Here is a story that will tax your powers of deduction. Perhaps you can assist us in solving the mystery which confronts officials of trans-American airlines. To aid us in the investigation, the United States Department of Justice has detailed Miss Irene Delroy, clever girl operative, to bring the guilty person or persons to justice. Now here is our problem. Within a period of three weeks, trans-American has lost three of the newest type airmail ships in a very mysterious manner. In each case, the pilot, flying through night and bad weather, reported that the ship's motor cut out over mountainous country, forcing him to leave the ship by parachute. Upon locating the wreckage, officials of trans-American found the mail apparently safe, but were astounded to hear that in each case, a valuable shipment of government securities was missing. Irene Delroy of the Department of Justice, Tom Powers, general manager of trans-American, and his board of directors are awaiting the return of Andrews, pilot of the ill-fated 601, the last ship to crash. If you know something about this, how do we know his motor cut out on him? If only his word to go on, suppose it didn't, then what? You mean to imply powers that there's some connection between Andrews and the airmail thieves? Why not? We've lost three ships counting the one tonight. Andrews was the pilot in each case. The only man in the ship. You don't hear about the motors on our passenger lines giving trouble. Why should the mail planes? Most of all, why should Andrews get all the bad breaks? But Powers, don't lose sight of the fact that here to four, Andrews has been our best pilot. He's been with us since we organized this company. Why should he want to deliberately wreck $80,000 worth of our ships? What is your opinion, Miss Delroy? Well, you should not overlook the fact that in each case there was a valuable transfer of government securities. I know how you feel about Andrews, Temple. You watched him grow up and hated him where you could. He's engaged to marry your daughter. But men have been known to crack before, especially where the stakes were high. What do you mean, Powers? Just this. I know that for the past few months Andrews has been trying his luck in the market. He's been gambling on rather risky stocks. Now I'll tell you something you don't know. Two days ago, Andrews sold all his holdings in Trans-American. How do you know that? The broker who has been handling Andrews' account told me. What's more, he told me that Andrews is hard up. It's preposterous. Andy is not the man to gamble away what little money he has saved. I can show you the stock transfer tomorrow.  Soft-headed, eh? Listen. I believe we will get farther if you gentlemen will assist me by answering a few questions. Sorry, Miss Delroy. Mr. Powers believes that the pilot might have had something to do with this case. Can you tell me, Mr. Powers, if there was any way for Andrews to know that the particular shipment he was carrying was of unusual value? You mean any way he could know that he was carrying securities? Yes, that's the question. I don't know. I suppose he could have found out some way. Where do you receive the mail from the post office? Just outside this door in the receiving room. How long does it take there before it is loaded onto the plane? Oh, not long. Possibly 20 minutes. I see. Can you tell me, is the mail ever opened or sorted in the receiving room before it is loaded into the plane? Very seldom. Sometimes, if there's too much weight in one bag, we divide it into two containers. However, this is done before the proper authorities. Do you remember if the eastbound pouch was opened here tonight before it was loaded into the plane? Yes, it was opened and divided while the post office men were here. Who ordered it open? I did. For a reason? Yes.  I wanted to distribute the load more evenly. These new fast mails have a tendency to be a bit no as heavy as it is. Were you present when the pouch was emptied? I believe I was, at least part of the time. Did you see the government shipment? If I did, I didn't recognize it. Can you tell us if Mr. Andrews was present when the pouch was emptied? That I can't say. He may have been. Then again, he may not. Yes? There's a gentleman here to see you, Mr. Power, as a reporter. What's he want? I don't know, sir. Tell him we have nothing to say. Well, that's no way to receive a representative of the press, gentlemen. What do you want? I'm Gifford of the Star. Say, I hear you lost another ship tonight. Jimmy! I read! I knew it. I knew it. Sure as shooting. I had a hunch there was something back at these crashes, and seeing you here makes me sure of it. Jimmy, I thought you were still in New York. Hardly. I'm a roving sort of fellow. Can't stay in one place very long. You've got to keep traveling to keep ahead of these newshounds, you know. Say, let me look at you. Still as good looking as ever. Jimmy, please. Did you get my letter? Jimmy, we're here on serious business. All right. See, what's up? Nothing is yet. See here, Gifford, if you'll come around in the morning, we'll furnish you with a statement. Right now, we have other things on our mind. Exactly. And I'm thinking that the other things you mentioned will be more important than that statement you'll give me in the morning. That's enough. You weren't invited, so get out. Now, Powers, you forget you're talking to the press. You wouldn't want me to print a story saying that an official of Trans-American threw a reporter out on his ear, would you? I said get out of this office. Now, Mr. Gifford, if you have a few questions that won't take too long, perhaps we could... Fine. Now, I knew you'd be only too glad to help me out. You lost another ship tonight. Now, what was the cause? The pilot reported motor trouble. Anybody hurt? No, it was a mail plane. No passengers. I presume the pilot bailed out. Who was the pilot? Andrews. You mean Andy Andrews, the war flier? I believe he had some war experience. That's the third time he's ripped the sack, isn't it? And what is your mission, Miss Delroy? That doesn't concern you, Gifford. And why not? Here I find the directors of Trans-American Airlines closeted with one of the best operatives of the Department of Justice, and you say it doesn't mean anything. I can't see anything as yet, Jimmy. Well, I see. It's just one another one of those things, isn't it? Mr. Andrews is back, Mr. Powers.  You look all in. Oh, I am. Tired of the dog and soaked to the skin. Anybody got a drink? Here you are, Mr. Help yourself. Oh, thanks. This is great. Oh, aren't you going to join me? No, thanks. I only carry it for emergencies. Well, your first-aid kit is serving its purpose this time. Say, well, what's the matter? Oh, I'm sorry. Your face looked familiar. Now we're just trying to place it. My name's Gifford. I'm a reporter. Well, glad to know you, Gifford. Reporter, eh?  