Stories and content in Weird Darkness can be disturbing for some listeners and is intended for mature audiences only. Parental discretion is strongly advised. Welcome Weirdos, I'm Darren Marlar and this is Weird Darkness. Here you'll find stories of the paranormal, supernatural, legends, lore, crime, conspiracy, mysterious, macabre, unsolved and unexplained. While you're listening, you might want to check out the Weird Darkness website. At WeirdDarkness.com you can find paranormal and horror audiobooks I've narrated, 24-7 streaming video of horror hosts and classic horror movies, shop the Weird Darkness store for Weirdo merchandise, plus you can visit the Hope in the Darkness page if you're struggling with depression, anxiety or thoughts of suicide. You can find all of that and more at WeirdDarkness.com. Coming up in this episode of Weird Darkness Weirdo family member Joyce Smallwood shares a story she calls Dogs They Know Evil. Clara Phillips and Madeline Obanchain are mostly forgotten by history today but in their times they were the most popular psychopaths in LA. She wanders the road at night haunting all those who pass. We'll take a look at the bloody bride of 13 Curves Road. But first, in 1991, scientists found a perfectly preserved corpse of a man encased in ice and then, one by one, those scientists died.  The story of Otsi the Iceman is more than a little creepy. On September 19, 1991, German tourists Helmut and Erika Simon took a hike off the beaten path in the Alps on the Austrian-Italian border. There they made a gruesome discovery. The body of a man frozen in the ice who they assumed had recently died. The truth was much more bizarre. The body that came to be known as Otsi likely met his demise between 3239 and 3105 BC. The mummified remains were stunningly well preserved and the Otsi Iceman discovery led to a legal fight between Austria and Italy. The valuable find promised to shed light on humans' distant past and everyone wanted their chance to spend more time with Otsi. But that was before mysterious accidents and deaths began befalling those who came into contact with him. Despite everything that the Iceman offers to the fields of science and anthropology, people who have fallen victim to the Otsi Iceman curse probably wished he was still frozen on that mountain. The debate over whether or not the Otsi curse is real continues. On the one hand, there are a lot of odd circumstances surrounding the mummified remains that seem to support the theory of a real life curse. However, it is also definitely possible that all of the strange incidents are nothing more than coincidences. No matter which side of the argument you fall on, it is fascinating to consider that an ancient Iceman could somehow be linked to a modern day curse and numerous tragedies. One of the many debates that Otsi's mummified remains have sparked is how he perished. Researchers at the South Tyrol Museum of Archeology in Italy found evidence that Otsi was murdered. If the museum staff is correct, he would have bled out in a matter of minutes after being hit with an arrow in his subclavian artery. Modern research techniques have also made it clear that Otsi had head trauma when he passed. Could the supposed curse be caused by Otsi's need for revenge for his untimely end? Otsi was discovered on September 19, 1991, but weather conditions prevented the excavation team from completing their task until September 23. The Iceman had spent thousands of years frozen, so four extra days weren't exactly major. However, his remains were no longer at rest. He was poked, prodded and photographed before he was finally pried from the ice. If the Otsi Iceman curse is real, could part of the issue be that it took so long to uncover his remains? Or would the problem actually have started by removing him from his final resting place? Rainer Henn had the honour of placing Otsi's frozen remains into a body bag. Did this act ultimately cost him his life? In 1992, Rainer was travelling to a convention where he planned to talk about Otsi. Tragically, he got into a deadly accident and never reached his destination. This happened one year after Otsi was uncovered, making Rainer the first potential victim of the Iceman's curse. Kurt Fritz took his place in history by leading researchers to Otsi's body. He also organised the transportation of the ancient man's remains. An avalanche ended up claiming his life in 1993 when he was 52. Fritz was the only member of his expedition group who died during the avalanche. This could be nothing more than a mere coincidence, but it definitely seems odd, especially considering the fact that he was an experienced guide. Helmut Simon and his wife Erika discovered Otsi. They received a lot of media attention and eventually some compensation for their rare find. Unfortunately, Simon may have also received the Otsi Iceman curse. In October 2004, the experienced hiker disappeared in the Alps. Due to snowy conditions, it took searchers eight days to discover his body. Simon had fallen more than 300 feet to his death. Dieter Warnicke wasn't part of the original Otsi excavation or research crew, but his potential connection to the curse is still worth noting. When Helmut Simon disappeared in the Alps in 2004, Warnicke led a search team. They ultimately recovered Simon's body eight days after he went missing. Mere hours after Simon's funeral, the 45-year-old Warnicke had a heart attack and died. The world's leading expert on Otsi, Conrad Spindler, didn't believe in the curse. He even joked about it during an interview saying, I think it's a load of rubbish. It's all a media hype. The next thing you'll be saying, I'll be next. Indeed, Spindler was the next person associated with Otsi to die. He passed in 2005 due to complications from multiple sclerosis. Rainer Holtz was the only person allowed to film the recovery of Otsi's body, and he later turned his footage into an hour-long documentary. But showing Otsi's face to the world may have been a mistake. Holtz died from a brain tumor shortly after finishing the film. Tom Loy was the first researcher to discover extremely important evidence on Otsi's clothing. His findings indicated that the ice man had died during a violent conflict due to the presence of multiple types of blood on the fabric and tools. Ironically, Loy ultimately died due to a hereditary blood disease, one that was not diagnosed until after Loy began studying Otsi's remains. Loy's colleagues resented the talk of a curse, saying it trivializes his death and does not do justice to his life and work. As of 2017, seven deaths have been linked to the discovery of Otsi. It seems like a high number, until you consider the hundreds of people who have been involved with Otsi research projects over the years. Everyone from reconstruction artists and DNA experts to the museum's ticket booth sales people has a connection to the ancient ice man. In other words, if there really is a curse, there should be many more deaths. Perhaps Otsi only went after individuals related to the original discovery of his body, or perhaps these tragedies are nothing more than deeply unfortunate coincidences. The fact that Otsi's discovery has been associated with so many deaths isn't exactly a new concept for starters. Cultures have connected disturbing human remains with curses for centuries, if not thousands of years. This trend was especially prevalent in ancient Egypt where it was considered extremely unlucky to desecrate the grave of anyone, be they Pharaoh or enslaved person, although the threats tied to disturbing a Pharaoh's resting place tended to be a lot more extreme. Whether or not Otsi was seeking out revenge on those who disturbed him or not, his curse is far less famous than that of King Tut. When the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun was uncovered in 1922 by Howard Carter, it sparked the beginning of the age of Egyptology, but it also sparked a media storm after a number of people associated with the excavation ended up perishing under bizarre circumstances. Up next, Weirdo family member Joyce Smallwood shares a story she calls Dogs They Know Evil, and she wanders the road at night haunting all those who pass. We'll take a look at the Bloody Bride of 13 Curves Road. These stories and more when Weird Darkness returns. Central Massachusetts is a land of oddities and apparitions. Stories of the strange and paranormal have been passed down from generation to generation, and only the local populace has any idea of just how vast and deep their superstitions run. The world around you is much more than you can touch, taste, smell, see and hear. Some of the stories are funny, some are sad, but all of them give you a taste of what it's like to be from the oddest part of the United States. You can't have a region of the country that has been settled for centuries without getting a few odd tales out of it. Open up a whole new world of fact and fiction that will leave you with a deep appreciation for the strange and bizarre ghosts and heroes await, and the only thing they need to live on is you. Slightly Odd Fitchburg by Ed Sweeney, now available on Kindle, paperback and audiobook versions on the audiobooks page at WeirdDarkness.com. I've always felt like I've been followed by darkness. This is simply one of many, many things I've experienced. I grew up in a very disturbed neighborhood. Always neighborly drama, fights and even death. The cops always showed up in our street due to the amount of issues. The neighborhood wasn't very safe, so every house had gates and iron