This talk will give an overview of what the Debian publicity team does and how they work and how you can support them So please give a warm round of applause to Cedric Boutier and this talk Debian a giant with a tiny voice Okay, I'm sorry. I have a kind of Technical problem. I don't remember the shortcut for doing full screen in ocular Control shift B. Okay. Thank you Okay, so So So this is my first depth conference. So I would like to take this opportunity to present myself So I'm Cedric Boutier. I'm known as Boutil on IRC and I'm a Debian member since 2012 and a couple years before that I started contributing to Debian as a member of the Ruby team and I also joined the French localization team and I started to translate some Announcements and that's how I became part of the publicity team. So what I will talk about today is The structure of the publicity team the various services we are handling in the team and How you can in fact get involved in the team and promote the Debian through the publicity team So what is the structure of the the team? So it's a bit complicated because in fact The publicity in Debian is for the moment two teams. So there is the press team and the publicity team so the members of the press team are delegated by the DPL and They can speak in the name of the projects when it's needed to contact with for example journalists They have a private mail alias press at Debian.org and well deserve as a contact point for a Journalist and the outside world and there is a Debian publicity team, which is much larger, but not much larger, but larger but not as well as As well structured as the press team. So we have a public mailing list Debian publicity at least Debian.org and an IRC channel Debian publicity and We should also include in this team all the people doing reviews Especially translating our broken English into proper English hello Justin and all the translator doing the work to To translate the the various announcements in in various languages and We have also in this publicity team the maintainers of the Debian blocks or more on that later that are also delegated by the DPL and In fact, we should also include the whole project because in the publicity is the Duty of the whole project and everyone should be a concern by by this Okay, so I will now review the the various tools we we can have in in the team So first there are the press announcements. So they are published on the website in the news subsection they inform a journalist and the users of important changes and They are prepared by the press team and the publicity team team and also with the various Involved team when there are specific changes So it includes the the new The new release, you know the news for the new releases and sometimes also news that are Published in coordination with other companies or other projects so these announcements are a very official way to to communicate about the project and on the the wiki at the moment there is some information about How could you approach the the team to propose them such an announcement? So there is another tool which is Used to to publish Communication about the project in a less formal way, it's the Debian's blog Also known as bit.debian.org so it First lived as an unofficial service under news.debian.net for two years Then it was reopened as unofficial services in 2013 so blog posts that are published there are less less formal we can have All kind of Announcements there so every Debian member has a commit access to the git Repository to draft an article which is then reviewed and before the final publishing and And some teams already have published the informal reports to this To this blog and it would be nice if it became something usual that Teams having sprints could publish informal reports in in this blog so we have also some Google summer off-coded announces and things like that so something that I know Quite well is the Debian project news so this is a Newsletter that its creation was supposed to be weekly weekly released then after some break it was revived as Be monthly Newsletter, but at the moment we kind of lack manpower, so it's more or less released once once a month So what's the the structure? It's available on the on the website and there's the news weekly section of the website it's also released as an email on Debian news and on the localized version of this newsletter for translations it's also available as an RSS feed and Links to the newsletter are also sent to identica so it's translated into into various languages and How do do we create this this newsletter so we gather various informations from mailing lists blog posts and write some short paragraphs about About this we have also recurrent sections in this In this mailing list about security announcements Interesting new packages During freestyle we publish a summary of the RC bug statistics and Recently we added some information about the reputable builds statistics too New sections that Appeared from time to time in the last issues is the team What do you do section which was introduced by Donald Norwood? So the principle of this section is to interview teams So it's I think a nice way to for users and people interested in interested in Debian in general to discover the values of various teams Not only teams doing packaging but teams doing like Cross Cross archive work or work on other fields of the on the project so if your team is invited to To answer these questions Peel please find some time to to answer to our email and if your team is interested in participating in this In this initiative or if you know a team that you would be interested in knowing more about so please Tell us and we'll try to contact them. So How can you help the the publicity team? So you should consider publicity as a way to to advertise your your work. So you can first Join the publicity team and work directly on on what we are producing announcement or this newsletter by writing reviewing or translating articles like for the Debian project news so Debian is a Very large project and it's very difficult for us to monitor all the mailing list and All of the I don't know IRC channels and things like that So if you can help and collect some information about what happened in the project is very good so for example if you are Already a Debian Contributor and you did or you saw something amazing in the Debian project You could just send us an email with just a few lines and a couple of links And we could include this in into the newsletter if you have a package that you are very happy You are very happy that this package entered the archive and you would like That a lot of people use this package. You can also tell us about it and we will Advertise it in the in the next day brand project newsletter issue Working on the publicity team is also a good entry point for people Interested in Debian, but we are not contributors yet So it's a way where people can learn more about the Debian project and so if you are interested in In Debian and you don't know exactly where to start. Well, it could be a good starting point. So So what is the workflow we are using so recently during that camp we migrated from SVN to Git so now all the Documents we are handling are kept in Git repositories. So the Debian project news the announcements and the blog have their own Git repository every Debian member has directly commit access to these git repositories and Other can easily get right access by joining the publicity team project on IOT coordination to produce these documents announcement and the DPN is usually done through the mailing list or the IRC channel and Once the announcement or the DPN is finished then some call for review or translations are sent to translation and localization mailing lists So there are more information on the on the weekend So there is another way to to publish news about about your work, which is the MISC Developer news. So it's a wiki page at this at this address. So this page Contains a template you can use and you can edit the the wiki page and Every time so if you are the person adding the fifth news to the to this wiki page you win the right to Collect these five news and send an email to the Debian level announced mailing list with the five news so it's quite a light way to To send the news about the the project Especially if you are not the fifth one So Debian is also present on various social networks. So we have an official identica account Which is represented here and we also present on new social Twitter and Google plus So there was a special event this year the release of a JC and we did some live denting on identica and some Messages