Okay, cool. So what we're going to do here, this is basic. This is basic step one, just taking you through how to set up a Facebook business manager. Now, a business manager is different than an actual ads manager. In this case, the reason why we have to set up a business manager is because this account, this personal account needs to access your business page. In order to do that, it needs to be a business manager account. So very different. So for example, with me, with my business, I have a business manager account. That gives me the ability to request access to other people's business pages. Now, in this case with Richard, he doesn't have a business page. It's not his business page that we're going to be running. It's your business page, right? So in that case, this profile needs to set up a business manager and that's exactly what it says here. Manage ad accounts, pages, and the people who work on them, all in one place, it's free. So Richard will have a business manager to access your business page, okay? So this is the ultimate account to have. This means that you're managing other people's account. This also gives you the ability to set up multiple ad accounts, even for you. And so in my business manager, for example, I have multiple ad accounts because I have a business manager and why would I need multiple ad accounts? One, because what I do is I treat each ad account as its own campaign because it's a different project. So for example, one ad account will be for my Facebook ad course. Another ad account will be for my real estate course. Another ad account would be for my marketing course. Three different types of courses, three different types of projects, but all under my name, all under my one account, that's a business manager.  So in this case, Richard needs to be able to access your page. So that's why a business manager is what he absolutely has to have. So let's set this up. All we're gonna do is come over here to business.facebook.com and then we're gonna click on create account. And all this is gonna do is, and we can name this your account as well. So why don't we just name it, the main name we're rocking with is the consulting, or not the consulting one, but what's the compliant? I can't hear you, bro, you're muted. The compliant healthcare solutions. Perfect, compliant healthcare solutions. Perfect, okay. So, and then the name will just be, we'll just go with Dan. And then your business email is gonna be Dan at complianthealthcaresolutions.com. Okay, so Dan at complianthealthcaresolutions.com, that's the business account name, complianthealthcaresolutions.  Okay, so this is, again, man, this is the highest type of account you can have within Facebook ads was created, confirm your email address. So go ahead and go on your end and just confirm that. So you should have received an email from Facebook. Okay, so after you confirm it, then you just come over here and you refresh this page and that should now give us the green light to proceed. So let's refresh this page. Okay, so verify your business email to continue. You still haven't, so go ahead and check it again. Perfect, so yeah, so always when you confirm that email, make sure you're logged into Facebook, right? So log into Facebook first from your desktop and then go to your email, confirm that email and then now we have the green light, perfect. So now, as we come in, we have a brand new ad account. We have a brand new business manager account. This right here is powerful. So what I'm gonna do now is I'm gonna do first things first. Before I add anything, I'm gonna make sure that we have access to the pages. So in your case, it's just one page, your Facebook business page. So now we have to give this ad account, this business manager, access to your business page. And the way we do that is we simply click on, I clicked on business settings, but if you want, again, you click these dots, everything is around these dots, okay? Everything is around these dots.  Cause really this can be, it can seem so overwhelming, but at the end of the day, there's only a few things that you click on, like ever. There's only a few things that you'll ever click on. And so the way I really do it in my training, in my coaching calls is I have you, and that's call number one, but I know we're going fast track on this one, but we'll go back to that call here in the near future, but I have you bookmark everything. So ads manager, I would have you bookmark. The events manager, I'd have you bookmark. The audiences, which are down, which are, it'd be, well, as we set up everything, we'll start to see more functions, more features, but saving the audience, bookmarking the conversion page. So there's a handful of super important tabs that you'll ever click on, and I have you bookmark all that. So in this case, what I'm gonna do is I'm in the business settings, I'm right here, business settings, and this is kind of where it all happens. This is where everything is set up. So all I'm gonna do first is I'm gonna make sure that we have access to the business page, cause that's the business page we're gonna be running ads from. So here's what I'm gonna do. I'm gonna click on pages over here to the left, and this is gonna give me the ability to add. So compliant healthcare solutions doesn't have any pages yet. So what we're gonna do is we're gonna add it. So I'm gonna request access to a page. Now, if this was my Facebook business manager, okay, and if it was my business page, then all I would need to do is click on add and click on add a page, because I already own it. So if I just click on add a page, then it automatically syncs and automatically connects to my business manager. But because this is not my ads manager, and we're gonna be requesting access to a different business page, then what we're gonna do is we're gonna go request access. So for example, when I deal with clients, I'm in my business manager, I'm in my business settings, and then all I do is I go to their business page. So in this case, we're gonna use you as a perfect example, compliant healthcare solutions. So this is exactly how I request access. I'm gonna walk you through it right now. Compliant healthcare. Okay, where's that page at? You know what? Since you don't have that Facebook ad, you don't have that Facebook personal page anymore. I wonder if you still have the business page. Okay, so in this case, again, we're either gonna request access to somebody else's business page, and that's what I do all day. So I'm in my business settings, I'm requesting access to clients' business pages, and that's how I would do it. I would request access to a page, and I would just simply add a page. So I'd come right here, I would go to the client's Facebook business page. For example, let's just say it was this one. Let's say this was your business page. This is my client's business page. I click on that, I enter it right there, I click that, and then I add page, and then what's gonna happen is they're gonna get a notification, and they're gonna have to, and this is very, very, very powerful, because actually I was gonna show it to you here, but there's no business page on here, but anyways, once you click on ad page, that client will get a notification, and they'll have to follow through with putting their password, and then you have access. But in this case, there's no other business page. We're gonna create a page from scratch. So all we're gonna do is click on create a new page. So again, this is for the beginner. This is someone that's setting up an ad manager, a business ad manager, excuse me, a business ad manager for the first time, and even going straight into creating a new page, and that's what we're gonna do with you. So you're starting from scratch, right? So we're gonna go, we can go local business, company, organization, or institution, brand or product, cause or community. It'd be either number one or two. Which one? Throw up the finger, one or two. Okay, so we'll go with local business or place. Perfect. So page name, we're gonna go, see if we can grab the same old one, compliant health care solutions. So let's see if we can grab that same name. And we're gonna go down to, it wouldn't be doctor, would we go? It wouldn't be hospital, would it be in-home service? Perfect, medical and health is what it is. That's the good one. Okay, so street address, we can, I'm pretty sure we can create that later. Let's see if we can, okay, please enter a city. Is it Los Angeles? Okay, so let's at least enter the city, and then we'll be able to create the page. Perfect, so now we have a brand new page, a brand new business ads manager, and that's it right there. So Dan Robinson, and then what we'll do is we will simply, so there's our page, there's our page right there, and to access it, we can go to view page, and that's when we can start adding everything, pictures and all that stuff, right? So all the contact information, you'll be able to access everything here, and what I wanna do is let me see, sometimes you can change the, look at that, we got the name, Compliant Health Care Solutions, perfect. So I don't think we'll be able to get the username, but let's see, because the old page had that username, but let's see if I can change it to something. The username is what you wanna get right away, and that's what I always, always, always encourage and I always consult on is the username. So for example, if I go to my page, in fact, let me just go to my business page. This is step one, this is for anyone that's starting a business, right?  What I always consult on is step one is whatever that name is, you have two different places to put it, and this goes for any platform, Instagram, Facebook, Pinterest, LinkedIn, Twitter, whatever. You have the title of the page, which is normally your name, it's normally your name, or if you're branding a company, then obviously that could be your company name, just like this, right? But the username, that's what you wanna customize as well. So the title of the page, that's not as important in my opinion than the username. I want everything to match on the username because it's the username that I'm gonna list on everything as far as Facebook. Inspire digital, inspire digital, inspire digital, inspire digital, everything is one name. So with compliant healthcare solutions, what I always shoot for is at least trying to customize the username. Now, sometimes you can do it right away, and sometimes you need to get a certain amount of likes on the page, which we can easily run a like ad. And sometimes you can customize it right away, but as soon as you can, get your like count up to at least 50 likes, and then come over here and customize this username, and again, go to all these other platforms and get that same username. Now, in your case, I know you had an old page, that was named that, so I don't think you're gonna be able to get it over here. I think it might still be locked. So compliant healthcare solutions, solutions. Wow, let's see, am I spelling that right? Compliant healthcare solutions. Yes, it's correct. Create username, wow. Praise God, brother, praise God. Let me refresh this real quick before I get too, too excited.  