Box 13, with the Star of Paramount Pictures, Alan Ladd as Dan Holliday. Box 13, care of star times. We're allowed newspapers here and by chance I saw your advertisement. I have exactly 48 hours to live. No more than that, unless you can do something which no one else has been able to do. Get me out of the death cell at the State Penitentiary. I was tried and convicted for the murder of one of my best friends. I didn't do it. Well, you try to help. Martin Kirby. When I received the letter from Martin Kirby, I wondered how a man felt who had only a short time to live and knew it. Before the thing was over, I stopped wondering. I knew. And now back to Box 13 and Dan Holliday's newest adventure, Hunt & Pectin. Gee, Mr. Holliday, what can you do about it? Susie, I wish I had an answer for you. You're going to say him, aren't you? Well, if I don't, I'd kick myself all over the city for not doing what I could. On the other hand, he was tried, convicted and sentenced. But it could be wrong. I mean... I know what you mean. Susie's sentencing a man to death is a terrible thing. The evidence against Kirby must have been pretty strong. Uh-huh, I guess it was. You're on the horns of an Aunt Emma. The lemma. This time, Susie, I don't laugh. What are you going to do? Well, the only thing I can do is see Martin Kirby and, well, at least listen to him. I didn't think you'd come, Mr. Holliday. Why not? Well, there must have been a million guys in this place. All innocent. Sure, maybe some of them were and are. I am. I... I... What time, I mean... I know what you mean. It's 1.30 now. I've got the rest of today and till tomorrow night at 11.30. 3.34 hours. I know. I've counted them, too. All right, Kirby, what can I do? I don't know. Is there anything you can tell me, something that didn't come out of the trial?  Oh, I kept saying it, but there was too much against me. At first, when I got here, I didn't care anymore. If they wanted to see an innocent man die for something he didn't do, then it was murder on their heads. But... but now, Mr. Holliday, I want to live. Sure, sure. But there's nothing you can tell me.  My lawyers tried that a hundred times. My case has been reviewed. Nothing doing. Then what you're asking of me is to do what everyone else has failed at. I guess that's it. You know, Kirby, it's at times like this that I wish I'd never put that box 13 out in the paper. Meaning there's nothing you'll do? No, no, I didn't say that. I'll try, but 34 hours is a short time. Look, maybe you'll go at this with a fresh slant. Maybe something will hit you that everyone else has missed. Yeah, maybe. All right, Kirby, it'll take me two hours to get back to the city, and if I'm going to do anything, I'll have to do it fast. Driving back to the city, I felt like someone who has to tell a kid there's no Santa Claus, because I was almost sure that Kirby had no chance. What could I do? The police were no fools. The district attorney must have had an airtight case against Kirby when he went to trial. Well, I'd promised to help, so my first stop in the city was the Star Times, and down to the morgue to read up on the case. It was all there. Whoever covered the case for the Star Times had done a great job of reporting. I looked at my watch. It was 345. Martin Kirby had two hours and 15 minutes less than the original 34, and all I had done so far was, well, it was the stack of a pile of newspapers. I started from the beginning, but the story of the murder of Leslie Roberts itself told me nothing. Then I got into the transcript of the trial. It took me three hours to read everything carefully, and when I finished, I could have, well, I could have summed up the whole thing just as the prosecutor did. The jury, you've heard the testimony of this case. The status proved the following facts. One, Martin Kirby was desperately in need of money. Two, the deceased, Leslie Roberts, was insured for $100,000, his beneficiaries being the accused, Martin Kirby, and another partner, William Morgan. The double indemnity clause in the insurance policy meant that both Kirby and Morgan would receive $100,000 each. Third point, the accused quarreled with the deceased over Mrs. Roberts, wife of the murdered man. Fourth, we have established the murder weapon. This gun belonged to Martin Kirby. True, the serial numbers were filed off, but scientific work revealed the numbers, and this gun belonged to Martin Kirby. He's admitted it. And thinking to get rid of it, he threw it into a sewer near Leslie Roberts' home. Now, perhaps Mr. Kirby believed the police of this city to be fools. Far from it, their work is established beyond doubt that Martin Kirby is a murderer. Oh, sure, it was a good case. I stacked the papers in a pile and left the start times and went down to police headquarters to see Lieutenant Kling. Sit down, Dan. It's on your mind. Martin Kirby? Oh, why? I've seen him. He wrote the box 13. Oh, he's innocent, huh? Did you work on the case? No, Inspector Rawlings handled it. Why? But you know about it. Sure. I sometimes managed to know what's going on.  You've got brains. I'll buy you more of milk sometime, but you didn't come here to hand me posies. Do you believe Kirby's guilty? Yes. From the evidence? That's what we base our cases on. It's inherent in the judicial and legal system. Now, what do you want from me, a new system? I told you I saw Kirby. Kling, he doesn't act like a guilty man. Oh, no, no, no, wait a second. Who's this? That's a photograph of Marion Oberling. So, what am I supposed to do? Look at it. Nice and sweet, isn't she? I've never met her. Oh, but I did. Butter wouldn't melt in her mouth. A smile that would soften up the rock of Gibraltar. Talks like an angel. But she killed a kid to get 35 cents from him. Now, look, you've got a soft heart, Dan, but you've got a tendency to let it run right into your head. Maybe you're right, Kling, but... but I promised Kirby I'd plug away until time was a... I like to keep promises. And that's your business, Dan. But why did you come to me? For any help you could give me. Which adds up to a big zero. Kling, I read the transcript of the trial. Kirby was the only suspect. He had motive, opportunity. So did Mrs. Roberts and William Morgan. It was Kirby's gun that put Leslie Roberts in the obituaries. Someone else could have used it. So, as the defense lawyer said, but Kirby couldn't explain how it got into that sewer. But Kirby called the police when he went to Roberts' house that night and saw Roberts dead. Sure, sure. We get dozens of cases where the killer tries to police smart. He calls the police, figuring it'll make him look good.  So? That's a big chance to take in case someone heard the shot and came to investigate. Killers take chances, Dan. Okay, okay. Now, the paper said there was a note from Roberts asking Kirby to come to his house that night. Yeah. That's why Kirby said he happened to go to Roberts' house that night. The only night in the week that Mrs. Roberts is always out. The police said Kirby could have typed that note. Right. But Kirby's defense lawyer said Roberts could have typed it. Look, you type a note to me, asking me to meet you. Then what do you do? What do you mean, what do I do?  You don't type it. So? That means anyone could have typed it. I know, I know. To get Kirby to Roberts' house. That's it. So that was all brought out of the trial. The jury saw it the way the prosecution summed it up. That Kirby typed that note to make it seem as though he was asked to Roberts' place. Both Mrs. Roberts and Morgan also stood to gain by Roberts' death. Each gets a hundred thousand. Look, the case is closed. Too many things added up against Kirby. Sometimes things can be added up wrong. Figures and facts.  So I'll get a headache. That's about all. Okay, I'll carry aspirins with me. But, uh, say could I look at that note? What for? This is a favor. Okay, I'll take care of it for you. But I'll give you a 6-2 and even that Martin Kirby will be executed tomorrow night at 11.30. Well, Kling got me the note. So I had it, and so what? All it said was, Marty, be at my house tonight at 8.30. Less. It was typed and had been left in Kirby's typewriter at the office. Susie and I studied it. What do you expect to get out of it, Mr. Holiday? I don't know, Susie. Gee, like you said, anybody could have typed it. That's right. Kirby denies he did. Nobody can prove Roberts did or didn't. Not now. Maybe. Maybe that Mr. Morgan or Mrs. Roberts did. Mm-hmm. Gee, what if either one of them did it and they're letting an innocent man be executed? Oh, it wouldn't be a comfortable feeling. Susie. What's the matter? Did I say something? Yeah, yeah, yeah. Maybe you did, Susie. Maybe you did. What? Conscience. Who's? Mrs. Roberts and Morgan's. You mean both of them killed Mr. Roberts? Mm-hmm. Give me that phone book. Here it is. Thanks. Roberts, Roberts, Leslie Roberts. What are you going to do, Mr. Holiday? Play a little poker. You're going to play cards at a time like this? Not quite. Just a bluff. I'm holding a pair of deuces. I don't get it. Is this Ms. Leslie Roberts? Never mind. Just listen. Tomorrow night at 11.30, just 24 hours from now, Martin Kirby will be executed for the murder of your husband. Who are you? What do you want? Does your conscience bother you, Mrs. Roberts? What do you mean by that? Don't you know Mrs. Roberts?  Hardly. They're not joking at the state penitentiary. Mrs. Roberts, I know something that can make you uncomfortable, but I'm willing to talk about it. Insane or completely without feeling? If you're interested, meet me at the corner of Carpenter and Pastel Place at midnight. And why should I do that? That's for you to think about. But I think you know already. Now listen carefully. I'll be wearing a light tan topcoat. Brown felt head. I'll carry a leather briefcase. Goodbye. Mr. Holiday, what was that for? I told you. All I've got is a pair of deuces. Now I'll make the same call to Morgan. But first, one to cling. I'm certainly bewildered. Don't you ever change. You're wonderful as is. What did I do? Nothing at all. Susie, after I make this call to cling and one to Morgan, I'll either have something to help Martin Kirby or... Or what? Or a wonderful notice in the obituary column of the Star Times. And now, back to Hunt and Peck, another Box 13 adventure with Alan Land as Dan Holiday. I made the same phone call to William Morgan that I made to Mrs. Roberts. But I tipped cling to something before I did. At midnight, I was at the corner of Carpenter and Pastel Place waiting. Sure, it was a bluff. But I figured all was fair in this game. Ten minutes went by, no one showed up. Then, yeah, sure. Thanks. It's all right. I wonder if they wouldn't put street lights here. The guy could get lost, easy. Yeah, he could. Yeah. Okay, thanks for the light. You're welcome. Maybe I played the wrong cards. Maybe no one would show up. It was 20 minutes past midnight. I stepped out of the shadows where I'd been standing. I felt pretty silly. And I knew what cling would say. I was 20 feet away from the corner, walking slowly, looking up and down the street. There was no one in sight. Lights in the windows of the house went out, slowly, one by one. I was 30 feet away from the corner when... Hey, there was somebody shooting. I was shot. Dan, Dan, where are you? Right here, cling. Did you get it? Yeah, yeah, in the arm.  