G'day, how you going? My name is Tech and welcome to my channel Bootlossophy. I acknowledge the traditional custodians of the lands that I live and work on, the Wajik people of Nungabuja. My channel being named Bootlossophy is normally a boot review channel but today I'm bringing to you this RM Williams dry skin cotton jacket. This is a waterproof waxed oil skin coat in the style and fashion of a traditional Aussie oil skin that's been used in bushware by farmers and cattle and sheep station workers since the late 1890s. Edward Leroy was a Scottish sailor working on wing jammer ships that sailed around the world and he first experimented making waterproof garments to use on ships by dressing sailcloth in a mixture of linseed oil and wax. When he settled in New Zealand he and his Australian partner T.E. Pearson started making oil skin coats in Sydney. Demand grew immediately and the coat was adapted to the Aussie bush lifestyle not only as waterproof rain gear but also adapted with slits and flaps to be used while riding a horse. For example this fan tail at the back and this split opening at the front comes from the knee to have room to sit astride a saddle. This example by RM Williams and it's called the brown dry skin cotton jacket. RM Williams of course is famous for their craftsmen and other Chelsea boots. Strong sturdy Aussie yard riding and work Chelsea boots that have now become de rigueur fashion items for the boardroom or at the pub. RM Williams was founded by Reginald Murray Williams in 1932 on the back of his whole cut Chelsea boot but they have always made bush work accessories including saddles, hats, mole skin pants and tough shirts and coats like these. Unlike their boots which have always been made in Australia many of their other goods have had their manufacturing shipped overseas. In the past since RM's sale of the company to others the company has passed through several hands including non-Australian hedge funds and French luxury brand Louis Vuitton Moy Hennessey. However a few years ago Australian billionaire miner Twiggy Forrest bought the company and brought its ownership back to Australia. In doing so in 2021 the owners made the announcement that they would bring all of the manufacturing back to Australia to sit beside the boots as made in Australia. Now my regular viewers will know that I'm not dying the ditch about where something is made but as in Australia nevertheless it feels good to know that there's a company that will support our industrial capacity and Aussie jobs and experience. This dry skin jacket is made in Australia and has been for some years. It is a wax cotton cloth not canvas or sail cloth and so feels softer to the touch with a very light impregnation of wax on the 100% cotton outer layer. The lining is cotton polyester with their famous Longhorn logo printed all over it. The lining and the windproof nature of the wax cotton makes this a warm coat for temperatures down to say 15 Celsius and if it gets any colder you can throw a jumper on under it. Going through the jacket it's a mid-length jacket or coat going down to the upper thigh. The back of it has a waistband sewn on with two buckles so that you can cinch the waist tight.   The sleeves are cut a little longer for protection of the arms when you're on a horse or a motorbike. The cuffs are adjustable with these pop buttons so that you can close down the opening in wet weather. You close the jacket with these RM Williams solid brass pop buttons. There's also one right at the top to close any gaps and four others down the opening but stopping short waist high providing an opening again for sitting down. We all know that feeling when you get in the car on a bike and the front of your jacket kind of crunches on up here. Pocket-wise there are two pockets at the hips both with usable protective flaps. The flap on the left has a leather longhorn logo sewn on. These are nice roomy pockets and although they're not bellowed to expand you can throw just about anything in them. The pocket pouch is actually internal the opening is just a tailored slit there are there's no seams and the pocket itself is sewn in internally. I'm guessing this is designed to have less seams that water can get through to keep whatever is in your pockets dry. I wouldn't have minded though the addition of some bellows or expandability there as often when you're wrapped up in a waterproof jacket and you're fully buttoned up you want to throw all sorts of things you know keys tools paper maps into your pockets outside of the jacket without having to undo the buttons. There are no breast pockets again I think to avoid seams and I don't mind that with two roomy pockets down there. There is one inside pocket on the left breast the opening is a vertical one easily reached and the pocket itself is quite deep deep enough to put your phone in there and I know that it feels secure in fact the placement of this pocket is quite high on the breast which means that it's easy to reach and even if you're fully buttoned up all you need to do is just basically pop this one button open and you can reach in. It's well put together there are very few external seams and what there are seems to be double folded and double stitched so that to provide water resistance the stitching is even and it looks pretty good. The hardware the buttons and buckles are heavy brass and they've been sewn on very securely the edges like at the breast pockets are rolled and lined. The wax cotton is waterproof I can attest to that my top half has been kept dry in a storm here in the southwest of western Australia in winter and if I have one criticism albeit it's a criticism of all short coats it's that my pants got very wet. The wax infusion is very light you don't get them moving and crackling that you get and say the flint and tinder wax trucker jacket where the wax sits on the surface before it's heated into the sail cloth. I don't think this was patina in this case I think the cotton material is immersed in a wax bath by the way it feels it's not waxy or oily or sticky at all as for care RM Williams just says to store it in a cool dry place presumably so it doesn't get moldy and to clean it with cold water only. I don't think it's hard to look after just don't throw it into a washing machine and I wouldn't send it to the dry cleaners you can re-proof the coat. RM Williams sells a re-proofing conditioner and they say that once you re-proof you need to heat it into the surface with a hair dryer. I've had this coat for eight years now and I've used it in all sorts of conditions I've thrown it into the back of a wet and muddy car as well as into the dusty tray of a ute and it still feels proofed so I wouldn't worry about re-proofing yours for many a year. As for sizing I take a medium in most clothing including coats and jackets and I take a medium in this. I'm five foot nine that's about 175 176 centimeters and I weigh 74 to 75 kilos that's about 160 plus pounds. I'm of light built maybe don't tell anyone with a little middle-aged spread starting this jacket in medium fits me very well it's comfortable on not too heavy not too light it's just right across my shoulders and the sleeves are a bit long but that's for a reason it's water protection it can easily fit over a thick jumper of your wearing one and it will keep you dry and warm. Now I bought this eight years ago when it cost I think about 250 Australian dollars on your website now they list at 499 dollars gulp kind of like their boots the is it worth it question is a little coloured by the knowledge that you may be paying a premium for the name and the reputation at 499 bucks I can't honestly say that it's worth every penny at a hundred dollars less I'd feel more comfortable but it's what you like or want I guess if you want a really securely waterproof and windproof jacket that will last you for a long time under almost any conditions and you want an RM Williams coat this is worth it to you so there you are a departure from boots but a coat made by a boot brand and after all if you wear boots you have to wear clothes that suit I hope you like this type of review if you did please let me know in the comments below so I know whether to make more videos like this and of course don't forget click on the like button also if you're not already subscribed why aren't you by the way don't forget to click on the subscribe button so that you don't miss the videos I'll be pulling out about boots boot reviews and boot brand comparisons as well as maybe the odd gear stay tuned until then take care and I'll see you again soon