And we'll have to ask you to leave, Gifford. This conference is to be private. Oh, that's distressing. I'd hope to lend my assistance. It won't be needed. I don't see any harm in letting Mr. Gifford stay, gentlemen. I've worked on cases with him before, and I'm sure we can rely on his discretion. We're going to discuss some very private matters, Miss Delroy. I don't intend to see the press destroy confidence in our pilots or our ships. On the other hand, I believe we can persuade Mr. Gifford to build up that confidence, rather than destroy it. Oh, very well. What's up? Why all the hubbub? You carried a registered package tonight, Andrews. Well, what about it? I can't fly a ship without a motor, can I? Besides, you'll find that mail when you find the ship. I dumped the tanks and cut the switch. I'm beginning to believe somebody has it in for me. Bailing out of three ships in a month. That's precisely why we're here. What happened? You know, that's the funny thing about it. It was practically the same as happened when I was flying 618 about a week ago. How do you mean? What was that? You see, I was fighting rain and low ceiling over twin peaks. But aside from that, everything seemed okay. I was right on time, and the buzzer showed I was on course, according to the radio beacon. Then all of a sudden, the motor cut clean as a whistle. I pumped the throttle, but no soap. I switched on the both mags, but still she wouldn't pick up. I could see there wasn't a chance to land the ship, so I did the only thing there was to do. Dump the tanks, cut the switch, radioed metro, and bailed. That's all. What seemed to be the trouble with the motor, old man? Ignition. If it had been gas, the motor would have spluttered once or twice at least. How high were you when you were flying? About 4,800. That's only 1,800 above the pass. Was your motor turning up okay when you left? Sure. 1,700 rpm on the ground. That's plenty of stock. Had you checked ignition cables? No, why should I? That's Fitzgerald's job. Say, what'd he say about it? Fitzgerald swore that the ship had been thoroughly checked before you left. Where is this Fitzgerald? I let him go. I hold him jointly responsible for tonight's crash. The other party? Andrews. Me? See, what's the idea? Just because I don't ride a plane to the ground, you blame me. Listen, powers. I've put every plane we've got through our schedule in all sorts of weather.  But when a motor cuts completely on me over that country, I bail out, see? And rightly, too. Rightly? Do you mean to tell me that you approve of Andrews' action? Naturally. What else would you expect a man to do? Go down with the ship? Ah, don't get soft, Temple. Tonight, Andrews, you'll crack the third ship in three weeks in the same place. Well, what about it? Why don't you find out why the motor on those ships stopped better than a macro? For the love of Mike, do you think I like to bail out in the mountains? Do you think it's fun to risk my neck coming down in a chute in that kind of country? In those three trips, you carried $65,000 in government security. Oh, what if I did? What of it? Those securities worked with the mail when it was recovered from the wreckage. Now I get what you're driving at. In other words, Mr. Powers, you're trying to infer that I took them, is that it? Well, I didn't say that, Andrews, but on the other hand, we know that you've been plunging in the market. Well, what about it? Is there any law against a pirate playing the market? Everybody else does. But you sold your holdings in trans-American airlines. Sure, why shouldn't I? The stock was mine. You admit you were hard up for money? Sure, I was a sucker and they cleaned me. But I didn't have anything to do with that mail. Perhaps I'd better introduce you to Miss Delroy here. She's with the Department of Justice. It will be for her to decide. Who is it? Mr. Powers. Well, what is it? Mr. Powers, I've just found the wreckage of 601. Oh, good. Andrews dumped the tanks and cut the switch. Now we'll see if we can find any part of that mail. I don't think you will, sir. Why? Why shouldn't we find it? Because Mr. Fitzgerald found the ship, sir, and reported it was completely burned to pieces.


I'm gonna be real honest with you, I'm tired of these boring titles Sometimes I just wish my titles could look like this And it's pretty easy to do Go to arlist.io, download the free holiday motion pack There are plenty of motion graphics essentials that you can use From here it's pretty easy, just open it with Premiere Drag your favorite titles straight into the project Write your text, change colors You could actually tweak it and mess with it in a thousand ways It's pretty cool


Hello everybody, Andrea Mayesca here with Dental Oil Tutoring. So I have a new course in the making. Well, it's actually made now, but I'm still working on it. I am still adding videos and lots of materials and this course has been a while in the making actually. So it took me a while to make, almost a year, because a lot of you have been asking me when I'm going to come up with the course for dental hygienists specifically. So not for dental hygiene students, but for dental hygienists to just basically offer a group of support, a group of lots of different types of materials and videos that a new dental hygienist will need to succeed and be the best dental hygienist that you can possibly be. So I'm going to share my screen. I have a new course here. It's called Student or Sorry, Not Student Dental LRDH. Okay, so let me pull that up just so I can show you guys what it's all about. So this is a full course for dental hygienists all all over the world. Okay, honestly, because we all do the same thing. Yes, a couple things will change depending on where you live. You do have different accesses and different materials depending on where you do live. Plus I can help you guys if you guys have any questions. But this course is for all new dental hygienists, but also for dental hygienists who just want a refresher of everything that they have to know.  So this is basically for anybody who just wants to know everything that you need to know to be a dental hygienist. I know when I first became a dental hygienist, it would have been nice to just be able to talk to somebody to answer questions to know what I should need to know when I start to work in a new office, the types of questions that I should be asking. Wondering if I should work for a larger office or for a smaller office. And these days, which is unfortunate, but if you join any of those dental hygiene groups on Facebook, you get a lot of negativity. So this course is full of positivity, obviously, where you can feel safe to ask questions. I share everything about dental hygiene. I have been working for about 14 years now and I and I worked in many different offices. So I worked in larger offices and smaller offices too.  Stay, do you leave? And my answer is may surprise you, but I do have a lot of experience in dealing with the good, the bad, the ugly, the amazing. And also the experience to tell you guys things that I may have done that I thought were right at the time where looking back on it, I shouldn't have done, or things that had just helped me throughout the years. I talk about the most common medications that you should know, even as a new dental hygienist, we're not perfect. We can't expect to memorize, but I give you guys a list of the types of medications that are more common. Of course, this list changes all the time because there's always new medications coming out right and that does depend on where you live. So it might be different for everybody, but still at least you have something to get started, right? But here, let me show you guys. So this full course includes a lot of pretty much videos on everything, which I do explain a little bit further. I do upload new videos every single week as well. So if you are part of the course, and there's something that you want me to talk about, if you have a question, let me know, and then I will upload that video the week after. So that way you are learning things that you want to learn and getting the help that you need. So I talk about that a little bit, and plus for a limited time, you will get full access to the dental hygiene manual also. So pretty much everything that I talk about by a video, by the PDF materials, you will get all of that in a big sort of PDF file also. So you can either download that or print it. It's totally up to you. You will have that included for a limited time if you sign up. By the time you watch this video, if that isn't offered, just send me a message and then let me know you had heard about it from the video on YouTube and then I will be happy to send that to you. Okay, so just let me know. But I had made a list here of pretty much everything that I talked about. I do talk about more, but I wanted to give you guys an idea of the types of videos that you can expect