Give us the name, wow. We got the name, brother, we got the name. We got the name, that's super important, man. That's super important for branding. It's super important just for your overall audience to know one name and one name only. I'll be able to use this one name for my videos and everything also moving forward. Well, you can use it, well, yeah. Compliant healthcare solutions, yeah. It's not really for videos, but it's just the name, the username for the page. So you can tell people, yeah, my business page is facebook.com forward slash compliance healthcare solutions, okay? Right. That's the business page. You have the .com as well, right? Yes. Okay, so you even have the email, or you even have the email. So Dan at complianthealthcaresolutions.com, okay? So Dan at complianthealthcaresolutions.com. Now, hopefully you're still logged into the personal page because as you go and confirm that email, you wanna be logged into the personal page as well. So if you receive, let me know if you receive an email, you wanna confirm that. Yeah. Okay, now here it is. You can confirm the email, it's a new one. Okay, so go ahead and confirm that. Okay, so go ahead and confirm that. And then, what am I? I haven't gotten the email yet. You haven't got it? What's your address? No, well, I mean, I guess I did it, I've confirmed it now. Yeah, I can't hear you, bro. But it's fine, let's just continue. Just let me continue here. So let me put contact, I'm gonna put send message. And when it comes to the business page, you want to deck it out with as much information as possible, like not just for your audience, but for Facebook. Like you want the page to look legit. And so, and that goes for the ads manager as we go back to the business manager as well. You wanna put in as much information in there as possible.   So let me go back to, so now we got the business page, we're looking really good on the business page. Let me go back to the ads manager. So over here, the business manager. We got our page connected, so we're good. Now what we wanna do is we wanna come in here, we wanna make sure that the payment, the credit card information is up to date. So we wanna make sure that we put a credit card in, a credit card here, this is gonna be the card that your ads are ran from. So let's go ahead and add this real quick. Let me, awesome. So that's what you wanna do next is the card. So there's the card. And all we're doing is we're just scrolling down this left hand side. We're scrolling down the left hand side and just making sure that everything is set up. So as we come in, set up a new ad manager, our page is the first thing we wanna connect which we're good. And then once you connect the page, you always wanna add yourself, add people and you'll see your name right here. So we already did that with you down here. In fact, let me do it again. Actually, let me see. Yeah, page, yeah admin access. So we're fine right there. But if we weren't, if that name, actually when you request access to the page, sometimes your name isn't down here.  Like a page is always traced back to the person who owns a personal page. So it's like a lineage, right? So who tracks back? Like where does it track back to? And it tracks back to Dan.  So we're fine with that. So right here, we're good. But if you didn't see your name right there, that's what you have to do is add yourself. Okay, so we got that. The ad account, this is what we have to set up next. Now we added the payment. We added the payment info but now the ad account is what we're gonna set up. We just set up a business manager but in that business manager is the ad account. The ad account is where your card is tied to. And even though it's, even though we tied it here, which really allows it to be the master card for everything, but we may have to still add it to the ad account. So that's the next thing we wanna set up. Once we connect our page, then we set up the ad account. So let's go ahead and click on the blue button and then we're gonna request access to an ad account or we can add an ad account or we can create a new ad account and we're gonna create a new one. So this ad account is going to be compliant healthcare solutions. So all ads solutions, all ads will be ran from this business page through this business manager, through this ad account. The ad account is what's tied to the credit card. The ad account is what's tied to your Facebook pixel and the pixel is what we're gonna add to your pages and that's how Facebook starts to track who's landing on your pages because the pixel is on every page. That's how Facebook starts to collect all this data of everyone who's landing on your pages. So what we're gonna do is we're going to create the ad account and we're gonna name it compliant healthcare solutions and click next. Then what we're gonna do is we're gonna, this ad account will be used for my business which is that one right there, compliant healthcare solutions. And then we just simply click on create and sometimes by default it'll bring over that master card and sometimes we have to add it again. So all we're gonna do is click on your name, we're gonna go manage ad account full admin access and we're gonna click assign, nice work. Okay, so that has been created, add payment and then sometimes the card will already be there. Perfect, it's already there. Okay, cool, so that is there.  Awesome, so now our payment is fully inputted. So let's go back to business settings. So that's where we're at, business settings. Again, everything is around these dots. You click on those dots and you can navigate all through the ads manager. So as I come back to the business settings, and this is one page you wanna bookmark for sure. What I would do is I would create a folder up at the top, ad folder and I would call this ads manager. And then what I do, and we'll do this on another call, but what I really teach people to do is start bookmarking all these different pages, all the most important pages. This is our business settings. This is a very important page. So what I would do is I would bookmark this, call it business settings and drop it in the ads manager folder. And I would do it just like that. Now I already have one over here, but let's see, I move it over here and this is just a dummy account, but that's where I would save it. I would create a whole new folder now. It's already over here, but I'd have to delete this one, but let me just delete this one and there's my ads manager. So I just start dumping a bunch of stuff in the folder and that helps me navigate through the ads manager faster without getting complicated, without complicating anything. So again, people, there's Dan Robinson. He's assigned to it. And then now what we have down here is we have, it shows us the pages that we have access to and it shows us the ad account that we have going. And again, that ad account is tied to your credit card and we're gonna get your Facebook pixel from that ad account as well. Everybody has a pixel and it's tied to an ad account. There's one pixel per ad account. That's why when you set up a business manager, again, what I explained in the beginning, the benefit of setting up an actual business manager versus just having an ad account is the business manager allows you to set up multiple ad accounts. So again, you have multiple projects that you wanna work on, Dan. You have a few different projects, right? This ad account is gonna be for this one project. We'll be able to set up another ad account for your affiliate marketing. We'll be able to set up another ad account for nurses. Keep them all separate and run ads from different ad accounts with different pixels on different cards or pages tracking everything individually. That's the benefit of an ad manager, a business ad manager versus just an ad manager. Okay, so now, so we got the people. We got the pages set up, which we just looked at. There's your name tied to the page. So you're good there. We have our ad account over here set up. So we're good with that ad account. And then down here, as we scroll more to the left, we got our payment set up. So we're good there. And then the business info. This is what you wanna set up for sure as well. And then notifications also, man. You don't wanna be notified with a bunch of random stuff, but you wanna make sure that the email is verified. That's the business permissions, only this email has permission. That email is under the business roles. That email business updates. So any type of emails, marketing updates, we'll just turn those on as well. Partner program updates. I don't want you missing anything really from Facebook. Like if they're gonna send you something, newsletter, like read everything, start to read everything from Facebook cause they're not sending junk.  So try to catch every email. Ad accounts, what's up, or what's app, what's app account, there's your pixel info. Okay, so any email, perfect. So we're good there on the notifications. And then again, the business info. So over here, this is the ad account. And then you wanna fill in the business details for sure you want to. So right now you have one ad account. As you start to spend money, then you'll have more multiple ad accounts, business options, two factor authentication, pages and notifications. My info, Dan Robinson, there's the email. So we're good on all this. You just wanna make sure we fill out as much information as possible. I'll just put in compliant. Compliant. Actually with this being my brother's business, should my name be on so much stuff or would it be better to set it up? It doesn't matter, nothing's, it doesn't matter. Thank you, thank you. Yeah, it's all good. So we'll just put a city, we'll put Los Angeles. Okay, so we'll just try to say, give me the zip code. 91607. Okay, business phone, enter a valid phone number. Give me, give me your cell. 424. Wait, wait, wait, wait, wait. Perfect, so we got all that information in there. You wanna fill that as much business info as possible. And then what you can also do is the Instagram account. So if you have an Instagram account and you're gonna be running ads on Instagram, those ads are ran through Facebook, so you'd wanna tie your account here. All you do is click on ad and then it'll have you log into your Instagram account and then those two will be synced and combined. So we won't do the Instagram right now and nothing else over here is really necessary at all. So now we got all that set up. That's how you set up a Facebook business manager. And it all starts right here. Login into your personal Facebook page and then from another tab going to business.facebook.com. And that's how it's done. And again, as I mentioned in the beginning, the reason for a business ads manager, a business manager account is so you can request access to other people's pages if you're running ads for them or if you have multiple businesses and you need multiple ad accounts to run ads. Because if you have multiple businesses, you don't wanna run everything from one ad account. Like if I have one ad account, I don't wanna run ads for my real estate business and then run ads for my Facebook marketing course and then run ads for my digital marketing course. Those are three different businesses. You don't wanna run those three different businesses under one ad account. You'll need multiple ad accounts and that's the purpose of a Facebook business ads manager. So business.facebook.com, that's where you set it up and that's where you start.


