Hey guys, it's Nate, A.K. The Foot Accountant. Welcome back to the channel. We have a lot to talk about today because I think we are in the final stages of the pre-team of the season market crash.  So I wanna talk about that and potentially is this gonna be the buy time for some cards on FIFA? I wanna talk about that as well. Look at a couple graphs from last year but also look at what is going on and how much price dropping we have had this year and kind of just talk through some things and some scenario of there might be some cards reaching their lowest prices yesterday and today. We might be at a low point for some cards at least for the next two or three weeks as we head into team of the season and especially that second week of team of the season is a huge one with the Premier League Tots. We'll talk about that a little bit today as well because I know a lot of these prices that you're seeing on the market are ridiculous. Now, we saw a lot of panic selling yesterday and there were some opportunities to pick up on cards to even flip, right? Because as we see all the time with panic selling, prices get low, then they rebound back. I bought this at 995,000 coins, sold it at 1.12. Ansu Fati's back down to 1.05. I bought this Maradona at 121. I got this one at 117, trying to flip these right before he drops probably down back under 1.2 million coins later today on Sunday. So that is why you see me looking at this stuff on the market right now. I've got a lot of these, a lot of Maradona's listed overnight. So I think the one that was blocking me though, this 1.259 really needs to sell so I can get my sales. But that was the name of the game yesterday and it's probably gonna be part of the game today is watching for cards that are getting listed up and just panic sold and having quick drops in a succession of two to three hours and then seeing their price rebound back because people say, hey, this is too low or the panic selling just kind of stops and dries up because it reaches a point where that card gets too low. So we're gonna take a look at some cards today and talk about how I think there could be some cards hitting their lowest price this weekend. Now, for a lot of these cards, it's really gonna depend on that specific item in the game. How rare it is, how much hype it has, basically just coming down to the demand for that card. Now this team that you're Bruno Fernandez has a lot of demand, right? He's probably getting a team of the season though and I really wanna compare this to the team of the year version of Kevin De Bruyne from last year because Kevin De Bruyne had a team of the year and he also had a team of the season that was cracked out. It was all 90 statistics, 99 rated and it was an insane card. But also that card was ridiculously expensive during team of the season when it first came out. So what you saw was panic selling because people knew he was gonna get a tots and then actually his team of the year rebounded. I think that is gonna be a scenario that we see with some of these cards, especially Bruno Fernandez. He was down to 1.89 million coins on both consoles earlier today. He's 1.8 flat right now in the Xbox, which is really low. But he rebounded back on the PlayStation, right? He went from 1.8 back up to just over 2 million coins and right now he is chilling just under 2 mil. So I think this Bruno Fernandez is an item that if you see a really low price, look at how much this guy has dropped off in total, right? 3.3 million coins at the beginning of this month. Even at the beginning, sorry, the first week of April, 2.9 million coins, literally seven days ago, he was 2.8 and right now he is down at 1.9 mil. This kind of drop off is something that we didn't see a ton of last year. A lot of the drop offs that we saw last year since people were not expecting team of the season to be dropping were just very quick and they dropped off like this Bruno would have dropped off last year. You know, he would have maybe dropped off from like 3.3 mil down to like 2.3, right? And then team of the season came out and some of this stuff dropped lower. I'll talk about that in a second. But I really think for some of these extra meta, super rare team of the years, maybe some of the out of packs icons and other special cards in this game that this weekend if you see a period of big time panic selling, whether it be even yesterday, some of these prices might have hit their low. Today, maybe on Monday, but depending on what content he released as well, you might see some of the lowest prices for these cards. And if you want to buy them for your team for a shorter time period, like let's say two or three weeks, then I think you can go for it, right? So let's look at some other cards that had that same market movement today where they went low and they bounced back. Road to the final Veran who just got upgraded by the way to a 91. Take a look at this card, right? Saturday, yesterday, he went from 1.5 million coins in the morning, 1.56 after the upgrade, down to 1.2, basically 1.2 million coins flat, went all the way back up to 1.45 and has now has been around 1.4, but look, he's dropped again down to 1.289. If you look at the sales history for these cards, they actually sell when they're up high, right? 1.375, 1.39 in the 1.4s earlier today. So these cards still have demand and they're selling at that higher range. Now, of course that could potentially be because we still have weakening going on and there's a little bit of extra demand there, but as you see that demand kind of tailing off today, that's why I do think you're gonna see some of these cards get even lower than what they were yesterday and today could be a buy time for some of these cards because people are gonna finish their week in league, know that team of the season is coming and at least for the next week or so to say, hey, maybe these team of the season community cards, they get voted in this next Friday, don't make it into my team, so I'm gonna buy some cards that I wanna use in my team. Look at gold in Bopay, man. This is ridiculous, 317,000 coins for a card that literally seven days ago was 500K. He's down 200,000 coins on a 500K card. That is almost a 50% drop. That's a huge drop on this in Bopay. I don't think in Bopay goes too much lower than this. 243,000 coins on Xbox. This is still one of the most glitched and OP cards in FIFA. I think kind of like how we've seen it this past year, every single time, Black Friday, he rose after Black Friday, team of the year, he rose after team of the year. I know these cards are so supplied this year and they're cheaper than ever because of that supply. I think that in Bopay is gonna rebound back this week. This might be back to like 350,000 coins, 340, 350, by the time we get to Friday for team this season most consistent. If nothing crazy comes out from EA Sports content-wise, I think that some of these cards, especially your Neymar, your Ronaldo, those three guys, right? The big three, Ronaldo and Bopay, Neymar, Golds. These cards are so cheap. They're ridiculously cheap, so I would be taking a look at these today because I think they will bounce back later on this week. Whether you're gonna buy to make profit or buy it for your team at a low price, I think these are the lowest prices that we might see for these in a couple weeks. Now, I wanna show you a graph from last year and again, talk about last year and how I feel like there are similarities but also some differences. Now, when we look at a lot of these graphs, this is what we see. Last year when the loading screen, the basically equivalent of what we had last Friday was dropped, you had a huge drop-offs on the market and Bopay went from 5.22 down to 4.13, so it dropped to 100,000 coins, okay, GG. Now, of course, this Friday right here, he rose a little bit for team season most consistent, went up to 424K, went back down a little under 400K as PremTots was approaching, PremTots comes out, he's 409,000 coins and then boom. Big time drop-off in the week after that as Premier League Tots is out, the focus is on all the new Tots cards, all the new Premier League cards, the SBCs, the guaranteed packs, upgrade packs and all that sort of