Keep them in their houses. Now tell Thompson to take a couple of boys and scar in this neighborhood. Find the person who fired that shot.   You set yourself up like a clay pigeon. How's bad? How bad's the arm there? It's not so deep as well, though wide as a church door. But we'll do it. How do you like this guy? He gets winged and quotes Shakespeare. Okay, let's get you over here. Feel better? Yeah, thanks. What for? Who fired the shot? I don't know. No luck? Whoever it was was in one of the buildings. And running somebody to ground in that neighborhood takes a squad of men. I was afraid of that. Okay, so what have you got now? The bullet through your arm. Cling. Morgan is the real murderer of Leslie Roberts. Boy. Mrs. Roberts reported my phone call to you, didn't she? That's right. But Morgan didn't. I know that. So he was afraid it was a blackmailer who knew he killed Roberts. He would have reported my call to you if he had nothing to be afraid of. Sure, sure. Looks good in your head. But what proof have you got that Morgan fired that shot tonight? None. But on the strength of it, can't you get a stay of execution for Martin Kirby? How? I call up and say you got shot. You think it was Morgan. Morgan denies it. No, no, no. No soap, Dan. To get a stay for Kirby, you need positive evidence. And this hole in my arm doesn't come? Only as a strike against you. And you're lucky at that. What do I have to do? If you could prove Morgan fired that shot, you'd have something. But what you'd have is that he fired at you.  Say so. Swear out a warrant and we'll bring him in. No, no, no. Don't do that. Let me ask you one more question. What? What do you think of the whole thing now? Well, I... Come on. Come. What do you think? I think you've got something, but the police haven't. How's the fate of that? All right, Kling. Any objections if I keep going? None for me, but you'll have to do it alone. As far as the department's concerned, the Roberts case is closed. I'd never get permission to work on a day. Not even on your own time? That's different. Okay. Keep in touch. Yeah, I will. Meanwhile, you keep alive. Well, there wasn't anything more I could do that night. I took my punctured arm and myself home and got some sleep. Not much, though, because I knew I was right and Kling was right. Only two people knew I'd be at Carpenter and Pastel at midnight. Morgan and Mrs. Roberts. Mrs. Roberts had called the police to report my call. Morgan hadn't. All Morgan had to do now was to lay low until Kirby was executed. But he had been worried enough to take a shot at me. Then I thought of something else. The next morning in my office. Dave? Oh, good morning, Susie. Your arm. It's in a sling. Becoming, isn't it? What happened? I was shot. Oh, who shot you? William Morgan. I'm sure. But never mind that now. I want you to help me. Well, sure, Mr. Holliday, but I won't get shot, will I? Here, sit down with my brother. All right. Now, look, I've typed out a bunch of slips with now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of their party. With one arm? Good enough. Now, you do the same. Go ahead. I don't understand. I'll explain while you type. Go ahead. Hey. The note left for Martin Kirby was typed. What I'm trying to do is to find out if the style of typing can be definite enough to pin on one person. You mean I type differently from you? Mm-hmm. I use Hunt and Peck, and you use the touch system. Oh! You see, Mrs. Roberts used to be a secretary. She'd use the touch system of typing. Martin Kirby could type, so... and so could William Morgan. Then what good will all this do you? Mm-hmm. I... I don't know. I don't know. Okay, Susie, that's enough. Now, mix up the slips and pick one at random. Then you tell me who typed it. All right. I typed that one. How do you know? It's smoother than yours. That the only way you can tell? Uh-huh. Mm-hmm. And if I type touch system, it'd be pretty tough to tell the slips apart. Oh, sure. All touch system is smooth-looking. The letters are... well, they're all about the same blackness. Okay, that's another lead shot. Gee, I'm sorry, Mr. Holliday. Look at that clock. Ten minutes past twelve. Less than twelve hours left for Kirby. Susie, I'm as sure as I can be that Morgan's guilty. But he shot me last night. Then why don't the police arrest him? It's dangerous for a man like that to be loose. Yes, I think you're right, but I... Susie. Remember what you said about conscience? Mm-hmm. Well, look, if Morgan were sure of himself, he wouldn't have tried that stunt last night. All right, because he did, it means that a little more work on him might make him break, huh?  Oh, not if I can help it. But I am going to see him. You will be careful, won't you, Mr. Holliday? Susie, I have only one life to give my work. But it so happens. I like it. I took the rest of the day, but I learned all I could about Mr. William Morgan. And there wasn't one thing that pointed at him as a killer. But I was sure he'd killed Roberts and framed Kirby. He knew Kirby and Roberts had quarreled. He could have taken Kirby's gun from Kirby's desk at the office. He could have typed the note leading Kirby to Roberts' house. And among other things, he had been a demonstrator for a typewriter concern. How did that help? Ansome? Not at all. Because Mrs. Roberts and Kirby both typed that system. That I found out when I read the report of the trial. Okay, I had one angle left. Work on Morgan. Work on him hard enough to crack him wide open. If it could be done. So that night, two hours before Martin Kirby was to die, I buzzed at Morgan's house. Yes? What is it? Mr. William Morgan? Yes. Who are you? I'm a writer. I... I have nothing to say. Excuse me. Get your foot away. Oh, just a minute. Did you receive a phone call last night? Come in. Thank you. What about a phone call? Did you have one last night? I don't know what you're talking about. But you let me in when I mentioned it. Sit down. Okay. You, uh...  Yes, it, uh, got in the way. You mentioned a phone call? Yes, I did. Cigarette? No, thanks. That ashtray is awfully full. You must have been smoking a lot. So what? Nervous, Mr. Morgan? No, look here. I've had enough of this. What do you want? And who are you? My name's Holliday.  That was a gruesome joke, Holliday. One I didn't appreciate at all. I wasn't trying to amuse you, Morgan. Why did you make that call? Before I answer that, take a look at your clock. Well, what about it? In one hour and 50 minutes, Mark and Kirby will be executed for a murder he didn't commit. Why don't you say what you've come to say? Nothing for you to say something. You mean you'd like me to say something that would... Oh, no. Why didn't you tell a police about that call last night? I...  Big belly laugh. Yes, so the police know that you made that call. Yes, I... Oh, that wasn't very bright of you, Mr. Holliday. No blackmailer would have told the police he made that call. If you knew anything and were planning to trap me, you'd have kept it to yourself, right? Morgan grinned at me. He knew I'd walked right into it. His nervousness seemed to just ooze away. He lighted another cigarette and kept grinning at me through the smoke. Then... Don't you think you'd better leave now, Holliday? Morgan, there was a note. Typewritten. You typed it. Did I? Yes. Maybe you don't know this, but that note can put you in Kirby's place. Yes, how? Well, there's a way of telling who typed a note. Every typist has a different touch. And when enlarged, the touch of one typist will show up differently from the others. Kirby's defense lawyer missed that bet. But I didn't. You talk a great deal too much, Holliday. But it's interesting conversation. I don't believe what you said. No. Here's the note. The police let it to me and... That's all. Holliday, stay sitting. You really wanted that note, didn't you? And I've got it. And that gun in your hand.  This time it won't be in the arm. No, I suppose not. Look, Holliday, it's almost 10. In about one hour and a half, Kirby will be executed. Now, you settle down and wait until 11.30. What do you mean? Two birds with one stone. Kirby and you at 11.30. 11.25, Holliday. You and Kirby have five minutes. You won't get away with it, Morgan. Why not?  Look. What's that for? Can't you guess? Papers scattered around, drawers ransacked. It's simple. I came in, surprised you're rifling my apartment and shot you. See? Will that gun? Why not?  Because ballistics has the bullet taken from my arm and if it matches the one that kills me tonight. You forget it. Why, you meddling fool, you'll be sorry. Good work, Dan, with one arm, too. You better stay where you are, Morgan. Clang? Hey, hey, Clang, the phone, the penitentiary. Oh, I, I took care of that an hour ago. You did what? Sure, I heard the whole thing from outside the window. But, but you said the case was closed. You couldn't work on it. I've got news for you, Danny boy. I'm off duty. You said nobody could tell the difference between typists. That he did, Susie. And I bluff about the bullet. Well, any bluff in a poker game, Clang. Oh, by the way, let me ask you one question. Yeah? What? Why did you hold off until the last minute? Oh, I had time. Morgan wouldn't dare kill you until after Kirby was executed at 1130. So I looked at my watch and I figured I had time to get the headquarters, pull strings to stop the execution and get back to you. Lieutenant Clang. Watch, Susie. Look at your watch. It's stopped. Oh, that's nothing. It does that every once in a while. Just shake it and, uh... Oh, holy cats. Oh, no. Good night, Susie. Next week, same time, through the courtesy of Paramount Pictures, Alan Ladd stars as Dan Holliday in Box 13. Box 13 is directed by Richard Sanville, with an original story by Robert M. Light, adapted for radio by Russell Hughes. Original music is composed and conducted by Rudy Schrager. Part of Susie is played by Sylvia Picker and that of Lieutenant Clang by Edmund MacDonald. Production is supervised by Vern Carstensen. Box 13 is a Mayfair production from Hollywood. Watch for Alan Ladd in his latest Paramount Picture.


