Good evening. Good evening, and ya kueh. We say ya kueh in the Marshall Islands. That's our language, Marshallese. So good evening to everyone. It is a great pleasure to be with you tonight. And before I say a few words, I'd like to thank Chancellor Pro, Chancellor Cardo Hall, and Marlon for the introduction, and for allowing us to be here in this space this evening. As an educator, I am honored to be here at ANU, a place of learning. And there are few institutions like this Hallowed Institution as ANU. So I want to particularly thank the College of Asia and the Pacific for inviting me to be here. Sometimes Australia can forget that it is not just part of Asia, but that it is also a Pacific Island. And this college serves a great role in helping chart and define its role in the regional or in the region I call home. Ladies and gentlemen, I come from a country whose beauty is as breathtaking as its vulnerability. While most people have a chance to visit an island, island nation in their lifetimes, few have a chance to visit an atoll nation like mine. Indeed, there are only four countries in the world that are made up entirely of coral atolls formed from the rims of ancient volcanoes in the middle of the ocean. Nestled between or midway between Brisbane and Hawaii, the Marshall Islands is comprised of 29 different atoll chains, which looks like spaghetti strings of land often no wider than a road and with no elevation at all. These atolls are broken into more than 1,156 individual islands. Our ancestors refer to these islands as Joliet Janani, or gifts from God. And it is easy to understand why. A little bit about our turbulent history. It is perhaps strange to think that a country as beautiful as ours has experienced as much turbulence as we have. After centuries of big power, conquest, and in nearly 40 years of trusteeship, our peoples' fight for independence led to full 70 in 1986. But the seas and citizens bore the scars of wars and Japanese occupation. Our beaches and lagoons are littered with shipwrecks from some of the largest sea battles in human history. Polistic warfare gave way to something far more deadly. As custodians of the trusteeship territory that was established in the Pacific, the United States went on to test 67 different nuclear weapons in my country between 1946 and 1958. The sheer horror of these tests is hard to believe. Over the course of these 12 years, the total blast yield of all the different tests was equivalent to 1.2 of the bombs dropped on Hiroshima, being detonated every single day, every single day. The largest test known as the Bravo shot was itself 1,000 times more powerful than Hiroshima. Entire islands, like Elluclep, were evaporated, and others, like Piggini et al., where the Bravo test was conducted, remained uninhabitable to this day. While the physical impacts to our islands are hard to fathom, it is physical impacts to our people that are simply unconscionable. The pervasiveness and extent of nuclear radioactivity was known by US but deliberately hidden from our people. This has resulted in a higher toll of birth defects and cancers in second and third generation Marshallese. We continue to live with this legacy to this day. The world sees the Cold War and the arms race as history, but we are still trying to get answers and justice from the United States for innocent people who unwittingly swam in our crystal clear seas and ate its delicious fish unaware of the radioactive spots or hot spots. Sound scientific knowledge would have provided a basis for preventative action, but this was not acted upon by those in power. On to climate change. Sadly, I see many parallels with climate change. Scientists have been warning us for decades about the irreversible and catastrophic risks to our islands by the relentless dumping of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Governments have acted on these warnings by creating international and national laws like the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol, but vested interests have tried to toward these efforts at every turn. Climate deniers hold key posts in the new United States administration. Like others from vulnerable countries everywhere, it saddens and disappoints me to see climate change regulations enacted by the Obama administration being repealed by President Trump, who is now being lobbied by those same vested interests to withdraw from the Paris Agreement. Paris is the last chance for the world. We must hope the presidency's that strong international cooperation based on climate science is the way to avert the catastrophic threat to our very existence. Because the Marshall Islands is literally on the front line of this battle. We have no higher ground to go to. And climate impacts are already with us. In the last few years, kink tides and droughts have become a regular and more frequent occurrence, with disaster often hitting us in two different ways, in two different parts of the country at the same time. Once I was sworn in as President of my country in January last year, one of my first act in office was to declare a state of disaster because of an unseasonal and prolonged droughts across many of our islands. It lasted nearly seven months, disrupting our economy and negatively impacting the education sector too as schools were having to shut down. On the day I signed the state of disaster proclamation, I was advised we had less than three weeks of freshwater supplies left in our capital island, Maduro. But at the same time, my country was on high alert for widespread inundation. The year before this is a single typhoon that wiped off more than 3% of our small and precious economy. And the year before that, more than 1,000 of our people were left temporarily homeless by a single king tide. This is what climate change look like. If that happens year on year, it is a serious detrimental impact on livelihoods, including on our children educational opportunities. I want to speak about climate leadership. Despite the challenges we face, my country has chosen a path of climate leadership. This also makes sense economically. After an oil price spike in 2008 highlighted the