stuff. That's what happened. Now, I think we are gonna see some prices drop even lower during Premier League team in the season, but what I think is that drop may not be as big as it was last year, because we've had so much more selling ahead of time now. Again, if we look at this in Bopay card, last year he was around 500,000 coins before the panic selling really started and of course, we're not gonna count this as panic selling, February, that was player days and all that stuff and just the second half of the year of the game, but this guy was 500 coins, basically almost the same ratio as he was last year and right now he's down to 300K or as last year, he was only down to 400K. So he's 100,000 coins cheaper this year and arguably on Bopay is even more meta than last year in this game. He's 90 rated, not that that really makes a difference. He's one rating higher than last year so Pacway will be about the same similar, but I just think that some of these cards are gonna bounce back and I think they are really, really close to their lowest, especially if we have a non-tent day today on FIFA on Sunday, I think you will see some of these cards even start to rebound on Sunday because I think people are gonna see these prices and they know that Tots is coming, but people are gonna start buying back this week, especially if there's not that much content.  This card right here was down at 2.3 mil on a snipe today. He was kinda holding around that 2.5 range and look at him right now, he's again back under 2.4. So some of the prices that you saw yesterday, I think you're gonna see some cards drop even lower than they were yesterday if they didn't have that big of drop offs. Cristiano Ronaldo, 5.38, that is way lower than what he was yesterday. He was five, he was six million coins basically last night, went down to 5.4, rebounded back to 5.6 and has now been chilling around 5.4 but is now in the 5.3 range, right? So some of the stuff is gonna go lower today and I think that could be a potential buy time for a lot of these players. Now again, just like I was mentioning, there was a nice little bit of bounce back. I don't really feel like you're gonna have that big of a bounce back today on Sunday. So like Sterling was a great example. I was not able to get in on this because I missed the perfect buy time. This guy was down to 700,000 coins on Saturday and he rebounded back up to 800K where he is right now. But this is when you're looking for panic selling today on Sunday and if you feel like your card is gonna be a good price to buy at, this is what I would look for. Panic like this, right? Sterling was almost 900K, he starts dropping and then he has the sharp decline for a couple hours right before content. You're looking for the sharp decline this morning. If you're watching cards on the game today on Sunday, if you wanna buy cards for your team that are meta out of pack special cards that are maybe not getting team of the seasons that you wanna get in your team. Let's say you wanna get this on Sufate and your team and get team of the season, right? You know this guy at his absolute lowest was 990K earlier on Saturday and then he rebounded back up, right? Still a very popular item down so much from where he was at 1.7 million coins. Literally a week ago he's down almost a mil, not quite, 700, 800K. This might go to like 950 or lower 900 today if there's enough panic to bring him down into that range and that would be 50K lower than he was yesterday. So that would be a situation where this is a very rare card. I would look to see a rebound on that one slowly throughout the week. I don't know if you're gonna see the quick rebounds like you saw because again, the week in league is kind of ending, not as many people are gonna be playing but if you get in early before some of these other people see prices staying a little bit lower throughout the week, we've seen this so many times in FIFA's past is that people think prices are gonna keep dropping lower until we actually get to the date of team of the season. But what actually happens is people see the prices and they have nothing to do on FIFA because they've sold their team, they have their coins sitting up in the top left and maybe they're doing a couple SBCs or whatever but they're waiting to buy their team. That's a big question for a lot of people and they end up waiting too long. So the only real thing that I see dropping prices a lot more on the market, a considerable amount at that fact is some sort of major icon SBC. Now Puskas was 1.4 flat earlier today and right now it looks like he's 1.47, 1.48. So I would look to try to find, if you want this Puskas card, I would try to get him down maybe in the 1.3s because I do think that you'll see some prices drop lower today than they were yesterday because all the people that bought these cards back up are either gonna have to sell because they were traders and they were trying to make coins on a quick flip or it was people that were saying, hey, this was too low and I wanna get my coins out because it's going lower today. So especially on like a Garencha Prime on a very rare card did not sell at 1.45 and is now sitting at 1.8 is the cheapest. I'm not saying that's gonna sell there, but you know what I mean, right? Some of these cards butchered Ganyo at 1.4. Now this is down bad man. This is down really bad today. He was like 1.7 highs, even maybe close to 1.8, I think before Saturday. So, you know, this is the kind of stuff that I would really be keeping a watch on. I do think today on Sunday, if you wanna dip your toes in the water, I guess you could say, and buy a couple cards for your team. If that is something that you're wanting to do, I do think that could be a potential situation where you do get involved because I'm gonna show you one graph right now and I'm not saying that a lot of cards are gonna look like this, but last year, this Gucci headband, of course, five star, five star was just so incredibly overpowered in this game. He hit his lowest in the early stages of the panic selling before team this season and then stayed high for the first couple of weeks and then started to trickle off of course into the summer. But the only thing is I still think some cards this year are gonna follow that same trend as like Mbappe and FIFA 19, FIFA 20, sorry, is that when we get to Prem Tots, I do think you will see some stuff drop offs. But for the next week or two of those cards that you wanna try out and put in your team that are rare and that are meta, even this guy it's in packs right now, same maximum, 300,000 coins, that's a pretty sizable drop off. This Prime Eto, one six, he went from one six to one seven five, back down to one six. This Neymar card today, right? Went from 950K at his absolute lowest, kinda bounced back up to around a mil. Boom, right here 950, back up to almost 1.1 and right now he's at one mil flat. So he's kinda coming back down. I think that's what I expect for today on the market is you're gonna start to see these prices going back down and then they're gonna be panic selling again, there's gonna be more of those undercuts especially on the icons, on the team of the years and stuff like that. Especially if a card is not slated to get a team of a season and or if it's gonna be a couple of weeks until that team of season drops, 213 for Kulusevsky, that's crazy. Then I think today might be a time where you can pick up on some of that stuff. Now I will say this, a lot of the high tier market is what got destroyed yesterday on Saturday, right? De Bruyne is 900K, goodness me man, goodness me. One three eight for Van Dyke is crazy too. Anyways, I think the high tier market has gotten hit first. I think some of those cards are gonna continue to go down and be low today but I also think the mid tier, your 100 to 600K cards, they're really starting to drop now. They didn't drop as much before, how long the three 10? That's low, right? That's really low. Lozano 345, that's crazy drops, right? You're really starting to see the middle tier of this game get hit on the market where it wasn't before. Bomba is 192, that's crazy. Bruyne for now is 795. That's the type of stuff that you're gonna see today