Everyone, Shaber1000 here, we got Monkey over here. Hey. And we're gonna do a review, but we're gonna do it a little different. And what we're gonna do a review on, you've probably seen it in the thumbnail. So we'll get to that when we get out here and I'll explain more to you. So let's get to hiking. Okay guys, so we are at Potts Preserve again. And they're having a hunt today, but they're supposedly over that direction. We're not gonna be going in that direction, but Monkey's got, turn around, Monk. We met a fellow YouTuber. I think, what's his channel name, Hike With Me? And he gave us that orange thing, so we don't get shot. But he just said he had it on his hat, so he was back here hiking. Uh, Link, Link will, to his channel, we'll be in the description below. So what was he gonna say? I was gonna say that he went on the trail and got scared on it, because he was going that way where the hunters were. Yeah, he was heading that way. We're gonna be, we're just kinda following the water, so we should be all right. They can't stop us from coming out here. I just don't like to mess up anybody's hunt, you know, but they're squirrel hunting and it's awful windy today, so they're probably not gonna be doing very good. But we brought a picnic lunch. Like I said, we're gonna be reviewing those, those hot funyons. I've never seen them before. I don't know how many other people has had them, so I don't know if they're any good or not. We're gonna find that out together, and we'll let you know. But we got a couple miles to go yet. We got Bruno with us, so we're gonna head back in here. And where are we going, mama? I'm gonna take mama to the cabin because she's never been there yet. So I think she'll like it, and that's, I fried up some bologna and cheese for sandwiches. We're gonna have a little picnic back in here. It's gonna be great, guys. So stick around for some more fun, all right? So we're heading back to the cabin now. Got a couple mile walk. I'll kick you on if we see anything interesting, and we'll go from there. So sorry about the wind. I didn't bring a mic, because I knew it was gonna be doing a lot of hiking, so less stuff to carry right now. So anyway, we're almost halfway to, we gotta go to the campsites. And then after that, we got another little ways to go yet. So we're about halfway to the campsite area now, and then we'll hit another trail that'll take us to the cabin. Well, we'll hit another trail, it takes us to another trail that takes us to the cabin. So stick around, guys, more to come. Okay, guys, so we're on the, we went through the campgrounds. We didn't film that because you guys have already seen the road. Now we're on the trail to the cabin. And Monk and Bern is behind me. I'm walking point. So I'll show you where we came out the last time I was here. We came out right here, and we walked that way. That's the campground. So we're gonna go to the right, and we're gonna follow this road. Excuse me, and then we're gonna, because when I went in last time, I followed the river. That was a mistake. When you get back over there, it looks like this. So, and then I ended up coming out on this road anyway. So, I'm walking point, and I'll probably kick you on. I kick you back on when we get to the intersection. And then once we get there, we're not far from the cabin, which you guys have already seen, but Monk hasn't seen it. So, her main thing is to film that. And my main thing, I will have some footage of the cabin for you for those of you that may have missed it, or for my new viewers. I'll show you the cabin. But we're about halfway there right now. So we still got a ways to go yet. And then we got a ways to go until we get to the intersection. Then we will, when we get to the intersection, we'll be about three quarters of the way there. And then it's pretty easy walking from there. So, I'll kick you back on when we get to the intersection, give me an update. We'll stop and rest there for a minute. She's got a bag that's got her drinks in it. And her sandwiches.  So, she's filming for you guys too, so don't get check her out. So, all right, I'll see you at the intersection. Okay guys, we're at the intersection. We're gonna be going that way, but the last time when we went out, we went that way, because it said trailhead. And then river to lake trail is up there, it's this way. So, I think monkey's turning her camera on, but we're gonna be going that way. That's what I just, I dubbed it the intersection because there's like five different ways you can go. Now, one of these trails, if you follow a couple more miles up, there's another camp in place where you can't get to it with car, you have to hike to it. This is where I showed you guys that. So, we're gonna be heading this way. But like I said, last time we went out that way and it was a long way. So, we'll be going back out this way where we came. And, see, I don't know why they painted this over a river loop. They painted that over for some reason, but as you can see, we're heading this way. We're about three-fourths there. Monkey's getting excited. So, she's gonna put that orange thing on her so she don't get shot at. I can't remember. Let's see, this is why I call it the intersection. All right, let's head to the cabin. Okay, guys, we're getting really close now. Monkey don't know it because she hasn't been here yet. So, I told her to turn her camera on. And over here's the river. So, we're really, really close. I think right up around this turn here. So, like I said, I'm walking point for her because she ran into a cobweb. I hate spiders more than she does, but that's okay. I'm an outdoors guy. So, anyway, like I said, I didn't film a lot of this because the main thing that I'm gonna do is a review. But she's filming a lot of this because she's here for the cabin. And I'm sure she'll try some of them, too. Okay, guys, so, yeah, citrus. This is for the guys, for those of you, guys and gals that have not seen us. Cool, huh? Huge tree. When we come out here and spend the night, we're gonna dock the boat right there and right up over here. Do a good some fast, good investigation here. All right, on to the review. Okay, guys, so, this is what we're going to be reviewing today, Flamin' Hot Funyuns. I'll show you the information here. If you guys want to pause that and read it, I don't know how well it's picking it up. Again, sorry about the wind. I brought a couple baloney sandwiches. I've fried up some baloney sandwiches, melted some cheese on them. And monkey is over there, right at me, somewhere. There's monkey. She's sitting on a log, eating her lunch. Well, it's way after lunchtime, but. So, and right above her head is some oranges still growing from, like I said, this used to be citrus. Oranges and stuff like that. Mostly oranges, I do believe. But, anyway, again, sorry for the wind. So, let's open these up. Get a thumbnail here. Now it's time.  That way, if they're really hot, the bread and the sandwiches should help cool down. I've got some soda. She brought some water for her and Bruno. I got a couple of these. The monkey's enjoying her sandwich. Is it me or last night, I opened up a bag of these and I opened them up, so I opened them upside down. I hate that. But are these getting smaller? Remember how big around they used to be and how thick they used to be?  So, let's try these. There's a boat going past. All right, let's try these. And we'll see if they're flaming hot. Very windy, especially to be hunting squirrel. Next month, all three weekends are for hunters. So, I won't be able to camp out here on the weekends, that is. Um, but. Guess maybe for, probably for spring turkey, but. Okay, they're not super hot guys. If you ate a bunch of them, I'm sure it would be, but they get a two thumbs up from me. They are awesome. Now, if you can't eat spicy foods or you're not into spicy and hot things, these are not for you. They're not like super-duper hot, but there is some heat here, but the flavor is tremendous. Very good. I'm glad she found them. So, I'm going to break out one of my sandwiches. I brought some stuff for Bruno. He's already ate some. I fried him up a piece of bologna and a hot dog, chopped it all up for him, put it in a baggy for him.  So, I'm going to let her sit and relax and she's looking around eating her sandwich. So, I'm going to let her do that. I won't eat my sandwich and I'll be back with you guys here in just a minute. Okay guys, so I just finished my sandwich and I'm still feeling the heat. From the monkeys, monkeys trying them right now. And longer you wait, the hotter it gets. So, yeah, the hot stuff, if you're not into it, you're not going to like them. They are flavorful, but it's kind of like a creeper. It creeps up on you and I'm still feeling them. It's not to where I can't stand it. I'm not sweating or anything yet, but they are hot, they are very tasty, aren't they? Yeah, I like them.   Yeah, I better not. So, we're going to enjoy our little picnic and we're going to enjoy this here for a few minutes and before we take off, and I'll show you the oranges. They're just right over here where monkey was sitting. Yeah. About 30 feet from the cabin. So, yeah, pretty nice.  Can't wait to spend the night in this cabin. So, I'm like monkey, we'll get a couple of cots and we'll bring her boat tied up right down here. Hope we're sleeping in the cabin. We'll do a, what? You scared me. She's jumpy. We'll do a paranormal investigation of this little cabin, maybe some of the woods. So, but anyway, yeah, those are two thumbs up from me. What do you think? Yeah, I like them. Flavors are very, the flavor's very good, so. I seem to handle them so far. But, I'll get some more footage for you, but my main thing was for the funyons, the review on the funyons, because I've already filmed this. But, if you haven't seen it, go back and check out, it's in my playlist of abandoned buildings and structures, abandoned houses and structures. So, check out that playlist. A lot of good content there. And monkey's main reason to come out here was to film the cabin, since she didn't get to, so. I'm gonna let her do all the filming she wants, and then, before we take off, I'll film a little bit on the way out. Not a lot, because like I said, my main thing was the funyons that she's over there tearing up right now. Yeah. Yummy. I'll be back with you. Okay, guys, I thought I'd show you this orange tree. There's one orange. There's another one up behind there. There's a couple more, there's one back there. But, yeah, hopefully you can see them. But, and there's the cabin. It looks farther than what it is, but it's about 30 feet, so that's pretty cool. They're too high up to get one, but pretty neat. It's out in the middle of nowhere. This is the long that monkey was sitting on, eating her lunch. She's doing her outro. So, I'll kick you guys back on here shortly. Okay, guys, we made it back to the campsite. We still got about another mile to go till we get to the truck, but it's almost 4.30, it's about 4.20 right now. 4.20, it's about 4.20 right now. We was still at the cabin at 3.30, so we made good time coming back. And Bruno let us the whole way. I was giving him an adventure. So, I was like, I let him take lead. I still had him on the leash, but I let it come way out, and I told him, I said, come on, you gotta get us to the truck. We gotta get mommy shelter. The snowstorm's coming in, and he just, he was pulling on me. And we come right over here, over that direction. We came out, it kind of splits, and then comes back onto the trail. And I said, show us the truck. I knew where we were, and he wanted to take the trail we went in on, when actually this was a little closer, but I took him in on the other trail so they could videotape, so she could get some more of the trail. And so he wanted to come back that way, because he was like, I don't know what's up that way, but I know what's this way. So he let us the whole way. I didn't tell him which way to go, and he brought us back, and every once in a while he'd stop and sniff, and take off some more, so he knew where we were. So anyway, guys, thanks for watching, appreciate it. Those fungions, awesome.  Yeah, I like them. Monk, we just sat down here a few minutes ago, and Monk, he was munching some more.  You gotta stop. Or you'll be burning. But they're very good. Two thumbs up. Oh yeah, definitely. Yeah, what do you think out of 10? What do you think out of 10? Oh, I give him eight. Eight, I'm thinking seven. They need to be bigger like they used to be. Yeah, they're small. They used to be so much bigger now, they're not very big at all, guys. So anyway, thanks for watching, appreciate it. Hope you enjoyed our little outing today, and the review, and the cabin. So, with that being said, I'm gonna say shea berry the myth man legend. My consistency's out for now, y'all. We'll see you guys in the next one. Have a good one, take care.


