So it's been years since we learned about the water crisis in Flint, Michigan And it is now abundantly clear that this wasn't just some random unfortunate event that happened to inexplicably occur This was the result of neoliberalism corruption and also incompetence and Because of the great reporting of individuals like Jordan Taradyn and Jen dies of status coup or on the ground in Flint, Michigan And have remained there to break the details of the story or break the story and share the details We're learning that another element of the story is criminal negligence and The extent that this individual Rick Snyder went to cover up His wrongdoing and incompetence and how he is responsible For the lead poisoning and Legionnaires disease and deaths of the individuals in Flint, Michigan Not only because he chose to privatize public resources to save a buck or two but on top of that He knew About how bad the situation was but shows to not speak about it And that is the evidence that Jordan Taradyn has continued to present us with but there's some more details about this story that truly show the extent To which he tried everything to cover up His criminal negligence and wrongdoing and this is one of the biggest scandals in the country the fact that Every single mainstream media outlet isn't talking about this even though there's there's so much things that are important That's going on right now, but this is one of the most important stories Not just because we care about the people of Flint, Michigan But because it happened in Flint and this can happen in Any other city at any time in the United States of America So these details are important and accountability in this instance is really important to make sure that public officials don't do what this killer did So without further ado, I'm gonna read you the story. It's really long I'm gonna encourage you to actually read the story yourself But I'm gonna kind of give you the bulk of it like the main findings the main takeaway from this story here So this is from the intercept Jordan Charitain agendize wrote an article and it was published by the intercept So here's what they find in October 2015 Then Michigan governor Rick Snyder finally announced that Flint's water was contaminated with dangerous lead levels That public admission had come after more than a year of pleading from the city's residents to examine the situation The city Snyder promised would immediately stop using water from the Flint River Which residents had been drinking for 18 months? The public announcement raised as many questions as it answered and kick-started a years-long investigation Into how the decision that delivered the toxic water to Flint had been made in the first place How many people were sickened and killed as a result and when senior government officials first learned of the deadly consequences Along the way, however Investigators who were part of a three-year Flint water investigation beginning in 2016 kept drilling dry holes Dr. Eden Wells became Michigan's chief medical executive in May of 2015 By then the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services had been aware for at least seven months of a significant increase in the deadly Waterborne Legionnaires disease throughout Flint, but when investigators obtained access to Wells phone that discovered something unusual For Dr. Wells phone the earliest message is from November 12th of 2015 Then Flint special prosecutor Todd Flood wrote in the subpoena petition obtained by the intercept During the key period that investigators were probing No messages were found in 2018 a judge ruled that Wells would have to stand trial for involuntary manslaughter along with obstruction of justice Over her role in the water crisis those charges were dropped by current attorney general Dana Nessil in 2019 in January of 2021 Nessil's Flint water prosecutors recharged Wells with involuntary manslaughter Misconduct in office and neglect of duty. So let's just pause right there To put everything in a perspective. This is very strange because if there is an outbreak of Legionnaires disease in your city and Citizens are complaining about lead in the water. I mean you're gonna be scrambling There's going to be tens of thousands of messages back and forth between public officials as they try to figure out What's going on as they communicate with one another But the fact that there were no messages on her phone in the midst of a major health crisis Something is a little bit off there, right? But this isn't the only individual Who had a phone that was seemingly wiped? So another Michigan individual named Tim Becker This was the chief deputy director of the MD HHS He also had no messages on his phone up until two months before he left office Hmm, that's that's pretty convenient on top of that Patricia McCain who was an epidemiologist with MD HHS She had very few messages on her phone and she testified that Wells Had made her lie So the plot continues to thicken on top of that there was phone data from an ally of Rick Snyder Who it was wiped before the criminal investigation began also the former press secretary for Rick Snyder Sarah Werferl. She admits that Their phones were actually deliberately wiped they did this on purpose now ask yourself this question Why in the middle of a public health crisis in your city Would the phones of public officials their interactions the back and forth be Wiped wouldn't this all be information? That's that's really crucial in figuring out What's actually happening who's responsible? Well, of course That's probably why they did it So the story continues the lack of phone messages from top MD HHS officials was a major red flag to investigators And an obvious impediment to those investigating who knew what and when despite department epidemiologists Hypothesizing in October of 2014 that the source of Flint's deadly Legionnaires disease outbreak was the switch to the Flint River six months earlier Flint residents weren't informed of the deadly outbreak until 16 months later when Snyder announced it in January of 2016 quote that is not standard a former Michigan Department of Technology Management and budget or DTM be official who worked for the state during this period and was involved with the state data Preservation told the intercept about Werferl's phone being wiped upon leaving her role as Snyder's press secretary There are retention schedules that every agency including the governor's office is supposed to adhere to said the ex official Adding that for the governor's office data is supposed to be retained for at least a year after an official leaves But with potential litigation looming it should have been held indefinitely The official concluded the source spoke on the condition of anonymity for fear of professional retaliation Lonnie Scott executive director of the progressive organization progress Michigan told the intercept It's not entirely surprising to hear that top officials phones lacked data or were wiped completely Scott had seen something similar happen in 2014 when his organization had submitted Freedom of Information Act or FOIA requests for a state health director Jim Haven's communications with Snyder's chief of staff after Haven resigned from his job in October of 2014 Progress Michigan discovered that his emails were deleted upon his resignation from his role quote We've said all along that we believe that there was a cover-up and that the governor knew more information than he was putting out publicly Scott said soon after Snyder's October 2015 announcement about Flint's toxic water the heat Intensified around the governor as calls for a federal investigation into the water crisis Mounted along with heightened media attention as the water crisis intensified and a criminal investigation was launched Criminal prosecutors and investigators would discover that messages were lacking from before October 2015 on phones Belonging to top MD HHS officials the question of what Snyder knew and when and what role he and his administration played in Stiming investigations into the cause and cover-up of the outbreak is of increasing importance as the former governor now faces trial in Connection with his handling of Flint's water crisis. Wow. I don't even know where to begin I mean how shameless Rick Snyder was and you know top public health officials in Michigan were It's it's honestly like this is one of the largest scandals in modern American history And it just doesn't get the coverage that it deserves This is honestly it's shocking how shameless they were the lengths that they went to cover up their criminal negligence I don't even know what to say this man Rick Snyder is a criminal who should be behind bars for the rest of his life because every single individual in Flint, Michigan who was poisoned by lead who Dealt with Legionnaires disease who died The blood is on his hands and Every single person every single criminal who was involved in his circle of cronies Who led to this cover-up and withheld key information vital information from the public they all They've got to be behind bars. They have to be behind bars That's the only way that there's gonna be justice for the residents of Flint, Michigan But even if there is justice for them, that's still not sufficient because those lives that were lost because of this individual's choice to privatize the water supply of Flint, Michigan and On top of that go out of his way to cover up the fact that there was Lead in the water and an outbreak of Legionnaires. It's just that's not that's not gonna be undone But the best that we can hope for is accountability So going forward public officials learn from this experience and they're afraid to do what he didn't be as shameless as he was So that's basically all I can say again, please read the entire article We're not even really scratching the surface everything that Jordan and Sheridan and Jen dies have uncovered They should get a Pulitzer Prize for like this is Crucial this is real journalism and it makes me sad that not a lot of people are actually paying attention to this So please go over to status coup subscribe to them follow their coverage of The Flint water crisis and other great stories that they do this is honestly like this is really depressing to hear But at the same time it's really nice to see the details finally emerge because you have at least a couple of journalists Still caring about this issue. Whereas everyone else has moved on and I get it right There's a lot of issues, but this is one of those issues that is so important because this isn't just about Flint I'm gonna say it again. This can happen Anywhere in the United States in any city, you know, so it's not just that we care about the people of Flint and want Justice for them, but we want to make sure that this never happens again And we do everything in our power to hold these crooks accountable who poisoned a city of a hundred thousand people Mostly people of color these lives matter and we have to make sure that the people who wronged them and killed them Get locked up