dangerous reliance of our economy on costly and imported fossil fuels, we knew we needed to chart a new direction for ourselves. And standing here today, I am pleased to say we are in the midst of doing just that. More than 90% of our vast outer islands spread over a million square kilometers of the Pacific Ocean are now completely solarized. And we are pursuing aggressive renewable energy targets in our population centers of Maduro, E-Buy and elsewhere. At the end of last year, I pledged with 46 other vulnerable developing countries that we would go 100% renewable by 2030. These countries are called the Climate Vulnerable Forum and I'm pleased to say we will chair this group of countries from 2018 for two years so that we can develop a more detailed strategy to get our small but precious economies to be 100% clean and get our emissions to zero by 2050, if not well before. But while the political will is there, sometimes the support to our small country is not. Our donor friends have not scaled up their efforts in line up with the threats now facing us. Their support covers a patchwork of different priorities, sometimes not always in accordance with ours or with our own. Multilateral funds like the Green Climate Funds require a lot of technical expertise to access and are not responsive to the small scale projects we need to begin to take the next steps to shore up our resilience or doubling down on renewables. As one of this GCF's major donors and with Australians at the helm at the fund, your country has a big role to play in helping make this money more accessible for countries like mine. Australia, as you all know, is not immune from the fight against climate change. Already large parts of your great barrier reefs are dying with bushfires, droughts, hurricanes and floods becoming increasingly frequent, intense and unpredictable. Earlier this year, my people watched nervously as the people of North Queensland once again experienced this firsthand. That is why we must all be part of this battle. Some may say that Australia contributes only a miniscule amount to global emissions, but I can assure you it is more than my country. More importantly, though what Australia does makes a real difference in the world, especially with countries like China and the United States with whom your relationships are healthier. But the same people in my country that I've watched in anguish as Australia has faced the brunt force of climate change have also, unfortunately, watched in angst at much of the debate on climate change in your country. Now is not the time to be debating the science, trashing solar power or building new coal mines. And while some in Australia may think that your approach to climate change cannot influence the views of others to do more, I can assure you that it does influence the way in which Australia is viewed in the Pacific. Many of the 3.4 million people in the Pacific have often thought of Australia as a big brother or big sister. Imagine how you would feel if your big brother or big sister was not only openly marking the science, but even occasionally marking your very own plight.  Last week's freeze on the foreign aid budget was another unfortunate example of this. And one, no matter how much it is concentrated in the Pacific, will impact all of us. There are many projects Australia was interested in funding in the Marshall Islands, for example, or we would have liked them to help with, which they no longer will be able to consider because of the freeze. We are fortunate though that the ROC Taiwan, Japan, and others from afar like the European Union and Germany are actively finding ways to increase their support on the ground. With last week's decision I fear Australia is therefore sitting yet more of its place in the region. On the global fight ahead, we won't win the fight against climate change if every country, including Australia, is not engaged in that fight. The same goes for the United States. As you all know, President Trump has repealed many climate measures and is supporting coal when we need to be facing out fossil fuel emissions. He is also weighing up whether his country will remain a party to the Paris Agreement. An agreement his country and mine fought hard to achieve and an agreement that provides my country a pathway to survival. My country played a key role in Paris and in the years beforehand. Through slowly developing our capacity and building alliances with other vulnerable countries, we were able to influence other countries and put our key goal of survival at the heart of the negotiations. This was perhaps best characterized by our role in helping forge and then lead a high-emission coalition of more than 100 countries, which become the dominant force in Paris, pushing for the strongest possible agreement. The fact that the agreement includes things like a limit to keep temperature increases within 1.5 degrees, a five-year cycle for countries to increase their emissions reduction targets, and a goal to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 is in no small part due to the role of my country in mobilizing the high-emission coalition, which lives on to this day. As one of the U.S. closes allies and friends, it would therefore be extremely disappointing to see them withdraw from the Paris Agreement. They fought so hard to secure. And I say this as a country that despite our turbulent history, as always believed in the principle of U.S. global leadership, which would be severely weakened by any such decision. Last week, I wrote to President Trump directly to express these views. And I know others like the VGN Prime Minister have done the same. I hope Australia will do the same and also do all that it can at places like the G20 to back the climate fight. These are the moments that count. These are the moments that decide whether a country believes in and what it stands for. And these are the moments that can help demonstrate everyone's commitment to the climate fight and to the Pacific region that stands at the precipice. No matter what happens in the U.S., my country will remain committed to the Paris Agreement. And I'm glad to say that