A coalition of civil society group has passed a vote of confidence on them by the Director-General of the National Pension Commission Aisha Dahir Umar over the allegation of fraud and abuse of office. The Centre of Public Accountability had asked AFCC and ICPC to conduct an investigation into allegations of corruption, particularly as it relates to funds received by Dahir Umar from the Agency for Foreign Treason and Causes, which she never attended. Rising from a press briefing in Lagos, the CSOs led by its convener Declan Ehikairi arched the pen combos not to be distracted by those they described as naysayers and selfish individuals who were out to stain her clean records at the commission. Other members of the coalition called on President Mohamed Wari to ignore the free volos allegation on the DG and see those championing the series of attacks against his mere attention seekers. The information available indicates that some persons who we have uncovered are at the vanguard of these efforts. These people whose corrupt past has been brought to the attention of the Director-General of the Pencom thinks they can divert attention from their persons to destroy one of the enviable institutions in the country today. We have it on good record and reliable knowledge that the agenda of these individuals is to deploy coordinated media attacks to draw the attention of President Mohamed Wari to remove the Director-General of Pencom despite her sterling achievement since her assumption of office 2017. As such, we the coalition of civil society groups have resolved as follows. We have decided to pass a vote of confidence on the Director-General of the National Pension Commission, Mrs. Aisha Dayru Kuma, and urge her to carry on with the transformational leadership she has started in Pencom. If those who are led have evidence, general evidence that can nail the Pencom DG, I'm assure you as a civil society group, we will still come back to this room if we discover that the allegations are correct to tell you we are good. Now we are telling you today, we don't come out without very reasonable and genuine findings. So that's why we are telling you, let them write whatever petition they must prove it beyond this negative doubt. GCC is investigating. Let them investigate and let them come up with their findings, whether they are correct or not correct. As far as we stand, we know that some people are trying to play some games and they can cook up anything, but GCC is there to investigate and find out and prove and that's what we'll be waiting for. But for now, we are sounding a note of mourning to let the public know that there are some people who are trying to play these games.


Welcome everyone to love talk podcast with me Kelly. I will be your host for tonight's podcast reading. I asked recently for you guys to send me emails concerning your love situations and I've received quite a few and I just want to say first of all thank you so much for participating. If you do have a love situation or struggle that you would like some help with feel free to send me an email the link will be below the email address and tell me about your situation what you want help with and I will do my very best to give you a shout out here in one of my Wednesday love talk podcasts and if you would like me to help you with that situation we'll do it here live okay and you could also get some feedback from others as well. Okay so I received an email and with his permission I'm gonna tell you about the situation it's a twin flame he calls it a twin flame saga from hell okay so let me read the information the email his name is Charlie and he did give me permission to tell his story okay so I'm going to read it to you hi Kelly what a great idea to get viewer questions like this I have been a wreck since I met my twin flame right before the Christmas before last I met her about a week before that Christmas and right after meeting her online I had two Kundalini activations and my Kundalini rose early Christmas morning I was not spiritual before starting the twin flame journey with a false twin before I had met my true twin I met the false twin a few years before the true twin and met my true twin flame literally less than a week after I emotionally detached from my false twin flame which people say is common that you meet them right after your false twin flame the thing is that I'm a 49 year old male burgo and she is a 29 year old Pisces plus she looks and acts even younger than her age in a lot of ways she seems more like she is in high school than a 29 year old woman I know she wants things I could never give her she is one of the most beautiful sexy women in the world and we met because she is a Tara reader online she blew up on social media right after we met and went from zero followers on one platform to almost a hundred thousand followers in one year right after we met online and I had my Kundalini awakening I told her what I was going through and she pulled away we are still acquaintances online but rarely talk now I wonder if she is really my twin or some other kind of cosmic connection or if I'm just imagining everything I have seen constant Tara readings that seem to pick up on our energy that say she is from you and other readers but you never really know also she seems to want things I can never give her she could get the hottest guys in the world and celebs are rich guys and she seems to want that I can't even or ever imagine her being happy with me but I feel so different I have never really connected with women my whole life other than her should I try to move on or should I wait your last reading was your last reading as well as many others feel like you were picking up on our energy she seems to have varied narcissistic traits but she had a lot of trauma when she was young she's so beautiful and sexy guys go crazy for her she has so many options it's unbelievable she is hotter than Megan Foxx and looks just like her okay so he goes on to state what her name is but we're not going to say that and he says thanks so much hope this wasn't too much info he does say I wonder if twin flames and separation is a thing and also he says we seem to be on cordial terms though but I haven't even brought up twin flames since we first met Charlie okay oh boy to unpack this so here's the thing you guys Charlie two things stick out to me here and I don't know if you guys can pick up on this but meeting her online and your extreme focus on her aesthetics sexy beautiful kind of the hottest guys I don't think I'm good enough for her or I just feel different I don't know if I can give her what she wants you know and then you're labeling this twin flame and separation this is not a twin flame thing I mean you know like I gotta keep it real here this is not a twin flame thing okay I think a lot of you maybe you like to call it a twin flame because it feels so intense and it feels so passionate energy is so strong can't leave each other alone that kind of thing this is where I this is where I tend to think that things get convoluted twin flame relationships are not generally considered to be quote-unquote obsessive in some way okay twin flame relationships are peaceful and they're relaxed and they're in real life okay so here's the thing Charlie what you have is what I call a crush and keep it very simple here this is a crush and a crush and a twin flame are not the same they may feel the same they may look the same but they're they're not the same okay now I don't see in your email here anything that says that you've actually met in real life so I'm going to go under the presumption that you haven't um I feel um especially the thing is so there's a couple things are more that I need to unpack here um and a Kundalini activation um you know Kundalini activations are basically what we call trapped energy we feel this intensity within ourselves for another person but we can't get it out right at least that's a partial understanding I'm sure there's a lot more to that um but the thing is um I don't know about I don't know that you meet your twin flame right after your false twin flame leaves I mean I suppose that could be possible I don't I don't know um I've never seen evidence of that to say either way so I can't really comment on that um but oh my gosh I feel like it's really like you you've you've she's a tarot reader online um she had zero followers when you met her and then she blew up to a hundred thousand so she sounds like she's very successful and what she's doing which is wonderful um she blew up on social media right after we met okay so almost like immediately um so she seems like she has a level of popularity which can um she's raised her her status has risen due to her followers and um recognition so she's obviously in the public eye and then she's kind of in I guess you could call a celebrity status in some way okay that small way but definitely there um I feel like I feel like it's a crush I feel like you have a preoccupation with her um and I'm not saying this I'm evaluating I'm observing as a true Virgo not saying this to criticize you but um so I hope you don't take it that way but um you I can't you say I can't ever imagine her being happy with me okay I have never really connected with women my whole life other than her well that's the problem um if you've never really connected with other women but you're what why are you connecting so strongly with her I feel like you've you've got somebody here that you have a preoccupation with um her static her status um this is not twin flame twin flame relationships first of all are quite rare okay um and they also occur in real life they they're not online types of things what you have is what we just basically call a crush okay and the crush kind of thing gives you those butterflies that you get in your stomach they give you jolts of electricity you may feel um it can be quite overwhelming um you feel crazy emotions for someone you could feel maybe like sometimes you could feel shy and then uncontrollably giddy at the same time a lot of nervous energy you can't think straight can't you can't you can't get yourself together okay um a crush is a basically like a burning desire to be with someone who you find very attractive and extremely special but that you are not actually in a relationship with okay and we're talking a real relationship with someone like in this like in the physical world here okay I feel like it's a a little more of a fantasy you know um there's a tendency to you know obviously there's admiration here for her um there's a tendency though to have a person that you have a crush on on such a high pedestal that that's probably why you feel like you couldn't get there isn't anything that she would could possibly want from you or that you could offer to her you know um I feel like when you're asking in this question here is should I wait or try to move on I I don't feel like you should wait and I don't necessarily agree that you need to move on I think you need to move forward and if you really are feeling some type of way about her I think