Today I am presenting a unique case of a DKA which is an acidotic state that can potentially be deadly. This case is associated with Jordyans. It is an SGLT2 inhibitor that is used and the case was complicated by ketosis induced by a ketogenic diet and it was unmasking type 1 diabetes in this patient previously mistakenly diagnosed and treated as having type 2 diabetes. Stay tuned. So the questions we will rise today guys. Can ketogenic diet increase the likelihood of diabetic ketosis in patients treated with SGLT2 inhibitors which are Jordyans in Vokana, Steglato and Farsiga? The second question is, is ketogenic diet safe in patients with type 1 or type 1 and a half diabetes that can be misdiagnosed as type 2 diabetes? Here's our case. A 70 year old Caucasian woman with a medical history significant for type 2 diabetes duh it's a diabetes channel and hypothyroidism presented to the emergency department with shortness of breath, dizziness and four days of nausea and vomiting. On presentation she had normal vital signs except for elevated heart rate so the remainder of the exam was fairly unremarkable. So six months before her presentation patient relocated to her current down and before that time her diabetes was co-managed by different primary care doctors. So she was put on oral agents and blood sugars were not well controlled so she has been transitioned to insulin, not uncommonly seen. On initial evaluation her diabetes was inadequately controlled by the primary care doctors and her A1C was around 8.7% along with that long-acting glardine that she was taking at ten units daily and she was also taking regular correctional insulin which some people call sliding scale. During her follow-up visits she reported frequent episodes of early morning hypoglycemia. So low blood sugars, early morning low blood sugars. So she's on insulin, she's having low blood sugars. Now what do you do right? So you would think that she's taking probably too much insulin but you're right. So what they did they actually added metformin on top of her regimen and they discontinued their sliding scale. Well I'm gonna come to the bottom of this case but I'm just gonna tell you the problem here is that they started her on metformin which can actually make the low blood sugar worse because she is already on insulin and long-acting insulin typically cause low blood sugar if it is given too much although ten units doesn't sound too much but for this patient it was it would increase the risk of low blood sugar. Stopping the sliding scale wouldn't really change that because sliding scale insulin typically used for short-acting insulin and short-acting insulin will last in your body only three to four hours so overnight there will be no effect from the sliding scale insulin unless you take the sliding scale insulin right before bedtime which is not recommended. Anyways one month before her admission her A1c actually increased to 8.9 although she was having low blood sugar that doesn't make any sense so her blood sugars must be between 50 and 250 all the time which we see frequently at the initial presentation.  So along the same timeline she also said you know what screw that I'm just gonna go ahead and start on a ketogenic diet because my sugars are running high doctors are adding pills and insulin nothing is happening and she was on protein and fat diet with occasional salads so because of her blood sugar was not elevated at the presentation the doctors were perplexed. They didn't really think about diabetic ketoacidosis because that typically presents with high blood sugar initially not when you're on Jardins or Farsiga or in Volcano. So the doctor thought about potential involvement of Jardins because in the label of Jardins it says that it can cause DKA. So they used a modified protocol of DKA because the protocol of treating a DKA says if your blood sugar is this high give this much insulin but this patient's sugar was not high because she was on a ketogenic diet in addition to that she was on Jardins and insulin but she was still having an acedotic state because of a combination of ketogenic diet and being on Jardins at the same time. Then doctors started thinking about maybe this patient actually have type 1 diabetes because for diabetic ketoacidosis to happen typically patients need to have minimal to no insulin and then they tested GAD antibodies and GAD antibodies came back positive confirming the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. Now in this case you may say that this is not a clear type 1 diabetes because patient did not present with DKA initially and did not start on insulin immediately. In those cases most of the time we classify them as actually type 1.5 diabetes between type 1 and type 2 but the risk of type 1 and a half diabetes is that they have very minimal insulin production left and agents like this like Jardins or any other SGLT2 inhibitor can throw this people off into DKA especially if they are on ketogenic diet. She was discharged home on basal bolus insulin so that she doesn't come back with DKA and of course Jardins and metformin was discontinued. So in this patient it took 36 hours to treat DKA which is a stark increase compared to previously reported cases or typical cases of 11 hours of DKA resolution. Well to conclude guys this case was a DKA diabetic ketoacidosis associated with the Jardins or any other SGLT2 inhibitor in that regard and starvation ketoacidosis resulting from ketogenic diet. So if you're on these agents and if you're trying to be on a keto diet be extremely careful and stay away from hospital. Stay well stay tuned we'll see in the next video guys. Hey guys I hope you're enjoying this channel so far and I hope you subscribed already. If you didn't do it and if you did watch this video right there I think that will help you too.


Arepa and Choclo. We in little Colombia right now, I'm coppin' Colombian football jerseys. Arepa de Colombo. Goleso! This is Colombian Independence Day, so we do it big. No, this is real Queens, not Dairy Queen. All right, it could sell. This is about to be a good episode. What comes to mind when you think about the country of Colombia? It's probably something you saw on TV and let's be honest, it probably was rated R. But what's shown in the media can be very different from the reality of everyday life. Today we're gonna find out about authentic guava hot dogs, soccer, and bandeja pisces with our friend Jay Shells in Jackson Heights, Queens, New York. What's going on, everybody? Welcome to a special South American episode of Fungro's Food Today. We're here out in Jackson Heights, Queens, out here on Northern Boulevard, and we are gonna be trying different types of authentic Colombian cuisine. And of course, we couldn't do it without eight authentic Colombian friends, so we got Jay Shells. What's going on, guys? My name is Jay Shells, first generation Colombian, born and raised in Queens, New York. And I'm gonna show these fine gentlemen some amazing Colombian food. So we are on Northern Boulevard. I see a ton of Colombian businesses. Can we call this little Colombia? We'll call it for today. But there's no official name. No official name, no official name. There are a lot of Colombian flags out here. We're a lot more than a stereotypical narcos. There's more to Colombia than what you see on TV. That's the media! It's the media! Colombia itself as a country is so diverse in itself. I mean, the top part of Colombia is a little bit more Caribbean. You have the more inland area.  Even as far as people and food and culture, right? And language. And language.  I'm super excited. Jay, man, I'm excited. Let's eat! Jay Shells, let's go! All right, first off, we are leading off at La Perrada de Chalo. So what is this spot? So this is an appetizer. You know, we have quick foods. It's 24 hours. This is usually where everybody comes like after the clubs, after parties. Okay. It's not real sit and dine. Just grab and go. So is this something that you might eat in Colombia? Nothing here is really your traditional type of plates. This is, like I said, very Americanized and catered to now, you know, the United States. For your traditional plates, La Andeja Paisa, Arepas and Panas, Buñuelos, you can get over at like the restaurant over there. But we're going to get that later. We're going to make over there. Yeah, let's check this out. All right, you guys, we're in La Perrada de Chalo. La Perrada de Chalo. What is the story behind the Hawaiian hot dog? So the Hawaiian hot dog is a mixture of different sauces and condiments all mounted on top of one. You're going to see it when we order it right now. It's actually, I eat it with a fork and a knife. It's real messy. It tastes very, very different than your typical American hot dog. So what we're about to eat is strictly Colombian American late night food. Queens, New York. Queens, New York. Queens, Northern Boulevard food. All right, you guys, while we are waiting for our Colombian Hawaiian hot dogs, where are we at? Because we just got to get something in our stomachs right now. So I brought them over to the panería to get a couple of small stuff like puñuelo, empanadas, arepas, chorizo and maybe some special drinks. Okay, so this is a Colombian bakery, Ceba Ceba, let's check it out.  I'm very excited right now. The thing that strikes me is how different it looks from, I'm from the West Coast, most of Latin bakeries that I've been in my life are Mexican. We'll notice a very distinct taste. It can look the same, but like I said, different South American countries in Central America with Mexico. You're going to notice a taste and a difference in how it's cooked, how it's made, how it's served.  What other cuisine, I guess, that other people might be familiar with, would you say Colombian is close to? Is it close to Cuban food? Is it close to Peruvian food? I personally eat Dominican, Puerto Rican food and I eat a lot of Cuban food and they're all very, very different. Arepa and choco. Yeah, that was good. How good is it? Super fluffy. I like this one even more than the Araba. Really? I hope the engine doesn't kill me for this, but we make the best empanadas.  I know empanadas is a big thing amongst the Latin American countries because everybody got their own. We make the best empanadas. This is the amuana. That's the pan de yucca. It's like a mochi. It's like a cheese mochi. Yes, yes. That might be my favorite. The amuana? Yeah, there's a cheese here, right? Yeah, you guys, seba seba, Colombian bakery, I determined that my favorite was the amuana. Amuana? Yeah.  