Oh everybody, you know me, I love Boulder, I'm from Boulder, I've ridden my bike a million times around Boulder, but today I'm going to go on an extra special Boulder bike ride. I'm going to meet up with this guy named JD. He started this new e-bike company where he takes people on tours around Boulder showing off all the best murals. Uh, murals. Did you get that? I got a little bump right when I said that. Murals. There's a lot of new art in Boulder and I'm excited to check it out. I've lived in Boulder for the better part of 34-ish years. Just a couple of years ago, I got myself an e-bike on a total whim and it completely changed my life. I got rid of a car, I've ridden 6,000 miles almost, I've lost 30 pounds and the benefit that is brought to my life is really immeasurable and hard to describe with words. Bring out another facet to this town that I think has been kind of missing. It preserves the creativity, the sort of weirdness that Boulder is kind of known for, but that has maybe faded away in the last several years. I do these mural tours because I want to show you what a great experience these bikes can be and to show off this art and this beautiful city that we live in. And as you all know, it's more fun to ride bikes with friends, so today we're riding with one of my best friends in the whole world, Michelle Smith. Yeah, his name is not Michelle Smith, it's Waylon Lewis. Waylon Lewis and Michelle. Waylon and I, we've had a lot of fun in our lives and we're just going to have a lot of fun today. Let's do it. What do you say, guys? Let's do it. It's a beautiful day to be riding bikes in Boulder, as always. Pretty much every day in Boulder is a beautiful day to ride a bike, but today especially. It's December 22nd and I'm wearing shorts. This mural is from the this year's Streetwise Boulder Mural Festival and it's a collaboration between two artists, Cocoa No Filter on Instagram and she does the Hope Heart Paystups and we'll see a bunch of those throughout the day and you'll see those all over Boulder and Denver. Waylon, where are we? We are at my favorite view in Boulder. Look at that. Waylon's not having any fun at all. We are in front of one of my very favorite poems or mini poems by Walt Whitman, wonderful man, you, whoever is watching, are so much sunshine to the square inch and we are at Casey, my alma mater where I got bullied all the time. So when I went here, it was pretty ugly. They built on top of the historic school. Just then they've done a wonderful historic renovation, tons of solar panels, tons of bike racks, a climbing wall, they've done a lot of amazing work here. I love these old alleyways in Boulder. There's a lot of beautiful old homes and I've lived here all my life and I still see things that I've never seen before. I'm like, wow, that's a cool house. So Grace Gutierrez is the artist on this mural and she does a lot of work, a lot of Chicana themed art. When I saw her when she was putting this up, she told me that as she was researching it, she learned that turtles, if a drought is coming to an area, turtles will leave that area. So it's kind of an early warning sign and so this mural sort of represents sort of turtles showing us the way to, you know, get us thinking about the earth and our relationship to it. Oh, he did it. Oh, he dropped his new iPhone. Here's a great horned owl that on the south side of the village coffee shop, already a Boulder icon without this owl, but now, come on. This coffee shop has a special place in history for the Van Duzer family. My dad would take us here when I was a little kid and we loved the cinnamon rolls. They were huge. You know, I didn't even see what it was. I was so close getting detail shots that I stand away and it's a boy laying down reading a book with a mask on. Este mural de Florian López es un regalo de la Ciudad de Manté, Tamaulipas, México, a la gente de Boulder en agradecimiento por los intercambios médicos y culturales entre las dos ciudades. So this one's quite powerful, Fire and Water, the struggle of Tonazin, Colorado, by David Garcia Ocelotti. This mural depicts Mother Earth Tonazin and her struggle with humanity's unbalanced use of her natural resources and our growing carbon footprint resulting in the effects of global warming. Spray her name commemorates people of color who died at the hands of law enforcement, basically. And so there are murals of people like Sandra Bland, Breonna Taylor, et cetera, all over the country. I find this to be very moving because it's just an incredibly beautiful image just on its face and then just what it commemorates and to remember these, the names of these people whose names we really shouldn't have to know in the first place. Here it is in the early stages from my, I think my first tour actually. And then here's the drawing for the original mural, I don't know if you could pick that up, but she definitely did some improvisation along the way. This is a picture of her paint. That's about, that's about $700 worth of spray paint right there. Great fish on the walls here. This is one of my favorite murals. We're going by fast. Bye. Every time we stop somewhere, Wayland does about 15 circles on his bike at top speed. Here he comes again. There he goes. Meow.  The eyes of all future generations are upon you. Greta Fumberi. Hella Sveria. Go Sweden. This one is my favorite. I love this one. It's by a guy named Detour. I follow him on Instagram. He does incredible murals all over, all over. And I'm pretty excited that we have one of our own in Boulder. That guy is super talented. It reminds me a lot of the art that I've seen all over Latin America and Mexico and the colors are just bam. They're just so bright. I love it. This is really cool. This mural is on the road here and it's in a housing complex called San Juan del Centro. And I've done a lot of work here throughout the years at the Family Learning Center. Back when I got home from the Peace Corps after working in Honduras I came and worked here with a lot of the kids. Most of the kids here are children of Mexican immigrants and I would come here and help them out with their homework. And of course we ride bikes and play and have lots of fun. Outside the building, formerly and still really known as Liquor Mart, a Boulder monument in its own right. And to just drive by and see this incredible color and this variety of expression on these walls is really very moving to me and really cool that they've turned this very kind of famous building in the middle of town into sort of an outdoor museum. Look what we have here. Look what we have here. So this little frog here, I just noticed it for the first time and it's just kind of emblematic of what I want people to get from this tour is just like there's so many things to notice if you just open your eyes. We're surrounded by beauty all of the time. This is great because growing up in Boulder we really didn't have a lot of beautiful murals like this. This is all popped up in the last couple years and I love the color that Boulder's getting. Makes me happy. Makes the streets happier. We've got Whelan coming in hot on the left side ladies and gentlemen, there he goes. This guy right here, Smile Boulder, this tag right here. He does all sorts of these really cool stencil paintings all over town and it's some of my favorite stuff. A lot of times he does cats and other iconic figures. We've got Snoop Dogg right here but Smile is one of my faves and we're in a back alley right now right behind the Boulder Theater and this is some of the, this is some really big, this is big stuff right here and I actually never noticed it until today. Powerful, it's community and a time without community, diversity in a town without a lot of diversity. Yeah. Come on Whelan, we're going to the top. Put it on turbo. There we pop out on top of Boulder and it's so beautiful up here. So I am new to Boulder and this has been super exciting because it got, it gave me the opportunity to very quickly get to see a bunch of the city. The city is so big and when you're biking it can take a little while right to go over but with an e-bike it was super, super quick. So if you have friends, family coming over to visit, this is something that you should do. Thank you so much for watching this video, please like and subscribe and if you come to Boulder, if you live in Boulder, check out JD's Joy Rides. He will take you on one of these rides. It was so much fun. Thank you my friend, thank you Whelan, thank you Michelle. Here's a really cool fun fact about the history of Ryan Van Duzer, that building right there is the Boulder Courthouse and when I was a senior in high school I had dinner, prom dinner with my date on the roof of that courthouse and then we went to the Boulder Theater for the actual prom. Good memories up there, I'm sure I ordered burritos or something very classy.


