well for doing any filming. Now if you don't have a lot of lighting or a lot of windows in your studios or your offices then you'll probably need something like this to do your filming and I'm pretty excited to try this out to see how much of a difference it makes. So let's go ahead and unbox this. So inside the main video kit box you have yourself the user manual. You have a clamp. You have two USB-C charging cables to charge up the batteries. You can see they're quite heavy duty batteries that are included. They have USB-C ports on there. You can actually power it with the DC input as well. This is the big DC charging brick that comes with the plug. You also have a strap. This is the Bowens mount dome that sits on top of the unit. A grip handle which actually is very nice and easy to hold and it's actually quite strong to be able to hold the heavy duty light here. And this is the main unit here. So it is quite heavy. It is an RGB light as well which I think is great. So it gives you a lot of options. Like I mentioned this does have a Bowens mount on there. So that allows you to combine various different accessories and light modifiers such as softboxes, reflectors and many more.  Now the FL80 has a large LCD control panel just there which is quite easy and convenient to use. There's also an optional extra that you can buy which is the remote control. So if you want to wirelessly control this you can buy that from Amazon as well but that is not included in this kit box that I've got with me. The settings it can also be saved automatically which is quite convenient for having immediate use the next time you turn the device on. So as I'm going to set this up this doesn't actually come with a tripod. So if you wanted to just set this up in position you would have to buy a tripod. This obviously allows you to use a grip handle if you wanted to use it handheld but for most people that's probably not going to be the case. I have my ring light here and this has a tripod stand that can easily fit into the clamp hole here for the FL80.  Okay so to turn it on you just hold down the on off button. Right now this video kit is quite high powered is 80 watts and it has a whole bunch of LED beads in there that will give you a very good color scale. To run through the different options this button on the right hand side you'll see currently it's on HSI Hue Saturation and Intensity. This switches to the RGB color spectrum. Press that it goes through those different types of effects and go back to the CCT one. This is the one you'll probably most commonly use. So if I switch over to the Kelvins here you can go as low as 2800 Kelvin which is a very warm light and this goes all the way up to 10,000 which is a very bright blue daylight kind of light and on the right hand side you can actually change the intensity of that so the brightness levels like so so I'll go to 50% because I think that's quite bright. Press the button again this is the Hue Saturation Intensity so you can switch between the hue colors the saturation levels and the intensity of each of them as well so here's an example very bright yellow. Go to the next category this is the RGB CW color spectrum now of course it might be recommended you get the remote control just to make this a little bit easier but if you don't have the option you can cycle through here then you'll be able to select and change the different colors so like so I'm just playing around with it making some random colors but it's pretty straightforward and finally you can cycle through the different effects so you have pepperazzi, lightning, police, fire, truck and you can also change the frequency and the brightness of each of these as well ambulance, fire, fireworks, fault bulb, tv and rgb circle that cycles through the entire spectrum so it's very easy to operate and it's so straightforward the buttons are so easy you can also set them to remember your preferences for the next time which I think is great so now let's go ahead and I'll switch back here what I'll do is I'll change the Kelvin level to a little bit more of a neutral number let's say 4000 and I'll leave it at 50% but I'm going to showcase the difference between having this video light kit shining on me as opposed to without okay so this is the lighting condition without the FL80 video light kit I have no external electrical lights that are directed at me the only light source I have are from the windows and the skylight so the natural sunlight so what I want to do is if you do have an office space where you don't have any windows it will be completely dark so I want to showcase how much of a difference this studio light makes so what I'm going to do is close all of the shutters close the skylight blinds make it dark and then turn on the softbox so I'm not sure if you guys can tell the difference but it's actually quite dark in here now it's completely black out it's probably picking up with the shutter priority on the camera so you're still seeing a lot of light coming in but I wanted to showcase the difference with turning this on compared to what you guys are seeing right now so now the studio light is on and this is set to 4000 kelvins and it also is at 50 brightness you can see a massive difference that this makes it makes the video so much clearer it's easier to pick out the subject one key thing you should always remember is if you do have a single source light directed right at you you should have some back filler lights as well because this will probably create a lot of shadows and that's something you like to avoid one thing you can do is you can get some floor lights or you can get a floor lamp like I have back here so what I'll do is I'll quickly turn that on as well and you can see immediately that this makes a big difference so if I have a couple of filler lights right behind me to eliminate those shadows then this softbox actually does a really really great job so for me I'm super happy with this and for the price you pay and for all of the different accessories and the ways you can connect this I think is a great value to get so that's about it guys this is pretty useful and there's so many capabilities of why you might need to use this if you want to do some photography where you want to have some different colors concentrated on your objects then this can do that if you want the capability of controlling the lights wirelessly this can also do that and if you just want a great solid product that you can take with you and is quite portable you don't even need to have a tripod stand if you do a lot of filming and photography externally and you travel with it then you get the grip with it as well that you can just use it handheld or even if you're just a lighting person then this is a very good option so check out the link in the description it's 199 pounds for the video light kit it's around 52 pounds for the softbox and the honeycomb kit as well and with that combination I think it's just a great piece of kit to have for all types of photographers and videographers so that's it guys if this was very useful make sure you give this video a huge thumbs up make sure to subscribe I've got new tech videos out every week which I know you're going to like and I'll catch you guys next time take care


