We were established by the U.S. Congress in 1984 as a public nonpartisan institute dedicated to helping prevent, mitigate, and resolve violent conflict abroad. On behalf of the United States Institute of Peace, we are delighted, very pleased to welcome all of you for a special fireside conversation on the Israel-Gaza conflict with Senator Tom Cotton and a member of the U.S. IP Board, Roger Zeichem. As many of you know, we have a newsmaker series. This is when we invite distinguished members of Congress to speak with distinguished members of the Washington political class. In our case, we're lucky that the distinguished member of the Senate, Senator Cotton, and the distinguished member of the political class, Roger, is with us on the board. The aim of these series is to have a set of discussions where we express views on issues. We hope that these views are respected. We know that the most important thing in a democracy is that people feel that they can say what they want to say in the way that we want to say them, and this is an opportunity for that to happen here. It's my privilege to introduce our distinguished guest, Senator Cotton, who was elected as the Senator for Arkansas in 2014. After two years of service in the House of Representatives, Senator Cotton is a decorated Iraq war veteran with four years of active service in the U.S. Army and three years of service in the Army Reserve. The Senator serves on the Senate Judiciary Intelligence and Armed Services Committees and is the ranking member of the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice and Terrorism and the Subcommittee on Air Land. In these roles, Senator Cotton is a strong advocate for diplomacy, for international human rights. And the need for clear-eyed American leadership abroad. The Senator has demonstrated commitment to peace, to partnership and stability and is one of our country's most trusted voices on foreign policy and national security issues. We are also pleased to welcome USIP Board Member Roger Zeichen, who will be moderating our fireside discussion. Roger currently serves as the Washington Director of the Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation and Institute. He previously served as the Deputy Assistant of Defense and as the General Counsel and Deputy Staff Director of the U.S. House Armed Services Committee. In 2022, Roger was nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed by the Senate as a member of the Board of USIP. Thank you all for being with us today. Roger, with your permission, we hand to you. Fantastic. Thanks, Leece, for that kind introduction and really an honor to have the opportunity to participate in this series, particularly with Senator Cotton, who will kick things off with some observations on the subject of tonight's discussion. And then I'll follow up with questions and discussion points for the balance of our time. Senator. Well, thanks, Roger, for having me here and thanks to the Institute of Peace, Leece. Thank you very much for the kind introduction and for what you do here. It's true that we confirmed Roger to the position during your board. I knew this was coming. I knew, goodness. Thus far, it doesn't seem to be cause for regret, although it is. Many years ahead of him for us to regret that station. But, Roger, thanks very much for your work, not just here with the Institute of Peace, but at the Reagan Foundation as well. We're at the Institute of Peace and peace is one of the highest goods in foreign policy. That's what most foreign policy, at least here in the United States, aims towards and usually what we want to achieve. But we also see around the world, yet again, that peace does not seem to be the natural condition of mankind. Peace is not something that just flowers without being cultivated and preserved and actively sought. In fact, if you look across the sweep of history, it would seem that war is the natural condition of mankind, although perhaps paradoxically so, because it also seems that no particular war, big or small, is inevitable, even if war itself is inevitable. War typically occurs through the failure of leaders from various countries to actively cultivate and pursue peace, which takes an expenditure of effort and resources just as surely as it does to win a war, although much less expenditure of resources and time and effort. Whether you see the failure of deterrence in Ukraine almost two years ago now or with Hamas and Gaza just a couple of months ago, we see the wages of what happens whenever we fail to actively cultivate and pursue peace and realize, at the namesake of your other employer, that what Ronald Reagan says, peace has to be achieved through strength. It has to be achieved through making those who are dissatisfied with the state of the world, with their lot in the world, who would upend that state of affairs through violence if necessary to know they have no chance to succeed. And time and again, when we see the preservation of peace fail, it's almost always because of a failure of deterrence, a failure to scare the bad guys straight. And it's very costly once that happens. As we've seen in Ukraine over the last two years, you've seen Gaza and Israel over the last two months or so. So I'm very hopeful that both those conflicts and other conflicts can be brought to a quick and satisfactory outcome. But at the same time, I think it's a lesson that here at the Institute of Peace, we can always keep in mind as well that it's not something that's just natural, not something that we enjoy without effort and time and resources. Well, why don't we pick up there? And of course, the subject discussion tonight is October 7th and the war that broke out in Gaza after Hamas's attack on Israel. And curious to get your take on framing that war as Israel's 9-11. You, of course, served in the military after 9-11, I've written a book. In part, reflecting on those who served and the impact. And I am curious if you think that is the right parallel for how Americans should think about what October 7th means to Israel and more broadly in the region. Is that a helpful construct? Well, I mean, you could say that it's really 15 9-11s for Israel, given the small size of that nation and the number who lost their lives there. And I'd also say the immediate visceral impact on Israel is probably even greater than what we experienced here in this country in 9-11 because of our size. Both the number of people we have and the scale of our territory. There are plenty of people living in Arkansas, for that matter, living in Washington State in Oregon or other wise around the world who probably didn't have any immediate impact when those airplanes hit the tower or the Pentagon or Flight 93 went down. They didn't know anybody killed on it. They hadn't served with people who were at the NYPD or FDNY who went as first responders. They were appalled. They wanted vengeance. They wanted sense of safety again. They might have been affected by it in years afterwards, whether they served in the military themselves or just had to live through some of the aftermath of the practices that we adopted in this country like the TSA. That kind of pales in comparison though to what Israel experienced on October 7th. Again, because of its small size, but it's small population of a 10 million in geography. Also because of its universal military service, there's almost no Israeli probably that wasn't immediately impacted by it. Or at most one degree removed. If you didn't know someone or weren't related to someone who was murdered or maimed or kidnapped, you probably knew someone who knew someone. And then certainly you knew people who were immediately deployed in the war. And you see that ripple across Israel's society, still very much so. So probably the impact it had was even more than the impact that 9-11 had on us. Now that said, I would say that the better comparison I think might be with Pearl Harbor, Al-Qaeda was a terrorist group. It used very unconventional asymmetric methods of flying airplanes loaded with a lot of jet fuel into towers in the Pentagon. Hamas is a terrorist group. Hamas is also a governing entity as well. It has governing responsibility for territory. And just like Imperial Japan did. And it launched a surprise attack on another sovereign nation. The response that we had to Pearl Harbor is probably more apt response to what Israel has towards Gaza or to Hamas governing Gaza, which is unconditional surrender. Now unconditional surrender for a lot of the people of Hamas probably means they're going to get killed because they're not going to be surrendering anytime soon. But I would look at Pearl Harbor maybe as the more apt comparison. And I would say that what we did in Germany and Japan and the standards to which we hail ourselves is the standards to which we should hold Israel and nothing higher. I want to get to that in a bit because you're hitting on American policy and how we're engaging with Israeli leadership on that. But interesting, you referenced Pearl Harbor and the end state. Always the strategist and thinking about the end of the conflict and where we go from here. Of course Israel is articulated as destruction of Hamas. How far off to get your take on, is it realizable? Do they have the right strategy in place to accomplish that? Here we are, plus 60 days plus into this conflict. It's nowhere seems to kind of suggest we're coming to a close. Tens of thousands is reported by Hamas and controlled entities in Gaza killed. Rockets still being fired from Gaza into sovereign territory in Israel. Israeli IDF objective, do you think it's something that can be achieved? I do.  As I said, it's also a terrorist group and a governing entity. And it has all the hallmarks of a governing entity inside of Gaza. Why do they have this massive tunnel network? Why do you not see that elsewhere in the world? It's because elsewhere, terrorist groups don't control the territory. They don't actually have sovereign control over it. They're not able to tunnel in hundreds of kilometers underneath their territory to protect themselves from retaliatory attacks. So Hamas can absolutely be destroyed as a governing entity and as a militant group. Its leaders can be killed or captured, its fighters can be killed or captured, its weapon caches can be destroyed, its tunnels can be flooded or destroyed. It absolutely can be destroyed. And I think Israel is on pace to doing that. Going back to the 9-11 analogy, which of course is a great intelligence failure, the 9-11 Commission, others, the Silverman-Rod report in the United States, studied that deeply because it missed the intel. Reporting, of course, on the Intelligence Committee, but public reporting suggests that Israeli intelligence entities anticipated this, filed a report, knew this was coming, the policy of your political leadership missed it and didn't pay attention to it. Are you surprised that Israel and their technological prowess and military prowess missed something that clearly presented a huge threat, not just to their military, but to their people? Well, I will say it was a failure. The government of Israel has acknowledged that as well. And they promise that there'll be a full accounting for that after the war is over or something that's commonplace in Israel, maybe less so than in many Western democracies. So I don't want to prejudge all the particular details about what that might ultimately find. I'll give some