I'm a special ed teacher currently and I had my first beginnings in the library setting at the school that I currently teach at and I fell in love with the library there. I never understood it being a career pathway for me until I landed that job. Did my research went into you know different training programs for classified staff members within the library world and wanted to continue pursuing my master's. SJSU is fully online, it was affordable, they offered a lot of internship opportunities and I got to talk with someone you know who is a part of the enrollment process who you know shared a lot of information was really forthcoming and just approachable and so that made me feel comfortable that I would have resources and opportunities to have my voice heard if I needed support even though it was fully online. I have had an amazing experience in developing community within the iSchool. I am a volunteer for the ALASC, our student chapter and also was the special library association student chapter program director and both of my volunteer experiences allowed me to meet my peers, meet the different faculty and you know it's it's been an amazing experience to have that community of others even though we're you know across the different states.


Hello friends and welcome to another session of sequence and series and Continuing with our previous topic wherein we were trying to figure out a function which can help to Find out the nth term in a given sequence and we are trying to analyze a particular type of sequence only not that it's no You know, so it's not a random sequence. So there is a particular trend in this these the terms and In the previous two sessions, we saw how Sequence which can be given by a linear formula and then another sequence in the previous session We watched that there could be a sequence where the term could be given by a quadratic formula And in this particular session, we are going to study a sequence Whose nth term can be given by a cubic formula or cubic function or cubic polynomial in n Okay, so the sequence is one three eight eighteen thirty five and sixty one in the First appearance it appears to be having having no trend at all But then on a closer look you will be able to find out that If we go with it, you know the the process of differences, right? That's what we have been doing so far so three minus one is two and then the next is eight minus three is five and 18 minus 8 is 10 and if you see 35 minus 18 is 17 and 35 61 minus 35 is 26 and so on and so forth this we call as level one difference level world difference level one difference then Obviously here also the level one difference is not constant. So hence we can't say it is TN is definitely not linear not linear right So we can't have a linear expression for TN because the first level difference is not constant Let's try to analyze the second level difference Right, so difference of difference. So if you see what is the difference now? three What is the difference here? five and here seven and Here it is nine now here also there is definitely a trend all odd numbers are appearing to be there But then definitely they are not constant. Never mind. Let's go and try third level difference So if you see third level difference, this will be to this will be again to and This is also going to be too, right? So this is where we get a constant difference constant difference and here is where we will stop and we'll say that in such cases where the third level of Difference is constant the nth term will be given by nth term will be simply a n cubed plus bn squared plus Cn plus D where n is our integer which denotes the index and is index or position number You already know position or nth term and is the position of the nth term right and is position right and a b and c and d are a b c and d are mostly rational numbers Rational numbers Okay, this is what we have seen How do we do do we know that is a separate discussion that proof part? We are not going to discuss in this session. We are only going to discuss the implementation part So let's say we have such kind of a sequence. Can I find out a b c and d? So that I Can get an nth term right and it's term expression So let's try and do the same exercise which we did last time So let's say n is equal to 1 So if n is equal to 1 I have from the sequence value as 1 first term is 1 and from the formula So I will write from the formula here and Here I will write the value from the sequence here Okay, so from the formula if you apply n equals to 1 you will get simply a plus b Plus c plus d because all n is 1 and here I'm getting 1 so these are same Let us call this as the equation number 1 When n is 2 Let's put n is 2. So what will happen to the formula formula will become 8 a plus 4 b Plus 2 c plus d isn't it? And from the sequence we will get the value as 3 So let me write the value as 3 here. This is equation number 2. Let's say then Third one, let's go for the third one. So if you see the third value is 8 So let me deploy that value 8 here from the sequence And what will be The formula formula will be 9 Or rather not 9 27 3 cube is 27 27 a n is equal to 3. I am putting so it will become 9 b and And 3 c and b right and this is equal to 8 And the final one Final one is the 18 if you see this is 18 here 18 so let me put 18 over here so this is 18 And this one will become now n is equal to 4. So if you put n is equal to 4 you'll get 64 a plus 4 square that is 16 b Plus 4 c plus d and let us say this is equation number 4 Do check the equation so that you know, you don't make any mistake So that because this is this is going to be a complicated solution. So hence we should keep track of all the Values and equations properly, right? So now we have got four equations and four variables a b and c and d the objective is to find a b c and d So we know solution skills. So hence what do we do? Let's do 2 minus 1 that will eliminate d So if you do that and I will write directly so 8 a minus a is 7 a Then 4 b minus b is 3 b Then 2 c minus c is c and d minus d is 0 and in the rhs you will get 2 Let us call this as equation number 5. This is equation number 5, correct? So 8 a minus a just check 3 b minus b 2 c minus c and d minus d is 0. This is equation number 5 Then you do 3 minus 2 Why the idea is to eliminate d from all so hence you will say 27 a minus 8 that is 19 a Plus 9 b minus 4 b is 5 b I hope we are doing correctly. So just keep keep a check Yeah, 9 b minus 4 is 5 b Then this is c and this one will be 5 equation number 6 and then do 4 minus 3 So what will happen here? So 64. Sorry. I have missed a here. So 64 minus 27. That is 37, right? 