Did you try the empanada? You said you like the medical one, so that's... All right, do you stand by seba seba that they're going to deliver a good... 100%! This is a good empanada, not just like a run of the mill... I fell in the ring. So usually I like the fluffier fried ones that are flour, but this one being corn and it has a thin, very crispy, hard corn crust. That one was really good. This was good. All right, guys, yo, that was a great warm-up at seba seba. I'm ready to go get the hot dogs. All right, you guys, while we are crossing the street and we're going to check out some Colombian soccer jerseys, I'm drinking the lula. Hugo lulo. I'm Hugo the lula. Hey, you guys, we are in La Perada, Chowdog. La Perada de Chowdog. I will say this, at every Colombian restaurant that I've been to and maybe I didn't go to the most authentic ones, they usually do have, at least, the Americanized Colombian hot dog. So maybe this is like having kind of like your orange chicken or general sauce at your Chinese spot. A lot of authentic Chinese restaurants will still serve those dishes just because it's what everybody knows. Oh, they're popular, right? Traditional American hot dog. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Hawaiian hot dog. You see this? You can see the cheese on top. You see the crush chips. You don't even know where to begin. You can see the mayo. Oh man, I can only take one bite, guys, because I know we got a lot of food to go. You know, one thing I really liked about that hot dog, it was really smooth, creamy and had the sweetness because of that guava jam or whatever it is. That was like spicy, sweet, creamy on a hot dog with some cheese. That was good. All right. Hugo with the egg, man. So how was this different? How are you doing it, brother? Didn't you chill out? How was this different? It has the egg? It doesn't have the guava sauce. No guava sauce. Okay, so the guava sauce, that's what makes it really different because that is super un-westered. Like Americans would not put guava on a hot dog. I don't know. I think I might like that one better. Really? Bro, there was still got a little guava underneath the egg. Yeah, there was still some guava.  All right, J, our next spot on this Colombian food crawl. We're about to get dessert. I brought them over to the Palacio de los Cholados, a little bit of sweet after everything they just ate was a little salty, fried, mixture of a lot of everything. This is going to be the little cherry on top. I've never had a cholado before, so I'm super excited. You said that these are heavy, right? Yes, they are. They're extremely heavy. It's a mixture of fruits and condensed milk. Let's check it out. El Palacio. J, paint me a picture, man. We got the cholado. Summer in Queens growing up. This is refreshing. This is after the park, after the pool, after being a fleshing metal part for a couple of hours. So instead of the Dairy Queen, that doesn't exist. Right, that doesn't exist, man. You come here. You get one of these. No, this is real Queens, not Dairy Queen. All right, so I can see a lot of condensed milk. I see a lot of strawberries. David, go ahead and grab. Is there like a cherry? There's like a slushy portion to this down at the bottom. Yes, it's iced. Oh, iced, all right. Crushed ice. Cholado. I'm a big fan of condensed milk. You know growing up, Hong Kong also consume a lot of condensed milk. Do they really? Yeah. No shade, but the cholados might also give you diabetes. Yes, I do recommend once a month, not a daily thing. Oh, he's going in. He's going in for brain freeze. Man, that's really good. It's so guilty. It's exactly what you think it is. Condensed milk, strawberries, slushy. For a hot day like this. Oh, man. Shout out to the cholada. I don't know if I can finish the rest though. All right, you guys, we are in little Columbia for today and I'm seeing groups of Colombians walk by and they actually all look super different from each other. Colombians come in all shape and sizes. I believe it or not, I do Asian a lot. Okay, I can see you have Filipino for sure. I get that. Yeah, but you're Colombian and Asian mixed. I'm like, no, I'm Colombian, 100%. All right, well, where are we in front of right now? Because we've been having a lot of snacks and baked drinks, appetizers, dessert. But we haven't had like traditional restaurant meals yet. We're going in for the main course right now. We're going in for... That is the national dish of Colombia, correct? Fish, yes. I heard it's because everybody's got to get up and work hard. So it's designed to give you a lot of protein and energy. It's definitely a car blow. You're going to get a lot of energy. It's definitely a big plate for one person. But keep in mind, it is for one person. We'll probably be splitting it up and getting some other stuff as well. So let's check it out. Let's hold those. And he's celebrating Independence Day today, right? Oh, right. You guys are waiting for the Independence of Colombia, right? Oh, is that... You didn't know that? So today is the Colombian Independence Day. Yeah, July 20th. Perfect. All right, forgive my ignorance. Independence from who? Oh, baby, you got me stumped there. You threw me under the bus there. I saw it, and you threw me back there. This is agar panela. This is a childhood memory. You know, every Colombian household has this. Is this a brown sugar? Brown sugar, but the flavor is just sugar cane. There's no other flavor other than sugar cane. It's like an iced tea. If you want to call that, go for it. And this is the guava one. Yes, in milk. I've never had anything like that before. Guava. I don't know what fruit that's from. That is very refreshing. I like this. It's a little tangy, sweet, slightly has like some tamarind flavoring to it. Your average household iced tea. Yo, this guava milkshake is pretty good. You like it? Aren't you guys, round one has arrived here and lost all those. This is a very traditional Colombian restaurant. If you have one in your city that is authentic, it's probably serving this. Bandeja paisa, also known as Bandeja Montañera, sopita, and una picada. All right, so this is the national dish of Colombia. Yes, this is a very typical Colombian dish. And you just told me that different places have a different name for this, correct? Yeah, they call it Bandeja Montañera, Bandeja típica, or Bandeja paisa. So this is designed to give you energy in the morning to go and do some hard labor. Wait, and this is meant for one person? This is a one person. What kind of labor are they doing? Bandeja paisa. We in Colombia, guys. I gotta get that chicharrona, it's delicious. I feel like the flavors are keeping it so simple, but so good. This is a great bite right here. I have it, if I have rice, I have the medoras, I have the chicharrona. How's about this mixed flavor? This is just a mixture of meat. We have carnazada, chicharrona, yucca, we also have chorizo, which is a sausage. Carnazada, the plantains. You mentioned earlier, right? The difference in the spices. Not as spicy, but just as flavorful. Yeah. Andrew's playing this more though. He's putting together the bites. We are calling it the mixologist. Yeah, yeah, he's putting it together right. You guys, here I got beef, got some carrots. It looks like maybe some cucumbers or not. No, cilantro. Cilantro, okay, I'm excited to try this. I'm a big soup guy. This almost reminds me of the Vietnamese bone call. So it's like this really thick kind of beef curry stew, and that's from the Vietnamese, obviously with some French influence, but this just is like that thick beef stew that just, it works in every culture, man. Even on a hot day, it's good. Yo, I don't even get that 100 degrees, right? Somebody's got to be drinking that soup. If you liked it, if you said you're a soup guy. I'm a soup guy. How do you guys feel about the fried egg on top? Oh, the fried egg was crucial. The fried egg was crucial, man. The reason I asked that is because a lot of people get thrown off like.  And I'm glad you said that because without it, it just doesn't give you the same flavor, it doesn't give the same impact, right? It doesn't deliver that taste. Can I tell you something though? Actually, the most underrated item of this whole meal. I say the beans. Really? The beans are delicious. These are some of the best beans I've ever had. I mean, look at the flavor. I could see the flavor in those beans, man. How it's yellow.  So you asked me earlier, right? The difference between the Puerto Rican Dominican and Colombian, right? The beans, you notice, you said you have Cuban food, right? You notice they use black beans. We use red kidney beans. Mexicans use refried beans. Mmm. All right. Details and differences in beans. All right, you guys, we just finished our traditional restaurant meal at Los Toldos. We are starting to wrap it up, but we still got one portion left, right, Jay? Where are we going? We're going to La Repa Radio 37. So this is not actually the only like little Columbia Street, right? No, no, not at all. This is definitely one of my favorites, one of my childhood memories as far as hanging out, eating, culture, everything. So we're headed to another street. We're going to talk about culture, media representation, stereotypes all over some traditional Colombian and non-traditional arepas. If you go further down that way, right, you're going to hit more India. If you go further down that way, you'll hit way more Dominican when you get junction. Honestly, Queens is like a gigantic international terminal for like Delta. It's a color of Benetton's commercial. Dude, it really is a united colors of Benetton commercial. We just walked four blocks. Only four blocks, and the country different it is for you guys. Every time I come to Queens, man, it blows my mind. We were on Northern Verlava, now we're on 37th. What's different? Immediately, I'm noticing a lot more different South American countries. Yes. More Mexican restaurants, more commercial. We're also two blocks away from the Seventh Train. Anyone who's ever ridden the Seventh Train knows how diverse the Seventh Train takes. Famous for diversity. 