So, what we want to do to try and address the issue of what is life is we want to look at six characteristics of life and we'll talk about characteristics that all living organisms share and as you think about all living organisms, don't just think about your dog or your cat or your horse, think in terms of the broad spectrum of life which would include plants and all the animals such as sponges or jellyfish, mushrooms, mold, algae, unicellular organisms. So think in terms of all living organisms and the six characteristics that they might display. So the first one what I would consider to be the hallmark characteristic of life is the idea of the cell. Some textbooks say that the cell is the fundamental unit of life and so if it's living then it must be cellular. Now consider the converse of that statement. If it's cellular must it be living? Of course the answer is no. There are many things that are cellular that aren't living, something that's just recently died for example would still be composed of cells but wouldn't necessarily be living. Of course we'll talk much more about cells in this course as we continue on but the cell is the fundamental unit of life. Think about a red blood cell or a muscle cell in your body for example. So a second characteristic of life is the concept of metabolism. Metabolism could be defined as the chemical reactions necessary for life. There are two types of chemical reactions that that are involved with metabolism and a little later on we'll talk about anabolism and catabolism. Basically they're building reactions or breaking down reactions, reactions that require energy or reactions that release energy. So metabolism is about how organisms use energy. A third characteristic of life is growth. All organisms grow and that simply means an increase in size. Even a unicellular bacterium such as a bacillus subtilis or something along those lines when it's when it's first created when it's first divided from the parent cell it's much smaller than over time that cell will grow and as it grows it increases in size. Now certainly growth is much different for something like a human being where we start out as a single celled zygote and not only do we grow but we grow and develop but all organisms from bacteria to human beings exhibit the characteristic of growth. So the fourth characteristic of life is the idea of response. All organisms can demonstrate response and a way to define that would be a reaction or react to a stimulus. So a stimulus is just a change in the environment. One of my favorite tricks to play on students in my classes is as they're writing down react to a stimulus is to take my biology textbook and drop it on the floor. Of course it makes a very loud noise and everybody jumps and I kind of snicker at the class and say see you're alive you demonstrated response but even unicellular organisms have this ability to react to stimuli. For example they may move toward a certain chemical or away from a certain chemical that would be called chemotaxis. They may move towards the light or away from the light. So all living organisms demonstrate response. Now these four characteristics are characteristics of life that we think about on the individual level meaning an individual human being an individual dog an individual of paramecium. But the last two characteristics of life that we're going to think about are characteristics that exist on the population level. And the population is defined as a group of similar organisms in a defined area. And so we could talk about the population of flathead catfish in the Yakken River for example. So when we look at characteristics of life on a population level we talk about reproduction. Many of you may have family members that are in their 70s or 80s and they've never had children of their own but certainly they've been living. And so when we talk about reproduction that's something that we think about on a population level. I've produced no offspring myself but I'm certainly alive. But if all the members of a given population ceased to reproduce then that population would go extinct. If flathead catfish in the Yakken River for example ceased reproduction then at some point in time there'd be no more flathead catfish left in the Yakken River. So reproduction is a fifth characteristic of life. The sixth characteristic of life is this idea of adaptation. And adaptation by definition takes place on the population level. Adaptation could be defined as a change in the gene pool a population. And so individuals cannot adapt because individuals don't change their their own genes. But then individuals can acclimate. Sometimes students will ask questions about that and they'll say well why do football players go to Mile High Stadium a week early so they can adapt to that higher elevation. Well the individual isn't adapting the individual is acclimating but populations adapt and that's when there's a change in the genetic makeup of that population over time. So we are recognizing six characteristics of life the cell metabolism growth response reproduction and adaptation. And this is just one way of looking at the characteristics of life. There are other ways of doing that for example another video you may look at talks about a seventh characteristic of life and that's related to regulation. It's an interesting discussion to have one might say regulation requires metabolism and response. And so response and metabolism are very closely related to regulation. But that's something for you to think about in perhaps an upcoming assignment.


From around the globe, it's theCUBE with digital coverage of IBM Think 2021, brought to you by IBM. Hello everyone and welcome back to theCUBE's ongoing virtual coverage of IBM Think 2021. This is our second virtual think and we're going to talk about what's in the minds of CTOs with a particular point of view from the EMEA region. I'm pleased to welcome Rashid Parmer who is an IBM Fellow and Vice President of Technology for EMEA, that region. Hello, Rashid, good to see you. Hey, Dave, great to see you. So let me start by asking, talk a little bit about the role of the CTO and why is it necessarily important to focus on the CTO role versus say some of the other technology practitioner roles? Yeah, you know, as you look at all the range of roles that they've got in the IT department, the CTO is uniquely placed in looking forward at how technology and how digitization is going to make a difference in the business, but also at the same time, is there as the kind of thought leader for how they're going to really re-imagine the use of technology, re-imagine automation, re-imagining how digitization helps them go to market in different ways. So the CTO is a unique position from idea to impact. And in the past, we've kind of lost the CTO a little bit but they're now re-emerging as being the thought leader that's owning and driving digitization going forward in our big clients. Yeah, I agree, it really has a deep understanding of that vision and can apply that vision to business success.  So maybe you could share with our audience how you inform yourself and your colleagues and IBM on what CTOs are thinking about and what they're worried about. Yeah, and so what we've done over the last four years now is gone out and interviewed CTOs and we do a very unstructured interview as it's not a survey in the form of filling these 10 questions and tell us yes or no. It really is a structured interview. We ask things like, what's top of mind for you? What are the decisions you're making? What's holding you back? What decisions do you think you shouldn't have made or you wouldn't have liked to make? And it's that range of real input from the interviews. So last year we interviewed 100 CTOs. This year we're actually doing a lot more. We're working with the IBM Institute of Business Value and we're going to interview a lot more CTOs. But the material we're going to talk about today is really from those 100 CTO interviews. Yeah, and I think that, I mean, having done a lot of these myself, when you do those, we call them in-depth interviews or IDIs, you kind of have a structure and you sort of follow that, but you learn so much and that maybe does inform those more structured interviews that you do down the road. You learn so much, but maybe you could summarize some of the concerns in the region. What's on the minds of CTOs? Yeah, and the real decisions are based around seven points. So the first one is, we all know we're on a journey to the cloud, but it's a hybrid multi-cloud. How do I think about the range of capabilities I need to be able to unlock the latent potential of existing investments and the cloud-based capabilities we've got? So that hybrid cloud platform is one of the first and foundational pieces. The second challenge is that CTOs want to modernize their applications and that modernization is a journey of moving towards microservices. That microservices journey has two parts. One is the business-facing view and that's what containers is all about, choosing the right container platform. At the same time, they also want to use containers as a way of automation and management and reducing the effort in the infrastructure. So that's kind of two parts of that whole container journey. So microservices really become the business developer view and containers become the operational view. At the same time, they want to infuse new data. So they want to climb the AI ladder. They want to get the new insights from that data that plugs into those new workflows. To get to those workflows, there's a decision around how do I isolate myself from some of the services I'm using there? And we've created a layer in the decisions around what we call cloud services integration. So cloud services integration is kind of the modern-day ESB, as we might think about it, but it's a way in which you choose which technology, which APIs I'm going to use from where. And then ultimately, the CTOs are trying to build what are the new workflows, intelligent workflows, and they're really worried about, how do I get the right level of automation that managing that issue between what becomes creepy and valuable, right?  That doesn't make sense. And it really sort of nerves the consumer, the user, whereas some which are, wow, that's really cool. I really enjoyed that. So trying to get the intelligent workflows right is a big concern. And then on the two big parallels of that is, how do we manage the systems? The operational automation, right from having the right data, the observability of all the infrastructure, recognizing they've got a spectrum of things from 30, 40, 50-year-old systems to modern-day cloud-native systems. How do I manage, how do I operationally automate that, keep that efficient and effective? And then of course, protecting from the perpetrators, right? There's a lot of people out there wanting to dig into the systems and draw all kinds of data from their systems. Security, privacy, and making sure they're aligned with the ethics and privacy of the business. So those are the kind of range of issues. So right from the journey to cloud, through to operational automation, through intelligent workflows, right into managing, protecting the services. It's interesting, thank you for that. I mean, I remember, and you will as well, sort of the post-Y2K thrust, and part of the modernization back then was during that, they had budget to do that. But a lot of times organizations would make the mistake that they were going to migrate off of a system that was working just fine. That was their sort of mental model of modernization. And it turned out to be disastrous in many cases. And so what, when I talk to CIOs, they talk about maybe, you know, I look at it as this abstraction layer. We want to protect what we have that works. Yes, some stuff's going to go into the public cloud, but this hybrid connection that you talk about, and then we want control. And the way we're going to get control is we're going to use microservices to modernize and use modern APIs. And so very, very sort of different thinking, and of course they want to avoid migration at all costs because it's so expensive and risky. I wonder if you could talk about, are there any patterns in terms of where people get started and the kinds of outcomes that they're working towards that they can measure? Yeah, we kind of love the learning from the work into three broad patterns, right? One pattern is primarily around survival. They recognize that this journey is very complex. The pandemic has created tremendous challenges. The market dynamics means that they've got to try and really be thoughtful in taking costs out and making sure they survive some of these issues. And so the pattern is really around cost reduction. It may start with the hybrid cloud. It may start with the internal workflows, but it's really about taking cost out of the systems. The second pattern is what we refer to as a simplification pattern. And this is about saying that we've got so much complexity because of technical debt, because of systems that we've half migrated and half done things with. So how do I simplify my IT landscape from applications through infrastructure through data and make it more consistent and manageable and effective? And then the third one is that there are CTOs saying, look, we've got to really pick the time when we superscale something. We've got some things which we are unique and effective on. And I want to take that and really superscale that very quickly and make that consistent and really maximize the value of it. So the patterns really fall into the three categories of driving cost reduction and survival, simplification and modernization, transformation, and then those that have got something