37 a just check Yeah Correct 37 a and then 16 minus 9 is 7 b And this one is simply c and 18 minus 8 is 10. So this is 7 Correct now from here. Can we not eliminate c? Yes very much how? 6 minus 5 if I do So c will get eliminated. I will get 19 minus 7 is 12 a Correct and 5 b minus 3 b is 2 b and this one is 3 Let's say equation number too many equations, isn't it? But don't worry. It is going to be easy, right 8 now, let's do 7 Minus 6 that will again eliminate c So 37 minus 19 is 18 a Right and 7 Minus 5 b is 2 b and then minus 5 will give you 5. This is equation number 9 And now I can eliminate b from here. So if you do 9 minus 8 Is equal to then what will happen 18 minus 12 a is 6 a And 2 b 2 b gets cancelled 5 minus 3 is 2. So hence we get a is 1 upon 3 2 by 6 is 1 upon 3 So a little bit more lengthy calculation, but we could solve a is equal to 1 by 3 So when a is 1 by 3 use any equation from 8, let's say let's use 8 from 8 and 9 you can use anyone So let's say 8 So you see this is 12 a Plus 2 b is 3 Is it it? So can I not find so what is uh, can I not find b from here? Yes? I can I can deploy a value a was 1 upon 3 Plus 2 b is equal to 3 So this becomes 4 So 2 b clearly is 3 minus 4 Which is minus 1 so b clearly comes out to be minus 1 by 2 Correct if if there is no let's go back to c. So how to find out c C can be figured out from let's say equation number 5. So let me write it here from 5 Let's deploy value. So 7 into a a was 1 upon 3 Plus 3 b so 3 into minus 1 by 2 Plus c will give you 2 right 7 a Into 3 b plus c is giving you 2. So this is 7 upon 3 And this is minus 3 upon 2 Plus c is equal to 2 Is it it so This will mean c will be equal to 2 minus 7 by 3 plus 3 by 2 Hope the calculations are perfect. So hence if you see this is 6 Then take the LCM so LCM is 6 and then this becomes 12 minus 14 correct and then 9 Okay, so if you solve this you will get 12 plus 9 is 21 minus 14 is 7 correct, so 7 upon 6 Yep, 7 upon 6 is c. So when we get c how to find out d now. So d is There was d d was a plus b plus c plus d was 1. So from 1 you can find out d so from 1 from 1 we had a plus b plus c plus d as 1 Right, so d will be simply equal to 1 minus a minus b minus c. So let's deploy values 1 minus a a was 1 by 3. So 1 upon 3 1 upon 3 Minus d was minus half. So it will become plus half minus c. So 7 upon 6 Let's find the final value. So 6 and this one becomes 6 minus 2 And then to 3 so plus 3 And then simply minus 7 which is equal to 0 Right, so d is 0. So what do I get guys? We get the expression for n term and nth term. It was a n cubed Plus b n squared plus c n Plus d So let's find and you know deploy the value. So a was 1 by 3. So n cubed by 3 D was half minus half. So n squared by 2 And c was 7 upon 6. So 7 n by 6 is the and d was 0. So this is the final relationship. Let's check Let's check whether it is true or not. So if n equals to 1 if I put T1 will be simply 1 upon 3 Minus 1 upon 2 plus 7 upon 6 Which is equal to if you take if you take the LCM like that So 2 minus 3 plus 7 which is equal to 7 9 minus 6 by 6 that is 1 So for T equals to 1 it works, right? If you remember our first term of the sequence was Actually 1 so it works, right? Let's see if T2 gives me 3 from this equation Then our relation will be correct. So T2, T2 will be equal to again deploy 2 cubed By 3 n is 2. So minus 2 square by 2 Plus 7 into 2 by 6. So let's do the LCM again. So 6 And this is 3 times 2. So 8 16 minus 3 12 12 plus 14 So this is 30 minus 12 18 by 6 which is 3 so it works for n is equal to 2 as well So in our probability it is going to work for n is equal to 3 and is equal to 4 n is equal to 5 and so on and so forth. So what is the conclusion of this? Exercise conclusion is that for such kind of Sequences where the third layer of difference is constant It will be expressed by a cubic polynomial And in this case we got the cubic polynomial as n cube by 3 Minus n square by 2 Plus 7 by 6 n right if someone asks us to find out 100th term in this So you do need to just deploy n is equal to 100 and you'll get t100 If someone asks you to find out 500th term so deploy n is equal to 500 And get 500th term like that. So this is what we learned in this session


So today's webinar is entitled Providing Health Information Services, and we have two speakers. So I'm going to introduce them, and then we'll hand over and share their screen. The first speaker is Kerry Audison, who is the Community Engagement and Health Literacy Librarian at the UNC Chapel Hill Health Sciences Library. In her position, Kerry works to advance the library's community engagement activities and manages and develops health literacy, consumer health and patient education resources and services for health professionals and students. She also provides outreach to the citizens of North Carolina through NC Health Info. Sarah Zhong is the Research and Instruction Librarian for Science at Wake Forest, the Smith Reynolds Library. She is the subject specialist responsible for course-integrated research instruction, research metrics, and consultation, related to research consultation for undergraduates and graduate students and collection management. And she is one of the original section editors of NC Health Info. So thank you both, and we're going to just hand over the presentation real quick. I have been in my new role here at UNC Chapel Hill for about eight months. Previously I worked for the National Network of Libraries of Medicine. So today I'm going to talk about an overview of consumer health and health information-seeking behaviors. And then I'm going to talk about some challenges for patrons and librarians alike, the uniqueness of the medical information reference interview, and then some core competencies for providing consumer health information services at your library, and then a few additional resources. And it's really great that so many of you are interested in this and are attending today, especially from other states and all around the state of North Carolina, and it looks like we have a wide variety of library types as well-represented. So this is very exciting. We'll also take questions throughout, and Linda can let us know if there are questions as we go along. But of course we'll also have time for questions at the end. So we know that today's healthcare environment is really challenging, and it requires people to take a more active role in their medical care than they ever had before. And patients are taking responsibility for learning about how to live healthier, understanding their treatment options, and then actually communicating more effectively with their doctors. And I really think public libraries are vitally important for helping these health consumers find the information they need, not only for receiving better healthcare from their providers, but for enabling better self-care as well. Some of these library patrons may seek information when they're just beginning to contemplate a behavior change, and some are already on the path to wellness but want more in-depth knowledge. And then others may need to know how to live well with an illness, particularly chronic illnesses. Now the Pew Research reports that 80% of internet users, so about 93 million Americans, have searched for health-related information online. And despite the idea that health is a topic that affects literally every community member, most of the materials you can find out there on the web are above a particular reading level, above the national average, so it's often very difficult to get information that's easily understood. So libraries have really been embracing this as an opportunity to offer a unique value to their communities, and to help them gain the skills they need to find, evaluate, and use health-related information. And nearly a quarter of libraries offer classes about accessing online health and wellness information, and lots of libraries have been doing some interesting things in terms of health, and they're extending their reach-up, try their walls, they're forging partnerships with hospitals and parks, and they're also doing different health activities like high-key, or yoga, or even loaning bicycles out to the public. So all of this creates a really great environment for challenging yourself and providing this type of service at your library. And we know that with the greater burden of chronic health conditions like diabetes and high blood pressure, many with these chronic conditions are using the internet to help with that health management. And it's also widely known in studies that health literacy actually is the best