that you didn't see as much yesterday on Saturday is that middle tier. Fries Mane is 838. Part of the fun going through football right now is just looking at how insane these prices are. So yes, of course, team of the season is gonna continue to drop some of these card prices. This Rashford is 390, that's nuts. But I do think that there's gonna be some stuff, especially if we don't have a lot of content in the next couple of days or meaningful content in the next couple of days, continue to bounce back up a little bit. You know, even some cards that might link to team of the season most consistent players or community, not most consistent, sorry, community tats, like this Hazard links to a potential Val Verde that we could be getting. There's not a lot of hype for this Hazard card. This is definitely team of the season material in my opinion stat-wise. So that's what I'd be looking for on the market. Of course, I don't know what E is gonna drop content-wise. I really don't. And that's why I always throw that caveat in there because I don't think there's gonna be any sort of panic like we saw with that Prime icon repeatable being released last week. If they released a Moments SBC, I think that could supply a little bit of panic to this game. I think that's really the only thing that I'd be worried about. If they keep releasing these 83 times 10 or an 84 plus player pick, which I think they might release one or two more of these as we go throughout the week, I don't really see this impacting the market a ton. I'm sure some informs went up. If I'm looking at the fodder market right now, it looks like 84s went up a little bit. Not a crazy amount, but just a little bit. 83s are ridiculously high right now. That's pretty crazy. Yeah, 84s are up a decent amount as well. So that's obviously gonna take care of that market a little bit and drain some coins off this game. But just remember, we are in team of the season mode. So be very careful if you're trying to do upgrade packs or Prime icon upgrades, just be careful because those coins are gonna become very useful for other things that you're going to want to do in the next week or two. So I know that was a lot of theoretical conversation, but if you want to buy an out of packs icon, maybe even a Prime or a Moments card for the next two weeks, right? I'm giving that two week timeframe because I think that when Prem Tots comes again, you are gonna see some cards on this game tank again. They're gonna take another dropdown just because of what that Premier League Tots brings, the first real legit team of the season with a full team of players. I hope we get more than just 11 players in packs, eSports based off the voting. It only looks like we might get 11 and that would be bad. So I hope that is not true. In fact, that we get a full team of what is it ever like 20 or 23. But yeah, this is Maradona's down to 1.2 again. He went from 1.18 right here all the way up to like 1.3 and was selling there and is now back down. This Fernando Torres was down in the 1.3 lows. He's still in the 1.3 mid, so not really a rise in that card today, but I think I can speak for the entire market today and I do think that we are gonna see prices get lower again today. On Sunday, the only issue is people are now really gonna start to think about buying. Yes, this Maradona sold. So now the cheapest on the market is 1.25. 1.295, which I believe I have one sheet listed just as, yes, 1.28, that's the cheapest one. Come on, baby. I bought that at 1.17. That'd be a beautiful flip with this market being crashed. So hopefully I can get these out both tonight for around 1.2 highs and take, I think that'd be like 30 or 40K profit, maybe about 50K actually, because I got that one at 1.17. But for both of those combined, be a little bit of decent flip right there. So that's how I'm feeling about the market, right? Those are my honest thoughts. Now, of course, EA is in control. They can release whatever content they want, but I think you're gonna start to see people buying up these cards because they're just getting too low. They've got coins ready to do it. And most, or sorry, community team this season is not the most hyped, right? It really isn't. It's cool. It's not the most hyped though. So that's why I do think you will see some of the stuff start to bounce back. So you have the green light from me. If there is panic selling, that's the one caveat. If the prices have dropped a lot and that they even dropped more today, that for me would be a thumbs up on snagging a card for your team for the next couple of weeks until we get further into team this season when arguably all of this stuff is gonna continue to drop lower. So that is the video for me today. If you did enjoy it, smash the thumbs up on it. Comment down below if you have any questions and subscribe if you're new. It's been Nathan Fodacow and I'll catch you guys later. Peace.


All right, it's a brand new morning and we're back with the breakfast on Plus TV after come. My name is Kofi Bartel. It's a beautiful Tuesday morning. Merci is back and she's back in blue. You know, it's so great to have you back, Merci. Yeah, it's good to see you this morning. I guess you had a little too much of indulging during the Independence Day. I'm not sure.  No, that's not the case. Well, you understand how these things can actually be. It's really good to be back on your screen this morning and thank you so much for joining us. I am Merci Aboupo and as always, we start off our conversation with a top trending. It will mean that, you know, all of the conversations that you have a lot of engagement on different platforms, but mostly on, you know, the social media and that's it. Now, the particular estate has always seemed to be, I don't know if we should talk about the estate or we're talking about the... Let's start from the end. The drug bust.  Some boys are fighting in Iyba, which is Iyba. I hope I got it right, guys. Oh, yeah, because I'm always most confused. Which is a part of Lagos where you had some agbeiro, you know, throwing stuff at themselves, fighting. The one where they said the police were standing by watching and not doing anything. And some boys say, now, why should they...  You're going to join the agbeiro fight. Let them finish. You have a few of them to undo. So, anyway, I said, I put out something on Twitter. I said, you know what, maybe NDLA should loan Marua to Lagos State for one month and all these agbeiro killing themselves. And, you know, I mean, look at the one that happened in Quechua sometime ago where they went to start this. I mean, in broad daylight, a human being was stabbed. Now, the NDLA hasn't done a lot of work.  I think Puba Marua is the man of the year. If there's anything like that, I don't believe in all that. But if you want to give anybody a man of the year, I am nominating Puba Marua, the DG of the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency, as the man of the year. Another bust. They discovered a drug warehouse. Merci. I'm sure this place is not unfamiliar to you. I saw this story. You talk about me. Merci. I hope she's safe. You know, another mansion used to house Tramadol at Victoria Garden City Lagos. Available reports at the time indicated that the officials confiscated over 13, this is a beautiful house here, 13 million peels of 225 milligrams Tramadol. And the baron, the guy, the other part from what we know is now in the NDLEA net. Puba Marua is already Nigeria's man of the year. See all these national awards that are going left-hand and center, of course, creates a lot of controversy about the names that are being nominated by the president as another hot one. Marua, if you also have one already, should receive a national award. It's quite interesting to see.  That house looks very familiar, by the way. But, however... Merci. Do we need to pause the program so we can have a conversation? No. But on the other hand, if you talk about Marua and the boss, a lot of persons have actually accused, you know, the NDLEA of being biased. That's it.  