observations though, just kind of common sense observations and not classified information that we've been briefed on or anything. As is often the case, I think part of the failure is going to be a failure of human intelligence. A failure to maintain the kind of network of agents inside of Gaza and inside Hamas that could alert Israel that certain factions inside of Hamas were taking very careful, deliberate steps to avoid electronic surveillance and detection, and they were up to no good. That is the case with many intelligence failures throughout history, and especially throughout modern history. It seems to be accelerating in our lifetime is that you have voices that sit comfortably in places like Washington and say, oh, well, we don't need to go to all the risk and all the danger and the potential for failure, failure to actually produce any intelligence to develop spies in other countries. We can rely on West Bank technology sitting in front of a computer in Washington, D.C. And that's true. You can do that for some things. And that's important. And there are some things that intelligence collection is very good at without human intelligence. I mean, there's only so long you can hide a satellite or so long that you can hide naval ships or missile sites, electronic surveillance, satellite surveillance, very good for those things. But it's less good for the plans of what the bad guys are up to. There's a reason why intelligence professionals always say like, oh, plans and intentions of leaders are the hardest thing to get. They're like, yeah, they make it very hard to get it. Like Vladimir Putin is not on his iPhone, he's not on a computer, he's not surfing the web. The way he and others like him communicate make it very hard to have any clear insight into what they're thinking.  That's one thing, I think a failure of human intelligence and over reliance, which our country is often guilty of as well as technical or electronic surveillance and intelligence. A second failure, and again, this is a very common feature as well of intelligence failures. It seems to be a failure of imagination. You look at Yaya Sinwar, a man who has no doubt been plotting something like this for years. Probably since he got out of that Israeli jail, maybe since he was put into the Israeli jail. In some parts of Israeli society that maybe Hamas had moderated, maybe Hamas wanted to become a responsible governing authority and Gaza, or at least it was sufficiently deterred and it didn't want to risk the kind of punishing retaliatory war that Israel has launched now. It's the same failure you see with the Biden administration and their views on Iran and all of Iran's proxies. The idea, as it sometimes called in the intelligent world, mirror imaging. That these people want exactly what we want. They're exactly like we are. Maybe they're just misguided or even misunderstood. That's not the case. We should believe what they say, especially when they commit a lot of resources to it. I was in a Senate hearing recently and someone said, I wonder what the Houthis want. My response was, well, their flag says death to Israel and death to Jews. Maybe we should take that seriously. I think a failure of imagination about exactly what the bad guys are up to was probably at work here as well. Again, it's common throughout history. The way Western leaders underestimated the ambitions not only of Adolf Hitler, but also of the Kaiser before World War I. Just to press the point on that, I want to definitely go to Iran. We can't have Senator Kahn here without commenting on Iran here. But there was this notion of, I think, containment that we could contain Hamas and then you look what was going on geopolitically in the region. It was the Abraham Accords. Let's focus on what I think Prime Minister is talking about as the existential threat to Tehran. That was a blind spot, but it almost just got the strategy wrong. That this was some sort of a challenge that didn't need tending to. And clearly part of the tragedy since October 7th is that we could leadership, frankly, took its eye off the ball. We'd love to get your reaction to that and then talk about the resilience of the Abraham Accords because you were quite involved and supportive of the Abraham Accords. And here we are 60-plus days into this conflict. And I'm curious to get your take, given all the tensions, regional, international, the diplomatic challenges, whether you see that framework holding in this environment. I do see the Abraham Accords holding. And I do think at some point the momentum behind an expansion of the other Arab nations will continue as well. The same strategic imperatives and logic that was driving that, that drove it back in 2019 and 2020 are still there despite Hamas's atrocities against Israel. In some cases you might say it's even more there. Furthermore, it's not like any of these Arab nations have any sympathy for Hamas. They view Hamas as one of the more armed, militant offshoots of the Muslim Brotherhood, which most of them have very little use for because it's a threat to their own people and to their own governments. So I do think the Abraham Accords, even if it doesn't happen on the time that one might have expected on October 6th, will remain solid and they'll continue to grow as well. I do think that one of the reasons this attack happened on October 7th is because the Ayatollahs in Tehran were worried about that momentum. And they wanted to take steps to forestall it. That may not be the only reason. That may not be the main reason. I think time will tell as probably more Hamas leaders are captured and interrogated. You're referencing the possibility of a Saudi-Israel deal. Most particularly, yes. Most particularly, but not just that, but most particularly. Again, time will probably tell and we'll get more insight into exactly what Hamas, the key decision-makers inside of Hamas decided like, why did this happen on October 7th? Why didn't it happen last February? Why didn't it wait until next June or what have you? I do think that the momentum behind Abraham Accord was one reason. I mean, I think the 50th anniversary of the Yom Kippur war was another reason. I mean, I remember waking up on the morning of October 7th and just seeing the initial headlines that were very incomplete. We now sadly know about significant rocket and missile attacks from Gaza and my immediate reaction was this is Tehran letting their dog off the chain to try to disrupt the momentum of the Abraham Accord discussions. Obviously, when the full scale of the atrocities became clear throughout the day later, something more than that, but I do think that was part of it. So, we're talking about deterrence and there's definitely a story here of the erosion of deterrence overall. But if you look in the north, north of Israel, there is this focus and we've had skirmishes across the border, but it's escalated but not to the point where I think either side would call it a northern front has opened up between Hezbollah and Israel. So, want to get your take on that and perhaps focus on terms that surprise you.  And second, the United States has been most active from a military standpoint, at least publicly, on this front, sending in one at times two carrier strike groups to deter. We'll get to the Houthis in Yemen who've introduced themselves into this conflict in a moment. But I'd love to get your take on how you see Hezbollah and overall what has or has not happened in the northern front. Well, the people who live in northern Israel have had to be evacuated from it. Probably don't view it as a very limited conflict right now. And I think there's a big question whether any Israeli government in the future, whether it's from the far left to the far right, can accept a world in which Jews are not welcome to live on the northern border of Israel or, for that matter, on the southern border of Israel. I mean, that in a way kind of cedes one of the key points of Zionism, that Jews should be able to live safely in their homeland and not just in Tel Aviv or Haifa, but, you know, in Sederide or in northern Israel as well. So, I think it's an open question whether, and the reason why it would be an open question for Israeli governments from the far left to the far right is whether the people of Israel will ever accept basically the fact that there might be no-go zones inside their country. I think at the moment, probably Israel would like to finish the war against Hamas and Gaza before a new full front opens up, even if there's some fighting against Hezbollah or against attacks from Yemen, originating from Yemen and Syria. I suspect as well that Hezbollah may have concerns as well about opening up an entire new front. I remember Hassan Nasrallah famously said after the 2006 war that if he had known Israel was going to respond the way it did, he wouldn't have launched it in the first place. And then finally, there's Iran. I mean, Hezbollah's rockets and missiles, which dwarf Hamas is, it's kind of like Iran's gun at the temple to Israel. And if they pull that gun, then they don't have that gun anymore. So deterrence for them, at that point, would depend solely on Iran and Israel would no longer, not only have no reason not to go for the jugular against Hezbollah, they wouldn't have no reason not to go for the jugular or at least go for significant retaliatory strikes against Iran itself. Hezbollah has already attacked. Hezbollah, you know, it's reported over 150,000 more sophisticated and it's not just rockets, it's missiles, and it's not just northern Israel, right? I mean, their ranges extend way beyond. Yeah, all of Israel. Right now it's limited to certain zones inside northern Israel, but all of Israel. But I think Iran sees Hezbollah as its main deterrent to Israel against strikes on Iran itself or on, you know, its personnel or facilities throughout the Middle East. So I want to talk shift slightly to the U.S.'s response and the regional issues that have emerged to date reporting 78 attacks on U.S. forces from October 1760, U.S. servicemen injured, either Iraq or Syria. My understanding of the Biden administration is they don't in any way connect this to October 7th, at least publicly stating it as such. You were on Fox News Sunday not too long ago calling for a quote-unquote massive retaliation and would target the Iranians who are operating in Iraq and Syria. There's been some response from the administration. I don't think anybody can accuse them of responding massively, retaliating massively. Give me your take on how you would address this nexus if at all between the targeting of U.S. forces by these, some at least Iranian proxies on U.S. forces in Iraq and in Syria. Well, I think it goes without saying that Iran is not scared of the United States. Their leaders are not scared of Joe Biden and I just want to make this point that's not policy argument, that's not partisan jousting, that's not an opinion, that is a fact. Iran has responded to their attacks on several occasions only to have more attacks. That's by definition the failure of deterrence. And we just saw it again this weekend escalating even further now attacks directly on our embassy compound in Baghdad. And I think your question may be a little dated because I think it's a lot more than 78 attacks since October 7th to go along with the 80 attacks from the time the president took office up till October 7th. Iran has had a proxy strategy for over 30 years now. They've built up in some cases created and funded and trained and armed and equipped groups like Hamas and Palestinian Islamic jihad and Hezbollah and the Houthis and Yemen and paramilitary groups in Iraq and Syria. Those groups attack Americans. When we respond when we don't respond it's really bad but when we respond only by striking these especially empty proxy warehouses all we do is validate Iran's proxy strategy. Like when we blow up a weapons cache of a paramilitary group in Syria in Tehran they're high fighting. See it works. They're not going to hold us accountable for all this. When we all know and even senior administration officials admit publicly and on the record that Iran is accountable for all these attacks. So if you want the attacks to stop you have to attack something that Iran holds dear itself. What Iran did when he killed Iran's terrorist mastermind Qasem Soleimani in Iraq in 2020 or maybe a more apt analogy is what Ronald Reagan did in 1986 after Libyan back terrorists blew up a nightclub in Berlin frequented by American service members. He almost killed Mammar Gaddafi and blew up much of their military infrastructure in Libya or maybe most app is what Ronald Reagan did in the tanker wars in 1987 and 1988. Iran was part of its war with Iraq was mining the Persian Gulf. There was a lot of reasons. We flag tankers with American flags which we almost never do so our navy could escort them. Ultimately one of those tankers hit an Iranian mine. Reagan blew up a couple oil platforms the next day he walked just a couple blocks from here he walked out to Marine one on the South Lawn reporter said are we at war with Iran now? He said no we're not at war with Iran.  