So, in the previous few session we have discussed about like the green supply chain, what are the different opportunities, what are the different way we can bring the sustainability agenda or the sustainability issues into the each loop of this product life cycle chain and also we have seen what are the different regulations. So, if we see the both the intervention in the supply chain and regulation in the other hand. So, it gives us a message that there are two way we can address the sustainability issues or mostly the organization they do it in two way. In one, they try to make the changes in the every loop wherever possible to bring the sustainability agenda or bring the sustainable practices or few of the organization they keep waiting for the regulation that if the regulation is guiding them to do that or the regulation is directing them to do that, then only they incorporate the sustainability agenda in the product life cycle chain. Now, with the organization they do it, so any changes, any intervention we know that it has few inherent risk and also it is not only about risk, it also gives the opportunity for the organization to do a value creation. So, if you remember in the very beginning when we started the course, we discussed that how each intervention whatever is being done for this to incorporate the sustainable practices or for the sustainability, it will lead to it will create some value. So, in this session we will see that when the organization when they are addressing the sustainability agenda or if they are not reacting to the sustainability agenda or if there are regulation associated with sustainability that is coming into existence that is coming into actions, what are the different kind of risk typically the corporate they are facing and also what are the opportunity that can be created from this risk and also we will try to see few examples where the startups the new business opportunity have emerged because of this risk what are associated with the sustainability or what are associated with the climate change. So, to start with now let us understand what are the risk factors over here. So, this has been categorized into 3 or 4 type of risk, so the first one is the product risk. So, if the organization if they are not addressing the sustainable agenda or they are not changing their process, they are not changing the inputs associated with the product at some point of time there will be reduction in the quality of the few materials because of the environmental change. And if no steps being taken to make products sustainable or if you are not looking for the better quality of inputs or we are not looking at what are the other alternative material that can be used and these materials are changing because of environmental change then if no steps are taken then there would be reduction in the quality of the few materials. And when there is a reduction in the quality of the materials those are being used in the product the regulator may prevent from producing. And at that point of time it will require a costly redesign to meet the sustainability standards and possibly the first 3, first one and the third one it is will have the implication of the cost, but if you look at that when regulators may prevent to produce this will bring that loss of the popularity in the market and because then it would be known as that the organization would be known as that they are having a displaying the poor environmental standard because regulator have stopped them producing a specific product. So, these are some of the product risk associated if the organization they are not addressing the sustainability agenda then the second risk what is associated with this is the financial risk. Now the first kind of the first category of risk comes under financial risk is the risk of legal expenses whether it is related to penalty whether this is related to non-compliance whatever the expenses or the lawsuits these are the part of the finance if you are not meeting the standard. Then compensation for the environmental and human damage fine and other penalty for breaching the regulation and in this process there would be increase insurance cost because there is a whatever the image or whatever the perception about the organization it has changed and because of that this will increase the insurance cost. And the next category of risk is operational risk it increase cleaning up cost and compensation it will reduce profit because whatever the benefit they would have got because of the cost saving associated with the environmental friendly business they will miss that and that will lead to reduction in the profit. Then there is there are also evidence that how typically the natural event or the environment hazards that derail the production process and typically in term of the physical risk what they pose to the organization and the regulatory risk may impact the bottom line of the business. Then the last one is the reputational risk and this reputational risk is typically the points what comes under this reputational risk or the items which comes under the reputational risk is that possible damage to the firms image from the bad press and public outage and also the because of there is a because not meeting environmental standard or not addressing sustainability agenda there is a damage to the image and whenever there is a damage to the corporate image that affect the relationship with the shareholder and that may lead to the potential shareholder reaction which is not positive. Now, why to mitigate risk? So, we know that these are the risks what the businesses they are going to face, but why to mitigate this risk there are some internal factors there are some external factor. Internal factors is that then we supply chain disruption if you are not looking at or we have not thinking to mitigate the risk and also it will impact the company culture and these two is the are the most important issues in driving the change. External factor mostly with the regulatory change, stakeholder and shareholder pressure and stakeholder shareholder pressure in incorporating sustainability in their day-to-day business and also the regulatory change these are the two main external factor which needs to take an action or intervention to mitigate the risk associated with this. Now, here it has this is a nice article by Joseph Hold and the way he brought the entire sustainability the risk associated with sustainability in business for the way he brought out the opinion that sustainability in business is more of opportunity than a threat. And why it is so because company addressing sustainability will have easier time attracting the patient investor with a great willingness to wait for the return of capital. So, although it is true that you may not find investor it is it is not easy money when you when the return of capital comes in the long term not at the short term possibility is not easy to get many investor investing, but the patient investor who has the willingness to wait for the return of capital it is the it is the easier time or the easier way to attract those group. Then sustainability represents the source of innovation the environmentally socially economically sustainable future is only achievable with historically unprecedented amount of the innovation. So, sustainability always is the source of innovation then integrating sustainability more deeply into companies overall strategy is a great way to grow both the top and bottom line. I mean one way you talk about the product what gets into the market possibly the product itself and in the when he talks about the bottom line it starts from the the from the designing or from the sourcing of the raw material. Then going credibly deeper shade of green is always a good move for the company that want with the employer of choice because employee prefers to care about the issues and want to work for the company that share that concern of the sustainability. So, typically the young population when it is about a choice that where they would like to work possibly they will always prefer a company they will always prefer a organization where the employee is engaged for a bigger cause that is for the sustainability agenda and better employee engagement. Take a hint from the previous slide what we are discussing that it is more of opportunity. So, if you look at regulation that is the factor which triggers that the the organization to should take the sustainability initiative. Now, let us see