Hi, my name is Veljika and I'm an actress based out of California, and I've always known that I need to know more about the industry and people in the industry because you can enjoy this career so much better if you are able to contribute to conversations like this when you are around your peers. In college I studied theater and there were a lot of people who knew so much about plays, about theater in general, musicals, and playwrights, and I do know a little bit about that. But I want to do more research. You know, it's not like I don't know anything, but I want to know more about casting directors, filmmakers, producers, writers, in TV, film, in theater. So today I wanted to start with Carla Hall or Carla Hall. I honestly don't know how she prefers to be referred to because I know she was born in Mexico, but she has lived in the U.S. for a long time. Her dad is a Dutch descent and he lived in LA all of his life. He's always lived in LA as far as I have been able to see. So I don't know if she prefers the Spanish pronunciation or the English pronunciation, but I'll probably say both. I prefer Bélgica in Spanish because that's my name, that's what I have always been called. So I try my best to call people what they want to be called. So Carla Hall, maybe, or Carla Hall. I found out about her... I'm sure a long time ago, I know I've heard her name before, but when I was doing my own research on Henthified and how to get cast on Henthified, I saw her name again and I was wanting to see more about her and who she works with so that I could potentially, you know, send her an audition through whatever way, whether it was through an agent or through a casting website, which I did end up finding out how to do that. Yeah, so I found out about her and I just wanted to learn more. I was very surprised to see that there is not a Wikipedia for her. She's been in the industry for such a long time. I read some articles and I listened to some podcasts and some interviews with her and I read a really great article that was published recently by the Oscars and I'll link everything in the description of this video so you guys can go check her out. And I'm also going to link her IMDB in the description so you guys can go see more of her films because I know you've seen some of her work. She was one of the casting directors in Coco, of course Henthified and she also worked on Narcos and Narcos Mexico and Nacho Libre, which is one of my all-time favorite movies. I can watch that movie like once a year. She's just done a lot and basically what I was able to gather from all of these things that I saw online is that she is a very important person to know as far as a casting director especially for Latinos and Hispanic people because she specializes or one of the things that she does really well and is well known for is for casting Latinx people, Hispanic people, international people. She has big connections with Spain and Mexico and Latin America so if you are in any other country that speaks Spanish or you are in the US and you are a Latino or Hispanic I would say you need to know who she is because she's going to be casting you and even if you are not Latinx or Hispanic you should still know her because she doesn't only cast Latinos or people of color and from the interviews that I saw of her back in 2013 and even the ones in 2021 she is very adamant about not only casting Latinos for the stereotypes you know like the Mexican gangster or the Mexican chola and in one of the interviews in 2013 she mentioned how a lot of Hollywood would look at Latinx people as brown as gangster where of course we're so diverse I mean the part of Mexico I'm from everybody well everybody in my family and is really tall and light-skinned and a lot of people tend to think of Mexican people in my experience a lot of people assume that Mexicans are short my point in all of this is that Mexico and Latino America is very very diverse I am about half Spanish actually even though I was born in Mexico I am about half Spanish in my DNA because there are so many Spanish people in my part of Mexico where I was born in Guadalajara Jalisco which just gives you an idea you know of of the diversity so you get my point Latinx people Hispanic people we are very diverse one of the things she focused on and still focuses on is making sure that if there is a Latinx person that is very specifically you know from Honduras that they cast somebody from Honduras that has an accent from Honduras if it's a Chicano person okay where what part of Mexico are their parents from where in the US are they living so just casting somebody that is true to the the text that is written not just oh we need a Latino person for this role okay what do you mean by Latino person and one of the reasons why I think she is such a great casting directors not only because she is open to you know casting the right person for the right role but she also knows Spanish so she's really able to audition so many more people so many more countries there's so many countries that speak Spanish and English so it's great to have some a female who has the experience of being in the US has the experience of being in Mexico who speaks both languages to be able to connect with actors from so many places and what I was able to find about her family is that her dad and her uncles are Hollywood producers or were Hollywood producers I wasn't able to find out anything specific about that and in one of the interviews she also mentioned that her great-grandmother was in the film industry so you know she growing up she was always on set here and there and that's why she started to be in the industry and then her entertainment industry is because of her dad and her uncle they invited her to work on a project and she was actually one of the first and only Mexican casting agencies from 2002 2007 she had a casting agency in Mexico and there were you know people casting there because there's a lot of films that filmed in Mexico but there weren't a lot of legit you know established registered casting companies there so she was one of the first and then she felt that she was outgrowing that market the Mexican market because there just wasn't enough work for her and she really enjoyed working with international actors actors from all different countries she does a lot of casting with Spain I watched a few interviews where she did a tour in Spain where she did workshops to help Spanish actors be able to present themselves better when they are sending auditions to Hollywood so this was in around 2013 that she did these and she went over there and told them about hey when you're sending in a reel or when you're sending in a self-tape audition make sure it looks like this and in the US there's there's so many things that are being produced and filmed in the US that it's very very organized so she taught people in Spain how to present themselves better so they had a better chance of being cast in Hollywood films so she is very very much interested in casting people from all over the world to make sure that she's casting the right person for this story that is being shared and then after that she came to Hollywood to the US and she has a casting company still here she is working on so many things one of the things that she's working on that is still in the script stage is Flaming Hot which is about the story of Hot Cheetos which I love Hot Cheetos so that's really fun I'm excited to see what that becomes if you have Netflix and you want to check out her stuff of course Hentte fights season one I definitely recommend that if you're not Latinx or if you are it's a great show Selena the TV series Narcos which is Narcos on Hulu I don't know I've only seen a few episodes of Narcos I'm definitely gonna go and watch that Coco Coco was amazing so beautiful and I just love Coco if you haven't seen it come on get it together Coco was a huge film it was the first all Latinx cast with that budget that was animated so and it won awards and of course Karla Hall was one of the casting directors and like I said at the beginning of the video I am going to link her IMDb in the description so you guys can go and check out her movies if you want to learn more about her I would say watch her movies because that's how you're going to know what she's been working on what she likes to work on it was so great to find someone like her because obviously I am a Latina woman I was born in Mexico just like her and it's nice to see that there are people with that much power because of course she has a lot of power she's a huge casting director it's nice to see people being responsible and being careful with people's identities you know not just giving them the stereotypical roles each time yeah I really really enjoyed reading about her and I hope that I can find more information about her if there's any other casting directors that you think we should know of especially if they are people of color please let me know because I am of course going to continue to do research about casting directors so this is going to be an ongoing thing because this is very important this is a very important part in being an actor being knowledgeable about who you are auditioning you know with so you know their work so you can hold a conversation like I said in my last video but I hope you enjoyed this video thank you so much for watching at the end of every video I feature another channel this is today's feature if you would like to be featured on my next video make sure subscribe like this video and leave me a comment


Everybody forced here ripping a box of 23 Phoenix football hobby for Matthew F Thanks for the order Matthew. Good luck Silver Mac Jones.  They're looking for hits got one here And it is Josh Downs to 199 Ricky dual Jersey autograph Johnston hot routes Colorbergs Debo Samuel Pink Kyla Murray Number to 175 Silver Nick Chubb followed by yellow to a tongue by Loa Yellow to a out of 50 playing with fire silver Bryce young Sauce gardener out of 50 Jersey autograph nice sauce to relic autos in this box Jameer Gibbs out of 50 rookie jumbo patch Nice Gibbs good hits in this box Red rookie Quentin Johnson number to 250 Anthony Richardson base rookie. That is the Sean Watson purple out of 125 and A CJ Stroud rookie rising insert purple rookie Jalen Hyatt Hyatt out of 125 Aqua Lamar Jackson out of 125 and that'll do it Appreciate the order Matthew pretty solid box there actually get those cards out to you


Hey YouTube, ShaeBear here. Who Bear here? And we've got some interesting things for you this time. It's all visual, which there'll be three segments in this, three little clips. And it's not gonna be a long video, but we'll show you it, and then we'll loop it again three times for you. And the first two are a couple weird light anomalies. I don't think they're dust orbs. If you think they are, comment below and let us know. But the third one, the last one, we'll save the best for last. It's very intriguing. We think you like it. We liked it, kind of scared us a little bit. Yes, a bit. Because I'll give you a little hint. We were asleep when this thing kind of happened right beside me. So, when we watch it, every time she watches it, she goes, and it was right by me. So I don't know why she's more worried than I am, but I guess I'm still here. I'm not growing evil more than you.  If you don't like it, just give us a thumbs down, you know, no big deal. We'd rather see the thumbs up, you know, and we like all your suggestions. But we've got two more cameras to go over. One's got three and a half hours left on it and the other one's got nine hours. So if we catch anything on there, we'll upload it for you. If not, this will be the last segment on it. So we're gonna let you get to watching this and we'll be back with you in a minute. Check it out, it's pretty cool. Check it out. Well, we hope you enjoyed it. What do you think? Write it in the comments, man. You know, this is what we capture now. That last one, a little shadow thing, that's crazy. That's crazy. It's not dust. You can see it comes out from behind the bed and, you know, it's not us moving.  We don't know. The light things, you know, I'm not real keen on, but we thought it was pretty cool because there was a lot of dust orbs and you can tell it's got like a snowflake effect but those, as you can see, didn't it seem like, especially the one that just flashed. It looked like it had its own, it was light emitting its own light.  So, but anyway, we're gonna get out of here. Thanks for watching. Don't forget to thumbs up. Thumbs up. All right, Shae Bear, I'm gone. Go Bear, I'm out.