100%, you know that you're taking the Seventh. You have to take the Seventh Train. First of all, it's a free tour guide from Shea Stadium, right? You know what? All the way to Manhattan. Everybody that is super racist in America should be forced to take the Seventh Train. Like I said, holy, that is the best way to put it. Let's solve racism with the Seventh Train. With the Seventh Train, that's it. I love that quote. I love that quote. I actually love that. It's a great analogy. So we're going to check out the Arepa Lady, which is Colombian, but I'm seeing Uruguay spots, Peruvian spots, Italian spots, this spot, that spot, Mexican spots, Mexican spots. All right, so we're on our way to the Arepa Lady, but David, you're going to make a stop. You're going to go to Poyol's Alabrasa. So what is- I've heard this is the Colombian answer to Peruvian chicken. Yes, you had mentioned earlier, Peruvian chicken is something you specifically like, right? I got to put you on the spot, Jake. Peruvian chicken. You taking this over P-O-P-O? Yes, 100%. I will. I stick with it. I stick with it. But to defend myself, I normally go to the one on 84th and Peruzzi. Peruzzi, well, for those who are not native to Queens. Okay. I was totally caught off guard by how lively this street was. There's a Colombian cafe right behind us. I'm glad you saw that. What is this, Cafe de Colombia? Yes, actually. Why don't you guys pop in here and get something? I'll meet you guys at the Arepa Lady. I'm going to iPhone, guys. This is the Arepa Spa. It is something homemade. The owner, she was, I've been selling Arepas for more than like 30 years on the street. She came from Colombia a very long time, but her kids are very young age. Some of her sons, they actually took over the business, but they wanted to make it, you know, something more, something for families because it's more like a family thing, but they're really good and they've made a really good name for themselves. They've been in a lot of places. All right, you guys, we are at round five, Cinco, Final Stage, Ultimate Boss. You guys, we're at Arepa Lady, where it's the kids, they sort of like took what their mom was doing that was so popular, right? And they wanted to sort of like, what? Modernize it? Modernize it, make it more pop culture-y.  The New York generation, right? Yes. So here we have a mixture. So these are from the Arepa Lady. And then we also have the Coyo Alabrasa, and then we have some more different style of bakery items. Andrew, Andrew, just say what you said off camera. All right, listen, man. Say what you said off camera. What did you say off camera? I saw J Balvin eat these in a video with munchies. Split it with me. Take half. Amazing. Game over. All right, so I have to eat these because J ate them. Chicharon a la quipe. Stay with me. Chicharon a la quipe. Real quick, I'm gonna go into the Coyo Alabrasa. You know, sort of like, we have a Columbia take on a Lotus here, we got a Columbia take on Peruvian chicken. I'm going in there. The Peruvian one is gonna be a little bit more like herbaceous, I think, a little bit more saltiness on the outside. But I will say this green sauce wins. I like this one. So a lot of my friends love the green sauce, especially in California, when I've introduced it to them. This is like creamy oil right here. Not as spicy. Because you lived in San Diego for a while because you were in the military, right? Yeah, I still live in San Diego. So you have a lot of experience being like a Colombian ambassador to a lot of people who have never been exposed to it. Okay, and one of the jobs of being a Colombian ambassador is to tackle Colombian stereotypes. Yes. Real quick, man. Unless the elephant in the room in terms of cultural stereotypes, is Columbia at all like Narcos? No, not at all. Not in modern day. Where does it come from? There's so much stuff in Narcos about Pablo Escobar, and that's sort of like what is top of mind, right, when people think of Columbia. Unfortunately, yes. It really sidetracks so much other cool things that Columbia has. Like I said, I mentioned earlier, race car drivers, famous painters, famous musicians, artists. There's so much more to Columbia than anything having to do with Narcos. It is true that obviously in America, as international it is, we are just kind of subject to the larger media narratives, right? Hollywood, right? I'm pretty sure, you know, being Asian, same things follow. People used to always ask me if I know kung fu. Now people ask me if I'm with the CCP. So that's the best thing about being Colombian and also being Colombian in Queens. You have your diversity of friends and what we do and what we represent, right? We have people like Jay Balvin and Maluma and Shakita who are musicians, right, and influencers in the fashion world and the creative world. Then you have race car drivers. F1 race car drivers, right? So it's a huge buffet style of people. So as far as the whole Narcos narrative, no, I couldn't tell you anything about that. I don't even know. So let's go through some stereotypes. Colombians really love to drink coffee all the time. Yes. Also, that's one of our number one exports. The women are all beautiful. 100% proof is in the pudding, right? You just gotta look at the pictures. All Colombians are party animals. Yes. Okay. Jay, you gotta have some of this. I gotta get this shrimp burger, bro. Colombian shrimp burger. No, no, it's delicious. It has a red sauce in there, just like that sauce. Potato chips already in the burger as well. No, one thing I love about Colombian food is the use of that guava jam. All right, you guys, we're looking at arepa queso and a arepa... Poncharizo. Chocolate. Wow, this arepa is very thick, very dense. This is really good. I love the mixture of the sweetness, man.  Every morning, mine is a chorizo.  Unfortunately, as he says, there's a coffee. My mom will not start her day without a coffee. Monday, the day doesn't exist. We'll have to restart it and there's no coffee. So, is that a pretty like steered typical breakfast or typical breakfast where it's like arepa and coffee? The very last thing we are having today, Andrew, bust out the elotes and this arepa de choclo. Corn arepa right here. A different format than the other one. Made differently, right? Yes. Arepa de choclo. Yo, this is very good. What's that, bro? This is crazy. This one is... You got it sweet, huh? This one is crazy. That is a little sweeter on this one. Yo, sorry to anybody else out there, but the Colombian chicharron is the best one I've ever had. Okay. I don't know exactly how you guys make it differently, but every chicharron that I've had today, which I've had like four different ones, has been on point. I can tell you the secret. It's Colombian. Last but not least, they have a different word for this. What do they call this? Masorca. He said it had like a chipotle sauce. I'm assuming this is going to have like a spice kick to it. This is the very last thing that we're having on this crazy Colombian food. Jay, you got to try this one. Jay, you got to go because this is the Colombian version. I got to go to the gym right after this. This is the Colombian version of a Mexican dish. Come on. All right, you want my honest feedback? Mexican one's better. Yeah. That's okay. That's okay to say. Mexican one is way better. All right, my personal favorite from Arepa Lady, Arepa de Choclo with the chicharron. I agree with you. Honestly, that was my favorite thing I had today. Was it the fact that it's sweet? So good. I just don't know, I understand. I think it was the combination of the two different types of cheeses, the crema, the chicharron, and the corn thin Arepa. It was just something magical about that. I liked a lot of the stuff we had today. I love the Bandeja pisa. I actually really liked this jersey that I got. Today you're an official Colombian. Yeah. Chino de Colombia. Chino Latino. Chino Latino. All right, you guys. That is it for our crazy Colombian food crawl and culture crawl through Jackson Heights Queens. Allo bien. Allo bien. Oh man, we had so many good things. So much stuff that I had never had before. What do you want people to take away from this video? Colombian culture is way more than what you see in Hollywood, way more than what you see in social media, way more than Jay Balvin. They have artists, painters, musicians, tons of creative different mediums. Also, one of the best foods, right guys? Yeah. It's good, it's good. It definitely was different from what I've been exposed to in the media. And I knew that, but I didn't know it until I went and saw it. And I have to say that I really enjoyed my time on Northern Boulevard in 37A. But you know what, man? That wraps up our video. We do have a real quick chat about Queens in general, man. We just got to have a Queens chat. We're bringing in the other Queens connected. Knocks, rings. What's going on, guys? My boys right here, bro, this is Jackson Heights. Real quick, what are you guys' ethnicities? I'm Dominican and Colombian. I'm from Bangladesh. I'm from Nepal. Hey, man. Right here, bro. If you want to see Jackson Heights as a fan, bro, this is the front. What are you guys doing? You guys have a rap group together? Y'all have a rap group? No, no, no, no. Don't mix things. Today is Eid, it's a big holiday for Muslims, right? My boys about to go to my Bengali boys' house, right? To eat, you know what I'm saying? It's just how it is, bro. It's family. We all eat each other's food. We grow up around each other's culture. That's the beauty of Queens, you know what I'm saying? It's so much overlap. Even growing up here, whether it's Bengali food, Nepalese food, Tibetan food, right? Or you want to walk over to the wood sides, right there, you know what I'm saying? Get the Filipino food. I've never separated the difference between my Asian friend, my African-American friend, my Colombian, Dominican, Puerto Rican. We all just run melting pie. It was just normal. Look at, this is a perfect example. He called it. He said it right here, straight up. This is Queens. Do all Queens dudes dress the same? I mean, I'm just saying.  