Hi, how many of you loved 2015 and was it the best year ever for you? Okay, that's how I feel So this piece is called see you in hell 2015 January 7th a study claims that men who post tons of selfies online have psychopathic tendencies Surprise January 10th I've barely been at my new apartment a week and my first piece of mail is a wedding invitation Love will find you in an evil sort of way, but it will find you January 12th. I have now received two different wedding invitations in the mail since the year began. It's January 12th January 22nd, I hope it that if there's ever a fire my cats wake me up the same way they do when they want cat food at 5 a.m Just kidding. I don't even have cats February 13th Auto correct just corrected so lovely in response to a selfie someone sent me to so lonely February 17th, I feel like I'm permanently trying to recreate a sandwich an ex used to make for me February 28th My new stand-up comedy class is called flying solo, but it should really be called dying alone March 5th, I've been saying my daily affirmations on the subway, and I'm sure that it looks like I'm talking to myself because I am March 22nd, I came up with a new word today cough blocked when your unrelenting cough keeps you from getting laid March 27th, my intense personality brings all the boys to the yard March 29th It's 2015 and people are still replying all March 30th My co-worker, and I totally had Sundays delivered to work today.  There's no other reason April 15th last night. I dreamt I meant Anthony Kitas at a Francois Hardy concert April 16th my therapist said I get the feeling that you don't like me April 21st you watch one Andrew Dice clay video for research purposes and YouTube has a whole lot of interesting recommendations for you April 25th the last time my friend Kenny visited me I didn't have a door on my bathroom this time. I've got a door, but my toilet's broken. I'm the hostess with nothing April 28th my horoscope says I should think before I speak today, and unfortunately I read that at 5 p.m May 2nd Most likely to wish her ex who she hasn't talked to in a year happy birthday out of the blue most likely to have them respond a day Later with simply thanks. We will never talk again May 5th Soon a phone call phones will only exist as geospecific dating apps and not to make phone calls We'll all have to join them to talk to each other May 10th when asked what my type is I like to respond with I'm attracted to people who make jokes about being dead inside May 13th that thing where someone said the word sex and you think they said snacks May 14th today. I learned that I don't meet the minimum height requirement to be a Muppet May 15th that thing where you ask your friend to text you when they've safely made it home And you fall asleep before you know if they're alive May 25th that thing where you ask someone if you've said too much and they never respond ever again May 29th my friend said I love that you did such a thorough job of riling up men You leave hateful comments about feminists on the internet and I said it's a gift June 3rd going to the gynecologist makes me want to form a band called everything but the socks our hit single would be called paper dress June 7th just now at the bakery I was like, can you make me the most fattening sandwich possible and they were like, but we don't even make sandwiches June 8th I Got the scariest letter from the New York State Department of Health. It basically said we know you're an organ donor and we know where you live June 9th real thing someone asked me on Tinder. Does the large cat in that picture live with you? June 22nd when you get an incredible mix CD from your married with children X and you're like, I really can't have it I'll just kidding. I have nothing July 7th when you get mustard on your this is what a feminist t-shirt looks like and you're like, this really is what a feminist t-shirt looks like July 8th that time I heard my friend say I caramba, but really she said aloe vera July 18th, I just entered a quilt raffle in upstate, New York the raffle ticket said that winners would be announced last year July 20th, I'm going to make a feminist satire called ghost boyfriend The twist at the end will be that the female lead just really likes doing things alone July 23rd. I can't even count the number of times. I thought my uggs were a cat July 29th, I accidentally deleted Tinder from my phone, and I can't help but think it's God's way of protecting me from my sexual peak August 3rd that time you thought the person you were kissing was about to say I'm falling for you But really they said I'm falling off your couch August 19th my friend said that today her longtime doctor high-fived her when she answered yes to whether she was currently sexually active August 26th my therapist went away for the summer and she missed so much August 27th the title of the reality TV show in my head is how does everyone know each other September 1st when you accidentally see your butt in the mirror and you're sad for the rest of your life September 2nd I'm thinking today is the day I text my therapist you back we cool September 5th Big Saturday night questions. Should I finally read my September horoscope or should I watch a TED talk about vulnerability? September 9th today is the kind of day when I wish I hadn't given all my Xanax to a famous skateboarder September 28th all I want for Christmas is better boundaries September 29th Dating makes me feel like Goldilocks. This porridge is too hot. This porridge is too cold. Maybe I just hate porridge October 14th my cat is covered in leaves, which would make sense if she ever went outside October 15th a Guy on Tinder asked me to send him the weirdest draft in my inbox And I don't think he was expecting a feminist manifesto November 10th my hobbies include sweating and crying November 11th. Sorry. I was late. I stepped on my cat's tail and it took me a while to reassure her that everything was okay November 15th. I bought a pink rain hat tonight, which means I'm