because of this regulation what are the opportunity it may come to the organization. So, opportunity providing new product and service to the consumer the typical example can be environmental friendly product it is business opportunity for the financial product. So, entire arena of green product the green bond green instrument it should be rather than green product it should be the green financial instrument and green investment. Then emergence of new business area like Google earth and the other product energy efficient product low carbol solution or the sustainability startups how you make the product from the waste or how this can be recycled one these are the new business area that has laid out that that has come from the regulation. Apart from apart from this then we have few market opportunity like since there is a demand for our increased resilience there is a increased demand for product and service is suited to the new climate. So, you will find that since the temperature is increasing above 50 degree you need or above 40 degree you need the product with respect to heat resistant. It is since and also the way the there is a unpredictable rain and what to say the climate is changing with respect to the and accordingly the rainfall pattern is changing. Then the demand for waterproof then there is a shortage of water there is a shortage of power. So, this is the entire dependency on products which is not dependent on water or power that typical example of the alternative energy that is with solar. Then demand for climate risk solution that is monitor measure provide expertise drainage greening the project and insurance. So, if you look at this climate risk solution this is the opportunity which has come to many stakeholder like to start with insurance. So, there is now a flood insurance there is now whatever the drought insurance what we get. Then also greening the project where you need the help of engineer when you need the help of the consultant we will provide the expertise. Then the drainage then also you will find many adaptation project where you need the help of the technology you need the help of the skill of the engineering you need the help of the expertise and also monitoring and measuring the risk associated with this. So, this is giving the emerging business opportunity for almost all the stakeholder and when you go to carbon also you will see that many organization they have also started there from the core they have moved to that providing a low carbon solution or providing a consultancy opportunity to those organization who wants to move to the low carbon solution. And since there is a changing change of taste lifestyle and consumer behavior there are the opportunity over here is about the food the typical example is that you take the organic food where there are not chemical or pesticides the drink and also exchange it to recision because there is a change in the climate and because of that whatever the regular weather that have changed for few of the places. And in case of production opportunity the existing process can be more efficient there can be extended growing season fewer construction stoppage and also it may give opportunity of a new process like use of cold and hot sensitive equipment new crops locally sourced exotic fruits these are the new business opportunity and also adopting better to the threat that is feasibility and R and D of new product technology and new marketing activity. Now let me give you few examples mostly in the area of the startup the new business when I say sustainability startup and how they have created a business and how they have created a value out of the waste. So the first example is helpers green and they are into preserving river Ganges from becoming the religious sewer by flower recycling from the waste from temple and the musk and they have developed that into a patented lifestyle product providing livelihood to 12000 rural family. So almost 2.4 tons of waste flower and 97 kg of toxic chemical prevented from getting into the river Delhi and the waste is handicraft by rural women self help group and into a patented organic fertilizer and incense ticks. So the value of organization is 40 million UST this is this is to start with when they have started with and now the valuation has increased further and the value for society is that till now they have recycled 1060 metric ton of temple waste flower they have 110 metric ton chemical pesticide they have offset because of that they have given a direct livelihood income increased by minimum 6 times to those family those who are those who have engaged there increasing the standard for living of women worker and making them economically independent that is predictable and regular income and the project has attracted interest across the country the silencing the issues of the temple flower disposal. The second example what I am going to show you is that this is the example of gravity lab and this is a carbon capturing startup in the world and only such startup in India when it was started they create the paint and ink from the pollution itself. So directly from the vehicle pollution they create the paint and ink they build a contraption that gets connected to the exhaust of the tailpipe of a vehicle collect the raw carbon and then they follow a purification process successfully converts this air pollution into the printing in the same procedure can be done for chimney or boards to collect the effluence and then convert that into the ink and the ink what they have created that is air ink which is known as Karlink it is a patent they file a patent pending retrofit technology used to capture the air pollution particulate which is then processed into making the air ink air ink this specific air ink. So, there is a different there is a very different or very different calculation what they have done is that from the pollution of 1 bike for 40 minutes how much amount of ink can be created or from the pollution of car which is travelling 8 hours how much ink can be created from that specific vehicle. This is the value for the organization they started with 8 crore INR in 2006 as said and the current valuation is 120 K US dollar and value for society is that till the till now they have produced 20,500 litre of air ink and they have upset the carbon by 700 tons. The third example what we will take over here is that impossible burger and this discovering the main focus of this product is that discovering healthy sustainable newer ingredients from nature and even new ways to make the meat we crave directly from the plant. So, this is a plant based meat burger and they use 95 percent of less of land, 74 percent less of water and create 87 percent less greenhouse gas emission. The burger that is all natural ingredients such as sweet coconut oil and potato and whatever the magic ingredient him this is the basic building block of life on earth including plants but it is uniquely evident in meat. They discover that this makes the meat smell, sedge and taste gloriously meaty and they consider this as a magic ingredient that makes the burger into the carnivorous drink. Their plant is in Oakland capacity to produce 1 million pound of plant based meat per month and after serve 1 million quarter pound impossible burger per week. The value for the society is they are feeding generation to come the plant based meat burger and the way the world produce meat today is taking a toll on the planet and according to the livestock researcher animal agriculture use 30 percent of all land, 25 percent of all freshwater on the earth and create as much as greenhouse gas emission as all of the world's car, trucks, train, etcetera combined. So, impossible burger each are made entirely from the plants without any destructive impact on the livestock so that the present and future generation will be able to enjoy a good face and burger for a time. So, what we have a discuss in this session is that we have looked at what are the risk that is that is that may come to the organization if they are not following the sustainable practices or if they are not reacting to the regulation but the risk there are pressure to mitigate the risk and that can create opportunities, opportunity in term of new product, new process, new business opportunity and also there we have seen the examples of these startups which mainly coming out of those sustainability concern and they are providing value to the society and also value to the organization. Thank you.