indicator of anyone's health status. So I think that librarians can be a big help to people as they try to navigate the health care system. Now, I know I'm also not alone in searching my symptoms online. Lots of people use, as is called, Dr. Google. But it's also important to be able to understand that some of that health information seeking behavior can actually make it still worse and can lead to a condition called ciberchondria so that you can become overly worried and some of the information you find is not quality. So when you're trying to help people find health information, it's important to direct them to reliable sites run by governments or medical societies. And in today's presentation, I'm going to mostly focus on medlineplus.gov. And at the end, I will also give you a few additional resources. And as Linda mentioned, there will be a handout with even more resources for you to use. So this graph is from a study in which participants reported where they sought information first, the most recent time they looked for information about health. And interestingly, searching the internet for health information has been increasing and a greater percentage of participants reported using the internet is the first place they go for health information compared to family, friends, coworkers, even healthcare professionals and traditional media. Now, it wasn't too long ago that this was different in terms of where people reported getting their information first. So it's actually declining in some of the other places. So it's really important that we're aware of the information that we're finding on the internet and that we help people to find reliable and authoritative information. So why is medical information unique? You might want to consider sharing your thoughts in the chat box, but medical information is unique. I think of it as a life and death type of question sometimes, but sometimes public librarians are hesitant to provide this type of information. So I'm going to talk a little bit about how you can provide this information in a way that you're not providing advice, which is very important to remember. So we know also that public libraries are often the first place people consult. In fact, health information is one of the top five or top 10 topics of interest to public library users. And many of you might reflect on how much you get in terms of questions at your library for health. It depends a lot on your community and the people that use your library. Now the Institute of Medicine estimates that 90 million people in the United States have difficulty understanding and using health information. And a lot of this has to do with that gap between the type of health materials and information available and then the average reading level of the public. And only about 36% consider doctors their primary source of health information. And again, this is something that has changed over the years. We used to think of doctors like my grandparents would have never thought of asking their doctor questions. In fact, they would leave the doctor's office not really knowing what they were supposed to do. And they wouldn't have really thought to question or ask questions of their doctors. But now people are really no longer passive recipients of this health care. In fact, in order to be a good health care consumer these days, you really need to be able to ask questions and be an active recipient and communicate with your health care provider. There's also this huge growing demand for consumer health information and participatory medicine, which is the idea of the patient and their families being in participation with their health care providers to make sure that that health care meets the particular needs of that individual. So some of the barriers for the public. Some of it is an unreasonable expectation. Sometimes people want a straightforward answer to a complex medical question, when in reality this kind of information may be difficult or impossible to find. For example, if someone has two simultaneous conditions, chances are finding information that pertains to both of those and within the individual is going to be tough to find. Consumers also might be concerned about confidentiality or being anonymous. I'm from a very small town in Virginia, and I know many of you are in small libraries in small towns. We know that people know a lot about each other, so it's really important to be able to provide privacy and to respect confidentiality within that type of environment. I know a lot of libraries are short on space as well, but whatever you can do to try to provide a private environment, sometimes I used to bring people into my office, you know, if there was a confidential medical information that they'd like to find. People are also worried about their personal health information being transmitted electronically, and sometimes consumers are confused about the role of the librarian, and they might assume that the librarian can advise them on making healthcare decisions. Sometimes it's also interesting because when you're a health sciences librarian and you're helping healthcare providers like doctors and nurses, they know exactly what they are asking for in terms of information, but when the public sometimes comes to you, they might not have the complete information. They might not know the spelling of the condition. For example, some of them are sound-alike or look-alike. One of the examples I used to use in my classes was someone asking about fireballs in the Eucharist, which actually turned out to be hybrids in the Eucharist. So it's really important to do a thorough medical reference interview when you're helping people, and if you're not completely sure, you can refer them back to their healthcare provider to get the exact diagnosis to be able to help. So some barriers for librarians are libraries. Public librarians are fantastic generalists. They know a little about everything and they get questions on this wide variety of topics. And sometimes they lack opportunities for training when it comes to providing health information. A survey of 83 different public librarians in North Carolina found that they rated their knowledge in accessing health information as merely a 3.4 on a 5-point scale. And in a more recent study, the librarian cited the lack of knowledge about available medical and health information sources, and that's one of their top challenges when it comes to answering consumer health questions. So the core competencies, this is from a toolkit called Finding Health and Wellness at the Library, a consumer health toolkit for library staff. It was recently updated in March of this year, and you can look at that for all types of good information when it comes to providing consumer health information. But basically the set of core competencies begins with knowing your community. So there are various resources that can be consulted to find out about the top health conditions in your community. Sometimes it's a matter of calling your local hospitals and finding out the top diagnoses for that community. But there's lots of resources to find out like the average age and et cetera of people in your area. Knowing the health consumer, this is knowing that there are different levels of healthcare consumers, students, health practitioners, and you need to be able to respond to the different issues by all of those different health information seekers. Knowing the resources and subject matter takes a little bit of time, but it can be, you know, the more you consult these resources in your toolbox, the more that you discover