that you need to find a way to connect with her in the physical world where that would look like um reaching out to her asking if she would like to meet for coffee or drinks you get to know her in a in a in real world time sitting in front of her okay because you need to come you need to get her off of that pedestal that crush type of energy um is going to that can create toxicity in a relationship okay um because you will always as long as you have her up in a pedestal in this particular way or preoccupied with all the aesthetics you'll never feel like you can connect with her in a deep soul bond level in a neutral place between the two of you in a safe place because you um you'll always feel like I don't have anything to offer or I don't feel like I would be good enough for her I don't think I have what she needs or she you know I feel like you've got her in this position where she can have all these celebrities and rich guys and hot guys and I'm not one of them and and you don't know how she feels about that you don't know how she feels about you um because you are blocking yourself from her believe it or not because of your crush because of your obsession is this this preoccupation is the word I want to use instead the preoccupation is keeping you from being open and vulnerable with her and she's sensing it and she's not going to engage with that because you are not seeing her in a real light so here's the thing you know um if you've got her like so hot you know everybody has imperfections okay so imagine if you were a woman and somebody was looking uh longingly at you and seeing all these amazing wonderful things about you I'm not talking about the character traits I'm talking about the aesthetic um and then you meet that woman and you see she's got scars on her face or she's you know whatever she feels is a flaw or you feel is a flaw and she she comes forward and then all of a sudden now she's popping she's pricking holes in that that the bubble the fantasy that you have and all of a sudden you see that there's something there's a flaw you might say oh my gosh that's that's not what I thought you were that's not who you seem to be online or that kind of thing and you know that's why we have to have real relationships with people we have to see flaws we have to see authenticity when somebody has another person on a pedestal and then they want to connect with them that other person can feel very uncomfortable now because now they may feel like they have to live up to some type of ideal that you've got going on in your mind you know that's very difficult for women because women change so much throughout the years um their bodies change everything changes so much so drastically for women and there's a lot of competition out there I don't feel like a woman wants to ever be put on some type of pedestal by a man not for her looks so much as for who she is as a woman all of her amazing traits who she what she brings to the table you know because the soul is what's more important and I'm not saying you don't feel those ways or there's things about her but based on the email that you sent me you say she seems to have very narcissistic traits but she had a lot of trauma when young well you know you say she seems to have a very narcissistic traits but she had a lot of trauma when young she's so beautiful and sexy guys go crazy for her she has so many options it's unbelievable she's hotter than Megan Fox and looks like her I mean you're very focused on the aesthetic here all the physical attributes of her um what you need to do is um stop focusing on that and um try to get to know her for who she is as a person you want to appeal to her heart her soul her nature um you know you're 49 she's 29 I mean listen there's plenty of plenty of women who are older that look younger and there's plenty of you know younger women who look older I mean I I understand um as as men have that aesthetic attraction and everything um women don't generally have that um women do tend to look at males bodies it's like eh women tend to be more along the lines okay but who are you how do you treat me you know and how do you treat other people and do you have a good heart are you sincere are you um can you connect women are more emotional you know we connect that way um so I do understand what's going on here with you but um I have a concern that you just you have a crush on a celebrity so to speak you know um who maybe at one time was not in some type of public eye but now is and she's growing good for her she's she's accomplishing what she's accomplishing but you know I feel like at the end of the day here you know if you really are feeling strongly about her in some type of way and you really feel like this is a person that you really want to know and get past the aesthetic and things like that um I feel like you need to make a cordial casual invitation to her to see if she's even willing to meet otherwise if she's not or if you don't she will just remain um on that pedestal and and as you say try to move on that would be very difficult for you it's you know a crush is a crush for a reason um crushes kind they hurt because we've got somebody who we just can't you know stop thinking about her that we're just so crazy about her we have it that crushes an ideal a crush is is very immature love it's it's it's a bit childish there's a there's it's activating a childish spot within us deep love is is mature and secure and it's it's created between two people love is not found love is created so there was a story that somebody told me years ago um people think that when they get into a relationship or they get engaged they get married they're given a box like a gift wrapped box that they open and it's got everything in it to make the marriage wonderful to make the relationship wonderful like a pre-packaged kind of deal that's not how it works when two people come into a union together the box is empty that they must fill with gifts and create and build that love in that relationship okay and i feel like there's so much disappointment in the world because everybody's looking for that jackpot win in love you know we're looking for the perfect person we're looking for somebody who is just perfect you know and just knows how to be knows how to communicate no no no you know we attract what we are if you want a safe healthy relationship you must become safe and healthy yourself okay and i feel like you have something here it's not a twin flame i feel like it's a spark okay but i feel like you have to take this journey to discover it's a discovery it's like a lawyer when he's going to take on a client he has to build a case a lawyer has to go and get into discovery mode he needs to find out all he can about his client about the situation about and build a case to see if this is something that can be one this this person's heart or this relationship if it can be if there's a way for this to you know come before a judge and get married you know i feel like there's a potential here for something to occur for you but she has to be a willing participant and i don't feel like approaching her with this tremendous amount of how she sold all her aesthetics and all um most likely and i can tell you this from experience if she's in a position where she has a lot of followers and there's a lot of people she's going to have men chasing after her and um you know there's some women that are into that i as a tower reader i have plenty of followers my other channel's got 100k i get plenty of messages from men i find that um it's a bit overwhelming and i feel like um if if she is looking that you have to go into discovery you need to find out is she with someone is she married is she single um what kind of connection do you have do you sense that she would be interested in having coffee have you i asked her are you close proximity to each other if you're only on online with each other then um you know is there a distance if there's a there's a huge gap in distance geographical distance that's a huge obstacle to overcome not many people are willing to overcome those obstacles not many people are capable or motivated to try to do that so you need to find out are you are you able to meet up with her you know um there are so many variables and i feel that this is more of a preoccupation uh let me tell you you guys i had someone reach out to me for a reading one time a few years back and she had a situation where she was crazy head over heels for a guy and she went on into a long dye tribe about their relationship and you know the struggles that they had and uh she just wanted to know basically how things are going to turn out what she should do about it what have you so i had to go into discovery mode myself and ask her some questions and i said well how long have you known him and i think it was like four or five years i said what's the nature of your relationship and she said well we've never met and i said what do you mean and she said well he's a k-pop star and he travels all over the world and i have um i've been to all his shows and sometimes he looks at me i could tell like i caught him looking at me a couple times when he's on stage um and he's just i know he's my twin flame i know he is we're so perfect for each other and i said so does he know who you are she says he doesn't know i don't think he knows that i exist um or you know we've talked a couple times he's responded to me on instagram where he has like 4.5 million followers you know um you guys please i know not all of you are in these types of situations but please please please take it from me you're calling some of you are calling these relationships or these things these phenomena twin flame relationships they are not twin flame relationships these are preoccupation ships these are obsession ships these are fanboy fangirl ships these are not real things um they're crushes do you remember when you were in school you had a crush on the girl in school or the boy in school or you had a crush on the celebrity or a singer or you know that kind of thing um these can be very dangerous these can make you do wild and crazy things these can be very very dangerous and they can be very harmful to your to your soul just the fact that charlie is saying that he doesn't believe that he has anything she could want charlie that's not true that's not true but you can't make that determination because you haven't have you met her in person have you sat down her on a person sat down with her on a personal level and had a conversation and have you gotten past the crush or the preoccupation and gotten to know her has that opportunity occurred if it hasn't occurred or if it doesn't occur then this is you're going to be stuck five years crushes don't generally last for five years twin flame relationships are forever crushes don't generally last longer than five years unless they're online if they're online it could last for a very very long time but in general in real life they don't generally last that long now real love and real love real life that will last real true love that's being