So we know what the root mean square velocity of a gas is for an ideal gas. It's a square root of 3KT over m. This quantity of a root mean square velocity is a representative velocity, but it's not the same thing as an average velocity. In particular, what we really want to know is the average velocity or average speed of a molecule. We want to do something a little bit different. So the average, let's go ahead and talk about velocities. If I did want to calculate the average velocity of a gas molecule, what I would need to do is something like take the individual velocities, multiply by the probability of having that velocity, and integrate that over all the possibilities. So that's how to calculate an average. Some fraction of molecules are moving at 100 meters per second. Some fraction are moving at 200 meters per second in one direction or another direction. Combine all those together, and we get the average velocity. So that's really what we're interested in doing if we want to know the average velocity of a molecule. Luckily, with Boltzmann's help, we know a lot about how to calculate probabilities. So we can write down what the probability is that a molecule has a particular velocity. We know that that's just e to the minus energy over KT divided by a partition function. And the energies, in particular, since we're treating these gas molecules as having nothing other than kinetic energy, their energy is 1 half m v squared. So probability that a molecule has a velocity v is e to the minus 1 half mass times that velocity squared divided by KT all divided by a partition function. So we need to know what the partition function is. The partition function is also e to the minus energy over KT, the Boltzmann factor, but integrated over all possible values of the velocity. So again, let me distinguish here between velocities and speeds. So just to be clear, when I write v with a arrow on top, that's talking about a velocity vector. That has not only some magnitude, but also a direction in x, y, and z. Speed, as opposed to velocity, we can think of that as just the magnitude of the velocity vector. So a molecule can be moving with a speed of 500 meters per second, or it can be moving with a velocity of 500 meters per second in a particular direction. So the partition function we need to think about is this one, so I'm integrating over all velocities. So I'm integrating over vx, vy, and vz. So this is really a triple integral. Likewise, the velocity squared, this quantity, the velocity squared, that's vx squared plus vy squared plus vz squared for the magnitude of the velocity in three dimensions. So that actually points out that this integral is not that difficult. This triple integral over dvx, dvy, dvz. Let me go ahead and write that out. So this d cubed v is the same thing as saying dvx, dvy, dvz. But since my v squared is just the sum of the vx squared, vy squared, vz squared, these integrals look like integral of minus 1 half mv squared over kt in the x direction integrated over dvx. The possible values of vx range from negative infinity to infinity. I can be moving strongly in the negative direction or quickly in the positive direction. Velocities have a direction as well as a magnitude. That's the vx component. There's going to be a similar component for vy. A Gaussian, e to the minus 1 half vy squared over kt integrated over vy and an identical one with vz instead of vx or vy. So I've broken my integral up into three different integrals. Luckily, each of those integrals has the exact same result as the others. This Gaussian integral, negative infinity to infinity, gives the same result as this one and this one. A Gaussian integral of a Gaussian from negative infinity to infinity is square root of pi over the coefficient that multiplies the variable. So everything that's not the v squared is the coefficient. So I've got a 1 half m over kt, 1 half m over kt. And I have that same term three times 1 from each of these three one-dimensional integrals. So if I clean that up a little bit, the fraction in the fraction, if I resolve that, the 2 in the denominator of the denominator moves back up to the top. So I've got what looks like, oh, and there's also, it's m over kt. So there's a 2 and a kt in the denominator of the denominator. So I've got 2 pi kt that moves up to the numerator. m stays in the denominator. Instead of raising it to the 1 half power, I do that three times. So it's all raised to the 3 hat's power. So that looks a little reminiscent of a result we've had before for the thermal de Broglie wavelength. But it's not the same thing. Don't get the two of those confused. This partition function, 2 pi kt over m raised to the 3 half's power, that tells us the partition function or the denominator we need here to calculate the distribution of velocities. So if I go back to this expression and use my newly found q, the probability that a molecule has a particular velocity is 1 over q, 1 over this quantity. So I'll write that upside down. m over 2 pi kt to the 3 half's multiplied by this exponential, e to the minus energy 1 of mv squared divided by kt. So that tells us if we want to calculate what is the probability the molecule has a velocity of 500 meters per second in a particular x, y, z direction, I compute v squared. I know the mass and the temperature. I plug everything into this expression. This expression may be a little surprising if we think about what that means. So I'll try to graph this expression, which I'm going to have a hard time doing in three dimensions. So let's start in one dimension. If I consider only, let's say, the vx component of the velocity, and graph what this Gaussian looks like, e to the minus velocity squared multiplied by some constants, that's, of course, a Gaussian. So what that tells us is it's most likely the highest probability. So what I've graphed here is the probability of vx as a function of vx. That tells us the most likely velocity is 0. It's more probable that the molecule is standing still in the x direction. That's more probable than moving positively in the x direction or negatively in the x direction. So that seems a little bit surprising, right? If I extend that to two dimensions, so that I can almost draw reasonably. If I draw how the probability depends on vx and vy as a function of vx and vy, let's say, let me, so that's a Gaussian e to the minus vx squared and vy squared multiplied by some constants. So that's a Gaussian that's going to look like this. It's a Gaussian in two dimensions. So to give it some 3D shape, I've got a hill, a Gaussian hill centered on the origin. So again, 0, vx equals 0, vy equals 0, is the value that has the largest probability. So again, it seems strange that the most likely velocity that this molecule has is 0. But that's exactly what Boltzmann's telling us. And it turns out to be true. And the confusion is just in how we're interpreting that result. And I won't attempt to draw that three dimensional function because I'd need a fourth direction to plot what the probability looks like. So we found one surprising thing, the most probable velocity. It looks like it's that the molecule is stationary. The other surprising thing is that if I were to calculate the average velocity, the problem we started out wondering about. How do I calculate the average velocity of this molecule? The average of vx, because I have equal probability of moving 100 meters per second to the left and 100 meters per second to the right, the two sides of this curve cancel each other out. So if I calculate the average velocity, I'm going to get 0. If I plug this result back into here and do the integral, I would find out that the average velocity is 0 because of the symmetry of being equally likely to move to the left and to the right. Again, that's not a surprising result. Once we understand that that's the question we asked, average velocity, which has a direction, the two directions cancel each other out. Likewise, in two directions, in two dimensions, plus y and minus y cancel each other out. Same thing in three dimensions. Turns out the question we should have been asking all along is what's the probability of having a molecular speed, the magnitude of the vector? And the answer to that question, so what we've calculated is the distribution of molecular velocities, which is important. But to get the real intuitive sense for how quickly these molecules are moving and how likely each speed is, we need to be asking the question about the speed of the molecules rather than the velocity of the molecules. So the next step is to convert this distribution of velocities, which is the result we've obtained here, into a distribution of molecular speeds instead. So that's coming up next.


The extraordinary thing about the song telescope apart from the science is that we can control it from a tablet and that's very important when we have the completed network. With the completed network of telescopes we will be able to follow one specific target 24 hours a day and by switching between the telescopes whenever the sun rises in one place and it's night in another. To control the telescope we only need a normal internet connection and the telescope is placed almost 4,000 kilometers away on Tenerife to demonstrate. I'll just show you here how it's done. So now I'll try to move around the telescope so you should see it. You should see it moving now. This I think is amazing because it happens almost instantly and we are that far away. The scientific goals of this project is to study nearby stars and exoplanets in a way that has not been done from ground before. We will be able to dedicate the entire network which at the moment is only one telescope to follow one single target for months. This is normally only possible from space.