ready for anything including a full regression back to childhood November 18th reason for unsubscribing just not feeling it November 26. I feel like if I asked the magic eight ball anything right now it would say I'm so sorry December 1st what's a good emoji for I've dropped my phone a lot and can barely see what I'm typing you December 2nd proof or related I tried to hug my sister and she actually said what are you doing? December 13th the bodega sandwich maker just said don't be afraid to scare me and Just like that. I finally achieved the kind of relationship. I've always wanted with a man. It involves sandwiches December 21st 2015 or the year I took my best selfie at Planet Fitness the one time I went there I've been paying for it for like two years December 24th my current grocery shopping list is cat food baking soda and candles. I'm ready for anything except real life December 29th cool thing about being alone at the zoo. I've been asked to photograph every family December 31st, and I'll end with a quote said by my taxi driver on New Year's Eve. Nothing is forever Happy 2016 everyone


It's mid-March in Austin, Texas, and things are oddly quiet in the Red River Cultural District. In a normal year, this street will be completely taken over by Southwest activities, blocked off at either end with brand activations and events pouring out of each one of these music venues. This year, because of the pandemic, none of those in-person components are happening. It's all virtual. Our best moments at Southwest is a preview of the future. The marketers want to understand what the startups and innovators are doing. We occupy a, we think, kind of interesting place in the calendar and with these brands in South By has historically been a place for product launches and announcements and, you know, a lot of those types of buzzy, newsy events. Last year, the pandemic was just starting when South By was canceled on March 6. It was one of the first big events to fall victim to COVID-19. Since then, this whole area has struggled. Many of the businesses in this area rely on South By for nearly half their annual revenue. That's meant that some, like Barracuda, which is right across the street, have closed permanently because of the pandemic. For us, it's our chance to really stretch our legs and get bigger artists and get, you know, the types of things that we do all year and kind of amplify them. The best way to think about it is kind of like, you know, Mardi Gras meets Super Bowl environment, but for Rock and Roll in Austin, Texas, kind of taco beer sort of way. We don't get one physically this year. We do get what we're all curious about as a digital version. The 2021 event is very, very different than everything we've done for the last 30 years. The focus on creativity, the focus on innovation, the focus on inspiration, which obviously is extremely important in 2021, is completely in line with everything we've done since the event started in 1987. Instead of welcoming people back this year, the best these businesses can hope for is a cameo in the VR world that South By created for the festival. Fantastical versions of this street, Congress Avenue and Red River, a few streets over, will be available to attendees using a VR headset. But that doesn't do much to help businesses that have been on the brink of closure for a year already. Obviously, Austin is a humongous, incalculable part of South By Southwest. So we wanted to find a way to celebrate that, to celebrate some of the venues and bring some of that South By flavor to a digital event. Whatever weight our name has, we wanted to contribute that to them trying to figure this out and get going again because if they get going again, so does our community. If we're not having one physically and we have the chance to have one digitally, why not? So we'll be in a weird virtual reality world and the Mohawk will be there. VR has been the next big type of technology for the last 20 years. As with a lot of other things, the pandemic may have been the catalyst to finally pushing this thing. Beyond the conference itself, South By is known for its huge brand activations. Brands like HBO and Amazon Prime set up over-the-top experiences for festival goers around the city. South By has really become a showcase for experiential. It takes place all over the Austin core and so there's so many creative ways to integrate a brand or a product or an ideal or anything like that. I've been trying to explain this to my colleagues in New York like, you don't get it, the whole city is taking over every empty parking lot, everything. HBO Max has a rich history of activations at South By Southwest that goes all the way back to the interactive exhibit we did for Game of Thrones. We've done the South By Southwest world as well, which created a massive amount of conversation to the brand and program itself. I think that was one of the first places where we really saw the power of the consumer reaction conversation that we can create through these immersive experiences that blend technology and the in real life experiences as well. What's this year going to look like? How is this year going to be different? I really started with the question of how can we continue our legacy of creating these activations and our experiences, but in a safer, virtual way? And we obviously wanted to use technology to do that. So we created something called the HBO Max Orbit, which is an interactive experience through your web or mobile that allows you to engage with our content and be matched with our content and characters using a series of voice commands, facial expressions, and gestures. Do you foresee these kinds of VR experiences happening in future years, even when we're able to gather in person as a companion festival? The really cool thing about South By Southwest online is that it is kind of opening South By Southwest up to a lot of people who may not have been able to attend in the past. The hope is that 2022 will be a hybrid event where we'll have an in-person real world experience. You'll also supplement that or augment that with a more robust virtual offering than we'd offered before 2021. This marks the second year in a row that South By won't be happening in person. And while it'll be exciting to see how the virtual event turns out this week, an in-person 2022 will be a welcome return to normal for the live music capital of the world. I would just love a good, safe, fun South By Southwest that is where we're open every day, where we have a wide variety of bands again and we're injecting that kind of energy back into the city. We would just want to have it back.