created and built between people that will last a lifetime i always i always have um i've heard people and i always think to myself this isn't this is not a truth um someone who will say well um i don't love that person anymore and my response to that is well that's a case you never truly really love them because love never dies true love you can't unlove someone if someone ever says i don't love you anymore um i don't think that they understand really what they're saying um we don't just stop loving people we may stop liking people we may not like somebody's behaviors um or we may have a crush on someone and that crush wears off that's not love crush is not love true love true true love love is a verb to love is to create love between two people um romantic feelings for someone or crush feelings romantic feelings are just sweet you know crush feelings are very intense and electrifying you know um so i have to say at this point right here with this letter charlie um i feel like even like when you say here she seems to when you say that a little bit here in your letter she seems to which tells me that you're making assumptions on what she may want she she seems to want things i can never give her she seems to have very narcissistic traits you know um the seeming things are very uh there are assumptions you have to get to know her on a personal level on an intimate personal level in real life face to face because when you are not one on one with someone there's a lot of pieces to the puzzle that will be missing being one on one with someone gives the opportunity for love to grow right um when you're not one on one and you're just seeing them on the big screen you're seeing a representation of that person you're only seeing a small piece of who they are when they shut that camera off what's their day like how are they with their family and their friends are they out i mean you and many of you of course might see your person you know as being this just you know they're they're it's a celluloid it's celluloid it's like an like an avatar but you know do you try to imagine that when they are done on the video they go out walk their dog and they're out there picking poop up off the grass because you know that's what you got to do with their dog like can you imagine this person in real life human situations not just in this one um track that they are presenting themselves you know you have to have all the pieces of the puzzle you you have to know where that person lives you have to see what their environment is like meet their family their friends you have to be involved in their life to even be able to create some kind of a relationship you know um because there's a lot there's a lot missing and it takes time to get to know somebody you know so it's a preoccupation it's it's it feels to me mostly like quote unquote a celebrity crush and it will it will go away you may not have to try to move on um eventually it'll probably wear off you know um but if it's just online it's going to take a lot longer and you do yourself a favor that if there's no way for you to connect on a personal one on one intimate level in the physical world then um I would try to intentionally disconnect from that so that you can fast track that crush and those feelings to disappear because they're just going to leave you stuck if you are able to meet with her and get to know her on a personal level um away from who she is on the screen there and you know whatever she presents or however she presents herself to you if you're able to do that and then you can um then start the discovery phase of getting to know her and finding out if this is someone that you truly do see yourself being with away from the aesthetic away from how beautiful and sexy she is away from the competition that you feel if she could have anybody um those things and get to know soul to soul then um I feel like then there's then there's a chance and then there's a shot but I have to say you guys there's a lot of people I'm noticing as you know I'm 53 years old I lived during the time as most of you um were before we had social media the internet the most the closest anybody ever got to a celebrity was maybe um fan mail or mtv or you know tabloids or things like that now you can connect with celebrities left right and it's very easy they're all active on social media and things like that um they're not as cellular to say were but I know for a fact that until you actually are able to sit down with that person on an intimate personal level you can just get stuck on thinking somebody is something that they're not you have to you want to be able to see who they are in their everyday life that changes everything and if you fall in love with that that person who's away from that screen if you if those feelings are still there in them in their mess are them in their everyday with their flaws and all that stuff and those feelings actually grow stronger when you see their imperfections that's when you start that twin flame journey and the twin flame journey is just unconditional love and growth I have a book called um 11 signs you're in a twin flame relationship it is an e-book and uh oh I have a link to it here but if you uh there's a there will be a link to get my e-book underneath this video all you have to do is click that link and it'll take you to my website where you can purchase the book once you purchase it I will then automatically be sent to you through your email where you'll be able to download the book okay 11 signs that you're in a twin flame relationship and I feel like um right now this might be it's possible it could be more of a twin spark there's a spark definitely is what you're feeling um but at this point it's preoccupation level and you will have to get yourself out of preoccupation level to try to move it forward to connect and discover more about her to see if there's something here or if that's not possible you gotta disconnect right or just let the the crush energy subside um do understand you guys that there is a difference between twin flame and crush okay even though they feel the same it has the same type of feelings um try to be able to discern a feeling that you have with someone is it a crush or is it a twin flame so get that e-book you'll understand a bit more about what a twin flame connection is I should probably write an e-book on the crush syndrome because it is a syndrome which means it lasts for a little while it's more more like a cute crush syndrome is what I want to call it um so there you go charlie thank you for sending your email into me I hope that this was explicit an eye opening and helpful in some way um I I always try to bring clarity and truth I don't uh from how I see it I don't like to blow smoke and uh I try not to be offensive um I try to be a bit more assertive in my speaking with whomever I'm speaking to without hurting anyone's feelings and you know to understand that if there was anything that I pinpointed I'm pretty direct so if there's anything that I pinpointed that made you feel uncomfortable um please understand that it was not my intention I just don't want you to waste many years of your life pining for someone um and destroying your soul at the same time there's other ways you can handle the situation and I hope that you'll be able to move forward and I hope you guys as well will take something from this um the the twin flame saga from hell would not be a twin flame relationship because a twin flame relationship feels peaceful and it feels relaxing and it's it's not challenging it's not there's no abuse and there's no um preoccupation with each other things like that there's growth and healing and and it's it's it's definitely challenging in the sense that there's growth but it's never if you ever feel like it's from hell then it's a relationship that might be karmic or that could turn that way because only the devil will send you a relationship from hell the devil will never send you a twin flame twin flame is very spiritual and very rare all right you all thanks for listening I hope that you enjoy this podcast this love talk podcast with me I'm back every Wednesday if you have a story you want to send in something similar how you want to get some clarity on something it's not terror reading um but it is intuitive clarity if you have anything you would like to share feel free to send me an email the link to my email will be below this video as well and um yeah let's talk love you guys I will talk to you soon take care


The x momentum equation and the y momentum equation which are summarized here you will of course have these in your notes for the previous lecture. Then the boundary conditions I mean we have expressed both in a dimensional form and in a non-dimensional form. So the kinematic boundary condition at the interface the kinematic boundary condition this is the dimensional form, this is the dimensionless form. The shear stress balance this is the dimensional form and this is the dimensionless form expressed in terms of capillary number. Normal stress balance again dimensional form and dimensionless form just to help you to recapitulate how to recover the dimensional form from the dimensional form I will briefly say take up any one of these boundary conditions say the normal stress boundary condition for example. So you have for example p dash-p dash atmosphere we have seen that-tau dash dot n dot n that particular term in terms of order will be one order less important as compared to the p-p dash term. So we will just keep this as it is say this will be roughly sigma dash by r. We will discuss about this excess pressure extra term which we attributed mainly due to van der Waals forces of interaction when the film thickness becomes very small. So this is pc into p dash-p dash atmosphere sorry p-p atmosphere. This is what sigma 0 into sigma by r and 1 by r is this one. So in the slides I have not put delta dash delta dash but just to emphasize that it is a dimensional operator that we are talking about we are I mean I have put it in the form of dash here. So this is-epsilon del h del x sorry first let us write the del dash operator. So i del del x dash plus j del del y dash dot product with n. So what is n-epsilon del h del x i plus j right this was n. So now this becomes now del del x dash x dash is what? x into lc. So this will become I mean this total operator will become 1 by lc del del x. So this will become-epsilon by lc del square h del x square right. What is pc? Tell from your notes what is pc? Yes? Mu uc by epsilon square lc. So you multiply both sides by pc basically 1 by pc that is divide both sides by pc. So I mean p x dash we are talking about so p-p atmosphere is equal to sigma 0 epsilon square lc by mu uc into-epsilon by lc del square h del x square sigma plus px prime divided by pc right. So here lc and lc get cancelled. So this term becomes mu uc by sigma 0 is capillary number. So –epsilon cube by capillary number sigma del square h del x square. So we will get back to the slides see that that is what is that –epsilon cube by sigma capillary number