You guys know what time it is. It's coffee time. Early in the morning, I don't drink coffee every day and I'm also not a legit coffee person. I drink all my coffee with creamer. I don't like the taste of black coffee. It's kind of nasty. Something about making coffee in the morning, it just inspires me. I've actually been playing like lo-fi, hip-hop music in the background, specifically lush lo-fi along with this lo-fi channel. My wife and I started, that'll be linked down below really to just feel the space and just make me feel more inspired and motivated to create. What is going on everyone? Welcome back to my channel. My name is Jossi and in today's video, we're gonna be talking about the five reasons why I love being a software engineer. I've made a bunch of videos about computer science and software engineering. Now be sure to link those playlists in the description box. Also made quite a few videos talking about like five reasons why you shouldn't become a specific type of developer, which is why I decided to make a more positive video talking about doing what I love as a software developer and hopefully inspiring you to do the same. Okay, so this light is clearly, it's too bright. It's kind of distracting. So I'm gonna bump that brightness down a little bit. All right. So ultimately I wanted to just take a brief moment to highlight the five reasons why I love software engineering which are probably the reasons why the industry is so popular and why so many people wanna become a developer. Thank you to Flugeotek for sponsoring this video. Before we continue, I wanna let you know that there are timestamps. So I wanted to break this video up into really five chapters or at least that's the technical term of the YouTube feature where you can see the timestamps integrated into the video. One of the best things that software development has to offer is its flexibility. One of the main things I talk about or ask a recruiter if I'm looking into a job or interviewing for it is the flexibility, the flexibility to be able to change roles, the flexibility to be able to work from home, work remotely. The reason being is because we spend so much time at our desk, whether you're working from home or in the office, programming, it's important to be able to have the flexibility to enjoy the things that you love outside of work along with the flexibility to work away from the office if you have to tend to something at home or you just wanna have the ability to travel but not use up all your PTO along with being able to visit friends and family and be able to work in other locations. I remember there was this time where I literally got invited to Switzerland. It was just such an amazing opportunity. The trip is gonna be 12 days from the day I got the phone call. And I remember telling my senior manager that I had this really cool opportunity and I'd love to be able to take vacation and go on this trip even though it's pretty short notice. 12 days isn't horrible but I remember feeling so good about having the flexibility to travel and when really dope opportunities arise where you gotta go out of the country in a few days or in a week's notice being able to do that and also be able to work wherever this opportunity takes me for a specific amount of time. It's so funny because I only use one day of vacation but I was gone for three days. That's because one, my senior manager trusted that I would get the work done but two, as a software engineer you have the ability to work from anywhere as long as you have wifi. I also worked on the weekend to make up for the time I missed but that's an example of the flexibility that a lot of other industries don't offer. We can thank a lot of that to version control and being able to work across the world and being on the same team, writing code for a company or an app you're developing. It's really flexible. I don't think it's any more flexible than that. Before we continue this video I just wanna take a moment to talk about Flujo Tech and their new PowerEdge monitor stand with modular USB-C multifunction docking station. Flujo Tech has created a number of products that are just beautifully crafted and designed but they're also really functional solving a lot of those problems that people especially who are Mac users have to deal with on a day to day basis. The Flujo PowerEdge is one of those outstanding innovations that they've created and are looking to fund. I'll be sure to link their campaign in the description box. I've actually been using the PowerEdge monitor stand and docking station for quite some time. And let me tell you, this thing, this monitor stand is perfect for you Mac users who are tired of dongles along with those of you who wanna clear up your workspaces. By having less cables, give your monitor a little bit of height with a stand also having the functionality of attaching and detaching the USB-C hub. So you can, you know, take it on and go. At first when I looked at their product I couldn't believe that it was so minimal but also functional. As a creator, I appreciate all the ports in one central location. You got VGA, HDMI, ethernet, USB-C, USB 3.1, SD, and TF card reader and audio. If you wanna learn more about the Flujo PowerEdge, the world's first monitor stand and USB-C docking station check out the campaign below along with the Kickstarter page. And you can also sign up for the newsletter so you can be updated on campaign goals along with discounts and more information. If you like this product at all, why not pledge? Or, you know, at least check out the page, sign up for the newsletter because this is a really cool innovative product that I actually really enjoy using. It's made my workspace a lot less cluttered and you don't have to deal with those annoying dongles. Thanks again to Flujo Tech for sponsoring this video. Outside of the flexibility of, you know, working in a different location, I know that doesn't matter because a lot of you all may wanna be in the office. I know I'm someone that really enjoys being in the office, but I actually really have enjoyed the benefits of working from home. Feels like remote at this point. But also the flexibility to, you know, change careers, to grow in your career, create new jobs based on what you're working on. As a software developer, we know that there are a multitude of career paths you can go through or different types of software development. You have mobile, full creativity. I mean, I'm a creative and not just with, you know, filmmaking, but in the code I write, in the projects we create and how we develop them. Contrary to what some people think software developers do, you know, never talking to people in solitude, boring, programming, looking at the screen all day, it's actually a quite creative job. I mean, the most popular companies in the world are tech companies like Apple, Google, Facebook, Amazon, Airbnb, and so many more. These companies are founded by small groups of people or one person with an idea and then they took that idea, translated it into code and then something tangible that people could use. Ultimately, that's the beauty of software engineering. Having this idea that maybe solve, you know, a problem you may have, which probably thousands of other developers are having and taking that idea, translating it to code and building something tangible that people can use out in the real world. Man, that's good. Whenever I drink coffee in my videos, I always feel like Peter McKinnon. All right, opportunity. The main reason why I became a computer scientist and, you know, got interested in writing code was because of opportunity. The funny story is when I was younger, I used to wanna be like a lawyer or like an ESPN analyst. And of course, I had hoop dreams too. But my dad used to always say like, how many lawyers were unemployed, but then just talking about like how difficult it is going into something like communications and being like really successful and, you know, having a stable job, ultimately just having a stable job.  And I'm very grateful to him for that. I'm sure he's watching this video. Thanks to that for that. Really appreciate it. But the software development industry actually offers a lot. We're pretty spoiled, like we're really spoiled within the software development world. I mean, some companies have like free breakfast, lunch, dinner, an amazing environment to work in.  The opportunities are really endless when it comes to software development because, I mean, software kind of makes the world go around. Could you imagine melding in a job application or needing to call every company you owe a bill to or not having internet or smartphones? I mean, it's quite barbaric. The job market is also really great. It continues to grow. Obviously, everyone is investing in the digital space. People or companies need facelifts on their websites and applications. There's competition, you know, who has the best product, who offers the best services, who has the best customer service, who has the best user experience. Then there's so many people investing in software because we solve problems through code, right? It is what it is. I'm not gonna spend too much time talking about salary, but we all know that salary is important, especially if you're working a job for 40 hours. It better be worth your while. And we also know that software development pays pretty well. It may take some time to get to where you wanna get, but ultimately once you have, you know, X amount of years underneath your belt or you work, you know, got a job at a specific company, you're going to make a really good salary. No, even six figures. According to Glassdoor, for a software engineer, the average salary is $92,000. Salary is important. It may not be the most important thing, but that's easy to say when you're in an industry that already pays well. At that point, you're just trying to figure out which opportunity is best for you. Also, software development can really improve the quality of life if you're looking to make a career change because you're tired of like dead-end jobs, tired of not making enough money, wanting to have more opportunity. Software development is definitely the way to go, but understand this, that it is challenging and it will take some time, but it is worth it. All right, last but not least, community. I actually really enjoy the quirky software development community. We have an open source community, which is an amazing way to innovate collectively through code, we have so many organizations that invest in people's ideas to make dreams come true that will help the world in some capacity. We also have amazing creators on YouTube and other platforms where they share their experiences, how to become a better developer, how to become a developer, along with tutorials to help you brush up on some skillsets or just to improve the current skillsets that you have. Honestly guys, I love it. I know I have videos about five reasons why you shouldn't do this and do that. Those videos are really to raise awareness of like the negative sides of software development or a specific type of software development, but ultimately I love this field and I wouldn't change anything. If I could do it all over again and go to college, I would still major in computer science. Only thing different I do is more side projects. So that concludes this video. I hope you all enjoyed it. Give this video a thumbs up if you liked it at all. Comment down below five reasons why or some reasons why you enjoy software development or why you aspire to be a software developer or engineer. Subscribe to the channel. I love for you all to become part of the fam. Make sure you hit that notification bell so you can know right away when I release a video. I definitely try to respond to everyone that's commented within the first hour or so. Once again, thank you to Flujo Tech for sponsoring this video and as always, have a blessed rest of your week. Peace.


This message is from the Stratos Cold Weather Partnership, an organization dedicated to scientific research and meteorological understanding. If you can see this message, you are in a small region, which is about to be affected by an anomaly. This anomaly will cause extremely rapid changes to your local climate, including high winds, lethal cold, and significant snowfall. If you have a motor vehicle, do not use it to escape. As the temperature lowers anomalously your vehicle will not be sufficient to keep you warm and you will die. Instead you should gather your family and stay inside. Block all windows and door frames with heavy fabric. Turn on your central heating and oven with the oven door open. These devices will fail when the temperature drops, but they will heat your house before then and create a buffer.  Be sure to gather plenty of fuel. As the temperature drops, gather near this fire. You should huddle for warmth and tend to the fire for as long as possible.  This situation is likely to last for the foreseeable future. Thank you for your attention and cooperation.