to see. So feel free to click on the link at some dental l.com slash dental l rdh.html. So it is easy to find. Plus if you go to the main website, all you have to do, I'm just kind of moving something out of my way here, is click on courses up at the top. Actually, it should be under here, but right now it's here. So I just have to change that but it will be under courses where it says dental l rdh. I just have to change that. I was doing some updates this morning so that's why things are kind of all over the place. But I wanted to quickly hop on just to kind of explain the course to you because a lot of you have been anxiously waiting for it. But inside the course, so I pretty much talk about everything that especially a new dental hygienist needs to know that they don't necessarily teach you in school. And if they do, you probably don't have it in the back of your mind now right because you might you might have just practiced studying for the board exam and then you pass the exam but you don't know sort of what to think about right. You're thinking the board exam but not necessarily the real world so I kind of give you guys insight on everything that you have to know for the real world so I will let you guys read through this but pretty much anything that you guys want to know it will be in the full course. So I talked about perio I talked about perio stages, the eruption patterns, how to book appointment so this is huge so if a patient should be coming in every three months, every six months every nine months every year. I talked about how to read patients insurance because that can be a little bit harder especially for a new dental hygienist. I talked about how much time you should be booking for each patient so if you're just just coming in new you might not know how long it should take you right so I do talk about that too. I do talk about a working interview so if you are in that new and you're just starting to go on interviews now I do talk about that. Should you be paid should you not be paid. If you're not paid what do you do you know things like that that people don't often talk about but I will talk about I talk about how to ask for a raise. I talk about if you haven't started working in an office yet. How do you talk about how much you should be making per hour right so I talk about that too. I talked about medical emergencies and how to handle them. I talked about how to transfer a patient in a wheelchair because yes you might have learned about that in school, but I'm going to talk about the real world. I'm like 110 pounds how do I do it you know what's the best way to do it so it doesn't look like you're completely new and don't know what you're talking about when to ask for help you know so I talk about all of that. I talk about oral hygiene and how to talk about that with patients. I talk about you know plaque, tartar how to talk about that to your patients to have them understand. I talk about children and their dental care. I talk about implants. I talk about ultrasonics. I talk about how to sharpen. I talk about infection control. Intra oral exams, extra oral exams so pretty much everything. Okay, sorry guys I don't have to read through all of this for you. But as I said feel free to click the link and I'll leave the link at the bottom of the video to dentall.com If you have any questions just feel free to comment below. I am doing a lot of updates on the course today because this is actually the first official day it has been released to the public, and I'm still adding more into it so I am constantly adding new stuff into it. So it will be huge. I'm pretty excited. And the nice thing too is that you will have lifetime access. So if you purchase it now you have access to it for as many times as you like. You can download everything. You can save everything and you can access it today and look at it six months from now. You can access it today and look at it six years from now you know so you will have full access as long as the course is available. I'm assuming that I'll be tutoring for the rest of my life but like you know what I mean. You will have access to everything for as long as you need it. No questions asked. And the nice thing too is that you can look at everything inside the course using your cell phone tablet iPad iPhone anything so I made sure that it is fully compatible using a laptop a computer a cell phone a tablet anything you like. Okay, so if you guys have any questions please let me know and I hope to see you guys inside the course. I'm looking forward to hearing and seeing what people think about the course and I am offering a sale as well for a limited time so same type of thing depending on when you watch the video. If the sale isn't being offered. Just send me an email and say that you had seen that I was offering a sale from a video on YouTube and then I would be happy to honor that so you have full access to the sale price for a long time. So thank you guys again for watching. Let me know any questions and I'll see you in the next one.


It's okay to admit you were wrong about this. It's okay to change your mind. It's okay to admit you reacted inappropriately to the news of what happened on October 7th and advocated some Israeli responses that you should not have advocated. It's okay to admit that you were wrong to cheer when the bombs started landing on Gaza. It's okay to admit you were wrong about the long-standing debate over Palestinian rights. It's okay to admit that you shared some things online you now regret sharing. I say this because there are probably a lot of pro-Israel people looking at what's happening in Gaza and starting to feel a bit dissonant about it, like maybe they're on the wrong side of this thing after all. And I just want to reassure you that you can change your position on this. It's perfectly fine and normal to do so. We all make mistakes. We all go through periods where aspects of our worldview are formed by inaccurate information that we were given by others. I know I have. So has everyone else. It's okay to make mistakes. You just have a responsibility to learn from them and course correct after you learn that you were mistaken.  You don't have to make a big public show of admitting you were wrong if you don't want to. You don't even necessarily have to admit it to anyone if this has all been a private and internal affair for you. But you do have a responsibility to undo any damage you did when you were mistaken about all this. If you've been cheerleading for the Gaza massacre, you must now begin advocating peace. If you've been sharing materials supportive of this onslaught, you must start sharing materials which oppose it. If you taught your children or any young impressionable people who look up to you to support what Israel is doing, you must now teach them the opposite. If you said things to your family and friends which may have fed into their support for this genocidal slaughter, you must now put forward the opposite stance. We're all learning as we go. Nobody has it all figured out.  It's fine to make mistakes. And it's fine to turn around once we recognize our error. It's not a crime to be duped. It's not evil to have been deceived. It would only be morally wrong if you kept persisting in your wrongness after you figured out that you are wrong. All you can do is your best. But you can't honestly tell yourself that you are doing your best if you've got a nagging feeling inside that you're getting this one wrong and yet do nothing to address it with honesty and integrity. We can all do something to help bring an end to this horror. None of us can do it single-handedly, but we can all do a little something. Speak out in every medium you have access to, attend demonstrations, talk to your friends and loved ones, and help open as many eyes as possible to the reality of what's happening. We're all waking up. One pair of eyelids at a time.