there is no sign that any other country withdrawing from Paris or weakening their resolve. Every vulnerable country and large countries like China, India, Saudi Arabia are going to carry on their climate action and comply with Paris. They know there is money to be made in the renewable revolution and that it is here to stay. The unfortunate reality is that no single decision could make America's economy worse again than a decision to ignore the greatest economic opportunity of our times. On the future of the Marshall Islands, many have said that it's too late for my country. And even if we can contain sea level rise, then other impacts like regular typhoons and droughts will make our islands virtually uninhabitable. It is hard to explain the feeling of being the president of a country reading a report that supposedly condemns your country to oblivion. If we don't peak global emission by 2020 and then face them out in your lifetime, then it may well be too late for my country. But we simply do not know that yet. And until we do, my country will not stand down from this fight and nor will my people. Many Marshallese people have already been forced to relocate their lifetimes because of their nuclear testing. And we refuse to experience that again.  As our youth climate warriors have so eloquently put it, we are not drowning, we are fighting. Our culture, our language, and our history are embodied in our islands. Our ancestral lands we call Lamoran in a way the English language cannot capture. The Marshall Islands would not be the Marshall Islands if we were somewhere else. But if we are going to save my country, everyone has to play their part. Not only must every country do more, but so too must every sector, including aviation and shipping, where my country is also has a key role to play as the second biggest flag registry in the world. Thankfully, Australia is one of the countries that can easily do more. Your current targets under the Paris Agreement was towards the bottom of the many independent assessments of not only your capacity to reduce emissions in line with economic growth, but also your fair share towards keeping global temperatures within what is required to save my country and others like it. Recent announcements like the groundbreaking snowy Hydro 2.0 project were also not factored in, but have the potential to be a real game changer not just for your domestic energy reliability, but also your international credentials. Before 2020, Australia will be required to confirm whether it intends to stick with its current target, adopted under the former prime minister. On behalf of the Pacific and in the context of a review you are undertaking this year on your climate policies, I would urge you to not only look at what more can be done to reduce emissions for the good of your economy, but also for the good of the region. We are all vulnerable. We must all act. The Pacific is counting on our big brothers and big sisters down south to do more. Thank you, thank you very much.


Dear students, now we are going to review the chapter of homology modeling or structure modeling. You know that the protein structure is generally divided into four strata. The first level of structure formation is the primary structure. The second is the secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures. So given that we have these secondary and tertiary structures as well as quaternary structures, why do we need to go for structural modeling or homology modeling? So the reason for that is that the number of structures that are known through experiments is very few as compared to the number of sequences that we have. So to predict the structures of a lot of proteins, we need homology modeling or structural modeling. We looked at the details of three different structural modeling strategies. The first one was homology modeling. In homology modeling what we did was we performed sequence alignment of proteins and we looked at the homologues of the sequences. So once we obtain the homologues, then we search the protein databases, the structural databases to retrieve their structures. If we could find those structures for the homologues sequences, then we try to see how these structures can be taken up by the query sequence. Several steps existed, specifically seven steps existed in homology modeling, which tuned this process and gave you an optimal structure. In cases where homology modeling did not work, we looked at the fold recognition. So if the overall structure of the protein does not conform to the sequence that we have, then we started looking at specific portions of the structure, that were the folds. So by looking at each fold within a fold database, we try to see which fold fits which portion of your sequence. And once the entire sequence was assigned a specific fold, then we could say the overall structure of the protein. However, there could be a case where you could not even find folds. So in such a case you are left with no option but ab initio modeling. So in ab initio modeling we looked at the atomic level interactions between the protein backbone and we optimize it using molecular dynamic simulations. Why did we have these three types of structural modeling approaches? So if you look at this graph, we had alignment on the horizontal axis and sequence identity on the vertical axis. So if you have a high alignment score and high identity, then we could go for homology modeling. So this is a very important point that you should remember. So this is the area where homology modeling can work very nicely. However, if the identity was low or the alignment was low, then we had two options. One was to go for fold recognition or threading. And the second option was ab initio modeling. So by looking at the alignment length and the identity, we need to determine which approach we are going to take from these two. So we also looked at the protein data bank database and we saw how several structures can be obtained from the PDB. Lastly, we looked at the eye tesser as well as the modeler. Eye tesser was used to thread or perform fold recognition on sequences for which the structures were unknown.