He basically was right about that. He blew up an actual American naval vessel and then he sank half of their navy. Then they stopped mining the Persian Gulf and in fact just like six months later the Iran-Iraq war was over because they were afraid that what Ronald Reagan would do next maybe side fully with Iraq in that war. If you want the attacks on our troops to stop if you want to prevent a mass casualty attack which I'm afraid is going to happen soon you have to take firm and decisive action to prevent what Iran holds most dear. It's key leaders running around the region promoting and supporting these groups or it's military facilities ships aircraft refineries something critical that Iran does not want to lose only then is Iran going to pull in its horns. Sort of having the Biden administration adopt the Reagan approach to the Gulf you've been taking some action in the Congress I wonder if you would expand upon it because the line between certainly what Israel's enduring with the continued rocket attacks on its sovereign territory we're talking about Kuzvala's arsenal the attacks on US forces in Syria and Iraq and then of course with the Houthis which have shown pretty sophisticated stuff it's coming from Iran providing these capabilities to their proxies and you've put forward the no ICMs or drones for Iran Act seems seems like a good idea give us a sense of the prospect of that of course is tied I think to what lapsed in terms of Iran related sanctions and came out of the JCPOA. Well don't forget that those Iranian missiles and drones are also going to Russia to attack innocent civilians in Ukraine as well. It is you know October I think it was October 18th around about then that another deadline from the failed Iran nuclear deal passed and it was the sunsetting of international multilateral sanctions on Iran's missile program so imagine that like 11 days after the attack by Hamas and Israel we allowed sanctions on Iran's missile programs to expire again just because President Biden and those around him who were those same people around Barack Obama who are so invested in the failed Iran nuclear deal it's just one example of how there really has not been a single bit of change in our Iran policy from October 6th it's like the attack never happened as it relates to Iran and how we're interacting with Iran and our policy towards the country. We've got a couple more minutes here and I want to hit on two more items first going back to as it relates to Israel we recently had Secretary of Defense speak at the Reagan National Defense Forum and his comments were book-ended in terms of as it relates to the Gaza war with strong support for Israel on both ends but in between you had a lot of language in terms of US and his role in speaking to Israelis pressing at Israelis those are his words to protect civilians and to ensure the robust flow of humanitarian aid and you said I have personally pushed Israeli leaders to avoid civilian casualties and to shun irresponsible rhetoric and to prevent violence by settlers in West Bank to dramatically expand access to humanitarian aid he was celebrated but in some corners for that language and then criticized in others for being kind of making public the sorts of feedback that you would expect allies from one another behind closed doors what's your view in terms of what Israel has done vis-a-vis protecting civilians as it carries out its campaign to destroy Hamas I mean, Count me as a critic of Secretary Austin's statement there the last thing Israel needs is patronizing lectures about the laws of war or civilian casualties Israel goes far above and beyond its requirements under the laws of war to try to minimize civilian casualties that's hard to do when Hamas is hiding in hospitals and schools and residential areas it's hard to do when they're holding hostages so they won't be attacked Hamas is to blame for civilian casualties because they didn't just commit war crimes on October 7th they continue to commit them every single day in addition to firing rockets and missiles indiscriminately into Israel and I would just go back again to what I said that October 7th is more akin to Pearl Harbor we were not wringing our hands about civilian casualties in Germany and Japan in the 1940s we killed over 100,000 Japanese on the night of March 9th and 10th 1945 and the fire bombing of Tokyo that was not a nuclear weapon 100,000 a single night Israel goes above and beyond its requirements I don't remember an Iraq or Afghanistan sending text messages to civilians in neighborhoods about an attack coming in which obviously will get to Hamas I don't remember dropping leaflets telling people where to go in fact as recently as the Battle of Mosul there wasn't much of that going on so I think Israel should be commended for what it does to try to avoid civilian casualties they don't need patronizing lectures from Joe Biden or his cabinet let's move to one other item which we've had a chance to speak about in the past so central to this discussion but somehow does not get the consistent attention I think it merits 30 Americans were killed on October 7th they remained 8 American hostages as far as we know in Gaza being held by Hamas or other terrorist organizations two questions because of that alone does this make this war, America's war and two what are we not doing that we should be doing to free American hostages and I'll just note we talk about 444 days we all know that references the number of days you had American hostages in Tehran most Americans wouldn't understand what 65 means which I believe is the number of days Americans held hostages yeah I think it may be the worst terror attack in terms of Americans killed since 9-11 itself and the administration seems to overlook that they don't make much of it publicly in terms of what we're going to do to respond I've said that we have in the last two months we have specially trained forces in our military who are specifically prepared to go in and hostage rescue we need to make those available if it would help Israel now Israel has control of the authority of Gaza we wouldn't go in unilaterally but if Israel if we have an opportunity to help Israel to get back not just its own citizens but our citizens and our special operations forces who are specifically trained in hostage rescue then of course we should make them available and also from the very beginning President Biden should have been much more forceful in their million dollar condos and Doha but also with Tehran about what would happen if Americans weren't released but apparently the leadership of Hamas fears the Philippines and Thailand more than they fear the United States of America since those nations got their hostages back I want to pursue that point I've heard you say that elsewhere if you look at the raw numbers Hamas has released Israelis a rather moral enemy you mentioned the international workers who have been released Russians who have been released yet US citizens have not certainly you've had three I believe what more can be done obviously there's a military option but for the reasons you've outlined it's complex what else can the United States do on that front well I mean I think that's one of the fundamental things to do I mean there's a reason why the hostages got released the day Ronald Reagan took office and I know some people who apologize for the Carter administration say well that's not the case look the Aytollas are not afraid of Jimmy Carter they were afraid of Ronald Reagan and right now Hamas and their masters in Tehran are simply not afraid of Joe Biden that's why Americans haven't been released I bet they are afraid of Vladimir Putin alright last question and really thank you Senator for the time there's some work for Congress to do there is pending before the Congress a supplemental which includes funding for Ukraine President Zelensky is in town I believe he's meeting with senators if he didn't do it today tomorrow and also funding for Israel it's all in one package as well as some other funding items your news maker here at the United States Institute of Peace do you want to make some news and tell us when that funding package will go through and we can all join in your festive attire here and celebrate congressional support I do not foresee it passing this month before Congress recesses I said festive Senator that's not festive so the president proposed legislation that would address four different issues Ukraine, Israel, Taiwan and our border and Republicans have insisted from the very beginning that we have credible and serious changes to border policy which is allowing a total crisis there just to stress how big a crisis is there were several days last week when 12,000 illegal migrants entered our country across the border 12,000 to put that in perspective Jay Johnson who was Barack Obama's Secretary of Homeland Security said that 1,000 would overload the system 1,000 or put it in a different way in one week at that rate the number of illegal migrants who cross this country would become like the fourth or fifth largest city in Arkansas and thus far the Democrats simply have not been serious about negotiating for the kind of genuine changes to policy that would help us secure a border again mostly on asylum and parole and until that happens I don't see the legislation passing as a whole now I support all parts of it I support Ukraine, I don't support Joe Biden's Ukraine policy of course I support Israel I think we need to strengthen our defenses in the western Pacific and help Taiwan do the same and of course I want to solve the crisis at our border I'm happy to pass that all in one package I'm happy to pass it in more than one deal but we have to make sure that Joe Biden cares as much as about our border as he cares about another nation's border which doesn't seem to do so I guess we'll have to wait till after Christmas for that gift ladies and gentlemen please join me in thanking Senator Cotton for being here at USIP for our Newsmaker series, thank you sir Thanks Roger