Recently, Pikeville Medical Center awarded position of the year to Dr. Frederick Stein at the 2023 PMC Award Banquet. Stein is a pediatrician and co-medical director at the Medu Children's Hospital and was recognized for his excellence in patient care. The Medu Children's Hospital strives to create a safe and welcoming environment for everyone. You know, I think the defining word is just like humbled. You know, I had no expectation going into this that I would even be considered for it. And that was never a reason for doing any of the stuff that I've been doing, you know, which I think made it even more of a kind of a shock that I would even be in the running for this. You know, like I'm here because I have such a passion for the project, for the people, for the staff, and that in and of itself is the greatest determination to like do the best that I can. So the fact that I was even considered for this award came as such a, you know, like I said, a humbling thing and to actually win it is just a wow moment. Yeah. Cancer. It's a very scary word. But an outstanding treatment facility was here at home. I was led to the Lawson Cancer Center. As a nurse practitioner at the Lawson Cancer Center, we are champions for our patients. I am so happy for Robert. The treatment worked. Robert extends his thanks toward his colleagues and other health care professionals with in Pipeville Medical Center. According to him, the community effort is what makes his work possible. It takes a village to raise a kiddo. It also takes a village to raise a mission like this.  Like I do well because others are working tirelessly in the background. You know, there's the nursing directors. There's the director of women's and children's. There's all the nurses here who just care so much about our kids. There's the nurse techs, my colleague, Dr. Nelson.   You can come to our emergency room and be seen today and get some of the best care, you know, in the country. So, you know, thank you so much to everybody who's contributed to the success of this mission. This has been a community effort. It's a community win. Reporting from Outantop News, I'm Nick Colum.


the reimbursement. All right, so then we have the parking fees and tolls. In addition to using the standard mileage rate, you can deduct any business related parking fees and tolls. So when we break out our bookkeeping and QuickBooks then to try to figure out our taxes, we might wanna break out our items between parking fees and tolls because in their own account, because those we might still be able to get even over and above the mileage method we're taking. So you can see how this kind of influences possibly our bookkeeping here.  Okay, actual expenses. If you do not choose to use the standard mileage rate, you may be able to deduct your actual car or truck expenses. So what are you gonna do then? You're gonna ask your accountant to figure out which is better. So if you qualify to use both methods, figure your deduction both ways to see which gives you a larger deduction. Now, oftentimes the actual method, write-off method will give you the bigger deduction, but that may only happen in year one and you're gonna be using the car for five to 10 years. So you really kinda wanna think about what the best deduction would be over the lifespan of the car, which gets a little bit complicated. But once you figure it out, if you're using the actual method or the mileage method that could influence how you're gonna track your miles within QuickBooks. So actual car expenses include the cost of the following. So in other words, these are the costs that you would have related to your vehicle if you were using the actual method as opposed to the mileage method. This is the stuff that you don't have to track as rigorously if using the mileage method instead of the actual method. The big one is depreciation. Depreciation is a pain to calculate. It takes a whole nother kind of form to kind of do, and it's not something that normal, like small businesses often do in their sole proprietor bookkeeping. It's gotta be done by the tax software. It's not too difficult for tax software to do, but that's the one that's kind of a, it's not a cash-based thing, right? You're not tracking it in your normal bookkeeping. It's an accrual thing. So garage, rent, gas, insurance, these are stuff that normally, of course, we would be tracking in our bookkeeping system lease payments, licenses, oil, parking fees, registration, repairs, tires, tolls. These are all things that, except for the depreciation that we would typically see going through our checking account if using bank feeds and QuickBooks and recording the expense to auto expense of some kind. We might have separate subcategories breaking all this stuff out. But, and the insurance is also particularly kind of tricky because we might group that with other insurance like liability insurance, but we probably wanna group it more with the auto expenses because it may or may not be deductible depending on the method that we're gonna use. And we might wanna break out the stuff that could be deductible, even if we're using the mileage rate, like tolls I believe that might still be deductible even if we are using the mileage rate. So if you use your vehicle for both business and personal purposes, you must divide your expenses between business and personal use. This also becomes tricky. So you can divide your expenses based on the miles driven for each purpose. This is what QuickBooks is basically helping us to do. We're driving around and we can basically allocate the miles to business or personal. Example, you are the sole proprietor of a flower shop. You drove your van 20,000 miles during the year. 16,000 miles were for delivering flowers to customers and 4,000 miles were for personal use, including commuting miles. You can claim only 80%, 16,000 over 20,000 of the cost of operating your van as a business expense. So if you're using actual write-off method like depreciation and so on, you would have to then limit it to 80%, right? But if you're using the mileage method, then you would use the business miles. So more information for more information about the rules for claiming car and truck expenses. You can see publication 463. This is on the IRS website. You can search for it, irs.gov, irs.gov.


The modern world faces numerous environmental challenges, which can only be addressed by advanced technologies based on renewable and sustainable energy sources. Photocatalytic applications using solar-inspired 2D materials such as graphene, transition metal dicalcogenides, TMDCs, and black phosphorus have shown great promise in addressing these challenges. Surface and interface engineering techniques, as well as hybridization with other materials, have been used to optimize the photocatalytic potential of 2D materials. These techniques have enabled the development of new materials with enhanced performance, which could lead to more efficient and cost-effective applications. This article was authored by Mohamed Akram, Ali Raza, Syed Osama Ali Ahmad, and others.