were sent to Twitter during the whole weekend non-stop we send like 150 messages If you want to to propose a Dent you can go directly to the Debian publicity IRC channel and send a proposition with a dent prefix and When this proposition is acknowledged by someone of the team This message will appear on the social on the social network. You can also mail your proposition to the to the Debian publicity so for example if you want to Publish messages about depth conf you are welcome to to do so and last Last tool we have in the Debian publicity team is the Debian timeline was great Which was created by Chris lamb and now maintained by the publicity team. So it's a web page showing a Timeline with the bias events related to to Debian So you have the history of all the releases and various events like sprints Buck squashing parties various transitions and things like that. So the All the source code of the band time line is maintained in in a git repository so every Debian member can commit to the To this timeline and then a publicity member can Upload can Push to the server the same just changes to to update the timeline. So if you can look at the This timeline and if you see that some event is missing. So either directly commit to git or send us an email to the Debian publicity team So that we can add this So we have also a lot of projects, but currently have no time to implement them So examples of this would be to revive the day-by-day Website which was presenting a new Debian package every day We could also try to revive the audio interviews in Which we're known under the name of this week in this week in Debian or subtitles is the existing audio interviews in English or in other And translate this subtitle into other languages We are also open to new ideas for recurrent sections in the Debian project news we could also try to gather some statistics and Track mention of Debian on external websites and to see how Debian is doing from another point of view and well you Welcome to propose your own idea So we have we'll have above this afternoon and you are welcome to to come and discuss with us your own ideas on that So here are some useful links. So Debian contributors, you have the mailing list and various wiki pages about the workflow of the team and For the users these are the the mailing list and the social network where we publish some information and This is our contact information if you want to get in touch with us And please come to the the both this afternoon in Amsterdam room at 1500 and we will be happy to discuss with you everything related to publicity. Thank you Thank you very much are there questions from the audience at this point that doesn't seem to be the case So that's a question and more comment really Just sort of highlighting some of the feedback we got around the release both. Oh, he wants to stand up both the release team and Basically everyone around it was really really impressed with with the live denting and then the live tweeting of the release It's something that that makes it really Really visible for Debian and when we release things and we're able to produce that publicity Then it then it makes Debian a really big thing So just a huge thanks really for for helping with that and I definitely encourage everyone to to get involved with with the publicity team It's It's also a really easy way for people to get involved So if you know anyone who says oh, I'd like to help Debian, but I'm not very good at packaging things So a bit like me as I haven't done anyone in about five years or something Getting involved in the publicity team and helping out is something that I definitely really encourage It's a really good team really needs it really needs help and this and we can do so much more with it at some point there was a project to To collect a box which could be used at the exhibits right when Debian goes out and exhibit So what is the status now that did it progress anywhere? Do we have a box like in Europe in the States where we could easily You know distribute to a local party to go to bring it to the conference and what it would constitute. I wonder Do we have resources for Well, many people disagree that oh, we shouldn't have stickers or something like that Which is but I think it's already a visibility right if we have really nice Giveaways like all those stickers we have on our laptops of course we could buy them right But when we go to the conference and the cost of those if we print them in bulk It's Ridiculously small Right, I think it would be beneficial if we have a box, right? Which we could bring it to a conference and has really nice banners, right some Nice giveaways, maybe not just to throw them around But even just to for good visitors, you know to give a sticker I think it's nice and that's what we do for neurodebian as well So for those close to us we give those nice stickers for the laptop right and they are happy We are happy and we have nice exhibit table usually I think so What is the status there and what we should do about it? So I think it was handled by the event team but this event team Doesn't exist anymore so I Think that's the sound of someone volunteering Yeah, so it's a more seriously we I Think it was a Martin as oboe wanted a banner and said oh we should have a banner Can we spend the money and I said yes carry on He said but I haven't told you how much it costs you and he's like no carry on It's not going to be like five thousand pounds. So just go make a banner But he couldn't get anyone to make the artwork for him or do anything like that So he sent out some requests and and no one really Was able to do that so if you want to put a box together and you think we should make stickers Do that that sounds good cool. Okay. Well banner usually we use Ben Armstrong's manner And that's for volunteering. I'm exhibiting usually at least twice a year so So I'm there already but box we had already some box with some hardware and if we could reuse it, I wonder, you know, that would be more efficient and Do we have any interesting hardware we could which we could present as well That would be nice in that box Okay, so yeah volunteering got it So if you need help with what artwork just call Valesio Call Valesio, okay Thank you very much. Let's give the presenter another round of applause


I believe that we as a country are very susceptible. We are a young country, students, youth are aspirational. They want good for themselves, for their family and eventually for society. And sometimes governments have been slow in responding to those aspirations. As a result, there is the provocation or anger can happen. When that anger happens on agenda of jingoism, on unverifiable facts, on deepening hatred, on a community or on a matter which you do not know about. If you do not have friends who come from a Buddhist community or a Sikh community or a Muslim community, you know little about that community. So, it is easy to play to your stereotype on that community and provoke you if I want to. That is what fake news is trying to do. And then it puts the onus back on governments to control that we as a diverse country. On one end, we have to increase touch points of people from different communities with one another. And two, we have to diminish the stereotyping of a community and diminish news, sources of news, sources of PR, sources of our channels that amplify negative messages. The good thing about digital world is it leaves footprint of everything. So, we know by now that which are the sources of supply of negative messages, which are the sources of amplification of negative messages and which are the sources of consumption of negative messages. I believe that the power of India today is that we can produce a champion for every agenda that matters to the country. Gone are the days where one champion will rise and that champion has to champion every agenda. So, if somebody is has built two good houses in his village and if there is a story that happens on that, that story gets amplified by somebody in the housing sector.  So, when we look at our young population under as per 211 census, under 14 we have roughly 36 crore, 360 million kids. These kids have the brightest future in my opinion because they have access to more knowledge, they have access to more kind of success. So, they have a greater diversity of developing their identity and they have access to more ways to develop themselves. More ability to collaborate with one another. It is important that stories that we pick up are grounded and have some level of replicability so that one story can have a cascading impact on another story somewhere.