On December 9th, 1957, an incredible event occurred within the UK. Now known as the Silfo Saucer Incident, it has become known within UFO enthusiast circles as the UK's Roswell. It was a story that was first released within the Yorkshire Post. It told of a mystery disc that was found on the Yorkshire Moors. Scarborough businessman Frank Dickinson along with two friends were driving through a place known as Reasty Hill near the village of Silfo when their car mysteriously stalled as a glowing object appeared in the sky above them, subsequently landing in the borax forest. Mr Dickinson and his friends bravely pursued the downed craft and found a mysterious metallic saucer in a patch of freshly cindered bracken. Amazingly, when the artifact was cut open, apparently a tiny book was found within made of 17 thin copper sheets covered in 2,000 unknown hieroglyphs. Interestingly, similar hieroglyphics were also supposedly found among the wreckage of the UFO that allegedly crashed at Roswell, New Mexico in June 1947. The remains of the Silfo Moor object were subsequently sent to a London laboratory for examination in 1963, including a perplexing fused section of the metal and plastic which was apparently from the outer casing. Gordon Claringbull, a funded academic from the Natural History Museum who specialized in meteorites and explosives, said in a memo to the Science Museum that he was prepared to wager anything that the pieces of metal were made on earth. However, although the scientific community was predictably skeptical, Air Chief Marshall Lord Douting, who led the RAF during the Battle of Britain during World War II, examined the Silfo saucer in 1958. He actually believed it was genuine. Describing it as a quote, miniature computer piloted flying saucer, Lord Douting was openly convinced it was a genuine artifact from space, according to the report in the Yorkshire Post. The results of the analysis found that the artifacts contained an unusually pure set of metals, cast in highly specific ways, fueling the UFO community's interest in the object's origins. Will more modern specific analysis shed more light on this enigmatic object's origins? We will keep you posted on any future developments. Thanks for watching guys, and until next time, take care! In the Museum of the Unexplained in Reed Spring, Missouri, a rather peculiar artifact can be found. Known as the Bob White artifact, Bob was driving with a friend down a Colorado highway one night in 1985, when they would both experience a close encounter. As the craft flew over Bob's head, according to Bob, it dropped him a gift, an object which has caused Bob numerous issues. Quote, I don't know about you, but as for me, every time I hear people from skeptic magazine lying through their teeth, it makes me sick. They say they have never seen any hard evidence of UFOs. This is only true because they refuse to look at this, a piece of a UFO. So the next time you see the skeptic magazine people on Larry King or some other TV program saying there is no physical evidence, you will know they are lying. I have challenged them to debate me, but they are afraid.  That was a statement made by Bob White in the late 90s. He further claimed that in 1996 he was flown to the classified Los Alamos National Laboratory for a detailed analysis of his evidence. White was told by senior staff that the object he recovered was indeed of extraterrestrial origin, also confessing to have successfully collected another object similar to his before. Although the officials fervently denied these claims, in 2000 Bob managed to acquire US Army documents dating from the 1940s titled UFOs in Denmark. In it were multiple images of an object nearly identical to the one he had. When Dr. Rudolf Olsen of Carolina examined the artifact, he concluded, quote, To describe the Bob White object in the simplest possible way, I think you can say it is an agglomeration of rapidly cooled droplets or particles of an aluminum silicon alloy with such an unusual structure, I can only speculate on how it was formed. It turns out that this artifact was free-formed, or more precisely, it was somehow cast in a zero-G environment without the use of a mold. It has been to over 15 labs and universities over the past 21 years, including Los Alamos, Sally, New Mexico, etc. If the artifact had been on a machine or a grinder of some sort, there would inevitably have been forensic evidence left upon the artifact. All we know is that it was in a molten state when ejected into a vacuum under extreme pressure within extremely cold conditions. Although Bob White's artifact rarely gains any attention anymore, it is clearly a most compelling piece of evidence in support of the possibility of alien visitation. Researcher Isaac Qua has published some startling yet not widely known details, regarding some unusual space debris that was found in northern Saskatchewan in 1968. It is the largest UFO fragment ever found, and was later definitively concluded to have come from space. However, at the time the Canadian military and government could not definitively explain what it was from, and somehow managed to escape the clutches of secrecy. Also the Canadian government has been in a mode of disclosure for some time anyway, making UFO documents available for decades at the archives in Ottawa. Only recently they scanned several thousand documents and put them online. The found space debris is one of a number of known, documented crashes of objects in Canada. If you were a government official, how would you react to receiving an official memo with a title beginning UFO found? What if the memo also referred to a metal fragment, examination of which revealed the exhibit had likely formed part of a vehicle that travelled in outer space, and attached relevant photographs? Well, one Canadian official received such a memo in November 1968, along with related memos and photos of the metal fragment, I do not recall seeing any discussion of this memo in any of the UFO books I've read. It was stated the 14th of November 1968 from the F Division of CIB, presumably