which is unique and special and really superscaling that. Yeah, right, right. Doubling down on those things that give you unique competitive advantage. Now, in the studies that you've done over the years, you use this term ADP architectural decision points and some of them are quite compelling. Maybe you could talk about some of those, were there some anxieties from the CTOs that you uncovered? Yeah, the ADPs, we've talked about the sub-ADPs and it starts from the hybrid multicraft through to intelligent workflows and so on. And the ADPs themselves are really distilling the clients' words and the clients' way of thinking about how they're going to drive those technologies and also how they're going to use those technologies to make a difference. But as we went through those interviews, what became apparent is CTOs do have some anxieties as you referred to and those anxieties, they couldn't necessarily put words on them. And there were anxieties like, are we thinking enough about the carbon footprint? Are we being thoughtfully in how we make sure we're reducing carbon footprint or reducing the environmental impact of the infrastructure? You've got, we've got sprawling infrastructure, ripping out rare metals from the earth. Are we being thoughtfully in how we reduce the amount of rare metals we have? Water consumption, right through to, is the code that we're producing efficient, secure and fit for the future? Are we being ethical in capturing the data for its right use? Is the AI systems that we're building, are they explainable? Are they ethical? Are they free from bias? Or are we kind of amplifying things that we shouldn't be amplifying? So there was a whole bunch of those, what we're calling anxieties. And what we did along with the architectural decision report, a point after the decision report was, was identify what we call a set of responsibilities. And we've built a framework around responsible computing, which is a basis for how you think through what your responsibilities are as a CTO, are as an IT leader. And we're right in the process of building out that kind of responsible computing framework. You know, it's interesting, a lot of people may think about, they think about the responsible computing and the sustainability. And they might think that's a 180 from Milton Friedman Economics, which is a job of business to make profits. But in fact, responsible computing, there's a strong business case around it. It actually can help you reduce costs, it can help you attract better employees because young people are passionate about this. I wonder if we could talk about how, how people can get involved with responsible computing and lean in. Yeah, so what we're about to publish is actually a manifesto for responsible computing. So I think everybody, once we get that published, I'm hoping to do that in the next two to three months. We're working with a few clients. So there's actually three clients that have chosen, three clients, CTOs from the ones that we interviewed, were very keen to collaborate with us in laying out that manifesto. And the opportunity really is from anybody listening. If you find this of great value, please do come and reach out to me. I'm more than happy to collaborate. We're looking for more insights on this. We've also had some competitions. So in EMEA, we've had a competition with business partners, looking for ideas of how we can really showcase examples or exemplars of being responsible computing provider, whether it's at the level of responsible data center, whether it's about responsible code, data use, responsible systems, right through to responsible impact. And obviously a lot of our work around things like, your tech for good is tied directly to responsible impact. And of course, if you want to see what we, IBM have been doing, our responsibility report, which we've been voluntarily publishing for the last 30 years, provides a tremendous set of insights on how we've done that over the years. And that's a great way for you to see how we've been doing things and see if they're applicable in your business. Yeah, so the ADP report is available. You can check it out on LinkedIn. Go to RushEek's LinkedIn profile, you'll find it. There's a blog post that talks about the next wave of digitization, the learnings that you just talked about. So there's a lot of resources for people to get involved. I'll give you the last word, RushEek. Yeah, and look, this is what I call job begun. It's not job done. The whole ADP responsible computing is a digitization journey where we want to balance delivering business value and making a difference to the organization, but at the same time being responsible and making sure that we're thoughtful of what's needed for the future and we create impact that really matters. And we can feel proud that we've put a foundation for digitization, which will serve the businesses for many years to come. Love it, impact investing in your business and in the future. RushEek, thanks so much for coming on theCUBE. Really appreciate it. Dave, pleasure, thank you. Okay, keep it right there for more coverage from IBM Think 2021. This is Dave Vellante for theCUBE.


All right welcome back it's still plus politics. The Kaduna state government says in a fewer than 1,192 persons were killed while 3,348 people were kidnapped by bandits in the state in 2021. The governor, Nassau Erufe, after receiving the report asked the federal government to create another theater command similar to the one in the North East to tackle the insecurity in the Northwest and Niger state. The governor also maintained that bandits or terrorists do not deserve mercy and therefore must be killed. He said the military and the police are needed to be provided with more than equipment by the federal government. Joining us this time around is a public affairs analyst Paul Cato and security expert Dixie Osage. Many thanks and gentlemen for joining us on this particular this Costa Stama round. All right let me start with you Dixie. Well the governor came out loud and yesterday when he made his position non-concelling what is happening in his state he is lamenting that no legitimate government can survive by tolerating terrorists or negotiating with those who you know constitute menace to law abiding citizens. He is actually against what he called repentant bandits. Dixie you are a security analyst, you have been in the military, you understand the terrain, let's talk about repentant bandits. Do you really think it will help the country when it comes to sorting out itself from this issue that has plagued us over time? Thank you very much. It's quite regrettable what is happening in our dear country Nigeria and I think it's a failure on leadership, it's also a failure on political strategy, security, economic strategy and operational strategy. The governor of Kaduna states they just released the report on the death of Nigerians in Kaduna state and the report is not friendly, it's not good enough for us to accommodate because having 1192 Nigerians being killed and about 3348 being killed in our own country, in our own states adjusting with all honesty it is highly highly unacceptable. Well for me I think we need to start looking at developing a holistic strategy because from terrorism studies if over 999 persons killed in action or died in the hands of criminal or terrorist elements it is a worse situation. So for me I think the Kaduna state government should declare a full blown war against these terrorists. Let me shock you Justin, Kaduna state harbors the highest institution of the Nigerian state, we have the Nigerian defense academy in Kaduna state, we have the Nigerian army training institution that is the depot of the Nigerian army training institution in Zarya Kaduna state. So we cannot have a state that harbors a lot of training institutions and we are unable to curtail with the spread of insecurity there in Kaduna state. I sympathize with those who died in the hands of this unnecessary human being and their families. It's really a worse situation Justin trust me but for me in the next question I think we'll be looking at the mitigation factors or what the country needs to do to mitigate these many. All right before we talk about mitigation I'll just ask that you hold that photo. Let's bring in a resident in Kaduna state who is also a public analyst. That's Paul Kato. Paul thank you for joining us this time around. Good evening to you. All right I'll still try and reconnect with Paul. I can barely make out what he said. I'll go back to you now Dixie Osage. The governor specifically talked about Dixie, are you still on the line? Yes I'm here Justin. All right fine. The governor talked about curation of theater, theater commander will enable a holistic approach. I'm just quoting him, you know, verbatim. He said the curation of such a theater commander will enable a holistic approach to counter insertions across the six affected state and enhanced coordination of the resources of the armed forces, the police, the SSS. He went to understand our respective state vigilance services, hunters and other local volunteers to fight the insurgents are needed. Looking at all that he has said, what do you really make about this curation of a theater of commander security-wise? Do you really think it will go far in stemming this issue in the bud? That's at all Justin, it should not mitigate that the series of insecurity in the Kaduna state and other states are closed. Kaduna state is the second least state in Nigeria, Justin. And I must tell you for free, the governor's approach is not going to mitigate security because when we talk about counter-insurgency. We are looking at the issue of insecurity, specifically the report that was just released by the Kaduna state governor indicating the alarming number of people that either was killed or were killed in 2021. We have Paul Kato this time around. He is a public affairs analyst. Thanks for joining us Paul. Thank you very much for having me on your program and good evening. All right. Let me just start by asking first, what's the mood in Kaduna state right now as we speak? Well, generally the mood in Kaduna state right now, as we speak, people are not happy with the current situation on the ground. Every day we wake up with the fear of not coming back home. Either you are kidnapped on the road, on the farm or even while in your own house. So I must say with all sincerity, Kaduna is not a safe state at all. I tell those who care to listen to me that Meduguri, which is the capital of Borneo, is safer than the whole Kaduna put together. Well, that's really alarming. The governor released the report yesterday and he said 1,192 persons were killed by bandits. He also went on to say that 3,348 were kidnapped, 891 injured in 2021. That's according to the report. It could actually be more. Over time he's talked about a holistic approach. How would you really rate security operators in Kaduna state? Right now the governor is calling for better approach. He wants a coordinated attempt with the local vigilantes and hunters. So far, how have they done in the state? Well, the report has indicted them, has indicted the government itself because if you have done so well, wouldn't be having these numbers of people, almost over 1,000 people killed and almost over 3,000 people kidnapped. The fact here is, I think the approach the government is taking, it's not from my point of view, it's often listed because sincerely speaking, Kaduna already, it's a world theater, just as your guest said, Dickson himself. Kaduna is the home of almost all the new institutions you can think of in Nigeria. And it's something that's fundamentally wrong, that you have the Defense Academy, you have the Air Force, you have the School of Artillery, both in Kuchedas for the Navy and the Army, then you have the First Deep and the Third Deep and Kaduna is still being harassed every day by rag-tag bandits. Something is fundamentally wrong somewhere. I do not know really what is happening, but I think something is wrong and the government is not actually telling the citizens of Kaduna what's actually wrong because with all the spending in terms of security fundings and all that intelligence-gathering, I think we're supposed to have passed this stage already, where you have people being killed and saved their animals. This is not just, I'm tired of people saying, I'm tired of the