J.C.K.F.F.O.O. The Jell-O program starring Jack Benny with Mary Livingston, Phil Harris, Dennis Day, and yours truly Don Wilson. The Orchestra opens the program with Billy. Here is some helpful advice for every woman who likes to keep her family in good spirits. Give them Jell-O for dessert not just once in a while but often. For one of the grandest things about Jell-O is the wide variety of ways in which you can serve it. There are six lovely glowing colors to add real beauty to your menus, six rich, delicious flavors to tempt every appetite and there's almost no limit to the different Jell-O dishes which you can prepare, dozens and dozens of desserts and salads, easy to make, attractive to look at, swell the taste. You'll find definite recipe suggestions on every package of Jell-O. Just be sure you get genuine Jell-O and don't accept any substitutes. For there's only one Jell-O and only Jell-O brings you that delicious, extra-rich flavor. So look for the big red letters on the box. They spell Jell-O and Jell-O spells a treat. Bye, Phil Harrison, his orchestra. Now, ladies and gentlemen, this being the first Sunday in November, we bring you the last rose of summer, Jack Benny. Thank you, Jell-O again. This is Jack Benny talking and Don, I've heard you give me some pretty silly introductions in the past, but that one takes the cake. Last rose of summer. What does that mean anyway? Well, it doesn't mean anything. I was just trying to be clever, that's all. Don, you just make with the Jell-O. I'll take care of the clever stuff around here. Anyway, I don't want to start out every broadcast talking about me. Me all the time. It's embarrassing. It's a little dull, too. Oh, it is. Well, Phil, let me ask you something. Now that you've established your presence among us, is this the program getting a little too monotonous for you? Well, it's not exactly... I mean, do you find me personally so incompatible? Incom-what? Incompatible. Would you mind cutting that down where I can get at it? Not at all. What I'm trying to get at, Phil, is this. Do I bore you? I mean, do I grate on your nerves? No, not exactly. Why? Because, Phil, there's an old Chinese proverb that says, when orchestra leader unhappy over job, him soon clap hands with joy in bread line. Welly, good advice. Oh, hello, Mary. Hello, Wanlong. Is my laundry ready? Never mind that. You know, Mary, I don't know why I even argue with Phil. I use an ordinary word like incompatible and it throws him. He's absolutely illiterate. Well, it's your own fault, Jack. You knew he couldn't read when you hired him. What do you mean? You had to drop his contract with pictures. Oh, that's right. I remember. I had to get a lawyer and Rube Goldberg. Say, Mary, did you see Dennis Day when you came in? I told him to be here early tonight. Yeah, I saw him downstairs in the drug store and I got some good news for you, Jack. I don't think his mother's with him. How do you know? He was on his third banana split. Oh, I knew he'd go on a spree the minute he got away from her. Three banana splits, eh? And a mauled milk. Three banana splits and a mauled milk. With an egg in it. With an egg in it. And a hamburger sandwich. A hamburger sandwich. With onions. With onions.  I will if you will. Mary, you must be mistaken. Dennis couldn't possibly eat all that stuff and three banana splits. With cherries. Well, here we go again, Mary.  We have an important play to do tonight and I want to start casting it right away. He'll be here in a minute. Oh, Jack, is this the play you were telling me about? Yes, Don, and we've got to get going on it. In fact, I'm going to announce it right away. Hey, Phil, give me a cordon G, will ya? You'll take a cordon any place we happen to hit it. That I know. The cord, please. And now, ladies and gentlemen. Boys, that was grand. And now, ladies and gentlemen, tonight for our supreme effort in our current dramatic season, we are going to offer our version of one of the most famous stage and screen productions of all time. None other than that sensational play and equally sensational motion picture, The Women. Uh, thank you, Max. Now, this play was written by that renowned playwright, Miss Claire Boo, and was first produced in New York City by Max Gordon, who just hit the cymbal. Then... Then Metro-Goldwyn Mayer, realizing its dramatic and comedy potentialities. Potentialities? Yes, Phil, I'll cut it down for ya later. Brought this great vehicle to Hollywood and created an outstanding film success. So tonight, ladies and gentlemen, the many theatrical termites will munch on it. Now, in our version... Hey, Jack, how are we going to do The Women when I'm the only girl in our show? We'll just have to do the best we can, Mary. You mean we're all going to be women tonight? Exactly. Well, not exactly. But I've got it all... But I've got it all figured out. Now, to start with, I will play the leading role as portrayed on the screen by that lovely and talented actress, Miss Norma Shearer. Oh, no, Jackson, no! Well, Mary, somebody's got to do it. Why can't I be the leading lady? What? I look more like Norma Shearer than you do. Isn't that awful? You look more like Norma Shearer than I do. Yes, I do. In an evening gown?  Phil, you're going to be Rosalind Russell. Don, you're going to be Joan Crawford. And Mary... I know, I'm going to be Wallace Beary. Mary, would you please be serious?  Mary, you're going to be Don Wilson and announce our play. Now, let's see. Is Dennis here yet? Oh, Dennis! Yes, please? Oh, uh... Hello, Dennis, I didn't see you come in. You know, we're casting our play, The Women. Am I going to be in it? Yes, you're going to play Joan Fontaine's part. You know, the little girl that just got married. Boy, what a day. Three banana splits and now I'm a bride. Uh, yes, that's quite a schedule.  