surrounding the windows, doors and garages. Honestly, most of everybody in the neighborhood had dogs, large dogs to ensure protection. So it wasn't unusual for us to hear barking all day long. We were used to it. My family and I had a dog as well, a mutt mixed with German Shepherd and some other breed that I didn't know of. He was very protective of us and he was a big, big dog, and he barked at basically anybody that came near our house. But at night, when everybody went to sleep and there was no activity in the streets, the streets were dead silent. No noise, no barking, no nothing. It was the only time we actually had some peace. My bedroom window faced the garage, in other words, the front of the house. My dog slept in the garage since it was open, only fenced around it and we didn't have snowy cold winters, so he was pretty content out there. But moving on, I remember one night. I woke up to my dog, angrily barking outside. It was very late. I looked at my watch and it was 2 a.m. From my bedroom, I could yell, shut up, pee, be quiet. He was loud, very, very loud. I thought he saw an animal or something on the streets, so out of curiosity I looked out my window and I saw nothing. The street was dead. There wasn't even the sound of crickets. Very eerie, to be honest, but I was too tired to make any thinking of it. After telling him to stop barking, he stopped for a couple of minutes, but then he started again, only this time he was very, very angry. His barking was protective.  I got scared at this point.  Is someone trying to break in? I asked myself. I looked out of my window again and yet I couldn't see anybody out there. But when I looked at pee, he was barking right at the gate.  It felt like it was taunting him. I'm not going to lie. An overwhelming feeling of there's something out there took over. I could see in pee's eye that he was indeed looking at someone. It was an uneasy, eerie feeling. I've seen ghosts before, but this energy was not it. Whatever it is, it was evil, and I could tell it was also watching me. I tried to brush it off. I did try. I asked pee once more to be quiet and said that there was nothing there. Here I am, trying to lie to myself so I can feel a peace again. But as soon as I talked to pee, he barked once more and then, all of a sudden, he started whimpering. I didn't see anything hitting him, but he cowered himself to the corner of the garage and started crying like he was terrified.  He was not scared of anything and there he was, curled up in a ball laying on his own submissive way. I froze. What was that? All I know is that pee and I were not alone that night, something evil, nasty, eerie, terrifying was out there looking at me taunting my dog. Deep in my heart, I know it wasn't just a supernatural energy coming from a ghost. It was straight from hell. Nothing in the world will convince me that what happened that night wasn't demonic. I could feel it.  He was never the same after that night. Trust your dogs. Trust the animals because they see what we can't and they know what's from this world and what isn't. After a long night, the dark drive home along a back country road can be perilous.  But those who've traveled down Cedarvale road, just outside of Syracuse, New York, know they can't all be seeing the same trick, can they? For decades, nighttime travelers of Cedarvale road, perhaps better known as Thirteen Curves Road, have claimed to see the chilling sight of the young woman, battered and bloody, still dressed in her white wedding gown wandering along the side of the road. This apparition is known as the Bloody Bride and it's said that she and her husband died on the very night of their marriage after losing control of their vehicle along the winding stretch. Others say the young bride survived, only to come back in death to haunt the spot where she lost her new husband so many years before. Dozens of witnesses have claimed to see the Bloody Bride gliding along the road. Sometimes she's described as carrying a small lantern.  As long as most can remember, the tragic tale of the Bloody Bride of Thirteen Curves Road has been told. Some locals believe the accident took place over 100 years ago and instead of a car, the bride and her husband were thrown from a horse and buggy down the steep curve and into the creek. A local named David de Ambrosio has been known to string up a spooky decoration resembling the Bloody Bride in the trees that line the road. The decoration gives motorists quite the shock on the pitch black stretch where even the stars are covered by a dense canopy of trees. One eyewitness claimed as he and his friend made their way around the sixth curve, a dim glowing white shape appeared in the road ahead of us. It slowly made its way from the left side of the road to the right. When it got right in the middle of the road, it stopped and turned towards us. It was about the height of an average woman, but it was not very well defined. It was more of a static-y blur than a clear image. It did have a red glow up near where the head would approximately be on a human being. For those brave enough to venture along the snaking curves, beware. The Bloody Bride is known to lunge out, desperate to catch passing vehicles. Whatever you do, do not explore the darkness on foot. The winding road is dangerous and dark. Of course, 13 Curves Road is by no means the only haunted or cursed road to be traversed by those seeking an experience with the paranormal. Haunting various winding roadways and desolate thoroughfares are tales of tragic deaths, phantom vehicles and restless apparitions.  Boy Scout Lane, Stevens Point, Wisconsin The legend of Boy Scout Lane begins with a stretch of road running through a dense wooded area, unpaved and unwelcoming. Legend has it that a Boy Scout troop met a grisly end in these woods while on a camping trip in the late 1950s or early 1960s. No one agrees as to just what caused the deaths. One version suggests the kids snuck into the woods at night, dropped their lantern and sparked a forest fire that wiped them out. Another claims the boys became lost among the towering trees and starved to death. Yet another tells of a deranged bus driver or scoutmaster who massacred the scouts in cold blood. The truth is that the Boy Scouts of America once owned this track of land. They planned to build a campground, but it was never constructed. Those who travel down Boy Scout Lane today report hearing the sound of many footsteps struggling through the brush. Some have caught sightings of red lights shining through the trees, thought to be the ghosts of lost scouts searching for a way out of the woods. Prospectors Road, Lotus, California The rolling hills alongside California's Prospector Road sit above old mines, most of which have since caved in. In some cases, the collapse reportedly occurred with miners still inside, leading to premature burials. As for the men who worked above ground during the California Gold Rush, greed and desperation cracked any moral compasses they once possessed. Several miners struck gold along Prospector Road during the 1800s, attracting more men desperate to make it rich. Consequently, the area became a busy and dangerous place. Territorial arguments were common.  Visitors today may very well be traveling over the unmarked graves of lost prospectors. One restless soul is said to still haunt the road. He appears from the bushes at night, warning intruders, get off my claim. Route 2A, Hainesville, Maine As the country song by Dick Curlis says, it's a stretch of road up north in Maine, that's never, ever, ever seen a smile. If they buried all the truckers, lost them in the woods, there'd be a tombstone every mile. Yet what haunts Route 2A isn't the ghost of a burly trucker barreling by at night. Instead, the specter is of a young girl, wandering alone down the roadway. The legend goes that she was hit by a truck and killed instantly during a walk along the woods in Hainesville, Maine. Records do indicate that two 10-year-old girls died on August 22, 1967 along the road. Today, motorists say they've seen a ghostly figure walking beside the Hainesville woods, appearing lost and confused. Some claim to have stopped and offered her a ride, only to have the phantom passenger vanish from her seat shortly after climbing in. Stocksbridge Pass, Sheffield, England Described as Killer Road because of its many accidents and deaths, Stocksbridge Bypass is the site of numerous haunting tales. Some have seen children dressed in outdated clothing playing under the Paroid Bridge late at night. Startled, the drivers swerve to avoid the children, only to look back and see no one present. Witnesses have also encountered the eerie figure of a monk wandering the roadway. It is said that the monk left a nearby priory many years ago. Now, his disillusioned spirit wanders the road, staring at drivers as they pass. Carrack Highway, Malaysia It all started with a young couple and their newborn baby driving down the Carrack Highway. All was going well until their car broke down. The husband pulled over and inspected the car. He then decided to set out to the nearest phone booth, leaving his wife and new baby behind. Hours passed, and the wife grew distressed. Not wanting to abandon the car and search for her husband alone, she waited. Finally, she decided to step out only to feel a terrible presence lurking behind her. Upon turning around, she encountered a severed head of her husband, propped on top of the car. Today, the wife s spirit is said to haunt the road in search of her husband. Other ghost