It's a real honor and a pleasure to sit across from an admiral. It always is but particularly you and you had Mike Rogers yesterday So I know you mean that I didn't just you know We were a trending topic on Twitter yesterday. So if you want to compete, you know, I need to talk about cyber Or just make some news, you know cameras are rolling but the admals biography proceeds here, but but among the numerous accolades is being the first Woman promoted promoted to four-star admiral, but also the first African African American woman to attain four-star rank in the history of the DoD Currently vice chair of naval ice chief vice chief of naval apps As Peter mentioned I spent some time in China, but China is also Very much in the news but also very much At the center of this question of the future of war and how the Navy sees the future of war So I wanted to start there During my time in China a great deal of focus Which continues today is on China's military efforts to neutralize America's naval advantage in the region specific weapons systems being developed for that very task I Wonder if you can in an unclassified way Describe the state of those efforts how far is China long? And what is the US doing about it? so every every nation Has their own perspective of what it is required to defend their nation or to Be able to Sustain the territories of other nations. I think what we're seeing with China is Sort of an expansive view of what that territory is and you look at the air defense zone that they Established last year you look at their behavior in the South China Seas and they're clearly trying to articulate a vision of a Territory that goes well out into the maritime domain And under international law those high seas are common to everybody and they're meant to be Common to everybody the way the history of the world evolved. That's where the trade of the world passes through Those lines of communications between major countries. So the entire Economic health of the world Depends on those high seas staying free and that concept goes back to Queen Elizabeth the first who said it's for the public good That these seas are free. So now you have a country who's Matureing and they often refer to themselves as maturing and then starting to stretch their muscles in terms of who they are and How they see themselves as a world power. So The question I think every country asks for itself is can you be a global power without military strength? And I would say China is going down the path where they're saying in order to be a global power We need to have military strength The world is three-quarters water. We have to be able to Defend our maritime domain or maritime nation And so they're going down that path the way many other countries before them have gone Whether it's the United Kingdom or the United States When we sailed the Great White Fleet and did our first power projection. So then we as armed forces have always leaned on innovation in America and technological advantage And that is one of our strengths as a nation and then as militaries And so then for other countries to come along and go wow, that's how I have a strong military is to Look at innovation and technological advantage and to get some of that for myself. That is incredibly understandable So in that case They're copying what's been successful makes a lot of sense to me now Do I as a military person want to maintain that military advantage? Oh, you betcha and so we continue to acquire and adapt and try and maintain You know more laps around the track than China or Russia or anyone else are you able to stay ahead of them considering the enormous Resources, they're throwing at this Yes, and we have to stay ahead of them. We do are there particular weapons systems that keep you up at night You know, it's not weapons systems that keep me up at night. It's If you were saying what what would cause you to lose sleep it's Individuals so I you know, I think about North Korea and the capriciousness of the leader that when you have governments or leaderships where they have a certain amount of power or strength underneath them and then The leadership Does not seem to operate in a framework that is Logical or understandable then that that creates a challenge understood I do want to get into North Korea on China The personal factor is important as well and a great deal of effort and progress frankly in the last couple of years It's been devoted to military to military contact In large part to prevent myth misunderstandings which can snowball and lead to lead to bad things But there are you know concerns about if not particular Individuals as well as groups and power centers in the Chinese government particularly the the PLA the military how that relates to Beijing Xi Jinping no one questions his military credentials, but still it's a big country with a lot of power centers Do you still have concerns that there were some in the Chinese military power structure who are more forward-leaning about challenging? The U.S. Well, we've made some tremendous progress when you talk about military to military relations relationship The chief of naval operations has had several engagements with his counterpart CNO who and then last year At the Western Pacific Naval Symposium All the like-minded nations from that area and then the United States all agreed to adopt a code of For unexpected encounters at sea so that we have a way at the tactical level for our ships to communicate with each other to alleviate that misunderstanding that you talked about so there's been great dialogue and great movement I think between our navies and It takes the leadership of someone like seanna who to make sure that within his navy that when he says yes This is something we're going to do that the down to the ship seal that they actually adopt those activities and then are willing to Communicate at sea with the other nations that are out there You know when you speak of the future of war I mean one of the threats that it transcends China certainly because it goes to what's happening in the Ukraine now with Russia But but many draw a line between the two and that you have Countries that challenge not just the order but but the rule of law and and settling disputes by Peaceful means and taking territory. That's not theirs in the simplest terms whether in Ukraine or in the Spratlys What if you're talking about China when you look at that? I mean because you know the two sides are and this is the Chinese phrase But a new kind of superpower relationship right that China can rise without knocking heads with the US Which is a nice thought and maybe possible But there were areas where you see where China in the US will knock heads and right now as China is building for instance You know landing strips, you know in the middle of that area you describe which is open ocean Do you see I mean it's one thing to be able to talk ship to ship and talk military to military So you don't actually shoot it shoot at each other in a small scale thing, but how about big picture? I mean are those Tensions are those differences so great between? China's strategic goals in the region and US interests in maintaining its very influential role in the region I mean do you see that that's Those can be settled or if over time invariably they so the world is always a magical place I mean there's always a number of alternative futures that can unfold And you can look at it from potential conflict. That's one alternate future. You can look at it On the strength of the the trade partnership we have with China. That's one future and it's not just for the China It's with the entire Pacific region when you look at Japan and you look at India and then you look at South Korea So then that says okay. There's a managed future based on shared economic health That's a future so it's Not just within the militaries or Department of Defense its entire governments that have to go There's alternative futures here, and what are we doing to walk down a path that walks away from conflict or it creates the Stepping stones to conflict when you meet your Chinese counterparts. Do you look? across the table at them Across the cups of tea Where you meet and say this is someone I can work with or this is someone I'm worried about Well when we're meeting normally it's in in a in a in a forum where we're meant to be try to work together, so it's What we have been focusing on is what we have in common as naval officers And there is a heritage of the sea that makes it a pretty great starting point for a conversation and understanding between us as professional officers that Okay, if if not friends then mutual respect and that could be just as great an instinct If we could talk about weapons systems that factor into the question of the future of war and this sort of follows on to this effort by China to neutralize for instance Or weaken the advantage of aircraft carriers, you know ICBMs target aircraft carriers Sure to ship, you know missile systems is the age of the carrier waning As it peaked is it over time is the sub the 21st century weapon? Well, so we fight in an integrated way and it's interesting because through the different wars As the different technology was created all of those were used. I mean and it's easy to focus on okay Well, we're too and you think and you go. Oh gosh carry was the centerpiece, but then we forget about the wolf packs in the Atlantic so the The domains exist the air the surface the subsurface space now and then cyber and we have to be able to Operate and integrate in all of those domains So air power from sea to land is asymmetrical and I for one would not want to give up that that great option So carriers still and this is something China's pursuing obviously as well So they must think that that there's a future to the carrier Yes, and the British are coming back. Are they do they have aircrafts for the aircraft for Jsf with the Bravo variant. Yes, they are On North Korea, so this is a different you know talking about future of war. This is a different kind. It's a rogue state You know it has old school or it's attempting to get old school weapons ICBMs, etc In the cyber dimension the attack on Sony pictures From the officials I talked to demonstrated greater capability than folks realize they had before they did it I wonder if When you look at for instance their missile technology their ability to strike us naval assets Has that moved on faster than you expected if so who's helping them? I mean, where do the North Korean stand in terms of their threat To so they've been very open and have been admonished by the UN that they you know continue to pursue nuclear weapons and they continue to develop Short to intermediate range ballistic missiles. They have not stopped that and they continue to test They have conventional forces that they exercise regularly so they For the last decades they have made that a sort of lockstep or continuing to go down this path And that is probably when you look at if there is a potential area where we might be could be aligned with our Pacific partners it be China Russia everybody we would want North Korea to come off this path that they're coming off Now that is an area where for my just experience and understanding where China has come around a good deal in the last couple of Years just purely from our perspective in terms of well running out of patience with North Korea, right? Do has that changed though has it gotten to the degree though where it changes their calculus because on the flip side You know, do they really want to unify Korea? Do they want American forces on their doorstep all this kind of stuff? Has the threat of a rogue state nuclear-armed with missiles Do that isn't that interesting so you're saying there you're saying that a Rogue state on your doorstep may be less of a threat to your way of life than a westernized nation Well, that's not that has a bad bath and beyond well, yeah, exactly. Maybe right. I mean from their perspective, right? Do you think that's changed so culturally that could be More more of a vulnerability You know when you think about China and you think about 1.3 billion people and you think about an emerging sort of middle-class And then you think about how the country is changing and the demographics of one child And then as they get to see more and more of the world through the wonder of the Internet You wonder how long they can politically sustained Power structure that's a committee Over all of these folks and then so the the for them I think the struggle will be the continuing satisfaction of the majority of the people and Then there's support of the government now when you start when Chinese officials hear American officials talk in that Vane they get nervous because they're thinking that's exactly what we imagine you want to bring us down You want to bring us down? You want to jasmine revolution? You know that kind of thing, you know? Wow, no, I'm with the Navy. I Want to see him Be responsible citizens of the world and you know there be in compliance with law of the sea and and and Be a responsible nation. I think they want to see that for themselves, too A lot of challenges of the law of the sea right now though in Asia aren't there when you see these Landing strips and structures going up and the nine-dash line Extending their territory well down into the so I don't know that's so much law of the sea But just plain old territorial struggle, but it's between China and Vietnam and the Philippines and Malaysia So they need to continue to work at sorting that through I don't want to focus all on the negative. Oh at some point we're going to get to the tyranny of distance. I know They're vaguely under that umbrella because when you're talking about weapons and now they know I agree when you talk about Particularly ballistic missiles. So yeah, the when you look at This is