Howdy Look at this Well these people asking are we gonna hold class Friday? I don't want to come to class Friday heck. You don't come to class Wednesday Well you guys do but you're the good guys All right, I don't know how far we got on talking about holes in beams. I remember we had something started on them we mentioned that when you put a bending moment on a Wide flange and you have had to drill some holes in the flanges That you don't care about the compression side because the compression stresses will yield The steel around the holes and then the holes are just fetch up against the bolts and the forces will go right through Only if you have holes on the tension side do you possibly have to account for them If you don't drill too many holes, and they're not too big they find out It really doesn't change anything But they do insist that This flange on the tension side had been planned to carry some load the load that that flange had been care planned on carrying was F sub y The F sub u is okay in a minute F sub y Times the area of the flange The flange with no holes in it. That's what you told me you were going to give me Now when you drill the holes you say, but I don't have the area of the flange anymore. It's no longer area flange gross With the flange time thickness of the flange It's going to be a little smaller because I drill some holes in it and We find well, that's not too bad We can go ahead and let the stresses around those holes build up to the ultimate Without hurting anything that's exactly what you and I did on tension members when you were studying around the holes You ran the stress from f sub y up to f sub u and it was acceptable. You had to make some corrections sometimes So I say What I need you to do is I need you to go tell me how much you told me you were going to give me F sub y times the area of the flange gross and If the force that you are going to give me Which is going to be f sub ultimate times the area of the flange including the holes net If that force has come up to what you told me you were going to give me then that's okay We will not worry about holes However You do have to consider the holes you will have to drop the strength if you can't tell me that the net area When under the full f sub u if that force is smaller than you planned on giving me Then you're going to have to reduce the strength of the beam due to the holes. Otherwise you can walk on and ignore it Not actually it's a little different from that if it was that simple more people would do this for a living But we're saying that the flange force in the flange in other words the strength available at f sub u including the holes If it's smaller than how much full strength was desired And you told me you were going to give me at the yield stress without any holes Then you will have to reduce the strength and we'll talk about that shortly All the terms are defined area flange net. That's without the holes That's with the holes area flange gross is without the holes here the page numbers in the Specs that give you these same equations and it's on page 244 d also Now we've run into another problem used to be when a 36 was about the best we had A36 would come up here and it would just yield like crazy And then it would build up here from 36 maybe to about 58 and then it would pop And that was really good steel all of that ability to distort deform really helped us in a lot of ways Now then we got this high-strength stuff a 992 where f sub y is up to 50 and f sub u maybe is up to 65 and The distance between when the thing yields and when it is reached f sub u That doesn't have near the range that I'm used to seeing when we first set out this criteria for holes and So if you got a bad steel One where you're running the stress up to maybe I don't know about ten percent of the ultimate Rather than running it up to about maybe 20 or 25 percent of the ultimate Then the fibers just don't get to stretch like I had planned So if you have a steel where the ratio of the yield to the ultimate is Higher than 0.8. That's a not a very ductile steel and it's really ductile, but it's not like we had planned Then rather than having you check what did you tell me you were going to give me and Are you going to give me less than that you have to consider the holes? I'm going to tell you for those kind of steels. I want you to tell me what you were going to give me and Because the steel we're discussing is not as Ductile I want another ten percent tacked on to what you told me you were going to give me if You can't bring your f sub u times the area of the net flange with the holes At least up to what you told me you were going to give me times one point one Then you're gonna have to consider the holes just because of the steel you're using nothing wrong with it It's just not as ductile So what they do is they write the equation all in one swoop and they say if this is less than this You must consider the holes where this factor y Intention is a one if you got a really great steel where f sub y is down pretty much below f sub u About 80 percent But if it's higher than 80 percent Then you have to give me another 10 percent on this strength side and If you can't do that, then you must consider the holes. That's a completely different process Is it just telling you whether you must or must not consider the holes? Now if you look at a 992 steel and you look at the numbers you would say well, okay The yield is 50 and that's 65 There's a 992 6550 you'll find that that 6550 is down below the point eight So you say hey, I should be okay on a 992 steel Well, it's kind of in what you get in the a 992 steel And an a 992 steel you can have 50 to 65 and it still has a 65 a 992 name and this is a guaranteed minimum of 65 now this guy happens to run this 65 up to 80 and you know it and This happens to come out 50 then 50 85. You don't have to do the a 992 steel. It doesn't have the 1.1 problem with it But what happens is this 50 can go up to 65 and it's still got the name a 992 steel And so it's very possible you get a steel where this number is actually when you get it 60 And the 65 is what he gave you to and the 60s down there right on top of the 65 And I I can't live with that I mean I can live with it, but it has an impact on whether or not you have to consider the holes and Since they don't tell you You always have to put the 1.1 on an a 992 steel if you call them up and you say I know you got 800 tons of steel out there for me You got tests on all of it says well it came out in about six batches. We've got tests on all of them What is the f sub?  I think it's the only reason that you really learn anything is if you see why these things are happening Here's an a 36 steel in 305 you learned it around a hole you have a stress concentration factor which raises the stress Quite a bit maybe a factor 1.6. Maybe 2 Above the average stress across the section. So when you put in a load on this plate This stress runs right on up to yield There's your yield and these are down around 18 and this is down around who knows 22 When you put some more load on it then this fiber yields and it stays at this yield and it stays at this Yield and it stays at this yield and then this one comes on up and it gets to yield and then this is down to 25 Then when you put some more strain on it with this little fiber here. He's he's going on up the curve He's getting on up to around 50 Before this fiber finally gets to the 36 we're counting on But that's okay because he's well under this peak this break point and Therefore a 36 steel is behaving like I need to because of your holes Now here's a piece of a 992 steel one where we don't have the ductility as we do in the a 36 Same idea first off the stress goes up K times p over a Because of a stress concentration factor and it reaches the yield of 50 while this is still 25 Then when you strain it some more This fiber does stay yielded stay yielded a few of them are getting above yield because they're starting to climb on up this different-looking curve and Then when you finally get this one to 50 this guy's out here to 70 And that's not gonna cut it. I can't I can't stand that you're out there past the breaking point and That's why for some steels I'm gonna have to ask you to give me 10 10 percent more on the front end Just to see whether or not holes have to be considered On a piece a 36 steel it's very easy to come up with a case even though it's nice and ductile where the holes have to be considered Here's a case where the holes have to be considered There you go Yeah holes gotta be considered In other words, there's no way you get enough f sub u out of those little pieces To take care of all the f sub y that you lost So here's now if you have the bad news that you have to consider the holes First you have to cut your elastic section modulus down to account for the holes First off the whole equation is really kind of changed you used to say that the nominal moment was f sub y times Z Now then we're gonna make you we're gonna let you run it on up to f sub u The first thing you're gonna have to do is you're gonna have to drop it back to the elastic section modulus from the plastic section modulus So Basically, here's the bad news number one you don't get to use z sub x You have to go back to s sub x and that number will have to be reduced by the Small area divided by the large area That's basically your bending strength The good news is you get to run the f sub y all the way up to f sub u So rather than the old case where m sub nominal was equal to f sub y times z sub x Number one you get to run the f sub y up to f sub u But you got to drop the z sub x down to s sub x It's shown that it works best and not only that you don't even really get the s sub x because of the holes The only reason you even here is because you haven't to consider the holes You have to reduce the elastic section modulus by the ratio of the net area of the flange With the holes divided by the gross area of the flange without the holes That's your nominal strength Now there are many more nominal strengths that you got to also check You got to check the nominal strength due to lateral torsional buckling You got to check the nominal strength to the web local buckling. I guess not Flange local buckling. I mean all those other things still have to be checked. This is just at that point Wherever you probably are trying to find the maximum moment at a given point in the beam You're gonna have to see if the beam Will handle that moment. So basically he summarizes it as follows Does your ultimate force available in the tension flange under ultimate load ultimate stress Area truly there. Is it smaller than the? One or one point one factor depending on your steel Multiplied times the yield stress of your steel times the area you told me was going to be there before the guy with the drill showed up If that is true Then you must account for the holes and the way you do it is this the nominal moment is equal to f sub u Area the flange with the holes area the flange without the holes elastic section modulus for the shape under discussion where this is either