Hey folks as I have pointed out in recent episodes I am not the biggest fan of ordinations. As I've been pointing out my biggest concern with ordinations is that it's never quite clear what the point is. What do I need to see as a reader in this ordination? It just looks like a big mess of points and so that kind of gets us to the second concern I have with ordinations which is ultimately as humans we have evolved to see patterns because we want to know if there's a predator over there in the tree that I need to be aware of so we kind of overreact to patterns and so I think of an ordination as being a bit like an ecological Rorschach test. Do I see a pattern? Is that real or not? A third problem that I have with ordinations is that it ultimately removes information from the data. We've talked about this before that ordinations are a way to take highly dimensionalized data so say like 200 dimensions to represent the data and flattens it down to two dimensions. We see this commonly with three dimensions where you can think of a globe you know being a big sphere and then we smush it down in two dimensions. We know there's all sorts of distortions in the shapes and sizes of the countries on the earth. Well that's an even bigger problem when we go up to higher dimensional data like we have for ecological data. So what we're going to do in today's episode is I'm going to cover two different methods that are available in the vegan R package. One is called Adonis which has also been called Amova or Permanova. It's got a lot of different names and that allows us to see whether or not two clouds of points have the same centroid, whether or not they overlap the same spot. The second tool is another tool called PermDist or BetaDisper or Homova depending on kind of where you're getting the tool from and what this does is this allows us to see whether or not the variation in the data varies between different sampling groups. We'll head over to our studio and we'll get playing with those functions with the data we've been working on in recent episodes. As always if you want to get the data that I'm working with or you want to get a final copy of the script that I will be generating today down below in the description is a link to a blog post for today's episode. I've also got a video up here that'll show you all you need to do to get caught up. As always I'm going to start with LibraryTidyverse and we'll also do LibraryVegan so we can get the tools from both of those packages at our disposal. So now I'm going to read in a shared file generated from mother using read.tsv and so the file is in data and then it's mice.shared. And so this data comes from a study where I sampled mice, laboratory mice, over the course of about six months. I intensively sampled them between day zero and nine post-reading in day 141 and 150 post-weaning and so those are the time points I'm going to focus in on. There's other data in here but this will get us going. So this is a big data frame. It's got something like 2067 columns and 360 rows. I'm going to go ahead and get this into a tidy format so that it's easier to work with. So I'll do a select on group and anything that starts with Otu, capital O lowercase tu, and then I will go ahead and do a pivot longer on everything but the group column. So I'll do minus group and so now we've got a column for our group, the Otu or the taxonomic name and the value is the number of times we saw this Otu in this sample. So the next thing I want to do is filter for two different characteristics. First I want to get the samples that come from those intensive sampling time points and I also want to remove any samples that have fewer than some threshold number of sequences. So let's start by removing samples that don't occur in those kind of more heavily sampled time periods. So to do that I'm going to go ahead and use a function called separate which we've seen in some recent episodes here. So I'm going to separate group into and then I'll say as a vector animal and day and the separator that I'm going to use is the capital D, right? So that would make this like two columns f3 and a zero but I also want to keep that group column so I'll do remove equals false and now I've got a column for my group, my animal and my day. Now I'm going to create a variable that contains the days I actually want. So I'll do days wanted and we'll do c0, 9 to get days 0 through 9 and 141, 150 to get those days as well and now I can do a filter for day in days wanted. So if the day if the value of the day column is in this vector for days wanted I will get it out in the output. Now what I want to do is to find the number of sequences in each of the samples so I can get to that threshold. I think it was like 1828 but I want to show you again how I got there. So we'll do a group by a group and then we'll do a summarize on we'll do like an n equals sum on value because that is the name of this last column and so for each sample then we'll get that value the total number of sequences per sample and I'll go ahead and do an arrange and which will sort it descending by the n column and I'll do a print n equals 20 so we can get the first 20 rows of the data and so here are the first 20 rows of this sorted data frame and we see that yeah sure enough 1828 was the value that I wanted to use as a threshold that's what I've been using in all of the previous episodes as my minimum threshold that I rare find my data to. So I'm going to come back in here and edit this so I'm going to remove the summarize and instead put in a mutate and I'll go ahead and put in an ungroup to remove that grouping and so now what I've got is an extra column which is my n and so what I can then do is a filter for n greater than 1828 actually I want greater than or equal to 1828 because I want to keep that sample it has 1828 in it actually so now that I've removed those samples with fewer than 1828 sequences I can go ahead and pivot wider to get back to having a shared tibble file and I'll do pivot wider and we'll do names from equals and again this column by default is called name and then values from equals value and then we'll also do values fill equals zero and I'm also going to come back up here and then do a select minus n to remove that n column because I don't need it once I've filtered the data. Wonderful we now have our wide data frame that we can use to pull out information for our metadata as well as information that needs to go into vegan to calculate our ecological distances. I'm going to go ahead and call this early late tbl and we'll save that great and then I'll take early late tbl and then I'll do a select on group animal and day and so then this gets me three columns for my 227 samples and this will be the seed of my metadata data frame that I'll use for my later tests and analyses so I'll call this early late metadata very good and then we want to get early late distance matrix so we'll then take early late tbl I'll then do a select to remove the animal and the day so minus animal minus day we'll remove those columns and then I will do a column two row names on the group column so this will create a data frame rather than a tbl that I can then use as input to AVG dist to get my distances and then this group needs to be in quotes and so now I've got a data frame rather than a tbl and I can feed this into AVG dist from the vegan package this will do a rarefied calculation of the breakers distances if I give it a sample value of 1828 so it'll get 1828 sequences from every sample calculate the break distance matrix and then repeat that a hundred or so times and then calculate an average that it then returns to me great so that all worked I'm now going to call this early late dist now what I want to do is use this distance matrix to make an ordination I'll use nmds so I'll you do meta mds on early late dist also go ahead into a set seed we've seen in the past that the nmds procedure can be sensitive to the seed that we use so if use the wrong seed it might not converge so that converged using the seed of one I can use the scores function to get the position on the two nmds axes and this outputs a data frame that has row names so I'd rather this be a tbl that I can then easily feed into ggplot so now I can feed this into as tbl where I can then say row names equals group this then gives me a tbl as my output and