He's saying we all dress the same. Yeah, we all fly, right? Yeah, we all fly. We all good looking dudes. All right, you guys, man. I highly recommend if you guys are ever in New York City, make sure you section out a little chunk of time. Come check out Queens, man, especially Jackson Heights. Thank you so much for watching that video, everybody. Big shout out to Jay. Big shout out to Nock. Shout out to these guys right here. This is Queens right here. But this was our Colombian episode, man. Thank you so much for taking us through. I hope it was very helpful and educational to the people out there. Like we said, come out here. Queens has everything. Queens get the money. In the comments down below, let us know what other areas or pockets of neighborhoods that we should check out. And let us know if you have a favorite Colombian dish. And until next time, everybody, we out. Peace. All right, everybody, thanks so much for watching that video. We are back at Jay's store in the LES on Orchard Street headquarters. Tell us something about this store, because it's a pin store. We have a little bit of a power world. 100% a pin accessory fashion brand. There's a pin for everybody on our wall, from nostalgic stuff, to sneakers, to cars, to little fashion pieces, and to memes and jokes.  High quality pins and t-shirts here at headquarters, Orchard Street, New York City.


Nutrex Outlift Concentrate. Hey, what's up guys, it's Josh here. Today I want to do a little review on this Nutrex Outlift Concentrate, Extreme Stimulant Energy. Now, recently, I discovered that I was a little bit allergic to artificial colors. I was filling them for the rest of the day, so I came across this one. And surprisingly, it's a very, very strong blend. I've already ordered another one and I'm actually pretty impressed with this. Very few downsides, so let's jump right into it. This is more of a stimulant kind of neutropic than it is more of a lift product. NO3T, now I looked up what NO3T is and I was unable to find it. Apparently it's something like betaine, nitrate, and betaine is supposed to, I think increase your strength, although it has not been proven, but I think that is the only pump product. Generally, this is kind of like a stem based neutropic and I've seen so many products with so many different things and this one actually does a few unique things which is very hard to do in supplements nowadays. I bought this because it didn't have any artificial colors, I absolutely love that. Concentrate is a good name for this because you don't really need to take a full scoop. It's got a very, very good taste, a very sweet taste. I got the sour shocks here, kind of like a different play on that cotton candy style taste. If you've ever had a bang or any of the other companies that copy that cotton candy style taste, that's what it's similar to and that's kind of one of my favorite tastes of the new flavors that we got out. It is pretty sweet. The ingredients are so strong in here and the taste is so strong, it's almost meant to not have a full scoop unless you're insane. So let's jump into the pros of the supplement. The pros is, number one, no artificial colors. Even if you don't like artificial colors or you don't care, it's just a filler, you don't need it, so you're taking something that you don't need, so it's nice to have it out of there no matter what. This is actually one of the best tasting supplements that I've tried in a long time. Again, I'm a little biased to that cotton candy style taste. I feel like it's one of the better ones that's been released. Very, very strong. This one contains 400 milligrams of caffeine and it also has a little bit of yo-hem-bi in there too. Yo-hem-bi is an additional stimulant, but like I said, this supplement is made to not take a full scoop. I mix a little bit with other things and to kind of make my own drink at times. I never take a lot of this, I just take a little bit at it. That's all you really need. 400 milligrams of caffeine with yo-hem-bi is very, very strong. 1.5 grams choline. I really, really like it. And usually if you use 300 to 500 milligrams, that's considered a pretty solid dose. This one has 1.5 grams of choline bitartrate, which I have just never seen in a supplement before. Choline provides kind of like this zendoutness. It's kind of like anti-anxiety and because you have so much caffeine in here, it's just gonna balance this out so, so good. Almost the more choline, the better. I think it also improves your skin. I really, really like it. The cheapest form of choline is bitartrate, but again, this is actually on their cheaper side. This is actually supposed to be a cheaper blend. I'm so happy that they put 1.5 grams of choline in there. A good dose of N-acetylyl tyrosine. I really like choline and I like N-acetylyl tyrosine. It's at 750 milligrams, which is a little high, but not as high as something like choline bitartrate or the 400 milligrams caffeine. It's just a very solid dose. I like tyrosine in almost any energy boosting supplement. It also has two kinds of caffeine. If I'm taking with something with caffeine, especially a lot of caffeine, I like the two different kinds. So that way it's a much more even release of caffeine. I like the two kinds of caffeine and they have them in here. Roscaline. Roscaline is a Yo-Himby extract. It's just a little bit of additional stimuli, a little bit of something besides caffeine to give it a little bit of a unique feeling. So overall, lots of positives. This one, I really, really like it. Cons, there really isn't too many cons based on, it kind of comes down to a personal preference. It's not really a pump product. So if you're somebody who's really, really into pumps, I would say this almost isn't a pump product at all.  This one, little to no pump, but although you're gonna be feeling great and you could do a lot in the gym besides that it's just not really a pump product if you're looking for that. And then this is very strong in the stems, 400 milligrams. But like I said, this product is kind of designed to not really take a lot or not to take a full scoop anyway. You're just kind of getting more of the product like that. Even if you were to take a half scoop, a half scoop is 200 milligrams caffeine, which is two cups of coffee and then you get 60 servings. So I can see someone not liking it because it's too strong, but you don't have to take a full scoop. That's really the only cons to it. It was kind of searching. I'm like, man, this thing has to have more cons. It really, really doesn't. I enjoy this one. I highly recommend it. And I'm so happy that it's a very good blend but it also doesn't have those artificial colors because I found so many good blends but so many of them have artificial colors and I just feel so badly when I take them. I had to quit. And thankfully this Outlive Concentrate doesn't have them. I was looking at other products that they had. Some of the other products had artificial colors in them but the Concentrate version does not. And that's what I'm gonna be sticking to. Again, I already ordered another one of this flavor Sour Shox, which again tastes a little bit like a play on cotton candy. But anyways guys, we're on the road of $25,000 subscribers and I couldn't do that any of you guys. I hope you guys are the best. I'm having a great day out here. Hopefully I'm having a great day at home. See you all in the next video. Peace.


Okay, so let's do this one of those quiz questions as well. Sketch the potential energy diagram for an exothermic reaction with a catalyst at it. So the first part you're going to do is write your axes as energy, as reaction progress. So an exothermic reaction is going to have the reactants higher in energy than the process. Okay, so that's an exothermic reaction.  That hump there, that hump is called the activation energy. So up here, this is where the transition state is. So when we add a catalyst, what happens is that the catalyst will lower the activation energy. So what's going to happen is, instead of going over that path, the action is going to now progress this way. So it doesn't have to go all the way up to that high energy point. So now the new transition state is going to be down here. Okay, so this here is the effect. So I think a lot of people almost got that one.