My daughter? Oh, yes. Dennis, I'll have to change your role. Instead of the young bride, you're going to be my five-year-old daughter, Denise. Five years old? Yes. And you're going to be his mother? Yes. What are you laughing at? You got a late start, didn't you, ma? Mary, I'd be quiet if I were you, lest the new maid company get an old employee. You know, reunion at Fairfax and Wilshill. Now, let's see. Oh, yes. Where's Rochester? Here I am, Miss Sheer. Rochester, I sent for you because we're short of actors and you'll have to play the part of my maid. Your maid? Yes. Why can't I be your valet? Because I don't want a man in my room and I'm dressing. So you're going to be my maid. Now, fellas. I ain't going to wear no dress. You are too. Now, fellas. I ain't going to put on no mascara. You are too. Now, fellas. It ain't going to show. Now, fellas, remember, we must be very legitimate. The only reason we're playing the part of women is because we're short of actresses. Well, why don't you hire a few?  Mary, if you're inferring, I'm too cheap to hire actresses. Come right out and say so. All right. You're too cheap to hire actresses. Anyway, folks, our version of the women will go on immediately after Dennis Day's song. Oh, Jack. Yes, Don. Who's going to play Mary Bowlin's part? You know, the Countess Delage. I can't tell you, Don. I'm saving that for a surprise. Andy, now you've spoiled it. Go ahead and sing, Dennis. Nobody can keep a secret around here. When I touched your lips, I couldn't live. Sweetest kiss is one that lingers on. The dearest memory always lingers. It's sung by Dennis Day. And see, you did very well without your mother. You don't need her here at all.  Be careful. She's listening in. That's what I say. Your mother needs a rest. She's entitled to it. And now, ladies and gentlemen... Gee, Jack, I could have sworn you said Dennis's mother was a pest. Well, I'm getting this front tooth fixed, Mary. It slurs my words. And now, ladies and gentlemen, for our play, The Women, which we will present in two sacks, or two acts. Darn that front tooth. See what it does to me. All right, take it, Mary. You're the announcer. Wait a minute. Answer the phone, will you, Don? I'm busy. Okay, Jack. Hello? Hello, is this Grauman's Chinese Theater? What's that, Madam? Is this Grauman's Chinese Theater? Oh, yes, Madam. Jello does come in six delicious flavors. Strawberry, raspberry, cherry, orange, lemon, and lime. I did her. Yes, indeed. You must be sure to ask for genuine Jello and look for the big red letters on the box. Well, what time does the feature go on? You're welcome, Madam. Goodbye. Are you through, Don? Sure, go ahead. All right, Mary, announce our play. Okay. The Women. The opening scene is a fashionable park-admy residence of Mrs. J. Updike Benny. As the curtain rises, we find Mrs. Benny seated in her wood wall, talking to her 16-year-old daughter, Denise. Mary, I said Dennis is five years old. I'm making him 16. He just winked at me. Oh. The Women. Act one. Curtain. Music. Oh, Denise. Denise. Yes, Mumsy? Uh, we're having dinner alone, darling. Just you and I. Daddy's working late at the office. Oh, Mother, when are you going to wake up? When are you going to realize that men are only snakes in the grass? Denise, I will not have you talking that way about your father. But, gee, Mumsy, father hasn't been home to dinner in five years. Well, maybe... maybe he isn't hungry. I trust Updike implicitly. Oh, dear, it's getting late.  I must get made up. Aren't you going to shave first? Denise, I'm not a bearded lady. Oh, Rochelle. Rochelle. Yes? What are you doing? I'm pressing your pants. Rochelle. Now, Rochelle, I want you to go down to the kitchen and tell the cook Mr. Benny won't be home to dinner tonight. That's a pretty long walk for so little news. Never mind. Mr. Benny is detained at the office. Don't tell me about men. I married eight of them. Well, Rochelle, wasn't there even one of them who was nice and sweet and kind to you? One you could trust. Mrs. Benny is one woman to another. Uh-uh. Well, I refuse to be cynical. There's the phone, Mumsy. Yes, I'll take it, dear. Darn this negligee. I'm always tripping over. They'll be so clumsy, Mumsy. I wonder who that can be. I hope it's your father, Denise. Has he got our phone number? Denise. Hello? Hello, Jacqueline. This is Phyllis. Oh, Phyllis, darling, how are you? When did you get back from Bermuda? Yesterday, my dear, I had a marvelous time. Did you really? How was the trip back, Phyllis? Oh, divine, and the captain was extreme. He chased me all over the boat. Oh, Phyllis, pardon me a minute. Rochelle, hook me up, please. I want to get dressed while I'm phoning. Okay, Mrs. Benny, inhale. Oh, Phyllis, do tell me more about your trip. Well, Jacqueline, who do you think I met on the boat honeymooning with a South American cattle man? You'll die.  Who was it, Phyllis? Tell me. Donna Wilson. Donna Wilson? Is that tub still kicking around? My goodness. Tub, nothing. You should see her now. She's quite slim. Now, she might look that way when she's dressed, but if her stays ever snap, watch out. Tell me, Phyllis, ouch, Rochelle, be careful with those hooks. Okay, Mrs. Benny, where do you want this bustle? Where do you think I want it? Phyllis, darling, I'm just dying to see you. Let's have lunch tomorrow at the Park Villa. Oh, Grant, shall we meet in the Rendezvous room? That's rendezvous, rendezvous room, and I think you went to bathroom. I'll tell you what, Phyllis, I'll call Donna and we'll have a little get-together. All right, darling, see you tomorrow. Bye-bye, dear. Bye-bye. Oh, by the way, Jacqueline, I almost forgot to ask you, how is Updike? Updike. Here they go, folks. Updike's just fine, darling. He's been very, very busy at the office, poor boy. I saw him at the Silver Slipper last night. He was pretty busy there, too. The Silver Slipper? Are you sure, Phyllis? Why, yes. I hope I haven't shocked you, dear. I thought you knew. Oh, I'm sure you must be mistaken. Well, my dear, see you tomorrow at the Park Villa for lunch. Yes, goodbye, darling. You poor thing. The hussy. I could scratch her eyes out. What's the matter, mother? Nothing, darling.  I don't feel like eating tonight. Why? Never mind.  