In this video, I want to consider again the question, is B a linear combination of other vectors? So in this situation is B a linear combination of the vectors a1, a2, a3, and a4. So we have four vectors in consideration this time. Another thing that we're going to change here is we're going to change the scalars. In the previous example, we worked over the real field, the real numbers. But this time I want to work mod 5. We're going to work mod 5 here. So z53 means that we're going to work arithmetic mod 5 and our vectors will have three entries in it. So our first vector a1 will be the vector 123, a2 will be 102, a3 will be 224, and a4 will be 114. Can these four vectors be combined in such a way to produce the vector B, which is 421? Remember, when we work mod 5, we only have five numbers in our arithmetic, 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4. That's it. Now, if B were a linear combination of the AIs, then that means there would be some scalars, x1, x2, x3, x4, so that these things combine together to give us B right here. Now, since we're working mod 5, you might think, well, I could just try every possibility, right? There's only five options for the first, five options for the second, five options for the third, five options for the fourth. We could try every possibility to see if that works. Well, admittedly, if you do that, that's going to be 5 to the fourth, which is 625. That's a lot of possibilities. I mean, it's not the worst thing in the world, but you know, you might be better just solving it than just guessing and checking along the way. So we're going to solve this using the elimination techniques for operations that we've seen before. Solving this vector equation is equivalent to working with this augmented matrix whose first equation is the first vector, whose first column is the first vector, whose second column is the second vector, whose third column is the third vector, whose fourth column is the fourth vector, right? So the columns of the coefficient matrix are the vectors that have to be linearly combined together. And then the last column is the vector we're trying to see if it can be produced from the linear combination. We want to solve the linear system associated to this matrix. Now, I should have left some space right here, so I'm just going to work on the left. We have our pivot position ready to go, the 1-1 position. We want to get rid of the 2s and the 3s down here. So to do that, we could take row 2 minus 2 times row 1, and we could take row 3 minus 3 times row 1 as well. But I want to mention that since we're working mod 5, technically speaking, there is no negative 2, right? But negative 2 is actually the same thing as plus 3. Because negative 2 plus 3, these numbers are congruent mod 5. And same thing with this one right here. Instead of subtracting 3, when you work mod 5, we really could actually just get plus 2 or 1. Notice that 2 and 3 add together to give us 5, right? Their difference is a multiple of 5. And so we don't even have to worry about subtraction here. We're going to take row 1 in times it by 3. This gives us 3, 3. 3 times 2 is 6, which 6 reduces to 1 mod 5. 1 times 3 is 3. And 3 times 4 is 12, but 12 reduced mod 5 is 2. For the next row, we're going to times the first row by 2. So we get 2, 2, 2 times 4 is 4. 2 times 1 is 2. And then 2 times 4 is 8, but 8 reduces to 3 mod 4.  And 2 plus 2 is a 4. No other reduction was necessary except for the first one. Now for the third row, 3 plus 2 is 5, which is the same thing as 0. 2 plus 2 is 4. 4 plus 4 is 8, which, like we mentioned, reduces to 3. 4 plus 2 is 6, like we've mentioned, reduces to 1 mod 5. And then 1 plus 3 is 4. And that takes care of the reduction right there. So how do we do the next one, right? So we have a 4 right here. We have a 3 we need to use to cancel out. If this were real numbers, we'd do something like R3 minus 4 times 3 R2. And now we would probably curse and scream because we have to do fractions. The good news is when you work mod 5, you don't have to use any fractions whatsoever. So for example, we can say that 1 third is actually congruent to 2 working mod 5 here. And the reason for that is, is that 3 times 2 is equal to 6, which is 1 mod 5. So notice that 2 times 3 gives you 1. So 2 is the reciprocal of 3. It's the number which multiplies by 3 to give you 1. And so therefore, if you take 4 thirds, this is the same thing as 4 times 2, which is 8, which reduces to be 3 mod 5. You could do it that way. Or another approach that students seem to like is you could replace the numerator with something equivalent to 4, such as 9. 9 divided by 3 is in fact 3. And so you see in either situation when you work mod 5, 4 thirds is going to give you a 3. And so that tells us that this fraction could be removed and we could write this as R3 minus 3 R2. But if you're in an optimistic mood, we don't want to use negative 3. We actually want to use positive 2. And so that's all we have to do. 3 times 2, 3 times 2 is 6. We're going to add 1 to 4. 3 times 2 is 6. That's a 1. 4 times 2 is 8, which is 3 mod 5, and you get a 3 right there. So notice what happens. 1 plus 4 is a 5. That's 0, giving you this right here. 3 plus 1 is a 4. 3 plus 1 is a 4. And 4 plus 3 is a 7. 7 reduces to 2, mod 5. So so far, so good. And now when we look at the next pivot position right here, we'll notice that our matrix is now in echelon form, right? So this tells us that our system is consistent because there's no contradictions here. There's going to be a free variable in here. There's going to be multiple solutions. Now as we start the backwards phase here, we're going to divide everything in this row by 4. Divide everything by 4. And row 3, excuse me. Now some of these are going to be pretty obvious, right? 4 divided by 4 is going to give you a 1. 1 right there. What do you do with the 2 fourths? How does that one handle? Well, 2 fourths, just as a regular fraction, you can simplify that to be 1 half. You still have to do something about the 2. Now 1 is congruent to 6, mod 5. And so this is actually congruent to 3, which is where this number comes from. So just work through the arithmetic, mod 5, and you're going to be just fine. So the bottom row becomes 1, 1, 3. Now to get rid of the numbers up here, we do have to do some cancellation, right? We're going to do row 2 minus 3 times row 3. But if you want to be optimistic, no pessimism here. You're going to get R2 plus 2 R3. And how do you get rid of the 2? Well, we're going to do R1 plus 3 times R3 right there. So we're going to get a 2, a 2, and a 6, which is 1. We're going to get a 2, a 2, and I'm not sorry, not 2, 2, 2. We're going to get a 3, a 3, and then a 9. 9 is 4, mod 5. So when you combine those together, 2 and 3 gives us 5, which is 0. You're going to get 3 plus 1, which is a 4. And then 4 plus 4 gives us 8, which gives us the 3. Great. 3 and 2 gives you 5, which is the same thing as 0. 4 and 2 is 6, which reduces to 1. And 4 plus 1 is, again, 5, which is 0. So that's what our reduction looks like down here. Now the last thing to do to reduce this thing is to get rid of the 1 right here. Well, I guess actually, let's divide everything by 3 in this situation. Let's divide by 1 third R2. But remember, dividing by 3 is the same thing as multiplying by 2. So we're just going to times everything by 2. So the 3 will become a 1 when you divide by 3. The 1 divided by 3 is going to be the same thing as 1 times 2, which is just 2. And then times things by 0 is still going to be 0. And so now we have a 1 here we want to get rid of this. So let's just take R1 minus R2.   