stories associated with Carrack Highway involve a phantom yellow Volkswagen that repeatedly appears before motorists no matter how many times they try to pass it, and a young boy with bloodied eyes who wanders the roadway. If approached, the figure says he s looking for his mother. And of course, what is possibly the most infamous of all cursed streets? Clinton Road in New Jersey. While I ve covered Clinton Road in the past here on Weird Darkness, it s hard not to include it again when talking about haunted highways. If you ve ever wanted to play a game of catch with a ghost boy, race a phantom Camaro or encounter a mythological beast, Clinton Road should be your next destination. Just climb in your car, going with a friend is recommended, and hit the road. Rural New Jersey s Clinton Road will certainly make your skin crawl. A number of haunts and strange buildings are reputed to make Clinton Road their home. Depending on what time of day you drive through, you may encounter one, two, or all of these Clinton Road legends. Under one of the bridges crossing Clinton Brook, also known as Dead Man s Curve, you can find one of the road s most famous haunts. Ruber has it if you throw a quarter into the water below, then take a few steps back, the quarter will be thrown back by the ghost of a boy who drowned while swimming. In some stories, the ghost shoves the living visitor into the water if they peek too far over the side of the bridge. There are first-hand accounts of tourists and locals seeing a ghost Camaro driven by the girl who supposedly died in a tragic crash in 1998. This appearance is triggered by a mere mention of the incident. Others claim to have had encounters with two park rangers near Terrace Pond who are thought to be the ghosts of two rangers who died while on duty in 1939. There are countless accounts of phantom vehicles. The majority of the sightings are off pickup trucks, but in some cases there are only floating headlights not attached to any vehicle. The headlights chase drivers to the end of Clinton Road, then disappear. From hellhounds to monkeys, a variety of bizarre creatures have supposedly been seen on this road at night. In some cases, people report seeing an unidentifiable hybrid which vanishes too quickly for them to get a good look. The more exotic sightings are blamed on survivors of jungle habitat – an attraction which housed wild and exotic animals before closing its doors in 1976. There is also a strange, druidic temple. This oddly-shaped stone structure is said to be the place where local druids practiced their rituals. Legends tell of awful things happening to those who look too closely or come too close to the ruin at the wrong time. In more historical terms, the building is actually the remains of an iron smelter from the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. The site has now been blocked off to prevent any injury caused by exploring such a run-down building. Another man-built structure of the strange off Clinton Road is Cross Castle. In 1905, Richard Cross built this castle near the Clinton Reservoir for his wife and three children. A few years later, it fell to ruin after a fire destroyed part of it. It has since become a popular destination for hikers and local teenagers looking for secluded places to camp and have parties. Many visitors have reported strange occurrences near the site. These include people who have gone into seizures, bruises which randomly appear after visiting, and strange and disturbing visions after leaving. Satanic symbols have appeared on the inside of the castle's walls in areas that were previously thought to be inaccessible. In 1983, a body was found in the woods near Clinton Road. An autopsy showed the man had been murdered, as well as something even stranger. Ice crystals had formed in blood vessels near his heart. His internal organs had also decayed at a rate far slower than his skin. After a drawn-out investigation, an arrest was made in 1986 of Richard Kuklinski, also known as the Ice Man. Kuklinski was a New Jersey native and hitman involved in organized crime with local mafia. When Weird Darkness returns, Clara Phillips and Madeline Obanchain are mostly forgotten by history today, but in their times, they were the most popular psychopaths in Los Angeles. Had to make changes for breakfast. Now, instead of a big heavy breakfast, I just grabbed one of my built bars, the best-tasting protein bar on the planet. Built bars satisfy my hunger with up to 19 grams of protein and also satisfy my sugar craving, despite being less than 3 grams of sugar, and at only about 150 calories per bar, if I'm really hungry in the morning, I can grab two of them and still feel good about it. Try replacing your dessert or even a meal like breakfast with a built bar. You won't even know it's not really a candy bar. Visit WeirdDarkness.com slash Built and build a box of your own.  That's WeirdDarkness.com slash Built promo code WeirdDarkness. Clara Phillips is a forgotten figure today, but for one brief but epic period, she was the most popular psychopath in Los Angeles. Phillips' road stardom began on a hot July evening in 1922, when the 23-year-old arrived home, spattered with blood, and announced to her husband, Armor, she's dead. I killed her. Her was Amor Phillips' mistress, Alberta Meadows. When Phillips saw that Clara had driven home in Meadows car, which contained more blood and Alberta's purse, he realized his wife was a woman of her word. He asked Clara what she was going to do. Nothing, she replied, I'm going to bed now and to headquarters in the morning. Armor, who actually comes off as the stranger member of this very strange couple, thought otherwise. He had Clara drive Meadows car to Pomona, where she abandoned the vehicle. He picked her up in his own car and deposited her in a downtown hotel. Armor then spent the rest of the night frantically raising enough money to send this admitted killer to Mexico. By morning, he had enough cash to send Clara off on a train bound for El Paso. Only then evidently did magic little words like accessory to a crime and perverting the course of justice begin to filter into his brain. He went to see a lawyer friend of his and, to the future disgust of Clara's fan club, he told all. The story he gave to this attorney and subsequently to a member of the Los Angeles Police Department was one that held Angelinos enthralled for weeks. On the day of the murder, Clara had brought a friend, Peggy Caffey, along with her to have a talk with Alberta Meadows. When they arrived at her rival's home, Clara, after a little pleasant chit-chat, asked Meadows to give them a lift across town. Meadows, for who knows what reason, agreed. During the drive, Clara continued amicably chattering away about this and that until they reached a hilly, remote section of their drive. She asked Meadows to stop so they could talk more privately. When the two women got out of the car, Clara had a couple of questions for Meadows. Had Armour bought the new tires that were on her car? No, Meadows replied. Did he buy that gold watch Meadows was wearing? Meadows again said no. Then suddenly Clara went from Little Bo Peep to Lady Macbeth. He did buy it, she growled. Unbeknownst to her rival, Clara had with her a hammer she had recently bought. She pulled it out and beat Alberta Meadows to death with it. When Clara finished her work, she told Caffey who was cringing and whimpering in terror at the ghastly scene that she had just witnessed, don't you dare tell your husband, remember, you're in this as much as I am. She then dropped Caffey off at her home and went to announce the news to Armour. Once the LAPD got an earful of Armour's story, they already had an eyeful of the mangled corpse that was once Alberta Meadows. They wired an alert to the authorities in Arizona and Texas. Clara was nabbed on a train in Tucson and hauled back for trial and instant stardom. The Tiger woman, as the papers dubbed her, was a media sensation. Her combination of youth, good looks and undeniable Savoie fair and can-do spirit kept a growing legion of admirers enthralled. By committing a particularly base, gruesome, shocking murder with an utter lack of any conscience or remorse, she became a heroine. While she was awaiting her trial, one local paper could, in the face of many extreme discomforts, she has taken everything cheerfully. She is tolerant. She has never yet uttered a single complaint. She has never asked for anything, taking all things as they come without a whimper. Alberta Meadows was unavailable for comment. A large, admiring crowd met the train bringing Clara back to Los Angeles. She beamed at her fans, posed prettily for her photographs and merrily flirted with the reporters. When she was installed in the county jail, she said she was sure she would be happy up here because everyone was so jolly and happy, more people were there to cheer her on. They sent her flowers, candy, love letters. In her cell, she spent most of her time eagerly reading the many newspaper reports about her crime. Clara Phillips, the former two-bit chorus girl, had finally become a headliner. Clara's first meeting with her husband since the day he saw her off to Mexico was front-page news. Clara dolled herself up for the occasion with a new lace-edged dress and held a little press conference beforehand. A reporter asked if she still loved her husband. Yes, she replied sweetly. Had their nine years of marriage been one long honeymoon? Well, I guess so. That is, guess and know. To those members of the press, tactless enough