Well, it's a pleasure to be here today, and I'm going to be talking about the implications of evolutionary mismatch for the field of public health. And so I help found and I co-direct an undergraduate program in public health at a liberal arts college, and we now have about 70 majors and minors. And I've been teaching courses, including evolutionary health, for about a dozen years. In this spring, I taught one called Environmental and Evolutionary Health. And that was a public health course, and the purpose is including encouraging public health students to question what they hear, and I'm trying to introduce them to evolutionary or ancestral health ideas. So just to make sure we're all on the same page, public health is a field that focuses on preventing disease and injury, prolonging life, and promoting health in human populations. And it has a quite different emphasis than clinical medicine. It's focusing on prevention, and it really focuses at the population rather level rather than treating individuals. And if we look at major public health successes and we think about the increase in life expectancy over the past couple of centuries, we see that much of the increase in life expectancy, and in fact most of it, is actually due not to clinical intervention, but rather to public health measures. Basically, just doing hygiene, getting people to understand hygiene, control of infectious and vector-borne diseases, that gets you a tremendous part of the way. And then vaccinations, tobacco reduction, and a whole host of other things, more recent things, have had tremendous impact. Now, just for a bit of temporal getting us set in a time frame, one of the main founders of epidemiology, and also of public health, was a man named John Snow, and he worked in the mid-1800s, and he's famous for solving the London cholera epidemic by mapping. That's actually his map, and he mapped out where these cases were and found out there was a well. That was the source of the infection. A broke the handle off the well to make a long story short. But I mention this because the germ theory of disease only developed, fully developed, from the middle to the late 1800s, and so much of what we think about and assume today, it just wasn't like that relatively recently. So evolutionary mismatch, that's kind of one of the, probably the underlying concept for what we're all doing, and we all understand evolutionary mismatch, a disconnect between an organism's adaptations in the past and the present. We understand many modern things, like modern foods, attraction to a sweet taste, was a match in the past. It's a mismatch now. And I always like to give an animal example as a biologist, and I wanted to give one that probably most of you are not familiar with, something called the Carolina Parakeet, and it went extinct in the early 1900s. So the Carolina Parakeet occurred broadly across the whole eastern U.S., all as far west as Texas, where I live, and even to Colorado. And it was very widespread and fairly abundant in many areas. But unfortunately it had a number of mismatches in the new conditions where Europeans came to North America. It unfortunately had bright feathers. Now that's great for a bird, but it's not great if that makes you a target for the feather trade for making women's hats, as was the case at the time, or if it makes you a target for capture by the pet trade. And that decreased their numbers. It also evolved to be attracted to fruit. But in the new context, crops and farmer-grown fruit caused it to be hunted and persecuted, but it had an interesting behavioral mismatch. And I think for us, we have a lot of behavioral mismatches. And in this case, it's a very social bird, and when one of them was killed, the others would do this flocking behavior, and they would just be flocking around their fallen colleague, and that literally made them sitting ducks. Very easy to kill, and so it quickly went extinct. Now, David Sloan Wilson has divided evolutionary mismatch into two types, and the kind that we're all familiar with is the genetic mismatch, and that's where the genetics and organism evolved in its ancestral environments is now detrimental. In other words, it reduces fitness, reduces survival and reproduction. It's detrimental in the very different modern environments. And so that's what we're all familiar with, but there's another concept called cultural mismatch, which I'm going to define in just a moment. But I want to spend just a minute on some genetic mismatches that I'm trying to get across to my students, and this is just a few of them, but I just wanted to highlight several that you're all very familiar with. The last two are things that have been emphasized at this conference in excellent presentations. But we have genetic coding for endogenous opioid receptors. That makes us, unfortunately, susceptible in a world where we use plant defense chemicals from the opium poppy, and it has an effect on our nervous system. That's an unfortunate thing. Talked about sugar. That's now a mismatch with unlimited sugar. We have a very important built-in stress response. But in a world with continual stress, chronic stress, that becomes a serious mismatch. Likewise, visual cues and nervous system responses, our dopamine system for sexual attraction, that's a mismatch with unlimited access to online pornography. And in some cultures, that's become quite serious. Talking about what's happening in Japan is quite disturbing. There are two things. The last two are ones that I think would be well served to get that into a public health message. I've been talking about susceptibility to, I've been calling it malocclusion, but I want to start using the term craniofacial dystrophy more, but I've been talking about this in my classes for many years. And this is obviously from our speakers, a mismatch with childhood food texture, but many other factors as well. And so that's something that we've all learned more about at this symposium. Likewise, a susceptibility to macular degeneration. That is one I was not familiar with before hearing the excellent talk the other day. And that's something that I'm going to be talking to my students about in the future. So now let's think about cultural mismatch. This is a culturally transmitted idea, or meme, whatever you want to call it, a meme, a practice, a belief, or a belief system that is detrimental in the modern environment. So we can think of some religious or political affiliations, various harmful practices, pseudoscientific beliefs, erroneous beliefs. These things are actually detrimental to those believing or practicing it, often to their relatives and sometimes to their whole societies. Now this is a fairly new concept, and the operational definition is not settled. So I was talking to Erin Blaisdale about this a couple of days ago, because there's some wiggle room in this definition, and I just want to be completely up front about that. It's not yet well-defined, the scope is not completely clear, but I think it's a valuable way of framing some problems, particularly to help put things in context, talking to people who are not familiar with these ideas. So I'm going to give some very different examples from small scale things to ones that affect whole societies. So let's think about, let's develop this idea about thinking about cultural change. And this is a, this is something from Dr. Wilson. If we think about our species, cultural change or cultural evolution is much, much faster than genetic change. And as a rapid process of adaptation, cultural change often provides solutions to genetic mismatches. So let's think of humans moving into arctic environments. They did not evolve dense coats of fur, okay? There wasn't the time. They did though come up with a cultural adaptation, a solution. So this is an Inuit from the early 1900s. The cultural solution, we can call that a match if we will. Let's look at another solution or match, and we, I could have picked an example from anywhere on the globe, but Native Americans in Florida learned to detoxify a plant called Florida arrowroot. And they used a starchy underground stem by grinding it into flour, but they removed a toxin, a glycoside, by soaking. And so that expanded their food supply. So this is a solution or match. Now let's think about cultural mismatch. Just as there can be solutions or matches, likewise cultural change can decrease fitness, and we'd call that a cultural mismatch. Now there are many cultural mismatches, and that's what I'm going to focus on for the rest of my presentation, because I think many of them are relevant to public health. Let's think, for example, about female genital mutilation. This is a culturally transmitted practice that results in serious injury, disability, suffering, and death. It definitely reduces fitness. We know it decreases survival and reproduction. Some women die from it. So this is a cultural practice that is mismatched in the modern world. It may never have been a match, probably was never a match. Likewise, in contrast to hunter-gatherer societies, in many agricultural and modern societies, women are considered inferior in various ways. And this has profound implications. How does this manifest? Well, one example is female genital mutilation. The other is shunning or isolation of unclean women during their periods. But we can extend this further, spousal abuse, women forced into the sex trade, lack of access to education or health and reproductive care, even infanticide of female babies. This is a recent headline. It comes from January of this year from the New York Times and rural Nepal. The menstruation taboo claims another victim. A young woman was forced to stay outside in a cold hut and she unfortunately froze to death. This is another very recent example that came to my attention. And I was very curious about this and so I actually looked to try to think about it a little bit. As you heard during this Thai cave rescue, a lot of those boys couldn't swim. And I found that kind of unusual because in many parts of the world, children learn to swim quite early. It varies. But so in looking into this, I found that there's a belief in some parts of Southern Asia that teaching children how to swim is actually dangerous. And this is a quote from the New York Times. Many mothers in the region believe that teaching their children to swim