And so now we see our matrix in REF in all of its glory right here. If we switch this back to a system of linear equations, we will get something like the following. We're going to get that x1 plus 2 times x4 is equal to 3. That's the first equation. The second equation will say that x2 plus 2 times x4 is equal to 0, like you see right here. And then finally, x3 plus 1x4 is equal to 3. You see this right here. And so like we predicted, x4 is going to be a free variable in this system. If you solve for the dependent variables x1, 2, and 3, you get that x1 equals 3x4 plus 3. x2 equals 3x4 and x3 equals 4x4 plus 3. You'll notice here, right, when you move the x4 to the other side, you should have a negative 2x4, which of course is 3. When you move this over here again, you're going to get 3x4. And then lastly, when you move x4 over here, a negative x4 is actually 4x4 when you work on 5. So we get these things right here. And so for any choice of x4, you get a solution to the linear system. So for example, if x4 equals 0, you're going to get 3030. If x4 equals 1, you're going to get 3 plus 3, which is 6, which gives you 1. You're going to get 3. You're going to get 4 plus 3. 4 plus 3 is 7, which is just a 2. And then you get a 1 right there. If you have that x4 equals 2, again, going through the arithmetic here, 2 times 3 is 6, which is 1 plus 3, which is 4. 2 times 3, like we said, was 6, which reduces to 1. And then 4 times 2 is 8, which reduces to 3. 3 plus 3 is 6, which reduces to 1. And then finally, x4 was 2 right there. And that's where all these other ones come from. This is what happens when x equals 4. And this happens when x4 equals 3 and then x4 equals 4. These are the five possibilities. And it turns out using any of these as your coefficients would give you a combination for b, right? So remember the original vectors. a1 was 123. a2 was 102. a3 was 224. And a4 was 114. And this is supposed to add up to b421. So we can plug in the coefficients that we discovered right here. Plug in 3030, ignoring the zeros for a moment, right? If you look at the things across the top, you're going to get 3 plus 6, which is 1. You're going to get 3 times 2, which is 6, which is a 1, plus 6, which is a 1. And then lastly, you get 3 times 3, which is 9, which is a 4. And then 3 and 4 is a 12, which actually is a 2. And so you combine these together, you get 4, 2, and 6, which 6 reduces to 1. That's a b. All right, let's try a different one real quick. Put that back. Let's try it when x4 equals 1 this time. We're going to get 1, 3, 2, and 1. So when we combine these together, you're going to get 1 plus 3 plus 4 plus 1.  And then finally, you're going to get 3 plus 6, which is 1, plus 8, which is 3, plus 4. When you combine those together, you're going to get 1 plus 3, which is 4, plus 4, which is 8, plus 1, which is 9. 2 plus 0 is 2, plus 4 is 6, plus 1 is 7. And 3 plus 1 is 4, plus 3 is 7, plus 4 is 11. And so when you reduce these things down, 9 goes to 4, 7 goes to 2, and 11 would go to 1, all on 5. And so we can see that these linear combinations in fact work, and all five of these would work. You have multiple solutions. The reason there's five is because we're working mod five. If we were working mod seven, we would have actually gotten seven solutions here. When you have multiple solutions, it turns out for a finite field, the number of solutions is going to be of some power of your modulus here. So like five or seven, we could get five squared if we had two free variables, we only had one here, so we got five to the first. So we can check whether we have a linear combination and actually produce linear combinations working over a finite field. The complex numbers, any field we want, the algebra is the same, the arithmetic changes based upon your field.


Hey everyone today. I just wanted to talk to you. It's a quick hack a quick Well hack it hack is overplayed these days. Let's say a quick tip a quick tip for Getting ahead of the pack for standing out and for getting ahead of any other freelancers that you are competing with If you're a freelance if you're a freelance translator or any type of freelancer out there Any type of entrepreneur really and you're trying to contact perspective clients What I've seen very often is that many times you will say prepare an initial bid or something along those lines And then they'll shoot back at you with a question or maybe they'll just have you know they'll be just be offering a job out there and You want to prepare a bid and send it in and what you'll do is you'll prepare it and you'll wonder if it's okay Or not or something like that You'll be like well I'll look over it again later before I send it just to make sure because you want to make sure that what you send out is You know really good and perfect So you delay sending it out and you don't send it out right now But you send it out later on today or tonight or tomorrow or the day after or something along those lines And the fact is this is costing you business. This is costing new clients All this delaying and all this trying to make sure that it's perfect and let's fit Let's call it what it is.  It's bad for business. And so I just wanted to Tell you something very simple you can do to make sure you get ahead of the pack and that is to reply to emails right away and So this means anytime if you see a bid for a certain job and it looks like something you might be interested in Don't like bookmark it so you can get to it later on and say okay Oh, this looks like something interesting when I have time tonight tomorrow this weekend, you know, I'll apply for it No apply for it then, you know, that's why if you're looking up jobs to apply for then now It's the best time to be applying for them. Otherwise why you're looking them up right now, you know, and so just Well, first of all you should anytime you see a job that looks interesting apply for it right away if you've been following the advice that you see in these videos if That you've seen in my course or you know that I've been talking about basically anywhere then you have everything prepared you have your resume you have your list of services you have everything you might need and you have your pitch letter your letter that your introduction letter basically and So you have everything ready, right? So and if you're if you don't have everything ready, you should be preparing that rather than looking at prospective jobs and So once you have everything ready look up a job And so you can apply right away to every single job because that's what you should do and then if the client Reaches out to you for more information I mean then you've already completed quite a bit because you've already stood out enough and the client takes you seriously enough to get in Touch with you to ask for more information there You should be replying right away because if a client sends out look the client's gonna write out to say five people ten people max But not even it'll be five people that they write back to say hey I wasn't sure you know What was your price be for this and this and that or would you be available to work on this day or whatever it might be and That's when you need