As I mentioned in the last video, and this video is part of a series, be sure to check out the description of this video for the full playlist. A viewer asked, his name is Ray Viota, he said, I am curious about using GTK with shell scripts. I've used Xenity and Dialog, but would like to see other options, if any. And we are going to go over other options, but I thought I'd take this opportunity to go over some basic Xenity commands. Now I've gone over Xenity in the past, a couple years ago. To see those videos, you can go to my YouTube page and search, or if you go to Films by Chris, which even if I change the design in the future, I try to always have a search bar, type in Xenity and you'll get a few videos I've done on Xenity. But today, again, like I said, we're going to go over some basic Xenity commands. So I'm going to go through these really quick. So here is an example of a basic info box. So you type in Xenity, and by the way, Xenity is an external command, so you have to make sure you install it with your package manager. And this is going to be an info box. So we do dash dash info, and then we want to have some text in that info box, so dash dash text. And then inside quotation marks, the text we want to display. So when we hit enter, we get a nice little dialogue box. Since we said it was an info box, it automatically gives a little light bulb here, or whatever your default info icon is on your setup. And then there's the text that we had displayed there. Next we're going to go over an error box, basically same thing. So it's Xenity dash dash error dash dash text. And then we'll say installation failed, hit enter. And there you go. This time we get the error icon, whatever that is on your theme on your system and the text. And it says that it's an error at the top there, and I double clicked, which makes it full screen. Next we'll look at a text box. So we can take text, and so we can do like this. So we can say Xenity entry, ask a question, text where are you. And then we have entry text, which is basically, as you'll see when I enter here, basically default text inside that box there. And I can click OK. And it returns whatever was in that box. So if you don't want to have any prompting for in the box as a suggestion, you can just say that this is Xenity. The type of box, dialog box is an entry box. And the text we want to have, where are you, it will ask that and I can type in whatever I want. When I click OK, it puts that into the output here. If I want, I can do the other route. I should be able to just remove that text. And that way I get a dialog box, and if you don't tell it what text it says, enter new text. And then it has the recommendation that you put there. So again, if you leave out all those options and all you say is an entry dialog box, you get it where it says enter new text, which doesn't really tell the user very much unless you're just trying to get some random text from the user. So that's great. How do you use that text? As you can see, it's outputting what the user type. So what we can do is we can put this in parentheses, and quotations is also a good thing. And then put it into a variable, so I'll just call it my, or I can call it lock for location or whatever I want, and say equal. So this is saying run this command, and whatever the output is, put it into this variable. So now I can hit enter, and I can say work. And we don't get the output here, but it's saved to that variable. So now I can echo dollar sign lock, and it echoes whatever the user inputted there. So you can save that variable and run if then statements or other types of checks on it in your scripts. So that's a text input box. We can also do file selections. So I can go like this. I can say zenity, the type of dialogue again, which is in this case, dash, dash, file, dash select. And we're going to say that the type of dialogue, or file select is a save. And we can also tell it to confirm overwrite in case the file exists. So we can hit enter here, and there you go. We can list, and we can choose a file. It's asking if I want to replace it. We're not actually replacing it here. I'll click OK, and an output. So it confirmed it because of this part. If I just hit enter, now it's not going to confirm. In that case, it will continue the script. Either way, the dialogue's not overwriting a file. Your script will continue with however you write it. So that's doing a file select box. Next we'll look at, let's see, a question box.  And then you'll see here I have a semicolon, which indicates a new command. And we're going to echo dollar sign question mark, which I've mentioned, I believe, in the past in this series. Question mark is basically the exit code of the last command. So I'm going to hit enter here, and we get the dialogue a question. So you can see it has the question mark icon there.  