we're in good shape I'll go ahead and call this early late nmds so now I have my nmds data for making the ordination as well as my metadata I'll go ahead and join those together I'll do an inner join with early late metadata and early late nmds and both of those have a group column so it'll automatically join by that group column I'll go ahead and call this metadata nmds and we can now use this as input to making some ordination plot so we'll go ahead and copy that down and we'll do some ggplot aes so on the x I'm going to do nmds one y nmds two and then my color I'll do period but I don't have a period column just yet so I want to come back up to my early late metadata and do a mutate to create a period column and so we'll then do period if else day less than 10 I want to say early otherwise I'll say late well I'm here I'm also going to make a column for sex because that's another variable I want to look at so then say sex if else str detect so if we detect in the animal column the letter f then we will then say that is a female otherwise we'll then say male so now let's double check that that all worked we'll go ahead and take early late metadata and count sex and so that looks right a pretty even number of samples from male and female mice and then we'll also do period and so here we get some weird skews so 24 earlys and 203 late and if I had to guess I think that is because early late metadata if we look at the day column it's of type character rather than type number and so if we come back up here to where we did that separate I can add an argument here convert equals true and that will convert it'll try to convert to a numerical if I've taken a string and then kind of split things apart and now if I go ahead and do that count on period I get an even representation of early and late and that's good all right now we can redo our join and we can now do our plot and we will make this a geome point and so now we see this cloud of points I think we've seen something like this in previous episodes the earlier points are more diffused more dispersed and the later ones are more compact they're clearly separated at least in this ordination and so that's pretty good we might want to add ellipses around these clouds so we'll go ahead and do stat ellipse and so that then gives those circles around those points and maybe what we'd also like to do is add a centroid so I'll take metadata mds and I'll do a group by period uh and I'll then do a summarize on um nmds1 equaling the mean of nmds1 and nmds2 equaling the mean of nmds2 and so this gives me coordinates for early and late and so I'll go ahead and call this centroid and then down here I'll go ahead and add another geome point where the data is centroid and so I can't really see what happened because I think it's adding a point that's the same size as everything else so I'll go ahead and do a size equals five so that gives me a big circle at the middle of those centroids I can see it fairly clearly here for the reddish one but not so well for the green because those are so jam packed so let me show you a trick so it's easier to see those points I'll go ahead and do shape equals 21 and shape equals 21 is in that range from I think 21 to 25 where you can set the fill color of a symbol to be different than the border color and so the border color I want to be black and that's that with the color aesthetic so I'll say color equals black and then I'll do aes and I'll say fill equals period and so that then gives me a centroid that is distinct and kind of pops up out of the points I'm not totally thrilled with having those changes happen over here in the legend as well so what I could do is add to stat ellipse show legend equals false as well as down in the second geom point so I'll do show legend equals false and so let me take that and put that in here as well so this isn't exactly a publication quality figure but you get the idea you could take it further and kind of clean it up a bit to make it look a bit more attractive so let's repeat this now but using sex as a variable so I'm going to go ahead and copy this down and instead of grouping by period I'll group by sex and then here instead of coloring by period I'll do sex and then I think I also have the fill here great so let's go ahead and rerun these and so now I can see this ordination colored and ellipse so to speak by sex and so whereas previously we had early to the right and late to the left now we have female to the right and male to the left and so a question we might ask is are the centroids in these different ordinations as I've colored them are they significantly different from each other you might also say well you know if we account for both the period and the sex are they significantly different from each other and so we can answer that type of question using a tool called adonis from the vegan package so I'm going to do the single factored approaches and then we'll build up to something more complicated as we go along here so we can do adonis and then we'll do early late dist tilde early late metadata and I'm going to do period and so what's important to note in this formula is that early late dist needs to be a distance matrix and so if I take that and do str on early late dist I can now see that it is in fact of type dist if it's not of type dist then adonis is going to try to calculate ecological distances of that data right so if you give it a matrix rather than a distance matrix it's going to try to calculate break distance using your distances that are in your matrix so that's not good so just be sure that this is in fact a distance matrix and if you're not sure you could always do something like as dot dist as a function around early late dist so let's go ahead and run this so what we see in this ANOVA table is that the effect of the period this top line of the ANOVA table has a p value of one in a thousand and so that is a significant p value because it's less than 0.05 we're getting this value because this is the most extreme value possible I could increase the precision on this by doing permutations equals say one e to the four so 10,000 so that takes 10 times longer to run and we see that we again get a very small p value in general a thousand is sufficient which is the default but if you need greater precision on your p value say you're right around 0.05 then increasing the number of permutations will give you better precision on that p value excellent I can also save this as a variable and so I'll go ahead and call this test and if I want to get the p value out of the test then I can do str on test and I get all the structural information about this list that is called test now right and so there's an object in there called aov tab which has a vector in it of my p values so I could always do something like test dollar sign aov tab and then in back ticks I could do pr parentheses greater than f close parentheses that gets me my vector I can then do one and that then gives me my p value so say I wanted to represent this in a publication so I can mark down document this would be kind of how I would get say like a p value right let's go ahead and take what we had here and let's now look at sex as a variable right I'm going to go ahead and remove that permutations it's actually not a thousand it's 999 that's why I'm getting kind of these funky numbers with the you know 0.000999 anyway let's go ahead now and replace period with sex and we see again that we get a very small p value and of course if we increased our number of permutations to 9999 we can get 10 to the minus 4 also remember I don't need this as.dist because early late dist is in fact already a distance matrix but like I said if you want to be sure go ahead and wrap that variable in as.dist so funny things don't happen so we have seen that there's a significant impact by sex as well as by period the next question then is what if we put these together well let's go ahead and do that so we can take that statement and I can copy this variable so early late metadata dollar sign sex and combine two together so we'll do period star early late metadata sex so that star is going to look for both the period and sex as main effects as well as their interaction term and so what we get is that period and sex are both significant as well as the interaction term I don't really know what a significant interaction