the Criminal Investigation Branch of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Entitled UFO found in Northern Saskatchewan is one part of a set of documents and photos relating to a piece of metal. This astounding official memo states that examination revealed the exhibit had likely formed part of a vehicle that travelled in outer space. The relevant documents indicate that a 99% titanium fragment with a white, ceramic like crystalline material on one side was found in or around October 1968, but tests indicated it had been down for more than 90 days in the Walliston Lake area of Saskatchewan, Canada. This other official memo, dated the 24th of October 1968, discloses that the object was titanium, 99% pure, 4' long and 2.5' wide, and weighed between 10 and 15 pounds. This makes the fragment the largest alien piece from a satellite that has ever landed on Earth. That memo indicates that a local newspaper, the leader post, was aware of the find. A handwritten annotation indicates the NRC should release information about the find, including the fact that the RACMP lab identified the object. Yet no media coverage ever happened. Man-made satellites are also supposedly made of aluminium not pure titanium. Here are some crashed satellite images, note, none come close to the alien looking appearance of the Canadian fragment. A report dated the 29th of October 1968 gives the results of a determination of the chemical composition of the object, indicating it was high-purity titanium. Higher than previously believed, freelance artist, known as Freelance Underscozenikist, accepted a challenge to create a concept of what part of a craft the fragment may have come from. What do you think it is, was it actually part of a downed UFO? It appears that this is exactly what it was, if you go by publicly disclosed official records. Does this titanium fragment found in Canada answer the greatest question of our age? The following amazing story was published by a David Campbell on a site known as View Zone. It was a report regarding an incredible find within Oklahoma, subsequently chased up by David and his wife on location. Although the story gained very little media attention, the details along with the photographs of the event we have found extremely interesting. Especially when we took into account our previous research regarding this strange ancient anomaly known as Waffle Rock, a half-buried suspected fragment of a once larger object of possible alien origins, which has remained half-buried resting where it struck the Earth all those years prior. Now submerged underwater as the result of a controversial reservoir project which swallowed the stone and the town which had built up around it. David recalled the event with his wife on the site. They had just returned from a weekly 600-mile distribution route to find a somewhat urgent message from a reader in Colbert, Oklahoma. The caller gave some extremely vague instructions on getting to the place. No names and no callback details. Developed by the story, they figured the worst that could happen was that they would have a nice Sunday in the mountains. After getting to the vague location given, and after several hours of searching the woods, they eventually came across an extremely peculiar looking, possibly Cyclopean wall. Their initial investigations baffled them. They had never seen ancient stone structured in such a way. They highly suspected that it was of artificial origin due to the small apparent stones tightly interlocking which made up its structure. It wasn't until they climbed a top that they must have realized the true scale of their discovery. From the other side, the stones appear to be a highly complex arrangement of interlocking different mineral or metallic compounds, often displaying a honeycomb structure, the layers of which a result of highly accurate cast layers stacked together to make interlocking blocks of iron-like stone. He recalled on the site, quote, What I saw there began to seep into my brain like ice water. Jumbled about in haphazard fashion were acres of squared, dressed, and notched stones.  Were these strange fragments, possibly once a single and very large object, they clearly share similarities with Waffle Rock, which is located in West Virginia. Are both these anomalous items connected? Were they once part of a very old and now semi-fossilized alien craft? What David has discovered may be another piece of the puzzle regarding the Waffle Rock mystery. In recent cases of strange rocks made up of strange metals are attributed to furnace activity. Yet I hope more investigation into this clearly huge and perplexing site is undertaken. How could this strange object possibly have come to be resting, broken into fragments within an Oklahoma forest? Another strange object made from a similar anomalous mineral metallic-like material is the ancient Baltic Sea anomaly. Are both of these strange artifacts ancient spaceships? More details regarding David and Sue's curious discovery is clearly needed. We will keep you posted. We previously covered an intriguing discovery made within a forest in Oklahoma, discovered by David Campbell and his wife, while following up on a curious lead. This discovery, as previously discussed, is a compelling link to Waffle Rock, another anomalous relic we've previously covered. Embedded in the dirt where it struck the ground many years prior, numerous specialists have postulated that it could be a fragment of an artificial craft, which disintegrated in the sky. What was astonishing regarding David's discovery was the similar structure of the object which they discovered, also partially buried and scattered amongst the woods. Probably the debris of this once enormous craft created using an intricate layering design of unknown metals, minerals and alloys. Although further studies of this compelling discovery have yet to be established, it is with understandable caution that those with knowledge of the area move forward. It must be noted that Waffle Rock, once a local landmark, had attracted a flurry of attention from