where to go for a particular question. And I tell people never to be afraid to tell people that you need a little time to gather that information for them. Also knowing how to evaluate health information and to teach others how to evaluate the health information they find on the internet, there's a nice set of criteria to look at in terms of bias, currentness, and whereas one criteria might not make that much of a difference combined, they can really give you a good idea of the quality of the information on a website. There's also the idea of communicating, providing reference and instruction on all of these for your patrons at the library and knowing about the ethical and legal issues surrounding the medical information. The patrons need to know the right to privacy when to be able to apply disclaimers. There's lots of good disclaimers available so that you can provide both written and verbally that you are not a health professional and that they should seek out further information from their health professionals even after they're given the information from you. So the medical information reference interview, some of the things that you need to know is who the information is for. So for example, age level, whether the information is for a child or a senior adult makes a difference in where you would seek that information. You might need to know the exact diagnosis. And again, if they don't know that, you would ask them to either call their doctor or nurse and come back when they know that. You definitely don't want to give the wrong information. As I say, some conditions or diseases have very similar sounding names so you would never want to guess. You would also want to know where that person had looked already or when they're having the test or procedure done. Also how much information they want. Some people, particularly I've noticed librarians, myself included, we want to know everything. We want all of it at once and then we can digest it as needed whereas other people, too much information increases their stress level. So this is something you'd want to ask in your reference interview, you know, what courses they've already consulted or if this is their first time seeking information for the topic. Particularly if someone has just gone and been, you know, recently diagnosed, they might be overwhelmed, they might be emotional at the time. So it's really important to ask those clarifying questions to figure out just how much information is needed in that particular situation. It's also important to show compassion. The use of body language is important and your facial expression. I used to work with someone that would sigh very, very loudly once you had asked to come out to do a reference question and it was completely clear to the person asking the question that she was not pleased to be there. So it's really important to show that just as it is with any reference question at the library to show that you're neutral, that you're not judging the person. And again, you should offer a range of options, suggest the person that you can email them or call them or they can come back in and set up an appointment with you to be able to go over that information completely. And again, never be afraid to refer that person with any vague or incomplete question back to their healthcare provider. So some of the strategies that you can do in terms of health information is to collaborate and to partner. Public libraries have been the focus of the National Network of Libraries of Medicine, which is the outreach arm of the National Library of Medicine. And there's lots of good information on that side about how to partner with those others in your community to provide health information services. Sarah will also talk about this a little later as well. And at the end, we will. But UNC Chapel Hill, the Health Sciences Library, has an ask us feature that is also on NCHealthInfo.org that Sarah will be talking about. And I welcome any questions, even if you run into a sticky health question, you can always ask us for assistance or for health. There's also the Consumer and Patient Health Information section of the Medical Library Association. And this is specifically librarians that are interested in providing consumer health information. There's also the idea of getting a focus group together in your community and ask what type of services or classes that people are interested in. And you can kind of get an idea of the type of those questions that are of interest by keeping track of requests in terms of health information. And there's also the idea of providing online reference as well. So, selected resources, MedlinePlus.gov, even if I hadn't worked for the organization previously, MedlinePlus.gov is the go-to first place to consult. I would recommend in terms of consumer health. It's only links to reputable health organizations and information. No advertisements are allowed. And all of it is reviewed by health professionals and librarians. There's also hundreds of reputable health organizations that you can refer people to to get more information on their condition, like the American Diabetes Association. And then all of us in the state of North Carolina have access to NCLive, which has a nice set of databases in terms of consumer health, and we should take advantage of that. And then I talk about a small print collection occasionally that could be in public libraries, but we all know that medical books are really expensive. Some people talk about buying the physician's desk reference every year, which years ago was quite expensive, so I'm sure it's even more now. But instead, I recommend buying a Mosby's nursing drug handbook, for example, that could be purchased every year and is usually under $40. Also, I would discourage you from purchasing things that are meant to be, you know, exaggerated, like all those diseases. They don't want you to know about that type of thing, because again, that stuff becomes very dated. So instead, I would suggest some practical disease self-management books or diets for particular conditions. But I was able to provide reference in a hospital library with zero budget just using recommended websites online, including MedlinePlus.gov and NCHealthInfo.org. So briefly here is if you have not visited the MedlinePlus site, or if you have, but haven't recently, you can notice a lot of that on the homepage. There are over a thousand different health topics here, information on drugs and supplements. There are also tutorials, videos, health check tools. There is now a lab test information, a medical encyclopedia. There's a way to stay connected, so you can sign up for email updates there. There's links to clinical trials and more on this website. And then lower on the page, I wanted to point out across, almost across the bottom, there is a link to easy-to-read materials, which is great for anyone, because even if you have a high degree of health literacy, when you want health information, you want it in a straightforward, easy-to-read manner. There's also a link to organizations and directories near the bottom. There's also over 40 different languages on the site. Everything is available in Spanish, but there is additional, some information available, enough to 40 different languages. And it's a great starting place, as I said, for any health information search. Here is what the easy-to-read material pages look like, starting with A. So you can see that all of the links, some of them are videos, but all of them link to reputable institutions and organizations. And here's what the organizations page looks like. And