to mention the reason why they were all there, she replied demurely that she was not allowed to comment on the subject. Was it true that she had once created a scene in her husband's office because she was jealous of his stenographer? No comment. Was it true that she had once stabbed a man in a local theater? Definitely no comment. Armour finally appeared on the scene, wearing a dapper suit and carrying a box of candy. As one of the newspapers breathlessly reported, Clara threw her arms around her husband, she looked up into her husband's eyes and then buried her fluffy brown head of hair on his shoulder. She cuddled to him as a dove would to its mate, and when he kissed her and whispered to her, she played with the lapel of his coat. Clara's legions of fans were of course expecting to see her greatest performance to date at her trial, and the lady did not disappoint. Each day, she swept in and out of the courtroom like a mezzo-soprano coming on stage for one more encore. A woman covering the trial for one of the local papers sighed, There really is some class, Clara. If she isn't a gentle woman born, she is certainly what Eleanor Glenn would call one of nature's ladies. It was Armour Phillips who cut such a pitiful figure compared to his hammer-wielding dynamo of a wife who bore the brunt of public oprogram. One journalist openly expressed his incredulity that Mr. Phillips could have been responsible for all this bother. As he sat in court yesterday, hearing Peggy Caffey's sordid testimony, it didn't seem possible that any woman as bright as Clara could have considered him worth all that agony. From the contemporary newspaper reports, one sometimes gets the feeling that the reporters rather wished that Clara had taken that hammer to her husband as well. Everyone wondered what Clara's defense would be. Her friend said she killed Albert Meadows. Her husband said she killed Albert Meadows. There seemed no possible way for her to score him out of this one. Clara showed the naysayers a thing or two. When she took the stand, she, with a few demure tears, explained how Alberta died. It was very simple, she said. It was Peggy Caffey, timid, traumatized, mousy little Peggy Caffey who had practically turned into a weeping, quivering bowl of jello on the witness stand who bludgeoned Alberta Meadows to death. This would surely be taking sympathizing with the troubles of a friend a bit too far. Everyone applauded this magnificent play acting and everyone realized that it was utter hogwash. In the end, Clara was convicted of second-degree murder, which earned her 10 years to life in San Quentin and it seemed that the curtain had at last fallen on her little show. No one was counting on Jesse Carson. He was a stranger to Clara, claiming to be just one of the many men who had been spellbound by her charms during the trial. He swore that he would see to it that she stayed out of prison and he meant what he said. His favorite prisoner somehow acquired a hacksaw which she used to cut the bars on her window. On the night of December 4, 1922, she squirmed out that window, shinnyed down a vent pipe and made her way to where Carson was waiting in his car. Clara's play had spawned an unexpected third act. While all of Los Angeles was working itself into a perfect frenzy over this latest plot twist, Clara hid out in an empty house in Pomona, happily reading the newspapers about all the fuss she had created. On January 4, the fugitive, heavily disguised, began the journey to New Orleans, where Carson arranged for her to get passage on a ship bound for Mexico. Clara, as far as the authorities could tell, had vanished without a trace and they were frankly stumped about what to do next. It took Morris Levine, an enterprising reporter from the Los Angeles Examiner, to do a bit of sleuthing. He managed to uncover financial transactions involving armor and Jesse Carson, which enabled him to deduce that Clara was in Mexico. Unfortunately, by the time the Mexican authorities were contacted, the tiger girl had fled to Honduras. American law enforcement soon learned that figuring out where Clara was would be much easier than actually getting their hands on her. There was some unexpected difficulties with extra-diting her. Honduras was in the midst of one of their periodic revolutions and the powers that be were in no mood to cooperate with the despised Yankee government. Besides, it was rumored that some local official had the hots for our Clara. The chorus girl turned hammer murderer was now an international political hot potato. The American ambassador in Honduras did a good deal of politicking with the Honduran government. A special meeting of their cabinet was even called at one point to discuss the problem of Clara, but the best they could achieve was a stalemate. The Hondurans were quite happy to just turn the lady loose and wish her Godspeed. The Americans were desperate to get Clara back in custody. After all, there were a lot of hammers in the world and who knew what she might do with them next. In any case, it seems to have become practically a matter of national honor that Clara not be allowed to continue making them look like so many fools. A plan was hatched to get Clara to return to the United States voluntarily. Morris Levine had a chummy breakfast with her one morning where he cleverly played on her considerable ego. If she was truly innocent, he asked her why not prove it. Since the appeal on her conviction was still pending, she could ask for a new trial. If she could clear her name, what a triumph that would be. The public would adore her more than ever. Clara was cunning but not very bright. She was so confident of her own ability to fascinate that she actually fell for this argument. She willingly took a ship back to America. Armor Phillips was there to greet her. My darling, said Mr. Phillips. My baby cooed Mrs. Phillips. The two lovebirds hugged for the cameras as Clara explained how she had never, never wished to flee San Quentin. She'd been kidnapped against her will, she said sweetly. Armor told reporters, I would give my life to undo the wrong I have done this little woman. There was of course no way to undo the wrong done to Alberta Meadows, but few seemed to care about that. In California, Clara's new show was given a disastrous review by the Los Angeles District Attorney. He informed her that as her lawyer, who had recently dropped dead of a heart attack and who can blame him, had missed the deadline for filing an appeal. The law decreed that she be returned to prison without another trial. It was back to San Quentin for Clara with no hope of a repeat performance to clear her name. To do her justice, Clara took this defeat gallantly. She went back to jail, vowing to be a model prisoner, and for the most part she kept her promise. Her one fall from grace was when she entered into a clandestine love affair with one of her fellow prisoners, a handsome young burglar. While behind bars, she found religion, trained to be a dental technician, learned to play the saxophone, wrote and directed a play described as a satire of strange life, and organized a seven-piece orchestra. Clara continued to maintain Peggy Caffey was the real killer of Alberta Meadows. She was released on parole in 1935, saying that she hoped the world would give her an even break. Upon gaining her freedom, she told a reporter, please let me be forgotten. And so she was. For a while, she lived quietly in San Diego with her mother, and then the ex-Tiger woman changed her name and moved to Texas where she worked as a dental assistant. Clara and Armour divorced in 1938. Armour, incidentally, had a lively time during his wife's incarceration. At various times he faced charges for running a bogus film school, assault at a Christmas party, traffic violations and grand theft. Only one man claimed to know this once world-famous woman's subsequent history. A. R. O'Brien, head of California's state prison board, kept in touch with his former prisoner, and in 1939 he reported that Clara was happily remarried and grateful to live in obscurity. He added the rather startling and, as far as I know, completely uncorroborated claim that Clara belonged to one of the wealthiest and most powerful families in the country. According to O'Brien, it was her family connections that allowed her to escape prison and flee the country. It's nice to know Clara remained such a resourceful fantasist to the end. A certain type of woman has a natural gift for enlisting the support of a certain type of man for doing the damnedest things, including homicide. Amazingly, Clara Phillips was not the only notorious example of that breed causing bloody havoc in Los Angeles in the early 1920s. Before there was Clara and her hammer, there was Madeleine Obenshane and her revolver. In both those cases, a man was at the center of the case, and in both cases, these extremely lethal ladies found men willing to move heaven and earth to literally help them get away with murder. Obenshane's story opened in what was then a pleasingly rustic Los Angeles canyon named Beverly Glen, where a young man named John Belton Kennedy owned a cabin. On the night of August 5, 1921, a railroad man, George Deering, was driving past this cabin on his way to work, when a hysterically sobbing woman ran into the road begging him to stop. When he pulled over, she begged him to help an injured friend. The friend he found lying on the steps of the cabin was far more than just injured. John Belton Kennedy was dead. A beautiful young damsel in distress, who was the soon-to-be-famous