statistics, you know, 1,192 and more because this is their own statistics because we have other statistics also around to prove to you that. Alright Paul. Alright Paul, so would you really say that the state government is actually overwhelmed when it comes to securing the lives and property of people residing in the state? Do you think right now there is an urgent need for maybe national intervention? I would not say the state is overwhelmed. I would say the state is not doing the need for, you know, with all that you have on ground in terms of military institutions, what is actually stopping the state from implementing, you know, basic security measures to cover where we're facing right now in Kaduna? I'll tell you for something, I'll tell you, I'll say this. Kaduna has a very high number of retired military and police men. What stops the government from calling up retired military men, you know, cut across the three, cut across the 23 local government in Kaduna state and 255 words in Kaduna state, you know, these are retired people who have served the nation before and I don't think if the government calls them up to service again, I don't think they will say no. What is there for government to actually cover this issue? It has to, it has to look at it from a bottom-top approach or the top-bottom approach, because as they say, politics is local, so also violence is local. So you have to carry along people from the rural communities that have been attacked every day. The state government, some two years back, two years ago, they said they spent money on buying drones. We've not seen the effect of the drones really. If I told you about drones, whatever attacks are about to happen or whatever people are about to be killed, it's expected that these drones will be roving around Kaduna city and its environment. So I just feel and I believe that the government approach towards the Kaduna state government approach towards covering this issue or stopping this violence is not just walking. They need to rethink the approach, get retired military men, policemen, GSS men from Kaduna state spread across the country. Who can call me and give me their advice on what can be done with those who are sitting inside? I'll tell you, give them six months to get the results. Less than six months to get the results. All right, thank you, Paula. Let's talk to Dixon once again. Dixon, are you still there? I am alive here. Of course you are. I just want to get your quick and candid opinion concerning the governor's position on bandits or terrorists as it were. He wants them to be killed. Is that the way forward? Well, it's not the way forward, but that is necessary because I just listened to the last speaker. He made a fantastic point. But let me just abuse his mind. Not any retired soldier or retired police or ex-service personnel will be happy to go back to serve his nation or to defend his nation. Why they were in service? What did the government do for them? Do for them? I'm not living in service. I can tell you that they are still being held, they are basic allowance, that they are department allowance. You could say the retired armed forces of Nigeria some few weeks ago did protest against the government that gave us our dues. Why are you not giving us our dues? Are you telling me someone that has not been paid his dues would be happy to be called back? Personally, myself, I would not be happy to be called back. I better leave the country than to be called back. Because a country that is where that catapher has returned veterans, that take good care of his veterans, definitely those veterans will be so happy and delighted to be called back. So what are you doing to the veterans? What is the benefit for the veterans?  No way. Now, going back to your question, Justin, the approach from the Cabinet State Government is what we classified as oppressional strategy. There are various strategies you can adopt in contending with the security. The last speaker was talking about people being killed in the rural areas. Now, we have the political strategy. We need to start looking at the political strategy. Counter insurgency, Justin, is not a military might. Military might will never eliminate terrorism. Counter insurgency is a two-way point. Enemy centric and population centric. Enemy centric in the sense that it has to do with the military, the police, and the security agents. Population centric has to do with the civilian populace. That is where the political strategy comes to play. That is where the administrative strategy comes to play. That is where the economic strategy comes to play. We have a lot of people that are not well taken care of by the government. If an offer comes from the terrorists or from the bandits, a lot of Nigerians will fly at the offer. And that is why we need to start looking at resolving all the grievances between political parties. Political strategy is very, very important at this stage. We don't think that they give the military order, let them go and kill. No. Healing of terrorists will never eliminate terrorism. You don't measure success by killing of terrorists. You measure success by the state of peace. As you arrive at the state of peace, for you to arrive at the state of peace, you need to bring in all the components together. Counter insurgency component. All right. Thank you so much, Adix, and we are actually out of time. We must say a very big thank you to, you know, for all of your contribution. And of course, Paul Katos, thank you so much, gentlemen, you know, for all that you have said today. We just pray that these killings and these kidnappings in Kaduna state and indeed other parts of the country, you know, would be actually brought to zero point because we can continue like that as a country. Thank you once again, gentlemen. All right. That's the size of the show for today. I am Justin, Accadonia Plus Politics returns tomorrow. Bye for now.


Niraj says, guys, could you please help me? How to create flow for SharePoint to delay until a certain condition is met in SharePoint list? For example, the flow is started when new item is created in the list and wait until when someone approves the item in the list. As soon as the item is approved, next action executes based on approved or rejected. Ooh, ooh, ooh. Yeah, it's Jonathan. I do approval workflows all the time. So the big question here, of course, we need more information. The question that he's posing is how to delay until the condition is met. That's a do until or don't do until action inside the workflow. That said, I did that a million times using SharePoint Designer with SharePoint instances that were on-prem prior to now. But if you are using an approval workflow, you need to make sure that that approval process is going to take less than 28 days. If it's going to take more than 28 days, you can't use an approval workflow because it will time out because Microsoft will call that a long-running workflow and will time it out and your workflow will fail. If what you're saying is that in the SharePoint list, somebody is actually manually going in and finding an item and marking it as approved or rejected in a status column, then instead of the when an item is created, you would use an additional workflow that is when an item is modified. Use a trigger condition that says that the status column is no longer in progress or whatever it was before and also because you're going to do an update at some point along the way, an update SharePoint item, also have a trigger condition that says that the modified by is not your service account that's running this workflow. Otherwise, you'll create an endless loop, and I can tell you from personal experience, that's not fun. They never are. No. I don't know. Maybe I romanticized that idea of a perpetual motion device. We can do that with software, and that's a beautiful thing. Come on. You can until your user calls you and says, I have 20,000 items in this list, what do I do? You're like, well, let's open up the workflow, set it terminate step first, so that it'll stop creating the endless loop, and now go through and clear out your items 200 at a time, because that's what you can see on the page. That's not fun. The next 10 years. Yes, yes. So short answer to this question is, if it's a manual change to set it to approved or rejected, then you want a power automate that's the trigger is when an item is modified and you need trigger conditions in there for the status being not in progress or being set to approved or rejected, and also make sure that the modified by is not your service account. If the workflow is used, if you're using an approval workflow, then make sure that your approval task is less than 28 days long, and just use a start and wait for an approval. That will send out the email, and it will wait and wait up to 28 days. At 28 days, back to the whole, it turns itself off. So those are my two, that's the answer. Anyone else? Better answers? We don't want to steal your fun. 75 percent of the workflows I create are approvals.


So hi, my talk is about how emoji change my life or how emoji change our life. So I'm Juanito Fadas. I work at Jolly Google as a remote junior developer. So please bear with me with this talk because some people may think emoji is, you know, not their thing, so bear with me. So what is emoji? Emoji basically, first we have text before the invention of iPhone. Then there are some juniors invent this emoticon. So a series of texts to make a face expressions. Then there is better thing is emoji and it's Japanese stands for picture graph. And this happy face for younger people, they may think this is a happy face. But for older people, they may think, where is my button temperatures? And this one, younger people think this may be a clap, but some people think I need to clean up my Doritos. Okay, so emoji history. So in 1999, emoji first became available on Japanese phone. But before that, it was a simple form of emoji. And 2000, this company proposed a unique standard to the, a proposal encoding standard to Unicode. And, but there was no support for emoji because it is not popular. But after become popular, Google wants to unify this standard so make a further proposal to Unicode. So emoji goes to the Unicode standard and goes to the Unicode standard require a long and formal process. But do you know the most popular requested emoji in current 8.0 is hard dogs. I can't believe that a group of Unicode committee members wearing suit and review these emojis all day. It's a fantastic job. Okay, so how many emojis are there? It's about 12 countries. Currently, in 2015, Apple added an equity support to emoji. So basically, it used a zero-width joiner technique to make multiple emojis into one. So make the support for equality. And there is another support, it's diversity. So you got these five color modifiers that you can apply to a base emoji. So it will become a different skin color. So emoji 9.0 has many candidates you can check it out for further fun. So emoji can affect meanings. How, what do I mean by affect meanings? So during the code review, if you say to your coworkers, why can't you just use Sobi? You may piece off the coworker. And, but if you put the emoji, this changes everything. You are back to the smiley face. Okay, so emoji will help you to do better code review and you can become a better developer. So, and DHH also say that when you find emoji, that was a good day. So maybe DHH's next book will be emoji text not required. And someone said TDD is dead, but our Ruby hero created a giant community emoji. And I think TDD will be back. And so emoji in Ruby, you can find these trends that you can use. And this trend is a trend to make Ruby code messes into emoji. And this trend help to find this hash emoji is a variant of comment. So you can use this as comment. And you can also use the bump in the partial name. And if you want to use emoji in MySQL, you need to specify this character set. And emoji found facts. So emoji grants, emoji tracker, check emoji use emoji on Twitter. And this hard combo is called Carlos Antonio da Silva combo. It's found by Linda Leucas. And emoji, this is the first emoji domain. And emoji minesweeper, mega emoji. Okay, thank you. I would like to share more, but I only can have five minutes. So if you have further questions, please come to talk to me about emoji. I will be very happy to talk with you. Thank you.