a One or a one point one Then he kind of forgets to tell you whereas if F sub u area flange net is greater than or equal to this then you get the full plastic moment Even though you got the holes there you do not have to account for them I mean in effect you have accounted for them because of the studies that you've done and we find that You can that the moment developed will be the full Im plastic of course the fees got to go on everybody before they really get out in use But we're talking about nominal moments nominal moments just like the specs do Yeah, that's that's the only ones that probably are going to be connected like this Angles, you know probably just going to be connected on one leg and we've already found out how to take care of them All right, so he has a problem. It's a w 18 by 71 You can find the information on it on this page and I got a page here with 18 by 71 information That flange wide flange has a seven point six four b sub f and has a point eight one thickness It is made out of a 992 and since I don't have tensile coupon tests on it I'll have to consider the one point one as a requirement He says use cease to be as equal to one Well, I can tell you whatever he he hadn't shown me his moment diagram, but I bet his moment diagram doesn't look like that That's not this case because if it was he'd be telling me use a cease to be as one point one four This case here must either be this one where it's ten feet long That's the ten feet unbraced length with constant moments on either end are possibly a beam Brace brace brace brace equal loads where the moment in the region of study is m sub a m sub b m sub c m max and C Cb is one if he tells me that must be one of these cases now just to Divert a minute and see where this stuff is in the specs Proportions of beams and girders sixteen point one sixty four Here's where this is greater than this the limit for tension rupture does not apply all that saying is You're cool. You don't have to study any whole information Whereas if it's less than that then you must account for the holes and this is how you account for the holes And then of course all the terms are defined Continuing with our 18 by 71 First off he wants to know if it's going to flick fail by lateral torsional buckling. I'll leave it for you This is old stuff The curve looks like this There are tables that tell you L sub plastic and L sub R. We're at 10 feet So we're on here if you remember there's that equation for that straight line You got to go dig out in plastic f sub y s sub x your brace length is 10 feet L Plastic is six L radius of gyration is 19.6 blah blah blah blah and that's how strong it is if it's Laterally torsionally buckling if that controls but since it's got holes in it I don't know whether this will control our web local buckling will control or Not web flange local buckling or if those holes are going to cause the problem. So now this is new Incidentally when this person was calculating this stuff he calculated the plastic moment as f sub y z sub x That is not permitted if this was a w14 by 99 with an F on it Remember the z sub x is true and that's true But that number right there may not be true if the flange see this flange if the flange has problems in inventing About the best way you could get the number that goes right here would be go to your Z tables where it gives you fee in plastic and divide the fee back out so you could get the real web flange local buckling plastic moment and use it in this equation The other possibility would be to go dig this Rascal out and track it down until you got to ten feet From those charts So here's our new stuff first we're going to see if the flange holes need to be accounted for gross area of one flange is 7.64 inches wide point eight one oh inches thick That's how much area you told me you were going to give me and then I see this guy with a drill walking over here Active hole diameter one inch plus a sixteenth fit plus a sixteenth damage one and an eighth Therefore the gross area of six point one eight eight You took off the thickness of the flange twice Times the diameter of the hole Geez man. That's a that's a lot of lost steel. You brought the steel area down to four point three Question is what did you tell me you were gonna?   That's what I got to have You didn't do it Came nowhere near what you promised me you must account for the holes You simply account for the holes By give me the ultimate strength 65 ksi Give me the flange area with the holes four point three six six Give me the flange area without the holes six point one eight eight go dig out the elastic section modulus 127 and that's how much moment you can have That's M sub in that's how much you can't have it you've got to give me a point nine on top of it This value is less than we found 64 60 was lateral torsional buckling this controls It's a value is less than that it controls Here he's divided it by 12 and then he didn't complete it really because before anybody can really Hand it out. You got to put the point nine on it before it goes out the door 436 Kip feet Here is The information used in that went to the z-tables went to a w18 by 71 There's your l sub r. There's your l sub p in that equation Here's your 18 by 71. There's your flange width. There's your flange thickness Here's your 18 by 71. Here is your elastic section modulus How much did it change? See it changed You know pretty much because when the web yields it it picks up some numbers But they don't they don't let you have that You drop to the elastic section modulus. Good morning You know if you're gonna come in late, I mean it's not really but if you're gonna come in late You should and then I don't pick on you because I will pull guy ran all the way to get here Either that or limp, you know like a car ran over you. Yeah. Yeah, something okay, okay All right now this is out of the 13th edition just because I wanted these notes on the side didn't want to rewrite them It's the same information as yours How to find this is where I told you if you'll just track down a w18 by 71 You can get the nominal moment You just go to the z-tables and you find out where a w18 point seventy one comes in the z-tables would tell you immediately easy to find in the z-table 548 Then you simply track it down. You say it's not the lightest. That's not my problem and when it hits 10 Then that's how much plastic moment fees of the msp You get off of it a lot of off of it according to lateral torsional buckling. Sometimes that's well worth doing On the other hand if you're trying to track down this 18 by 76 You may be five pages back Came down here on the next page came down here in the next page came down here next page You're finally here and you're finally to the 10 foot mark You know sometimes it's more trouble than it's worth and his use of that equation is appropriate Because it tells you how to get it without going through those different pages This is the same one in the 14th edition Already did holes and beams already did that already did that example problem with my notes on them Open steel web joists will come back to if we have some time I see when the last time we had time 1982 all right base Bear beam bearing plates and column base plates on the exam you will invariably be asked to design a base plate or to design a Bearing plate you need to know the difference This is a column. This is the base of the column piece of steel of Reasonable thickness so that you don't just poke a hole in the steel along with a concrete that is a base plate and Usually it'll say in the column to be used on the problem They're also telling you it's a column base plate the design of this is quite different Here is a beam a beam has no base so you can this is not a base plate this is a Plate where the beam presses on the concrete and the plate bears on the concrete like a bearing stress Is there a bearing stress under here? Yes, there is but it's not called a bearing plate base plate and I don't do that to just mess you up But every now and then you give me a beautiful design for one of these Or you don't because it's so difficult, you know, this one was simple or vice versa So know the difference between a bearing plate and a base plate you can't hardly go wrong columns have a base beams don't Whole purpose is so that when you push on The concrete very weak with this high strength steel You don't just gouge a little H shaped hole in the concrete But I'll steal plate between the two Same way with this one here. This steel is quite strong You can have such high loads that the concrete's only got maybe 3000 5000 psi Where are this stuff in here? We're talking about 60,000 psi strength you can mash a hole right in the wall or right in the concrete footing with these things You need a plate underneath them to spread the load out so the concrete is happy Yes, it can be but generally speaking if the thing is always in compression They're gonna they're going to put some holes in it. Yeah Because invariably, you know, you get wind loads on the columns and things like that They'll put a bolt and they'll put they'll embed it down in the concrete now then on a bridge a lot of times The ones I see they don't do that because there aren't any loads sideways generally They just sit it on top of a bearing pad and it sits there forever But if you wear suspenders and a belt Bolt it down your friends may let you and then say Look what this guy spent $800 bolt in that plate to the ground. Ha ha All right now Just between you and me you see I have a little investment in pictures here And unfortunately in this book and this is a GUI they and in the code or in the specs They call this length of the bearing pad They called it in and they call the width of the bearing pad B So the area of the bearing pad was in times B the new Specs call it length of the bearing pad So you just have to bear with me any place you see oops, there's one right there any time you see an N Just think length of the bearing pad most of them. I think I've found and I've already marked them Use these notes Here's a top view. Here's a beam coming across. We're going to do bearing plates First Here's a concrete footing or it could be a part of a wall which extends out in both directions Here's the plate and the beam is set on top of it. There's your steel plate Here's your beam. Here's your concrete column or your concrete footing. It's top view Here's a kind of an end view in your book It's an end view because he doesn't show it the 3d stuff part to it. This is B This is the length of the bearing pad And then it sits on top of something that's weak like a concrete or masonry Here's a side view. This again is L sub B Here's the web. Here are the flanges of the beam That force under that plate actually feeds up into the beam So that the stresses go up nicely at about a two and a half to one they find that out just by putting string gauges on there And it goes up through the flange and it goes up through the fillet Remember there is a flange here and you remember that fillet It goes up through that until it hits the really thin part of the web So there is an area of the web Where right about across here it could start to yield the web of your wide flange We'll have to make sure that doesn't happen way that could happen most obviously I Got a picture of one of them here Have to be ridiculous I don't know I may run across one but where you make this thing very very short just just