del square h del x square that is there as that term and last term is p dash x by pc. So this is the normal stress balance. Now in this analysis we have assumed that the surface tension along the liquid gas interface may vary. Now question is how can it vary? These variation may come from various sources. What are the sources? For example temperature variation along the surface present of surfactant etc. Since the surface tension is a strong function of temperature and surfactant concentration non-uniformity of temperature and surface tension might cause surface tension gradients. As an example the surface tension may be expressed in terms of a function of temperature. So as I told you that many fluids will actually have surface tension coefficient strongly depending on temperature. For water the variation is typically linear but there are other fluids for which higher order variations are also there. So this is the typical form and then if temperature varies with x then surface tension will vary with x. Now what about the term p dash x or the excess pressure across the interface? For very thin films typically in the range of microns or nanometers there can be extra contribution from van der Waals forces in the form of disjoining pressure. This is simply a pressure jump across the interface just like a Laplace pressure but due to van der Waals forces. So these forces become important only when the film thickness becomes so small that intermolecular forces also play a dominating role. So one typical way of representing it mathematically is this particular form. I mentioned your reference book where you will get the details of this variation but to summarize you can have in a continuum calculation this as parameter A by scales as a parameter A by h prime cube. 6 pi is just a multiplying parameter. This parameter A is known as Hamaker's constant and I mean it is possible to get the Hamaker's constant for various interactions by considering intermolecular forces and therefore the normal stress balance. So in a dimensionless form we look like this if you are considering the excess pressure. So in many problems in microfluidics and nanofluidics this excess pressure term is very important. Now one very important task that is still left is what is u c and what is v c. So that depends on what is dominating. So if the surface tension gradient is dominating. So surface tension gradient means the tangential gradient of surface tension. So let us look into the equation from which we get the scale, this equation. What is this equation? This is a scenario when the surface tension gradient is dominating. So if the scenario is the surface tension gradient is dominating then the velocity scale will be decided by this balance. Now in this balance what is the order of del u0 del y of the order of 1 because these are scaled suitably with normalizing parameters designed to be between 0 to 1. The dimensionless if u0 is a dimensionless u and y, I mean 0th order u and y is a dimensionless y, both u0 and y are constrained to be between 0 and 1 that is how uc has to be ascertain. So that means this is of the order of 1. The surface gradient of sigma this is also dimensionless designed to be of the order of 1. Therefore epsilon beta by capillary number should be of the order of 1. So quickly let us do it in the board. So epsilon beta by mu uc by sigma 0 is of the order of 1 that means uc will be epsilon beta sigma 0 by mu. So we can get back to that slide where various scales are ascertain. Epsilon sigma 0 beta by mu that is how the surface tension gradient driven velocity scale can be ascertain. Then a scale based on normal stress that is if the Laplace pressure is dominant. So you have to see this is where physics of the problem comes into the picture. What is dominant? It is a based on your judgment like mathematics will not tell what is dominant but mathematics will tell that based on what is dominant what is the scale that will be dictated by the mathematics but physics will dictate what is the physical effect dominant. So if you get back to that equation see in this equation equation number 17 in the slide you see that p s-p atmosphere this is designed to be between 0 to 1. So sigma del square h del x square that is also designed to be between 0 to 1. So epsilon cube by capillary number should be of the order of 1 if the Laplace pressure is dominating. So let us come to the board epsilon cube by capillary number of the order of 1. So epsilon cube sigma 0 by mu uc is of the order of 1 that means uc is of the order of epsilon cube sigma 0 by mu. So you can see that the analysis of the problem it is sensitively dependent on the scale and if you ascertain the scale wrongly the entire analysis will be wrong. So you have to be very very critical and judicious about the choice of scale. If the excess pressure is dominant if the excess pressure is dominant so you can see that p x s so that is actually p dash x s divided by pc. So p dash so let us get back to that get back to equation 17. So if all the terms of the order of 1 that means p dash x s into epsilon square lc by mu uc that is of the order of 1. So that means p dash x s uc is of the order of p dash x s epsilon square lc by mu. So if this is dominating if this is not dominating this will not dictate what is the scale then its magnitude will depend on what scale you have ascertain based on other influencing parameters but if this is the influencing parameter that will dictate the scale. So let us say there are groups of people now whoever is the leader has to play the leading role and the others will follow that. So whatever is the leading or dominant factor that will dictate the scale and the relative magnitudes of the others will be decided by that scale. So they will not themselves influence the scale x body force is dominant x body force is dominant. So you can see that this is the body force term in the x momentum equation right whatever is written in the slide epsilon square lc square rho g sin theta by mu uc okay. So this is the body force term in the x momentum equation if all the terms I mean if the dominant term has to be of the order of 1 then this term being the dominant one also has to be of the order of 1 that will give you what is uc and similarly if the y body force is dominant then this is the body force term in the y momentum equation and that will give rise to a uc. So you can see that different expressions for uc may appear depending on what is dominant and that has to be taken into account. So now what we will do is we will try to make an attempt to derive the final version of the thin film equation which we will apply to solve a problem and that will give you a clear illustration of how these equations which appear to be bit cumbersome and interrelated how this can be used to solve a practical problem. So instead of getting back and forward to the slides all the time I will refer to my notes and start with the corresponding basic equations. We will start with so our objective is thin film equations. So objective is derivation of a governing differential equation for H as a function of xt. This is what is our objective of what we are going to do okay. So we will start with the y momentum equation. What is the physical scenario? So you have a solid boundary over which you have some interface thin film H as a function of xt and you have x and y axis set up in this way where the angle of inclination of the inclined plane with the horizontal is theta and g is acting vertically downwards. So y momentum equation del p0 del y these are there in your slides or notes plus epsilon cube lc square rho g cos theta by mu uc equal to 0. Next what we will try to do? We will integrate this equation with respect to y right. So p variation with y cannot be ruled out here because the gravity effect is there. You might argue see there are there are so many arguments. You might argue that yes it is alright but the film thickness is small. So how will pressure variation in that thickness play a decisive role right. That might be an intuitive cross argument that why should we bother about pressure variation with y because the dimension along y normally we take the gravity effects important for pressure variation when the depth change is significant. Now here we have already presumed the thin film. So the depth change is not significant despite that y momentum equation is important and we will see why. So the analysis will make it clear. So if you integrate it with respect to y then p0 is equal to minus epsilon cube lc square rho g cos theta by mu uc y plus what function of x and t. See the variables are x, y and t say c, x, t. So what is the boundary condition? So this requires one boundary condition. What is that? At y is equal to h which is a function of x, t p0 is equal to say ps, pressure at the free surface and we have a boundary condition which relates pressure at the free surface with the atmospheric pressure ps minus p atmosphere. So at y is equal to h, so ps is equal to minus epsilon cube lc square rho g cos theta by mu uc h plus c, x, t. So what is c, x, t? Ps plus epsilon cube lc square rho g cos theta by mu uc h. So we can write p0 is equal to ps plus epsilon cube lc square rho g cos theta by mu uc into h minus y where h is a function of x and t. This is the governing equation for p0. Now ps is not a constant, right. Ps is governed by the pressure normal stress jump boundary condition across the interface which is given by p minus p atmosphere that formula. So we will write that. So I am giving you the most general formulation so that any complicated problem you can solve even using this formulation. So I will retain all the terms including the excess pressure. Although for simplicity when we have demonstrate a problem in the class I will work out a problem which I can work out analytically in the board without much of calculation. But the formulation that I will give will be pretty general and you can take it up for solving many complicated problems. So what is ps? So ps is equal to again if you look into your notes you will get this equation p atmosphere minus epsilon cube by capillary number sigma del square h del x square plus epsilon square lc by mu uc this one, okay. So ps what is very important to keep in mind is that ps is itself also a function of x and t because h is a function of x and t. So this is implicit it will appear as if it is a constant but it is also a function of x and t because it is a function of h which in turn is a function of x and t, okay. So these are subtle things so it is important to bring it up. Now let us write the x momentum. So x momentum minus del p0 del x plus del square u0 del y square plus epsilon square lc square rho g sin theta by mu uc is equal to 0, yes, right. So now we will use this equation for getting what is del p0 del x. So what is del p0 del x? So this is equal to minus del ps del x minus epsilon cube lc square rho g cos theta by mu uc del h del x plus epsilon square lc square rho g sin theta by mu uc what we will do we will alter this sign and write it as del square u0 del