it's DK and I'm back today with another video huge shout out to you for tuning in if you are not subscribed go ahead and smash that subscribe button give me a thumbs up and do not skip those ads we already started off today righteous baby guess where we at you already know yesterday we was getting busy at this store where was we at jewel osco we could count on people who care we about to get busy in here order number one is jewel osco and coco's cafe two orders 9.1 miles for 1754 we're here to get this dough let's go just like that we are here at jewel osco we can count on people who care let's go baby let's go let's get this let's see if we got our first pick up is for Robin hey how you doing boss uh pick up for Robin yes sir um i don't know next pick up okay because it has two on here i just put these in here how you doing this morning all right that's great to hear you both woke up so that's a blessing so do you have to pick the orders that's what you do all day oh yeah do you like it or not really oh hey get that money by any means let me give you this one all right do you have a great day sir let's go here at coco's cafe get the get the clapping hey baby now come on man he's looking lucky right now let's see Thomas D one item hopefully got this one ready how's the light on that hello how you doing have a pick up for Thomas D yes man thank you you have a good one we are here to drop this coco's cafe baby hey hey give me a say guess what it's here leave it on the chair this is like what we're gonna do jump like it's a hop step back you know with that photo you already know those max doorbell let's go we are here to drop out this jewel osco order we're about to get in order baby i'm gonna grab this milk that boy needs some milk right there put these over grab this this one says meet them at the front door so it's supposed to come to the door if not guess what we better drop this joint and get it on you know my nickname wrong rocking on the microphone hello how you doing how are you i'm doing great trying to stay warm it's freezing out here today yeah you're welcome that's everything you have a great one order number two guess what we had to do jewel we could count on be we about to get busy go one order 97 items 0.6 miles for 98 36 my business partner in that right now getting in the mix baby and guess what we do have order number three i'm already getting busy too baby order number three is duncan donuts 1.4 miles for 573 i'm about to pull up and get busy let's go we are here at duncan donuts to go nuts hopefully got this order ready baby i hope they got this room ready to keep it steady the whole back if you let me turn them on i have a pick up for susie g thank you very much you guys have a good one we are here to drop this duck and don't know so we can go nuts baby i said leave it at the front though the front though baby right there step back hit him with that put all your noodles let's go check it out baby we had two parts full pretty cool here to jump up this huge order guess what baby y'all already know what time it is i'm pulling on i ain't bragging i'm pulling off that wagon we're trying to get this much so what's money our pants sagging you know come on drop like it's hot and then we do have we do have both of the bags filled up and the back seat filled up and this one on the right is the heavier stuff also we just found out that the person is disabled so we have to take the stuff downstairs drop it right there guess what baby so we went to the lady house everything we get busy uh we take the stuff downstairs we bring everything in then she started telling us that she had some stuff for her car on the instant car app that she could not cancel so she tried to cancel a few items a whole bunch of pods and stuff right so she couldn't cancel it so she said can we take her back so we like yeah we can take her back so we brought her back to the store and guess what the credit card machine actually does not work right now so he said we cannot return the pie so instant car told us to donate or dispose of the pies and we said no lots and stop that guess what we got an extra dump so we just made 134 88 in one hour and 30 minutes we can't be out of there i'm gonna get the pot so you can see it you think i'm not not you i'm gonna get them we are pot look at all your paws baby we piled up baby y'all want to see what we got we just got right so we have a blueberry pie bam right here all that joint moved a little bit let me slip our pies i ain't gonna lie so i'm keeping g where i was cuz i don't really like pie like that but guess what i'm like i'm today cuz they free then we have what is this banana whipped cream pie look at that i'm gonna eat that joint i'm gonna eat that i'm gonna taste that i'm tasting that we got those two what else we got we got some cold stuff too that's some more pies and we have some cheesecake too cheesecake i love this cheesecake baby i ain't gonna like even though i'll eat you like that cheesecake fresh out the freeze i'm tomorrow eskimo cold we got that that's a classic one smooth and creamy then we have this so this one is plain and this one is cherry baby yeah we piled up baby we are piled up for Thanksgiving we definitely keep keeping these joints then we have we look y'all see all these bags baby banana cream pie we have a lemon meringue pie i'm definitely about to eat this i'm telling you right now i'm about to smash this joint that lemon i got a order coming in i'm gonna see what it is that lemon oh they're out your mind look they're trying to hit me with this jewel oscoe 16 items 2.4 miles for 1075 it ain't gonna happen baby it ain't gonna happen i'm can't wait to eat this lemon lemon i love that lemon baby eat that lemon then we have one more banana cream pie i like banana stuff too though so i'm about to get right we about to get right and we got right we made 134 dollars and 89 and 88 cents in an hour and a half and we got some free pods baby happy thanksgiving mr thanksgiving let's go order number four y'all already know we want to go niggie these baby points seven miles for five little dollars we bought the pop our collar let's go right here at the niggie these baby we're trying to get a bit is z i hope they with me because i need them to be done so we can get on the wall get these fun where where yes ma'am uh the last three are d96 thank you you have a good one oh you have a good one how you doing sir that's a good day always always good day yes sir we alive you guys have a good one let's go let's go eat y'all know we get bit is the jump like there step back you know with that photo so let's go order number five we just pulled up right now so we can pick up the prize make it ease baby four items 3.9 miles for 750 rp nip see let's go eat baby eat eat how you doing i got um i have a pickup the last two numbers are five d3 yeah she better get it right are you recording me right now yeah yes ma'am that's cool thank you uh this for door that i'll do it for door that i do on the youtube channel too so i put it on youtube yeah so as i do the orders and stuff yeah you gotta get right what's your content uh it's called cars and cribs cars and cribs cars and cribs i do yeah i do i do uh i'm a real estate agent too yeah but i do door that stuff on the side yeah check me out cars and cribs cars and cribs thank you cars and cribs cars and cribs oh definitely a bull in the bar man here you go you have a good one just like that it is the end of the video i hope you guys enjoyed the content today we made 171 40 shorty we went out and got busy and we got those pies we we had a great day i hope you guys enjoyed the video again if you are not subscribed go ahead and smash that subscribe button give me a thumbs up and do not skip those ads and lock in tomorrow because we get back to this bag while we get back to this bag the 2022 is still back season we don't keep on giving them a reason i'll see you guys on the next one we go we go we from you already know the dk and i'm on my way


Saya akan beritahu kelebihan untuk keperluan-kelebihan, dan sekarang saya akan mengambil pembentangan Amantuma dari kawal Estonian sebagai CEO dan juga pembentangan kepada kawal Kita ada Han, saya rasa semua orang tahu Han dari Autonomous, Janish, Patel Jadi ini adalah pembentangan hari ini. Saya pasti anda bersyukur dengan saya Jadi kenapa kita beritahu dia tentang kawal Estonian? Ia berikan banyak keperluan-kelebihan dan idea hari ini dan hari ini Saya pasti anda mempunyai banyak pertanyaan Jadi saya tidak akan beritahu banyak pertanyaan.  Jadi saya memilih negara? Ada apa-apa aplikasi untuk negara? Apa aplikasi? Bagaimana anda boleh memikirkan bahawa kita ingin meminvesti di sebuah negara? Jadi, kita dah meminvesti dan negara pertama yang kita investi adalah di Anz Company. Dan sebabnya, ia menolakkan masalah untuk kami di BC. Dan perniagaan jaman yasa di general. Pada masalah besar, masalah kebanyakan, masalah eskode, masalah collateralisasi. Dan hanya perniagaan basic untuk di BC untuk mengahwini apa yang kita lihat untuk mempunyai perniagaan, perniagaan korporat, bagaimana mereka berubah. Jadi, untuk kami, aplikasi yang sangat basic untuk menggunakan bersama-sama bukan untuk kami untuk membuat perniagaan. Kita bukan salah satu-satunya. Ken Boshi di sini, juga mempunyai perniagaan, tetapi untuk kami, aplikasi dan perniagaan menggunakan adalah perniagaan yang paling penting. Dan kami merasa bahawa Anz Company mempunyai sesuatu yang kita mahukan untuk melihat di Singapura. Saya sebenarnya terpaksa mempunyai perniagaan. Kita akan pergi ke UHA. Bagaimana itu? Jika saya boleh mengambil perniagaan lain di sini, saya rasa apa yang Dinesh berkata adalah sebuah vc. Tapi mari kita memikirkan yang lebih filosofik. Kita bermain permainan di mana kita memikirkan sebuah negara yang sempurna. Apa yang sebuah negara yang sempurna? Pasti dia akan mengambil perniagaan di Block Chain. Kenapa dia akan mengambil perniagaan di Block Chain? Kerana jika kamu mengambil perniagaan di Block Chain, apa yang kamu sebenarnya lakukan adalah membuat semua orang yang berharap sesuatu yang berlaku. Mungkin kita ingin mengambil perniagaan di Mars. Kita percaya kita perlu tinggal di dunia dunia. Dan perkara seperti itu, perkara yang kita semua rasa harus berlaku, kemudian kamu ingin membuat perniagaan menerima penggunaan, kemudian sesuatu yang berlaku sangat mudah. Dan sekarang, proses ini masih sangat berlaku. Dan itu bukan untuk berkata bahawa kita akan berlaku dengan cara genasi dan vcs, tetapi akan ada mekanisme. Mungkin Dawa adalah pilihan yang pertama untuk mengambil perniagaan. Kita semua dapat sangat mudah memperkenalkan perniagaan dan perniagaan. Kita percaya kita harus berlaku. Dan cara itu, kita semua rasa baik mengenai perniagaan ini. Block Chain akan jadi sistem operasi, seperti yang Fatalik beritahu kami, tetapi sistem operasi untuk perniagaan ekonomi yang baru, dan ia akan menjadi perniagaan yang tersebut, yang kita belum cukup berlaku. Kita belum mempunyai