And the operation or the activity is actually not centralized. It feels like it's for select persons or select people. That's the conversation. But moving forward to all of that, I'm very concerned because tramadol is on the table. And to be very honest, the use of tramadol in Nigeria is not banned. It's only restricted to, you know, medical use or purposes because if you look at the government policy from 28th and however, it's that tramadol remains a product that can only be administered through prescription by professionals. But once upon a time, I stumbled on an article that was published, you know, about transnational transaction of tramadol. And so every other time you have a research that's been put out, usually you have a research. It's that someone is set out to solve a problem, answer some questions. At the end of the day, there are results in specifics. Do we really act on all of this? Because if we say that we're very strong in the fight against drug, then we should be up on top of a game. I'm talking about government acting. I mean, stakeholders acting in the right direction. Now, the fact that there's no restriction to this, but you know, in medical, it should be prescribed under a certain circumstance. That's what it is. But maybe just maybe we probably might just need recommendation in terms of legislative control at this point of policy as regards who should import and all of the control in handling tramadol as it is, because it's actually not it. But like I said, now a little or so from that particular article, it talks about the transaction that happens as Lagos being the center epicenter for, you know, the distribution of this product, especially within the West African region or the Sahel region have, I want to put it now. And so if we understand, if we look at the reports, and that's my concern, so it brings me back to the conversation of saying when we have research that's been put out, you have an organization, individuals putting out research, do a government, you know, we as a government, do we pay attention, you know, to all of this? It's a question that begs for a lot of answers. And so, however, it's been said that if you look at the not, at some parts of the nuts, especially canoe, if you look at Benner Republic, it's been reported that Benner seemed to be, you know, top on the chart in terms of consumption of the products, that's tramadol. And so why do we have this distribution channel? And why do we have this coming easily? And all of that, the usage of it around this particular axis is because it's been reported that a lot of persons on Nigerians have to get out of the country using this particular route. And so that's it to get out to whatever parts it is, Europe and all of that. And so that's a channel. But I want to say that this article has been made public. I'm very sure that it would have been recommended, you know, to the relevant agencies, but have we really paid attention? It's okay for us to begin to say we're busting, and we're arresting, and we're doing all of that. But we need to look at the root of all of this, the channel of distribution, and how that can be. And not on top of the table is in terms of legislation, because if you look at it, the use of it is not banned. It's not criminal, however you want to look at it. But it has to be within prescription and all of that. And so maybe, just maybe, we might just need a legislation, you know, to tackle all of this. But some people will say that legislation might not be necessary, because we already have laws, and we already have what we should do, and the laws should take, you know, its costs. But that's not the case for this one. Before we move on, we also have to inform our listeners about, our viewers about the fact that the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency also nabbed a former footballer, Okafor Imano Jr. He was arrested at the Mutala Muhammad International Airport, Lagos on arrival from Sa Paolo in Brazil, and he was found allegedly, reportedly, 1.4 kilograms of crack cocaine. And that's the picture, just in case you're wondering who that was. This is only related to the Tramador bust. This one is former footballer Okafor Imano Jr., who, on return from Sa Paolo, Brazil, was found with 1.4 kg of crack cocaine concealed in his bags after arriving there, an Ethiopian Airlines flight. He's from Abia State. He was discovered to have that product in the handles, he hid it in the handles of his bags. He said to have played football with the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Inugu FC, where he was for four seasons before leaving for Sri Lanka in 2014. So he was returning from Brazil alongside with him, or along with him, who were arrested also, Ibe Chinadum Demian, who came in from Sa Paolo, Brazil via the same Ethiopian Airlines flight. So that's a lot going into that one with too much time on that. But it just, I think, shows that the NDLE authorities are sitting up to do their job and to make sure that the drug problem in Nigeria is nipped in the back. Don't forget, the biggest cocaine bust in Nigeria's history was recorded whilst President Buhari was away at the United Nations General Assembly in New York. He had to take a step aside from his activities there to place a call through to Buber Marua, the head of the agency NDLEA, to congratulate him and to express his pleasure at that bust. So the NDLEA is doing its job, I mean, actually talked about selective justice, I don't know about that.     And of course, in red, right there, a drug crime attracts a death penalty.  So I think they need to do more. Maybe you have more stringent penalties, probably, like the death penalty, and people will stop doing this, or at least it's going to go down. Well, specifically for Tramadol, I think that, you know, the policy on importation, there should be a legislation or legislative policy towards that. However, I want to put a look at it in terms of who brings it in and the control of all of that, because the snow ban really to the use of it, but it has to be used within specification and description. Yeah, I wasn't talking about Tramadol, I was talking about drug crimes. Drugs generally. I mean, I've just been specific on that particular one because that's what we're saying.  So even if it's a Tramadol, which is a prescription drug, for instance, of course, they shouldn't catch you walking on the road with it. I mean, if you don't have a prescription, so it's straightforward. Whether it's Tramadol, whether it's cocaine, if you break the law. And who has the right actually to import it? You know, it's also another one because how do you now have... No, there are rules. I mean, that's what we're saying.  You get a, they are what do you call it? You don't import Tramadol going to put in your house, you know, in VGC, and you say it's a drug that people take. No, that's not it. There are rules, there are regulations that you have to go through so that you cannot follow the law. Is that telling me, if you find me walking around a Kotonu border or driving from one place together with a bag of rice, for instance, it's not a crime. They are procedures. To show that maybe I bought it from somewhere, I might receive this or I got it from. So they don't suspect me of smuggling it. So all I'm saying is this, if we have maybe more, maybe if we have more stringent penalties, the incidents will reduce. I'm just going to say. And as much as it's okay to have stringent penalties, it's also okay for us to be very clear with, you know, the policies, legislation, the laws, let it be crystal clear right there. So we know what we're into. But away from that, another is that you have also the Lagos women working for Tunibu yesterday. It's a period of campaigning and it's a period of politicking. So you expect a lot of rally and support, et cetera, of first October where you had the Liberal Party supporters tronking out to the streets of Lagos. They were in different parts the entire state. But yesterday was quite different because, I mean, Lagos women worked to support presidential candidate, Siwa Drew Walla Tunibu, who was former governor of Lagos State. And if you see, it was really constituted, I mean, the composition mostly women, really, can you see a police officer there? That's a man. But it was really off a lot of women who came out to show their support. That also has several reports, different reports, contrary to what was saying. But this really looks well.  