Good night. Good night, darling. Good night, mother. Who are those cigars? I've been putting up with that for years. Phyllis, the cat, the hussy. Why did she have to tell me? Oh, Updike. Updike, how can you do this to me? You said you'd love me in December as you would in May. And here it is, November. I know I'm not pretty anymore, Updike, but I've given you the best years of my life. Oh, come now, honey. Don't cry. I can't help it, Rochelle. I told you men are no good, none of them. But what'll I do, Rochelle? This is so humiliating. What'll I do? Honey, take this razor. Find that man and make way for tomorrow. The man-bake will go on immediately after the next number. Play, girls. The teacher played by Phyllis Harris and her redheads. Ladies and gentlemen, act two. The women. The scene is the rendezvous room of the Park Villa Hotel where we find Phyllis Harris and Donna Wilson, three charming ladies. Awaiting the arrival of Jacqueline Benny. The women. Curtain. Me. Music. Well, Donna, I just couldn't believe my eyes. Updike is sure giving her the run around. To me, Phyllis, Jacqueline's got just about as much appeal as a parsnip. Oh, she'd be all right if she just put her wig on straight. No fooling. Does Jacqueline wear a wig? Yes. Half the time, she looks like a French poodle. Quiet, Donna. Here she comes now. Oh, hello, girls. Phyllis. Donna. Jacqueline. Darling. And did you hear what happened after that? This wig. And to make it worse. Oh, it was simply awful. Now don't breathe the word of this to a soul. We won't. Oh, here, Jacqueline. Have a dish of jello. Thank you, darling. And Donna, I can't get over how thin you look.  And did you notice how my chins have gone down? Yes, down to your stomach. Oh, I was just pooping, Donna. Oh, girls, girls. Look. Look who's sitting at that table over there. Where? Oh, yes. And is she getting high hats since she's been on the radio? Who is it, Jacqueline? It's Frida Allen. Isn't she a sight?   She should never wear short sleeves with that anchor tattooed on her arm. And girls, you want to hear something else? Frida's going to the hospital tomorrow to have her face lifted. What, again? Yes. About every three months she has a landslide. Oh, look, girls. Look, here comes Andrea Devine. Andrea? I thought she was in Paris. Hello, Andrea. Hiya, Jacqueline. Andrea, darling. What are you doing here? I thought you were living abroad. I was, but I came back to marry a cowboy. A cowboy? How thrilling. What's his name, Andrea? I forget it, but it's on his guitar. Oh, are you very much in love, Andrea? Am I? Lamar, who's your Lamar? Well, by the way, Andrea, why did you divorce the Count? I'm just dying to know. Oh, Pierre was always so busy at the office. He was working night and day. Oh. Uh-huh, like guess who, eh, Jacqueline? Now, listen, Phyllis, I'll have none of your innuendo. Just because Updike happens to be working at the office a great deal, you don't need to jump at conclusions. He's a very good husband. Oh, stop trying to kid us. It's all over between you and Updike, and you know it.  Girls, girls! You do, and I'll pull your hair out.  I'll bet you act as more than Phil does.  And then will those bags show? It's no use, Jacqueline. You can't compete with them chorus girls. I can't, eh? Take that! Take that! And that! And that! Phyllis, Phyllis! Take that! And that! And that! Leah, Leah! Leah, Leah! Oh, my God, my God, my God! Miss PQ, Phyllis Harris, I'm going home, pay the cheque, Donna. Goodbye. Later that night we find the heartbroken Mrs. Benny and her woodwall packing for her trip to Reno. And she's not going for the scenery. Music! I'll show Updike. And I'll show Updike. Oh, no. That's not how I've seen it. Say it. Yeah. So I brought you up to Narrow, I'll show up guys. Can't treat me like that. He can't humiliate me in front of all my friends. Denise, hand me my hat box. Oh, Mumsie, why are you packing all your bags? Where are you going? I'm going to Reno. Reno? Yes. Gee, mother, don't you love father anymore? How can I love him when he won't come home?   For five years I haven't seen your father. Five long years. But mother dear. No use, Denise. I can't keep it from you any longer. Your father is a lout. Now let's hurry, dear. We'll miss the train. Who can that be? Come in. Mrs. Benny. Yes, what do you want? Don't you remember me? I'm your husband, Updike. Updike? Oh, I knew you'd return to me. I knew it. Oh, Updike, darling. Let go of me. I just came back. My long underwear. Oh, they're in the bottom drawer. Play, Phil. Come along, Denise. We're going to Reno. Every housewife knows that the best compliment her guests can pay her is to come back for second helpings. And that's the kind of compliment you get every time when you serve one of the new jello puddings for dessert. I'm thinking right now of jello butterscotch pudding. A handsome taffy colored dessert served up in shining sherbet glasses and sprinkled with a white curly blanket of shredded coconuts. Now there's a real pudding for you. It has a texture smooth as cream and that mellow distinctive flavor of old fashioned butterscotch candy the whole family will love. Jello chocolate pudding, too, has a rich luscious homemade goodness that just seems to hit the spot. And don't forget jello vanilla pudding, please. You'll find its delicate creamy flavor makes a hit with the whole family, especially when it has nuts, fruits or chopped dates mixed in to give it that final tempting touch. All three jello puddings are quick as a flash to make. So get acquainted with America's newest dessert sensation. The dessert the whole country is talking about jello puddings butterscotch chocolate and vanilla old fashioned favorites made a new fashioned way. This is the last number of the fifth program in the new jello series and we will be with you again next Sunday night at the same time. They marry as a member of the fair sex. What do you think of the way we fellas did the women tonight? I thought it's pretty good in you. Well, Jack, there's an old Chinese proverb that says Lumgao Ching Lung Chang Lu Toy. What does that mean? Oh, how I'd love to tell you. Good night, folks. Here's news. Every Tuesday night, the Aldrich family is on the air starring Ezra Stone as Henry Aldrich, that lovable hard luck kid. Consult your local newspaper or radio guide for time and stations and be sure to tune in on the Aldrich family next Tuesday night. This is the national broadcasting company.