great book Freedmen's the world is flat, you know, and it's focused on the connectivity of the digital age But in reality all those trons represent something that needs to flow whether it's energy You know financial data, but there's a physical component when you step outside of cyber When you talk about economies and so in the physical world, it's still round And then for us and for the merchants of the world those great circle routes Those are important because they shorten your your point-to-point and they make trade even more possible because Because of the distance of the world you want to use those great circle routes, but with the invention of physics and technology It's the same routes That ballistic missiles use yeah, and so that reach that comes with a combination of technology and the understanding of the curvature of the earth That's what's changed. I think and that almost has shortened that tyranny of distance In you know talking about what I want to I hope this is related I think it's related and it's in the news in the good news category And it's something you were particularly involved with which is anti piracy efforts off of Africa because this is That's a long way from the US, right? But this goes to trade through a key Cree transit point along the you know the Red Sea Into the Indian Ocean it also gets at this issue of China participated in this This was this was an interesting Russia, Russia, Malaysia, Singapore and all of them far away from home Right, you know that yes showing that you can be Several thousand miles from your home shore and still have something that has a direct effect on your home So just as the US as an Asia that you know, that's an area That's important to us keep trade flowing even though it's a million miles away same there Maybe is there a hopeful sign in the way that worked out the international first of all it worked You know the not a ship has been I don't think it's been taken for a couple years There's no ships under hostage control right now. There are still some folks from different countries underneath hostage control But with the focus of the Navy's and then with changing of Countermeasures the business model for the pirates just finally broke apart, but what we are seeing is And so like any any business model that is even temporarily successful it tends to get franchised So we're starting to see piracy In the Gulf of Guinea on the western side of Africa And then tracking a little bit of piracy straight to Malacca had this problem years ago I'm starting to see a little bit of that come back up But something worked there in that international coalition naval forces from around working together What do you think worked? Well, one of the beauties of Navy's is Because of the domain we're very similar ships how we operate at ships how we navigate how we protect ourselves And so then when we get together at sea It's pretty seamless for us to join up together and then sometimes it's it's literally nothing more than Translation, but just as around the world. There's more and more English speaking people At sea you're generally bound to find folks who who speak English, so It's it's pretty easy for us to get together and say, okay Let's let's divide the domain up into sectors and I've got this part and you've got that part I want to ask about asymmetric warfare because that Very much relates to US maritime security and we're seeing Several instances of I mean you see in land wars not your territory, but you see Insurgent groups in Iraq certainly taking on the world but asymmetric is from the sea to land. Oh, okay, it works But you were seeing it in Ukraine right now. I mean this sort of you know under supposedly undercover invasion But I wonder a bigger picture message from these things or at least raises the question the world's most formidable military And we certainly have the world's most formidable Navy, but You've seen in Iraq and Afghanistan. You've seen in I mean the Ukraine's not really our fight, but still, you know, it's a challenge to NATO power there, you know arguably the world's most powerful military alliance And then so you see major nations learning from that and I'm sure China is watching as well Is the US? Military deterrent particularly in Navy terms all you know 12 carriers, you know all this less powerful than it seems because we've seen the Potential success and power of asymmetric warfare on a number of fronts and that certainly goes into the cyber area as well Right, you can have small actors not even nation states, right? Who can who can inflict great damage on very powerful nation states is our deterrent less than people imagine So what's in the air is interesting because we've we've been used as a deterrent force quite frequently in the last couple years just as We play shouldn't pay stationed a couple of ships off as Syria after the chemical warfare discussion, so If anybody was going to reach out and touch Syria was going to be missiles from those two ships and then When you look at presence in our ability to respond and be there then Just as this will came up last year about the time I became VCNO It was the George Herbert Walker Bush that was on the station in the Gulf and provided first the eyes and ears non-traditional ISR for the combatant commander and then The first strikes came off off the carrier so the deterrence that credible combat power very visible is still there and is Still employed today, but you see why I'm going with this. I know I don't We've seen the power of Asymmetric tools that have taken on while the US in Iraq for instance and arguably I mean, it's not getting to that territory, but arguably lost that war right with it with a deployment of 150,000 troops and all these weapons and so on You see right now Russia with it was it was is not a you know a flagged invasion But really is an invasion you can put that in the category of asymmetric, which is gaining territory in Europe You're seeing somewhat asymmetric steps in the South China Sea China taking territory But not necessarily marching the PLA, you know on to onto the Spratlys And I just wonder if that calls into bigger questions about the invincibility of the American military the American Navy in the 21st century because big actors and small actors using a word asymmetric, but Taking it out of maybe the warfare context you're referring to in some cases governmental decisions and then steps before you actually make the decision to go to war so if that is Indeed you're talking about unless the m part of dime and more of the diplomatic Informational with what we do and then they're doing it from an asymmetrical perspective That's something I think I'd like to think about in terms of once once we make a decision to employ military forces US military forces We're in for the fight and we're in for the win and we have no problems using asymmetric capabilities ourselves from special forces to unmanned vehicles aerial vehicles to Going from sea sea to shore so that so the context is In what framework are you using the word asymmetrical and if you're talking about true war fighting conflict? We employ it ourselves where I think the bigger challenge is are getting our arms around the newer Asymmetrical pieces that are coming up you mentioned Sony and then you look at what? happened with Estonia in 2007 and 2008 with the cyber attacks on their government you look at Georgia Networks being brought down before before the invasion and so then at some point when we when we say whatever has happened In this domain that has caused that we clearly say that is clearly an attack Will we have the wherewithal is are we going to confine ourselves to a cyber response or we will allow ourselves to do an asymmetric response? and so I Get it you can take out cyber with cyber, but you can also take out servers with a small diameter bomb Was that on the table in response to North Korea? Listen, I know it's a big issue, but even in your answer you it just gets at that asymmetric has so many so many different Permutations right to whether you're talking cyber or actual so you have to have the creativity and you have to look at What's the what's the best way to get at the end state I want to get at? This is great. I want to I want to give the audience a chance to ask questions why we still have a number of minutes So I don't entirely hog you and I think if we do it like we did last time Are there gonna be questions from the web too or no not in this case fair enough? Okay, so it's all the audience's territory today. Do we have a microphone again today great, okay So why don't we start in the middle here? Hi, my name is Algombus. I'm from the State Department. There's been some literature lately about Russia and China in particular maybe some other stations nations as well Challenging the whole concept of the Treaty of West Valley and the relationships between states And I'm wondering if you have any thoughts on whether or not our desire that they be Good citizens of the world as you put it is Being challenged by the very idea of what defines a good citizen within the world and whether they want to challenge the The whole paradigm under which we just we call somebody a good citizen of the world Actually, I think I think that was first postulated. I'm trying to remember the author Kagan the end of dreams and that he very Carefully articulated that when you look at the structure of the UN and you look at the permanent members and then you look at The way Western governments respond that the way we often respond to crisis will As China and Russia extrapolate what that could mean to them in the future when they do things that the way we respond to crisis From their perspective would look like that We're threatening their their sovereign governments. So I think we just have to be Recognize that Not not every government in the world is a democracy and so that when we think about our activities There's got to be a dialogue with our with our partners around the Permanent committee in order to help them understand. This is very specific to this to this framework or this set of circumstances And sometimes it works I I when you talk about have you ever been surprised I I think I was surprised That we got to a UN resolution in Libya And we're able to get to a resolution that everybody agreed to that we could protect citizens on the ground So sometimes the dialogue does work. How did Libya work out though? That's another one. It was asymmetrical from the sea in terms of our ability to complete the mission Does raise it raises an issue that I was touching on earlier, which is when you when you have Major adversaries who don't Abide by agreements, you know, whether it's the two Minsk agreements Who have been signed regarding Ukraine or the Budapest memorandum, you know going back to Ukraine giving up its nuclear weapons And then you worry about how other nation states react to that if for instance China says well if Russia can do it Then why don't what we do it? That's a that's a dicey environment for you to have to deal with It's a dicey department of our environment for state for state But you got the bigger ships Maybe well this gentleman right here Nicholas Berry a foreign policy forum It's not been discussed today, but what worries the White House more than anything else is the probability Which is very low, but still there of war with Iran If a deal has not been made now the Navy will be intimately involved in that and I know you've wargamed it if my memory serves me correctly starting in 2002 and Done it periodically since then Can you tell me? It's going to be dicey I guess but what that kind of war would look like So the last few years the focus I think has been less on a full blown war With the ranner and then any neighboring states or the US, but if you remember it was just a few years ago that Iran Openly threatened to close the streets of our moves So the focus for us with other navies in the last few years is okay What if that happened and then how do we respond to that and then how do we get the streets open? So we've been going through a series of exercises of how we would with many other nations And that exercise has become really international I think the last one had over 30 different nations from around the world where we get together and then we look at okay The streets are closed. How would we open them and then how would we help our GCC partners protect themselves? You didn't describe what the war would look like though Is it doable? What can you can the US and partners if I take out the nuclear facilities? I'm good a lot of questions about that well different different questions So if you're if you're already leaped ahead to they have nuclear they have nuclear weapons and it's that kind of war That's a different question. So this is this is about the streets of formers and reopening them Well, let's say that they do get nuclear weapons of an agree. Oh, yes. Well. Wow. That'll be that's too many ifs That's a lot of so think about it who has nuclear weapons now and what's our relationships? I mean when we look at where we are with strategic deterrence in Russia We grew up lockstep in a relationship in this deterrence Partnership and so we have Rule sets we have agreements We have communications with each other in case something happens And then strategic deterrence as a concept seems to have worked because we have not fought a nuclear war So then you look at someone like china who's Developing a strategic deterrence capability, but we have not grown up lockstep with china So that's another area. I think where there has to be a conversation with china What does that mean and then how do we develop these rule sets of conversation and understanding? Once you become a nuclear power. So there's there's there's There's a whole lot of steps and everything in between. I think before you leap to Oh my gosh