again, you can go alphabetically, but also notice that you can look up organizations by topic as well. Here's what the directories page looks like. So you can find a library. You can find doctors and dentists. I will say a caveat there. You might be surprised that there isn't a lot of information out there on doctors. You can find out where they went to school, where they did a fellowship, how long they've been in practice, et cetera. But some states are better than others in providing any information regarding, for example, lawsuits or malpractice. North Carolina happens to be one that provides a great deal of information, so that is one place to look. You can also find facilities, clinics, and an unbelievable list of other types of information to look up. So you can check that out. Here's an example of a health topic page. If you were helping somebody and they were recently diagnosed with asthma, you can notice on the right-hand side about midway down. Any time that person would like to be notified of new information on that topic, they can just enter their email in, and they will automatically be updated. Each health topic page has a nice summary of what the condition is, and then a really great feature which says Start Here. So this is excellent for people who are recently diagnosed. But you can see that it gives a nice overview here of the topic. Also notice under Research, there's a link to journal articles, and I will talk more about that in just a moment. Further down on the same page of asthma, you can see that there are different sections, statistics and research, any clinical trials going on in asthma, and journal articles. Now this is a great way. If you've ever gone on to PubMed, which is the health professional database for the medical literature, it's not an easy database to search. And it takes years of practice for health sciences librarians to be fantastic searchers in it. But you might have a patron that's highly sophisticated in terms of health information, and they've already looked at everything in the consumer health side, and they want to see what the health professionals are reading. Well if you click on journal articles, and then the one at the end that says asthma see more articles, that actually, that link will take you all the way to PubMed, perform the search for you so you don't have to know how, and you can see the most recent articles in the professional literature on that topic, which I think is a great feature. Notice that you can also find an expert in terms of asthma, and this is all on that health topic page. So here's what that search would look like, and you can see on the right-hand side are the search details. So I didn't need to know how to find the medical subject heading. I didn't need to know how to reduce it to just English articles, just adults, review articles, or clinical guidelines. It was all done for me, and you can see there are 68 articles there on asthma, and these are the most recent in terms of professional literature. And finally, as I mentioned, this will be on your handout as well, but some other resources of interest when you're providing health information. One is lab tests online. This is a great way to find out what a normal value range when you have a lab test and what the test is searching for, et cetera. Genetics home reference is the only resource I know that attempts to put genetic information at an eighth grade reading level or below. It's really important when you're helping someone and you realize that the topic they're looking for is genetically related. That's another great place to help you locate more information about that conclusion. Another great site that I like is FamilyDoctor.org. There's also the full text of the Merck Home Manual online, as well as clinicalpriles.gov. So people thinking of participating in a clinical trial can go on there and get more information about that. Or if they have a condition that they've tried everything else and they want to maybe participate in some of the trials to find new medications, they can get the information there. And then finally, of course, are the sites when we put in a search in Google for any kind of supplement or alternative medicine, a lot of what you get back is just junk. It's people trying to sell you a product. So the National Center for Complimentary and Integrative Health is a great site to look at those types of alternative medications, you know, like melatonin or garlic pills, that kind of thing. So I know that was a lot of information in a short time, so I'm going to pause and see if we have any questions. And then I'm going to turn it over to Sarah. Okay, hello. My name is Sarah. John, can everyone hear me okay? I am going to talk about NC Health Info. Actually, before I became a librarian at Lake Forest University, I've been here 15 years now. It's hard to believe. I was actually working at Cone Hospital Library during graduate school, and I was trained in medical reference, and I have a heart for public health. My first job out of college was at the task force for child survival and development in Atlanta, Georgia, and I worked in global health and helped on projects for sub-clarin Africa and Latin America. So when the opportunity came up to become a volunteer editor, I just jumped on it. Although I've dealt my career in being a science librarian, I have taught library instruction every year for epidemiology students and nutrition students and even biomechanics students and in the health and exercise science department at Lake Forest University. But to talk about some state level of resources, NC Health Info was first launched in 2003 as part of the GO Local Initiative of the National Island of Madison. It was discontinued in 2010, and so the foresight of a group of librarians from academic health sciences and public libraries really paid off because they formed a planning group in 2005 to develop ways for libraries to work together to ensure improved access to health information for North Carolinians. So my former protege, who was a graduate student and did a practicum with me, she was on this planning committee after she graduated and since graduation she became a librarian at the Duke Medical Library. So she asked me to volunteer to be an editor when it was launched in 2006, and I agreed. Actually the State Library of North Carolina should be credited for NC Health Info because using the Library Services and Technology Act grant funding, they supported this effort as well as the development of a portal of health information pages to be added to NC Health Info. So the portal is easy to use with reliable health information pages and current health news on topics important to North Carolinians. But I think that this could be a model for other states and that we have other audience members from other states and you can find reliable health information here too. So today NC Health Info is the fully supported service of the Health Sciences Library at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. It provides links to information about researching illness, choosing a doctor, evaluating health information, medications, even about healthcare policy and health insurance questions, even about the privacy of medical records and electronic medical records. And you can also find information on healthcare professionals through the North Carolina Licensing Board's website and also patient and family issues such as treatment and procedures as well as information on more than 50 health concerns and issues. The providers and services section is really useful to understand the various kinds of medical providers that are available to manage many health conditions and provide links to directories to help locate them. And health topics are covered. This is a list of the health topics covered best curated by volunteer editors throughout the state of North Carolina. And they cover a variety of key and chronic diseases as well as environmental health such as tick-related diseases, with those who hike a lot such as me this time of year, never had that, knock on wood. But not only for patients but also for this site is really useful for caregivers and cancer survivors too for support groups. This is an example of the breast cancer health topic that I am responsible for editing. This is the website that I took on when it was first launched. I have a personal story.  