about an inch long Well, then there's a good chance when that load feeds into the web the web will yield at that point Remember what you've already studied you've already studied that the web itself Will withstand The reaction due to shear Vq over it or in our case V over the area of the web But if you can't if it yields here before it gets into the web Then you still lost you still came out behind Here's how it yields. Here's an end view of a wide flange Here is your B Could be that B is the same as B sub F Usually it's a little longer than B sub F kind of so you can see them hanging out and Then it has some length which we will have to design for This is always going to be at least B sub F. You wouldn't want a little eight inch plate under there You want the stability of this thing sitting on it? Here's your K design. That's the distance to the through the web plus this radius Here this load is feeding up in here and cutting out at about a two and a half to one angle and That's a longer length And you find that when you put this reaction force that you've asked for over this thin Kind of long cross-sectional area in the web You can go up to f sub y If you go above f sub y, I'm not I'm not going there That'll be your limit Here is your nominal strength Let's look at this one will be as good as any your nominal strength will be he shows us like a 45 degree angle That's no fair. It's a lot flatter than that. It's two and a half to one Your length of this line right here will be L sub B plus two and a half times K design That's how long that will be. I think I surely I got a better here. We go. This is a better one right here Here's your plate your plate is L sub B long here that force is feeding up into your thin part of the web which starts Right about here at K design. So the length of that line where the stress has got problems Is L sub B plus two and a half times K sub design. They just call it K Here's your 2.5 K design plus L sub B. That's the length Here's your width thickness of the web You can see it right here, and then you get to multiply that times f sub y That's if you got a plate on the end of the beam I'm kind of using his figures Here we go. I Like that better There's your L sub B plus two and a half K design Here's a beam that's coming across the top. This is a girder This is a floor beam the floor beams got some pretty high loads in it They have decided they need to put a plate between the two to keep the stresses down and when they do This is L sub B For an interior beam this thing feeds off to the left At a two and a half to one rate and it feeds off to the right So now then the length of the yielded web at the thin part is L sub B plus five times K design So for exterior or close to the end plates The length of the line is that long for interior beams For interior loads on top of your girder L sub B plus five That's why this one has the two and a half plus L sub B things of the web f sub y this one has five times K Design plus L sub B. I don't see off hand where his Nominal strength is but it's obviously that length right here times f sub y thickness of the plate probably on a future page All this stuff is on section 16 1-134 page Interior plate Here's an interior plate Here is where it comes from in the specs 16.1-134 That yielding is so reliable and so tightly controlled You don't need any variation you get it all whatever you get. It's yours And here is the R sub in for an interior plate I know that because it says a five and here's one that's close to the end I know it because it's only got a two and a half on it Plus L sub B. There's your f yield. You'll notice he calls this f sub yield in the web Because it's a it's very common to make up your own beams You'd make this out of a 992 steel and you'd make that out of a 36 steel because a 36 is a lot less Expensive and you're not getting a lot of bending strength out of the web anyway And therefore he wants you to be sure that you're talking about yielding the weaker steel He wants you to put in the yield For the web not for whatever the other pieces are on there We don't usually talk about those but it's here. So you you should question where that came from in Hawaii Now not only can you just flat yield? This steel when the load gets up into your poor old thin web You can actually cripple it By that I mean When you put the load on here I've got a picture right quick This one the load was put on the top here the web just buckles to the side Here's a crippled web where the load coming up from the bottom There wasn't a load on the top on this one and it just it didn't yield the steel, but it was just too thin and so the web crippled or buckled Here's one where the top flange see they were pushing down to this compression side the top flange had Local buckling problems, and if you look you can see that the web is also having problems It's pooching out and bending in and out of the paper here Causing a buckling problem of the web This one's quite evident. You'll notice a Wing on a model airplane where they twist the thing and they've divided it up into little cells This is the compression direction for the way. He's twisting it and this is the tension direction That's what we're talking about that wrinkling of the web When you load it called web crippling It is a buckling of the web caused by this compression force on the bottom there. You see the little buckle marks It's possible if you put a load here you'll cause little buckle marks in These directions down in the web and this is a mess There's nothing there's nothing else you can say about it But it's it's all the theory is there and it's been verified by test if you have an interior load The strength of the beam as measured in web crippling. This is the nominal strength 8 tenths of the thickness of the web squared plus Onto 1 plus 3 times the length of your bearing plate There's your length of your bearing plate There's your length of your bearing plate Divided by the depth of the beam times the thickness of the web by the thickness of the flange Raise the 1.5 bar square root of e f sub y thickness of the flange thickness the web Don't ask me who had time to do that somebody with a lot of money and a lot of time done a big research project and Found out how strong these things were Back when everything was a 36 steel and they were all fat webs probably never had to worry about it Stronger the steel gets the thinner the sections get the more we have to do this research find out Where we're gonna start getting into trouble This is for an interior load Where the loads are dropping off on both sides Or here where the loads are dropping off on both sides If you get near the support like this one as you can see you're unsupported out here So you have a much higher chance of this thing crippling and There's they find that you can't even have one equation to determine How much strength you have short plates have this equation and Long longer plates have this equation say it looks the same. Well kind of kind of pretty much Okay, well this number is different and that's the same and that's the same But it's it's actually got to have a different equation. What is a short plate?  That's a long plate. Here's a short plate Here's a long plate You can see where you get more strength out of this one because you you know You're back in here further before the thing might have a tendency to cripple How you get the answers?  Concrete bearing strength. We know how strong the beam is now. We can stop it from crippling We can stop it from just shearing. We can stop it from yielding Now then we got to talk to mr. Concrete What we'll do is we'll put that steel pad on top of the concrete and we'll make it big enough so that the pressure between the bearing plate or the Base plate whichever we're designing It's got a low enough stress in the concrete that the concrete is happy First there'll be an l sub b and then there'll be a dimension in the in and out of the paper This is out of the ACI specs the ACI people use a simple piece of P Found to be point eight five times the 28-day compressive strength times the area of the concrete that is being loaded You and I will immediately turn that into p sub nominal or r sub nominal or whatever we're gonna do because that's what we use for nominal strength Now then that's if the plate fully covers the column if it doesn't Turns out you get some more strength you get the strength you had before But you also get to raise it by the square root of the area of the concrete divided by the area of the plate You can't exceed this number here the specs here's the Information out of the steel out of the concrete people Similar to concrete test point eight five fc prime blah blah blah the curves Here's what we just said if your plate which is called area one Completely covers your concrete which is called area two in all of these equations then you get point eight five fc prime a one just like a concrete cylinder test and It starts breaking just like you saw your concrete cylinder breaking pieces start to fall off on the outside If on the other hand you have the same size plate But it's on a bigger piece of concrete Then as you see all of this concrete is kind of contained inside of this outer perimeter And so the load picks up dramatically If area two is bigger than area one if area two is equal to area one Well, there it is square root of one is one and there's your equation and there's your equation but if area one is Small compared to area two you get to add they've tested this to verify it Square root of the area to divided by area one So the first thing I did is I had a big old floor and I put a little old plate And I put a load on it and I found out the load could be two trillion tons And they said hey jerk You there's a limit to this, you know, I admit that it's you know, it's a lot stronger You know if you've got a lot of concrete outside of it But all you're gonna do is you just gonna push the plate and you're gonna just push a little square hole in the concrete So there's a limit to when this square root of a two over a one is permitted That is when area two Reaches four times area one When it reaches that limit, then you got a quit Here's your equation. Here's your square square root of area two when it reaches four area one over area one Area one cancels square root of four to two times point eighty five That's your limit. You can't go any bigger than that no matter how much concrete you provide And we'll get into that again next time


What is going on guys, welcome back to the channel and I appreciate you being here. Today I bring you another Dest in the 2 top 5 video and today we have top 5 freak out reactions of the week featuring the latest and greatest new exotic, the Jotun or Jotun however the how you want to pronounce that thing basically the Mega Man arm blaster. Now if you guys have any clips you think are worth sharing with the world, send it into the email or just a link at the top of the video description. If you guys do enjoy this video, leave a like, we will just help out. A little warning guys, you may just want to turn down that volume just a little bit also as it gets pretty loud in here. But guys I hope you enjoyed the video and hopefully I will see you on that next one though. Let's go!   Yeah! Oh my god! Reset? Yeah! Oh my god dude, what just happened? Oh my god! Jotun, Jotun, Jotun, Jotun, Jotun, Jotun, Jotun, Jotun, Jotun, Jotun, Jotun!  Oh my god!