perniagaan untuknya, tetapi ia akan sangat berlaku. Ia akan sangat berlaku. Ia akan menjadi jurnalisme yang ditulis oleh semua kita. Ia akan menjadi musik yang berlaku oleh semua kita. Ia akan menjadi perniagaan dan perniagaan yang berlaku oleh semua kita. Saya rasa itu adalah perniagaan yang akan menjual kini yang paling penting. Ia sangat menarik. Kerana perkara yang kita tak dapat berlaku seperti lembaga. Jadi perniagaan Block Chain akan sangat menarik. Kita sebenarnya menggunakan Block Chain untuk membuat perniagaan untuk lembaga. Lihat perniagaan, perniagaan akan masih berlaku. Ia sangat menarik sejauh sebagai perniagaan hidup. Dan kemudian kita melihat perniagaan yang sebenarnya dapat berlaku sepanjang sedikit dan melalui perniagaan. Apa yang anda fikirkan tentang perniagaan hidup dan perniagaan hidup? Kita akan biarkan orang ini pergi dulu kerana saya sangat ingin tahu jawapan dia. Ia rasa yang terbaik perniagaan area yang terbaik. Baiklah. Pertama-bama, jika Tuhan benar-benar berlaku, jika Tuhan berlaku di Block Chain, Jika Tuhan berlaku di perniagaan, Ia akan berlaku di perniagaan. Sebenarnya, Tuhan tidak berlaku. Jadi, kita berlaku dengan setiap perniagaan yang tidak sempurna untuk membuat perniagaan yang tidak sempurna, dan perniagaan yang tidak sempurna dan perniagaan yang tidak sempurna menjadi salah satu pilihan yang baik dan yang tidak sempurna. Saya rasa dalam general pertama, saya bersyukur bersyukur dengan kesilapan bahawa Autonomous adalah baik. Kemudian, saya rasa yang paling menarik daripada perniagaan Block Chain, tidak hanya daripada satu aplikasi, tetapi daripada aplikasi yang berlaku bersama dan untuk membuat perniagaan yang tidak sempurna. Jadi, satu perkara yang saya beritahu adalah aplikasi yang pilihan Thomas Bertani membuat memperkenalkan perniagaan Estonian di dalam Ethereum. Dengan diri sendiri, dengan baik, anda mempunyai sistem identiti yang lain dan sekarang memakai perniagaan Block Chain. Di mana yang menarik adalah apabila anda mempunyai aplikasi yang bersama dengan kontrak smart, aplikasi di dalam Autonomous, sesuatu seperti pilihan perniagaan yang memperkenalkan perniagaan untuk $1,000. Jika anda ingin membuat itu, anda dapat membuat sistem identiti. Apabila anda memakai Block Chain dan pilihan perniagaan, sistem identiti sudah berlaku, anda boleh memakai perniagaan. Anda tidak perlu bercakap dengan perniagaan yang membuat itu. Jadi, saya rasa yang lain adalah jika anda memakai perniagaan Block Chain untuk menghormati pilihan perniagaan, kita akan memperkenalkan ibang-biasa kita di Singapore untuk membuat base pada Seronok untuk membina alat. Jadi, yakin yang benar saya rasa anda bisa memperkenalkan perniagaan untuk memperkenalkan perniagaan memperkenalkan perniagaan yang dikatakan dengan memperkenalkan perniagaan yang memperkenalkan Kita berbunuh di antara berdiri, terutamanya dan kriptografi yang berjaya. Dan saya rasa... ...dan ada banyak kemungkinan daripada itu. Ia sedikit... ...berbincang untuk mengikuti sebuah pembantu. Tapi saya akan... ...mencari yang terbaik. Nama saya Zaman. Ia memang mengambil saya lebih lama untuk berbincang. Jadi, tempat jemput yang mana kamu berdua dalam ruang ini? Sejujurnya, sebuah film... ...pemotongan... ...pemotongan. Okey, untuk... ...pemotongan yang tak berbincang... ...mencari sebuah pembantu yang berbincang... ...dan berbincang... ...dan berbincang... ...selepas itu. Saya... ...pada kerja hari ini... ...pada... ...SAP. Saya di pejabat CEO. Tapi... ...sebelum tahun lalu... ...saya telah mengambil... ...infrastruktur Estonian... ...dan sistem Estonian... ...pemotongan.  He made a perfect country. He would at least look at the Estonian model and hopefully the Singaporean model as well. To me, impartial answer, sorry that was a long-winded introduction. But impartial answer to Professor Lee's question, I would have to say that if you can get the identity layer right, if you can trust that someone is who they say they are, no matter how they look or how they talk, and then build up a set of services around that, the more secure you make the lower layers, the more you can empower people at successively more interesting applications. And frankly, what it comes down to is not necessarily, sorry Vitaly, not necessarily about the technology, but about the culture and the processes and the sort of mindsets behind it. Estonia has some remarkable advances in that that maybe we'll have the chance to talk about. There's a whole bunch of slides, 55 through 60, we're making loud points already. So it's going to be identification of land, identification of company, identification of people. Those are very interesting. I'm not going to make any controversial statement like the accountants will all be out of job. Okay, I'm not to do that. Actually, I don't think internet audit, co-census and so on will be very interesting. But I promise not to ask any more questions because I have so many questions for Vitaly. We have been talking to each other for quite some time, I will reserve those questions. And I want to open the questions to the floor because I know you have a lot of questions to ask. So can I have the first question from the floor? Tell us where you're from, which country, which company you're from and your name. Please. Hi, I'm Jun from Spark Systems, which is part of Diamond BC. Now, this is the perfect panel to sort of bring this question. The main attractiveness or one of the main attractiveness of blockchain is that it's secure. So my question is actually very basic. How secure is it hackable? And to what extent should this be a concern? Is this a marginal concern or is this something that can, because you're basing identities of it, you're building layers on top of it. So how dependable is the security? So in general, there's two ways that you can hack something to do with the blockchain. One of them is to break the blockchain. The other way is to break the security system that the individual person uses to talk to the blockchain. And that would include hacking into computers, private keys and so forth. That's something I would argue that so far, that's been the source of almost 100% of at least 99% of the problems. So it definitely is a kind of very practical sort of security issue. I know there are lots of people dealing with it, although actually a few days ago, people asked me about sort of watching blind spots. I would even argue that sort of focusing on that particular angle is one of them and something I'd like to see more companies doing. Regarding the blockchain protocols themselves, I would say, first of all, it's number one. It is the case that there is no single entity that's a single point of failure where if they decide to sort of either disappear or try to attack the network that the system is going to break. But at the same time, as we've seen practically speaking, a lot of these systems do tend to fairly have a lot of moderately concentrated as a set of infrastructure. Miners, mining pools, even routing protocols. So it's not quite at the sort of level of a sort of ideal utopian system where you have a company of computers and he actually literally needs to break into 500,000 and one of them in order to break the system. But it's kind of somewhere in the middle. Hi, I'm Marcelo from Deeks Markets. Thanks for your presentation. I really enjoyed and I do agree with most of the statements you make. And I have a question about scalability. You mentioned that banks and governments generally talk about scalability of blockchain technology and you also referred to Ethereum as the world computer. And I do agree with that statement. And my question to you is considering that the security of the network and the trust in smart contracts relies on the fact that every node has to run smart contracts with the same set of inputs to validate that the result is the same. No one's tampering with the logic. That essentially means to me that the amount of processing power they have in the entire internet, in the entire cluster of computers running smart contracts is as fast as single computers. So that is a huge paradox to me. So I'd like to hear first how the platform is going to evolve and change to tackle that from the minute. So first of all, in the very short term it's not as fast as one computer. It's as fast as 0.05 computers. So what a lot of people don't realize is that especially in public blockchain there are economic centralization constraints and other issues that basically mean that it's not very safe to have a blockchain where every node has to run even more than 5% or 10% of the time. So there's a bunch of academic papers on it. It'll take a while to explain the math and it'll take less time if I had a whiteboard and it don't so I'll skip it. But there are short term fixes that can mitigate that and that can let you go up from running a computer 5% of the time to running half the time. But that only gets you to 10 acts. If you want to do 1000 acts then you want to do something that's sort of substantially more radical. So our long term strategy is the approach that we call sharding which is that basically instead of every computer verifying every transaction you kind of put transaction into groups and then you kind of randomly select nodes and assign each transaction group to one particular set of nodes and you can process many groups in parallel. So the throughput of the system could potentially sort of go up with the more computers that get added to the network. So that's an approach that we're currently kind of very actively looking into but of course it'll take some time before I actually push out a live network that has those kinds of properties. Hi, Matthew Bowen from Thompson Reuters here. Let's just make an assumption that in the next five years somebody creates a viable quantum computer and you can instantly factor large prime numbers effectively getting rid of the current RSA security. Yes. What effects do you think this would have on blockchain? Okay, so two main effects. The first so in general quantum computers have two major classes of algorithms that cryptographers don't like. One of them is called Shure's algorithm that can completely break many large classes of mainstream photography including RSA, ECC anything based off of any kind of finite cyclic group. Second algorithm is an algorithm called Grover's algorithm which is much more universal it works on any function but the speed up it offers is only a square root. So before it would take like a trillion steps to make an algorithm it goes down and take a trillion steps. So in the case of blockchains use cryptography in two places. One of them is for account security and the other one is proof of work based blockchains use hashes for mining. Now if some entity creates a quantum computer then a quantum computer will be able to use Grover's algorithm and it will be much faster than everyone else because instead of taking to the power of 70 steps to create a block 35 steps. So for that reason as