Thanks, Elliott, and thanks very much, Eric, for having me here. Eric Green, that is, and thanks Eric Lander for the call in 1999 to work on the genome project. And, of course, thanks Jim Kent for doing all the work. I'm going to say a few words about evolutionary genomics here. And following in Evan's footsteps here, I'll even tell you about a gene. We have no idea what the function is, but it's rapidly evolved. The comparative genomics is the current version. I think we're progressing towards a true evolutionary genomics. We don't want to just compare genomes pairwise, but we want to compare them to each other in such a way that we understand the origin of the DNA in each of the species. And that's the theme here. Right now on the genome browser at UCSE, you can look and you can see the comparison of the human genome to 27 other vertebra genomes at this point. And this is a huge testament to NHGRI's sequencing prowess and tremendous achievements that have come out of these sequencing projects. And as we've heard from previous speakers, if you go through and just look at regions of conservation, things like exons and conservative non-coding regions stand out quite distinctly. Minolas-Kellis led a great comparative analysis of the fly, and we heard about this from Andy, where I want to add to... This is the same slide I've copped from that paper. My postdoc, Jaco Pedersen, also worked on this project and working on another aspect, which I'll add to Andy's comments, that you can recognize RNA structure also by comparative genomics, and that comes from finding compensatory changes where one side of the RNA helix change and the other changes to compensate. You can have very strong statistical evidence from that, and Jaco did that both in human and in this fly study. And of course, Elliott did an amazing job in leading the comparative genomics for the ENCODE project. I think this was a huge success. We learned a lot from intensely looking at 1% of the genome, and the comparative part was a great foundation for that. It was a lot of that. If it wasn't explaining it, everybody was scratching their heads, and why doesn't explain the experimental data? So the interaction between the conservation that Elliott's group put together and the rest of the experimental data is a very fertile place to look for genome function. So evolution is... What we learned from that is that evolution is much more sensitive than a lot of the experiments that we can do. Evolution can sense things in terms of subtle but statistically significant advantages, fitness advantages that are impossible to test in the laboratory. And we've seen that time and time again, and I think it will be an emerging theme over the next decade. We've heard a lot, again, and you went over this, and I'm just going to give you a very high-level picture. If you look at a particular region of the genome and you focus in, you can see just looking at a small subset of these 28 vertebrate genomes that we're now dealing with, you can see the various forces of evolution at work. In this third position of the codon, you can see that there have been enough mutational opportunities and the right kind of populations and timeframes so that it has explored its potential. In other words, we've seen it try out different forms, and in fact, it doesn't matter. We're going to make alanine whatever this third base position is, and so you do see that drift. Neutral drift is evident and is measurable, and so once we have enough data to see that clearly, then we can contrast that to events where there's clear negative selection. So the first two base pairs of this same codon show this evidence of negative selection, just as many mutations, but they did not get fixed in the population because they confer a negative fitness. Now, what's exciting is on the background of that, if you look at regions that are clearly under selection for hundreds of millions of years and then suddenly change in the human genome, then we have something interesting, and I love that Rick Myers also pointed out this example. This is Monaco's gene, FoxP2, and Swantipavo's group, this NRDAL paper, showed that it had a very interesting evolutionary history in the sense that there were two amino acid substitutions in a gene that hadn't really had many amino acid substitutions for hundreds of millions of years, and of course this gene is required for the production of speech. So the suggestion is that these are possibly events in the positive selection for speech in our species, and by other means they have been dated to an appropriate period of our evolutionary history. Now, of course, that doesn't mean that we have any proof that this is a speech gene. Again, as Rick mentioned, Swantipavo has made transgenic mice with humanized versions of this gene and he's listening to the mice to see if there's any difference and of course there's no definitive conclusion from that. So one of the lessons that we get in this is that it's very difficult to test, especially human-specific or primate-specific changes because our primate models are precious and of course human-specific is impossible to do any experiment with. So also the complex connection between genotype and phenotype requires an immense amount of study. So with that in mind, as an excuse for showing you a gene that I really know nothing about functionally, I will go through what we did. We scanned, and this is, we are usually the people that are shown here at the bottom in the credit side. I'm not going to mention them all by name, but this was Katie Pollard who's now at University of California at Davis who scanned the human genome for instances of this signature of positive selection in a region that was previously under negative selection. And so here you have a region that showed as the most dramatic example of sudden positive exception, sudden positive selection after long negative selection, which we call human acceleration. Human Accelerated Region 1 is 118 bases that had only one change between chicken and chimp if you went pair-wise, and overall was incredibly conserved for about 300 million years and then suddenly in 118 bases, bam, 18 changes in the human lineage. That indicates that something was going on to shake this region up. We found 49 such regions that were significant at a 5% false discovery rate. And looking at this top region, we can see that in fact it corresponds to a previously unexplored gene on chromosome 20. Now, all the wet lab work was done by Sophie Salama, so she mapped this gene out for the first time, found out that there's actually a gene on the forward strand and one on the reverse strand, and they overlap just at this interesting region. Now, it turns out that this gene doesn't make a protein at all. It makes an RNA, so this returns to my previous example, and it turns out that Jaco Pedersen, again who I mentioned earlier, independently found this gene on a completely separate whole genome screen where he was looking for regions that showed the most dramatic compensatory substitution pattern in the genome. This is in the top 1%, and was very close to the list. If you take into account conservation, it actually boils very close to the very top of the list. And so what's happening is we can get now a confirmation that this change wasn't just a speed-up in mutation, but there must have been some kind of selective force here going along with the mutations because if you run a program to predict the RNA structure and then look at how that RNA structure has changed, you find 10 positions are changed in the human genome within the RNA helices, and they form five perfectly compensatory changed pairs. So both base pairs have changed in order to maintain base pairing in what was originally these helices of the genome. Chances of that occurring is 10 to the minus 9 by coincidence. So you see the hand of selection clearly in this gene. And in fact, what's happened is that one of the helices has also altered its structure. So this helisk is now extended at the expense of this helisk. So we also have a slightly new structure in the human. These have been confirmed by dimethyl sulfate probing. I won't go into the experimental details, but basically this dark patch here comparing the two different RNAs that we've made in large quantities and tested now shows that this position here where the dot is is relatively exposed near the end of the helix and chimp, but it's nicely buried in the middle of the helix and so it's resistant to the dimethyl sulfate treatment in human. Sorry, so you get a lot of hits in chimp and resistant in human backwards. And so that establishes essentially the correctness of this structure prediction that was already evident from an evolutionary point of view. Now the exciting thing that happened in this and the reason it comes back to our attention here in terms of possibly important genes for human evolution is that Pierre Vonderhagen showed up, our Belgian colleague, with tissues where we could take the clones that Sophie had prepared and actually do in-situ hybridization in human developmental neural