I click yes, and we echoed out zero. If I run it again, and I hit no, it's going to give it exit code, a standard error out. So that way you can check. Again, you can put this into a variable like we did the output of the other command. Or in this case, since it's going to be either a zero or one, whether they clicked yes or no, as long as whatever your next command is, dollar sign will be that one or zero, dollar sign question mark that is. And then there are other options too. So I'm looking at here in my notes, you know, for checkbox lists, radio lists, and piping information to information boxes, picking numbers, that sort of stuff, calendars, a calendar I'll do. Let's do a calendar. So here, we got Zenit type of dialogue is calendar, again, text is whatever text is being displayed. The title again, any of these we can change the title of I don't think I've done that in any of the previous examples. We can tell it what day we want to have the default selection at. So here I can say 2008, the fifth month, the 23rd day we'll hit enter, and you can see it goes to May 23rd. And if I click OK, and now echoes out here actually ignore that last part because I'm not actually putting that into a variable. I don't believe there we go. So I can save that output to a variable just like the other examples. Again, there's other examples, and I can go more in depth. If you want to see more about Zenit, again, I'm going over it quick today. I've done videos on the past. If you watch those videos, and you've seen this video, and you want to know more about Zenit, I'll do some more videos on Zenit. If you would like, let me know by commenting below. Be sure to like this video. That will also let me know that people like videos on Zenit. There's a bit more to learn on it, but it's fairly simple and straightforward. Again, you can always use the man file to look at what the options are. Here it lists out all the different types of boxes. You can do color selection, scales, warnings, forms. You can set the title, the icon, the width, and height, and the timeout. So all these options in here for Zenit, you can see you can do lots of stuff. But I'll be glad to do more videos on it, but we're going to go over many other options over the next couple of weeks. But again, if you want to see more Zenit, let me know. Be sure to like, share, subscribe, comment below. And I thank you for watching. As always, I hope that you have a great day. Be sure to check out the playlist in the description of this video for more videos. Thank you for watching. As always, I hope that you have a great day.


Okay. I will call to order this 77th meeting of the National Advisory Council for Human Genome Research. Welcome, everyone. It's great to see you. And I will move things along by immediately turning this over to Rudy Pazzotti. Okay. Thank you, Eric. Good morning, everyone. Welcome to the May meeting of the National Advisory Council for Human Genome Research. Let me remind you that the meeting is being webcast live, and an archive of the open session of the council meeting can be obtained on the NHGRI genome.gov website. We have a new employee that I would like to introduce to the council, is Ashley Lewis present? If so, would you please stand? Thank you, Ashley. Ashley is a program analyst in the Genomic Healthcare Branch in the Division of Policy, Communications and Education. Ashley has a master's in public health degree from New York Medical College. In addition to working on policy matters for the branch, Ashley will support the Inter Society Coordinating Committee, or ISCC. Thank you, Ashley. Let me acknowledge the council liaison members who are with us today. James O'Leary from the Genetic Alliance, Rhonda Schoenberg from the National Society of Genetic Counselors, and Mike Watson from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. Thank you all for being with us in person today. I understand Ellen Girelli is with us on the web. She could not be here today in person. We have a couple of other guests or visitors in the audience. Siobhan Adi is from the National Academy of Science, Engineering and Medicine. Adam Fagan is also from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. And Chloe Poston is from the Genetics Society of America. Again, thank you for being with us today. To the council members, the February council meeting minutes were in the electronic council book. If anyone has any comments or edits or changes or corrections, I'd be willing to entertain those now. Okay, the minutes must be perfect. So can I get a motion to accept the minutes and approve the minutes? Second, and all in favor? Any opposed or abstaining? Thank you very much. Please note the next six, the dates of the next six council meetings. They're on the open session agenda. If you see any schedule conflicts or potential schedule conflicts, please notify me and more importantly Comfort Brown. And with that, I'm ready to turn it over to Eric for the director's report.