will increase the risk of them drowning because maybe it lures them to the water. But that's a cultural belief. Now that's unfortunate because the result is that drowning is a leading cause of death among children in Southern Asia. And that's those of UNICEF data. Now this is one that's from a few decades ago, but it's about as clear an example of a detrimental cultural practice as one can think of. And in that area, it was a public health crisis, not in a broader context. And this is ritual funerary cannibalism. So this was formally practiced until the 60s by the Foray people of the highlands of Papua New Guinea. Now this is not where they were eating other people to increase calories. That's not what was going on. This was a ritual where women and children, women would prepare the bodies. The women and children were going to eat small amounts of brain tissue of deceased relatives as a sign of respect and mourning. And the result was Khuru, which is a horrifying, I see Linda nodding over there, horrifying incurable neurodegenerative disorder that's transmitted by prions. And that's similar to, that's the cause of mad cow disease, if you remember that from a few years ago. So this is something in the past, but is a pretty clear example of a detrimental cultural practice. Now another example are anti-vaccination beliefs. And this is a child receiving an oral polio vaccine. And from the public health perspective, vaccination is one of the most effective public health interventions of all time. And it's saved literally untold millions and continues to do so. This, for example, polio vaccination in Sweden in 1957. Now we have protection against polio, smallpox, measles, tetanus, whooping cough, and many others. And a few of you in the room are in the mature category like I am. And you may remember when you were children that polio was something that was greatly feared. Parents were extremely paranoid about polio. They would often not allow kids to go swimming in the summer, because the mode of transmission wasn't clear and there was just a lot of fear. Now vaccination is a complicated topic and we have a poster session here. Now we have children being vaccinated with very large numbers of vaccines and we can argue about quality of vaccines. We do know there are allergic and other side effects. Same is true for antibiotics and virtually every other prescription and non-prescription drug, Tylenol, by the way, is a major cause of liver failure. And the need for liver transplants, Tylenol overdose, it's a very serious problem. Aspirin and other NSAIDs also cause many deaths each year. But the bottom line is in the poster session also talked about the cost-benefit ratio, when Andre, I'm sure you've talked to Andre. But yes, but just to give you a little more impression of the historical context here, when I was young, everybody knew what an iron lung was. This is a technically a negative pressure mechanical respirator, but this would allow, your head would stick out of these tubes, but it would allow you to breathe because the even the respiratory muscles would be paralyzed. And so you can see why this was such a fear and when vaccines became available. That was a very big deal. And if we look back at the history of this, we can go back to the early 1800s, when the cow pox was used as a way to vaccinate against smallpox. And it's rather horrifying to think of the crudeness of those early vaccines and how many people were probably, it probably wasn't pretty. But nobody had the growth of a cow like a appendage. And so this is an 1802 caricature. So there's been misunderstanding is in many fields for a long time. Let me focus in on one part of this and you can see that here we have a cow sprouting out of the arm out of the hip. This one looks like out of the mouth and the nose. So there's been a lot of misunderstanding over the years. Now, what is the evidence and what is the true cost benefit ratio? That's where we can argue. And I want, I like to question everything. And this, for example, I pulled offline the other day. California mandatory vaccine law causes 17% increase in autism. And this was said to be over a two-year period. What is the evidence of this? Well, I have a student who, former student who has headed up an autism institute. And there's argument over what is, how do you define autism? I think many of you know this and that has all kinds of political and financial implications. But I've not seen clear evidence where over a two-year span autism in a clearly defined way has increased by such amounts. So what is the true cost benefit ratio? And from the public health perspective, over the longer term, vaccination has been a tremendous benefit. I had a recent, this was driven home to me recently at the personal level. I have two nieces. Both of them had their first baby in the past month. And one of them, I guess from talking to the pediatrician, said that the grandparents and uncles and aunts, everybody had to make sure your pertussis or whooping cough vaccine was up to date. And we've all had that if you've ever had a tetanus shot, you get that. But babies are very susceptible. They have some passive immunity from their mother. But babies, they're the most susceptible individuals. And so there's some reason to be careful. Now, here's another one that I've also had some personal experience in with. And this is in the past that getting your bell rung, in other words, getting hit in the head was not very significant. That was a common belief in American football at all levels. Now, I would say this is both a genetic and a cultural mismatch. First, it's a genetic mismatch because our cranial structure did not evolve for numerous high-impact, high-velocity traumas. We are not mountain sheep that crack their heads together. And if you look at the anatomy of those animals, they have all kinds of adaptations as shock absorbers and to prevent the brain from being damaged. We're not like that. It's a cultural mismatch because it was widely believed that this was no big deal. And the result is chronic traumatic encephalopathy. So I was on a scholarship as an undergraduate, worked my way through college as what's called a student athletic trainer. And I worked with the team physician and the head trainer, who is a physical therapist, in actually caring for athletic injuries. I wasn't training them and how to build muscles. I was actually helping care for their injuries. And at that time, students, you know, the players, and this was in college, I was doing this at the college level, but at high school level, players would have a collision, they'd get knocked down, they would be stunned. Sometimes they would even black out. You'd get them up, they'd come over, and unless there was something really obvious, they were staggering around or the pupillary differences, in a little while they were let back in. That would be something, you could, it would be a, lawyers would go crazy over that today. That was a commonly accepted practice. This is a paper from the Journal of the American Medical Association from last year, clinical pathological evaluation of chronic traumatic encephalopathy in players of American football. And this is where they examined the brains, post-mortem, of about 200 individuals. Now, 111 of them were professional football players, but the rest were not, they were from all levels. Okay. And this is a popular press synopsis of that. The generative brain disease found in 87% of former football players. I want to emphasize this was not just professional athletes. It was 87% of all the players were diagnosed with this, but among the NFL players, 99% of the brains showed this degenerative condition. Now, fortunately, there's increasing awareness of chronic traumatic encephalopathy, but where I live in Texas, little boys, six years old are still going out there, whacking together, and it's rather disturbing. We also have a cultural mismatch, and you're all familiar with this one, the bias against fat, especially saturated fat, and it's often called lipophobia. And this is a larger-scale whole society problem. And we know the story well as a result of a number of things, including poorly done science, politics, and collusion of the sugar industry. But what I'm interested in is the idea gained a life of its own. So this is an idea. Once it had a life of its own, it's culturally transmitted. I frankly don't know how long this idea is going to be culturally transmitted. We know it's not correct now, right? It's the cause of the obesity, one of the big cause of the obesity hematomic, but if you go in any store, you can still just try to get yogurt, try to get full fat yogurt, and it's almost an impossibility. So this was one that affects us at the whole society level. It affects individuals. It affects the whole society as well. I know Brett Smith well, and we've had some discussions, and one that he felt I should emphasize was what we can call the one pill or one drug, one disease model. And that's a cultural belief. It's often not stated as such, but that's kind of one of the big mindsets in modern interventional medicine. Fortunately, it's not held by all physicians. I know there are many enlightened physicians in the audience. But this is now a widespread, culturally transmitted belief for practice. Many patients expect they go in, they expect a pill, they expect one thing, or in the case of dentistry, they expect to have braces put on, and that cures everything, not to have to look at it from a multifactorial perspective. Most chronic diseases, most of our serious conditions, are indeed multifactorial, and it would be surprising that you would have one magic pill. Work sometimes that way with antibiotics, but that was a lure. That was like a, it helped us in many ways, but it caused many problems. My final specific example of a cultural mismatch is climate change denial. And this now is a culturally transmitted belief despite overwhelming evidence. Here's a quote at the bottom. This is from Margaret Chan. She was a World Health Organization, director general, so pretty well-placed, and she said that for public health, climate change is the finding issue for the 21st century. Now, you might be wondering why, and I think it's certainly one of the most important defining issues, but it, why, thank you, why did she say this? Let me build a little bit of