soon as blockchains gets created there's quite a large chance that all proof of work blockchains will pretty much entirely be at the mercy of the particular user that creates a quantum computer first. That's one of the secondary reasons why we're interested in proof of stake where you don't kind of rely on mining for security. Second quite account security. Account security okay shores algorithm means you can break a bunch of cryptography algorithms there are still these algorithms are how they are vulnerable to Grover's algorithm but you can fix that pretty easily by basically just increasing the key lines to concrete data. And so you should be able to just sort of switch from one algorithm to the other block she's always important to find. One of the features we're actually planning in a future release of a theorem is we're actually planning on kind of abstracting out the cryptography so that the cryptography isn't a part of the protocol it's actually a part of what's approved from the road schedule. So basically the sort of main conclusion is yes wato computers won't be annoying but at the same time it's good news and at the same time wato computers will make up for it by making a bunch of nice algorithms like AI much faster and hopefully improve the progress of that field by that decade or so. No this very much I think matches the Estonian philosophy as well they have something called E residency where they take all of their their identity and government infrastructure make it available to foreigners to apply for so anyone in this room can go to an Estonian consulate give their passport pass an interview and background check and then get an Estonian digital identity card from which they can log into Estonian system selling my card from Shanghai to East Nice Well thank you and the benefits are enormous you can incorporate an Estonian company remotely you can you know do company administration remotely let's say you're an entrepreneur in one country PayPal will do business with your banks you can then incorporate Estonia to PayPal to get PayPal to do business with Estonian banks and the question we get all the time is around the RSA stuff and the certificate implementation to which we say there are many more problems to think about than the what is essentially an implementation detail of the cryptography the point is more to get people to use these systems to get cultures and institutions aligned around their benefits we have to believe we have to trust I think in our own in ourselves that as technological breakthroughs happen we'll be able to keep evolving these systems independently of the culture and the processes and in fact you can look at the history of technology this has happened over and over and over again both in hardware and software things that people thought would completely remove a use case or make a certain use case unviable market forces generally save the day actually I have a question is that things from overview and discussion the most difficult thing about what we are trying to is about the virtual world quite some time that we have in the virtual world for the government we have the justice department we have the cause we have the lawyers working and now we are talking about smart contracts in the virtual world that we don't really have a virtual core the mindset will then be very different from the regulatory from the way the regulator will start thinking about issues how do you have situation where you are across all asset classes when you provide the services they will cross all jurisdiction and you have issues of you are serving different national identity we are no more talking about the physical world we are no more talking about the hidden land we are talking about serving people digital identity on the net it is something like a hidden net rather than a hidden land from your investment perspective and from your experience and from the autonomous how do you feel like how do you feel about this what is your what's your opinion and maybe a general point that it's always difficult to imagine innovation for instance at the time of Mozart when people were listening to music you had to bring in the whole chamber orchestra or play us and now we all have it sit on our phone as digital packages but you could have possibly managed and that would be the way we would ever have listen to music and replicate music I think it may be a little bit the same with blockchain and how we're going to digitize assets generally it's now still a little bit the phase where oh the first black man is president of the United States it's a novelty, it's a new thing and soon it may be a woman I should probably say hopefully it will be a woman the next president of the United States and that again is going to be a novelty but I think you're happy to take me up on this one that in five years blockchain is going to be inserted in a lot of processes and we won't even realize I don't know what happens to you when you drive a car but I don't lift up the bonnet I don't understand what's going on underneath the bonnet I just want the car to take me from A to B and so every FinTech conference I attend and I swear I don't attend all of them it's blockchain, blockchain, blockchain it's sort of the big novel thing let's have that countdown a little bit let's hopefully see more real businesses being built on it and it's going to become quite evident that blockchain in certain use cases either permissioned or fully decentralized is actually a cheaper a more efficient, a faster technology and we're going to get used to that just like we are now used to listen to Mozart on our iPhone Janesh, so you as an investor you have to get in 10 so we always talk about blockchain a lot of people think that blockchain is a solution for working for problem but can we really make money investing blockchain? I think it actually goes back to what Han and Vitalik have already said it's about how you use technology to deliver services or applications or use cases I have a 10 year fun life so I have to make a return on investments it's pretty black and white for what I have to do in my day job so I'm not in a position to take a technological view whether it's on quantum computing because I sit on the board of a quantum computing company or whether it's on blockchain but what the quantum computing company does that I sit on the board of is they try to find top applications with where the architecture sits today and delivers that to banks non-financials it's the use cases that matter to companies like us, funds like us and actually interesting enough have this to be the case pretty much across the corporate world right now everyone's trying to find solutions that can apply whether it's blockchain technology, whether it's quantum computing or whether it's any other sort of new and emerging technology that's coming out in any second so it falls back down to this issue of use case Let's look at the future returns Let's back to the floor you have any question Hi, I'm Simon I was just having a question around the role of oracles that they're going to play on a variety of blockchains and to what extent oracles risk becoming new single points of failure Yeah, I mean oracles are definitely going to be very important you need data if you want to have smart contracts if you're interested in things based off of data if you don't want them to that set if you don't want them to become single points of failure there are definitely ways where you can at least partially decentralized your independence on oracles as well you don't have to rely on one critique like the median of five of them there's I think a lot of different approaches so I'm not I'm not really too worried about that although it definitely is I definitely do want to kind of I think one thing that the community can do to ensure that it becomes practical to do things like just focus on five oracles just to try to promote standardization efforts so it's to promote the existence of an ecosystem where we actually have lots of oracles so that the more we have the more the less we need to rely on a specific one Hi, I'm Gaurav I'm from Atorus, a blockchain startup My question is how do you see different blockchains coexisting together Do you think that applications could cluster towards some blockchains according to use cases applications use different blockchains together I think it's I mean first of all I think we've already seen some consolidation we've seen I think most like watchings that don't have that don't provide any kind of unique value toward every some set of use cases they continue to exist because that's what watchings do but they're not really getting anywhere and you can't really bootstrap when you're watching at this point in time and the number of them has gone down pretty substantially but at the same time it definitely doesn't need to be one of the blockchains to rule the ball and there are ways to create applications that even set up multiple contracts there are ways to make blockchains talk to each other there are ways to literally create high level smart contracts code that compiles down into contracts code that sets on top of multiple blockchains plus communication systems between them we need to see relay which is like a sort of contract that sort of verifies Bitcoin transactions inside of Ethereum it's been doing some work in that direction already and I think that's an area that's definitely going to see more progress I think we should take a question from practitioners who at this stage may wonder how is all this relevant and applicable to what I'm doing as working at a bank or a law firm or an account to see firm so by all means who wonders how is this relevant to me we'd love to hear or you can quit and join us on this it's not really a question I think blockchains give us the opportunity to see performance Vitalik can correct me on that we spoke about the gentleman next to David about ROI today our society is about consumer profiling we want to know what people do when they spend is there a way blockchains can be used to see performance of employees at manager level or marketing level banker level or government level is there any way of watching can be used to see the performance of what of everyone in a bank to deliver KPI because when you join a big company like IBM you have KPI in sales fund managers to deliver results as well i mean one general consequence of wider watching adoption in general is that more of the individual operations that all of us make are going to leave a cryptographic trail of evidence behind them that people can point to and you can actually it's visual can for example show a history that says in 15 of the 20 let's say investments that they advocated actually did end up but did end up succeeding or they let's say in a credit reading context that they successfully made their phone bills without interruption for 10 years in a row so those kinds of things are definitely going to become