And so we'll be expecting a lot of this from various supporters and political parties. Yes, indeed. It's a very interesting one. And the accusations or allegations by some opponents of the Progressive Congress in Lagos state is that the people who you see out there, this is their own allegation. The people you see out there who tripped out yesterday for this Lagos women march for Tunibu rally, that they were mostly rented. This is what some people allege. Now, I've seen one or two clips, you know, user-generated videos online showing certain persons in a queue, so two queues being paid. That's what the allegation is. Some also allege that women in the markets around Lagos state mostly were forced to close down yesterday. But it was public holiday, so would markets be open? That's yet an allegation. Someone even told me yesterday that his sister was forced to buy the t-shirts, and he referred to that sticker sales episode, mercy. Remember that KK sticker sales episode where M.C.Lomo had to come out to say that he doesn't know about it. If it is interpreter, it's official sportsman. Well, so that's the accusation. But for me, really it doesn't matter because it's all part of the political game as far as this country's content. For now, whether they were paid or they were not paid, it doesn't matter. Because even so, they rented crowd. Don't worry, as we didn't pay, so we're going to win. That's not how it is. They will rent the crowd, okay?  So what you have to do is not to sit down and say, what does that mean? And they'll beat you hands down. It sounds like you already have... I'm saying this as scenarios. I'm not a prophet. I'm saying this as scenarios. I'm saying if you sit down on your hands as a political party, a political movement, and so they rented the crowd, and then you say, you know... So are you saying that they should rent the crowd? I'm not saying it's true. If the allegation is true. Are you saying that the opponent or the opposition should also go ahead and rent the crowd? No, I'm saying don't use that as a yardstick to say you have victories guaranteed. That's all I'm saying. Don't use that as a yardstick to say victory. They will rent the crowd. I'm not saying it's true. I don't have evidence. But for those who will say, no, they rented the crowd. Don't worry. We are, we are organic, natural. We are going to win. No, they will rent the crowd. When they finish renting the crowd, they will rent votes for the... For 28 September. They will gain votes. And they'll use those rented votes, rent votes. They'll use those rented votes to defeat you. So all you have to do is to say, okay, we need to strategize. We need to plan. We need to do more. Not to say, well, we didn't rent the crowd, so we're better than you. It shouldn't be, it's not Arsenal versus Chelsea, all right? Yeah, yeah, yeah. I don't like the fact that you're bringing Arsenal and Chelsea into this conversation. No, no, no, you have to work. That's number one. Number two, of course, there's been a debate, of course, is out as to who had the larger crowd. I saw some APC guys on social media say, no, you know what? This is just a... We're testing the mic. They said that they are testing the mic. That this is just the women who are coming out. Who should just... It's just a tip of the iceberg. You're testing.  But the Bobology Bank Anthony stadium, from our Nikon stadium, is a 10,000 capacity Sita stadium. So maybe we can see that those who came out were about 10,000 in number. But one of those who was there happens to be Jocker Silva, her own dear beloved Jocker Silva. Olujicops Jocker Silva. Yeah, the one from the movies, Nollywood. Jocker Silva did this. She did this. And she put out a tweet that, hey, I am at the APC Women's Rally, you know, and people came for her, you know. But I mean, Jocker Silva is an individual. She has a right of association. She has a freedom to... Guys, listen to me. Leave Jocker Silva alone, please. Don't even think about harassing her. You can harass Renault Mokri if you want to. Leave Jocker Silva alone. Why would Renault Mokri be harassed? What should you be harassed? No, no, no. Jocker Silva is different. Renault is in... So, Renault is not within... Come down, can I finish please? Finish. Renault is in, is playing the game, so you understand. I'm just saying Jocker Silva is really... Jocker Silva also playing the game? No, I'm saying we love her and we adore her. So, guys, all I'm saying is, leave Jocker Silva alone. She went for the Lagos State Women's Rally. She's a legatian. She has a right to go anywhere she wants to go to, to associate with anyone she wants to associate with. And that is politics as democracy, except people want to force the party on everyone. Then of course, there is no more democracy. Apart from Jocker Silva, there's another Nollywood actress there and some other celebrities that people want to mention their names. But I mean, what I like to remind people of is that everyone has a right to support whoever they want to support, whichever party. Believe it or not, believe it or not, believe it or not, we're still practicing democracy. In case some people... No, but that's it. I mean, that's very valid. For every other time that you have anyone going out to show support, or they belong to a certain political party, we understand those who are not expected to be partisan. And of course, I and Kofi are not expected to be partisan. And that's what it is. We're expected on air. Mercy, you... Wait, but however, Kofi, let's not go that. Nobody expects you not to be partisan, Mercy. Kofi. In your work, in your work.  Kofi, can we not go get into that conversation? In life. Mercy, you have a right to vote. No, I understand. You have a right to be voted for. I understand, but in the context, but you want... Look at them. Who are we talking about now? Kofi, let's not go there. Because for the want of time, okay, let's move on. It's correcting you. No, I said what I said within the context that I said it. I said this on air, that we, because we're on air, we're not expected to be partisan. Without work, without work. Of course, and that makes a lot of sense. So let's not even get into the other side. No, I don't have a party, because I don't naturally belong to any political party. You don't belong to the political party? Yes, of course.  Or that's your principle. So I will definitely vote, but I don't belong to a political party. You're not a hard-carrying member of any party. Exactly. And that's what it is. That's what it should be. Kofi, let's not even get into this conversation. Let's finish our thoughts. And then we'll talk about it over and over again. No, we can talk about it some other time. No problem at all. Maybe we will have a time to talk about it. But one thing to stand sound and should not be accepted. If it's anything to go by, with all of the allegation, everyone has a right to follow whichever political party supports and vote whoever they want to vote. That's because we're in a democratic dispensation. But it would not be fair that some people have actually been forced to support a certain political party. Yesterday, about now, and if you go on the media, you would see videos. We're hoping that there will be a verification to all of those videos that are making the rounds where some persons were forced to show their stores and asked to go out to a certain location. If not, XYZ would happen. Excuse me, I said allegedly. I didn't say it happened. No, I'm saying that if that's anything to go by, and I'm also saying that we should pay attention to this. It is not democratic in its nature. And like I rightly mentioned, if it's anything to go by, it's important that we can continue like this and expect that we're practicing democracy. Let people freely support any political party they want to support. Let people freely associate with anyone and identify with anyone. As long as these groups and peasants do not constitute a threat to national security, and that's what our democratic process is about. We also have another, but you know, Kofi, I'm hoping that you take that. Yeah, okay, fine. So this is the House of Representatives a member calling for the scrapping of the Nigerian Senate. It's interesting. I wonder what the senators will have to say about this. Somebody's telling you that your daily bread, they should take it away.  