Madeleine Obenshane, begged him to get a doctor. Something Deering immediately realized was pointless. As there were no telephones in the area, neighbors watched over the body while Deering and Madeleine drove to the police station. The statement Madeleine made there was essentially the same story she consistently stuck to through the end. The dead man, she explained, was her fiancé. On their way to have dinner at the Brentwood Club, they stopped off at his cabin to search for a lucky penny she had once hidden there. She heard a stranger's voice say something she couldn't make out, and then there was a gunshot. Kennedy cried, Good night, Madeleine, as he was shot a second time. She saw two men run off into the brush, and then she fled in horror and flagged down Deering. Such a simple, heart-tugging tale told with such sweet earnestness by a beautiful, grief-stricken young woman. The DA wasn't buying any of it. Six days after Kennedy's death, she and a man named Arthur Courtney Burch were indicted for first-degree murder. Kennedy's death had become clear had its roots in the very beginning of Madeleine's lengthy and exceedingly complicated love life. It all began in 1914, when the 20-year-old Madeleine Connor became engaged to Ralph Obenchain, a man who later, for good reason, was to become immortalized by the Los Angeles prosecutors as the Human Dormant. Before many weeks had passed, however, she broke the engagement and went off to study drama in New York and Europe for two years. In 1917, while visiting her mother in California, she met John Belton Kennedy, son of a wealthy insurance broker. She and Kennedy soon fell in love, but there was one major obstacle to their romance, namely Kennedy's mother. Mrs. Kennedy was, as an acquaintance called her, a smothering mother. She did not want her baby marrying anyone or doing much of anything that might loosen the apron strings, and she was hell-bent on preventing her son from having any other woman in his life. This led him to maintain a maddening indecisiveness with his relations with Madeleine that would eventually have fatal consequences. Throughout 1917 and 1918, Kennedy would sometimes vow that he loved Madeleine and was determined to marry her.  It was all enough to get on the nerves of the most saintly girl, and Madeleine was anything but a saint. In the midst of all of this, Ralph Obenchain suddenly swooped into town to offer her his devoted shoulder to cry on. The upshot was, as the lady later put it, she was engaged to Belton Kennedy but somehow she married Mr. Obenchain. Her marriage did not prevent Kennedy from pleading with her to take him back. Within four days of the wedding, the two of them were again romantically involved. Within three months of the wedding, Obenchain agreed for his precious Madeleine's sake to go back to Chicago and allow her to divorce him. Every week, he sent her $80 an alimony and frequently signed blank checks as well. Madeleine relocated to Evanston, Indiana to await her divorce, not to mention Kennedy who had promised to meet her in Chicago. While there, she became reacquainted with yet another old male admirer, Arthur Birch. He took her for car rides and did her grocery shopping. Madeleine got her divorce but her man failed to materialize. After a few months, she again got fed up with this male tower of mush and wrote Kennedy a letter vowing to go back to Obenchain if he did not immediately come to Evanston. Kennedy stayed in Los Angeles and Madeleine again swore that they were through forever. However, she did not follow through on her threat to give Obenchain another chance. After several months, she got a letter rather past its sell-by date from Kennedy announcing that he was coming to claim her. She sent a frantic reply asking if he lost his mind entirely and declaring that I wouldn't marry you even if I were free to do so ever. In January of 1921, she returned to Los Angeles. Shortly after that, Kennedy was begging to be allowed to call on her and by April, those two masochistic lunatic lovebirds were re-engaged. They planned on May 5th to take the train to San Francisco and get married, Mrs. Kennedy be damned. At the station, however, Madeleine had second thoughts. She went to Chicago instead to talk the whole situation out with Ralph Obenchain. Kennedy promised to meet her there. He didn't. Madeleine consoled herself with some traveling through Canada down to San Francisco. She was, she later said, on the point of going to Honolulu and forgetting about men altogether when she was bombarded with letters from J. Belton Kennedy, begging her to come back to Los Angeles and his waiting arms. For reasons that escaped me, she did return to LA, but she held off on the waiting arms. The two continued their same old dance routine. Belton begged her to marry him, but never worked up the courage to actually take steps in that direction. Madeleine held him off, but never completely severed contact with him either. In the meantime, back in Chicago, Arthur Birch was also in regular contact with Madeleine, urging his goddess to return and settle down with him. On August 3rd, 1921, she wrote in her diary, I am so tired of trouble. The trouble, of course, was just beginning. At the end of July, Birch took the train to Los Angeles. A Pullman porter later testified he was carrying a shotgun with him. Upon his arrival, he took a hotel room, one that was directly opposite the offices where Kennedy worked, and rented a car. The hotel manager was to say that on July 26th, a woman he identified as Madeleine visited Birch in his room. A quaint touch of bygone days, city law insisted that the hotel room door be kept open during her visit, for the sake of public decency. The proprietor testified that Birch and Madeleine spent their time gazing out the window in the direction of Kennedy's office. On the afternoon of August 5th, a woman phoned the hotel asking for Birch. As he was out, she left a message that his cousin had called. When Birch got the message, he left, returned after a while and soon left again, carrying an item wrapped in newspaper that the manager thought looked very like the shape of a shotgun. The next morning, Birch checked out, very unwisely leaving behind him newspaper stories discussing Kennedy's mysterious murder and a telegram from Evanston. Having noted from the newspapers that Madeleine Obenchain happened to be from that city, the hotel manager decided to have a chat with the DEA. His story, along with the fact that tire marks found on the murder scene matched those of the car Birch had rented, was enough to land Birch and Madeleine under arrest. They were left to reflect on the odd turns romance can take until their trials began. The prosecution essentially argued that G. Belton Kennedy's behavior as a lover was enough to make any woman reach for a gun. And to be honest, it's a hard assertion to argue. Madeleine for her part maintained that her memory simply went blank after she heard the first gunshot. Birch, she stated, was nothing but a dear platonic friend who was highly supportive of her feelings for her true love, J. Belton Kennedy. What one reporter described as Madeleine's habitual maimed look of a dying antelope had an irresistible force on some men. As soon as she was arrested, she wired an SOS to Ralph Obenchain, who immediately quit his job and rushed to Los Angeles vowing to save her. He topped it all off by obtaining a marriage license and asking to remarry her in the county jail. An unsentimental judge vetoed the idea. Obenchain went on to make the most of his new fame by co-producing and starring in A Man in a Million, a film dramatizing his life and romance with Madeleine. It was announced that he would make personal appearances wherever the film was shown and donate the profits to his ex-wife's defense fund. But, alas, most theater owners refused to show his project, huffing that they wanted pictures that were suitable for public showing without resorting to sensationalism as a basis. Madeleine's dying antelope look must really have been something. From this distance in time, it's hard to figure what anyone saw in this woman, but during her incarceration, she made many warm friends among men and women alike. When Clara Phillips joined her in prison, the two became pals and oh, what girl talk they must have shared. Even some of the jurors would later openly fall under her spell. When she spent her first Christmas in prison, she received over a hundred gifts, including a thousand-dollar bill. The newspapers wrote about her as if she'd been Lilian Gish starring in her latest melodrama rather than a murderous awaiting trial. They even published her poetry. Oh, darling boy of my yesterdays, if you but only knew how even now my hopes and plans hold no one else but you, I'm sorry I returned here for my heart will surely break, but you said if I couldn't forget you to come back, dear, for your sake. It was fortunate for Madeleine that bad verse was not a criminal offense. If it had been, she could have scarcely avoided the electric chair. Madeleine and Birch were tried separately, with the gentleman going first. Various people testified to seeing Birch and his car in the vicinity of the murder scene. But the most startling moment of the legal proceedings came when Chandler Sprague, a reporter from the Los Angeles Examiner, announced that in exchange for $4,500, Birch gave him an interview stating that Madeleine had enlisted him to murder Jay Belt and Kennedy, who was an evil influence over her. The lady certainly had a knack for attracting men