to reply right away because right then and there the client is deciding who to who to hire and is down to these maximum five candidates Which means you're in the final round basically and so why not reply right away? Because trust me other people are gonna be delaying basically what you were thinking earlier that they're thinking Oh, well, oh, that looks like a good opportunity. I should reply to them I'll do that tonight when I have some time or tomorrow or whatever might be But if you reply right away, then it really looks good and and the client really likes it. Look the client it's Clients cannot deal with uncertainty if they're hiring someone if they're hiring a freelancer someone they they've never met in person That they will never meet in person that they don't know through anything else except the internet then they're really taking a risk and Before they step off that ledge and take that risk they really want in every way possible to know that they're dealing with someone trustworthy and you're replying right away Just goes that much further to show that you are trustworthy and so just reply right away There's no reason to delay The only reason is that you're uncertain of yourself you're unsure of yourself and you're scared and so don't be scared just reply right away and really this will put you ahead of so many other people and Just being able to reply right away to any email or to anything that comes out and just to show that you're reliable I know a couple of you out there sometimes I mean because you see this all over the place and in fact I follow a version of it You know people say only check your email three times a day two times a day or whatever it might be I feel first of all if you're first growing out your business You never know when people are going to email you so it's a bit risky to do that anyway But even if you do that I mean that's fine, but then don't delay replying back You know the whole point of this is that if you check your email three times a day You reply to every and you deal with every email as soon as you get it This that's all this inbox zero, you know mentality that you find so if you do receive an email say and you check your email at noon And you receive an email then From a client to prospective client or someone like that. Don't tell yourself. Oh, this looks interesting I'll reply to them later and I'll think up a good response I'll talk about it with someone else before reply. No reply right then and there Because then it doesn't matter if the next time you check email is say 3 4 p.m And they sent you something at 2 30. Well 3 4 p.m. Is when you should reply right away Don't delay it any longer. So even if you follow one of those things That's fine, but just reply to the email right away Don't leave it sitting there because there's no reason to do that and you're just gonna lose business that way And you're gonna lose prospective clients and this is a really kind of simple thing to do And to keep in mind to always just deal with things right away and not let them accumulate not let them Collect dust and leave them on the back burner for later. So once again, that's just an easy tip an easy hack if you will to To just stand out and try to get a bit ahead of everyone else when dealing with prospective clients especially when you're first starting out and just to show these clients that you are a serious worker and And that you're not that they can rely on you basically So I hope you found this useful if you do Please don't forget to click thumbs up because then I can tell which videos are useful and which aren't and don't forget to subscribe if you want more videos for freelancing more tips and tricks for freelancers out there and Yeah, that's pretty much it. I'll see you in the next video. Thanks. Bye Sabedum


YouTube team keep it clean. Wow. What a what a view YouTube team keep it clean What's going on is engraving here with another video and in this video? I Mean we did talk about this yesterday when it wasn't even official yet So shout out to the stream So a lot of y'all knew this news before it was even news But anyway team keep it clean earlier today hours ago while back Well today not too far of a while back, but they did have announced it officially What's going on everybody coming through appreciate y'all man? I love y'all Thank you for coming through but they did announce it officially that the Ravens was so one the wave I was reading your name and Let me hold this because I every time I get out of green light and that phone drops, but anyway the Ravens are officially Playing in the Hall of Fame game versus the Chicago Bears so again like we talked also mentioned that Don't expect to see any starters starters very seldomly playing this game Really they never play in this game any starters they'll be dressed, but they ain't getting in the game They'll be right on the sidelines So don't expect any starters to play in the game This will mean that the Ravens have five preseason games not just the regular four So that means the backups they're just gonna have to work that much harder to stay Healthy, but at the same time if you plan to stay healthy, then you're not playing good So anyway, and if you're playing for a roster spot trying to make it on the roster You can't be playing careful. You can't be playing scared or none of that stuff like that You got to play with your heart out. But anyway, oh, you know what I'm being ruled. Let me uh, let me introduce myself Me I mean great and visit.  They couldn't pass a drug test anyway anyway So yeah, I mean this is news, but it's not really exciting news not really news like oh my god I can't believe it. I'm so ready for it. I mean it is it is what it is It is what it is Let me say good for the Ravens to have five preseason games Give you a good chance to check out your team's talent. Yeah What's up, uh, what's that CDJ? What's up CDJ? Appreciate y'all coming through but yeah, that's that so It's official now. I mean Nothing to boast the brag about nothing to be too excited about It just is what it is. They planted in all the fame game. It's gonna be the first time So we're gonna get to look at Some of our team a little earlier than others because we we just got one more extra preseason game than them But that also means we got one more Post game video Than everybody else because we're gonna we usually have the four preseason post post game streams But now we're gonna have five preseason post game streams So, you know what I guess it works out then it works out. So anyway That's it. Appreciate y'all. Thank you for coming through. Thank you for watching the video Thank you for being a part of team keep it clean. I love y'all appreciate y'all and We can go ahead and end this stream cuz that's it. We are officially out of here


Go 14 by 14 with some cool colors. Let's get this and start with dark going to light. Here we go All right guys, here we go 14 by 14 Do the edge here just like this See what happens here. We go. Let's get this beautiful come on bro Smooth look at that. Let's just smooth. So smooth colors bursting flowing. I love it. Love it Alright guys Okay, so from that last piece for this vlog 16 by 20 got some cool colors on this. Let's get this All right, here we go. Kind of just going for it Just kind of going ham on this right now. All right, so we have a 16 by 20 let's mix these colors So here's that last piece Freaking 16 by 20. Also, you guys can find all of these pieces on my website at johnnyqart.com And if you guys want a custom piece, please email me with my email down below in my bio there So as always guys, thanks so much for watching and I'll catch you next time on the Johnny Q daily vlog. Peace Bro, it's just so good. So good