Normally these calls come from outside the national assembly because there's what we call a spirit call. Hey, it's when you see, some people when they see policemen on the road, policemen trying to harass them, they say, it's pretty cool. This, well, in there, they have the practice of real spirit call. And so it's strange to see a House of Representatives member representing all via federal constituency, Denisi Dahosa of APC, a state calling for the scrapping, scrapping, scrapping of the Nigerian Senate and the introduction of Unicameral Legislature to reduce costs. He's not the first time that anyone is making such a suggestion. I think we've had it so many times. Yeah, a couple of times. We've been tired of it. But he said the Senate, one of the two chambers of national assembly in Nigeria has a bicameral legislator. Give away if the country is serious about cutting costs of governance. Now, will he Dahosa be judged in terms of the content and the idea of what is, the content of what he's saying? Will he be judged on the merits of what he's saying? Or will he be judged on the basis of his membership of the national assembly and being a good fellow member to not try and take the bowl of Gary and soup from the table of another member? Is what we're waiting to see what the Senate will say? But let's leave it at that. But quickly, just before we move away from this one, the central government has actually hinted that there's a plan to fund the budget from other means, which I mean, other means we would say, apart from the oil, which is the country's main source or original source of income would be selling assets in 10 states, owned assets at the end of the day, just to fund it. We understand that we're on the, I mean, revenue is a major challenge for Nigeria, especially at this point. I mean, it's the time we have never been so broke as a nation. We have always been broke, but right now it feels like we're so broke. Like you rightly stated, it's not the first time we're talking about whether or not we need to scrap the kind of system caught the cost because this would be what it amounts to. But however, if you look at it, the presidential system of government that we practice, the big question will continue to be, can we sustain this form of government? Can we afford it? Because it comes with a lot of price. You have to have a two system of, you know, a lawmaking. You talk about two houses, the bicameral, I mean, so we're actually practicing the legislation where you have the bicameral legislation, two houses. And what he's calling for is a unique cameral. And all of this has its advantage or not. Now, and if you look at the system as as Nigeria, where you have divergent groups and peasants, so you're talking about a lot of people and interests need to be represented. If you look at the plus for it, it would mean that a presidential system would carry all of this, where you have everyone being represented. But let's look at our current reality. Would it be necessary that we begin to, you know, practice what fits our system, what works for us? Because over time, you understand that, I mean, we have been saying, or we're practicing a certain, you know, system of government and what have you. But can we really look in what's and say, this is what we're working for us, despite whatever it is that we think about, would it be okay for us to begin to cut costs? Because if you look at the system that we're practicing, it's quite expensive. We understand every other ought that comes with it. But can we sustain it? Is it sustainable, the bicameral system? Should we be considering unique cameral system in terms of legislation? What will that mean for all of us? Especially where, if you look at the world and countries at a time, you have about, you know, 40% practicing unique cameral system of legislation and 60%. But we need to move away for the want of time. We definitely visit this conversation. Thank you so much. You probably will have to go, go, go there. We've got these days and... Go, go where? But we have to run. We have to run. We'll be right back. Today is the 4th of October, 2022. Yeah. And we'll look at what happened today in history. We'll be right back.


So I'll be talking about the non-interactive multi-party computation, and this is joint work with Shia Levy, Uwabi Shiai, Abyshek Jain, I mean, Sakai, and Elon New Year from all parts of the world. Okay, so I'll be talking about multi-party computation. We all know what it is, but I will say it in one slide. So in multi-party computation, there's a set of layers that don't trust each other, and they want to compute some function on their inputs. So each layer has some input that he wants to keep private, and still he wants to be able to compute some function on all the inputs while preserving privacy and, of course, making sure that the computation is correct. So this is a multi-party computation. In this talk, I'll be interested mostly about malicious security, meaning that the parties can be malicious and send any message they want in time without any restrictions, without even following the protocol. Of course, as you know, there's lots of solutions starting from information theoretic solutions that do not require any computational assumptions, and all the way to computational solutions based on lots of assumptions, cryptographic assumptions, and some of the solutions require correlated setup or some trusted form of setup, or some solutions do not require any sort of setup, and the more assumptions we have, basically we get a better protocol, and it can be in terms of the corruptions that we can tolerate, or it can be in the number of rounds the protocol lasts, or it can be in the amount of bits that each player sends, and so on and so forth. So the more assumptions we have, the better protocol we get. In this talk, I'll be talking about a very restricted setting of multi-party computation that is called non-interactive multi-party computation. So this is a very, very limited setting in which parties are completely asynchronous. Each player wakes up at some point in time, sends a single message to an evaluator, and that's it. It goes back to sleep, without saying any other message that any other player sends. So this is a very restricted setting of MPC, and it's not even clear that it's possible to do anything in the setting, this setting in which each player sends a single message to an evaluator is called, and maybe the configuration of the players is called the start pattern. I'll be talking about other configurations in the end of the talk towards the end, but this is maybe one primal example, which is, I think, very interesting. We can talk about other configurations, maybe most notably the chain where each player sends a message to the next player in the chain, I'll be talking about it next. And one interesting property of this very limited setting is that each configuration of the players gives you a different possible notion of security that you can achieve, and we call this the best possible notion of security, which is what I'm going to describe next. So think of a scenario in which you have three parties holding inputs x, y, and z, and they wish to compute some function on their inputs, some f of x, y, and z. And let's assume that party three is corrupted, and it's colluding with the evaluator. So what can happen? So since each player wakes up at any point in time you want and sends a single message, then basically the evaluator that colludes with the third party can compute any function of the form, any value of the form, f of x, y, and any value z that he wants. So it's a very strong attack that the adversary can do, and therefore we cannot hope to get very strong notion of security, like in the classical setting. And if you think about it for two minutes you will see that if you're aiming for a simulation based notion of security, and you want to support any