term means in an experiment like this you know interaction terms even under normal situations are a bit funny to mess with but just just be aware that that's something you would probably want to investigate further if for some reason you don't want that interaction term to be tested for you can do the same syntax but instead of the multiplication sign you can use a plus and now you get basically the same ANOVA table but without that interaction so this data that we are looking at the samples aren't independent of each other right we have taken up to 20 samples from each of the different animals so I need to control for that repeated sampling of the same individual and what I have seen people do on various tutorials and help forums is to use the argument strata and so strata controls kind of the permutation and how samples are permuted when it does the test and so we can do strata equals and then early late metadata dollar sign animal and this makes sure that the permutation is done within each animal and so basically we get the same result we had and if I again repeat this but just look at the period without the sex as a variable we again get that that is still a significant result but we've of course controlled for the fact that we have repeated sampling of the same individual again this is a data set that's a little bit funny you know every set data set is a bit different this is how I would do it for this particular data set where I'm controlling for the repeated measures but if you have say a cohort of patients that you're looking at where you've got two different treatment groups then you probably wouldn't have to worry about strata but if you've got repeated measures you probably would but again this is certainly how I have used adonis in the past and when we published these data this was the model that we used now if you look at the literature for adonis they will warn you that if you have uneven variation in your data like we appear to have here then you can get things to be different even though they aren't really different we have done experiments in the past simulations where I don't see that effect but the authors who originally developed the method behind adonis pointed that out so I'm a bit conflicted but people ask about it frequently and so I'm going to show you how we would do that here in vegan to test for the variation in dispersion of the data for this particular data set I think it's actually pretty interesting to consider that as a variable because my eyes at least want to see that the earlier time points are less stable than the later time points and if you go back to some of the earlier videos where I look at some of these alternatives to ordination we certainly saw that those earlier time points had more day-to-day variation than the later time points okay so we're going to use a tool called beta disper now again this comes from vegan and we will give it our early late dist and then we'll give it the groupings that we want to give it so again we could give it early late metadata dollar sign period this gives us some output that's not super helpful I'm going to call this bd and so what we could do with bd is we can give it to anova bd and this then tests whether or not there is significant variation in beta dispersion by the early and late groups right and so here of course what we see is that it's highly significant right another way that you could do it is permutest on bd this gives us the same exact result but this was doing it based on a permutation based test so again this shows us that there is significant variation between the early and the late the early being much more variable than the late we could do the same type of thing uh investigating by sex where we again get significant p-values indicating that the two sexes have significant different variation in their variation and here again if we look at the average distance to the median the female is further away from the median than the male on average so if i come back to my plot for the female and the male we certainly see that the ellipse for the female is broader than it is for the male in terms of interpreting these results again there is that bit of caution in how we interpret the results of adonis if we have a significant amount of variation in the dispersion you know i could perhaps see that with the sex-based effect i'm less inclined to accept that for the period-based effect just because there is such a clear separation in the data i would be pretty willing to accept this one of the other things they say in the documentation for the adonis function is that of all the tests that do something like adonis adonis is the least susceptible to problems in this type of dispersion there aren't many alternatives out there and so i think you know this is again another good reminder that we need to not check out our brains when we run a test right so if it doesn't look like there's a difference and we see a difference by a by a statistical test and we have big differences in dispersion then you know maybe that's a good case to say well i'm not going to believe this maybe this is uh being sensitive to that difference in dispersion whereas if we have a case like this where things are really far apart and different in dispersion i'm willing to accept that as being you know statistically significantly different not a false positive so again don't check your brain out when you run a test always interpret in light of what you see in the data so you might ask how would we combine the two together the early late as well as the sex so i'll come back up to my uh early late metadata so i'm going to create another variable called period sex which i'll do paste zero on period and sex and again if i look at early late metadata i now get a column that's early female late female so forth right and then i can go ahead and redo my inner join and then i can repeat this beta to spur but instead of early late metadata sex i'm going to do period underscore sex and here i get a significant difference so one of the four groups again we have two sexes and two periods so one of the four is significantly different than the others and then if i run premium test again that gives me the same thing and so what i can say then is pair wise equals true and this will then give me the pair wise comparisons of those four groups so as we see the late male and the late female are just as stable as each other the variation doesn't significantly different but for those other comparisons that we see they certainly are significantly different this early male to early female is below a threshold of point zero five if we divide point zero five by six for the number of pair wise comparisons that we have here again two of the problems with ordination is that we tend to see patterns with our eyes that aren't necessarily there and so adonis and beta to spur are both great tests to help us to understand if the patterns we see are real and at the other hand when we do a ordination we remove a lot of the signal from the data as we go from many dimensions say down to two and so by having a statistical test we can bring that in and help us to see you know whether or not there are actual differences in the data as always i strongly encourage you to go back to the beginning of the video rewatch it running it with the data that i've given you also you'll get the most out of it if you can take what i've talked about today and use your data to go through these different steps all right well if you have any problems please leave a comment down below in the comment section we'd really appreciate it if you gave me a thumbs up and if you haven't subscribed yet go ahead it would be it just make me happy to see yet another subscriber and even better if you told your friends what we're doing here on code club