Hello, I am Milka Jagli working as assistant professor in Department of Mechanical Engineering Wolchin Institute of Technology, Solaput. In the last video, we have learnt introduction to measurement. In this video, we are going to see generalized measurement system, its components and functional elements. Let us see. Learning outcome. At the end of the session, learner will be able to describe construction and working of generalized measurement system. So, this is the content, generalized measurement system, components of generalized measurement system, stages of generalized measurement system, components of generalized measurement system, primary sensing element, variable converger or transducer element, variable manipulation element, data transmission element, data processing element and data presentation element. I want you to pause the video and think on this question. What are functions of generalized measurement system? I want you to pause the video and think on it. Generalized measurement system. In the further slides, I will be discussing what is the function of generalized measurement system. So, it is the instrumentation system. The quantity being measured is given to the first primary sensing element. In this, the quantity to be measured is sensed, that is a sensor and that is forwarded to the variable converger element. In this, if required, the signal is converted from one form to another. This is converted to the variable manipulation. Here the manipulation of signal or the physical quantity is done. So, in this, we can increase or decrease the strength of the signal. It is also known as signal conditioning stage. In this, the signal can be conditioned according to the requirement of the next stage like signal conditioning, signal filtering, signal amplification and so on. So, data transmission. In this, the data or the signal or the output is transferred from one place to another place and the final is data presentation or data controlling. So, in this, the data is controlled and it is given to the data recorder or data presentation element. So, first one, primary sensing element. The primary sensing element receives the signal of the physical quantity to be measured as input. So, in this, it converts the signal to a suitable form only if required so that it becomes easier for other elements of the measurement system. For this, the energy is taken from the measurement system. So, there is no, for converting the signal, it converts the signal to a suitable form, electrical, mechanical or other form so that it becomes easier for other elements of the measurement system. Variable Conversion Variable conversion elements convert the output of the primary sensing element to a more suitable form. It is used only if necessary, if we have the input as an electrical signal. So, if we get the input as an electrical signal, there is no need of variable conversion. It is used only when we need to convert the signal into another form. Variable manipulation element. It manipulates and amplifies the output of the variable conversion element. It is also known as signal conditioning region. It removes the noise present in the signal. Data processing element. In this, data processing element, it is more important element in instrumentation systems. It processes the data signal received from the variable manipulation element and produces suitable output. Data processing element may also be used to compare the measured value with standard value to produce required output. So, it is data presentation. It is used to present the measured physical quantity in a human readable form. It receives processed signal from data processing element and presents the data in a human readable form. LED displays are most commonly used data presentation elements in many measurement systems. So, the figure number 2 shows block diagram for generalized measurement system. So, here the first stage is called as input stage that is sensor and transducer. The second stage or it is known as an intermediate stage that is manipulator, transmitter and processor. And the third is known as output stage. It is controller, indicator and recorder. So, we are going to discuss this generalized measurement system in detail in the next slides. So, stages of generalized system as we have said, input stage it is also known as detector transducer stage. Second is intermediate stage that is signal conditioning stage and the third is output stage that is also known as data presentation stage. First input stage here sensor and transducer the sensor senses the physical system and it gives the signal to the transducer. Transducer converts one form of signal into another form that is nothing but a transducer and the both are known as detector transducer stage. Second stage is acted upon by the input signal such as length, pressure, temperature, angle etc and which transform the signal in some another physical form. When the dimensional units of input and output signals are same, this functional element is referred as the transformer. Second one is intermediate stage. It is in this stage signal amplification, signal filtration, signal modification and data transmission is done. So, why we need signal amplifications? Sometimes the signal received from the transducer are having low frequency. So, the next stage it needs or it requires the signal which are amplified. So, the signal from the transducer are taken and the conditioning is done that is the frequency of the signal or the strength of the signal is increased that is nothing but signal amplification. Second is signal filtration. Signal filtration sometimes the signal contain noise or disturbances which are not required in the next stage which may affect the output. So these noise or the noise signals are to be removed. So filtration of signal is done so as to get noise free signals. Signal modification, sometimes the next stage of the process requires a specific band of the frequency. It may for example it needs the frequency from 50 to 60 hertz. So in this modification, signal modification the signals are modified and those signals are given to the next element, data transmission. Data transmission it gives the signal from one place to another. It sends the signal from one place to another place and the last one is output stage. Output stage consists of controller, indicator and recorder and display units. So this is the output stage. Output stage consists the data display record or control. The data presentation stage collects the output from the signal conditioning element and presents the same to be read or seen and noted by the experimenter for analysis. For example, visual display type such as height of liquid in a manometer or position of pointer on the scale. So it shows the data or it displays the data. So numerical readout on an electrical instrument any electrical or digital instrument shows the data in the numerical format that is nothing but data presentation. Graphic record on some kind of paper chart or a magnetic tape. So this is the output stage references. Thank you.