who were both weak in the will and weak in the head. Birch, of course, denied he had said any such thing, even after Sprague also revealed that he had cannily secretly made an audio recording of the defendant admitting that Sprague's initial story about him was true. Fortunately for Birch, it was ruled that his little moment of soul-bearing could not be used as evidence. Birch's defense was simple. He wasn't there at the time, even if he had been, he didn't shoot Kennedy and none of this mattered anyway because he was mentally incompetent. The trial ended with a hung jury. His second trial had the same inconclusive result. When a third effort to send Birch to jail ended with yet another deadlocked jury, the DA finally gave up and turned him loose. Madeleine's trials. Yes, I used the plural. Trials were enlivened by the revelation that she had spent her time in jail getting romantically involved with yet another man who saw those antelope eyes and found them a temptation not to be resisted. He was Paul Roman, a convicted felon who had made her acquaintance in the county jail before he was packed off to Folsom. The two carried on an ardent correspondence where, in exchange for Madeleine regularly sending him money, they arranged that Roman should come forward claiming that he had overheard two men standing on a street corner plotting the murder of John Belton Kennedy. Instead, in the hope of getting a reduced sentence, Roman ratted and Madeleine had the embarrassing experience of hearing her love letters to him read aloud in court. Tonight I have a little pale pink rose near me. The rose will be your soft warm lips, dear Paul. The court also learned the quaint detail that Roman composed his replies with the aid of a library book, which he used to copy samples of the standard love letter, adding poetic flourishes such as, what you need is a lot of attention and I'm the guy to give it to you. All this, of course, made Roman the ideal Judas of the story. The newspapers noted with great approval that his fellow convicts were hanging him in effigy for his betrayal of the lovely Madeleine. The most curious touch to the Paul-Roman interlude is that testimony was given, testimony which was neither confirmed nor refuted that Roman and Kennedy had been friends. This witness, the owner of a costume store where she said the two men often rented women's clothing, said that Kennedy once remarked that Roman threatened to beat him up if he ever married. If it was true, it's unknown what all of this may have meant in regard to his murder, but it certainly provides interesting food for thought. Madeleine's juries were no more decisive than birches had been. Trial number one, hung jury. Trial number two, ditto. Five trials. Five panels, hopelessly unable to agree that these two spectacularly incompetent, stupidly crude, blatantly self-incriminating defendants were guilty. Rumor had it that enough of the male jurors became enamored of Madeleine to ensure hopeless deadlock. Never underestimate the power of a dying antelope gaze. After her release, Madeleine spoke dreamily of serving humanity in a leper colony in the South Seas. She instead settled for a bungalow in Eagle Rock where she studied acting, hoping to use her undoubted thespian talents for a more reputable sort of fame. Those hopes were alas, unfulfilled. A few years later she was back in the news briefly when Paul Roman, who had been released from Folsom, made a nuisance of himself by hanging around her house and threatening to kill her. He was sent back to jail and her life quieted down again. Early in 1927, Birch had John Belton Kennedy's father arrested on a charge of assault and battery. It seems that John D. Kennedy entered the building where Birch worked and did his best to choke him. The jurors of Los Angeles may have been uncertain about how John Belton met his death, but Kennedy Sr. wasn't. An obviously sympathetic judge gave Kennedy a suspended sentence of 30 days and the advice that if he should encounter Birch again, he should simply go to the other side of the street. Our heroine last made headlines when Arthur Birch died in 1944. His will left his entire estate to, quote, my lifelong friend, on quote, Madeleine Ovenchain. Madeleine tactfully rejected the bequest and the court wound up dividing Birch's money and property between his mother and his son. If you made it this far, welcome to the Weirdo Family. Please share a link to this episode in your social media to help spread the word about the podcast. And if you could, please recommend Weird Darkness to your friends, family and co-workers who love the paranormal, horror stories or true crime. Maybe they'll become a Weirdo Family member too. And thanks in advance for doing so. Do you have a dark tale to tell of your own? Back to fiction, click on Tell Your Story at WeirdDarkness.com and I might use it in a future episode. All stories in Weird Darkness are purported to be true unless stated otherwise and you can find source links or links to the authors in the show notes. Curse of the Ice Man is by April A. Taylor for Riker. Dogs They Know Evil is from Weirdo Family member Joyce Malwood. Los Angeles' favorite murderous was written by Robert Wilhelm for Murder by Gaslight. And The Bloody Bride of Thirteen Curves Road was written by Jessica Ferry, Audrey Webster and Jamie Bogart for the lineup. Weird Darkness theme by Alibi Music. Weird Darkness is a registered trademark. And now that we're coming out of the dark, I'll leave you with a little light. 1 Peter 4, Verse 10. Each of you should use whatever gift you have received to serve others as faithful stewards of God's grace in its various forms. And a final thought. Most of us are just about as happy as we make up our minds to be. Abraham Lincoln. I'm Darren Marlar. Thanks for joining me in the Weird Darkness.


One of the things we always try to touch on is just share with people your why, what made you want to start the company and why this is so personal to you. So I grew up in New Zealand and spent a lot of my adulthood in Australia. And for those of you that are not aware, New Zealand and Australia have stronger sun and the emphasis is very much on being very sun aware.  Things are changing with the climate. And so I grew up very, very conscious of having to wear a hat sunscreen. You don't go out without it. And when I moved here with two small kids in tow, one and four, I found it hard. My kids were coming back with sunburn from preschool. There was no shade.  So I think that I used to bring in a roll on sunscreen from Australia. It was chemical. It wasn't ideal. And I was using it and I had parents at preschool say to me, Rachel, where do you get that from? Like that is so great. You can hold their little hand.  Awesome product. Where can I get it? And so I was bringing in someone else's sunscreen here from Australia by the truckload and I honestly just decided, hey, you know, what if we tried it here? You know, that was ultimately it. I tripped over myself because there was just so many people asking and it got to the point where I had to give it a go because I had so much interest in my product and that's how we were born. And, you know, our name, Project Sunscreen. It's a project as a skin cancer sufferer. I've had four cut off my face. I have a very good dermatologist. So, you know, it was it was a huge cut right down my. I don't know if you can even see it in the camera, but, you know, right down here, I had a very, very small invisible, like almost invisible, sort of fleshy bump. And I just know my skin. I check it regularly and I went to my dermatologist. And it was almost like I told them, I said to them, I need you to look at this and they're like, it's OK. And I said, no, no, I need you. I need you to try to take it off. And I was coming back from London and I got a phone call from my dermatologist and she basically said it is a skin cancer and you need to come in. So, yeah, so it's very personal. I'm a mum. I have two small kids. I'm in a new country where some awareness is not as there. And I'm I have skin cancer. And I have a public health background. So I'm actually educated in this sort of field. And so I team with a friend and a fellow dermatologist and brought in her skill set.  She knows her stuff about sunscreen and skin care products. And I think we make a formidable team. And that's how the Project Sunscreen was born. We see it as a project just to get everyone here to wear damn sunscreen. Doesn't matter what color, tone, skin, what age, even if you're not fair and high risk, necessarily, it's still aging. And I don't think any of us really want to look like a dried up room. So I kind of feel everyone should be wearing it. I certainly appreciate your story. And one of the things that we always are always deeply, deeply impressed by is when founders literally make it their life mission to solve a problem that they dealt with. And I think across the board and all the founders we've had, that's been the the one data point that I can say like Nick and I have heard over and over and over and over. You know, my the way I think about it is it really is the things, the ingredient that makes them figured out and keeps them going in year five, six, seven, because years one through three go by really quickly. And to some extent, you like they can fizzle out. But the true founders that are trying to solve a problem that's deeply personal are the ones that somehow always find a way. They just have that extra little bit of energy to get them through it, which I think is really important.