And I have had a long-standing interest out of her. She was just an inspiration to me with her story of how she survived a Stage 3 breast cancer diagnosis treatment. So when I was asked to be a volunteer editor, I just jumped at the chance because I wanted to help others in North Carolina to empower patients and survivors with North Carolina resources for support groups and forums. Another feature on the lower right are mobile apps and tools, and they're featured on every health topic page. The uniqueness of NC Health Info is not only about researching illness but it also covers wellness tips from exercise to falls prevention, from motor vehicle safety to healthy eating. I've explored, I've been a long-time editor. I took a little break but I'm back. And the USDA has a great, if you go to the healthy eating page, they have a great mobile app called Ask Karen for food safety information. If you're a novice chef like me, then it could be useful. And this is another example of a wellness page that I, a wellness topic that I edit on managing stress. I also included resources on coping with workplace stress, which we can all relate to. But I do welcome your suggestions. Feel free to email me. Our email addresses will be at the end of this presentation to add to the stress management page. And there's also a mobile apps and tools too, such as briefs to relax and meditation apps and mindfulness apps. Medications and therapies is another great resource, including complementary and alternative therapies, herbs and supplements, and lab tests information. Another unique feature of NC Health Info are the health and wellness tips from various demographic groups. They cover seniors' health, information on Medicare when you're eligible, women's health and topics such as osteoporosis, and even veterans' health if you're looking for health insurance, and more. And wellness pages are also inclusive of diverse populations, such as gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered populations, and children's and teen health issues, and also covers health disparities in North Carolina, America. The how-to guides could be very helpful, not only for finding reliable health and drug information, but also for how to find and understand clinical trial phases. There's a great link to a short video on the different phases of clinical trials and to understand what drugs are being developed and if you'd like to participate in a clinical trial. And also more information on safeguarding mobile privacy if you use mobile apps. And also this page is great. It's a curated list of mental health resources, as well as disability rights in North Carolina, which is an important topic for empowering those who need to go on short-term or long-term disabilities. And this slide is in Spanish. Nancy Health Info is available in English and Spanish, and the pages are compiled and reviewed bi-annually twice a year by volunteer librarians. This is, I just want to acknowledge the many librarians across North Carolina who volunteer their time and expertise to select the best information sources for you. And I'd like to acknowledge just this long list, as you can see. Even my colleague at Wake Forest Medical Library, Carpenter Library, is one of the editors. And other editors are from the East Carolina University Health Sciences Library and even the Levine Cancer Institute. And of course UNC Chapel Hill Health Sciences Library, many librarians are editors. So NC Health Info also links users with answers to their health questions through the Health Sciences Library at Chapel Hill through the Ask a Librarian service. Now, Cari will conclude by telling you about the NC Health Info Ask a Librarian service. Thank you so much, Sarah. You might have noticed on every slide that Sarah had that there's a yellow Ask Us button on just about every page on NC Health Info. And we really mean it. You know, librarians, we like to answer questions. So if a consumer health question comes into us, they're usually referred to me, but I can also get the help of experienced systematic reviewers here. Librarians that have a great deal of experience in the health professional literature as well. So if I don't know the answer, I can find somebody who does know the answer, hopefully.  Like I said, if you run into a difficult reference question or you can even point your library patrons to this service. Oh, did you have additional things to say, Sarah? I just wanted to acknowledge the leadership team, Diana and Linda Johnson. Diana and with Duffy and Linda Johnson. Yeah. And also, Cari, I just wanted to acknowledge the other partners to Duke, Park and the Library, Forest, and EC. We are grateful for all of the volunteer editors that we couldn't do this site without you. I'm going to end them. And then I will put up Sarah and I's email, and we'll take any questions in my tab. One question that came in was, can people outside interview North Carolina use the chat function? Yes. We have not restricted it. I will answer anything, you know, any questions for anyone. I noticed that when I started the job here, we even respond to those nice telemarketers that want us to, you know, buy their services to optimize our website. We even respond to them. So, yes, that's open to anyone. Lisa had a question. Is there a good print resource for understanding lab tests if you have a condition? That's a great question. When I was a baby librarian, it used to be so frustrating to try to find that information because you can imagine lab tests are for a wide variety of conditions. So, I would have to try to look that up in the appropriate, you know, body of knowledge within that particular field of medicine. So, no. Not that I, I mean, it would be prohibitively expensive to try to get a resource that would cover all of them. And I think as soon as you purchase that print, it would be out of date. So, my best recommendation is to use labtestonline.org or to try the lab test information that is now on Medline Plus. Great. Any other questions? I'm sorry. And if any question occurs to any of you later on, please do get in touch with either Sarah and I, and we really appreciate you all coming today in your interest. I also would be available if you wanted to consult with me on providing some type of instruction for a group of public librarians or really anybody that's interested in providing consumer health information services. Yes, and for those of you who work in academic libraries, as I do, I'm available to provide consultation for library instruction for pre-med students, pre-allied health students. Great. Well, thank you very much. I'm sure if you have any questions, feel free to contact Sarah and Jerry. Thank you very much, and I hope everyone has a wonderful rest of their week. And thank you again, Sarah and Sarah. Thank you. Thank you.