y square. This gives an answer to the question that I posed that although the film thickness is small still we are considering the y momentum effect and that effect comes into the picture because the pressure variation is with h and h is a function of x. Had h not been a function of x that would not have been important but pressure variation is a function of h and h is a function of x. So that makes it coupled with the x momentum equation which one plus yes this is plus this is minus yes. In terms of a shorthand notation we can write del del x of ps plus epsilon cube lc square rho g cos theta by mu uc h del square u0 del y square. So the shorthand notation see the right hand side with respect to integration with respect to y is a constant because the right hand side is a function of x and t but not y. So this is function of xt so this entire thing let us call it capital A just for ease in writing. We will integrate it with respect to y. So del u del y is equal to ay plus we have not used c1 so we can use c1 u0 and u0 is ay square by 2 plus c1 into y plus c2 which is a function of x and t. c1 is also a function of x and t but already we have written in the previous steps so I have not written again. Now we need to apply the boundary conditions to get c1 and c2. So what are the boundary conditions at y is equal to 0 u0 equal to 0 this is the straight forward no slip boundary condition. If there is a slip boundary condition instead of this you apply the slip boundary condition straight forward. So all the problems that we have worked out with no slip boundary condition I will give you a homework of repeat those with slip boundary condition and this homework is a very important homework because I will try to relate this homework with some problem in the n semester examination that I will n semester questions that I will give. So this is supposed to be a important homework please do this carefully. So at y equal to 0 u0 equal to 0. So that means 0 equal to okay let us write the other boundary condition then we will apply that. What is the other boundary condition? See when you write the boundary condition the mathematical form you can retrieve from the notes. But try to first say what is the physical boundary condition that we want to write here. What is the physical condition? Not no shear I mean there could be shear because of surface tension gradient. So the tangential stress balance or tangential force balance better to say not stress balance is not a correct term you cannot balance stresses. So tangential force balance. So tangential force balance what it gives we have worked out that but just at y equal to h del u0 del y is equal to epsilon beta by capillary number surface gradient of sigma. What is this del tilde? If you recall this is del del x plus del del y to del h del del x. We have discussed all this this is just like every time it is not necessary that we again go back to where from we started discussing and so I am just giving you the summary. So we need to calculate C1 and C2 based on these conditions which we will do in a moment at y equal to 0 u0 equal to 0. So that means but before that at y equal to h del u0 del y is equal to epsilon beta by capillary number del tilde sigma from that we can find out what is C1 right. So we can find out what is C1 from the boundary condition 2 use boundary condition 2. So if you use the boundary condition 2 then epsilon beta by capillary number del tilde sigma is equal to AH plus C1 which means C1 is equal to epsilon beta by capillary number del tilde sigma minus AH. Then the for this one use boundary condition number 1 at y equal to 0 u0 equal to 0 that means C2 is equal to 0. So we have got C1 and C2. So we can write a compact expression for u0 which I will write in a moment. So let me reproduce the expression for u0 u0 is equal to A into y square by 2 minus yh plus epsilon beta by capillary number check whether substituting the boundary condition this comes this should come right you have checked it. So what is A where A is equal to del del x of epsilon cube lc rho g cos theta by mu uc h plus ps minus epsilon square lc rho g sin theta by mu uc. So A is also a function of x and time. So what equations we have used so far? Let us make an accounting we have to use all equations we have to use all boundary conditions we have seen that that is the system is perfectly closed. So what are the things that we had in hand and what we have used let us make an accounting. So x momentum y momentum before that continuity x momentum y momentum these 3 equations boundary conditions no slip at wall no penetration at wall then at the interface kinematic boundary condition then normal force consideration and tangential force consideration at interface these are at interface. So let us see out of these what we had made use of. So we have made use of the x momentum and y momentum no slip at the wall not yet no penetration at the wall we have not used at yet as yet. Then interface what boundary condition we have used tangential force so we are yet to use the continuity equation no penetration at the wall kinematic boundary condition normal force we have used where we have used you have written when we have written p0 as a function of ps then that ps is in turn dictated by the normal force balance condition that is ps-p atmosphere is a function of the surface tension and the excess pressure. So normal force we have used so this circle things we have not yet used continuity no penetration at wall and kinematic boundary condition. So let us try to do that now let us write the continuity equation this is the continuity equation. Now what we will do is we will integrate the continuity equation with respect to y we will use a integral form of the continuity equation this h is a function of x and t that we have to keep in mind. Next what we will try to do is instead of working out this we will try to bring this derivative outside the integral. But as we understand that because h is itself a function of x that cannot be done without making adjustment of terms and that is given by the Leibniz rule. So we will use the Leibniz rule here to evaluate the differential differentiation under integral sign. So let us write the Leibniz rule yes u0. So Leibniz rule so basically if you want to bring the derivative out of the integral sign these 2 terms you have to make as an adjustment I mean I do not remember whether I have mentioned this but let me try to point out here that this Leibniz rule what we are writing in mathematics is just like a manifestation of the Reynolds transport theorem. So if you see here that this is the rate of change for the system this is the like the rate of change for the control volume and this is like outflow-inflow okay. So this is the beauty of mathematics see this has not been derived by considering system control volume or whatever but these are like the boundary terms the rate of changes in the boundary. No it depends on this is a function of what so here I mean the case that what we are going to use see I mean it would have been better to write x, t I have not written here it is a function of multiple variables. So it is better to save to write this when this is a single variable function I mean I should have written here as b as a function of x and t b is like h here. So let us write that had it been a function of a single variable it could have written as like d dx but concept remains same. So here what is f? f is u0. So del del x of integral u0 dy from 0 to h is equal to integral del del x of del u0 del x dy 0 to h plus u0 x, h. So this is the value of the value of the value of the value of the value into del h del x next term is of course 0 because a itself is 0. So in place of this term we will write del del x of integral u0 dy 0 to h minus u0 at x, h del h del x plus to h – u0 at xh del h del x. So, this term we have written. Next term, integral of next term is very straight forward del v0 del y from 0 to h. So, v0 xh – v0 at 0. v0 at 0 is 0 because of no penetration boundary condition, right. So, we have now used the no penetration boundary condition. So, that is why. So, I mean these things are important. These subtle steps are important because now if we encounter a problem where there are holes in the wall, then instead of that being 0, that will be replaced by velocity at which fluid is flowing through the holes at the wall, right. So, no penetration boundary condition, you have to think in a general manner. When there is no hole, there is no penetration, but if there is hole, there will be penetration. So, this is equal to 0. Now, we have not used the kinematic boundary condition. What is the kinematic boundary condition? Kinematic boundary condition is v0 kinematic boundary condition is equal to del h del t plus u0 del h del x at interface. This is the total derivative of h with respect to t. So, we can write u0 del h del x or – u0 del h del x which one? This is alright. This is the kinematic boundary condition, right. So, – u0 del h del x plus v0 is equal to what? At the interface is equal to del h del t, right. So, that means you can replace this term by del h del t. That is how we have used the kinematic boundary condition. So, this integrating the continuity equation gives us a natural way of incorporating the kinematic boundary condition at the interface. So, kinematic boundary condition has also been utilized. So, we are left with del h del t plus del del x of integral u0 dy from 0 to h is equal to u0. And u0 as a function of h, you know. What is u0? So, let us write a into y square by 2 – yh plus epsilon beta by capillary number del tilde sigma y. So, integral u0 dy from 0 to h is equal to a. This will become h cube by 6 – this will become h cube by 2, right, plus epsilon beta by capillary number h square by 2. So, this is what? This is 1 – so, – a h cube by 3, right, plus epsilon beta by capillary number s, this is sigma. So, you are left with del h del t plus del del x of – a h cube by 3 plus epsilon beta by capillary number this is equal to 0. We have utilized all equations and all boundary conditions. This equation has only one unknown dependent variable that is h, right. In a also there is implicit h, the a is function of h and other terms explicitly have h. So, this is the governing equation for h as a function of x and t which we will solve. So, we have come up with one governing differential equation which is a PDE and that PDE we have to solve for h as a function of x and t and there are some nonlinearities in this equation as well. So, in the next lecture, we will take it up from here. What we will do is we will summarize the generalized algorithm that has led to the derivation of the final form of this equation. So, that you can apply this for any problem and then we will work out a specific problem which will be giving rise to a governing differential equation that is a special form of this and we will solve that special form and give you some physical insight on a very important problem that is spreading of a droplet on a surface. We will do that in the next lecture. Thank you very much.