background first. So this is something I'm personally very interested in, and so I've spent a lot of time looking at the evidence, because I have taught environmental studies, starting more than 30 years ago, and the evidence for this now is fairly overwhelming. And I've also been fortunate to be able to do some personal observations, obviously anecdotal, but nonetheless. And I've spent a lot of time in the Arctic, in the high Arctic. I've gone across Arctic Canada. I've been a number of places along the coast of Greenland. I climbed up onto the Greenland ice cap, spent time in Svalbard, which is an island complex that gets up to about 80 degrees north. If you go to places, you see that the world is changing. That's as clear, it's about as clear as it gets. You can see it yourself, and as a biologist, you can see ecological change in ecosystems. There are tremendous numbers of papers. So it's quite clear. Now, why would Margaret Chan say what she did? Well, climate change has tremendous downstream public health implications. And it's mind-boggling, actually. So these are just a few. Heat simply causing mortality. Drowth, storms and flooding, sea level rise, and climate refugees. Vector or disease biology, it's very interesting. In some places in the world now, diseases are moving further north. We've had examples like that in Texas. Impact on food supply, and then quality of air and drinking water, both quantity and quality. So there are tremendous public health implications for this now deeply entrenched cultural idea. So I've tried to give you a range of what I consider our cultural image. Cultural mismatches, these are culturally transmitted things that are detrimental in the modern environment. And we're going to have a whole other session on why are we so susceptible? And I'm fascinated in this area. I would say we have many genetically based mismatches, many inherited cognitive biases, and these have been studied at length in many fields, particularly things like behavioral economics. We have a host of cognitive biases. This is just a short list, things like recency bias, discounting the future. Confirmation bias is a big one. We're all susceptible to confirmation bias. We have to fight it in ourselves. Tendency to follow a strong leader figure. And one of the most important in many of the cultural mismatches is that we tend to mimic our group. We're very sensitive to social signals. We follow the group. We conform to the group. And this can have highly detrimental effects. So what can we do? Well, one thing that we're doing is we work to understand. We try to educate others about mismatches. All of you are carrying that banner. And we try to develop strategies to lessen the negative impacts of these inherited weaknesses or susceptibilities, inherited cognitive biases, these mismatches. We try, all in our individual ways, to try to counter some of these. Some doing it in ways that risk their careers. Like Mike talked about to us. So thanks to AHS and thanks to you for your attention. And I'll be happy to address a couple of several questions. Thanks for that, George. So I'm glad, in one of those final slides, you put that there's this idea of groupthink. And so one of the things I think we're seeing is another way of expressing it is a social norm. Right. Okay. And I sometimes get to talk to folks in public health. And right now it seems to me that there's a social norm that's working against us. And I'm introducing the idea that we're past the crossover point with vaccinations. In other words, there was a time when we added the next vaccine and it actually caused more harm to our immune systems and actually the benefit of reducing it. What is the social norm in public health such that I can't bring this up? This is a pretty clear, easy concept. There's a point where you give a person too many drugs and it's going to damage their immune system instead of helping them. What's going on there? Why can't I get that out there? Well, I guess folks in public health and I, even though I helped found a program and I hired people to, you know, the people I hired are have PhDs in public health. So for example, one of my most important colleagues is a young woman who is an epidemiologist and she is extraordinarily data driven. She's very open to ideas. And so she did not come to our program understanding things about ancestral health but I, in talking to her and showing her evidence, she's very comfortable now with many of the things that all of us are familiar with. So I would say the thing to do with public health people is to try to pull together the best evidence that you have and try to remove the emotional appeal, try to make sure you don't have things that appeal in ways that are going to put people off initially. There's a whole body of study on how do you convince people about things. And that work is kind of disturbing because it's very hard to change people's minds. But there are ways to do it and I would say that would be my best advice is to try to think about and try to learn about the, look at the studies on how do you convince people and in the case of public health folks and I think in medical folks in general, you have to give them what they consider, what in their world is evidence, not what in your world is evidence but what in their world. And so I guess that's what I would say. Yeah, no, and it seems like I'm dealing with basically what we've been dealing with in the ancestral conversation for the last 15 years. They didn't want to hear that saturated fat was actually healthy and they don't want to hear that there's a point where you shouldn't be adding more vaccines to the schedule from me. Right, yeah. And yeah, thanks. Good morning, George. Sally Norton. Yes. Could you just let's just keep on the evidence thing for just a second because I've been, I've written a lot of NIH grants and know about how it works to try to get funding to gather the evidence that we think is evidence. There's a whole social norm about what evidence is cool and what isn't. And Cochran is like on the mountaintop, which is really questionable. We train doctors when they write up a case. They don't actually describe the patient. They just pontificate. And so you can't even bring up real world as evidence. It has to be some artificial design and it has to be pre-approved by peers who already have an agenda of their own. Right. So what do we do? So I guess I'll tell you what one of my closest colleagues who's an ecologist we kind of each, we flip roles on this. I sometimes get very discouraged, say with environmental things and think, my gosh, we're not making any progress. We're going backwards. But I think back to when I was young and rivers caught on fire. Some of you may remember that in the 50s and even up into the early 60s. Rivers were so polluted with petrochemicals they would actually catch on fire. Air pollution was so bad in some American cities that trees died. St. Louis, for example. Those things changed and there was, at some point, there was a shift. And I think that what I hope will happen with the ancestral movement, for example, is that there at some point, there's gradually building, there can be a shift in society. And we see that a bit with, there's a lot more sensitivity now to low-carbon ketogenic ideas than there was just a few years ago. So I don't know, I try not to get too discouraged because things can turn around quickly. When I say, at the end of the day, all we can do is keep plugging along and hope for the best. But I wish I had a better answer. I just want to say that we need to recognize that that's a major obstacle and find a way to lift reality as actual evidence. Absolutely. Thank you. And I would just add one thing to this. So I like to think of what I'm doing with these. Undergrads, in a sense, as inoculating them against the BS that they're going to get later on. Because they, at least, they will have been exposed to some of these ideas and told, don't believe what you hear. You'll hear some things. And what I'm telling you, some of it's going to be wrong, but take it that way with everything you hear.  What can we do now? And so. So beginning of the AHS conference, the leaders said, everyone will be questioning themselves and we should all be questioning what we hear. And that's been an absolutely fantastic message I've heard. And along those lines, why is three quarters of the grocery store yogurt nonfat? We have to ask, why is that? Is it because of demand and disinformation? Actually, you have to understand what goes on in the dairy industry. Fat or butter has a 10 times higher value. So they removed the fat from the yogurt and then they created pseudoscience to make low-fat yogurt desirable because it was what was available. Question if all of the yogurt on the shelf is full fat. Most of that fat won't be dairy-based. There are definitely perverse economic incentives for many of the things we face. There's no question about that. Brett? Hi George, great talk. It may be a little bit early in the morning to get into the weeds of multi-level selection theory and cultural evolutionary theory. I personally haven't had enough coffee. Yeah, so one thing about advisor Dr. David Sloan-Wilson would say is that part of the problem is that these groups, you know, they enforce these norms because there's like a sort of competition among groups. And if you, as an individual, try to challenge the group from within, you're seen as a cheater or a defector. You're not cooperating with a group. So really, he would point out that it's really not a, evolution in general is not always a pretty process. And like, you know, what's good for the group may be very bad for the individual and vice versa. So, like something like religious fundamentalism is, you know, it may be very detrimental for the individuals involved in it, but these things, these cultural group systems evolve because they're in competition with other groups. You know, so it's really, I applaud you for having introduced this topic. It's really complicated and people might be interested and there's a new society called the Cultural Evolution Society and I think they had their inaugural meeting last year. So you might want to check there. We, hopefully you and I can both attend that conference one of these days. I hope so. Thank you, Brett. Any other questions? Well, thank you.