a lot. It's in our kids' schools. It's on college campuses. It's in the workforce. It is in the streets. It's when you go to the store. I mean like you can't do anything in peace without this wokeness being shot down or grow wherever you go. So do you have a question? Is there something funny? I do. How do you define wokeness? Wokeness is the destruction of normalcy and you just watched stochastic terrorist Chaya Rychik of Libs of Tiktok get laughed at because she couldn't define the thing that she was railing against wokeness. You know if wokeness really is as ubiquitous as she says that in theory she should have no problem describing it since it's everywhere but she couldn't and it led to her having a Bethany Mandel moment. Now if you don't remember who Bethany Mandel is she is the so-called expert on woke who literally wrote an entire book about it but still couldn't define it when she was asked to. Let's refresh our memories. Would you mind defining woke because it's come up a couple of times and I just want to make sure we're on the same page. So I mean woke is sort of the idea that um this is going to be one of those moments that goes viral. I mean indeed it was but I'm sure that Bethany is now incredibly grateful that Chaya had her own Bethany moment because Chaya is perhaps the only person in the entire country who can actually make herself look dumber than Bethany when trying to define woke. But that's not surprising considering that this is the same person who gave us this banger when she was asked why trans people are bad. It's a lie. And what harm is it causing do you believe? Um I like the truth. I like truth. Right but I'm saying what what's the what's the harm of people expressing their gender identity differently than you believe it to be. What harm are they causing?  We are a nation of truth and I seek the truth. Brilliant what an intellectual powerhouse Chaya Rychik is. Now I'm sure that you will be unsurprised to learn that her inability to define woke wasn't the only embarrassing moment from that event. So we're gonna watch some more clips because they are gold but first I want to give you a little bit more context about this particular event. LGBTQ Nation reports Rychik gave a speech yesterday at the Indiana Memorial Union at Indiana University in Bloomington Indiana alongside Representative Jim Banks. During her speech she ranted about pornographic books in schools and moved onto her hatred of everything woke which is when she was laughed at by the way they continue two protesters who were chanting were taken away in handcuffs according to the Bloomingtonian. Authorities haven't said whether they'll face charges. The paper reported that about two dozen people mostly men were in the front rows for Rychik's speech while those who disagreed with her were towards the back. From a video posted to YouTube the men in the front appeared to be much older than the average IU student while the people towards the back appeared to be much younger. Hmm interesting isn't it? Now the photos from the event that you saw were taken by Jeremy Hogan and published in the Bloomingtonian and even though two protesters were removed there were still people there with signs that were obviously heckling her but here's one of the photos courtesy of Jeremy Hogan where somebody was holding up this sign that red libs of tiktok has blood on her hands and she adds also Chaya is a stupid name it means spinach tree I'm calling you spinach tree from now on. Now Jim Banks is running for the Senate so I guess he thinks that Chaya is going to help his campaign but he ended up stepping in to try to rescue her after she got laughed at for failing to define woke now as Bryce Greene the person who shared these videos points out after she couldn't define woke she passed the question on to Jim Banks who then tried to define it himself and bail her out but as you're going to see it doesn't go very well for him either are those separate things is that worth fighting and dying for it's a great country it's a great country in the history of the war I would say that the attacks on our American way of life is woke.  Are they a woke terrorist group? I'm sure that he thought that he was being really clever by broadly defining woke as anti-Americanism but as you saw he immediately got checkmated by a college student doesn't take much to put these folks in an intellectual chokehold because they don't know what they're talking about it's just so ridiculous to me that the people who are screeching the loudest about woke they can never define it why is this so difficult why can't you come up with at least an operational definition so that way we know at least what you're talking about even if it may not be what woke generally is defined as like can't you give us anything they can't because they're full of shit but Chayarachic presumably continues on with her anti-wokenist screed and then she reached the DEI portion and then claims that she made there also very stupid and so hyperbolic that she was laughed at once again because nobody was buying the bullshit that she was spewing um DEI is code for less whites listen as stupid as that sounds she's at least trying to define the thing that she's talking about so good job Chaya that's like 101 of speech giving if you're gonna talk about something and you want to inform people then you need to define what you're talking about but you know this is somebody who is an amateur who's just speaking out of her asshole so you know if she happens to do something that might inform the audience about her own views it's accidental purely right she's not actually trained to be an educator because she's a dumbass right she doesn't know what the fuck she's talking about but the problem with her fear mongering is that it's complete bullshit corporations never actually followed through with their promises to make their hiring practices less racist as CNBC reports companies like google and meta pledged to adopt more inclusive hiring practices in 2020 in the aftermath of the george floyd protest but didn't actually follow through on that promise and ended up gutting their own DEI programs just two years later and this is indicative of a broader trend so these companies made the DEI promise to make themselves look good never followed through on it and now conservatives are using that non-existent program as the boogeyman which is why chayarachuk was laughed at when she talked about how harmful these DEI policies have been because everybody knows that is demonstrably untrue but there's one more clip that brice shared that i want to show you because it proves how little she's thought about her own worldview and she said something similar in her interview with taylor lorenz but she apparently hasn't learned from that because she doubled down on a point that defeats her entire worldview let's watch amazing isn't it there's zero genders according to chayarachuk i don't think that she understands that that is literally the woke position for lack of a better word perhaps she'd know this if she knew what woke meant and was able to define it but i mean she doesn't realize that that is a woke thing to say because gender is a social construct but the best part is that one of her fans tried to throw her a softball question in order to own the rainbow bullies and you probably expect to her to give the typical conservative answer and say there's only two genders suck it libs but instead what does she do she takes the woke approach and says there are zero genders love it and she's correct because gender is a social construct that we all made up as human beings thus we should be allowed to express ourselves however we want without the imposition of some arbitrary cultural parameters now she said the same thing in her interview with taylor lorenz well well genders actually made up exactly yes we agree on this yeah so apparently she didn't learn from her interview with taylor so i've got to say that the more chi attacks the more evident it becomes that she is her own worst enemy right and she plans on doing more of these events around the country so i genuinely look forward to her getting some by the most basic questions imaginable because it's not just entertaining to see her look foolish because she is foolish but it also sheds light on just how vapid and incoherent her worldview is and demonstrates how these types of people they're not motivated by some like intellectual curiosity it's all hate pure and simple that's what drives them and that's why they sound so stupid when you ask them a question that kind of challenges their worldview they don't know they haven't thought about it they just see gay people and trans people and think ew icky and that's as far as they're thinking has gone on the subject then it shows with people like tai reichen woke my mom ideology woke task woke olympics woke ideology woke ideologies woke ideologies woke