tissue. And so you're looking actually at in-situ hybridization, in this case in human 17 gestational week fetus, and you can see that in fact this gene is expressed in specific layers in the developing cortex. This is the subpeal-granule layer and this is the peal surface up here at the top, it's the marginal zone, and this is the evolving cortical plate. So it's expressed very close to the surface in a specific set of patterns on either side of the marginal zone subpeal-granule layer. And this is recapitulated in the macaque at a comparable time in development. And what's interesting is there's another very important neurodevelopmental gene that's being expressed at this time, the gene relin, and you can see that in immunohistochemistry there next to it. So what's going on during about nine to 20 weeks, 24 weeks of gestation, the six-layer structure of the cerebral cortex is developing and it's being created at that time there are migrating neurons coming radially up from the subventricular zone and they are sensing a gradient of relin that's produced by these caholrezius neurons and some triangular-shaped neurons that are up here near the peal surface are creating this gradient of relin and based on sensing the relin concentration these migrating neurons get off and form the various layers of the cortex. In fact there are six waves of migration at this time according to the relin master clock and that forms the brain. So, needless to say, we were extremely excited when we looked more carefully at the combined immunohistochemistry for relin and the in-situ hybridization and we can see that in fact the R1F, this rapidly accelerated gene comes on at about the same time in human cerebral cortex development. It's expressed specifically in the same cells the caholrezius cells as relin and it actually goes off when relin goes off and so we have strong circumstantial evidence that this rapidly changed human gene may have something to do with the development of the cerebral cortex which makes it a very exciting evolutionary candidate and so we're pursuing this I emphasize hypothesis that we have no direct connection at this point it is all circumstantial but it is a tantalizing hypothesis that this gene may have been involved in human evolution. One thing that happened that you can see here on this radiograph comparing the chimpanzee to the human obviously is that the cerebral cortex expanded by about three-fold during the time of evolution that we're talking about since divergence with the human divergence from human and chimp. Now we have no direct evidence that this gene had anything to do with that but it shows you how we can go from a whole genome scan down to a hypothesis with amazing ease now and I think we're entering into a transformative period in the study of human evolution where we can start to use our genetic tools to look deeper and in a non-biased non-hypothesis-driven way. Well, I'll just provide a couple other quick stories here many of you know of course that the human genome is mostly so-called fossil junk left over from transposons mostly retro transposons that are shown, their life cycle is shown here that copy themselves and spread throughout the genome. It's likely that much more than half of it is and they're just, the families are too old for us to recognize at this point. We use these retro transposon families as a model of neutral evolution to kind of have a yard stick on which to measure the rate, empirically measure the rate of neutral evolution and comparing to that yard stick if you look through 50 base pair windows of the human genome compared to the orthologous region in mouse you see an excess of highly conserved regions and that was led to an estimate that about 5% of the human genome shows with comparison to the rodents signs of purifying selection and that's held up fairly well in subsequent studies with many more species and much more care. So it's clear that there is a reasonable percentage of our genome that is devoted to some kind of function which is under purifying selection. It's much more than is under coding. You know, of course, only less than 1.5% of the genome codes for protein. So at least twice as much as what codes for protein is under selection for something else and we assume that it's regulatory of some kind but most of this is unexplored so-called dark matter. Now the regions of strong conservation often cluster near developmental genes and that's a very, very strong pattern. Recognizably similar sequences to these highly conserved vertebrate sequences are not found in invertebrates and so there's strong evidence that this may be an independent evolution of regulatory architecture in the vertebrates. Some of the stretches are so conserved that they're virtually unchanged for hundreds of millions of years. We call these ultra-conserved and Gil Begerano discovered these and is working on them. He's now at Stanford. And Eddie Rubin's group, in particular Len Panasho, had a wonderful paper recently where he's analyzed hundreds and hundreds of these and showed them in assays as distal enhancers but then knocked out, not in his group knocked out four of them and didn't see a phenotype. And so they exert clear effects when you do an enhancer assay and oftentimes we see very, very strongly recapitulated very, very precise expression patterns that are under the control of these enhancers so it's clear they're doing something but it appears they're in largely redundant systems and so knocking out a single one doesn't have much measurable effect. And one of the things that I'd like to spend some time on but don't, but recent evidence indicates that many of these were actually propagated from one position to another by transposons so we can trace the origin back to ancient transposons that operated and moved this material around. And if you think about the numbers game, it's not surprising. We have hundreds of thousands of these elements. There's no reasonable duplication process. Segmental duplication is great and I think Evan has highlighted some spectacular phenomenon associated with that but it's not pervasive enough to have created these massive networks all throughout the genome, a regulation. So we, there's strong evidence from several groups including Landers Group, the Elgar Lab, Okada's Lab that we have a system that was mitigated by ancient transposons. Now, there was always the question that well, if you're just looking at evolutionary conservation between species, how do we know these aren't mutational cold spots? And again, following on Andy's talk, the way to do that is to look at the population dynamics of these today and so if you look at derived allele frequency which is the frequency that new alleles are segregating within the population, the cold spot problem because we're only looking at the alleles that are segregating and among those alleles we're asking do they get to high frequency? Do these new or derived alleles get to high frequency in the population? So here's a histogram for the frequencies of segregating alleles, 134 segregating derived alleles in the, in the, alleles in the elder conserved sites and doing this work with Rick Wilson's laboratory we found out that in fact it's very rare only one of them got to more than 50%. You see a remarkable lack of high frequency derived alleles and this contrast with non-sononymous changes in coding regions where they do come to high frequency and fix with the reasonable frequency. So if you convert this raw frequency spectrum into an estimate of the selection coefficients for these sites, the average selection coefficient is about three times as strong as that in the non-sononymous amino acid changing position. So that is dramatic evidence that these are actually under selection today even if NADF can knock out the damn things and not see any phenotype. So in closing we have a grand challenge here to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the human genome and use it as a guide to understand processes that are relevant to our evolution in particular and Evan made a spectacular case I think for the recently evolving regions of being the most exciting and also having a great connection with human disease. The right way to do this is not pairwise comparison but to actually reconstruct the history as Evan indicated and we think we can do that with very high accuracy back about 100 million years and for most of the genome, maybe 90% of the genome and then in the ultra conserved regions we can go back a lot further and all of the genome centers are creating data for this. What we would like to be able to do is to actually model not just the single base changes but the entire evolution of the genome, the chromosomal changes that you see, the segmental duplications that Evan studies, the reciprocal translocations, the speciation events that result in independent changes that we can then trace back to a common ancestor. The problem of putting together all of this data is enormous and we have been very much wrapped up in it for three or four years. We're working very hard with Webb Miller's