Aaron before the game you said this team still controls its own destiny But with the way they have been playing in just 22 games left remaining Do you feel like your playoff chances are starting to slip away? No, no, absolutely not. I mean we just had a horrible home stand. It's not it's not okay You know, we're pissed off about it But we've we've been through this throughout the season, we're up against it again And we look forward to going out and turning this around tomorrow We know it can turn just as quick as it's it's gone sideways here over the last 10 days or so No, absolutely we expect to to get it rolling Obviously We needed it and needs to happen But we're in control of that When you look back at the last 10 games almost two weeks now, just why do you think it is long? sideways so quickly Well, I mean overall we've struggled offensively to to consistently put up runs when we've needed to you know obviously we've had some key guys go down, you know and and You know some guys have to leave game So, you know, we've been a little thin bullpen wise and and had to lean on a lot of guys So, you know, but that's part of it. I mean that's part of The attrition the adversity you're gonna face so in a major league season and you got to be able to navigate through it and and survive some of the tough times and obviously we're doing that right now, but You know, I have a ton of confidence in in in that group in there and and You know understand It's been bad this week, but you know, we've got a great opportunity in front of us And that that's not going to change after tomorrow or the next day and and then you'll get the same answer Erin you mentioned that bullpen and how thin you guys have been back there lately Score tied at to a piece you decided to go to Sal Romano Any consideration to using Chad brain in that situation to try to keep it even No, no, we're I was gonna close with Greeny today if I got to that point No, the Sal was up here.  He's two strikes to Jansen and hangs a slider, you know going through the bottom of the order there we like the matchup and You know and then You know hits the next guy and and then Bo breaks is back to drive one in but no not not in that spot We're lined up there to go Jordan, you know, and then some combination of of Wandy and Greeny The idea of closing with Greeny. Is that a product of Chapman being in effective or no available or both? No, just Chappy was available But I was gonna be a little careful tonight and if and if I got to the end of the game with Wandy or Greeny tonight I would have closed with one of them tonight other questions Anyone else? Eric bowling Can you afford to keep running Haney out there? Yeah, I mean we we have to we have to we have to there's gonna be days We got to get something out of everyone Eric. I mean you're you cover us every day You know what we've been up against this week and the bottom line is like it's been, you know as when we started to play better baseball and It's taken everyone it's taken all 28 and certainly that's the case right now So there's gonna be days where you know We have to lean on somebody else in a given situation You know so yes Do you see anything confidence-wise with him? No, he's had the good out and he gets lost and he's had some moments here and there But it just seems like things don't go as way when he's out there. Yeah, I mean, yeah I mean, it's it's been a it's been a lot a little bit of product of You know he's been hurt obviously with the long ball He's been hurting some two-strike situations where he hasn't put a guy away or he hasn't executed a pitch But the ball is coming out how it should You know it but but again, it's about execution especially in those two-strike situations where he's gotten himself into a little bit of trouble Dan Martin you have the next question. Oh, and I know it's tough with the way the lineup and your defense is situated right now But do you you want to try to find more at bats for boy at this point? Of course Yeah, I mean we've I've been able for the most part through this stretch, you know He's gotten a lot of a lot of time in there and pretty much pinch hit every day So I feel like he has been getting somewhat regular at bats, but of course and and again I'd go to Think you understand the situation and now we're going into a National League situation where we're not gonna have a DH so it makes a little bit more challenging, but It also gives us more good options From a pinch hit standpoint going into this weekend from a National League setting, but you know Yeah, of course


Welcome back everyone to theCUBE's live coverage here in San Francisco for VMware Explore, formerly VMworld. theCUBE's been here 12 years, Dave, we've been watching the evolution of the user conference, been quite a journey to see, and virtualization just explode. We've got two great guests here, we're going to break it all down. Ash Bacardi, director of multi-cloud product management, Dell Technologies, no stranger to the VMworld, now VMware Explore, and Josh Pruitt, Chief Product Officer at Rackspace Technology. Great to see you guys, thanks for coming on. Absolutely. Yeah, thanks so much, thanks for having us. So, you know, the theme this year is multi-cloud, but it's really all about vSphere 8's out, you got VxRail, you got containers, you got the magic going on around cloud native, which really points to the future state of where this is going, which is agile enterprises, infrastructure is code, high performance under the hood, I mean, all the things that you guys have been doing for many, many years and decades in business, but now with VMware, putting it all together, it feels like this year, it's like, you got visibility into the value proposition, people have clear line of sight into where the performances are from the hardware, software, and now cloud, it's kind of coming together, feels like it's coming together. Let's talk about that and the relationship between you guys, Rackspace and Dell and VMware. Perfect, that sounds great. Well, thanks so much for having us.  We've got a huge lifelong partnership and relationship with Dell and VMware, and the technologies that these guys create that we're able to put in front of our customers are really what allows us to go drive those business outcomes, so yeah, happy to dive into it. Yeah, and I think to add that, we understand that customers have a tremendously complex challenge ahead of them on managing their infrastructure. That's why with VxRail, we have intelligent infrastructure. We want it to simplify the outcomes for customers when they're, no matter if they're managing VMware or if they're managing the actual hardware infrastructure underneath it.  And with the kind of applies here, if you think about what's going on in the product side with the edge emerging hybrid cloud on principle, private cloud, and obviously cloud native is great too, if you have native applications in there.  I hear words like that. I hear super cloud, which we're promoting, which you're seeing companies becoming cloud themselves with the CapEx being handled by either public cloud or optimized on-premise or hosted hardware. I mean, this is now, this is not all about everything's going to the cloud. This is now cloud operations on-premise and in hosting. So I'd love to get your perspective on that because you guys are huge hosting, get huge experience there, modernizing all the time. What is the modern era look like for the customer? Yeah, so I mean, I think it's very clear to everybody that it's a multi-cloud world, right? I think the main question is, are you multi-cloud as a strategy or are you multi-cloud as a situation? Because everybody's multi-cloud. That ship is sailing, right? And so when I look at the capabilities that we have with the partnership with Dell and the VxRail technologies, lifecycle management that you have to go and perform across your fleet can be extremely difficult. And whenever you take something like the VxRail and you add the hardware and you have the software all fully integrated there, it makes it much easier to do lifecycle management. So for a company like Rackspace, where we have tens of thousands of nodes that we're managing for customers across 29 global data centers and we're all over the place, the ability to have that strength with Dell's hardware, the VMware platform, improve lifecycle management makes it so much easier for us to manage our fleet and be able to deliver those outcomes even faster for customers. So assuming that VxRail isn't a virtual railroad that delivers data to Rackspace data centers, if it's not that, what is it, Ash? Give us a little primer on what VxRail is. Well, VxRail is the first and only jointly engineered HCI system with VMware. So everything we do with VMware is better. So hyper-converged infrastructure. Hyper-converged infrastructure. But we used to call a server because all the bits are in the box, right? All the storage, everything's in there. Everything's in there. Simplifies management. And we built in with the VxRail HCI system software which is really our secret sauce. We built in to actually add those automation capabilities with VMware so it allows you to scale out very quickly, scale up very quickly. And one of our big capabilities is our lifecycle management which is full stack meaning it life cycles the entire vSphere stack as well as the hardware infrastructure underneath as one continuously validated state. Meaning that customers can focus more on their business outcomes and driving their business forward. We're spending time managing their infrastructure. And when you talk about customers, it's also the value proposition that's flowing through Rackspace because Rackspace when you install these systems, how long does it take to spin up to have a VM available for use when you install one of these systems? Oh so you can have the system up and running very quickly. So we automate all the day one deployment. So you can have the system up and running in your labs and in your data centers in 45 minutes and you can have VMs up in provision very shortly after that. So what do you do with that kind of agility? Oh my gosh, so we've actually taken that and we've taken the VxRail platform and we've created what we call Rackspace services for VMware cloud. And this is our platform that is based on VxRail. It's based on vCloud director from VMware and by having the VxRail's already rack stacked ready to go for our customers, we're able to sign a customer up today and then within a matter of minutes give them access to a vCloud director portal where they can go in and spin up a new VM anytime they want. But then it also integrates into all of those cloud management platforms and tools, right? It integrates into your Terraform. So you've got your full CI CD pipeline and so you have that full into in capability. If you want to go click around on a portal, you can using vCloud director and using vSphere and all that great stuff. If you want to automate it, you can do that too. And we do it all in the backs of that VxRail hyper-converged infrastructure. Tell me about the DPU dynamic. We're hearing a lot about DPUs, VxRail.  