Welcome to another session of Dentistry Unmove. Today's topic is about the parts of an x-ray machine. So we expose our intraoral radiographs as well as our extraoral radiographs with the help of this machine and then x-ray tube head plays an important role in this machine. So the machine consists of a control panel, then we have an extension arm and a tube head. The control panel consists of an on and off switch and indicator as well as indicator light and then we have an exposure button wherein once you press this exposure button you can hear a noise and then once the noise fades off it indicates that the exposure cycle is being completed. Then we have certain control devices which regulate the x-ray beams such as that of a timer. So the timer indicates the exposure time period. Then we have an extension arm. The extension arm it helps us suspend the x-ray tube head and also it houses the electrical wires that extend from the control panel to that of your x-ray tube head. Then in the tube head consists of a metal shielding or a metal housing. You can see this blue outline that is your metal shielding and then we have surrounding this metal shielding we have an insulating oil that is placed within this x-ray tube head and then we have the glass tube or the glass envelope which surrounds the cathode and the anode. So I will be explaining what are the functions for each of these materials that have been used in your x-ray machine. So in the metal housing there is a blue outline that you are seeing that is enclosing the x-ray tube. It helps to surround the x-ray tube and as well as a transformer and it also protects the x-ray tube and grounds the high voltage component. Then we have an insulating oil as the name such as the insulation is the property that is seen in this. So the surrounding oil helps to maintain the insulation properties of the glass envelope and also it insulates the tube from the metal shield. Then we have our negative cathode as we have already studied during our school days there. Cathode is negatively charged and the anode is a positively charged. So we have a negatively charged cathode wherein it contains the filament as well as the focusing cup. The filament is that source of electrons which is found within the x-ray tube and the material of choice is tungsten. So a coil of tungsten wire with a higher which has a higher atomic number that is 74 and melting point of 3380 degree Celsius is being used where it is been mounted onto two strong stiff wires which support it and also carry the electric current. So these mounted wires lead through the glass envelope and serve as a connection to the low as well as the high voltage electrical source. And how these electrons are being lost from the filament is by the process called as the thermionic emission. So the filament is being heated to incandescent through a range of temperature by varying voltage wherein it helps this at this hot filament emits the electrons from the tungsten wire. And it is also said that it is found to be the rate of how much the electrons are being produced is a variety proportional to the temperature that is being used. So that is why this process is called as that of thermionic emission. And there is also another material that we use is the thorium that is one person thorium. So one person thorium is used because for this material the filament to last longer and also to prevent this property called as sun tanning. What it means is that sun tanning is that once over a long period of time there is a vaporization of the filament that can occur. So there will be particles that will vaporize and then solidify onto the glass envelope of the x-ray tube which can lead to this condition called as sun tanning. Once the sun tanning occurs what happens is that it decreases the output of your x-rays as well as it causes destruction to the back tube and also causes ultimately a tube failure. So that is why we use 1% of thorium to the filament material. Next we have a focusing cup. So in the focusing cup the material of choice is the molybdenum. So it is nothing other than a negatively charged concave reflector cup of molybdenum that houses this filament. And the focusing cup what it does is that it electrostatically focuses the electrons emitted by the incandescent filament into a narrow beam which has been directed towards the rectangular area in the anode called as a focal spot. So what happens is that it helps to facilitate the movement of this electron cloud and it helps to move these electrons towards the anode that is towards the target. And one more reason for why we have a vacuum glass envelope within the x-ray tube is that it helps to like once this x-rays are being produced these electrons will not collide with these gas molecules. If any air is being present there will be an interaction between these gas molecules with that of the electrons. So this can lead to a burnout condition called as a burnout or a oxidation of the filament. So this can be prevented by vacuuming the glass envelope. We have the positively charged anode. So earlier we mentioned that the negatively charged electrons that have been ejected from the filament it hits against the target that is the anode. So the target it contains a thin tungsten plate which is embedded within the solid copper stem. So tungsten is the material of choice because it has a higher atomic number that is 74. And in this higher atomic number it indicates that there is a high charge on the nucleus as well as there are more photons. And also there is higher binding energy of the orbital electrons. So what happens is that it gives rise to the increased interaction between the electrons and the atoms. Thereby there is an increase in the x-ray photon production. So next property is that it has a higher melting point that is around 3380 degrees Celsius. So what it states that if there is any temperature rise the target will not get minted. And then next we have the next property is the low vapor pressure. So once there's a again there's a higher temperature the target does not get vaporized or it does not get evaporated. Then we have a higher thermal conductivity. It is stated that when comparing tungsten to that of copper stem tungsten is found to be a poorer conductor of heat. So that is why we embed this tungsten target within the copper stem because copper is a good thermal conductor. So there is a higher thermal conductivity occurring in this target. Then what this target does is that it helps to convert this kinetic energy of this electrons that are generated from the filament to x-ray photon. So we have earlier mentioned that those electrons it hits against a target or an area or within the target which is called as a focal spot. So this focal it is stated that the size of the focal spot decreases the image sharpness increases. So we what we have to in order to do that in order to succeed in having a size of the focal spot decreased or smaller we have to we follow this principle called as the line focus principle. Line focus principles or the Benson line focus principle states that we need to achieve a smaller focal spot size at the same time to and also the heat should be generated over a wide area in the target. So in order to achieve that we have to angulate the anode or the target in a 15 to 20 degree inclination. So what happens is that the electrons bombarding to this target we will get in focal spot sizes of around 1 into 1 mm in size. Whereas if in case it is found to be in a 90 degree what happens is that electrons when hit perpendicularly the focal spot size will be more as compared to that of this apparent focal spot size. So the actual focal spot size will get when placed in a 90 degrees around 1 to 3 mm in size. So that is why we need to attain a focal spot size smaller so as to get a sharper image. So this is why this called as a line focus principle. Till now we spoke about the components of the X-ray machine. Next we will be speaking about how these X-rays have been produced. So once the X-ray machine is turned on the L2 current moves towards the control panel and then it is headed towards the tube head via L2 bias in the extension arm. And then this current is directed towards the filament in the cathode with the help of your step down transformer. What is the role of the step down transformer is that it tries to convert the line voltage of 110 to 220 volts and meaning it steps down. So it reduces to 3 to 5 volts so that it can heat the tungsten filament. Once the filament is been heated up it undergoes a process called as a thermionic emission. So and that electron cloud is being formed in the focusing curve. And then this cloud is being activated where when the exposure button is being pushed on the high voltage circuit is being activated. And this electron cloud produced in the cathode is accelerated across the X-ray tube and it hits against the target on the anode. So the electron when it strikes the tungsten target the energy that is the kinetic energy is being converted to an X-ray energy and heat. So among that there is a 99% of dissipation of heat and this heat is being carried away by the help of the copper stem and also some of them are being absorbed by the insulating oil in the tube head. So it is an insulating oil plays an inherent filtration role. So it tries to filter all these unwanted heat and the X-rays. And then what happens is that the X-rays it is being produced and it hits against all the surfaces within the glass envelope. So what happens is that this the leaded glass housing it tries to prevent the X-rays from escaping from the X-ray tube head. So only a few portion that is the sum of the portion of the X-rays are being exited out with the through this vent that is the unleaded glass window that is the arrow where I am pointing out. So through this X-rays are being passed across the unleaded glass window. It is then it travels through the tube head seal then the aluminum filters which helps to filter the long wavelength X-rays from the X-ray beam. And then it moves across the collimator wherein the collimator controls the size and the shape of the X-ray beam and then this X-ray beam then travels through the lead light pair position indicating device and then it exits through the tube head at the opening of the position indicating device. So this is a schematic or a flow chart of how the X-rays are being produced. So again I will repeat it. There is an electric current that passes through the control panel and then through the control panel it reaches the filament through the help of your step down transform. So the filament gets heated up to release the process called as a thermoionic emission wherein the electron cloud is being formed. And once when you expose your button is switched on this electron cloud then j is accelerated towards the anode and it hits the target. So the electron strikes the target and the kinetic energy of this electrons are the converted to X-ray photon energy. And also along with this process there's also heat dissipation occurring. And then what happens is next is that this X-rays are found to be exited through this unleaded glass window. So the size and shape of the X-ray beam that is being directed out is found to be controlled by the lead collimators. And then this X-ray beam travels down to the lead light position indicating device which exits through the tube head at the opening of the position indicating device and which helps in the exposure of the patient. Then we have something called as a terminology called as a linear energy transfer. Sometimes in Viva they might ask what is this linear energy transfer? There's nothing other than the rate of loss of energy from a particle as it moves through the matter or a tissue. So this factors that are affecting the linear energy transfer is that the size and charge of the particle. If it is found to be greater the size and the charge of the particle then it is said that it is found to be a greater linear energy transfer. And also the velocity is found to be decreased. So it's between the when compared with the alpha particles with the beta particles it is stated that the alpha particles have a higher linear energy transfer because it is found to be densely ionizable. So they have a higher charge and also they have a lesser velocity. That is why they have a higher linear energy transfer when compared to beta particles where beta particles is found to be less densely ionizing. Next we have two types of X-rays that have been produced that is a trend sterling radiation and the characteristic radiation. Trend sterling radiation it comprises around the 70% of the X-rays that have been produced. Then characteristic radiation is found to be around 30%. Trend sterling meaning it's a German terminology meaning the breaking. What it refers to that since the sudden breaking of the high speed electrons once it hits the tungsten target in the anode. So what happens here is that the incident electrons is found to be have more attracted towards the positively charged nucleus. So once it reaches the nucleus it tries to slow down and it seizes. So it releases the X-ray photon. Next is the characteristic radiation. In characteristic radiation what happens is that and if an incident electron it reaches the innermost shell that is in the k shell it interacts with this electron in the k shell and this electron has been released and once the void is being created in this innermost shell the electron from the L shell moves in towards this void and once this it moves towards this void there is this radiation that has been produced that is called as the characteristic radiation. That is the loss of energy is the resultant of the binding energy differences between these two energy levels that is from the k shell and the L shell. So to summarize we spoke about each component of the X-ray machine and what the role that plays and then we spoke about how the X-rays have been produced and then we moved on to what are the types of the X-rays that have been produced that is the Bremstrail radiation and the characteristic radiation. So the next session I will be speaking about how is the interaction of the X-ray with the atom. Thank you.