lab and looking at the wonderful data that's been generated by all of the sequencing centers. You can see with this density of sampling from the placental mammals that we have a good shot, and we can prove this mathematically, a very good shot at producing a very accurate history from this ancestor forward for most of the genome. If you go back further to the marsupials and so forth, there's a long branch in there that's going to be difficult. There are going to be a lot of ambiguities. It's going to be difficult to reconstruct. But here there's enough semi-independent data bearing on this, say, Boreo-Eutherian ancestor to give us a good, accurate reconstruction. And it will look something like this. This is an early model where we're looking at evolutionarily non-rearranged segments. We call them atoms, non-rearranged and non-partially duplicated segments. Here we broke up chromosome X into 200 such segments and we're looking at its evolution. And I want to point out that these just aren't, it isn't just inversions that you're seeing here and translocations, but that little line is a duplication. And so we've estimated that there was a duplication event and we've traced the two copies as well. And so this is actually a new thing and we want to be able to do this on a large scale to be able to analyze rearrangements and duplications at the same time. I think that is the key. If we don't get there, if we're always doing this independently, we're really not understanding the correct substrate for evolution. We're really not putting together the correct story. Mathematically, this has turned out to be enormously, enormously challenging. Of course, what we want to do is we want to have the high-level picture, but we want to be able to zoom down in and look at this region like in HAR-1 where you have an extraordinary evolutionary history, and this is just a little snapshot of dating some of the events that happened along there. And of course, we'd love to get Swansea Pabos or Eddie Rubin's Neanderthal sequence to fill in those question marks at that line. So the grand challenge I see from evolutionary genomics is to reconstruct the history of every base in the human genome with as great accuracy as you can say when you don't know, the answer indicates the level of uncertainty. From that, we can recognize functional elements by the signs of negative selection and look for positive selection that identify the origins of evolutionary innovations that are specific to the human lineage. Thanks to the group, we have Sophie Salama leading the wet lab, and this is now the wet lab. At this point, it's grown very rapidly, and they've done a great job starting to explore some of the hypothesis that we've generated by our bioinformatics work. And of course, Jim Kent is leading a very large group of browser people, and then there are a number of students and postdocs, former postdocs that I have to acknowledge that contributed to this work. Katie Pollard at UC Davis, Gillette Stampert and Adam at Cornell have done a great job in laying the foundation for this work, and we have a large number of external collaborators, all of the genome people, and that's the whole list of everybody. Thank you. We have time for a few questions while we get a presentation loaded. And by the way, there's plenty of seats towards the front, so those of you who are trickling in the back, come on down. You can even sit next to the NIH director if you want. There's an open seat next to him. Okay, over here, Karen. David, we're friends, so I can say this. As an alum of Solarogenomics, we cursed the day that phone call was made in 1999. We're all still trying to get over it. I am really excited about the dark matter sort of work that you're doing, but I wanted to go back to a previous part of your talk where you were talking about the annotated genes that we have already with no functional attribution, and that to me seems like a more embarrassing problem for us. Do you see that as something that's amenable to a breakthrough anytime soon? That's very difficult from the point of view of evolutionary history. We can identify those with unique evolutionary history, but it's a long way. There's a long experimental road, I think, to really getting down to what we would be comfortable of calling an identified function. Elliot? So every once in a while, I try and wrap my head around how an ultra-conserved element can be so conserved. These regions are more conserved than protein-coding genes, and when we think about what we know about binding sites, which can have some wiggle room in the various bases, it's sometimes more of a bar room conversation than anything else, but I'm curious of your thoughts on how something like that can be so conserved at every base for so many millions of years. Every so often, I scratch my head about that too. No, that's a very difficult unsolved riddle at this point. Are there multiple overlapping binding sites, some kind of promiscuous binding that we don't completely understand, that governs these enhancers? There's some kind of subtle quantitative effect that's being selected for, possibly. Lots of competing binding sites, maybe dual function as an RNA or something else. It's still wide open. Francis? So, when we're trying to figure out what are the DNA sequences that are particularly responsible for very recent human evolution, it is, of course, tempting to look at the things that are gains of function. But obviously, the other possibility, and one that Maynard Olsen, in particular, our Oracle of Delphi, when it comes to the genome, has always put forward is that it probably won't turn out that it will be gains, it will be losses. You have something that was holding you back and you got down out of the trees onto the savanna, you didn't need it anymore, and your opportunities, an example is this MyH11 gene that's responsible for jaw muscles, and maybe with your jaw muscles or puny, you give your cranium a chance to expand and take up more space with brain. So, is there a systematic kind of approach to that question in terms of what things have become non-functional?  Well, we're starting to get a systematic, and thanks for asking that question. We just have a paper that will be coming out soon on the screen on that subject, and I'll send you a draft of it happily. But yes, of course you can, and I think loss is extremely important, and we've found a few more, but I think we're still a ways from being systematic about it because it greatly enriches for any artifacts in our assembly or matching algorithms and so forth, and so it's hard work to sort through that and make sure that it isn't a gap or a glitch or something that you've introduced. And so that's still, there's a labor-intensive part of that, but it's coming.


Hi everyone, I'm very excited today to announce the launch of Moodle Academy, the learning hub for the global Moodle community. I'm Jessica Gramp, Moodle Academy's manager and I'm welcoming you all educators, administrators, designers and developers to our community of best practice and professional development. Alongside Anna Crassa and Mary Cooch, who many in the community will know well, we're looking forward to supporting you to develop the skills you need to create and facilitate great learning experiences. Hi everyone, I'm Mary Cooch and I want to welcome you all to Moodle Academy. We're celebrating our launch by delivering a new series of webinars. These are on topics that are designed to help you make the most of Moodle. They're going to be interactive learning experiences facilitated by our team and some great guest presenters. Our first webinar on Moodle forums is happening late August and you can register by clicking on the link in the video description. In addition to our current Learn Moodle MOOCs, we'll be offering new courses next year through which you can earn badges and certificates. I hope to welcome you at a webinar soon.


back to this sit-out position. We've got to be ready for it. If we're not ready for it and they catch us in a weird spot, see how his legs trapped right here? All right, if I get to this position, even though he's got a little bit of a crab ride, all right, once I start scooting and peeling, it's gonna be pretty easy for me to get out. And then after lunch today, we'll start talking about beating the crab ride and beating the leg ride, and that's gonna make our top riding better. The bottom guy, I want you pushing back into this sit-out. Top guy, I want you feeling that reaction off the whistle and adjusting, all right? A lot of times guys will push back off the whistle and think they're in control. If we use the momentum of the bottom guy and just get him right into our crab ride, and look how smooth that could be, all right? That's what I want you to focus on. So bottom guy, you're about 65%, pushing back to your sit-out, all right? Top guy, you're just feeling that pressure and reacting accordingly. Getting that eight points of control, stretching them out and getting ready to go.  Right to the back, okay? Right to the back. Go. Get it. We got it right.