How is that impacting performance can you guys see? Cause we're hearing a lot of buzz around the VxRail and the VMware, DPUs really making things much faster. I mean, it's the thing we talk about most with customers now is their challenges with scaling their infrastructure and VxRail is going to be the first and only jointly engineered system that will have vSphere 8 with DPUs functionality and we'll have the full lifecycle management and what this really empowers customers to do is as they're growing their environments, as they're scaling out their workloads in the data center, they need a way to scale to that next generation of networking and network security and that's what DPUs allow you to do. They give you that offload and that high performance capability. Talk about the, love to get your guys perspective while we're just riffing on this real quick sidebar for a second. If VxRail has these capabilities which you guys are promoting it does and some of the things go on in the modern era, the next gen apps are going to look a lot different. We're calling it super cloud if you will for lack of a better description. Yeah, multi-cloud is a state, I agree it's a situation and a state but super cloud is really the functionality of what cloud does. So what do you guys see as, maybe it's he leads reading now or dots connecting, what are some of those next gen apps? I mean the edges, all the edge is going to explode and I can see the edge having new kinds of apps we've never seen before, whether it's on-premise building lights and how they work or IoT changing. What do you guys see as the next gen apps coming out that's not looking the same as now or how our apps today changing for next gen because you get more performance at the edge, you get more action, you get more co-locations in geos. So it's clear multi-cloud, multi-presence is happening too, right? So what do you guys see? What's this? Yeah, I would say two areas that resonate most of customers is customers transitioning to their cloud native journey. So beginning it and using things like Tanzu for Kubernetes operations, which we fully support and have a white paper out there listed for customers. Another area is really in the AI-IML space. So we've been partnering with both VMware and Vidya to simplify how customers deploy new AI-IML infrastructure. I mean it's challenging, complex, a lot of customers are wanting to dive in because it really enables them to better operate and operate on insights and analytics they get from running their business. Josh. And I think it really comes down to whether you want to call it Edge or IoT or smart things or whatever, right? It all comes down to how we are expected now to capture all of the data to create a better user experience. And that's what we're seeing the modern applications being built around, right? Is how do you leverage all of the data that's now at your fingertips, whether it's from wearables, machine vision, whatever it may be, and drive that improved user experience. And so that's the apps that we're seeing now, right? You know, of course you still have all your business apps, all your ERP capabilities that need to exist and all that great stuff. But at the same time I also expect that whenever, you know, now whenever I'm walking into a store and their machine vision picks me up and they're paying with my phone and pushing me, push notifications, I expect to have a better user experience. And you need a big search on YouTube by the way. Yeah, exactly, right? No search warrants out for them, you know, you're good. That's exactly it. So, you know, you kind of expect that better user experience and that's where I'm seeing a lot of the new app development. Yeah, it's fun in these cases, one talks can think about all the weird coolness around it. The thing that I want to get your thoughts on is when we were just talking on the analyst session earlier on theCUBE, if DevOps is here in one, which we believe it has and infrastructure code is happening, the cloud native discussion, shifting left CICD pipeline, that's DevOps in my mind. That's like cloud native developers. That's like traditional IT in my mind. So that's all part of the coding. Data ops and security ops seem to be the most robust areas of conversations where that's the new ops, right? So, I mean, I made the term up, but new ops in terms of the focus, what are you making more efficient? What are you optimizing for? What's your guys reaction to that? Because all the conversations that we talk about is data, security, and then the rest seems to be cool, all good, developer side. Yeah, shift left, that's happening up there, Kubernetes containers. But all the action on the ops side seems to be data and security. Yeah. What's your reaction to that? Is that right? So personally, I do think that it's right. I think that with great power comes great responsibility. And so the clouds have brought that to us. All of your infrastructure as code has brought that to us. We have that great power now, right? But then you start to see kind of the pipeline attacks that are starting to become more and more popular. And so how you secure something that is as complex as a cloud native development pipeline is really hard. It's really challenging. So I do think that it warrants the attention. Then on the data side, I think that that matters because when I talked about those examples of a better user experience, I don't want my better user experience tomorrow. I don't want it 20 minutes from now. I want that real time capability. And so with that comes massive requirements from a compute and hardware perspective, massive requirements from a software perspective and from what folks are now calling data ops perspective. Yeah, data addressability, having the data available to be delivered. There's been a lot of talk here at the conference about the disaggregation of the brainularism who are going to make up words. The horsepower that's involved, CPU, DPU, GPU. I'll make up another word. We're familiar with the thermometers used during COVID to measure temperature. Pretend that I've invented a device called a carometer. And I'm pointing at it various people's foreheads. Who needs to care about DPUs and GPUs and CPUs? You know, John was referencing the idea of like security at the edge, data. Well, wow, we've got GPUs that can do things. Who needs to care about that? Obviously we care about it. You care about it. You care about it. You're building this stuff. You're deploying this stuff. But at what level in the customer stack do they need to care about it? Are you going in, is Rackspace engaging customers and saying, look, here's the value proposition. We understand your mission to be this. We believe we can achieve your mission. How far down in the organization do you go before you get to someone where you have to have the DPU conversation? Because we didn't even define DPU yet here, which is always offensive to me, right? I think I defined it actually. Did you define DPU? Good, thank you, John. But who should really care about that? Oh, that's such a complex question, right? Because everybody, Rackspace included. But a good question. Oh, it's a great question. Thank you. Great question. Everybody, Rackspace included, is talking about selling business outcomes, right? And ultimately that is what matters. It is what matters is selling those business outcomes to the customer. And so of course we're dealing with our business buyers who are just looking for, hey, improve my KPIs, make this run faster, better, stronger, all of that great stuff. But ultimately you get down to an IT staff and to the IT staff, these things matter. Because the IT staff, they all have budgets they have to hit. The realities start to hit them and they can't just go and spend whatever they want, trying to hit the KPIs of the marketing department or the finance department, right? And so you have your business buyers that do care significantly about buying their outcomes. And so we're having the business outcomes conversations with them. And then oftentimes they will come back to us and say, okay, but now we need you to talk to this person over in our IT organization. We need you to talk with our CIO, with our VP of infrastructure, whatever that may be, where we really get down to the nuts and bolts. And we talk about how we can stretch the hardware coming from Dell, we can stretch the software coming from VMware, and we can deliver a higher caliber experience, a lower TCO by taking advantage of some of the new technologies coming out. So there's a reason why I ask that awesome question. And it's because I can imagine a scenario where, this speaks to rack spaces positioned in the market today and moving forward and what your history has been. People want to know, well, why should I work with rack space instead of some mega hyper monster cloud? If part of the answer is, well, it's because for very specific application environments, like healthcare we talked about earlier, that might be a conversation where you're actually bringing in Dell to have a conversation about how you are specifically optimizing hardware and software to achieve things that otherwise can't be achieved with t-shirt sizes of servers in a hyperscale cloud. I mean, is that part of the rack space value per opposition moving forward? That you can do things like that with partners like Dell that the other folks aren't going to focus on? Absolutely it is, right? And that's a lot of the power of rack space is that we're the best in class pure play cloud solutions provider. And we can talk to you about your AWS, your Azure, your GCP, all of that great stuff. But we can also talk to you about private cloud solutions that are built on the backs of Dell technologies. And in this multi-cloud world, you don't have that one size fits all for every single application. There are some things that run great in a hyperscale provider and we can help you get there. But just exactly like you said, there are these verticals where you have applications that don't necessarily run all that well or they're not modernized. They haven't been refactored to be able to take advantage of cloud native services. And if all you're going to do is run that on bare metal in VMs, a hosted private cloud is by far the best way to do that. Right? And rack space provides that hosted private cloud on the backs of Dell technology, on the backs of VMware technology and we can go deliver those custom bespoke solutions to customers. So the infrastructure and the hardware still matters Ash, yes? Absolutely. And I think he just highlighted while what he does with his customers and what is important to his internal organization is being to deliver faster outcomes, better outcomes, give those customers to meet those KPIs of those customers consuming their infrastructure at rack space. So I think really what the DPU and the underlying infrastructure enables is all that full stack integration to allow them to quickly scale to the demands of those customers and what they need in their infrastructure. Guys, while we've got you here, what do you think about this year's VMware Explorer? A lot of anticipation around how many people going to show up and all kinds of things around the new name and Broadcom, big attendance here. I was very surprised about the size of the attendance and the show floor, the ecosystem. This train is not stopping. I mean, this is VMware's third act no matter what the contextual situation is. What's your observation on the show? Do you agree or is there anything that you could want to share about folks who didn't make it, what they missed? Yeah, I mean it really highlights, I mean you've seen the breadth of the show, I know people that aren't here that aren't able to see it are really to see the excitement. So there's a lot of great announcements around multi-cloud, around all the announcements around the vSphere 8 with the GPUs, the vSAN Express Storage architecture, ton of new exciting technology that are really empowering how customers, the future of how customers are consumed, their workloads and their data centers. Trust, they're not short on products and stuff. A lot of moving parts. vSphere 8, a bunch of new stuff and then Cloud Native does look pretty good too off the tee. It does feel like a focus on the core though, in a way. So I don't think there's been a lot of peripheral noise at the show. Sometimes it's, you know, and we got this and this and this and this. It's vSphere 8, vSAN 8, Cloud software, you know, really hammering it home and refining it. I mean, you don't think there's a little bit of a circus there. I mean, the general keynote was theatrical, I thought. I mean, I thought you did a good job on that. I think vSphere 8 was buried a little bit, I thought. They could have, they checked the box at the beginning. That's true, that's true. I mean, they mentioned it, but we didn't see the demos, you know? The demos are usually great, but that's my only concern. Well, that's why we supplemented it with the VxRail announcements, right? With our big announcements around vSphere 8 and with the DPUs as well as the vSAN Express Store to architecture being integrated with VxRail. So I think, you know, it's always that ongoing partnership and doing what's best for our customers, showing them the next generation how they consume that technology. Yeah, you guys got good props on vSphere. We had a great chat about yesterday. Rackspace, you guys doing a good quick update on what's happening with you guys. Give a quick plug. What's going on at Rackspace? What's hot? What's going on? What's the, give a quick plug for what the services are and the products about going on there. Yeah, absolutely. So we are that into in-cloud provider, right? And so we've got really exciting offers in market, helping customers take advantage of all the hyperscale providers, and then giving them, you know, that private cloud experience. We've got everything from, you know, single tenant running in our data centers on the backs of, you know, vSphere, vCloud director, and vXRails, all the way through to, like, multi-tenant burstable capability that runs within our own data centers as well. It's a really exciting time for technology, really exciting time for Rackspace. Congratulations. It's been following your journey for a long time. Dale, you guys continue to do a great job and end-to-end phenomenal work. The telco thing is a huge opportunity we didn't even go there. But Ash, thanks, Josh. Thanks for coming on. Appreciate it. Thanks for having me. Okay, thanks for watching theCUBE. We're live, day two of three days of wall-to-wall coverage. Two sets here in Moscone West on the ground level in the lobby, checking out all the action. Stay with us for more coverage after this short break.


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