easier and lower cost i mean that said they're not going to solve the problem entirely because i think in a lot of cases you just run into the inevitable barrier that sort of verifying performance is subjective there's only so much that sort of more visual cryptography can do in getting that and what what how like said about leaving more cryptographic trails isn't necessarily a bad thing for example when Estonia put its put its health records and health registry online and this question folks asked how should i know that this hasn't been hacked that my information isn't hacked safe and the Estonian eHealth ledger has when you log in the first thing you see is all the doctors all the nurses who have access your data your responsibility to make sure that only the doctors you recognize have actually looked at your record now where this gets really interesting is the laws if you see a name on that ledger that you don't recognize there's a button and by law they are required to do an investigation the doctor has to explain why in that instance they access your record and the penalties are extremely severe if they can't it's pretty much automatic forfeiture of their license so they make the penalties so severe that no one actually does bad things and so we at least maybe in the US we hear this and these words like increased cryptographic footprint and we kind of freak out and we think about big brother but the reality is if you're thoughtful about how to implement it if you educate the people who use it and you create a culture and a legal system that actually takes advantage of this increased transparency you wind up with a vastly improved system and you're going to sign up for the US so we crossed the 10,000 person mark about a few months ago which is bad for something that's only been publicly marketed for about 9 months and you have to remember Estonia has a tiny tiny country they're just a million and a half people so their approach to this is if you can get even 1% of EVE residents to start a company in Estonia or to invest in it you're actually moving the needle on a relative basis we're running out of time and we'll be about another last question that we can have on the floor hi, Julia following on from some of those topics what do you view on how blockchain can help some of the big banking problems around KYC and onboarding? I think in general sort of identity verification is definitely one of those problems that blockchain technology can at least be applied for solving very well like I think one of the things that one of the positive consequences is a kind of natural sort of bootstrap and standardization but essentially sort of digital sort of self-solver and identity so the model here is basically that right now you basically have to KYC yourself with a bunch of different entities separately and they all end up having to verify the same thing but I think what the world of identity could look like if what we're doing sort of takes off is that a basic notion of an account anyone can create an account anyone can create 10 million accounts accounts are just cryptographic then you have a set of entities and these entities can make different kinds of accertations about accounts so an entity might say this account corresponds to a unique person who happens to be a citizen in some particular country an accertation might be this person has some particular phone this person has past criminal background check and so and then these accertations don't need to be collected on any kind of centralized server each individual accertation is just between the asserter and yourself and of course it's just a simple cryptographically signed message if you want to affect yourself to some party all you do is you provide the link to your blockchain based identity sign a message for both a cryptographic key that proves that it's you proves that it came from the entity that has an account plus send send the one of these certificates and say these five entities make these claims about me and then that's it and then the recipient of those piece of information knows that your account you actually do have those properties at least if they trust the providers that made those accertations the important thing there is that number one it's a kind of organic sort of process where you don't even need to kind of all get together and kind of all stay in rest at the same time it's an ecosystem that can kind of grow naturally start off with phone number verification start off with it's don't need any residency verification and go from there number two don't need a centralized place to store all the data it's sort of naturally much more distributed no sort of central thing that someone can easily pack number three much more efficiencies begs and potentially other entities can't just sort of look at these accertations and what's even what's a particular you know certificate exist you can use it everywhere so in about a third of what Vitaly said isn't unique to the blockchain at all take the example of E residency that's the Estonian government asserting that the name on your card matches the name on your passport the name of the certificate match the name of your passport or that your fingerprints are yours or that you haven't been found in any criminal history data basis and the Estonians themselves use this to tremendous effect they all carry around essentially digital identity cards for which they can sign an encrypt documents to to each other and by some measures this literally saves the government of Estonia about one to two percent of its gross domestic product which is extraordinary basically means that in modern countries we spend one week of every year dealing with paper and with signing contracts and so the point is not necessarily to get there all at once but just to start making steps I'd like to add one point to Judith's question so I think that the misconception is generally that the KYC thing is a really big elephant that has to be top down engineered and you have to have banks coincide and then government regulators and agencies and then the people have to have buy in now the beautiful thing is it could actually be a very spontaneous bottom up process I think that's what Vitalik is also saying and I think that's what Estonia has somehow engineered all you need is one identity smart contract where you have one check with your real world identity so in the case of Estonia you go to a consulate and they look at your passport and they see that you are who you claim you are so you make a claim about who you are I could perfectly claim in the smart contract that I'm Mickey Mouse but when I go to the Estonian consulate they will look at my passport and they see I'm not Mickey Mouse so my claim so my claim is being verified once and then I have that smart contract with my identity and that can start to be layered on by every service provider who needs to KYC me so this whole absurdity of me opening a bank account in Market Street and then having to take that same bundle of papers and copies of passports to you know Marina Bay Financial Center to open another bank account could be out of the window without a massive white elephant type IT project at a national level they could probe a lot more bottom up and I think there's a lot of hope that this will be solved soon and it gets really interesting where you have states involved Estonia needs to get this right it has a much higher burden to make sure that he's not Mickey Mouse than your your average company does it has to maintain its obligations to NATO and the UN and the EU and the OECD one last question guys, don't know is it the end of the secret services then No.5 No.CIA where did that question even come from is there a question in there I'm not sure if we follow you talk about this identity right no Mickey Mouse, no who you are so what about secret services well the example we use is that without digital identity it's like we're all driving along the information super highway without license plates I think if you do put license plates on everyone in all cars you still need the cops so they will likely sadly long be a role for law enforcement to stop bad actors but just like a state gives you your passport to navigate the real world I think the argument here is that a state or some trusted entity like a state should give you your digital passport to navigate the digital world I think it's worth clarifying that at least I personally absolutely oppose national identity being mandatory to do anything on the internet so these are tools we do too you know these are tools and there are many applications where you want to remain anonymous and there are many applications where in order to increase trust you want to be identified and I think even one of the benefits of these kind of more sort of user control approaches to the identity and also even have a choice of how much they want to reveal in order to increase if they want to reveal more to increase the level of trust that they can if they want to I was just making an argument to keep the secret service in business so I think we run out of time with the prospect that it's actually going to be a long long question and discussion about decentralization about the sugar system decentralize being democratic as well I don't think there's time to discuss about those but those are really very important issues but we really run out of time so I'm passing it back to DeKal and before we do that if it's okay I just want to make one quick plug the Estonians are actually going to be here in Singapore next week it's Tuesday and if you'd like I'm sure we can figure out how to inform this group of that event Thank you and with that we conclude the formal presentations here I think we could have gone on for an hour or more than that but we're keeping you away from asking bilateral questions to our panel so why don't we thank our entire panel for a very important particularly thank David obviously I want to thank Vitalik I want to thank all of our panelist speakers but we do have tokens for everybody but I also don't want to be the one holding you off from the food that we have outside of your chance to speak so I just want to give two tokens away I want to give one to Vitalik because obviously being the main speaker and a huge inspiration I do want to give a token to him so Vitalik if I could just hand this to you Autonomous has been doing a lot of hard work and we don't always recognize and think those smoothest but Rebecca do you want to come up here Rebecca we have worked with Autonomous and it's a great job Thank you Rebecca Thank you to everybody we got Aaron here from DBS so thank you to everybody for coming I hope you learned I learned a lot from this I hope you do stick around for a little while longer outside speak to our panelist I'm also going to be around for a little longer to eat some food it's there for the same thing and I hope to see you again for a future event Thank you very much