geologists, scientists and ufologists who'd begun to ponder its unique and otherworldly characteristics. That was until the United States government moved in and submerged the artifact under several meters of water. The entire town which had built up around this ancient object were forced out to make way for a reservoir which flooded the entire area. We have therefore undoubtedly been compelled to research further regarding David's amazing discovery, also due to our extensive understanding of the studies undertaken upon Waffle Rock and this site's similarities with such. And unsurprisingly, we've not been disappointed with what's been unearthed. It seems folks have been fully aware of the unusual, quote, mineral deposits within the Oklahoma area for quite some time. It seems possible that the entire area is an ancient crash site of a once enormous alien craft. Known as the Oklahoma Mystery Stones, could these unexplainable fragments have once been part of an ancient spaceship? Found throughout Oklahoma, they are often mistaken for man-made objects, this clearly being due to their artificial appearance. And Oklahoma is not the only place we feel there could indeed be fragments of an ancient alien craft which crashed here on Earth. The founder of Mystery History gained access to detailed sonographic imagery showing the bottom of the Baltic Sea late last year. And now, due to the findings which were chased up by mainstream media outlets in early January, several other independent investigators surrounding Ocean X's discovery have arrived at the same suspicions. We strongly feel, due to our research, that the Baltic Sea anomaly is but a fragment of a much larger crash area which covers the seabed. Could these two objects have been part of the same ancient event? It seems while trying to solve one mystery surrounding these anomalies, you will often be confronted with several more. As always, thanks for watching.


Okay, thank you very much for the introduction. So to give you a quick overview of our results, so what we do is break a new additively homomorphic encryption scheme that was introduced by Sean Lee and so at SCMCCS 2014. So actually, so we give three different attacks, slightly different attacks that give you various information. So they are based on orthogonal lattices or copper Smith techniques depending on the attack. So we defeat both the symmetric and public invariance of the scheme. We defeat, so it's based on a new assumption called CoACD and we also break more general instances of that, more general than those that are used in the construction of the scheme themselves. So most of the attacks are heuristic. So the first one, you can probably prove them but we didn't bother. The other ones are mostly heuristic. But in practice, so the authors propose parameters and for those parameters, it's really easy to break everything. And it's easy to see that the attack has still worked for until very, very large parameters. It makes the scheme much less interesting that was thought originally. And so you may notice that Sean Lee and so are also authors on papers that attacked the CLT multinear maps. So that's totally unrelated to the fact that we are attacking the paper. So, okay, so additive leomorphic encryption, it's a quite useful primitive. So use it in many protocols, e-voting, PIR, computational sourcing and so on. And we don't have so many construction of it. So we have some, of course payet and shoo and other, you can use it, base it on an shoo and others. But most of them are not so efficient and so having more efficient options would be very nice. And so the authors, Sean Lee and so observe that you can construct it very easily from the approximate common divisor problem. But you need a huge parameters to make the problem hard. So as a result, it's not very efficient. So their idea is could we tweak the ACD problem in such a way that you still have a simple scheme for additive leomorphic encryption but with much better parameters. And so interesting efficiency. So here's the way you can construct. So here's first the ACD assumption. So basically, so you take some integer which is the product of some moderately large primes and some large number Q. And you ask whether you can distinguish between a number, the CRT here, which has a small reductions module of the prime PI and a number which is completely random. So that's the decision version of the ACD assumption. And so if this problem is hard, then it's easy to construct additive leomorphic encryption based on it. So what you do is, so the factors of this number X zero are the, is the secret key. You fix some constant Q and what you do is to encrypt some message which is the consist of numbers less than this constant Q. You simply add Q to some Q times E1, Q times EN, et cetera, which are random elements plus some randomness here to complete it and this number C. So if the assumption above is hard, then this should be distinguishable from random if you don't have the secret key. So this is in CPA if the problem above is hard. And to decrypt, you just, to recover MI, you just reduce this mod PI and then reduce mod Q. Okay, so with CoACD, CoACD, so it's kind of a dual, though I can't make that statement very precise. It's kind of, it looks like a dual of the ACD assumption. So it's the reverse. So instead of combining elements with the CRT, you kind of separate them. So what you do, the assumption says that, so you fix some primes P1, PN and some constant Q. And the assumption says that relatively small randomness E multiplied by Q, mod P1, et cetera, mod PN is indistinguishable from the same vector of elements less than P1, less than PN if you don't know the primes PI themselves. So of course the randomness E needs to be larger than at least each of the PIs, or this to make sense, but not too large either. So it's larger than the PIs, but less than the product or something like this, okay? And so then you also get similarly a homomorphic encryption scheme basically to encrypt message M, which is less than Q. You just add it to, you give out the vector of