On the first Monday of August at 8.15 in the morning in the year 1945, the world changed. A B-29 warplane flying above 9,000 metres opened its doors. Over the next 43 seconds, a weapon of meteoric force hurtled toward Earth. At around 600 metres above the Japanese city of Hiroshima, neutrons within the bomb began to split Uranium 235 atoms. A chain reaction of profound tragedy had begun, ending with the death of about 140,000 people. Shadows were seared into stone from the blinding light of the blast. The force of the explosion was equivalent to 15,000 tonnes of TNT, pushing a mushroom cloud more than 18,000 metres into the atmosphere. Every building within a kilometre and a half of the epicentre effectively vaporised. Fires erased many of the structures that remained in more distant areas of the city, while a poison of radiation seeped into the very genetics of those who survived the impact. The following day, medical teams from the Japanese Red Cross arrived in Hiroshima from neighbouring cities. Miraculously, their hospital was spared. While doors and windows were missing and a portion of the roof had collapsed, more than 31,000 patients were treated then, the three weeks that followed. Two days later, minutes just after 11 o'clock in the morning, on August 9th, tragedy struck once more. A 21-kiloton plutonium bomb detonated in the city of Nagasaki, killing around 74,000 people. On August 29th, the International Committee of the Red Cross was able to deploy Fritz Bilfinger, the first foreign observer to arrive at the scene in Hiroshima. He wrote, city wiped out, 80% or hospitals destroyed or seriously damaged. Inspectioned two emergency hospitals, conditions beyond description, full stop. A week later, Dr Marcell Junot, the head of the International Committee of the Red Cross's delegation in Japan arrived in the city, with 15 tonnes of medical supplies as the first foreign doctor on the ground. Meanwhile, the same week, less than a month after the attacks, the ICRC was already questioning the lawfulness of atomic weapons and appealing to states to ban their use. The greater the destructive power of war, the greater the necessity to spread the light of humanity into the infinite darkness. Five years after the bombings, the death toll had reportedly reached 340,000 from sustained injuries, complications and radiation poisoning. The Japanese Red Cross hospitals in Hiroshima and Nagasaki are still treating thousands of survivors and their descendants affected with birth defects to this day. This must never happen again. All states must join the Nuclear Ban Treaty.


I also want to recognize our young aboriginals in Ottawa tonight today's meeting was about one thing the health of the health of Labradorians the conversations that we had today by all four leaders I would say have come to a remarkable conclusion there has been some challenging but necessary decisions on a very challenging process to get us where we are right now difficult situations shape and define us and today that we have proven that we are strong leaders strong enough to be able to find a way to work together toward a solution the province of Newfoundland and Labrador in partnership with the three groups have found common ground on a lot of concerns a lot of different issues today concerns of our aboriginal leaders and their communities we have provided you with a statement of what we have agreed to things like releasing water in the spring of 2017 and this is about phase one impoundment the water up until today would have not necessarily been released we've made a commitment and have ordered now core to release the water from phase one impoundment we've released and provided the aboriginal leaders with all engineering reports that was needed for phase one impoundment also today we've agreed to put in place an independent expert advisory committee this will be guided by made up of provincial federal municipal indigenous groups going forward decisions will be made using science-based research this will dictate all decisions going forward today hasn't been easy we want to thank everyone for waiting for our outcomes at one point or another we have all had concerns about this project as opposite as opposition leader I opposed and led the longest filibuster in the history of this province and this very project but our government is committed to working in partnership with the leaders here today and we are confident that we can achieve the goals that have been outlined so thank you I'll now ask Grand Chief QP for to make a few opening comments good evening and I would like to thank the Premier for inviting us to this very important meeting and today in a nation supports the decisions that were taken today and in a nation has been one of ensuring that decisions are founded in good science this development is in the heart of our you know of our land claim area and is extremely important to the you know we've reached an agreement that will protect the health of our people in our environment and my thoughts have been with the young people that are in Ottawa and those back home and I would also like to thank was a very nice gesture from a member of a known a tool but who gave us a token of a medicine a traditional medicine token for our meetings so I'm very grateful for that and we'll we'll be taking part in the independent expert advisory committee in our nation will appoint an expert to that committee as well and also what's very important is that I will ensure the inner nation that our elders are incorporated throughout this thank you you look at me I'm a guy talk about in a nation I'm a guy in a station QB you know to have it I'm you kind of dad Russell Ullumi, Kobayantumarimik, Kadimakawata, Hoialimai-Konga, Teimak, Mascarot Falls, Pichutikilu, Angiyawaramik, Siopya-Unawata, Ullumi-Unawaka, Ikawamayaka, Puyutawani-Arongimata, Inu-Stuid, Nikitari-Lutik, Nama-Singhuti-Kayut, Tama-Cheminga, Pichutawayamik, Pili-Gochii, Tirae-Lasaunders, Amuro-Jere-Mias-Koumeister, Amal-Tauk, Asingit, Nama-Singhitut, Tawani, Tawal-Tauk, Raghunate-Myut, Tama-Cheminga, Kaditou-Mata, Inu-Singhit, Piyungitomut, Pya-Unawaka-Konginit, Ila-Laabhadra-Myut, Ilunatik, Inu-Hatika, Ikawamilawit, Naka-Mik, Siopya-Unawata, Ullumi. Thank you, Premier Baal, for this meeting with Ilunatian leader Anastasia Kewpie and also Nunitohavut leader Todd Russell. Today was a very tense and happy, happy day for all concerned. And we are thinking of our young people who have put their lives on the line to protest against the Amal-Tauk Project. Our thoughts are with Pili-Gochii, Tirae-Lasaunders and Jere-Mias-Koumeister and also to the land protectors who are within the project site and also those who are outside on the road or at the gates and anywhere within the province of Newfoundland and Labrador across Canada. The work that you have done has made progress and we are very happy to say to Labrador, Inuit and Rigolette, that your work also has made progress and more certainly to our Labrador, Inuit, your push to get us to the table with the Premier and the other leaders has made progress. And now we feel that all the work that we did today were done together and as people of Newfoundland and Labrador to help each other to look after the health, the well-being, the culture, the way of life of Labrador, Inuit and other Aboriginal groups. Well, good morning. My name is Todd Russell and I'm the President of the Nuna Tauavut Community Council. It's an honor for me to stand with my colleagues from Labrador. Joannes Lamp, the President of Nuna Tauavut, Anastasia Kupi, Grand Chief of the Inuit Nation and the leader of the province, Premier Duit Bal. When we went into this meeting today, we put at the center of the table the focus of our discussion, the health of our people, the protection of our way of life and the preservation of our culture. And we took the view that we had to make change and we had to make progress to ensure that the impacts of methylmercury were minimized and that our food could be secured, our culture maintained. This was at the heart of our discussions today. I am confident that the proposal that we have agreed upon, the approach that we are taking going forward will ensure these things. And I'm thinking about our people back home, those inside the gate, those outside the gate. I think about our young people who walked in the driving rain, sleet and snow to participate in a movement for change because it was about their health and well-being. I'm thinking about our elders who brought us to where we are today and how I believe that they can have confidence that the traditions that they have preserved will now be handed from generation to generation. And I think about the breastfeeding moms who came to the protest and said, I'm thinking about future generations and I believe we have made progress. The decisions that will be made going forward will not be at the whim of government. They will be made by science and it will incorporate the traditional knowledge of our people. This is a huge step forward. We have a commitment that if the science says that the soils must be removed, there is a commitment that the soils will be removed. That is significant. We have a commitment that if initial flooding is required and the levels, the water levels rise, they will be brought back down again so that mitigation can happen in that initial flood zone. This is progress. So I want to say to all of those who have walked, who have advocated the land protectors that you have made progress, that you have achieved much of what you have set out to achieve. And I want to acknowledge the individual sacrifices of so many people who have made their contribution in their own way. So it is a good day, a good morning, and this done right will certainly make a must-rat right. So I thank you for your patience. I thank our people. This has been a long process. I would go back to nearly in September really, which is when we had meetings with our Aboriginal leaders and we've had ongoing discussions for quite some time. I will say that the health of Labradorians has always been a priority for this government. And the decisions that we made today really brings to a conclusion a number of discussions and consultations that we've had on this project. The name is the word advisory. Are you committed to implementing whatever this committee recommends or will government still have the final say in whether or not some of the measures get implemented? Government always has the final say. Governments never put their decisions in the hands of committees.