Hello Zwifters wherever you are in the world. Welcome to another episode of how to run on Zwift with me Stephen Cousins today We're going to be looking at the newest update as of June 2018 The latest update on Zwift is flexible training plans for running and cycling. We're interested in running So let's get in and have a look at what this new feature has to offer So I've logged into Zwift and here I am on the Zwift screen I can go to menu here and I can click workouts Now in workouts as we've seen before You've got the standard built-in workouts speed work repeat speed freak Up and down medium etc etc all based on your pastes if you go to edit pastes here Look, you can see what your pastes are. So I've put my 5k time down as 1956 it's not quite right, but I'm quite happy to leave it there for the time being so we click save Zwift will automatically work out the pace of each workout based on what you've put in the pastes settings But now we come to the flexible training plans. Look the new section here plans. We click on plans and Look at this how exciting we have a brand new section with three running plans so we've got 13.1 half marathon speed builder. We've got the 10k Cycling to running builder and this is for cyclists who have already got a good aerobic base And now want to get running and then we've got the run fast and have a blast in the 5k Flexible training plan and then there are a number of other cycling training plans under here But we're looking at the running training plans is very early stages for flexible training plans This is what Zwift might call their MVP their minimum viable product. It will develop. It will get more intuitive It will get more clever So it will be able to work out a lot of things about When you run how you run do you run better in the morning or in the evening? Those kind of things but for now, we've got this basic starting point for flexible training plans So let's have a look at this 13.1 half marathon speed builder So say you want to do a half marathon you can view this plan. So you click view plan and It will give you along the bottom here all the weeks and You've got a little preparation week here. Look So we can click our first session would be an intro tempo session Second session would be base miles six point eight kilometers of running and then we'd get into the first week of training So you've got three sessions per week week one is three sessions speed work A tempo run and a long run and then week two speed work Tempo run and a long run now the interesting thing about this is though. It's flexible. So let's click enrol and You get to choose How long you're going to do this flexible training plan for so at the moment this plan ends on the 27th of August 2018 now say I want my race my 13.1 half marathon isn't until oh, I don't know the end of September I Can stretch this training plan out to the 24th of September? Let's see how far I can go That's that's the furthest I can go 24th of September and that would be the full 16 weeks from now however, I can bring it back 12 weeks I Can do a 10 week plan I Can bring it to an eight week plan and that is the shortest I can do so eight weeks But you do have a lot of flexibility in there The idea is that Zwift wants you to build your training around your life Rather than running your life around your training So hopefully this will enable you to fit in runs where you can and where you feel it's easiest to Rather than a training run being on a set day at a set time and you've got no flexibility at all That's when people give up. It's when they lose motivation So say for instance, you're due to do a speed session on Wednesday and a long run on Friday But you have had a really hard day at work and you really can't do a speed session today You could do an easier run and maybe do your speed session tomorrow or do your speed session on the Friday And your long run on the Sunday, for example, it just allows you to be more flexible with where you put your training throughout your day So let's click enrol and see what happens if we have this plan ending on the 27th of August That gives us a 12 week training plan. Let's click enrol So today if we wanted to we can start today and we have one available workout here, which is the intro tempo if we move along This base miles run is available to us. It's currently locked, but it's available to us in 19 hours So at the moment we only have one run available to us now on another day Let's go into week one in week one We will have two runs available to us so speed work will be available to us in five days But also The tempo run will be available to us in five days So in five days, I'll have a choice of whether to do a tempo run or a speed session And I can fit that around what I feel I need to do and I'm able to do on that particular day And if we go back to the available workout today, it says here do this by Friday afternoon So today is Wednesday I've got three days in which to do this intro tempo workout and if I decide that this half marathon Training plan is not for me. I can just go back to here and just click cancel plan Let's have a look quickly at the 5k plan Do this plan if you struggle to translate your training into tangible results on race day This plan will push you out of your comfort zone and ask you to run fast, run hard and run often If you want to set a best time for 5k, this is your plan So let's view the plan and we start with some short hills And look, I like this. Hills are really speed work in disguise. Very true. Hills are speed work in disguise I like it a lot, although it does train different muscles of course, but I understand what they mean And then we have a progressive base low 5k is short in comparison to many road races, but it's still a long way With all the focus on speed work, the endurance runs in this plan will tend to be at the lower end of zone two of your heart rates When we run fast, we run really fast, but when we run easy, we run really easy So this is a 12 kilometer run that's 76% of your 5k pace There's a short and easy And let's enrol and just see what happens So we have one available workout and we need to do that by Monday morning So today is Wednesday. We have until Monday morning to do that short hill workout And then our progressive base low, our 12 kilometer run is available in 19 hours So in 19 hours, if I haven't done the short hills, I'll have two available workouts to do And that is it for our look at flexible training plans in running It's a great start from Zwift. It can only get better. It can only improve Lots of data for Zwift to work on to improve the way they plan and structure our training to help us out To give us more flexibility to target our training more specifically to our needs Based on the running that we do in Zwift That's it. Thank you very much for joining me guys. It's been a pleasure Take care and we'll see you for another episode of how to run on Zwift very soon. Bye. Bye