elements M plus EQ, mod P1, mod P2, et cetera, mod PN. And so to decrypt, you compute the back, the element mod the product using the Chinese randomness theorem, and you reduce mod Q and you retrieve M, okay? So those schemes are sort of similar in many aspects. So for example, these are symmetric key schemes that you can convert them to public key by giving out as a public key the product of the PIs and many encryptions of zero, so that you can sample randomness. So the ACD-based scheme, so as I said, it's very efficient because for security you need cybertext that are very large, like millions of bits, but what John et al said is that the co-ACD version should be secure with much smaller parameters. So they gave out, so Q is like 256 bits and the primes themselves are two of them and they are like 1,500 bits. And for such a choice of parameters, so actually CLS encryption becomes quite efficient. It's much faster than Payet. But unfortunately, it's not that secure. So what I'll describe is two of our three attacks. So the first one, for simplicity, I only consider the case of two primes, which is the one considered in the original paper. But in our, if you read the paper, we generalize that to more primes which breaks also the assumption. So the first attack says that if I give you a few known plaintexts, then you can decrypt everything. So this breaks the one-wayness of the encryption. So I'm considered the symmetric version, but of course it also breaks the publicly version. And it breaks the decision version of the co-ACD problem and it's based on autogonal lattices. So how does the attack look like? So let's say, so I have C1CT, safer text corresponding to messages, M1MT, and I know all of those messages except the first one. And I want to recover M1. So what I do is write those safer texts. So there are pairs, something reduced mod, so M plus CQ, reduce mod P1 and mod P2. And I put all the C, the first pairs reduce mod P1 in some vector C1, and the pairs reduce mod P2 in some C2. And so I have those expressions, expressed as vectors of T components. So then I consider, so we introduce U, which is a short vector, autogonal to the difference between those two. Okay, so what I observe is that I'll be interested in this vector in particular, which is M plus EQ minus C1. And so this vector is a multiple of P1 and it's C1 minus C2 minus a multiple of P2. So this means that if I take the scalar product between V, U and V, then this scalar product is divisible both by P1 because V is already divisible by P1 and also by P2 because the scalar product is zero times plus a multiple of P2. So it's divisible by the product. But so UV is divisible by this product, but the component V itself is much smaller than N. So as a result, if U is small enough, then UV should be zero over Z. And so in particular, so since V is M minus C1 minus EQ, if I reduce this mod Q, I should get that the scalar product between U and M minus C1 is divisible by Q. And recall that the components of M are less than. So as a result, so recall that I know U because I can find the short vectors in lattices. I know C1 and I know all the components of M except the first. So I get a nice linear relation in the last unknown components of M mod Q. And so we can recover it at least if certain GCD condition is satisfied. And otherwise, I can try another U or something like that. And so you can compute the success condition on the basically the dimension of the lattice. It's pretty easy and you find that at least the short vector exists if this is verified. And so for known parameters, the parameters proposed by CLS, they propose several for 128 bit security. And then it always works for T equals four. So three known plain texts. And I retrieve decrypt any ciphertext with a 100% probability attacks in few milliseconds. So you can actually pick parameters so that of course you can, so finding a vector. So if the parameters become big, the lattice dimension becomes very big. And you have a loss in what you can expect to do with the lattice reduction. So if you pick your primes very large, then you can ensure that it's invisible to find a vector which is short enough in the lattice. But for this you need the primes to be at least something like 400,000 bits minimum. And so of course this defeats the efficiency purpose of the scheme. So the second attack that I won't describe in details is slightly different. So it doesn't require any known plain text at all. But it only lets you decrypt small messages. So if I give you a vector of small messages, then I decrypt and I can decrypt all of them without having any known plain text. And it uses this time doubly orthogonal lattices. So as a result it's very heuristic. But it works very well in practice. You can generalize it in larger n and so on. And so the last attack. So it's say on the public key variant of CLS or the search version of the CoACD assumption. So what it does is, so in this public key variant of CLS, the public key is the product n equals p1, p2 and say encryptions of zero. And so what we show is that this data, just the public key, is enough to recover both of the primes p1, p2, to factor n. So you get a full recovery with just the public key. And so as I said, it breaks the search variant of CoACD. You can generalize it for larger n and so on. And what it uses is a combination of usuality reduction together with copper Smith techniques. So it works like this. So what you have is a t encryptions of zero. And your goal is to recover p1, p2, and you know n. So we do a similar thing as before. So we put the first coordinates, the c1s, the things that reduce mod p1 into a vector large c1. The things reduce mod p2 into a vector large c2. And so these are respectively the reductions mod p1 and p2 of e times q. There is no message because the message is zero. And as a result, so if you write the CRT relation, what you find is that e times q is c1 minus c2 times this thing, it's not p1, it's p1 bar, it's the first CRT coefficient plus a c2 mod n. So what you find is that e is a linear combination mod n of c1 minus