We're at nuclear war. We have we have managed with strategic deterrence to avoid that state With uh with russia and so obviously I think everybody would say that's a state we need to continue in For the health of the entire planet. Yeah, let's hope so maybe uh If we go just another end of the room back in here in the pack most most good center for american progress You spoke about ensuring all sorts of different maritime spaces including subsurface and you went through the whole list One area, but you didn't talk about was the arctic and is the navy at all concerned about Securing arctic spaces as the coast guards icebreaker the polar star ages and gets very close to kind of not the u.s Not having an icebreaker at all So, uh, those are one of that's one of those also interesting questions. So that's some point And it's not immediate in the decades. We think there'll be more ice flow free free flow up there um And if if it eventually gets to the point where there's most ice flow then at some point you don't need the icebreakers and so You know jokingly sometimes I go if we build these icebreakers, how long are they good for 10 15 years? And then it's open ocean In terms of the security environment up there right now There is the arctic nations It is it is unfolding along peaceful lines along normalized lines for energy exploration It's pretty well understood who has whose territorial waters there are up there So the and the arctic council is is meeting and having reasonable dialogue. So right now the arctic isn't is Uh, not at the forefront of potential Burgeoning security concerns for for the armed forces I think was was it admiral laklier who said that global warming is the greatest threat to us national security And he's not the only u.s official. I think it was him Uh, being a fellow navy Person do you share that? Well, there's if is as we look at the world and as it warms it It will create instability Just from different just from different aspects. So if you if you look Uh at increased hurricane or typhoon cycles and then you look at the response of the world for something like super Uh typhoon high non that that's not those type of major disasters like the tsunami In uh indonesia those require a global response So then you could you could almost foresee a future where more and more the resources resources of the world are trying to respond to Natural disasters weather shifting weather patterns if the waters of the world actually start to rise Most of the population of the world lives within a couple hundred miles of the coastline and then you look at infrastructure and and Where major cities are that that's going to be a challenge for each and every nation that's got a maritime shore And then you look in the pacific If you look at Potential rising waters you're talking about for some island nations. They will completely disappear And so then you're looking at the potential of mass Migrations large displaced populations. So that is a Future probably decades from now, but a future that we could potentially see unfolding That's I that's not just a A u.s. Government issue that is going to be a world issue A country's already preparing for it right and all these yes. They've been yes A curing boss an exit plan how about over on this side maybe at the table here and then I'm Sharon Burke with new america I wanted to come back to the asymmetric threat Issue and specifically the the Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz So maritime mines, um, there's a lot of them in the world There's they range from they're cheap and dumb to sophisticated and smart Patrol boats even criminal organizations have submersibles And so, you know, the navy's capability. You've put a lot of eggs in the lcs basket It's not clear if it's going to deliver on time You know, how's the navy approaching delivering on time so the the counter mine module Um, and then also It's kind of along the same lines. I think the cno has talked, um, and you know, definitely correct me if i'm stating it About the difficulty of continuing to invest in very large expensive platforms And that looking forward an interesting challenge for the navy is how to use the big expensive platforms It already has or is building to be a launching point for, uh, cheaper technologies, you know uuvs and things like that Um, that'll give us a different way of fighting and of using those big expensive platforms We can't keep building so that whole picture could you talk a little bit about that kind of asymmetric threat And whether or not the navy really has the capability is it partners? You know, what's the answer and then looking forward where the investment stream goes So we've always had a wide variants of functionality at sea and um so Whenever you're looking at Everything that has to happen at sea to be successful in operation. You you got to have logistics capability You have to have mine clearance capability You and today what's come to the forefront is probably ballistic missile defense uh, and then you have to be able to self-defense the And r mu or the strike group and then we often use aviation capability off our platforms to do that as well as missile defense So along that spectrum of operations and things we have to do at sea which is everything from a humanitarian assistance to disaster relief to the high-end war fight Uh, we build multi-mission ships and then we build ships that have a very focused capability So generally we will build ships that are just Logistic ships they could be big ships, but that's their their primary purpose And then when we look at if you have to go into the high end Then it then you then you think about how do you do the fight? Traditionally how we've done the fight is for the ships that have less offensive capability self-defense capability The ships with offensive capability go in and make sure we have maritime Superiority both under seeing on the surface and in the air before we bring in the other ships And so then the question becomes okay if that is not going to be how we fight in the future How much defensive capability do these ships need offensive capability? Or do we really start to think about different attributes and change? What becomes important in the next fight? And for me speed is going to be one of those that becomes important in the next fight speed and ability to Uh move around in the latorals and sort of hide and hide in plain sight So I think where we're going with the number of ships we have destroyers Uh large scale combatants and uh Small surface combatants the lcs And then with the modified one in the frigate We've got the right mix of capability to be able to dominate in the maritime domain And that means you got to have submarines you got to have carriers with air power And then that gives uh whoever's going to be the operational commander um as The geographic laydown is different in each theater a lot of different options in how to prosecute a fight You as well I sorry, uh, it's probably bad taste for the mic holder to ask a question But I hope you'll forgive me for this one. Um, you've been talking a little bit about agreements adhering to international agreements And so my question is regarding the un convention on the law of the sea Which correct me if I'm wrong, but I believe the u.s. Has not ratified although that is correct Use it agrees often in terms of international customary law But so I'm not asking for a policy recommendation from you But in terms of your day-to-day job and practical aspects of the job How does you know not having ratified? Unclose effect or maybe have no effect on on what you do so for us we Particularly for us because there's the part of the code that is the Rules of the road so to speak of the sea we we stay in compliance with that in order to have safe Navigation at sea and to be able to operate in the international maritime domain So we're generally operating compliance with law of the sea Because it's to our health and safety to do so How about here in the middle? Thank you Dn divas with inside gnss Up to now the united states has had Broadly speaking control over satellite navigation the russians have a system But it's had a few hiccups the europeans are building a system and the chinese are building a system So our our allies will have a system that Documentation suggests they would like to have incorporated into their weapons systems And of course the chinese will have one of their own how will that change? Your operations If our allies want their signals involved and of course the chinese have an independent capability I'm not sure that it would change our operations I mean if we have our our system so i'm trying i don't think i understand your question Well if our weapon systems have to be compatible Across a wide range of countries Then would we not have compatibility issues nato's already working through some of those? Yeah, I in you mean is in terms of precision navigation and timing. I yeah, I would say When we're when we look at We'll continue to rely on our systems I'm not sure we're quite ready to go and be compatible with the chinese Yep, and so We have had the ability to As I understand it if if we want to We used to have selective availability where you could mess with the signal if you are in a difficult spot So the chinese will have a completely independent system And that capability will not be there anymore So we won't be able to affect the ability to use our signal We can but it won't matter does that make any difference in terms of your operational planning Okay, so this gets back to the question jim asked earlier So as other countries become more technologically advanced that it's incumbent upon us To understand exactly what that means and then figure out how we Either Creator get to our own innovation and technological advancement to to counter that capability if we ever had a need to counter that capability Or undermine that capability We we got four minutes ago. So I think we probably have time for one more question unless we're really quick I'm gonna see gentlemen in the back Great. Thanks. Patrick Tucker with defense one the error craft carrier based drone Oh, the u-class. Yeah. Yeah, so it uh big topic of Debate among a lot of defense tech watchers this year. It got sort of sent back to the drawing board You got one camp that says it should be very heavily armed should be the first step towards a more Robotic air force and that's going to increase the relevance of the aircraft carrier. You've got another group that says no We wanted to do most of the isr Lightly armed when you are asked about your opinion of what you want in an aircraft carrier based drone What do you tell people? What is the future of aircraft based carrier drones? So To start with I would like to have maritime isr from the sea So then when you look at what is it you believe you need I'd like to at least start there and then once you have this platform as someone else pointed out Then obviously you could You don't look at expanding the missions of that platform and then adding on other capabilities like strike How so this gets back to When you operate from the sea that gives you a certain level of impunity because the international waters Are open to everybody and when you look at the george herber walker bush Last year the first mission those aircraft had manned aircraft was nontraditional isr And so that I sit there and go by golly. That's exactly what we would have wanted to use the u-class for Have have that overseeing i 24 hours a day if possible to instead of manned aircraft So I I believe there is a need for just as someone assure is going to say I need isr at the tactical level We I think anybody who operates In a domain where there's conflict would like wants to have isr at the tactical level. That's underneath the commander's control That still leaves us time for one I want to go Way way back And you should know you're in the light. So you have a halo That would be the first time This is Andrea shillall with Reuters I wanted to ask you about the comments that have been made by the cno and others about the limits of stealth And that has triggered a pretty deep You know discussion about whether the navy really intends to go forward with its purchases of the f 35 program Um, particularly, oh my goodness. Yes So Well, particularly a couple of tactical air guys in the audience going no Yes, we do intend to pursue Lightning too. Absolutely. I'll see an 18 So you're not lukewarm on this program No This gets back to You know, how do you fight from the carrier? It's uh use of tactical air. It's use of strike. So There's going to be a platform on that carrier and we're going down the path of Lightning dude or replace the super hornets Final thoughts Uh, so tyranny of distance. So we talked about just go through that topic now The physical domain that we ended up so Getting back to thomas friedman's book the the world the world is completely connected And, uh, you know, it's only been about 22 years since the worldwide web was born So that is the other place where There is no tyranny of distance And things move at the speed of light in the cyber domain And so the challenge I think for all of the militaries Is we still fight in the physical domain? But we're going to have to fight at the speed of light at the same time And then that gets back to her question on satellites So when you look at the speed of light and signals The answer might be disruption And we have to think about these things both in that interconnected cyber domain Signals going up to satellites signals coming information coming over fiber And then how do we fight at the speed of light at the same time we fight in knots 20 to 200 depending on whether you're a surface ship or aircraft at the same time and that will be our challenge But that is also asymmetrical opportunity No question Admiral, thanks very much