function, then this will be impossible. Why? Because this notion of non-interactive multi-party computation implies a notion of obfuscation called virtual black books, and we know that this is impossible if you want to support any function. So we have to resort to a new capability based notion of security, which says basically the following. If party 3 is corrupted and colluding with the evaluator, then for any x, y, which are the inputs of the first and second player, and x prime and y prime, which are a different set of inputs to the first player, if the residual function, namely f of x and y are wired inside a non-disease free particle, if the residual function is equivalent for x and y and x prime and y prime, then the adversary that colludes with the third party should not distinguish whether the input of the first and second players was x and y or x prime and y prime. So this is a standard indistinguishability notion of security, and this is what we're going to be talking about. The notion of residual function has been studied for maybe six or seven years. It was introduced in the work of Halel Bili in the Lepinchas, and it has been very widely used since in the literature about function encryption and indistinguishability of execution. So this is the notion of security we're going to aim for. It's known because similarly to the equivalence of a simulation based security notion to VVB, it's not hard to see that an indistinguishability based notion of security in this setting implies indistinguishability of execution. So if we hope to support any function in this setting, we better assume indistinguishability of execution. So this will be a necessary assumption. Now we talked about the assumptions that we need in terms of hardest. Let's talk about the assumption that we need in terms of setup. What each party should, what we should assume about the setup of the system. So a first observation which is trivial is that each player must authenticate its input. If a player doesn't authenticate its input, then the evaluator can pretend to be that party because there's no way a party can generate an input if it's not authenticated that the evaluator cannot. So evaluator can pretend to be some input, the sum player, generate any input he wants and break the security of the scheme. Here's an example. Consider again the same setting, three players X, Y and Z, and only player three is colluding with the adversary. If the second party doesn't authenticate its input, then the evaluator can generate a message that looks like a message that the second player sent. Let's say this message is called Y star, and if by chance Y star splits the value of F where X is hardwired inside, then he can distinguish X from X prime. So this means that each player has to authenticate its input, which means in some sense we must have some public infrastructure. So setup is necessary in our setting, at least a public infrastructure. Another solution for this problem of non-interactive MPC, they required much more setup assumptions than just a BKI, and let me review what's going on in previous words. So the setting of non-interactive MPC was introduced by Fagy Kylian North a lot of time ago, and their setup assumption was actually pretty good, so they didn't assume almost no setup except a shared private stream between all players which is a secret to the evaluator, which we can implement using a BKI in some sense, but their solution is completely non-collusion resistant. So even if a single player rules with the evaluator, then there's no security in their scheme. And more modern works that rely on IO, which is necessary if you want to get a solution resistance, they have a strong setup assumption. They all rely on something called correlated private readiness. And what this means in the very simple language is that there is an additional trusted party, which is not part of the game, that before the protocol begins somehow generates an obfuscation of some circuit and publishes it so everybody can see it. So this is a very strong set of assumption on the setup, because who is this trusted party that is going to obfuscate some circuit? But on the other hand, their schemes are very secure in terms of collusion resistance, they're fully collusion resistant, they're the best you can go for. So this raises the question, can we get full collusion resistance while assuming the minimal set of assumption we can? And this is our result. We almost completely answered this question. We show protocol which is fully collusion resistant, so any amount of players can collude with the adversary. The setup that we need is a PKI, which I said is necessary, and we also have a CRS, common random stream, not the reference stream. And the hardest assumption that we require are IO, which as I said is necessary, and we also need the DDH, the decision of the field one, both sub-expansion security. And the first comment I'd like to make on the result is that the PKI we have is reusable, so we can reuse it over multiple sessions of the protocol, so we can do it again, we can send more and more messages with the same PKI, you don't need to re-sample the PKI. And of course getting rid of the DDH assumption is an open question, which I think is very interesting. We have several extensions and implications of this result. The first one is a notion that we call multi-party obfuscation. It's a variant of multi-party computation, but how the inputs of the players are modules of code and not inputs for a function. So each player can, in this notion, each player can take its code or some module that it wrote at home obfuscated in some way, send it into the evaluator that can take all the modules and compile them into one big program without revealing any information about the underlying motors. So this is what we call multi-party obfuscation. And another extension that we have is that I said that I mentioned the result for the star pattern in which players send a single message to the evaluator, but our techniques generalizes to any interaction pattern, so you define any graph that you want, in which parties communicate according to the edges of the graph, and eventually somehow the output should get to the evaluator, which can support anything with the same assumption, and we get in any setting the best possible security for that interaction pattern. I'll talk about it a little bit in the end, and then I'll talk about it. Okay. So this is the result. Let me talk about the techniques for a couple of minutes. So we heavily use a notion called multi-KFHG. In multi-KFHG, here's what it gives us, what it advises. We can sample a sequence of n encryption keys and encryption keys, so EK1 until EKN, and EK1 to EKN. So we can sample a sequence of n encryption and encryption keys. We can encrypt the message according to each encryption key. So we can encrypt X1 according to EK1, X2 according to EK2, until Xn according to encryption, the last encryption key. And yet a sequence of n ciphertexts. Using these n ciphertexts, we can take the n ciphertexts and move them or re-randomize them into a ciphertext of the same message, but under a common key. And the common key is just, you can think about it as the combination of all the encryption keys. So this is just a re-randomization procedure that takes a ciphertext under one specific key and transfers it into a ciphertext under the concatenation of all the encryption keys. Then once we have all the ciphertexts under the same key, we can do any homomorphic operation that we want. So we can take the sequence of ciphertexts and do some homomorphic operation on them and get the ciphertext of the homomorphic value, of the evaluation of underline values. And then we can do another operation which is called partial decryption. So what this operation gives us is that each player using only its decryption key can in some sense peel one layer of the encryption and get some sort of a partial decryption which is without his key in some sense. So each player can take the ciphertext which is under the concatenation of all the keys and peel one layer of the key. Then using partial decryptions, the sequence of all partial decryptions, there is a completely