c2 and this thing. So we introduce some lattice here, which is generated by the dimension t plus one generated by the rows of, so c1 minus c2 and zero, c2 times q minus one mod n, n2 to the row, and diagonal of n's, so it's a sub lattice of, so it's a sub lattice of, so in those t first components, it's a sub lattice of n times zn, n times zt. And so it contains as a short vectors c1 minus c2 and this thing v2, so as I said, e is a linear combination of these two, so it contains as a short vector this one. So what you can show is that for t large enough, so those two vectors are much shorter, or are expected to be much shorter than all of our independent vectors in the lattice. And so if you do a good job at lattice reduction, you should find that the first two vectors of your reduced basis should be v1, maybe up to sine, and so the second one, x2 should be, such that v2 is x2 plus a small multiple of x1. And so that's how I introduce Coppersmith here. So if I look at, let's say, I look at the first component of the first ciphertext and it satisfies that it's c11 minus qe1 is a multiple of p1. And so c12 minus qe2 is a multiple of p2, so the product is a multiple of n. And so this is e1 and this is e2. This is e1, this is e1. So as a result, this coefficient alpha here, which is small, is a small root of this polynomial here, for which I know all of the coefficients. And as a result, Coppersmith's theorem tells me that, so I can find the small roots modulo some numbers with a known factorization of the polynomial. And so I can find alpha. And as a result, I can find the vector e. And as a result, I can factor n by computing the gcd between c1 minus eq and n. So you can check the lattice dimension for this to work. So that's the condition. And so for parameters in the original paper, you find that t equals three is actually enough. So it necessarily breaks all instances of the public scheme. In practice, running the attacks takes less than half a second with a 100% success rate with a naive implementation. And you can extend it to larger n. So in that case, you need a variant of Coppersmith's theorem due to Alexander May. And it's also very efficient. But maybe not so efficient, depending on which parameter you check. So it's useful to rely on an improvement of Coppersmith's computation due to B at R at PKC last year. Okay, so as a result, so to conclude, so what we did is break CLS encryption and crazy problem are pretty much broken. So you can still obtain safe parameter choices, probably, at least to resist this attack is possible, but they are too large to be of a much practical interest. So actually, so this paper came after another one where we broke with a Tancred, where broke a more naive actively homomorphic scheme by those authors, by PIR. So they also claimed a very efficient actively homomorphic scheme, but unfortunately it was very insecure. And so it seems that it's a pretty hard problem, but I'd like to say that it shouldn't keep us from looking for new interesting assumptions, which would be interesting crypto. And actually, so we don't have so many papers recently that introduce assumptions, especially give security parameters for them and give work for the crypto analysts. Thank you very much.


Alright guys, first fish, I mean that's a good one, look at his eye, that's a great one. Oh my God! First cast, baby! We double up, first cast! My goal is to start posting videos and I'm going to.  I'm going to put 110% effort in that, I'm going to do it. That's what I'm talking about, baby, that's what I'm talking about. Yeah, let's go with scale. I'm a fishing practice, why not just be some practice, right? Yeah, we have to take this one in, you know, it's a tough tournament, we had a good practice, you know, it's just fishing. And that's what it is, I mean we already called, I'm so thankful for that, the past couple of events have been awesome. I'm very thankful for my coach, my sponsors and my family, I wouldn't be here without them. No doubt about it, thank you so much, please. Here we go guys, it's got a solid one, this is the kind that we need. It's a better one right here. 13 pounds for it, 35 pounds for it. Let's hear it for those guys, good job, congratulations. We're going to say goodbye to everybody on Bassmaster.com. This has been a fantastic tournament for us. If you want to check out all the results and all the photos, picture galleries. You know, this is just what I do, this is what I love. You know, there's nothing more in this world that I want to be doing and a lot of people are saying this isn't my passion, you know, all these haters, you know, talking trash and you know, that's just what it is and everyone's going to have those in life but all I got to say is, you know, keep looking up and you know, this year was just such a humbling experience and such a great experience and you know, I achieved everything I wanted to achieve and I'm so thankful for it. I heard college in the books completely done and I can be more happy, you know, it's just crazy and I actually had something happen to me today that I'm really excited about and I don't want to show you guys. Right here guys. I actually got the Angler of the Year this year. I'm so happy and you know, thankful for it. I can't be more thankful for that, you know. It's absolutely amazing.  