Abdomen, the abdomen less formally called the belly, stomach, tummy or midriff constitutes a part of the body between the thorax chest and pelvis, in humans and in other vertebrates. The region occupied by the abdomen is termed the abdominal cavity. In arthropods it is the posterior tagma of the body, it follows the thorax or cephalothorax. The abdomen stretches from the thorax at the thoracic diaphragm to the pelvis at the pelvic brim. The pelvic brim stretches from the lumbosacral joint the intervertebral disc between L5 and S1 to the pubic symphysis and is the edge of the pelvic inlet. The space above this inlet and under that thoracic diaphragm is termed the abdominal cavity. The boundary of the abdominal cavity is the abdominal wall in the front and the peritoneal surface at the rear.


You can train your dog now to fear fireworks. Fireworks scare them because they perceive loud noise as a threat. The goal is to change that negative association into a positive one. Find audio of fireworks you can play for your dog. The more realistic and varied the better. Start with the audio low so that your dog notices it, but doesn't react with fear. Reward them while the audio plays with a favorite treat, toy, or attention. When your dog ignores the audio completely, you can raise the volume a little bit and repeat. Doing this in small bursts over a long period of time is best. And if your dog is shaking, hiding, or showing other signs of fear, you're doing it wrong.


Clean good morning. Why couldn't today be Friday or even Saturday? But anyway team keeping clean good morning What's going on? It's engraving here with another video and in this video We got a very very good question from my guy my big-time guy Harry April. He asked some of the best questions and This is a part of questions from subscribers. You all already know how to be a part of that That's where you can ask me any question about NFL that you want to And I'll answer it in the personalized video to you and everybody else that subscribe to this channel And they can put their answer in too. But anyway Harry's question was our PEDs the reason for so many ACL tears and Achilles and just injuries in the NFL Are these players bodies being improperly? developed for this game and that's such a great question because Right now we have like more injuries than ever And the game has changed more than ever and it will continue to change more than ever But anyway before we get into this let me introduce myself me.   You always get alerted on your phone your iPad your email your text whatever and also like my guy Ryan Maddler said Leave a like on the video because it is completely free You can also follow on Twitter Instagram and snapchat all three are engraving vids and good morning to everybody that's in here right now Watching this live and everybody that'll catch you later on Good good morning. Good afternoon a good evening to you whenever you watch that do appreciate it Y'all know I do man big time But anyway, like I said the question was RPD is the reason for so many player injuries and or an improper body development and My answer to that question That's a that's probably a big part of it And the reason I say that is because the game You can just look at it over the past 50 years. I know a lot of us not even 50 years old but Just looking at old footage from NFL from a long time ago and looking at it now the game has drastically changed They have to wear even more padding than ever right now the game is Even though with the referees and all that stuff and the calls and the officials and the whistles and this and that it is more physical than ever Even though they try to tone it down. It's still a very physical game But the more so than more more so than physical it's more fast than ever And that's the thing that the reason I think a lot of these players Are taking the performance enhancement drugs so they can try to keep up with the speed of the game They don't want to get left behind NFL is What have you done for me Lazy League? NFL really stands for not for long because your career could come to an end in any second I think they said the average NFL career is like three years something like that but You don't you never know when it's gonna be over so a lot of these guys are playing for contracts a lot of these guys are trying to get guaranteed money a lot of these guys are trying to get paid and Obviously the better you play the better your performance the more likely your team is gonna give you a contract So they can continue to see that performance But in order for you to perform you got to keep up with these guys like these these people coming out of college nowadays Really over the past maybe like five six years And especially now of course, but the players coming out of college now these days are faster than ever They're faster than ever and they're bigger than ever you had look at your David and clowning This guy, what does he run like a 4 4 3 or 4 4 and the dozer a linebacker an outside linebacker That's insane speed coming to you coming at you for a big hit So in order for these guys to keep up with today They're in clowning whether it's a quarterback trying to run away from whether it's a running back That's gonna be trying to block them a tight end. That's gonna be trying to block them Or just whatever or other linebackers just competing with them to try to get paid like he's gonna get paid They have to be able to keep up and a lot of these guys Some people don't want to do it the natural way and I'm sure it's it's a lot more guys that take these PEDs then what gets publicized and what gets talked about what we know about It's a lot more guys that take them then actually get get caught or get get suspended or whatnot But I know they're just trying to keep up with the game And like I said with with their bodies Their bodies don't they're not developed the same that they used to be and maybe these PEDs are enhancing their muscles enhancing And just enhancing their bodies period and making them a lot bigger than what they normally would be Making them a lot faster, but they're not having natural development in their muscles in their bones in their bodies so that's That allows them easier access or that allows injury allows More injury to be allowed their bodies more to be more susceptible to being injured to being hurt To something being broken something popping out because it hasn't been developed naturally and it hasn't been developed the right way So I definitely definitely definitely Would say that's a yes to Harry's question Are the PEDs the reason for injury and a reason just for improper player body development that that would be a definite yes Like I said these guys they are trying to compete Whether it's a guy that's in the league already and just trying to keep up or whether it's a guy that's coming out of college And he's just trying to get right because he knows that he is about to be able to set his family up for life Take care of his people take care of his kids mom's parents himself just whatever So they I think they just trying to keep up they trying to keep up and they're willing to do Whatever to their bodies so they can keep up with the speed of the game So that's my opinion y'all can let me know what you think about it Harry. I appreciate this question This was a really good one really really really good So I appreciate y'all. Thank you for watching. Hope y'all have a great day I will see you guys when I see you and on that note. I am out