public operation that's called final decryption that takes the partial decryptions and gives you the value. So this is completely public, you don't need to let me see really quickly. So this is what a multi-key feature allows us to do. There are many properties that it satisfies. One of them is that the size of the ciphertext of any value of the ciphertext should be independent of the size of the function that we evaluated. Or at least depend on your own set and the size. That's like in any FHG. The security that we have here is in addition to just semantic security of encryption, we also have a security notion that tells us that there should be a simulator that can generate partial decryptions without knowing the secret key of some specific layer. So there is a simulator that doesn't know the key of the i-th layer, knows the output of the computation, and can generate a simulated partial decryption for the i-th board. So this is what the security of this notion gives us. And there are many instantiations starting from the original ones that were based on LWE, and there's a newer instantiation of DoDiCetal based on IO and DDH. They offer various different trade-offs between exactly what's going on. I'm not going into that. I would just say that we're using the scheme that's based on IO and DDH, just because it's more compatible with our assumptions. But we could use also the schemes based on LWE. Okay, so this is multi-key FHG. Now that we have this primitive in hand, let's see how the scheme works. So let's start with the honest case where there's no pollution. It's much easier. So party i will just sample an encryption key and the encryption key for the multi-key FHG scheme. This is pretty straightforward. And the message that party i will send is just an encryption of its private input under the encryption key, and an obfuscation of a circuit. So this is where we use IO. The circuit, what it does, is very simple. It just does whatever you expect it to do. It takes the ciphertext as input, it expends it into the expended ciphertext. It does the homomorphic evaluation, and eventually it does the partial decryption. It has hardwired the decryption key for the partial decryption. So that's what you expect. No surprises here. There are many issues with this idea. First of all, the expended operation is randomized. So we need to somehow support randomization. That's easy, because we, that's easy given the literature on IO. We just use a PRF, we just use a PRF to sample the randomness, and hope that IO will grant it security. So that's an easy issue that we take care of. The second, which is slightly more problematic, is the authentication. I told you that each player should authenticate its input, and I didn't authenticate my input here. So we add a signature scheme. So the key of a party will not be only an encryption key, an encryption key of the multi-key FHG scheme. But it will also be a signature key and a verification key of a signature scheme. The circuit will verify the signature, of course. So that's the whole honest scheme. Using a signature scheme is not revealed with IO. It introduces lots of problems. So we design a special signature scheme that allows us to make the proof go through. I don't think it's very interesting for this though. But you can see the details in here. How does the proof work? So the high level idea is to eliminate the encryption key from the obfuscation, right? That's the only secret thing in the obfuscation that I described. So we're going to do a sequence, a very long sequence of hybrids, in which we use the simulation of the simulator of the multi-key FHG scheme. Go input by input the circuit, and eventually get into a circuit in which we don't have the decryption key of the high player, but only use the simulation, the simulator to sample an instinctive value. So that's the idea. Each step in this hybrid proof uses the security of the puncture PRF, the IO, the multi-key FHG simulator, and some other things. That's how the proof looks like. It's very similar to a proof that the Anantatal had in the context of combiners of obfuscation. It's very similar. OK, let's go to the malicious case, which is the main focus of this work. So what happens if the adversary is malicious? The first problem that you run into, which is basically the only problem that there is, what happens if an adversary sends a ciphertext which is completely messed up, like a malformed ciphertext? What does partial decryption give us if the ciphertext is malformed? What will the simulator guarantee if the ciphertext is malformed? It's really not clear. So what we do is we add zero-knowledge proof. That's what you expect to do. So each player will send, in addition to the obfuscation of the server, will also send a zero-knowledge proof that proves that the ciphertext is a legal ciphertext. But again, using a zero-knowledge proof in the context of IO is not always easy. So the technique that we know is to use something called a simulation sound, a statistically simulation sound in non-interactive zero-knowledge proof. That's the standard technique in the IO literature. But this is still not enough for us. And the reason is that the adversary can plug in, in the coordinates that he controls, he can plug in any value he wants. And if he plugs in any value he wants, we cannot use the simulation of the multi-key FNG, because we need to know the output of the computation for the simulator. So how would we know the output of the computation? So for that, we construct something we call a statistical simulation extractable non-interactive zero-knowledge, which allows us, in the proof, to extract the secret key of the malicious parties and gather the proof of the value and compute the value and know the value of the computation in the proof. So this is the technical challenges we had. So we construct this special zero-knowledge proof, and this is what it allows us to do. So this is how the final circuit looks like in the malicious setting.  The circuit first verifies the signature, then verifies the proof, and then does exactly what they did before. Expands the ciphertext, does the homomorphic evaluation, and outputs the partial encryption. So this is the scheme. Let's talk about, for a couple of minutes, about other interaction patterns. The same idea generalizes to any interaction pattern. Maybe the most interesting one or the most natural one is the chain pattern. So think of end players sitting on the chain. Player i sends a message only to player i plus 1. And eventually the end player sends a message to the value. This is the interaction pattern that we allow. And the natural question is whether we can support such an interaction pattern. Whether we can do multi-party computation restricted to this interaction pattern. And our result generalizes immediately to this setting. The only difference is now the circuit, instead of getting all the ciphertext, will get only the ones from the future. And we will hardwire into the circuit the ones from the past, from before you mean the chain. So that's the same, but that's the idea. The conclusion of the work is a construction of a collusion-resistant non-interactive multi-party computation protocol. The setup assumption is the PKI and the CRS. The computational assumptions, the hardest assumptions, are IO and in this decision on the field with substantial security. And two very natural questions is to get rid of the DH assumption. And I think it's very interesting to devise protocols for specific functions without such strong assumptions. That should be a very interesting question. I'm sure research is the second point for specific personalities. So do you have some specific example for this? Yeah, so I think it's not hard to say, think about it for a couple of minutes, that you can do like a protocol for, let's say, computing the sum of the inputs of the pairs, almost without assumptions. Like, you need the very mildest, you don't need IO keys. Can you do something more than computing maybe the sum of the products? Can you compute a very simple circuit, like that two circuits and that one circuit? Simpler functions. Any other questions? Yeah, so let's answer PKI me.