Come on, easy, easy with him, easy with him. Get him in there. Yeah, yeah. Come on, sir. Yes! Baby, final day, four fish in the boat early. Look at this, this is what we've been waiting for. This is what we need. Oh my God, please. Keep him down, keep him down, keep him down. He came all the way. Thank you, Lord, thank you Lord. Thank you, Lord. That's a good one right there, boys. One more, one more. That's what we need. I would just like to thank you guys so much for watching this video. You know, this year has just been a phenomenal year and, you know, I really want to be here without you guys and everything that you guys helped me with. You know, I really want to be where I'm at right now if it wasn't for everyone watching this video, supporting this video, supporting me and my journey with what I'm doing and it's just amazing. You know, it's really unbelievable. Everything that I got to accomplish this year is something I honestly wanted to accomplish in the four years that I was at SCAD, everything that I wanted to accomplish in those four years I pretty much accomplished my freshman year and it's just unreal to think about and it's unreal, you know, that it actually happened and I'm so blessed and so thankful for it and it's just absolutely amazing, you know. This year for SCAD, you know, achievements, I got, you know, got the 4.0 I was wanting to get. You know, I set those goals in a video previously and I achieved them because I wanted it that bad. You know, I got that 4.0, I got Angler of the year, took them to the first trophies at SCAD, qualified for both national championships, which one of the national championships are coming up and it's just absolutely amazing. So for everyone watching this video that's in high school fishing, college fishing, or just fishing in general, I just really hope this video motivated you and I really hope that everyone gets motivated from watching me and everyone that looks up to me. Thank you guys so much and it's just absolutely amazing. If you guys didn't get motivation out of all that, I don't know what to say because they had my adrenaline pumping and I don't know if it's just because I've lived the experiences or because it really hit me that hard. But what I want you guys to do is please, please, please, please share this video with your friends. Get this video out there. I want to help inspire other people, inspire other fishermen and just inspire other people in general with life and help people out in a positive way. That's just the biggest thing and it's just unreal. It's unreal. I'm almost speechless because it's just crazy. But overall, if you guys could, please share this video with your friends. And I want you guys to leave a comment below as well on what you guys thought about the video, if you guys like the style of the video. This is something totally different. This is a video not only did I make for you guys but I actually made for myself as well to go look back on this video years later and say, wow, I achieved so much. I'm just looking forward for this upcoming year and hopefully I can do even better and achieve even more goals this upcoming year. Possibly get Angular the year again, qualify for both national championships, get all those 4.0's that I'm wanting on the grades in school, the complete package, and end it for the long game. But overall, thank you guys so much for watching. If you could, please hit the thumbs up button that really supports me. It really means a lot. Share this video with your friends. Please subscribe and there's actually a little bell next to the subscribe button if you could. Please hit that and also leave a comment below. I really want all of you guys to leave a comment below on what you guys thought about this video. Everything you guys thought, what you think about my videos, what you thought about this video, just the whole deal. But overall, thank you guys so much. You guys mean the world to me and I'll catch you guys in the next video.


Hi. Welcome to Sailor.org's Mechanics One course. My name is Sean Conner. I'm the archivist at Sailor.org and normally I help our consultants find resources for the courses over at Sailor.org, but today I'm welcoming you to the Mechanics One course. This course is all about things. Buildings, containers, pipes, ridges, things that are supposed to stay still, and the forces that act on them, which tend to make them move or collapse or fall apart or break. How does a bridge withstand tons of cars driving over it every day? How much snow can pile up on that old plastic picnic table in the yard before it begins to bend or break? In this course we'll be looking at the mechanics of things. Why they break or don't break. Why they stay still or move. The lessons you learn here will help you understand everyday things, the things you see around you, and why they happen the way they do. And if you decide to pursue a career in engineering, these lessons will help you be able to design, test, and manufacture safe products. This is a college level course. Most schools split their intro to mechanic courses into two separate courses, one on statics and one on solids. This course will cover both. We'll begin with statics or objects that are not accelerating. Objects that are at rest, not moving, or at least moving at a constant speed. Mostly we'll be dealing with stationary objects. A book, a desk, the building down the street, and we'll be asking what happens when different forces act on these objects. What happens if I push the book off the desk or if I twist the top off the bottom? We'll be talking about solids next and the different forces that can affect the shape or form of solids.  What's going on there? We'll also be looking at how different forces can actually break or fracture a solid. Obviously this is helpful to an engineer who's trying to design something new. The engineer should ask him or herself, what can I do to make this fail? The ultimate goal is to be able to design products that won't break or buckle. Before we begin, there's a few reminders I'd like to give to you. First, this course will take about 100 to 110 hours to complete. Now that's a lot of time, but it's also similar to what a typical semester course would be at a college. Try to develop a schedule and set aside some time each day to complete the work. Second, the materials in this course are taken from a variety of sources. For one thing we have wonderful lectures from Dr. Walter Lewin of MIT. We have readings from Dr. Negobon of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, and we also have materials from our staff here at Sailor.org. Finally, while each unit has an end of unit assessment, your whole grade in this course will come from the two-hour final exam. A score of 70% on that is passing, and you'll get your grade as soon as you quick submit. Good luck.